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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_F._Moench
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Louis F. Moench
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["1 Notes","2 Sources"]
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Louis F. Moench" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Louis Frederick Moench (July 29, 1847 – April 25, 1916) was the founding president of Weber Stake Academy and the father of education in Northern Utah, on the same level of importance as John R. Park and Karl G. Maeser to the development of education in Utah.
Moench was born in Neuffen, Germany. He was educated in Germany, but before completing studies at a gymnasium came to Chicago, United States, with his family. He eventually graduated from Bryant & Stratton College there. He then headed west with the intention of becoming an educator in California. However he stopped in Salt Lake City in 1864 and through the kindness of the people there came to join the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. For a short time beginning in 1867, Moench was an instructor at the University of Deseret (the predecessor of the University of Utah). He then taught at a "Select School" in Salt Lake where Brigham Young's sons and daughters and only select people in Salt Lake City were in attendance. In 1870, he moved to Brigham City and established the "Select School." In 1872, he accepted a position to organize and teach at Ogden, Utah at the Ogden Seminary. In 1875, as he continued to teach, he accepted the position of Superintendent of Schools for Weber County, retiring in 1883.
In Ogden, Moench was supervisor of the city and county schools. He is considered the first president of Weber State University as he was, beginning in 1889, the first principal of Weber Stake Academy. A second term began in 1894. He was succeeded as head of the academy in 1902 by David O. McKay.
Moench also served as a missionary for the LDS Church in Switzerland and Germany. While on this mission he published many materials in German. The most notable of these was the hymn "Hark, All Ye Nations" set to music by George F. Root. This hymn became the most loved hymn of the German-speaking Latter-day Saints and was translated into English and published as part of the 1985 version of the LDS hymnbook.
Moench was also the assistant superintendent of the Sunday Schools of the Weber Stake under Richard Ballantyne.
His daughter was the fictionist Laura Moench Jenkins who also wrote of her father's life as "A Sketch in the Life of Professor Louis Frederick Moench"; his daughter Delecta Moench Davis also wrote about him in "The Story of a Pioneer."
Notes
^ Death certificate also states his name as Lewis Frieder Moench. See "Death Certificate". State of Utah. April 29, 1916. Archived from the original on August 18, 2011. Retrieved 2009-07-13.
^ "A SKETCH OF THE LIFE OF Professor Louis Frederick Moench". Familysearch.org. Retrieved 12 October 2018.
^ "Louis F. Moench (1889-1892". Weber.edu. Retrieved 12 October 2018.
^ Morrell, Jeanette McKay. Highlights in the Life of President David O. McKay. (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1966) p. 50
^ "The Laura Moench Jenkins Manuscript Collection," WSU Stewart Library Special Collections. Archives Space. Accessed 20 February 2024.
Sources
Karen Lynn Davidson. The Stories of Our Latter-day Saint Hymns. (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1988) p. 413.
Andrew Jenson. LDS Biographical Encyclopedia. Vol. 2, p. 244.
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
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He was educated in Germany, but before completing studies at a gymnasium came to Chicago, United States, with his family. He eventually graduated from Bryant & Stratton College there. He then headed west with the intention of becoming an educator in California. However he stopped in Salt Lake City in 1864 and through the kindness of the people there came to join the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. For a short time beginning in 1867, Moench was an instructor at the University of Deseret (the predecessor of the University of Utah). He then taught at a \"Select School\" in Salt Lake where Brigham Young's sons and daughters and only select people in Salt Lake City were in attendance. In 1870, he moved to Brigham City and established the \"Select School.\" In 1872, he accepted a position to organize and teach at Ogden, Utah at the Ogden Seminary. In 1875, as he continued to teach, he accepted the position of Superintendent of Schools for Weber County, retiring in 1883.[2]In Ogden, Moench was supervisor of the city and county schools. He is considered the first president of Weber State University as he was, beginning in 1889, the first principal of Weber Stake Academy. A second term began in 1894.[3] He was succeeded as head of the academy in 1902 by David O. McKay.[4]Moench also served as a missionary for the LDS Church in Switzerland and Germany. While on this mission he published many materials in German. The most notable of these was the hymn \"Hark, All Ye Nations\" set to music by George F. Root. This hymn became the most loved hymn of the German-speaking Latter-day Saints and was translated into English and published as part of the 1985 version of the LDS hymnbook.Moench was also the assistant superintendent of the Sunday Schools of the Weber Stake under Richard Ballantyne.His daughter was the fictionist Laura Moench Jenkins who also wrote of her father's life as \"A Sketch in the Life of Professor Louis Frederick Moench\"; his daughter Delecta Moench Davis also wrote about him in \"The Story of a Pioneer.\"[5]","title":"Louis F. Moench"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Death Certificate\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110818095540/http://images.archives.utah.gov/data/81448/2229576/2229576_0001354.jpg"},{"link_name":"State of Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Utah"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//images.archives.utah.gov/data/81448/2229576/2229576_0001354.jpg"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"A SKETCH OF THE LIFE OF Professor Louis Frederick Moench\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//familysearch.org/photos/stories/1250027"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Louis F. 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Accessed 20 February 2024.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Karen Lynn Davidson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Lynn_Davidson"},{"link_name":"Andrew Jenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jenson"},{"link_name":"Vol. 2, p. 244","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//contentdm.lib.byu.edu/u?/BYUIBooks,3795"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6687128#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/313505838"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhxkJDqyyP33TMF4HTj4q"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/no2015016784"}],"text":"Karen Lynn Davidson. The Stories of Our Latter-day Saint Hymns. (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1988) p. 413.\nAndrew Jenson. LDS Biographical Encyclopedia. Vol. 2, p. 244.Authority control databases International\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nUnited States","title":"Sources"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_of_the_Tentacle
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Day of the Tentacle
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["1 Gameplay","2 Plot","3 Development","3.1 Creative design","3.2 Technology and audio","4 Reception","5 Legacy","6 Remasters","6.1 Special Edition","6.2 Remastered","7 Notes","8 References","9 External links"]
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1993 adventure game
1993 video gameDay of the TentacleCover art by Peter Chan depicting the three playable characters (Bernard, Hoagie and Laverne) running from the tentacle antagonistDeveloper(s)LucasArtsPublisher(s)LucasArtsDirector(s)Dave GrossmanTim SchaferProducer(s)Dave GrossmanTim SchaferDesigner(s)Tim SchaferDave GrossmanArtist(s)Peter ChanWriter(s)Tim SchaferDave GrossmanRon GilbertGary WinnickComposer(s)Clint BajakianPeter McConnellMichael LandEngineSCUMMPlatform(s)Mac OSMS-DOSWindowsOS XPlayStation 4PlayStation VitaiOSLinuxXbox OneRelease
June 25, 1993
Mac OS, MS-DOSNA: June 25, 1993EU/AU: July 1993OS X, PS4, Vita, Win WW: March 22, 2016iOS, LinuxWW: July 11, 2016Xbox OneWW: October 29, 2020
Genre(s)Graphic adventureMode(s)Single-player
Day of the Tentacle, also known as Maniac Mansion II: Day of the Tentacle, is a 1993 graphic adventure game developed and published by LucasArts. It is the sequel to the 1987 game Maniac Mansion. The plot follows Bernard Bernoulli and his friends Hoagie and Laverne as they attempt to stop the evil Purple Tentacle - a sentient, disembodied tentacle - from taking over the world. The player takes control of the trio and solves puzzles while using time travel to explore different periods of history.
Dave Grossman and Tim Schafer co-led the game's development, their first time in such a role. The pair carried over a limited number of elements from Maniac Mansion and forwent the character selection aspect to simplify development. Inspirations included Chuck Jones cartoons and the history of the United States. Day of the Tentacle was the eighth LucasArts game to use the SCUMM engine.
The game was released simultaneously on floppy disk and CD-ROM to critical acclaim and commercial success. Critics focused on its cartoon-style visuals and comedic elements. Day of the Tentacle has featured regularly in lists of "top" games published more than two decades after its release, and has been referenced in popular culture. A remastered version of Day of the Tentacle was developed by Schafer's current studio, Double Fine Productions, and released in March 2016, for OS X, PlayStation 4, PlayStation Vita, and Windows, with an iOS and Linux port released in July the same year, and then later for Xbox One in October 2020.
Gameplay
Day of the Tentacle follows the point-and-click two-dimensional adventure game formula, first established by the original Maniac Mansion. Players direct the controllable characters around the game world by clicking with the computer mouse. To interact with the game world, players choose from a set of nine commands arrayed on the screen (such as "pick up", "use", or "talk to") and then on an object in the world. This was the last SCUMM game to use the original interface of having the bottom of the screen being taken up by a verb selection and inventory; starting with the next game to use the SCUMM engine, Sam & Max Hit the Road, the engine was modified to scroll through a more concise list of verbs with the right mouse button and having the inventory on a separate screen.
Day of the Tentacle uses time travel extensively; early in the game, the three main protagonists are separated across time by the effects of a faulty time machine. The player, after completing certain puzzles, can then freely switch between these characters, interacting with the game's world in separate time periods. Certain small inventory items can be shared by placing the item into the "Chron-o-Johns", modified portable toilets that instantly transport objects to one of the other time periods, while other items are shared by simply leaving the item in a past time period to be picked up by a character in a future period. Changes made to a past time period will affect a future one, and many of the game's puzzles are based on the effect of time travel, the aging of certain items, and alterations of the time stream. For example, one puzzle requires the player, while in the future era where Purple Tentacle has succeeded, to send a medical chart of a Tentacle back to the past, having it used as the design of the American flag, then collecting one such flag in the future to be used as a Tentacle disguise to allow that character to roam freely.
The whole original Maniac Mansion game can be played on a computer resembling a Commodore 64 inside the Day of the Tentacle game; this practice has since been repeated by other game developers, but at the time of Day of the Tentacle's release, it was unprecedented.
Plot
Five years after the events of Maniac Mansion, Purple Tentacle—a mutant monster and lab assistant created by mad scientist Dr. Fred Edison—drinks toxic sludge from a river behind Dr. Fred's laboratory. The sludge causes him to grow a pair of flipper-like arms, develop vastly increased intelligence, and have a thirst for global domination. Dr. Fred plans to resolve the issue by killing Purple Tentacle and his harmless, friendly brother Green Tentacle, but Green Tentacle sends a plea of help to his old friend, the nerd Bernard Bernoulli. Bernard travels to the Edison family motel with his two housemates, deranged medical student Laverne and roadie Hoagie, and frees the tentacles. Purple Tentacle escapes to resume his quest to take over the world.
The game displays the point-and-click interface below the scene. Time travel and interaction with cartoon versions of figures from American colonial history, such as John Hancock, Thomas Jefferson and George Washington, are key to gameplay.
Since Purple Tentacle's plans are flawless and unstoppable, Dr. Fred decides to use his Chron-o-John time machines to send Bernard, Laverne, and Hoagie to the day before to turn off his Sludge-o-Matic machine, thereby preventing Purple Tentacle's exposure to the sludge. However, because Dr. Fred used an imitation diamond rather than a real diamond as a power source for the time machine, the Chron-o-Johns break down in operation. Laverne is sent 200 years in the future, where humanity has been enslaved and Purple Tentacle rules the world from the Edison mansion, while Hoagie is dropped 200 years in the past, where the motel is being used by the Founding Fathers as a retreat to write the United States Constitution. Bernard is returned to the present. To salvage Dr. Fred's plan, Bernard must acquire a replacement diamond for the time machine, while both Hoagie and Laverne must restore power to their respective Chron-o-John pods by plugging them in. To overcome the lack of electricity in the past, Hoagie recruits the help of Benjamin Franklin and Dr. Fred's ancestor, Red Edison, to build a superbattery to power his pod, while Laverne evades capture by the tentacles long enough to run an extension cord to her unit. The three send small objects back and forth in time through the Chron-o-Johns and make changes to history to help the others complete their tasks.
Eventually, Bernard uses Dr. Fred's family fortune of royalties from the use of their likeness in Maniac Mansion to purchase a real diamond, while his friends manage to power their Chron-o-Johns. Soon, the three are reunited in the present. Purple Tentacle arrives, hijacks a Chron-o-John, and takes it to the previous day to prevent them from turning off the sludge machine; he is pursued by Green Tentacle in another pod. With only one Chron-o-John pod left, Bernard, Hoagie, and Laverne use it to pursue the tentacles to the previous day, while Dr. Fred uselessly tries to warn them of using the pod together, referencing the film The Fly. Upon arriving, the trio exit the pod only to discover that they have been turned into a three-headed monster, their bodies merging into one during the transfer. Meanwhile, Purple Tentacle has used the time machine to bring countless versions of himself from different moments in time to the same day to prevent the Sludge-o-Matic from being deactivated. Bernard and his friends defeat the Purple Tentacles guarding the Sludge-o-Matic, turn off the machine, and prevent the whole series of events from ever happening. Returning to the present, Dr. Fred discovers that the three have not been turned into a monster at all but have just gotten stuck in the same set of clothes; they are then ordered by Dr. Fred to get out of his house. The game ends with the credits rolling over a tentacle-shaped American flag, one of the more significant results of their tampering in history.
Development
Further information: Maniac Mansion § Development
Tim Schafer in 2001Dave Grossman in 2007Tim Schafer and Dave Grossman co-led development of the sequel to Maniac Mansion, their first time directing a game.
Following a string of successful adventure games, LucasArts assigned Dave Grossman and Tim Schafer to lead development of a new game. The two had previously assisted Ron Gilbert with the creation of The Secret of Monkey Island and Monkey Island 2: LeChuck's Revenge, and the studio felt that Grossman and Schafer were ready to manage a project. The company believed that the pair's humor matched well with that of Maniac Mansion and suggested working on a sequel. The two developers agreed and commenced production. Gilbert and Gary Winnick, the creators of Maniac Mansion, collaborated with Grossman and Schafer on the initial planning and writing. The total budget for the game was about $600,000, according to Schafer.
Creative design
In planning the plot, the four designers considered a number of concepts, eventually choosing an idea of Gilbert's about time travel that they believed was the most interesting. The four discussed what time periods to focus on, settling on the Revolutionary War and the future. The Revolutionary War offered opportunities to craft many puzzles around that period, such as changing the Constitution to affect the future. Grossman noted the appeal of the need to make wide-sweeping changes such as the Constitution just to achieve a small personal goal, believing this captured the essence of adventure games. The future period allowed them to explore the nature of cause and effect without any historical bounds. Grossman and Schafer decided to carry over previous characters that they felt were the most entertaining. The two considered the Edison family "essential" and chose Bernard because of his "unqualified nerdiness". Bernard was considered "everyone's favorite character" from Maniac Mansion, and was the clear first choice for the protagonists. The game's other protagonists, Laverne and Hoagie, were based on a Mexican ex-girlfriend of Grossman's and a Megadeth roadie named Tony that Schafer had met, respectively. Schafer and Grossman planned to use a character selection system similar to the first game but felt that it would have complicated the design process and increased production costs. Believing that it added little to the gameplay, they removed it early in the process and reduced the number of player characters from six to three. The dropped characters included Razor, a female musician from the previous game; Moonglow, a short character in baggy clothes; and Chester, a black beat poet. Ideas for Chester, however, morphed into new twin characters in the Edison family. The smaller number of characters reduced the strain on the game's engine in terms of scripting and animation.
The staff collaboratively designed the characters. They first discussed the character personalities, which Larry Ahern used to create concept art. Ahern wanted to make sure that the art style was consistent and the character designs were established early, in contrast to what had happened with Monkey Island 2, in which various artists came in later to help fill in art assets as necessary, creating a disjointed style. Looney Tunes animation shorts, particularly the Chuck Jones-directed Rabbit of Seville, What's Opera, Doc?, and Duck Dodgers in the 24½th Century inspired the artistic design. The cartoonish style also lent itself to providing larger visible faces to enable more expressive characters. Peter Chan designed backgrounds, spending around two days to progress from concept sketch to final art for each background. Chan too used Looney Tunes as influence for the backgrounds, trying to emulate the style of Jones and Maurice Noble. Ahern and Chan went back and forth with character and background art to make sure both styles worked together without too much distraction. They further had Jones visit their studio during development to provide input into their developing art. The choice of art style inspired further ideas from the designers. Grossman cited cartoons featuring Pepé Le Pew, and commented that the gag involving a painted white stripe on Penelope Pussycat inspired a puzzle in the game. The artists spent a year creating the in-game animations.
The script was written in the evening when fewer people were in the office. Grossman considered it the easiest aspect of production, but encountered difficulties when writing with others around.
With a time travel story, I leave a bottle of wine somewhere, and it causes a bottle of vinegar to appear in the same place four hundred years later. Same basic idea: I do X over here, and it causes Y over there. Whether ‘over there’ means in the next room or 400 years in the future is irrelevant. I will say that it was really fun to think about the effects of large amounts of time on things like wine bottles and sweaters in dryers, and to imagine how altering fundamentals of history like the Constitution and the flag could be used to accomplish petty, selfish goals like the acquisition of a vacuum and a tentacle costume. We definitely enjoyed ourselves designing that game.
Dave Grossman on designing the game's puzzles
Grossman and Schafer brainstormed regularly to devise the time travel puzzles and collaborated with members of the development team as well as other LucasArts employees. They would identify puzzle problems and work towards a solution similar to how the game plays. Most issues were addressed prior to programming, but some details were left unfinished to work on later. The staff conceived puzzles involving the U.S.'s early history based on their memory of their compulsory education, and using the more legendary aspects of history, such as George Washington cutting down a cherry tree to appeal to international audiences. To complete the elements, Grossman researched the period to maintain historical accuracy, visiting libraries and contacting reference librarians. The studio, however, took creative license towards facts to fit them into the game's design.
Day of the Tentacle features a four-minute-long animated opening credit sequence, the first LucasArts game to have such. Ahern noted that their previous games would run the credits over primarily still shots which would only last for a few minutes, but with Tentacle, the team had grown so large that they worried this approach would be boring to players. They assigned Kyle Balda, an intern at CalArts, to create the animated sequence, with Chan helping to create minimalist backgrounds to aid in the animation. Originally this sequence was around seven minutes long, and included the three characters arriving at the mansion and releasing Purple Tentacle. Another LucasArts designer, Hal Barwood, suggested they cut it in half, leading to the shortened version as in the released game, and having the player take over when they arrive at the mansion.
Technology and audio
Day of the Tentacle uses the SCUMM engine developed for Maniac Mansion. LucasArts had gradually modified the engine since its creation. For example, the number of input verbs was reduced and items in the character's inventory are represented by icons rather than text. While implementing an animation, the designers encountered a problem later discovered to be a limitation of the engine. Upon learning of the limitation, Gilbert reminisced about the file size of the first game. The staff then resolved to include it in the sequel.
Day of the Tentacle was the first LucasArts adventure game to feature voice work on release. The game was not originally planned to include voice work, as at the time, the install base for CD-ROM was too low. As they neared the end of 1992, CD-ROM sales grew significantly. The general manager of LucasArts, Kelly Flock, recognizing that the game would not be done in time by the end of the year to make the holiday release, suggested that the team include voice work for the game, giving them more time.
Voice director Tamlynn Barra managed that aspect of the game. Schafer and Grossman described how they imagined the characters' voices and Barra sought audition tapes of voice actors to meet the criteria. She presented the best auditions to the pair. Schafer's sister Ginny was among the auditions, and she was chosen for Nurse Edna. Schafer opted out of the decision for her selection to avoid nepotism. Grossman and Schafer encountered difficulty selecting a voice for Bernard. To aid the process, Grossman commented that the character should sound like Les Nessman from the television show WKRP in Cincinnati. Barra responded that she knew the agent of the character's actor, Richard Sanders, and brought Sanders on the project. Denny Delk and Nick Jameson were among those hired, and provided voice work for around five characters each. Recording for the 4,500 lines of dialog occurred at Studio 222 in Hollywood. Barra directed the voice actors separately from a sound production booth. She provided context for each line and described aspects of the game to aid the actors. The voice work in Day of the Tentacle was widely praised for its quality and professionalism in comparison to Sierra's talkie games of the period which suffered from poor audio quality and limited voice acting (some of which consisted of Sierra employees rather than professional talent).
The game's music was composed by Peter McConnell, Michael Land, and Clint Bajakian. The three had worked together to share the duties equally of composing the music for Monkey Island 2 and Fate of Atlantis, and continued this approach for Day of the Tentacle. According to McConnell, he had composed most of the music taking place in the game's present, Land for the future, and Bajakian for the past, outside of Dr. Fred's theme for the past which McConnell had done. The music was composed around the cartoonish nature of the gameplay, further drawing on Looney Tunes' use of parodying classical works of music, and playing on set themes for all of the major characters in the game. Many of these themes had to be composed to take into account different processing speeds of computers at the time, managed by the iMUSE music interface; such themes would include shorter repeating patterns that would play while the game's screen scrolled across, and then once the screen was at the proper place, the music would continue on to a more dramatic phrase.
Day of the Tentacle was one of the first games concurrently released on CD-ROM and floppy disk. A floppy disk version was created to accommodate consumers that had yet to purchase CD-ROM drives. The CD-ROM format afforded the addition of audible dialog. The capacity difference between the two formats necessitated alterations to the floppy disk version. Grossman spent several weeks reducing files sizes and removing files such as the audio dialog to fit the game onto six diskettes.
Reception
ReceptionAggregate scoresAggregatorScoreGameRankings95%Metacritic93/100AwardsPublicationAwardPC Gamer US#46, The Best Games of All TimeComputer Gaming WorldAdventure Game of the Year, June 1994#34, 150 Best Games of All TimeAdventure Gamers#1, Top 20 Adventure Games of All TimeIGN#60, Top 100 Games (2005)#84, Top 100 Games (2007)#82, Top 100 Videogame Villains (Purple Tentacle)PC Gamer UK#30, The Top 100
Day of the Tentacle was a moderate commercial success; according to Edge, it sold roughly 80,000 copies by 2009. Tim Schafer saw this as an improvement over his earlier projects, the Monkey Island games, which had been commercial flops. The game was critically acclaimed. Charles Ardai of Computer Gaming World wrote in September 1993: "Calling Day of the Tentacle a sequel to Maniac Mansion ... is a little like calling the space shuttle a sequel to the slingshot". He enjoyed the game's humor and interface, and praised the designers for removing "dead end" scenarios and player character death. Ardai lauded the voice acting, writing that it "would have done the late Mel Blanc proud", and compared the game's humor, animation, and camera angles to "Looney Toons gems from the 40s and 50s". He concluded: "I expect that this game will keep entertaining people for quite some time to come". In April 1994 the magazine said of the CD version that Sanders's Bernard was among "many other inspired performances", concluding that "Chuck Jones would be proud". In May 1994 the magazine said of one multimedia kit bundling the CD version that "it packs more value into the kit than the entire software packages of some of its competitors". Sandy Petersen of Dragon stated that its graphics "are in a stupendous cartoony style", while praising its humor and describing its sound and music as "excellent". Although the reviewer considered it "one of the best" graphic adventure games, he noted that, like LucasArts' earlier Loom, it was extremely short; he wrote that he "felt cheated somehow when I finished the game". He ended the review, "Go, Lucasfilm! Do this again, but do make the next game longer!".
Phil LaRose of The Advocate called it "light-years ahead of the original", and believed that its "improved controls, sound and graphics are an evolutionary leap to a more enjoyable gaming experience". He praised the interface, and summarized the game as "another of the excellent LucasArts programs that place a higher premium on the quality of entertainment and less on the technical knowledge needed to make it run". The Boston Herald's Geoff Smith noted that "the animation of the cartoonlike characters is of TV quality", and praised the removal of dead ends and character death. He ended: "It's full of lunacy, but for anyone who likes light-hearted adventure games, it's well worth trying". Vox Day of The Blade called its visuals "well done" and compared them to those of The Ren & Stimpy Show. The writer praised the game's humor, and said that "both the music and sound effects are hilarious"; he cited the voice performance of Richard Sanders as a high point. He summarized the game as "both a good adventure and a funny cartoon".
Lim Choon Wee of the New Straits Times highly praised the game's humor, which he called "brilliantly funny". The writer commented that the game's puzzles relied on "trial and error" with "no underlying logic", but opined that the game "remains fun" despite this issue, and concluded that Day of the Tentacle was "definitely the comedy game of the year". Daniel Baum of The Jerusalem Post called it "one of the funniest, most entertaining and best-programmed computer games I have ever seen", and lauded its animation. He wrote that the game provided "a more polished impression" than either The Secret of Monkey Island or Monkey Island 2: LeChuck's Revenge. The writer claimed that its high system requirements were its only drawback, and believed that a Sound Blaster card was required to fully appreciate the game. In a retrospective review, Adventure Gamers' Chris Remo wrote: "If someone were to ask for a few examples of games that exemplify the best of the graphic adventure genre, Day of the Tentacle would certainly be near the top".
Day of the Tentacle has been featured regularly in lists of "top" games. In 1994, PC Gamer US named Day of the Tentacle the 46th best computer game ever. In June 1994 it and Gabriel Knight: Sins of the Fathers won Computer Gaming World's Adventure Game of the Year award. The editors wrote that "Day of the Tentacle's fluid animation sequences underscore a strong script and solid game play ... story won out over technological innovation in this genre". In 1996, the magazine ranked it as the 34th best game of all time, writing: "DOTT completely blew away its ancestor, Maniac Mansion, with its smooth animated sequences, nifty plot and great voiceovers". Adventure Gamers included the game as the top entry on its 20 Greatest Adventure Games of All Time List in 2004, and placed it sixth on its Top 100 All-Time Adventure Games in 2011. The game has appeared on several IGN lists. The website rated it number 60 and 84 on its top 100 games list in 2005 and 2007, respectively. IGN named Day of the Tentacle as part of their top 10 LucasArts adventure games in 2009, and ranked the Purple Tentacle 82nd in a list of top 100 videogame villains in 2010. ComputerAndVideoGames.com ranked it at number 30 in 2008, and GameSpot also listed Day of the Tentacle as one of the greatest games of all time.
Legacy
Fans of Day of the Tentacle created a webcomic, The Day After the Day of the Tentacle, using the game's graphics. The 1993 LucasArts game Zombies Ate My Neighbors features a stage dedicated to Day of the Tentacle. The artists for Day of the Tentacle shared office space with the Zombies Ate My Neighbors development team. The team included the homage after frequently seeing artwork for Day of the Tentacle during the two games' productions. In describing what he considered "the most rewarding moment" of his career, Grossman stated that the game's writing and use of spoken and subtitled dialog assisted a learning-disabled child in learning how to read. Telltale Games CEO Dan Connors commented in 2009 that an episodic game based on Day of the Tentacle was "feasible", but depended on the sales of the Monkey Island games released that year.
In 2018, a fan-made sequel, Return of the Tentacle, was released free by a team from Germany. The game imitates the art style of the Remastered edition and features full voice acting.
Remasters
Special Edition
According to Kotaku, a remastered version of Day of the Tentacle was in the works at LucasArts Singapore before the sale of LucasArts to Disney in 2012. Though never officially approved, the game used a pseudo-3D art style and was nearly 80% complete, according to one person close to the project, but was shelved in the days before the closure of LucasArts.
Remastered
The remastered version of Day of the Tentacle retains the cartoon-style animation but uses more detailed characters and backgrounds.
A remastered version of Day of the Tentacle was developed by Schafer and his studio, Double Fine Productions. The remaster was released on March 22, 2016, for OS X, PlayStation 4, PlayStation Vita, and Windows, with a Linux version released at July 11 together with a mobile port for iOS. The PlayStation 4 and PlayStation Vita versions are cross-buy and also feature cross-save. An Xbox One port came in October 2020. The remastered game was released as a free PlayStation Plus title for the month of January 2017.
Schafer credited both LucasArts and Disney for help in creating the remaster, which follows from a similar remastering of Grim Fandango, as well by Double Fine, in January 2015. Schafer said when they originally were about to secure the rights to Grim Fandango from LucasArts to make the remaster, they did not originally have plans to redo the other LucasArts adventure games, but with the passionate response they got on the news of the Grim Fandango remaster, they decided to continue these efforts. Schafer described getting the rights to Day of the Tentacle a "miracle" though aided by the fact that many of the executives in the legal rights chain had fond memories of playing these games and helped to secure the rights. 2 Player Productions, which has worked before with Double Fine to document their game development process, also created a mini-documentary for Day of the Tentacle Remastered, which included a visit to the Skywalker Ranch, where LucasArts games were originally developed, where much of the original concept art and digital files for the game and other LucasArts adventure games were archived.
Day of the Tentacle Remastered retains its two-dimensional cartoon-style art, redrawn at a higher resolution for modern computers. The high resolution character art was updated by a team led by Yujin Keim with the consultation of Ahern and Chan. Keim's team used many of the original sketches of characters and assets from the two and emulated their style with improvements for modern graphics systems. Matt Hansen worked on recreating the background assets in high resolution. As with the Grim Fandango remaster, the player can switch back and forth between the original graphics and the high-resolution version. The game includes a more streamlined interaction menu, a command wheel akin to the approach used in Broken Age, but the player can opt to switch back to the original interface. The game's soundtrack has been redone within MIDI adapted to work with the iMUSE system. There is an option to listen to commentary from the original creators, including Schafer, Grossman, Chan, McConnell, Ahern, and Bajakian. The remaster contains the fully playable version of the original Maniac Mansion, though no enhancements have been made to that game-within-a-game.
Day of the Tentacle Remastered has received positive reviews, with the PC version having an aggregate review score of 87/100 tallied by Metacritic. Reviewers generally praised the game as having not lost its charm since its initial release, but found some aspects of the remastering to be lackluster. Richard Corbett for Eurogamer found the game "every bit as well crafted now as it was in 1993", but found the processes used to provide high-definition graphics from the original 16-bit graphics to making some of the required shortcuts taken in 1993 for graphics, such as background dithering and low animation framerates, more obvious on modern hardware. IGN's Jared Petty also found the remastered to still be enjoyable, and found the improvement on the graphics to be "glorious", but worried that the lack of a hint system, as was added in The Secret of Monkey Island remastered version, would put off new players to the game. Bob Mackey for USgamer found that while past remastered adventure games have highlighted how much has changed in gamers' expectations since the heyday of adventure games in the 1990s, Day of the Tentacle Remastered "rises above these issues to become absolutely timeless".
Notes
^ Remastered version developed by Double Fine Productions.
^ Original release distributed in the United Kingdom by U. S. Gold. Remastered version published by Double Fine Productions; Xbox One remastered version published by Xbox Game Studios.
^ Indiana Jones and the Fate of Atlantis predates Day of the Tentacle by a month, but did not have voice work until an enhanced version released a year later in 1993.
^ Telltale Games co-developed the 2009 game Tales of Monkey Island with LucasArts.
References
^ "Game Zone". Derby Evening Telegraph. July 7, 1993. p. 12. Retrieved April 7, 2024. Day of the Tentacle is available on IBM/PC at £42.99 and CD ROM version for £45.99
^ Black, Dorian (July 27, 1993). "Computer game gives players a certain flush of success". The Age. p. 30. Retrieved April 7, 2024. Day of the Tentacle: Maniac Mansion II (CD-ROM) by Lucas Arts. Price: $89.95
^ "Retroradar: Retrodiary". Retro Gamer (91). Imagine Publishing: 15. June 2011.
^ "Quite the classiest of mansions". The East Kent Gazette. July 28, 1993. p. 19. Retrieved April 7, 2024. The game of the week, Day of the Tentacle (US Gold), will surely be one of the highlights of this year.
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^ LucasArts (June 1993). Day of the Tentacle (DOS). Purple Tentacle: It makes me feel great! Smarter! More aggressive! I feel like I could... like I could... like I could... TAKE ON THE WORLD!!!
^ LucasArts (June 1993). Day of the Tentacle (DOS). Bernard: Ok, you're free to go.Green Tentacle: Thanks Bernard!Purple Tentacle: Yes, thank you, naive human! Now I can finish taking over the world! Ha ha ha!Green Tentacle: Wait!Bernard: Oh, yeah. Now I remember. He's incredibly evil, isn't he?Green Tentacle: Uh... I'll try to talk him out of it.
^ LucasArts (June 1993). Day of the Tentacle (DOS). Dr. Fred: Our only hope now is to turn off my Sludge-O-Matic machine and prevent the toxic mutagen from entering the river!Bernard: Isn't it a little late for that, Doctor?Dr. Fred: Of course! That's why I'll have to do it... YESTERDAY! To the time machine!
^ LucasArts (June 1993). Day of the Tentacle (DOS). Dr. Fred: My dials say that the larger specimen landed two hundred years in the past and the other is stuck two hundred years in the future!Bernard: Well, hurry up and bring them back! Dr. Fred: I will, as soon as I get a new diamond! Then all your buddies have to do is plug in their respective Chron-o-Johns and—Bernard: Plug them in?!? Where is Hoagie going to find an electrical outlet two hundred years in the past!?!Dr. Fred: Yes... well... He'll be needing my patented superbattery then, won't he?
^ LucasArts (June 1993). Day of the Tentacle (DOS). Purple Tentacle: You can't turn off the machine if I get there first!Laverne: Uh-oh!Green Tentacle: Don't worry guys! This time I know I can stop him!
^ LucasArts (June 1993). Day of the Tentacle (DOS). Purple Tentacle: You see, I've been busy. These are all versions of myself from the future. I've been bringing them back here using the Chron-o-John. Together we will conquer the world!!
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External links
Wikiquote has quotations related to Day of the Tentacle.
Day of the Tentacle at MobyGames
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|
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It is the sequel to the 1987 game Maniac Mansion. The plot follows Bernard Bernoulli and his friends Hoagie and Laverne as they attempt to stop the evil Purple Tentacle - a sentient, disembodied tentacle - from taking over the world. The player takes control of the trio and solves puzzles while using time travel to explore different periods of history.Dave Grossman and Tim Schafer co-led the game's development, their first time in such a role. The pair carried over a limited number of elements from Maniac Mansion and forwent the character selection aspect to simplify development. Inspirations included Chuck Jones cartoons and the history of the United States. Day of the Tentacle was the eighth LucasArts game to use the SCUMM engine.The game was released simultaneously on floppy disk and CD-ROM to critical acclaim and commercial success. Critics focused on its cartoon-style visuals and comedic elements. Day of the Tentacle has featured regularly in lists of \"top\" games published more than two decades after its release, and has been referenced in popular culture. A remastered version of Day of the Tentacle was developed by Schafer's current studio, Double Fine Productions, and released in March 2016, for OS X, PlayStation 4, PlayStation Vita, and Windows, with an iOS and Linux port released in July the same year, and then later for Xbox One in October 2020.","title":"Day of the Tentacle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"point-and-click","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-and-click"},{"link_name":"adventure game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure_game"},{"link_name":"Maniac Mansion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maniac_Mansion"},{"link_name":"computer mouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_mouse"},{"link_name":"SCUMM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCUMM"},{"link_name":"SCUMM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCUMM"},{"link_name":"Sam & Max Hit the Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_%26_Max_Hit_the_Road"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GamesTm-Retro-2-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"portable toilets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_toilet"},{"link_name":"medical chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_chart"},{"link_name":"American flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-digitialspy_retro-11"},{"link_name":"Commodore 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_64"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSGG-12"}],"text":"Day of the Tentacle follows the point-and-click two-dimensional adventure game formula, first established by the original Maniac Mansion. Players direct the controllable characters around the game world by clicking with the computer mouse. To interact with the game world, players choose from a set of nine commands arrayed on the screen (such as \"pick up\", \"use\", or \"talk to\") and then on an object in the world. This was the last SCUMM game to use the original interface of having the bottom of the screen being taken up by a verb selection and inventory; starting with the next game to use the SCUMM engine, Sam & Max Hit the Road, the engine was modified to scroll through a more concise list of verbs with the right mouse button and having the inventory on a separate screen.[7][8]Day of the Tentacle uses time travel extensively; early in the game, the three main protagonists are separated across time by the effects of a faulty time machine. The player, after completing certain puzzles, can then freely switch between these characters, interacting with the game's world in separate time periods. Certain small inventory items can be shared by placing the item into the \"Chron-o-Johns\", modified portable toilets that instantly transport objects to one of the other time periods, while other items are shared by simply leaving the item in a past time period to be picked up by a character in a future period. Changes made to a past time period will affect a future one, and many of the game's puzzles are based on the effect of time travel, the aging of certain items, and alterations of the time stream. For example, one puzzle requires the player, while in the future era where Purple Tentacle has succeeded, to send a medical chart of a Tentacle back to the past, having it used as the design of the American flag, then collecting one such flag in the future to be used as a Tentacle disguise to allow that character to roam freely.[9]The whole original Maniac Mansion game can be played on a computer resembling a Commodore 64 inside the Day of the Tentacle game; this practice has since been repeated by other game developers, but at the time of Day of the Tentacle's release, it was unprecedented.[10]","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mad scientist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad_scientist"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"nerd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerd"},{"link_name":"medical student","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_student"},{"link_name":"roadie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadie"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Day_of_the_Tentacle_Founding_Fathers.jpg"},{"link_name":"point-and-click","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-and-click"},{"link_name":"John Hancock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hancock"},{"link_name":"Thomas Jefferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson"},{"link_name":"George Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Founding Fathers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"United States Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin"},{"link_name":"superbattery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity)"},{"link_name":"extension cord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extension_cord"},{"link_name":"royalties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royalties"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"The Fly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fly_(1958_film)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Five years after the events of Maniac Mansion, Purple Tentacle—a mutant monster and lab assistant created by mad scientist Dr. Fred Edison—drinks toxic sludge from a river behind Dr. Fred's laboratory. The sludge causes him to grow a pair of flipper-like arms, develop vastly increased intelligence, and have a thirst for global domination.[11] Dr. Fred plans to resolve the issue by killing Purple Tentacle and his harmless, friendly brother Green Tentacle, but Green Tentacle sends a plea of help to his old friend, the nerd Bernard Bernoulli. Bernard travels to the Edison family motel with his two housemates, deranged medical student Laverne and roadie Hoagie, and frees the tentacles. Purple Tentacle escapes to resume his quest to take over the world.[12]The game displays the point-and-click interface below the scene. Time travel and interaction with cartoon versions of figures from American colonial history, such as John Hancock, Thomas Jefferson and George Washington, are key to gameplay.Since Purple Tentacle's plans are flawless and unstoppable, Dr. Fred decides to use his Chron-o-John time machines to send Bernard, Laverne, and Hoagie to the day before to turn off his Sludge-o-Matic machine, thereby preventing Purple Tentacle's exposure to the sludge.[13] However, because Dr. Fred used an imitation diamond rather than a real diamond as a power source for the time machine, the Chron-o-Johns break down in operation. Laverne is sent 200 years in the future, where humanity has been enslaved and Purple Tentacle rules the world from the Edison mansion, while Hoagie is dropped 200 years in the past, where the motel is being used by the Founding Fathers as a retreat to write the United States Constitution. Bernard is returned to the present. To salvage Dr. Fred's plan, Bernard must acquire a replacement diamond for the time machine, while both Hoagie and Laverne must restore power to their respective Chron-o-John pods by plugging them in.[14] To overcome the lack of electricity in the past, Hoagie recruits the help of Benjamin Franklin and Dr. Fred's ancestor, Red Edison, to build a superbattery to power his pod, while Laverne evades capture by the tentacles long enough to run an extension cord to her unit. The three send small objects back and forth in time through the Chron-o-Johns and make changes to history to help the others complete their tasks.Eventually, Bernard uses Dr. Fred's family fortune of royalties from the use of their likeness in Maniac Mansion to purchase a real diamond, while his friends manage to power their Chron-o-Johns. Soon, the three are reunited in the present. Purple Tentacle arrives, hijacks a Chron-o-John, and takes it to the previous day to prevent them from turning off the sludge machine; he is pursued by Green Tentacle in another pod.[15] With only one Chron-o-John pod left, Bernard, Hoagie, and Laverne use it to pursue the tentacles to the previous day, while Dr. Fred uselessly tries to warn them of using the pod together, referencing the film The Fly. Upon arriving, the trio exit the pod only to discover that they have been turned into a three-headed monster, their bodies merging into one during the transfer. Meanwhile, Purple Tentacle has used the time machine to bring countless versions of himself from different moments in time to the same day to prevent the Sludge-o-Matic from being deactivated.[16] Bernard and his friends defeat the Purple Tentacles guarding the Sludge-o-Matic, turn off the machine, and prevent the whole series of events from ever happening. Returning to the present, Dr. Fred discovers that the three have not been turned into a monster at all but have just gotten stuck in the same set of clothes; they are then ordered by Dr. Fred to get out of his house. The game ends with the credits rolling over a tentacle-shaped American flag, one of the more significant results of their tampering in history.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maniac Mansion § Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maniac_Mansion#Development"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tim_Schafer.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tim Schafer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Schafer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dave_Grossman_-_920448657_-_barret.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dave Grossman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Grossman_(game_developer)"},{"link_name":"Dave Grossman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Grossman_(game_developer)"},{"link_name":"Tim Schafer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Schafer"},{"link_name":"Ron Gilbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Gilbert"},{"link_name":"The Secret of Monkey Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Secret_of_Monkey_Island"},{"link_name":"Monkey Island 2: LeChuck's Revenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monkey_Island_2:_LeChuck%27s_Revenge"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GamesTm-Retro-19"},{"link_name":"Gary Winnick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Winnick_(game_developer)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GamesTm-Retro-19"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RetroGamer-20"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Further information: Maniac Mansion § DevelopmentTim Schafer in 2001Dave Grossman in 2007Tim Schafer and Dave Grossman co-led development of the sequel to Maniac Mansion, their first time directing a game.Following a string of successful adventure games, LucasArts assigned Dave Grossman and Tim Schafer to lead development of a new game. The two had previously assisted Ron Gilbert with the creation of The Secret of Monkey Island and Monkey Island 2: LeChuck's Revenge, and the studio felt that Grossman and Schafer were ready to manage a project. The company believed that the pair's humor matched well with that of Maniac Mansion and suggested working on a sequel. The two developers agreed and commenced production.[17] Gilbert and Gary Winnick, the creators of Maniac Mansion, collaborated with Grossman and Schafer on the initial planning and writing.[17][18] The total budget for the game was about $600,000, according to Schafer.[19]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usgamer_design-22"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usgamer_design-22"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GamesTm-Retro-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usgamer_design-22"},{"link_name":"Mexican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_people"},{"link_name":"Megadeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megadeth"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Edge-23"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GamesTm-Retro-19"},{"link_name":"beat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beat_Generation"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RetroMaking-24"},{"link_name":"scripting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scripting_language"},{"link_name":"animation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_animation"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GamesTm-Retro-2-9"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usgamer_art-25"},{"link_name":"Looney Tunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Looney_Tunes"},{"link_name":"Chuck Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Jones"},{"link_name":"Rabbit of Seville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbit_of_Seville"},{"link_name":"What's Opera, Doc?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What%27s_Opera,_Doc%3F"},{"link_name":"Duck Dodgers in the 24½th Century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duck_Dodgers_in_the_24%C2%BDth_Century"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usgamer_art-25"},{"link_name":"Peter Chan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Chan_(artist)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RetroMaking-24"},{"link_name":"Looney Tunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Looney_Tunes"},{"link_name":"Maurice Noble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Noble"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usgamer_art-25"},{"link_name":"Pepé Le Pew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pep%C3%A9_Le_Pew"},{"link_name":"Penelope Pussycat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penelope_Pussycat"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RetroMaking-24"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GamesTm-Retro-19"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RetroMaking-24"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GamesTm-Retro-19"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RetroMaking-24"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GamesTm-Retro-19"},{"link_name":"U.S.'s early history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usgamer_design-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RetroMaking-24"},{"link_name":"creative license","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artistic_license"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GamesTm-Retro-19"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RetroMaking-24"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usgamer_art-25"},{"link_name":"Kyle Balda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_Balda"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usgamer_art-25"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usgamer_art-25"}],"sub_title":"Creative design","text":"In planning the plot, the four designers considered a number of concepts, eventually choosing an idea of Gilbert's about time travel that they believed was the most interesting. The four discussed what time periods to focus on, settling on the Revolutionary War and the future. The Revolutionary War offered opportunities to craft many puzzles around that period, such as changing the Constitution to affect the future. Grossman noted the appeal of the need to make wide-sweeping changes such as the Constitution just to achieve a small personal goal, believing this captured the essence of adventure games.[20] The future period allowed them to explore the nature of cause and effect without any historical bounds.[20] Grossman and Schafer decided to carry over previous characters that they felt were the most entertaining. The two considered the Edison family \"essential\" and chose Bernard because of his \"unqualified nerdiness\".[17] Bernard was considered \"everyone's favorite character\" from Maniac Mansion, and was the clear first choice for the protagonists.[20] The game's other protagonists, Laverne and Hoagie, were based on a Mexican ex-girlfriend of Grossman's and a Megadeth roadie named Tony that Schafer had met, respectively.[21] Schafer and Grossman planned to use a character selection system similar to the first game but felt that it would have complicated the design process and increased production costs. Believing that it added little to the gameplay, they removed it early in the process and reduced the number of player characters from six to three.[17] The dropped characters included Razor, a female musician from the previous game; Moonglow, a short character in baggy clothes; and Chester, a black beat poet. Ideas for Chester, however, morphed into new twin characters in the Edison family.[22] The smaller number of characters reduced the strain on the game's engine in terms of scripting and animation.[7]The staff collaboratively designed the characters. They first discussed the character personalities, which Larry Ahern used to create concept art. Ahern wanted to make sure that the art style was consistent and the character designs were established early, in contrast to what had happened with Monkey Island 2, in which various artists came in later to help fill in art assets as necessary, creating a disjointed style.[23] Looney Tunes animation shorts, particularly the Chuck Jones-directed Rabbit of Seville, What's Opera, Doc?, and Duck Dodgers in the 24½th Century inspired the artistic design. The cartoonish style also lent itself to providing larger visible faces to enable more expressive characters.[23] Peter Chan designed backgrounds, spending around two days to progress from concept sketch to final art for each background.[22] Chan too used Looney Tunes as influence for the backgrounds, trying to emulate the style of Jones and Maurice Noble. Ahern and Chan went back and forth with character and background art to make sure both styles worked together without too much distraction. They further had Jones visit their studio during development to provide input into their developing art.[23] The choice of art style inspired further ideas from the designers. Grossman cited cartoons featuring Pepé Le Pew, and commented that the gag involving a painted white stripe on Penelope Pussycat inspired a puzzle in the game. The artists spent a year creating the in-game animations.[22]The script was written in the evening when fewer people were in the office.[17][22] Grossman considered it the easiest aspect of production, but encountered difficulties when writing with others around.[17]With a time travel story, I leave a bottle of wine somewhere, and it causes a bottle of vinegar to appear in the same place four hundred years later. Same basic idea: I do X over here, and it causes Y over there. Whether ‘over there’ means in the next room or 400 years in the future is irrelevant. I will say that it was really fun to think about the effects of large amounts of time on things like wine bottles and sweaters in dryers, and to imagine how altering fundamentals of history like the Constitution and the flag could be used to accomplish petty, selfish goals like the acquisition of a vacuum and a tentacle costume. We definitely enjoyed ourselves designing that game.\n\n\nDave Grossman on designing the game's puzzles[22]Grossman and Schafer brainstormed regularly to devise the time travel puzzles and collaborated with members of the development team as well as other LucasArts employees. They would identify puzzle problems and work towards a solution similar to how the game plays. Most issues were addressed prior to programming, but some details were left unfinished to work on later.[17] The staff conceived puzzles involving the U.S.'s early history based on their memory of their compulsory education, and using the more legendary aspects of history, such as George Washington cutting down a cherry tree to appeal to international audiences.[20][22] To complete the elements, Grossman researched the period to maintain historical accuracy, visiting libraries and contacting reference librarians. The studio, however, took creative license towards facts to fit them into the game's design.[17][22]Day of the Tentacle features a four-minute-long animated opening credit sequence, the first LucasArts game to have such. Ahern noted that their previous games would run the credits over primarily still shots which would only last for a few minutes, but with Tentacle, the team had grown so large that they worried this approach would be boring to players.[23] They assigned Kyle Balda, an intern at CalArts, to create the animated sequence, with Chan helping to create minimalist backgrounds to aid in the animation.[23] Originally this sequence was around seven minutes long, and included the three characters arriving at the mansion and releasing Purple Tentacle. Another LucasArts designer, Hal Barwood, suggested they cut it in half, leading to the shortened version as in the released game, and having the player take over when they arrive at the mansion.[23]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SCUMM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCUMM"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GamesTm-Retro-19"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GamesTm-Retro-2-9"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GamesTm-Retro-19"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usgamer_design-22"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usgamer_design-22"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usgamer_design-22"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GamesTm-Retro-19"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GamesTm-Retro-19"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RetroMaking-24"},{"link_name":"Les Nessman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Nessman"},{"link_name":"WKRP in Cincinnati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WKRP_in_Cincinnati"},{"link_name":"Richard Sanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Sanders_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GamesTm-Retro-19"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Magic-27"},{"link_name":"Denny Delk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denny_Delk"},{"link_name":"Nick Jameson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Jameson"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GamesTm-Retro-19"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CGW-108-28"},{"link_name":"talkie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talkies_(video_games)"},{"link_name":"Peter McConnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_McConnell"},{"link_name":"Michael Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Land"},{"link_name":"Clint Bajakian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clint_Bajakian"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usgamer_music-29"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usgamer_music-29"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usgamer_music-29"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usgamer_music-29"},{"link_name":"iMUSE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMUSE"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usgamer_music-29"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CGW-108-28"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RetroMaking-24"}],"sub_title":"Technology and audio","text":"Day of the Tentacle uses the SCUMM engine developed for Maniac Mansion.[17] LucasArts had gradually modified the engine since its creation. For example, the number of input verbs was reduced and items in the character's inventory are represented by icons rather than text.[7] While implementing an animation, the designers encountered a problem later discovered to be a limitation of the engine. Upon learning of the limitation, Gilbert reminisced about the file size of the first game. The staff then resolved to include it in the sequel.[17]Day of the Tentacle was the first LucasArts adventure game to feature voice work on release.[c] The game was not originally planned to include voice work, as at the time, the install base for CD-ROM was too low.[20] As they neared the end of 1992, CD-ROM sales grew significantly. The general manager of LucasArts, Kelly Flock, recognizing that the game would not be done in time by the end of the year to make the holiday release, suggested that the team include voice work for the game, giving them more time.[20]Voice director Tamlynn Barra managed that aspect of the game.[20] Schafer and Grossman described how they imagined the characters' voices and Barra sought audition tapes of voice actors to meet the criteria. She presented the best auditions to the pair. Schafer's sister Ginny was among the auditions, and she was chosen for Nurse Edna. Schafer opted out of the decision for her selection to avoid nepotism.[17] Grossman and Schafer encountered difficulty selecting a voice for Bernard.[17][22] To aid the process, Grossman commented that the character should sound like Les Nessman from the television show WKRP in Cincinnati. Barra responded that she knew the agent of the character's actor, Richard Sanders, and brought Sanders on the project.[17][24] Denny Delk and Nick Jameson were among those hired, and provided voice work for around five characters each.[17] Recording for the 4,500 lines of dialog occurred at Studio 222 in Hollywood. Barra directed the voice actors separately from a sound production booth. She provided context for each line and described aspects of the game to aid the actors.[25] The voice work in Day of the Tentacle was widely praised for its quality and professionalism in comparison to Sierra's talkie games of the period which suffered from poor audio quality and limited voice acting (some of which consisted of Sierra employees rather than professional talent).The game's music was composed by Peter McConnell, Michael Land, and Clint Bajakian.[26] The three had worked together to share the duties equally of composing the music for Monkey Island 2 and Fate of Atlantis, and continued this approach for Day of the Tentacle.[26] According to McConnell, he had composed most of the music taking place in the game's present, Land for the future, and Bajakian for the past, outside of Dr. Fred's theme for the past which McConnell had done.[26] The music was composed around the cartoonish nature of the gameplay, further drawing on Looney Tunes' use of parodying classical works of music, and playing on set themes for all of the major characters in the game.[26] Many of these themes had to be composed to take into account different processing speeds of computers at the time, managed by the iMUSE music interface; such themes would include shorter repeating patterns that would play while the game's screen scrolled across, and then once the screen was at the proper place, the music would continue on to a more dramatic phrase.[26]Day of the Tentacle was one of the first games concurrently released on CD-ROM and floppy disk.[25] A floppy disk version was created to accommodate consumers that had yet to purchase CD-ROM drives. The CD-ROM format afforded the addition of audible dialog. The capacity difference between the two formats necessitated alterations to the floppy disk version. Grossman spent several weeks reducing files sizes and removing files such as the audio dialog to fit the game onto six diskettes.[22]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GameRankings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameRankings"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"PC Gamer US","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Gamer_US"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pcgamerustop40-32"},{"link_name":"Computer Gaming World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Gaming_World"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cgw199406-33"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cgw199611best-34"},{"link_name":"Adventure Gamers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure_Gamers"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dickens20040402-35"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGNtop05-36"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGNtop07-37"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGNtopvillains-38"},{"link_name":"PC Gamer UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Gamer_UK"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pcgameruktop100-39"},{"link_name":"Edge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edge_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-edgesales-40"},{"link_name":"Charles Ardai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Ardai"},{"link_name":"Computer Gaming World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Gaming_World"},{"link_name":"player character","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Player_character"},{"link_name":"Mel Blanc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel_Blanc"},{"link_name":"Looney Toons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Looney_Tunes"},{"link_name":"sic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cgwreview-41"},{"link_name":"Chuck Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Jones"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cgw199404-42"},{"link_name":"bundling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundled_software"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-weksler199406-43"},{"link_name":"Sandy Petersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Petersen"},{"link_name":"Dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Loom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loom_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dragon199-44"},{"link_name":"The Advocate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Advocate_(Louisiana)"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-advocate-45"},{"link_name":"Boston Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Herald"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bostonherald-46"},{"link_name":"Vox Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Beale"},{"link_name":"The Blade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blade_(Toledo)"},{"link_name":"The Ren & Stimpy Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ren_%26_Stimpy_Show"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-toledoblade-47"},{"link_name":"New Straits Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Straits_Times"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newstraits-48"},{"link_name":"The Jerusalem Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post"},{"link_name":"The Secret of Monkey Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Secret_of_Monkey_Island"},{"link_name":"Monkey Island 2: LeChuck's Revenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monkey_Island_2:_LeChuck%27s_Revenge"},{"link_name":"system requirements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_requirements"},{"link_name":"Sound Blaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_Blaster"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jerusalem-49"},{"link_name":"Adventure Gamers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure_Gamers"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AGR-50"},{"link_name":"PC Gamer US","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Gamer_US"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pcgamerustop40-32"},{"link_name":"Gabriel Knight: Sins of the Fathers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Knight:_Sins_of_the_Fathers"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cgw199406-33"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cgw199611best-34"},{"link_name":"Adventure Gamers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure_Gamers"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dickens20040402-35"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-top100-51"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGNtop05-36"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGNtop07-37"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGNtopvillains-38"},{"link_name":"ComputerAndVideoGames.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ComputerAndVideoGames.com"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pcgameruktop100-39"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSGG-12"}],"text":"ReceptionAggregate scoresAggregatorScoreGameRankings95%[27]Metacritic93/100[28]AwardsPublicationAwardPC Gamer US#46, The Best Games of All Time[29]Computer Gaming WorldAdventure Game of the Year, June 1994[30]#34, 150 Best Games of All Time[31]Adventure Gamers#1, Top 20 Adventure Games of All Time[32]IGN#60, Top 100 Games (2005)[33]#84, Top 100 Games (2007)[34]#82, Top 100 Videogame Villains (Purple Tentacle)[35]PC Gamer UK#30, The Top 100[36]Day of the Tentacle was a moderate commercial success; according to Edge, it sold roughly 80,000 copies by 2009. Tim Schafer saw this as an improvement over his earlier projects, the Monkey Island games, which had been commercial flops.[37] The game was critically acclaimed. Charles Ardai of Computer Gaming World wrote in September 1993: \"Calling Day of the Tentacle a sequel to Maniac Mansion ... is a little like calling the space shuttle a sequel to the slingshot\". He enjoyed the game's humor and interface, and praised the designers for removing \"dead end\" scenarios and player character death. Ardai lauded the voice acting, writing that it \"would have done the late Mel Blanc proud\", and compared the game's humor, animation, and camera angles to \"Looney Toons [sic] gems from the 40s and 50s\". He concluded: \"I expect that this game will keep entertaining people for quite some time to come\".[38] In April 1994 the magazine said of the CD version that Sanders's Bernard was among \"many other inspired performances\", concluding that \"Chuck Jones would be proud\".[39] In May 1994 the magazine said of one multimedia kit bundling the CD version that \"it packs more value into the kit than the entire software packages of some of its competitors\".[40] Sandy Petersen of Dragon stated that its graphics \"are in a stupendous cartoony style\", while praising its humor and describing its sound and music as \"excellent\". Although the reviewer considered it \"one of the best\" graphic adventure games, he noted that, like LucasArts' earlier Loom, it was extremely short; he wrote that he \"felt cheated somehow when I finished the game\". He ended the review, \"Go, Lucasfilm! Do this again, but do make the next game longer!\".[41]Phil LaRose of The Advocate called it \"light-years ahead of the original\", and believed that its \"improved controls, sound and graphics are an evolutionary leap to a more enjoyable gaming experience\". He praised the interface, and summarized the game as \"another of the excellent LucasArts programs that place a higher premium on the quality of entertainment and less on the technical knowledge needed to make it run\".[42] The Boston Herald's Geoff Smith noted that \"the animation of the cartoonlike characters is of TV quality\", and praised the removal of dead ends and character death. He ended: \"It's full of lunacy, but for anyone who likes light-hearted adventure games, it's well worth trying\".[43] Vox Day of The Blade called its visuals \"well done\" and compared them to those of The Ren & Stimpy Show. The writer praised the game's humor, and said that \"both the music and sound effects are hilarious\"; he cited the voice performance of Richard Sanders as a high point. He summarized the game as \"both a good adventure and a funny cartoon\".[44]Lim Choon Wee of the New Straits Times highly praised the game's humor, which he called \"brilliantly funny\". The writer commented that the game's puzzles relied on \"trial and error\" with \"no underlying logic\", but opined that the game \"remains fun\" despite this issue, and concluded that Day of the Tentacle was \"definitely the comedy game of the year\".[45] Daniel Baum of The Jerusalem Post called it \"one of the funniest, most entertaining and best-programmed computer games I have ever seen\", and lauded its animation. He wrote that the game provided \"a more polished impression\" than either The Secret of Monkey Island or Monkey Island 2: LeChuck's Revenge. The writer claimed that its high system requirements were its only drawback, and believed that a Sound Blaster card was required to fully appreciate the game.[46] In a retrospective review, Adventure Gamers' Chris Remo wrote: \"If someone were to ask for a few examples of games that exemplify the best of the graphic adventure genre, Day of the Tentacle would certainly be near the top\".[47]Day of the Tentacle has been featured regularly in lists of \"top\" games. In 1994, PC Gamer US named Day of the Tentacle the 46th best computer game ever.[29] In June 1994 it and Gabriel Knight: Sins of the Fathers won Computer Gaming World's Adventure Game of the Year award. The editors wrote that \"Day of the Tentacle's fluid animation sequences underscore a strong script and solid game play ... story won out over technological innovation in this genre\".[30] In 1996, the magazine ranked it as the 34th best game of all time, writing: \"DOTT completely blew away its ancestor, Maniac Mansion, with its smooth animated sequences, nifty plot and great voiceovers\".[31] Adventure Gamers included the game as the top entry on its 20 Greatest Adventure Games of All Time List in 2004,[32] and placed it sixth on its Top 100 All-Time Adventure Games in 2011.[48] The game has appeared on several IGN lists. The website rated it number 60 and 84 on its top 100 games list in 2005 and 2007, respectively.[33][34] IGN named Day of the Tentacle as part of their top 10 LucasArts adventure games in 2009,[49] and ranked the Purple Tentacle 82nd in a list of top 100 videogame villains in 2010.[35] ComputerAndVideoGames.com ranked it at number 30 in 2008,[36] and GameSpot also listed Day of the Tentacle as one of the greatest games of all time.[10]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"webcomic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webcomic"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGNtop07-37"},{"link_name":"Zombies Ate My Neighbors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zombies_Ate_My_Neighbors"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GamesTm-Retro-3-53"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GamesTm-Retro-19"},{"link_name":"Telltale Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telltale_Games"},{"link_name":"episodic game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episodic_video_game"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"}],"text":"Fans of Day of the Tentacle created a webcomic, The Day After the Day of the Tentacle, using the game's graphics.[34] The 1993 LucasArts game Zombies Ate My Neighbors features a stage dedicated to Day of the Tentacle. The artists for Day of the Tentacle shared office space with the Zombies Ate My Neighbors development team. The team included the homage after frequently seeing artwork for Day of the Tentacle during the two games' productions.[50] In describing what he considered \"the most rewarding moment\" of his career, Grossman stated that the game's writing and use of spoken and subtitled dialog assisted a learning-disabled child in learning how to read.[17] Telltale Games CEO Dan Connors commented in 2009 that an episodic game based on Day of the Tentacle was \"feasible\", but depended on the sales of the Monkey Island games released that year.[d][51]In 2018, a fan-made sequel, Return of the Tentacle, was released free by a team from Germany.[52][53] The game imitates the art style of the Remastered edition and features full voice acting.[54][55]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Remasters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kotaku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotaku"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"}],"sub_title":"Special Edition","text":"According to Kotaku, a remastered version of Day of the Tentacle was in the works at LucasArts Singapore before the sale of LucasArts to Disney in 2012. Though never officially approved, the game used a pseudo-3D art style and was nearly 80% complete, according to one person close to the project, but was shelved in the days before the closure of LucasArts.[56]","title":"Remasters"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Day_of_the_tentacle_hd_screenshot.png"},{"link_name":"Double Fine Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Fine_Productions"},{"link_name":"OS X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS_X"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_4"},{"link_name":"PlayStation Vita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_Vita"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eugamer_hd_screens-61"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Linux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"iOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"cross-buy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-buy"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Xbox One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_One"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"PlayStation Plus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_Plus"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Grim Fandango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grim_Fandango"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-polygon_dott_remastered-71"},{"link_name":"2 Player Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Player_Productions"},{"link_name":"Skywalker Ranch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skywalker_Ranch"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-polygon_dott_remastered-71"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usgamer_art-25"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usgamer_design-22"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usgamer_design-22"},{"link_name":"Broken Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broken_Age"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usgamer_design-22"},{"link_name":"MIDI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIDI"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usgamer_design-22"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eugamer_hd_screens-61"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Eurogamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurogamer"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"The Secret of Monkey Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Secret_of_Monkey_Island"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"USgamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USgamer"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"}],"sub_title":"Remastered","text":"The remastered version of Day of the Tentacle retains the cartoon-style animation but uses more detailed characters and backgrounds.A remastered version of Day of the Tentacle was developed by Schafer and his studio, Double Fine Productions. The remaster was released on March 22, 2016, for OS X, PlayStation 4, PlayStation Vita, and Windows,[57][58][59] with a Linux version released at July 11[60] together with a mobile port for iOS.[61] The PlayStation 4 and PlayStation Vita versions are cross-buy and also feature cross-save.[62][63] An Xbox One port came in October 2020.[64] The remastered game was released as a free PlayStation Plus title for the month of January 2017.[65][66]Schafer credited both LucasArts and Disney for help in creating the remaster, which follows from a similar remastering of Grim Fandango, as well by Double Fine, in January 2015. Schafer said when they originally were about to secure the rights to Grim Fandango from LucasArts to make the remaster, they did not originally have plans to redo the other LucasArts adventure games, but with the passionate response they got on the news of the Grim Fandango remaster, they decided to continue these efforts. Schafer described getting the rights to Day of the Tentacle a \"miracle\" though aided by the fact that many of the executives in the legal rights chain had fond memories of playing these games and helped to secure the rights.[67] 2 Player Productions, which has worked before with Double Fine to document their game development process, also created a mini-documentary for Day of the Tentacle Remastered, which included a visit to the Skywalker Ranch, where LucasArts games were originally developed, where much of the original concept art and digital files for the game and other LucasArts adventure games were archived.[68]Day of the Tentacle Remastered retains its two-dimensional cartoon-style art, redrawn at a higher resolution for modern computers.[67] The high resolution character art was updated by a team led by Yujin Keim with the consultation of Ahern and Chan. Keim's team used many of the original sketches of characters and assets from the two and emulated their style with improvements for modern graphics systems.[23] Matt Hansen worked on recreating the background assets in high resolution.[20] As with the Grim Fandango remaster, the player can switch back and forth between the original graphics and the high-resolution version.[20] The game includes a more streamlined interaction menu, a command wheel akin to the approach used in Broken Age, but the player can opt to switch back to the original interface.[20] The game's soundtrack has been redone within MIDI adapted to work with the iMUSE system.[20] There is an option to listen to commentary from the original creators, including Schafer, Grossman, Chan, McConnell, Ahern, and Bajakian. The remaster contains the fully playable version of the original Maniac Mansion, though no enhancements have been made to that game-within-a-game.[57]Day of the Tentacle Remastered has received positive reviews, with the PC version having an aggregate review score of 87/100 tallied by Metacritic.[69] Reviewers generally praised the game as having not lost its charm since its initial release, but found some aspects of the remastering to be lackluster. Richard Corbett for Eurogamer found the game \"every bit as well crafted now as it was in 1993\", but found the processes used to provide high-definition graphics from the original 16-bit graphics to making some of the required shortcuts taken in 1993 for graphics, such as background dithering and low animation framerates, more obvious on modern hardware.[70] IGN's Jared Petty also found the remastered to still be enjoyable, and found the improvement on the graphics to be \"glorious\", but worried that the lack of a hint system, as was added in The Secret of Monkey Island remastered version, would put off new players to the game.[71] Bob Mackey for USgamer found that while past remastered adventure games have highlighted how much has changed in gamers' expectations since the heyday of adventure games in the 1990s, Day of the Tentacle Remastered \"rises above these issues to become absolutely timeless\".[72]","title":"Remasters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn1_4-0"},{"link_name":"Double Fine Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Fine_Productions"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"U. S. Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U._S._Gold"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Double Fine Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Fine_Productions"},{"link_name":"Xbox Game Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_Game_Studios"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"Indiana Jones and the Fate of Atlantis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Fate_of_Atlantis"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-54"},{"link_name":"Tales of Monkey Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tales_of_Monkey_Island"}],"text":"^ Remastered version developed by Double Fine Productions.\n\n^ Original release distributed in the United Kingdom by U. S. Gold.[4] Remastered version published by Double Fine Productions; Xbox One remastered version published by Xbox Game Studios.\n\n^ Indiana Jones and the Fate of Atlantis predates Day of the Tentacle by a month, but did not have voice work until an enhanced version released a year later in 1993.\n\n^ Telltale Games co-developed the 2009 game Tales of Monkey Island with LucasArts.","title":"Notes"}]
|
[{"image_text":"The game displays the point-and-click interface below the scene. Time travel and interaction with cartoon versions of figures from American colonial history, such as John Hancock, Thomas Jefferson and George Washington, are key to gameplay.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b5/Day_of_the_Tentacle_Founding_Fathers.jpg/240px-Day_of_the_Tentacle_Founding_Fathers.jpg"},{"image_text":"The remastered version of Day of the Tentacle retains the cartoon-style animation but uses more detailed characters and backgrounds.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4e/Day_of_the_tentacle_hd_screenshot.png/220px-Day_of_the_tentacle_hd_screenshot.png"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Game Zone\". Derby Evening Telegraph. July 7, 1993. p. 12. Retrieved April 7, 2024. Day of the Tentacle is available on IBM/PC at £42.99 and CD ROM version for £45.99","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/914552675","url_text":"\"Game Zone\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_Telegraph","url_text":"Derby Evening Telegraph"}]},{"reference":"Black, Dorian (July 27, 1993). \"Computer game gives players a certain flush of success\". The Age. p. 30. Retrieved April 7, 2024. Day of the Tentacle: Maniac Mansion II (CD-ROM) by Lucas Arts. Price: $89.95","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/120755354","url_text":"\"Computer game gives players a certain flush of success\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Age","url_text":"The Age"}]},{"reference":"\"Retroradar: Retrodiary\". Retro Gamer (91). Imagine Publishing: 15. June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retro_Gamer","url_text":"Retro Gamer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagine_Publishing","url_text":"Imagine Publishing"}]},{"reference":"\"Quite the classiest of mansions\". The East Kent Gazette. July 28, 1993. p. 19. Retrieved April 7, 2024. The game of the week, Day of the Tentacle (US Gold), will surely be one of the highlights of this year.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/848953256","url_text":"\"Quite the classiest of mansions\""}]},{"reference":"\"20th Anniversary\". LucasArts Entertainment Company LLC. Archived from the original on June 23, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060623025112/http://www.lucasarts.com/20th/history_2.htm","url_text":"\"20th Anniversary\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LucasArts_Entertainment_Company_LLC","url_text":"LucasArts Entertainment Company LLC"},{"url":"http://www.lucasarts.com/20th/history_2.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Games by Platform\". LucasArts Entertainment Company LLC. Archived from the original on December 6, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101206060115/http://www.lucasarts.com/games/platform.html","url_text":"\"Games by Platform\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LucasArts_Entertainment_Company_LLC","url_text":"LucasArts Entertainment Company LLC"},{"url":"http://www.lucasarts.com/games/platform.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Hall of Fame: Guybrush Threepwood\". GamesTM. The Ultimate Retro Companion (3). Imagine Publishing: 188–189. 2010. ISSN 1448-2606. OCLC 173412381.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamesTM","url_text":"GamesTM"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagine_Publishing","url_text":"Imagine Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1448-2606","url_text":"1448-2606"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/173412381","url_text":"173412381"}]},{"reference":"\"Sam & Max Hit the Road\". GamesTM. Retro Micro Games Action. 1. Highbury Entertainment: 128–129. 2005. ISSN 1448-2606. OCLC 173412381.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamesTM","url_text":"GamesTM"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1448-2606","url_text":"1448-2606"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/173412381","url_text":"173412381"}]},{"reference":"Langshaw, Mark (July 22, 2010). \"Retro Corner: 'Day Of The Tentacle' (PC)\". Digital Spy. Archived from the original on July 24, 2010. Retrieved July 22, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.digitalspy.com/gaming/levelup/a245962/retro-corner-day-of-the-tentacle-pc.html","url_text":"\"Retro Corner: 'Day Of The Tentacle' (PC)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Spy","url_text":"Digital Spy"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100724152822/http://www.digitalspy.com/gaming/levelup/a245962/retro-corner-day-of-the-tentacle-pc.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Greatest Games of All Time: The Only Good Tentacle Is a Green Tentacle\". GameSpot. April 30, 2004. Archived from the original on November 24, 2004. Retrieved February 13, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041124031943/http://www.gamespot.com/gamespot/features/all/greatestgames/p-48.html","url_text":"\"The Greatest Games of All Time: The Only Good Tentacle Is a Green Tentacle\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot","url_text":"GameSpot"},{"url":"http://www.gamespot.com/gamespot/features/all/greatestgames/p-48.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"LucasArts (June 1993). Day of the Tentacle (DOS). Purple Tentacle: It makes me feel great! Smarter! More aggressive! I feel like I could... like I could... like I could... TAKE ON THE WORLD!!!","urls":[]},{"reference":"LucasArts (June 1993). Day of the Tentacle (DOS). Bernard: Ok, you're free to go.Green Tentacle: Thanks Bernard!Purple Tentacle: Yes, thank you, naive human! Now I can finish taking over the world! Ha ha ha!Green Tentacle: Wait!Bernard: Oh, yeah. Now I remember. He's incredibly evil, isn't he?Green Tentacle: Uh... I'll try to talk him out of it.","urls":[]},{"reference":"LucasArts (June 1993). Day of the Tentacle (DOS). Dr. Fred: Our only hope now is to turn off my Sludge-O-Matic machine and prevent the toxic mutagen from entering the river!Bernard: Isn't it a little late for that, Doctor?Dr. Fred: Of course! That's why I'll have to do it... YESTERDAY! To the time machine!","urls":[]},{"reference":"LucasArts (June 1993). Day of the Tentacle (DOS). Dr. Fred: My dials say that the larger specimen landed two hundred years in the past and the other is stuck two hundred years in the future!Bernard: Well, hurry up and bring them back! Dr. Fred: I will, as soon as I get a new diamond! Then all your buddies have to do is plug in their respective Chron-o-Johns and—Bernard: Plug them in?!? Where is Hoagie going to find an electrical outlet two hundred years in the past!?!Dr. Fred: Yes... well... He'll be needing my patented superbattery then, won't he?","urls":[]},{"reference":"LucasArts (June 1993). Day of the Tentacle (DOS). Purple Tentacle: You can't turn off the machine if I get there first!Laverne: Uh-oh!Green Tentacle: Don't worry guys! This time I know I can stop him!","urls":[]},{"reference":"LucasArts (June 1993). Day of the Tentacle (DOS). Purple Tentacle: You see, I've been busy. These are all versions of myself from the future. I've been bringing them back here using the Chron-o-John. Together we will conquer the world!!","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Behind the Scenes: Maniac Mansion + Day of the Tentacle\". GamesTM. The Ultimate Retro Companion (3). Imagine Publishing: 22–27. 2010. ISSN 1448-2606. OCLC 173412381.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamesTM","url_text":"GamesTM"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagine_Publishing","url_text":"Imagine Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1448-2606","url_text":"1448-2606"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/173412381","url_text":"173412381"}]},{"reference":"\"The Making of Day of the Tentacle\". Retro Gamer. retrogamer: Imagine Publishing. December 25, 2014. Archived from the original on June 26, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.retrogamer.net/retro_games90/the-making-of-day-of-the-tentacle/","url_text":"\"The Making of Day of the Tentacle\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrogamer","url_text":"retrogamer"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150626165120/http://www.retrogamer.net/retro_games90/the-making-of-day-of-the-tentacle/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Dutton, Fred (February 10, 2012). \"Double Fine Adventure passes Day of the Tentacle budget\". Eurogamer. Archived from the original on March 14, 2013. Retrieved February 10, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2012-02-10-double-fine-adventure-passes-day-of-the-tentacle-budget","url_text":"\"Double Fine Adventure passes Day of the Tentacle budget\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurogamer","url_text":"Eurogamer"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130314075902/http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2012-02-10-double-fine-adventure-passes-day-of-the-tentacle-budget","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Mackey, Bob (March 7, 2016). \"Day of the Tentacle: The Oral History\". USgamer. Archived from the original on March 9, 2016. 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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoul_de_Cambrai
|
Raoul de Cambrai
|
["1 Plot","2 Text","3 Historical sources","4 Notes","5 References"]
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Raoul de Cambrai is a 12th -13th century French epic poem (chanson de geste) concerning the eponymous hero's battles to take possession of his fief and of the repercussions from these battles. It is typically grouped in the "rebellious vassals cycle", or "Geste of Doon de Mayence".
Plot
Raoul de Cambrai, the posthumous son of Raoul Taillefer, count of Cambrai, by his wife Alais, sister of King Louis d'Outre-Mer, whose father's lands had been given to another, demanded the fief of Vermandois, which was the natural inheritance of the four sons of Herbert, lord of Vermandois. On King Louis's refusal, he proceeded to war. The chief hero on the Vermandois side was Bernier, a grandson of Count Herbert, who had been the squire and firm adherent of Raoul, until he was driven into opposition by the fate of his mother, burned with the nuns in the church of Origny. Bernier eventually slew the terrible Raoul in single fight, but in his turn was slain, after an apparent reconciliation, and the blood-feud was left for his sons.
Text
Raoul de Cambrai has come down to us in 3 manuscripts of varying quality. The most complete version dates from the 13th century, but certain sections are missing. The extant poem comprises roughly 8,542 decasyllable verses (depending on the edition and corrections made for missing material; here, the Kibler edition is referenced), of which the first 5,373 are grouped into rhymed laisses, while the remaining verses are grouped into assonanced laisses. While the section with assonance would typically be considered the older of the two sections, it appears from the romantic elements of this section that the assonance section is in fact of a later date, perhaps written by a poet desiring an archaic tone.
The existing 13th century (composed c. 1200 ) epic appears to have been composed in three different stages: an early 12th century assonanced section concerning the hero Raoul; a late 12th century reworking into rhymes of the original section, plus the addition of a section concerning Roaul's nephew Gautier; finally, an early 13th century addition (inspired by romances) in assonance of the story of Bernier. There is however mention (laisses 120-121) that the poem is based on a version by a noble trouvère of Laon called Bertholais, who professed to have witnessed the events he described.
Raoul de Cambrai presents, like the other provincial geste of Garin le Loherain, a picture of the devastation caused by the private wars of the feudal chiefs. A parallel narrative, obviously inspired by popular poetry, is preserved in the chronicle of Waulsort (ed. Achery, Spicilegium, ii. p. 100 seq.), and probably corresponds with the earlier recension.
Historical sources
The date of these events is exactly ascertainable. Flodoard (Annales, Anno 943) states that Count Herbert died in that year, and was buried by his sons at Saint-Quentin, that when they learnt that Raoul, son of Raoul de Gouy, was about to invade their father's territory, they attacked him and put him to death. The identity of the other personages of the story has also been fixed from historical sources. The third part of the poem, of which Bernier is the hero, is of later date, and bears the character of a roman d'aventures.
Notes
^ Kibler, 9.
^ Kibler, 16.
^ Kibler, 5
^ Kibler, 16-17.
^ Kibler, 171-173.
References
Raoul de Cambrai, French translation by William Kibler, original text edited by Sarah Kay (1996)
Li Romans de Raoul de Cambrai et de Bernier, ed. E. le Clay (Paris, 1840)
Raoul de Cambrai, ed. Paul Meyer and Auguste Longnon (Paris, Société des anciens textes français, 1882)
J. M. Ludlow, Popular Epics of the Middle Ages (London and Cambridge, 1865)
G. Gröber, Grundriss der romanischen Philologie (ii. pp. 567 seq.).
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Raoul de Cambrai". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 898.
Authority control databases International
VIAF
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IdRef
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[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Raoul de Cambrai"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Raoul Taillefer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raoul_Taillefer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cambrai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrai"},{"link_name":"Louis d'Outre-Mer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_d%27Outre-Mer"},{"link_name":"fief of Vermandois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_counts_of_Vermandois"},{"link_name":"Herbert, lord of Vermandois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_I_of_Vermandois"},{"link_name":"Origny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origny"}],"text":"Raoul de Cambrai, the posthumous son of Raoul Taillefer, count of Cambrai, by his wife Alais, sister of King Louis d'Outre-Mer, whose father's lands had been given to another, demanded the fief of Vermandois, which was the natural inheritance of the four sons of Herbert, lord of Vermandois. On King Louis's refusal, he proceeded to war. The chief hero on the Vermandois side was Bernier, a grandson of Count Herbert, who had been the squire and firm adherent of Raoul, until he was driven into opposition by the fate of his mother, burned with the nuns in the church of Origny. Bernier eventually slew the terrible Raoul in single fight, but in his turn was slain, after an apparent reconciliation, and the blood-feud was left for his sons.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"decasyllable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decasyllable"},{"link_name":"rhymed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyme"},{"link_name":"laisses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laisse"},{"link_name":"assonanced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assonance"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"romances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_(heroic_literature)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"trouvère","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trouv%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"Laon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laon"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Garin le Loherain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garin_le_Loherain"},{"link_name":"Waulsort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waulsort"}],"text":"Raoul de Cambrai has come down to us in 3 manuscripts of varying quality. The most complete version dates from the 13th century, but certain sections are missing.[1] The extant poem comprises roughly 8,542 decasyllable verses (depending on the edition and corrections made for missing material; here, the Kibler edition is referenced), of which the first 5,373 are grouped into rhymed laisses, while the remaining verses are grouped into assonanced laisses. While the section with assonance would typically be considered the older of the two sections, it appears from the romantic elements of this section that the assonance section is in fact of a later date, perhaps written by a poet desiring an archaic tone.[2]The existing 13th century (composed c. 1200 [3]) epic appears to have been composed in three different stages: an early 12th century assonanced section concerning the hero Raoul; a late 12th century reworking into rhymes of the original section, plus the addition of a section concerning Roaul's nephew Gautier; finally, an early 13th century addition (inspired by romances) in assonance of the story of Bernier.[4] There is however mention (laisses 120-121) that the poem is based on a version by a noble trouvère of Laon called Bertholais, who professed to have witnessed the events he described.[5]Raoul de Cambrai presents, like the other provincial geste of Garin le Loherain, a picture of the devastation caused by the private wars of the feudal chiefs. A parallel narrative, obviously inspired by popular poetry, is preserved in the chronicle of Waulsort (ed. Achery, Spicilegium, ii. p. 100 seq.), and probably corresponds with the earlier recension.","title":"Text"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Flodoard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flodoard"},{"link_name":"Saint-Quentin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Quentin,_Aisne"},{"link_name":"Raoul de Gouy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raoul_de_Gouy&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"The date of these events is exactly ascertainable. Flodoard (Annales, Anno 943) states that Count Herbert died in that year, and was buried by his sons at Saint-Quentin, that when they learnt that Raoul, son of Raoul de Gouy, was about to invade their father's territory, they attacked him and put him to death. The identity of the other personages of the story has also been fixed from historical sources. The third part of the poem, of which Bernier is the hero, is of later date, and bears the character of a roman d'aventures.","title":"Historical sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"}],"text":"^ Kibler, 9.\n\n^ Kibler, 16.\n\n^ Kibler, 5\n\n^ Kibler, 16-17.\n\n^ Kibler, 171-173.","title":"Notes"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Raoul de Cambrai\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 898.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Raoul_de_Cambrai","url_text":"Raoul de Cambrai"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rot-Weiss_Oberhausen
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Rot-Weiß Oberhausen
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["1 History","2 Honours","3 Recent seasons","4 Players","4.1 Current squad","5 Famous players and successes","6 Managers","7 Athletics","8 References","9 External links"]
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German football club
Football clubRot-Weiß OberhausenFull nameSport-Club Rot-Weiß Oberhausen e.V.Nickname(s)Die Kleeblätter (The Clovers)Founded1904GroundNiederrheinstadionCapacity21,318ChairmanHajo SommersManagerJörn NowakLeagueRegionalliga West (IV)2022–23Regionalliga West, 7th of 18WebsiteClub website
Home colours
Away colours
Third colours
Rot-Weiß Oberhausen is a German association football club in Oberhausen, North Rhine-Westphalia. The club was formed as Oberhausener SV in December 1904 out of the merger of Emschertaler SV (1902) and the football enthusiasts of Oberhausener TV 1873. The new side entered into a union with Viktoria Styrum BV to create SpVgg 1904 Oberhausen-Styrum, but within six months a number of the club's members left to form 1. FC Mülheim-Styrum. The remaining club members carried on and in 1934 took on their current name.
History
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The team was unremarked through its early history, simply playing local ball. After the re-organization of German football in the early 1930s under the Third Reich Rot Weiss played in the Gauliga Niederrhein but could never match the strength of division rival Fortuna Düsseldorf. During World War II the club played alongside ASV Elmar as part of the combined wartime side KSG Elmar/Viktoria Oberhausen.
Historical chart of Rot-Weiß Oberhausen league performance
The club worked its way into the upper league Oberliga West after the war and with the formation of the Bundesliga, Germany's new professional circuit, found themselves in the second division Regionalliga West. A first-place finish there in 1969 led to promotion to the Bundesliga for the workmanlike side. The club's turn in the top flight was tainted when they were implicated in the Bundesliga bribery scandal of 1971. While it was clear they were involved, the club and its players escaped sanction. After three years in the upper league without doing any better than a 14th-place finish, the club returned to its existence as a tier II and III side.
Financial problems in 1988 were the prelude to a slide into the Verbandsliga Niederrhein (IV) two years later. After nearly a decade spent bouncing up and down between the third and fourth divisions Die Kleeblätter returned to the 2. Bundesliga in 1998, winning the Regionalliga West/Südwest. They remained a lower table side for the most part, but did manage to put forward their best ever performances with sixth and fifth-place finishes in 2000 and 2004. Oberhausen was relegated again to the Regionalliga Nord (III) for 2005. Relegation to the Oberliga (IV) followed a year later. They returned to 2. Bundesliga after two successively promotions; which were first in the Oberliga Nordrhein in 2006–07 and second of Regionalliga Nord in 2007–08 season. The club dropped out of the 2. Bundesliga in 2011, was relegated again the following year from the 3. Liga and now plays in the tier four Regionalliga West.
Honours
The club's honours:
Regionalliga West
Champions: 1969
Oberliga Nordrhein
Champions: 1979, 1983, 1995, 2007
Verbandsliga Niederrhein
Champions: 1993
Lower Rhine Cup
Winners: 1996, 1998, 2018
Recent seasons
The club's recent seasons:
Year
Division
Position
1963-64
Regionalliga West (II)
7th
1964-65
Regionalliga West
4th
1965/66
Regionalliga West
4th
1966/67
Regionalliga West
6th
1967/68
Regionalliga West
3rd
1968/69
Regionalliga West
1st ↑
1969–70
1. Bundesliga (I)
14th
1970–71
1. Bundesliga
16th
1971–72
1. Bundesliga
15th
1972–73
1. Bundesliga
18th ↓
1973-74
Regionalliga West (II)
2nd
1974-75
2. Bundesliga Nord (II)
18th ↓
1975-76
Verbandsliga Niederrhein (III)
5th
1976-77
Verbandsliga Niederrhein
8th
1977-78
Verbandsliga Niederrhein
2nd
1978-79
Oberliga Nordrhein (III)
1st ↑
1979-80
2. Bundesliga Nord (II)
15th
1980-81
2. Bundesliga Nord
14th
1981-82
Oberliga Nordrhein (III)
4th
1982-83
Oberliga Nordrhein
1st ↑
1983-84
2. Bundesliga (II)
16th
1984-85
2. Bundesliga
12th
1985-86
2. Bundesliga
11th
1986-87
2. Bundesliga
16th
1987-88
2. Bundesliga
16th ↓
1988-89
Oberliga Nordrhein (III)
19th ↓
1989-90
Verbandsliga Niederrhein (IV)
14th
1990-91
Verbandsliga Niederrhein
5th
1991-92
Verbandsliga Niederrhein
3rd
1992-93
Verbandsliga Niederrhein
1st ↑
1993-94
Oberliga Nordrhein (III)
7th ↓
1994-95
Oberliga Nordrhein (IV)
1st ↑
1995-96
Regionalliga West/Südwest (III)
8th
1996-97
Regionalliga West/Südwest
2nd
1997-98
Regionalliga West/Südwest
1st ↑
1998-99
2. Bundesliga (II)
12th
1999–2000
2. Bundesliga
6th
2000–01
2. Bundesliga
12th
2001–02
2. Bundesliga
12th
2002–03
2. Bundesliga
14th
2003–04
2. Bundesliga
5th
2004–05
2. Bundesliga
16th ↓
2005–06
Regionalliga Nord (III)
17th ↓
2006–07
Oberliga Nordrhein (IV)
1st ↑
2007–08
Regionalliga Nord (III)
2nd ↑
2008–09
2. Bundesliga (II)
9th
2009–10
2. Bundesliga
14th
2010–11
2. Bundesliga
17th ↓
2011–12
3. Liga (III)
19th ↓
2012–13
Regionalliga West (IV)
8th
2013–14
Regionalliga West
3rd
2014–15
Regionalliga West
4th
2015–16
Regionalliga West
5th
2016–17
Regionalliga West
4th
2017–18
Regionalliga West
9th
2018–19
Regionalliga West
2nd
2019–20
Regionalliga West
4th
2020–21
Regionalliga West
7th
2021–22
Regionalliga West
4th
2022–23
Regionalliga West
7th
Key
↑ Promoted
↓ Relegated
Players
Current squad
As of 2 February 2024
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
No.
Pos.
Nation
Player
1
GK
IRN
Daniel Davari
2
DF
GER
Moritz Montag
3
DF
GER
Pierre Fassnacht
4
DF
GER
Tim Stappmann
5
MF
GER
Christian März
6
MF
GER
Fabian Holthaus
7
MF
GER
Marius Kleinsorge
8
MF
GER
Matona-Glody Ngyombo
9
FW
GER
Sebastian Mai
10
MF
GER
Moritz Stoppelkamp
11
FW
GER
Sven Kreyer
13
MF
GER
Keren Yalcin
14
DF
GER
Nico Klaß
No.
Pos.
Nation
Player
15
MF
GER
Edin Hadzibajramovic
17
MF
GER
Phil Sieben
18
MF
GER
Denis Donkor
19
DF
GER
Dominik Burghard
20
MF
GER
Rinor Rexha
22
GK
GER
Kevin Kratzscn
23
DF
GER
Ozan Hot
25
MF
GER
Tanju Öztürk
27
DF
GER
Cottrell Ezekwem
28
MF
GER
Tobias Boche
29
DF
GER
Michel Niemeyer
36
GK
GER
Robin Benz
38
MF
GER
Oğuzhan Kefkir
Famous players and successes
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Rot-Weiß Oberhausen has seen three of its players capped for Germany.
The club's 1970–71 Bundesliga season was distinguished by the performance of Lothar Kobluhn, who won the league scoring title with 24 goals – 12 of those coming in the last 8 games of the season to save Rot-Weiß from relegation by just one goal. The team was embroiled in the Bundesliga scandal of 1971 and as a result Kobluhn was not awarded the Torjägerkanone trophy as top-scorer until October 2007, 36 years after his achievement.
In 1999, Oberhausen played a DFB-Pokal semifinal in Gelsenkirchen against Bayern Munich in front of 45,000 spectators, losing 1–3. On their way to their semifinal appearance they beat Borussia Mönchengladbach and Hamburger SV.
In July 2010, midfielder Heinrich Schmidtgal was selected for the national team of Kazakhstan and played his first international match in Kazakhstan's Euro 2012 qualification against Turkey on 3 September 2010.
Managers
Slobodan Cendic (1985–1986)
Janos Bedl (1986–1987)
Hans-Werner Moors (1987–1988)
Gerd vom Bruch (1997–1998)
Aleksandar Ristić (1998–2000)
Gerhard Kleppinger (2000–2001)
Dragoslav Stepanović (2001)
Aleksandar Ristic (2001–2003)
Klaus Hilpert (2003)
Jørn Andersen (2003–2004)
Jürgen Luginger (2004, caretaker)
Eugen Hach (2004–2005)
Harry Pleß (2005–2006)
Günter Abel (2006)
Hans-Günter Bruns (2006–2008)
Jürgen Luginger (2008–2010)
Hans-Günter Bruns (2010–2011)
Theo Schneider (2011)
Mario Basler (2011–2012)
Peter Kunkel (2012–2014)
Andreas Zimmermann (2014–2016)
Mike Terranova (2016–2020)
Dimitrios Pappas (2020)
Mike Terranova (2020–2023)
Jörn Nowak (2023–)
Athletics
Rot-Weiß Oberhausen has also had an athletics section. Among its most prominent former members are Willi Wülbeck and Fritz Roderfeld. The team also became national champions in 4 x 400 metres relay in 1948 and 3 x 1000 metres relay in 1951.
References
^ 30 Jahre Bundesliga, DFB special edition booklet
^ 30 Jahre Bundesliga, DFB special edition booklet
^ 30 Jahre Bundesliga, DFB special edition booklet
^ 30 Jahre Bundesliga, DFB special edition booklet
^ "Kader" (in German). SC Rot-Weiß Oberhausen. Retrieved 22 August 2023.
^ "Schmidtgal avanciert zum kasachischen Nationalspieler" (in German). Rot-Weiß Oberhausen. 30 July 2010. Retrieved 8 April 2011.
^ "Leichtathletik - Deutsche Meisterschaften (800m - Herren)" . sport-komplett.de. Retrieved 8 April 2011.
^ "Leichtathletik - Deutsche Meisterschaften (400m - Herren)" . sport-komplett.de. Retrieved 8 April 2011.
^ "Leichtathletik - Deutsche Meisterschaften (Staffeln - Herren - Teil 1)" . sport-komplett.de. Retrieved 8 April 2011.
^ "Leichtathletik - Deutsche Meisterschaften (Staffeln - Herren - Teil 2)" . sport-komplett.de. Retrieved 8 April 2011.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rot-Weiß Oberhausen.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German association football club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_in_Germany"},{"link_name":"Oberhausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberhausen"}],"text":"Football clubRot-Weiß Oberhausen is a German association football club in Oberhausen, North Rhine-Westphalia. The club was formed as Oberhausener SV in December 1904 out of the merger of Emschertaler SV (1902) and the football enthusiasts of Oberhausener TV 1873. The new side entered into a union with Viktoria Styrum BV to create SpVgg 1904 Oberhausen-Styrum, but within six months a number of the club's members left to form 1. FC Mülheim-Styrum. The remaining club members carried on and in 1934 took on their current name.","title":"Rot-Weiß Oberhausen"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Third Reich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Reich"},{"link_name":"Gauliga Niederrhein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauliga_Niederrhein"},{"link_name":"Fortuna Düsseldorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna_D%C3%BCsseldorf"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"ASV Elmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarz-Wei%C3%9F_Alstaden"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RW_Oberhausen_Performance_Chart.png"},{"link_name":"Oberliga West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberliga_West_(1947%E2%80%9363)"},{"link_name":"Bundesliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"Regionalliga West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regionalliga_West_(1963%E2%80%931974)"},{"link_name":"Verbandsliga Niederrhein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbandsliga_Niederrhein"},{"link_name":"2. Bundesliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2._Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"Regionalliga West/Südwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regionalliga_West/S%C3%BCdwest"},{"link_name":"Regionalliga Nord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regionalliga_Nord"},{"link_name":"Oberliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberliga_(football)"},{"link_name":"2. Bundesliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2._Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"Oberliga Nordrhein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberliga_Nordrhein"},{"link_name":"Regionalliga Nord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regionalliga_Nord"},{"link_name":"3. Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3._Liga"},{"link_name":"Regionalliga West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regionalliga_West"}],"text":"The team was unremarked through its early history, simply playing local ball. After the re-organization of German football in the early 1930s under the Third Reich Rot Weiss played in the Gauliga Niederrhein but could never match the strength of division rival Fortuna Düsseldorf. During World War II the club played alongside ASV Elmar as part of the combined wartime side KSG Elmar/Viktoria Oberhausen.Historical chart of Rot-Weiß Oberhausen league performanceThe club worked its way into the upper league Oberliga West after the war and with the formation of the Bundesliga, Germany's new professional circuit, found themselves in the second division Regionalliga West. A first-place finish there in 1969 led to promotion to the Bundesliga for the workmanlike side. The club's turn in the top flight was tainted when they were implicated in the Bundesliga bribery scandal of 1971. While it was clear they were involved, the club and its players escaped sanction. After three years in the upper league without doing any better than a 14th-place finish, the club returned to its existence as a tier II and III side.Financial problems in 1988 were the prelude to a slide into the Verbandsliga Niederrhein (IV) two years later. After nearly a decade spent bouncing up and down between the third and fourth divisions Die Kleeblätter returned to the 2. Bundesliga in 1998, winning the Regionalliga West/Südwest. They remained a lower table side for the most part, but did manage to put forward their best ever performances with sixth and fifth-place finishes in 2000 and 2004. Oberhausen was relegated again to the Regionalliga Nord (III) for 2005. Relegation to the Oberliga (IV) followed a year later. They returned to 2. Bundesliga after two successively promotions; which were first in the Oberliga Nordrhein in 2006–07 and second of Regionalliga Nord in 2007–08 season. The club dropped out of the 2. Bundesliga in 2011, was relegated again the following year from the 3. Liga and now plays in the tier four Regionalliga West.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Regionalliga West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regionalliga_West_(1963%E2%80%9374)"},{"link_name":"1969","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968%E2%80%9369_Regionalliga"},{"link_name":"Oberliga Nordrhein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberliga_Nordrhein"},{"link_name":"Verbandsliga Niederrhein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbandsliga_Niederrhein"},{"link_name":"Lower Rhine Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Rhine_Cup"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Verbandspokal"}],"text":"The club's honours:Regionalliga West\nChampions: 1969\nOberliga Nordrhein\nChampions: 1979, 1983, 1995, 2007\nVerbandsliga Niederrhein\nChampions: 1993\nLower Rhine Cup\nWinners: 1996, 1998, 2018","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The club's recent seasons:Key","title":"Recent seasons"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"sub_title":"Current squad","text":"As of 2 February 2024[5]Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lothar Kobluhn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothar_Kobluhn"},{"link_name":"DFB-Pokal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DFB-Pokal"},{"link_name":"Bayern Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Bayern_Munich"},{"link_name":"Borussia Mönchengladbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borussia_M%C3%B6nchengladbach"},{"link_name":"Hamburger SV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburger_SV"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Schmidtgal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Schmidtgal"},{"link_name":"Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Euro 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro_2012"}],"text":"Rot-Weiß Oberhausen has seen three of its players capped for Germany.The club's 1970–71 Bundesliga season was distinguished by the performance of Lothar Kobluhn, who won the league scoring title with 24 goals – 12 of those coming in the last 8 games of the season to save Rot-Weiß from relegation by just one goal. The team was embroiled in the Bundesliga scandal of 1971 and as a result Kobluhn was not awarded the Torjägerkanone trophy as top-scorer until October 2007, 36 years after his achievement.In 1999, Oberhausen played a DFB-Pokal semifinal in Gelsenkirchen against Bayern Munich in front of 45,000 spectators, losing 1–3. On their way to their semifinal appearance they beat Borussia Mönchengladbach and Hamburger SV.In July 2010, midfielder Heinrich Schmidtgal was selected for the national team of Kazakhstan[6] and played his first international match in Kazakhstan's Euro 2012 qualification against Turkey on 3 September 2010.","title":"Famous players and successes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Slobodan Cendic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slobodan_Cendic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Janos Bedl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janos_Bedl"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Hans-Werner Moors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Werner_Moors"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Gerd vom Bruch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_vom_Bruch"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Aleksandar Ristić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandar_Risti%C4%87"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Gerhard Kleppinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Kleppinger"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Dragoslav Stepanović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragoslav_Stepanovi%C4%87"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Aleksandar Ristic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandar_Ristic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Klaus Hilpert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klaus_Hilpert&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Jørn Andersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B8rn_Andersen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Jürgen Luginger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Luginger"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Eugen Hach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_Hach"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Harry Pleß","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harry_Ple%C3%9F&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Hans-Günter Bruns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-G%C3%BCnter_Bruns"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Hans-Günter Bruns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-G%C3%BCnter_Bruns"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Theo Schneider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theo_Schneider"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Mario Basler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Basler"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Peter Kunkel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Kunkel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Andreas Zimmermann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Zimmermann"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Mike Terranova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Terranova"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Dimitrios Pappas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitrios_Pappas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Mike Terranova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Terranova"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Jörn Nowak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6rn_Nowak"}],"text":"Slobodan Cendic (1985–1986)\n Janos Bedl (1986–1987)\n Hans-Werner Moors (1987–1988)\n Gerd vom Bruch (1997–1998)\n Aleksandar Ristić (1998–2000)\n Gerhard Kleppinger (2000–2001)\n Dragoslav Stepanović (2001)\n Aleksandar Ristic (2001–2003)\n Klaus Hilpert (2003)\n Jørn Andersen (2003–2004)\n Jürgen Luginger (2004, caretaker)\n Eugen Hach (2004–2005)\n Harry Pleß (2005–2006)\n Günter Abel (2006)\n Hans-Günter Bruns (2006–2008)\n Jürgen Luginger (2008–2010)\n Hans-Günter Bruns (2010–2011)\n Theo Schneider (2011)\n Mario Basler (2011–2012)\n Peter Kunkel (2012–2014)\n Andreas Zimmermann (2014–2016)\n Mike Terranova (2016–2020)\n Dimitrios Pappas (2020)\n Mike Terranova (2020–2023)\n Jörn Nowak (2023–)","title":"Managers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Willi Wülbeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willi_W%C3%BClbeck"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Fritz Roderfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Roderfeld"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"4 x 400 metres relay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4_x_400_metres_relay"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Rot-Weiß Oberhausen has also had an athletics section. Among its most prominent former members are Willi Wülbeck[7] and Fritz Roderfeld.[8] The team also became national champions in 4 x 400 metres relay in 1948[9] and 3 x 1000 metres relay in 1951.[10]","title":"Athletics"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Historical chart of Rot-Weiß Oberhausen league performance","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/RW_Oberhausen_Performance_Chart.png/260px-RW_Oberhausen_Performance_Chart.png"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Kader\" (in German). SC Rot-Weiß Oberhausen. Retrieved 22 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rwo1904.de/teams/profis/team-kader","url_text":"\"Kader\""}]},{"reference":"\"Schmidtgal avanciert zum kasachischen Nationalspieler\" (in German). Rot-Weiß Oberhausen. 30 July 2010. Retrieved 8 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://rwo-online.de/mediencenter/archiv/newsarchiv.php?news=4684","url_text":"\"Schmidtgal avanciert zum kasachischen Nationalspieler\""}]},{"reference":"\"Leichtathletik - Deutsche Meisterschaften (800m - Herren)\" [German athletics championships (men's 800 metres)]. sport-komplett.de. Retrieved 8 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sport-komplett.de/sport-komplett/sportarten/l/leichtathletik/hst/91.html","url_text":"\"Leichtathletik - Deutsche Meisterschaften (800m - Herren)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Leichtathletik - Deutsche Meisterschaften (400m - Herren)\" [German athletics championships (men's 400 metres)]. sport-komplett.de. Retrieved 8 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sport-komplett.de/sport-komplett/sportarten/l/leichtathletik/hst/86.html","url_text":"\"Leichtathletik - Deutsche Meisterschaften (400m - Herren)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Leichtathletik - Deutsche Meisterschaften (Staffeln - Herren - Teil 1)\" [German athletics championships (men's relays part I)]. sport-komplett.de. Retrieved 8 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sport-komplett.de/sport-komplett/sportarten/l/leichtathletik/hst/67.html","url_text":"\"Leichtathletik - Deutsche Meisterschaften (Staffeln - Herren - Teil 1)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Leichtathletik - Deutsche Meisterschaften (Staffeln - Herren - Teil 2)\" [German athletics championships (men's relays part II)]. sport-komplett.de. Retrieved 8 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sport-komplett.de/sport-komplett/sportarten/l/leichtathletik/hst/68.html","url_text":"\"Leichtathletik - Deutsche Meisterschaften (Staffeln - Herren - Teil 2)\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.rwo-online.de/","external_links_name":"Club website"},{"Link":"https://www.rwo1904.de/teams/profis/team-kader","external_links_name":"\"Kader\""},{"Link":"http://rwo-online.de/mediencenter/archiv/newsarchiv.php?news=4684","external_links_name":"\"Schmidtgal avanciert zum kasachischen Nationalspieler\""},{"Link":"http://www.sport-komplett.de/sport-komplett/sportarten/l/leichtathletik/hst/91.html","external_links_name":"\"Leichtathletik - Deutsche Meisterschaften (800m - Herren)\""},{"Link":"http://www.sport-komplett.de/sport-komplett/sportarten/l/leichtathletik/hst/86.html","external_links_name":"\"Leichtathletik - Deutsche Meisterschaften (400m - Herren)\""},{"Link":"http://www.sport-komplett.de/sport-komplett/sportarten/l/leichtathletik/hst/67.html","external_links_name":"\"Leichtathletik - Deutsche Meisterschaften (Staffeln - Herren - Teil 1)\""},{"Link":"http://www.sport-komplett.de/sport-komplett/sportarten/l/leichtathletik/hst/68.html","external_links_name":"\"Leichtathletik - Deutsche Meisterschaften (Staffeln - Herren - Teil 2)\""},{"Link":"http://www.rwo-online.de/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/123814111","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/2030190-X","external_links_name":"Germany"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khamu
|
Khmu people
|
["1 Geographic distribution","2 Subgroups","3 Language","4 Origin","5 Social structure","6 Culture","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
|
Ethnic group of Southeast Asia
"Khmu" redirects here. For the language, see Khmu language.
Ethnic group
Khmu/ KơbruKhmu women wearing traditional costumesTotal populationc. 800,000Regions with significant populationsBurma, China, United States Laos708,412 (2015) Vietnam90,612 (2019) Thailand10,000 China7,000LanguagesKhmu Lao Language (in Laos) • Vietnamese language (in Vietnam)ReligionSatsana Phi, Theravada Buddhism, Christianity
Elderly Khmu woman from Bokeo Province
Khmu women and their children from Bokeo Province
The Khmu (/kəˈmuː/; Khmu: /kmm̥uʔ/ or /kmmúʔ/; Lao: ກຶມມຸ or Lao: ຂະມຸ ; Thai: ขมุ ; Vietnamese: Khơ Mú; Chinese: 克木族; Burmese: ခမူ) are an ethnic group of Southeast Asia. The majority (88%) live in northern Laos where they constitute the largest minority ethnic group, comprising eleven percent of the total population. Alternative historical English spellings include Kmhmu, Kemu, and Kơbru, among others.
The Khmu can also be found in southwest China (in Xishuangbanna in Yunnan province), and in recent centuries have migrated to areas of Burma, Thailand and Vietnam (where they are an officially recognized ethnic group). In the People's Republic of China, however, they are not given official recognition as a separate "national" group, but are rather classified as a subgroup of Bulang.
The endonym "Khmu" is suspected to stem from their word kymhmuʔ meaning "people". Khmu also often refer to their ethnicity as pruʔ.
Geographic distribution
The Khmu were the indigenous inhabitants of northern Laos. It is generally believed the Khmu once inhabited a much larger area. After the influx of Thai/Lao peoples into the lowlands of Southeast Asia, the Khmu were forced to higher ground (Lao Theung), above the rice-growing lowland Lao and below the Hmong/Mien groups (Lao Sung) that inhabit the highest regions, where they practiced swidden agriculture. There are more than 568,000 Khmu around the world, with populations of 500,000 in Laos, 73,000 in Central Highlands of Vietnam, 10,000 in Thailand, 10,000 in China, and an estimated 8,000-10,000 in the United States.
The Khmu (Kobru) of Laos reside mainly in the North, ranging across 10 provinces. The Khmu form the largest ethnic group, outnumbering even the Lao, in five Northern provinces (Luang Prabang, Phongsaly, Oudomxay, Bokeo and Luangnamtha Provinces). The Khmu of Thailand are clustered in Nan Province near the Thailand-Laos border.
Most Khmu villages are isolated, and only slowly receiving electricity. In many areas the Khmu live alongside the Hmong and other regional minority ethnic groups. The Khmu in the United States originated as refugees from the Vietnam War. Most of these refugees settled in California, which is home to both the Khmu National Federation, Inc., and the Khmu Catholic National Center.
Many of the Khmu in Thailand have arrived recently from Laos and Vietnam, also as refugees from the Vietnam War and subsequent communist governments, although cross-border migrations into Thailand's Nan, Phayao and Chiang Rai provinces for new farm land and work in the teak industry began as much as 200 years ago.
Subgroups
In their mountain refuges, the various Khmu settlements became isolated, surrounded and partially influenced by the dominant groups of their respective areas. Accordingly, the Khmu now recognize subdivisions among themselves which are differentiated primarily by dialect. These subgroups are called tmowy () in Khmu. Some of the larger tmowy are the Tmowy Mea , Tmowy Ksak , Tmowy Rok (Lao: kha hok). The Khmu north of the Tha River (nam tha), who often live in close contact with the lowland Tai Lü and Thai Yuan peoples, distinguish groups including the Tmowy Lü , Tmowy Yuan and Tmowy Khuen (Khuen is often a synonym for "Khmu" in general).
Aside from their geographical separation, the subgroups' primary differences are in dialect. However, there are slight variations in customs and cultural practices among the various tmowy. The Khmu refer to others within their own tmowy as tay-haem ("older siblings-younger siblings"), expressing solidarity and shared ritual/common ancestral worship while referring to other Khmu by the name of their respective groups.
The Khmu groups north of the Tha River in particular, whose names reflect their partial identification with the Buddhist Tai cultures, have acculturated to the dominant ethnic groups of the region. They are often contrasted with the Khmu Roek who live higher up in the hills and retain some older customs that other groups have abandoned. While the Khmu Roek are often respected as the center of the Khmu "socio-economic ritual complex", "Roek" is also used by more assimilated Khmu as an appellation for "backwood" Khmu regardless of their tmowy.
Language
Main article: Khmu language
The Khmu language belongs to the Austro-Asiatic language family, in which several closely related languages including Puoc, O’du and Kniang, among others, are grouped together forming the Khmuic branch. The many dialects of Khmu differ primarily in consonant inventory, existence of register, and the degree to which the language has been influenced by the surrounding national language(s). Dialects are, for the most part, mutually intelligible; however communication can be difficult between speakers of geographically distant dialects.
The dialects of Khmu can be broadly categorized into two groups, Western Khmu and Eastern Khmu. Western Khmu dialects have fewer consonant phonemes and instead use phonemic register contrast of "lax" breathy register and "tense" modal register. In at least one dialect of Western Khmu, Khmu Roek, tonogenesis is evident as the register contrast has developed into a system of two phonemic tones with six phonetic realizations. Eastern Khmu dialects show the opposite tendency. Completely lacking either register or tone distinction, these dialects utilize a three-way distinction of stops (voiced, voiceless and aspirated voiceless) and nasals (voiced, voiceless, and pre-glottalized) in the syllable-initial position for phonemic contrast.
Although Khmu language use among peers is currently fairly vigorous, most, if not all, Khmu are also fluent in the language of the culturally dominant group of the area and many regularly use three or even four different languages. The Khmu of Laos, for example, speak Lao when dealing with government officials, engaging in commerce with the lowland Lao, or if attending school. Trade with other highland groups may necessitate knowledge of additional languages, such as Hmong, unless Lao can be used a lingua franca by both groups. The Khmu of Thailand are more assimilated, often living in villages among the Thai and preferring to speak Kham Meuang even at home in households with two Khmu parents.
Origin
See also: Peopling of Laos
Khmuic peoples refers to a group of ethnicities of mainland Southeast Asia that speak closely related languages and follow similar customs and traditions. It is believed, based on linguistic, cultural and historical evidence, that these now-disparate groups are descended from a homogeneous ethnicity that may have been among the first populations to settle northern Indochina. This historical Khmuic people inhabited areas far larger than at present, including northern lowland areas of at least present day Thailand and Laos, until absorbed or pushed into mountainous refuges by successive Mon and Khmer empires and the later arrival of various Tai peoples.
Social structure
The Khmu are an agricultural society, although gathering, hunting, trapping and fishing are parts of the Khmu lifestyle. Khmu crops include rice (especially white and black sticky rice), corn, bananas, sugar cane, cucumbers, beans, sesame and a variety of vegetables. Most of the agricultural work in Khmu villages is done communally, so as to combine the strength and finish the work quickly. Harvesting of rice from the swidden field is generally performed by the village women.
Rice is stored outside the village to protect from fire, and in elevated structures to protect from mice and rats. Khmu elders are traditionally the most important people of the village, and are responsible for resolving all village disputes.
Village leaders included the shaman (knowledgeable in spiritual medicine), the medicine man (knowledgeable in herbal medicine), the priest (based on family lineage of priesthood), and the village headman (in modern times chosen by the Laotian government). Laotian Khmu communities generally have localized justice systems administered by the village elders.
Culture
Khmu culture is traditionally passed down by the recital of stories around evening fires. The story-telling sessions involve the sharing of silver pipes (originally opium, but now predominantly tobacco). Some Khmu are heavily tattooed for both decorative and religious reasons. In Laos, Khmu are reputed for practicing magic, and some families still engage in the casting of spells and telling of fortunes. According to the animistic practices of the Khmu, reverence is offered to the house spirit Hroi gang.
Villagers believe that a Khmu house, village, and its surroundings are integrated with the spirits of the land, and so houses and villages are considered holy or ritualized spaces. Typically, entire Khmu villages are enclosed in fences with three or four gates which separate the Khmu from their granaries and barns. Altars are placed outside the perimeter to ward off fires and storms.
In the past, each Khmu family was believed to be under the protection of a totem such as a boar or an eagle who had originally helped an ancestor and would continue to protect the family. In the past Khmuic people celebrated 4 festivals namely: rice planting, rice harvesting, new year, and wash or get rid of sin festivals. In ancient time Khmuic people celebrated new year festival on the first waxing moon day of the first lunar month. At present day the new year festival is mostly not practiced or if it is, it is integrated with the harvesting festival.
An ancient Khmuic house must be laid long along the direction from east to west and never intersected the direction of the sun. However, there are Khmuic who people built their houses intersecting the sun direction. Each house must have a door in the east and another one facing to the north or south. This depends on the situation of the area where the house was built and never build a door in the west side of the house. A house with straight leans must have a large outside balcony (attached with a 5 or 7 step stair) connected from the east door and a lean room with east or north door (attached with a 5 or 7 step stair).
Traditional house of the Khmu people
A house with bent leans (half moon shape) must have a large outside balcony (attached with a large 5 or 7 step stair) connected from a small and short lean room connected from the north or south site of the house, and an inside balcony (attached with a 5- or 7-step stair) connected from the east door. Ancient Khmuic people believed and worshiped the sun spirit for safety and health. In the early morning whichever day the sky is clear, when the sun is starting to rise, Khmuic people opened the east doors of their houses to let the sun shine into their houses.
There are three explanations for this directionality of house construction: 1. to expel devils, ghosts and bad spirits out of the houses (ancient Khmuic people believed that devils, ghosts or bad spirits fear sunlight); 2. to expel and wash out bacteria and any kinds of small insects dangerous to body and health; 3. Khmuic people also believe that the early morning sunlight is pure and fresh, so exposing one's own body to the early morning sunlight makes one's own mind fresh, good tempered, healthy and active at work. Nowadays, most Khmuic people ignore the beliefs and rules, and don't practice this way of building their houses. Roofs of houses are covered with wooden tiles or thatch.
In cases relating to the harvesting season, Khmuic people also respect the sun as a symbol of clear sky or rain-less weather. During the harvesting season, sometimes the weather was abnormal and it rained, which caused a lot of damage to rice. So, when the rice ripens and its color becomes yellow or orange, and about the time of harvesting, Khmuic people held small rituals to sacrifice rice souls or spirits on the rice fields, mostly are up land rice fields or swidden fields (slash and burn technique which Khmuic people call “hre hngo” ). In the rituals of rice soul sacrifices they hit bronze drum, which Khmuic people call "yan" (bronze drum) or "heurbang greh" (harvest gong) to beg the sun to shine well and prevent rain from falling down. In case it rains, they also hit yan and say some sayings to beg for the rain to stop. During the rainy season if it rains more than usual, Khmuic people also hit yan, and recite sayings to beg for rain to ease or stop for a little while. This is why in the 'Moun Greh ceremony, Khmuic people hit the yan (bronze drum) to thank the sun for shining well during the rice harvesting; and that is why Khmuic people also call bronze drum as “heurbang greh” (harvest gong); in the present day this kind of practice is rare.
Khmu cemeteries are traditionally divided into four sections; one for natural deaths, one for accidental deaths, one for children, and one for those who died away from home. The Khmu do not generally believe in rebirth. Traditional Khmu animism puts emphasis on the concept of taboo, as villagers believe that violations of taboo result in vengeance of spirits. Forbidden activities include touching the altars or the amulets representing the house's spirit, birth ceremonies for children born feet-first, and entering a house without permission.
Dances to propitiate the rice goddess are common among the Khmu people; they are performed in order to ensure a good harvest.
See also
Hmong
Nyaw people
References
^ "Results of Population and Housing Census 2015" (PDF). Lao Statistics Bureau. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
^ "Report on Results of the 2019 Census". General Statistics Office of Vietnam. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
^ a b c d e f g Michaud, Jean (2006). Historical Dictionary of The Peoples of the Southeast Asian Massif. Maryland, USA: Scarecrow Press, Inc. (The Rowman and Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc). ISBN 9780810854666. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
^ Smalley, W.A. (June 1964). "The Khmu". In LeBar, F.M.; Hickey, Gerald C.; Musgrave, John K. (eds.). Ethnic Groups of Mainland Southeast Asia (1st ed.). New Haven, Connecticut, USA: Human Relations Area Files. pp. 112–117. ISBN 0875364012. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
^ a b c d e f LeBar, Frank M. (1967). "OBSERVATIONS ON THE MOVEMENT OF KHMUʔ INTO NORTH THAILAND" (PDF). Journal of the Siam Society (53): 61–79. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
^ a b "Khmu Profile". Archived from the original on 2017-12-16. Retrieved 2011-02-04.
^ Khmu National Federation, Inc.
^ Kmhmu Catholic National Center Archived 2007-12-08 at the Wayback Machine
^ SUWILAI Premsrirat, author. 2001. "Tonogenesis in Khmu dialects of SEA." Mon-Khmer Studies: a Journal of Southeast Asian Linguistics and Languages 31: 47-56.
^ Suwilai, Premsrirat, et al. Mahidol University. Dictionary of Khmu in Laos.
^ Evrard, Olivier (2007). "Interethnic systems and localized identities: The Khmu subgroups (tmoy) in North-West Laos". In Robinne, Francois; Sadan, Mandy (eds.). Social Dynamics in the Highlands of Southeast Asia. The Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV. pp. 127–160. ISBN 9789004160347. Retrieved 17 June 2014.
^ a b c d e f The Khmu Rok People of Laos by John Walsh, Shinawatra International University, March 2005
^ a b c d e Facts about the Khmu people
^ a b c d e f g h i j k Community Portrait: Khmu, Miriam Gross
^ La danse du riz de la minorité Kho Mu Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine
External links
Media related to Khmu people at Wikimedia Commons
Khmu Culture in Northern Laos.
Kammu home page
http://projekt.ht.lu.se/rwaai RWAAI (Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage)
http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0003-66EA-B@view Khmu in RWAAI Digital Archive
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For the language, see Khmu language.Ethnic groupElderly Khmu woman from Bokeo ProvinceKhmu women and their children from Bokeo ProvinceThe Khmu (/kəˈmuː/; Khmu: /kmm̥uʔ/ or /kmmúʔ/; Lao: ກຶມມຸ [kɯ̀m.mūʔ] or Lao: ຂະມຸ [kʰā.mūʔ]; Thai: ขมุ [kʰā.mùʔ]; Vietnamese: Khơ Mú; Chinese: 克木族; Burmese: ခမူ) are an ethnic group of Southeast Asia. The majority (88%) live in northern Laos where they constitute the largest minority ethnic group, comprising eleven percent of the total population.[3] Alternative historical English spellings include Kmhmu, Kemu, and Kơbru, among others.[3]The Khmu can also be found in southwest China (in Xishuangbanna in Yunnan province), and in recent centuries have migrated to areas of Burma, Thailand and Vietnam (where they are an officially recognized ethnic group). In the People's Republic of China, however, they are not given official recognition as a separate \"national\" group, but are rather classified as a subgroup of Bulang.The endonym \"Khmu\" is suspected to stem from their word kymhmuʔ[4] meaning \"people\". Khmu also often refer to their ethnicity as pruʔ.[5]","title":"Khmu people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lao Theung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lao_Theung"},{"link_name":"Lao Sung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lao_Sung"},{"link_name":"swidden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slash-and-burn"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LeBar-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Michaud-3"},{"link_name":"Lao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lao_people"},{"link_name":"Luang Prabang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luang_Prabang_Province"},{"link_name":"Phongsaly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phongsaly_Province"},{"link_name":"Oudomxay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oudomxay_Province"},{"link_name":"Bokeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokeo_Province"},{"link_name":"Luangnamtha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luangnamtha_Province"},{"link_name":"Nan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nan_Province"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Khmu_Profile-6"},{"link_name":"Hmong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hmong_people"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KNF-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KCNC-8"},{"link_name":"Phayao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phayao_Province"},{"link_name":"Chiang Rai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Rai_Province"},{"link_name":"teak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teak"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LeBar-5"}],"text":"The Khmu were the indigenous inhabitants of northern Laos. It is generally believed the Khmu once inhabited a much larger area. After the influx of Thai/Lao peoples into the lowlands of Southeast Asia, the Khmu were forced to higher ground (Lao Theung), above the rice-growing lowland Lao and below the Hmong/Mien groups (Lao Sung) that inhabit the highest regions, where they practiced swidden agriculture.[5] There are more than 568,000 Khmu around the world, with populations of 500,000 in Laos, 73,000 in Central Highlands of Vietnam, 10,000 in Thailand, 10,000 in China, and an estimated 8,000-10,000 in the United States.[3]The Khmu (Kobru) of Laos reside mainly in the North, ranging across 10 provinces. The Khmu form the largest ethnic group, outnumbering even the Lao, in five Northern provinces (Luang Prabang, Phongsaly, Oudomxay, Bokeo and Luangnamtha Provinces). The Khmu of Thailand are clustered in Nan Province near the Thailand-Laos border.[6]Most Khmu villages are isolated, and only slowly receiving electricity. In many areas the Khmu live alongside the Hmong and other regional minority ethnic groups. The Khmu in the United States originated as refugees from the Vietnam War. Most of these refugees settled in California, which is home to both the Khmu National Federation, Inc., and the Khmu Catholic National Center.[7][8]Many of the Khmu in Thailand have arrived recently from Laos and Vietnam, also as refugees from the Vietnam War and subsequent communist governments, although cross-border migrations into Thailand's Nan, Phayao and Chiang Rai provinces for new farm land and work in the teak industry began as much as 200 years ago.[5]","title":"Geographic distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tmowy Mea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tmowy_Mea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tmowy Ksak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tmowy_Ksak&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tmowy Rok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tmowy_Rok&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Michaud-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LeBar-5"},{"link_name":"Tha River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tha_River"},{"link_name":"Tai Lü","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_Lue_people"},{"link_name":"Thai Yuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Thai_people"},{"link_name":"Tmowy Lü","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tmowy_L%C3%BC&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tmowy Yuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tmowy_Yuan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tmowy Khuen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tmowy_Khuen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Michaud-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Michaud-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Michaud-3"}],"text":"In their mountain refuges, the various Khmu settlements became isolated, surrounded and partially influenced by the dominant groups of their respective areas. Accordingly, the Khmu now recognize subdivisions among themselves which are differentiated primarily by dialect. These subgroups are called tmowy ([tmɔi]) in Khmu. Some of the larger tmowy are the Tmowy Mea [tmɔi mɛ], Tmowy Ksak [tmɔi ksăk], Tmowy Rok [tmɔi rɔk] (Lao: kha hok).[3][5] The Khmu north of the Tha River (nam tha), who often live in close contact with the lowland Tai Lü and Thai Yuan peoples, distinguish groups including the Tmowy Lü [tmɔi lɯʔ], Tmowy Yuan and Tmowy Khuen (Khuen is often a synonym for \"Khmu\" in general).[3]Aside from their geographical separation, the subgroups' primary differences are in dialect. However, there are slight variations in customs and cultural practices among the various tmowy. The Khmu refer to others within their own tmowy as tay-haem (\"older siblings-younger siblings\"), expressing solidarity and shared ritual/common ancestral worship while referring to other Khmu by the name of their respective groups.[3]The Khmu groups north of the Tha River in particular, whose names reflect their partial identification with the Buddhist Tai cultures, have acculturated to the dominant ethnic groups of the region. They are often contrasted with the Khmu Roek who live higher up in the hills and retain some older customs that other groups have abandoned. While the Khmu Roek are often respected as the center of the Khmu \"socio-economic ritual complex\", \"Roek\" is also used by more assimilated Khmu as an appellation for \"backwood\" Khmu regardless of their tmowy.[3]","title":"Subgroups"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Austro-Asiatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Asiatic_languages"},{"link_name":"Puoc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksingmul_language"},{"link_name":"O’du","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%E2%80%99du_language"},{"link_name":"Kniang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kniang_language"},{"link_name":"Khmuic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmuic_languages"},{"link_name":"register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Register_(phonology)"},{"link_name":"national language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_language"},{"link_name":"breathy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breathy_voice"},{"link_name":"modal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modal_voice"},{"link_name":"tonogenesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonogenesis"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sulwilai-9"},{"link_name":"stops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_consonant"},{"link_name":"nasals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_consonant"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KhmuDict-10"},{"link_name":"Lao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lao_language"},{"link_name":"Hmong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hmong_language"},{"link_name":"lingua franca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca"},{"link_name":"Kham Meuang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Thai_language"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LeBar-5"}],"text":"The Khmu language belongs to the Austro-Asiatic language family, in which several closely related languages including Puoc, O’du and Kniang, among others, are grouped together forming the Khmuic branch. The many dialects of Khmu differ primarily in consonant inventory, existence of register, and the degree to which the language has been influenced by the surrounding national language(s). Dialects are, for the most part, mutually intelligible; however communication can be difficult between speakers of geographically distant dialects.The dialects of Khmu can be broadly categorized into two groups, Western Khmu and Eastern Khmu. Western Khmu dialects have fewer consonant phonemes and instead use phonemic register contrast of \"lax\" breathy register and \"tense\" modal register. In at least one dialect of Western Khmu, Khmu Roek, tonogenesis is evident as the register contrast has developed into a system of two phonemic tones with six phonetic realizations.[9] Eastern Khmu dialects show the opposite tendency. Completely lacking either register or tone distinction, these dialects utilize a three-way distinction of stops (voiced, voiceless and aspirated voiceless) and nasals (voiced, voiceless, and pre-glottalized) in the syllable-initial position for phonemic contrast.[10]Although Khmu language use among peers is currently fairly vigorous, most, if not all, Khmu are also fluent in the language of the culturally dominant group of the area and many regularly use three or even four different languages. The Khmu of Laos, for example, speak Lao when dealing with government officials, engaging in commerce with the lowland Lao, or if attending school. Trade with other highland groups may necessitate knowledge of additional languages, such as Hmong, unless Lao can be used a lingua franca by both groups. The Khmu of Thailand are more assimilated, often living in villages among the Thai and preferring to speak Kham Meuang even at home in households with two Khmu parents.[5]","title":"Language"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peopling of Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peopling_of_Laos"},{"link_name":"Khmuic peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmuic_peoples"},{"link_name":"Indochina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indochina"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LeBar-5"},{"link_name":"Mon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvaravati"},{"link_name":"Khmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chenla"},{"link_name":"empires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_Empire"},{"link_name":"Tai peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_peoples"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Evrard-11"}],"text":"See also: Peopling of LaosKhmuic peoples refers to a group of ethnicities of mainland Southeast Asia that speak closely related languages and follow similar customs and traditions. It is believed, based on linguistic, cultural and historical evidence, that these now-disparate groups are descended from a homogeneous ethnicity that may have been among the first populations to settle northern Indochina. This historical Khmuic people inhabited areas far larger than at present,[5] including northern lowland areas of at least present day Thailand and Laos, until absorbed or pushed into mountainous refuges by successive Mon and Khmer empires and the later arrival of various Tai peoples.[11]","title":"Origin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice"},{"link_name":"corn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maize"},{"link_name":"bananas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana"},{"link_name":"sugar cane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_cane"},{"link_name":"cucumbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucumbers"},{"link_name":"beans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beans"},{"link_name":"sesame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Khmu_Profile-6"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Khmu_Rok_of_Laos-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Green_Discovery-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Community_Portrait-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Community_Portrait-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Community_Portrait-14"}],"text":"The Khmu are an agricultural society, although gathering, hunting, trapping and fishing are parts of the Khmu lifestyle. Khmu crops include rice (especially white and black sticky rice), corn, bananas, sugar cane, cucumbers, beans, sesame and a variety of vegetables.[6] Most of the agricultural work in Khmu villages is done communally, so as to combine the strength and finish the work quickly. Harvesting of rice from the swidden field is generally performed by the village women.[12]Rice is stored outside the village to protect from fire, and in elevated structures to protect from mice and rats.[13] Khmu elders are traditionally the most important people of the village, and are responsible for resolving all village disputes.[14]Village leaders included the shaman (knowledgeable in spiritual medicine), the medicine man (knowledgeable in herbal medicine), the priest (based on family lineage of priesthood), and the village headman (in modern times chosen by the Laotian government).[14] Laotian Khmu communities generally have localized justice systems administered by the village elders.[14]","title":"Social structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Khmu_Rok_of_Laos-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Khmu_Rok_of_Laos-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Green_Discovery-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Khmu_Rok_of_Laos-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Green_Discovery-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Khmu_Rok_of_Laos-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Khmu_Rok_of_Laos-12"},{"link_name":"holy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Community_Portrait-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Community_Portrait-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Community_Portrait-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Community_Portrait-14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bokeo_BanHuayHao1_tango7174.jpg"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Community_Portrait-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Community_Portrait-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Green_Discovery-13"},{"link_name":"swidden fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swidden_farming"},{"link_name":"slash and burn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slash-and-burn"},{"link_name":"bronze drum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_drum"},{"link_name":"gong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gong"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Community_Portrait-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Community_Portrait-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Green_Discovery-13"},{"link_name":"rice goddess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosop"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Khmu culture is traditionally passed down by the recital of stories around evening fires.[12] The story-telling sessions involve the sharing of silver pipes (originally opium, but now predominantly tobacco).[12][13] Some Khmu are heavily tattooed for both decorative and religious reasons.[12][13] In Laos, Khmu are reputed for practicing magic, and some families still engage in the casting of spells and telling of fortunes.[12] According to the animistic practices of the Khmu, reverence is offered to the house spirit Hroi gang.[12]Villagers believe that a Khmu house, village, and its surroundings are integrated with the spirits of the land, and so houses and villages are considered holy or ritualized spaces. Typically, entire Khmu villages are enclosed in fences with three or four gates which separate the Khmu from their granaries and barns.[14] Altars are placed outside the perimeter to ward off fires and storms.[14]In the past, each Khmu family was believed to be under the protection of a totem such as a boar or an eagle who had originally helped an ancestor and would continue to protect the family. In the past Khmuic people celebrated 4 festivals namely: rice planting, rice harvesting, new year, and wash or get rid of sin festivals. In ancient time Khmuic people celebrated new year festival on the first waxing moon day of the first lunar month. At present day the new year festival is mostly not practiced or if it is, it is integrated with the harvesting festival.[14]An ancient Khmuic house must be laid long along the direction from east to west and never intersected the direction of the sun. However, there are Khmuic who people built their houses intersecting the sun direction. Each house must have a door in the east and another one facing to the north or south. This depends on the situation of the area where the house was built and never build a door in the west side of the house. A house with straight leans must have a large outside balcony (attached with a 5 or 7 step stair) connected from the east door and a lean room with east or north door (attached with a 5 or 7 step stair).[14]Traditional house of the Khmu peopleA house with bent leans (half moon shape) must have a large outside balcony (attached with a large 5 or 7 step stair) connected from a small and short lean room connected from the north or south site of the house, and an inside balcony (attached with a 5- or 7-step stair) connected from the east door. Ancient Khmuic people believed and worshiped the sun spirit for safety and health. In the early morning whichever day the sky is clear, when the sun is starting to rise, Khmuic people opened the east doors of their houses to let the sun shine into their houses.[14]There are three explanations for this directionality of house construction: 1. to expel devils, ghosts and bad spirits out of the houses (ancient Khmuic people believed that devils, ghosts or bad spirits fear sunlight); 2. to expel and wash out bacteria and any kinds of small insects dangerous to body and health; 3. Khmuic people also believe that the early morning sunlight is pure and fresh, so exposing one's own body to the early morning sunlight makes one's own mind fresh, good tempered, healthy and active at work. Nowadays, most Khmuic people ignore the beliefs and rules, and don't practice this way of building their houses.[14] Roofs of houses are covered with wooden tiles or thatch.\n[13]In cases relating to the harvesting season, Khmuic people also respect the sun as a symbol of clear sky or rain-less weather. During the harvesting season, sometimes the weather was abnormal and it rained, which caused a lot of damage to rice. So, when the rice ripens and its color becomes yellow or orange, and about the time of harvesting, Khmuic people held small rituals to sacrifice rice souls or spirits on the rice fields, mostly are up land rice fields or swidden fields (slash and burn technique which Khmuic people call “hre hngo” [hre̞ʔ hŋɒ̞ʔ]). In the rituals of rice soul sacrifices they hit bronze drum, which Khmuic people call \"yan\" (bronze drum) or \"heurbang greh\" (harvest gong) to beg the sun to shine well and prevent rain from falling down. In case it rains, they also hit yan and say some sayings to beg for the rain to stop. During the rainy season if it rains more than usual, Khmuic people also hit yan, and recite sayings to beg for rain to ease or stop for a little while. This is why in the 'Moun Greh ceremony, Khmuic people hit the yan (bronze drum) to thank the sun for shining well during the rice harvesting; and that is why Khmuic people also call bronze drum as “heurbang greh” (harvest gong); in the present day this kind of practice is rare.Khmu cemeteries are traditionally divided into four sections; one for natural deaths, one for accidental deaths, one for children, and one for those who died away from home.[14] The Khmu do not generally believe in rebirth.[14] Traditional Khmu animism puts emphasis on the concept of taboo, as villagers believe that violations of taboo result in vengeance of spirits. Forbidden activities include touching the altars or the amulets representing the house's spirit, birth ceremonies for children born feet-first, and entering a house without permission.[13]Dances to propitiate the rice goddess are common among the Khmu people; they are performed in order to ensure a good harvest.[15]","title":"Culture"}]
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[{"image_text":"Elderly Khmu woman from Bokeo Province","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Bokeo_BanHuayHao4_tango7174.jpg/220px-Bokeo_BanHuayHao4_tango7174.jpg"},{"image_text":"Khmu women and their children from Bokeo Province","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Bokeo_BanHuayHao5_tango7174.jpg/220px-Bokeo_BanHuayHao5_tango7174.jpg"},{"image_text":"Traditional house of the Khmu people","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Bokeo_BanHuayHao1_tango7174.jpg/220px-Bokeo_BanHuayHao1_tango7174.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Hmong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hmong_people"},{"title":"Nyaw people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyaw_people"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Results of Population and Housing Census 2015\" (PDF). Lao Statistics Bureau. Retrieved 1 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://lao.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/PHC-ENG-FNAL-WEB_0.pdf","url_text":"\"Results of Population and Housing Census 2015\""}]},{"reference":"\"Report on Results of the 2019 Census\". General Statistics Office of Vietnam. Retrieved 1 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://drive.google.com/file/d/1YK6iY-j0AfZTuip28Py2Gmz5P8zw04Rn/view?usp=sharing","url_text":"\"Report on Results of the 2019 Census\""}]},{"reference":"Michaud, Jean (2006). Historical Dictionary of The Peoples of the Southeast Asian Massif. Maryland, USA: Scarecrow Press, Inc. (The Rowman and Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc). ISBN 9780810854666. Retrieved 10 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JG619Tq4ElkC&pg=PA125","url_text":"Historical Dictionary of The Peoples of the Southeast Asian Massif"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810854666","url_text":"9780810854666"}]},{"reference":"Smalley, W.A. (June 1964). \"The Khmu\". In LeBar, F.M.; Hickey, Gerald C.; Musgrave, John K. (eds.). Ethnic Groups of Mainland Southeast Asia (1st ed.). New Haven, Connecticut, USA: Human Relations Area Files. pp. 112–117. ISBN 0875364012. Retrieved 10 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_A._Smalley","url_text":"Smalley, W.A."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CIZuAAAAMAAJ&q=khmu","url_text":"Ethnic Groups of Mainland Southeast Asia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0875364012","url_text":"0875364012"}]},{"reference":"LeBar, Frank M. (1967). \"OBSERVATIONS ON THE MOVEMENT OF KHMUʔ INTO NORTH THAILAND\" (PDF). Journal of the Siam Society (53): 61–79. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 10 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140714232345/http://www.siamese-heritage.org/jsspdf/1961/JSS_055_1e_Lebar_MovementOfKhmuIntoNorthThailand.pdf","url_text":"\"OBSERVATIONS ON THE MOVEMENT OF KHMUʔ INTO NORTH THAILAND\""},{"url":"http://www.siamese-heritage.org/jsspdf/1961/JSS_055_1e_Lebar_MovementOfKhmuIntoNorthThailand.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Khmu Profile\". Archived from the original on 2017-12-16. Retrieved 2011-02-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171216070146/http://www.infomekong.com/peoples/khmu/","url_text":"\"Khmu Profile\""},{"url":"http://www.infomekong.com/peoples/khmu","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Evrard, Olivier (2007). \"Interethnic systems and localized identities: The Khmu subgroups (tmoy) in North-West Laos\". In Robinne, Francois; Sadan, Mandy (eds.). Social Dynamics in the Highlands of Southeast Asia. The Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV. pp. 127–160. ISBN 9789004160347. Retrieved 17 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YitZ0YodsJcC&pg=PA127","url_text":"\"Interethnic systems and localized identities: The Khmu subgroups (tmoy) in North-West Laos\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004160347","url_text":"9789004160347"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://lao.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/PHC-ENG-FNAL-WEB_0.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Results of Population and Housing Census 2015\""},{"Link":"https://drive.google.com/file/d/1YK6iY-j0AfZTuip28Py2Gmz5P8zw04Rn/view?usp=sharing","external_links_name":"\"Report on Results of the 2019 Census\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JG619Tq4ElkC&pg=PA125","external_links_name":"Historical Dictionary of The Peoples of the Southeast Asian Massif"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CIZuAAAAMAAJ&q=khmu","external_links_name":"Ethnic Groups of Mainland Southeast Asia"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140714232345/http://www.siamese-heritage.org/jsspdf/1961/JSS_055_1e_Lebar_MovementOfKhmuIntoNorthThailand.pdf","external_links_name":"\"OBSERVATIONS ON THE MOVEMENT OF KHMUʔ INTO NORTH THAILAND\""},{"Link":"http://www.siamese-heritage.org/jsspdf/1961/JSS_055_1e_Lebar_MovementOfKhmuIntoNorthThailand.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171216070146/http://www.infomekong.com/peoples/khmu/","external_links_name":"\"Khmu Profile\""},{"Link":"http://www.infomekong.com/peoples/khmu","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090817055921/http://www.khmunational.org/","external_links_name":"Khmu National Federation, Inc."},{"Link":"http://kmhmu-catholic.org/","external_links_name":"Kmhmu Catholic National Center"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071208062842/http://kmhmu-catholic.org/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_kjg_phon-1","external_links_name":"Dictionary of Khmu in Laos"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YitZ0YodsJcC&pg=PA127","external_links_name":"\"Interethnic systems and localized identities: The Khmu subgroups (tmoy) in North-West Laos\""},{"Link":"http://www.greendiscoverylaos.com/travelinfo/facts/khmu.html","external_links_name":"Facts about the Khmu people"},{"Link":"http://www.wildflowers.org/community/LaoKhmu/khmu_portrait.shtml","external_links_name":"Community Portrait: Khmu"},{"Link":"http://www.vitrifolk.be/divers/divers-vietnam-danse-riz.html","external_links_name":"La danse du riz de la minorité Kho Mu"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304142447/http://www.vitrifolk.be/divers/divers-vietnam-danse-riz.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://khmuculture.org/","external_links_name":"Khmu Culture in Northern Laos"},{"Link":"http://person2.sol.lu.se/DamrongTayanin/kammu1.html","external_links_name":"Kammu home page"},{"Link":"http://projekt.ht.lu.se/rwaai","external_links_name":"http://projekt.ht.lu.se/rwaai"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/987206/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121011484","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121011484","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007543433305171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85072207","external_links_name":"United States"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabina_Classen
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Sabina Classen
|
["1 Biography","2 Discography","2.1 With Holy Moses","2.2 With Temple of the Absurd","3 References","4 External links"]
|
German singer
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Sabina Classen" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Sabina ClassenClassen with Holy Moses at Metal Frenzy 2018Background informationBirth nameSabina HirtzBorn (1963-12-27) 27 December 1963 (age 60)Aachen, West GermanyGenresThrash metalOccupationsSinger, songwriterYears active1981–presentMember ofHoly MosesFormerly ofTemple of the AbsurdWebsiteholymoses.netMusical artist
Sabina Classen (née Hirtz; born 27 December 1963) is a German thrash metal singer, best known as lead vocalist of Holy Moses and Temple of the Absurd.
Biography
In 1981, Classen joined Holy Moses, where her then-husband Andy Classen was playing guitar, and in 1988 presented the heavy metal television program Mosh. After the break-up of Holy Moses in 1994, she formed the band Temple of the Absurd. The band released two albums and was disbanded in 2000. The same year, Holy Moses was reformed and is still functional.
Discography
Classen in 2005
With Holy Moses
Queen of Siam (1986)
Finished with the Dogs (1987)
The New Machine of Lichtenstein (1989)
World Chaos (1990)
Terminal Terror (1991)
Reborn Dogs (1992)
No Matter What's the Cause (1994)
Master of Disaster (2001)
Disorder of the Order (2002)
Strength Power Will Passion (2005)
Agony of Death (2008)
Redefined Mayhem (2014)
Invisible Queen (2023)
With Temple of the Absurd
Absurd (1995)
Mother, Creator, God (1999)
References
^ Lawson, Dom (25 September 2020). "Holy Moses revolutionised the 80s thrash scene. Why don't more people know about them?". Metal Hammer. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
^ Franco, Nicholas (12 May 2014). "Album review: HOLY MOSES Redefined Mayhem". Metal Injection. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
^ "Friday Top: 25 Best Female Vocalists in Metal". Ultimate Guitar. 27 July 2018. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sabina Classen.
Official Holy Moses website
Holy Moses on stage 2008
show photos 2008
show photos 2006
show photos 1990
vteHoly Moses
Sabina Classen
Thomas Neitsch
Gerd Lücking
Peter Geltat
Andy Classen
Thilo Hermann
Michael Hankel
Dan Lilker
Uli Kusch
Studio albums
Queen of Siam (1986)
Finished with the Dogs (1987)
The New Machine of Liechtenstein (1989)
Terminal Terror (1991)
Reborn Dogs (1992)
No Matter What's the Cause (1994)
Strength Power Will Passion (2005)
Agony of Death (2008)
Related articles
Band members
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Spain
Germany
Artists
MusicBrainz
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|
[{"image_text":"Classen in 2005","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/SabinaClassen.jpg/180px-SabinaClassen.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Lawson, Dom (25 September 2020). \"Holy Moses revolutionised the 80s thrash scene. Why don't more people know about them?\". Metal Hammer. Retrieved 28 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.loudersound.com/features/holy-moses-revolutionised-the-80s-thrash-scene-why-dont-more-people-know-about-them","url_text":"\"Holy Moses revolutionised the 80s thrash scene. Why don't more people know about them?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_Hammer","url_text":"Metal Hammer"}]},{"reference":"Franco, Nicholas (12 May 2014). \"Album review: HOLY MOSES Redefined Mayhem\". Metal Injection. Retrieved 28 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://metalinjection.net/reviews/album-review-holy-moses-redefined-mayhem","url_text":"\"Album review: HOLY MOSES Redefined Mayhem\""}]},{"reference":"\"Friday Top: 25 Best Female Vocalists in Metal\". Ultimate Guitar. 27 July 2018. Retrieved 28 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ultimate-guitar.com/articles/features/friday_top_25_best_female_vocalists_in_metal-77647","url_text":"\"Friday Top: 25 Best Female Vocalists in Metal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_Guitar","url_text":"Ultimate Guitar"}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_(Fairbanks)
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George Washington (Fairbanks)
|
["1 History","2 See also","3 References"]
|
Coordinates: 38°54′02″N 77°02′48″W / 38.90060°N 77.04676°W / 38.90060; -77.04676Series of sculptures by Avard Fairbanks in Washington, D.C., U.S.
George WashingtonThe bust in 2012ArtistAvard FairbanksMediumBronze sculptureSubjectGeorge WashingtonLocationWashington, D.C.Coordinates38°54′02″N 77°02′48″W / 38.90060°N 77.04676°W / 38.90060; -77.04676
George Washington is a series of outdoor bronze busts depicting George Washington by Avard Fairbanks, located on the George Washington University campus in Washington, D.C.
History
Copyrighted in 1975 and dedicated on February 16, 1993, the sculpture measures approximately 46 x 32 x 27 inches, with a granite base measuring approximately 68 x 42 1/2 x 33 inches.
On June 1, 2020, campus police found the bust was not in place upon its pedestal during local protests over the George Floyd case, though it was not damaged and found nearby.
See also
1975 in art
List of public art in Washington, D.C., Ward 2
References
^ "George Washington, (sculpture)". Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved April 7, 2013.
^ Wardwell, Jarrod. "Crime log: Campus tallies six reports related to protests over two days". The GW Hatchet. Retrieved February 23, 2024.
vteAvard FairbanksSculptures
The Pioneer Mother Memorial (1928)
91st Division Monument (1930)
Statue of Esther Hobart Morris
Statue of Marcus Whitman
The Chicago Lincoln (1956)
A Monument to Peace: Our Hope for the Children
Statue of John Burke
George Washington busts
Statue of Daniel C. Jackling
Related
John Fairbanks (father)
United States National Bank Building
vteThe George Washington UniversityColleges and schools
Columbian College of Arts and Sciences
Corcoran School of the Arts and Design
Elliott School of International Affairs
Graduate School of Political Management
Law School
School of Business
School of Engineering and Applied Science
School of Media and Public Affairs
Trachtenberg School of Public Policy and Public Administration
Publications
Anthropological Quarterly
Law Review
Federal Circuit Bar Journal
Public Contract Law Journal
International Law Review
AIPLA Quarterly Journal
The Federal Communications Law Journal
The Washington Quarterly
Women's Health Issues
Planet Forward
Centersand institutes
List of centers and research institutes at George Washington University
National Security Archive
Textile Museum (Washington, D.C.)
Institute for International Economic Policy
Munich Intellectual Property Law Center
Athletics
George Washington Revolutionaries
Men's basketball
Women's basketball
Men's baseball
Softball
Men's soccer
Charles E. Smith Center
Tucker Field
"Hail to the Buff and Blue"
Football (defunct)
Campuses
Campuses
Foggy Bottom (main campus)
Virginia Science & Technology Campus
Mount Vernon Campus
Buildingsand places
2000 Pennsylvania Avenue
Anniversary Park
University Art Galleries
Corcoran Gallery of Art
Corcoran Hall
John J. Earley Office and Studio
Engine Company 23
F Street House
Foggy Bottom–GWU station
Fulbright Hall
Fairbanks' George Washington
Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis Hall
Lisner Auditorium
Madison Hall
Munson Hall
President's Office
Rawlins Park
Residence halls
River Horse
School Without Walls (Washington, D.C.)
Charles E. Smith Center
Snows Court (Washington, D.C.)
Stockton Hall
Hattie M. Strong Residence Hall
Oscar W. Underwood House
Washington Circle
Margaret Wetzel House
Maxwell Woodhull House
Student life
GW-TV
Student Association
The GW Hatchet
Enosinian Society
The Taylor Prize in Mathematics
ΔΦΕ
Libraries
Gelman Library
Jacob Burns Law Library
Himmelfarb Health Sciences Library
People
President of the University Ellen Granberg
Notable Alumni & Notable Faculty (Law School Alumni · Elliott School Alumni & Faculty · Columbian College Alumni & Faculty · GW Business School Alumni & Faculty)
Medicineand health
Medical Faculty Associates
George Washington University Hospital
School of Medicine and Health Sciences
School of Nursing
Milken Institute School of Public Health
Dr. Cyrus and Myrtle Katzen Cancer Research Center
See also
Benjamin Franklin University
Mount Vernon College for Women
National University School of Law
vtePublic art in Washington, D.C.Portrait sculpture
Dante Alighieri
Francis Asbury
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
Sheridan Circle
Turkish Embassy
Mary McLeod Bethune
William Blackstone
James Buchanan
John Carroll
Winston Churchill
Louis Daguerre
Albert Einstein
Robert Emmet
John Ericsson
Albert Gallatin
Mahatma Gandhi
James A. Garfield
James Gibbons
Kahlil Gibran
Josh Gibson
Samuel Gompers
Théodore Guérin
Samuel Hahnemann
Alexander Hamilton
Joseph Henry
Isabella I of Castile
Andrew Jackson
Thomas Jefferson
Joan of Arc
Martin Luther King Jr.
Vasil Levski
Abraham Lincoln
D.C. City Hall
Emancipation Memorial
Lincoln Memorial
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
Martin Luther
Nelson Mandela
Guglielmo Marconi
John Marshall
Crown Princess Märtha of Norway
Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk
George Mason
Peter Muhlenberg
Bernardo O'Higgins
John J. Pershing
Martin de Porres
Alexander Pushkin
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Theodore Roosevelt
Alberto Santos-Dumont
Olive Risley Seward
Alexander Robey Shepherd
Taras Shevchenko
Soh Jaipil
Robert A. Taft
Eleftherios Venizelos
George Washington
GWU busts
GWU statue
National Cathedral
U.S. Capitol east lawn†
Daniel Webster
American Revolution Statuary
John Barry
Edmund Burke
Benjamin Franklin
Nathanael Greene
Nathan Hale
John Paul Jones
Tadeusz Kościuszko
Marquis de Lafayette
Casimir Pulaski
Comte de Rochambeau
Baron von Steuben
Artemas Ward
George Washington (Washington Circle)
John Witherspoon
Civil War Monuments
David Farragut
Ulysses S. Grant
Winfield Scott Hancock
John A. Logan
George B. McClellan
James B. McPherson
George Gordon Meade
Albert Pike†
John Aaron Rawlins
Winfield Scott
Philip Sheridan
William Tecumseh Sherman
Benjamin F. Stephenson
George Henry Thomas
Statues of the Liberators
José Gervasio Artigas
Simón Bolívar
Bernardo de Gálvez
Benito Juárez
José de San Martín
Other monuments
Armenian Earthquake
Ashes to Answers
Boy Scouts
Chesapeake and Ohio Canal
Cuban–American Friendship
Andrew Jackson Downing
Founders of the Daughters of the American Revolution
Holodomor Genocide
Lyndon B. Johnson
Law Enforcement Officers
Signers of the Declaration of Independence
Titanic
Victims of Communism
Washington Monument
Veterans'/war memorials
American Veterans Disabled for Life
District of Columbia (WWI)
First Division (WWI–)
Grand Army of the Republic (Civil War)
Korean War
Navy – Merchant Marine (WWI–)
Nuns of the Battlefield (Civil War)
Peace Monument (Civil War)
Second Division (WWI–)
U.S. Navy
The Homecoming
The Lone Sailor
Vietnam War
Three Soldiers
Women
World War II
Japanese-American Patriotism
Other works
Ad Astra
Allow Me
Always Becoming
Arbre Serpents
The Arts of War and The Arts of Peace
Ascension
Australian Seal
Bearing Witness
Bex Eagle
A Bridge Across and Beyond
Bridge Tender's House
Buffalo
Build-Grow
Carry the Rainbow on Your Shoulders
Cascading Waterfall
Chair
The Chess Players
Composition for the Axemen
Continuum
Delta Solar
Discovery of America†
Discus Thrower
Don Quixote
The Extra Mile
Family Circle
Federal Triangle Flowers
Fortitude
Freedom Bell
Friendship Archway
Gwenfritz
(Here I Stand) In the Spirit of Paul Robeson
Homeless Jesus
Infinity
Japanese Lantern
Japanese Pagoda
Lift Off
Loss and Regeneration
El Maíz
The Mama Ayesha's Restaurant Presidential Mural
Mary, Protector of Faith
Nana on a Dolphin
Number 23 Basketball Player
New Leaf
The Parable
Pillar of Fire
The Rescue†
Renaissance
River Horse
St. Jerome the Priest
Saraswati
Serenity
The Servant Christ
She Who Must Be Obeyed
Sky Landscape
Spirit of Haida Gwaii
Symbiosis
Trigadilly
Les Trois Grâces
Two Men Reading
Uncle Beazley
Architecturalsculpture
Acacia Griffins
American Legion Soldier
Apotheosis of Democracy
Canova Lions
Columbus Doors
Darth Vader grotesque
Freedom
Government Printing Office Workers
Guardianship and Heritage
Inspiration
Man Controlling Trade
Progress of Civilization Pediment
Revolutionary War Door
George Washington and the Revolutionary War Door
Past and Present
The Progress of Railroading
Students Aspire
Fountains
Bartholdi Fountain
Butt–Millet Memorial Fountain
Columbus Fountain
Court of Neptune Fountain
Darlington Memorial Fountain
Dupont Circle Fountain
McMillan Fountain
Andrew W. Mellon Memorial Fountain
Oscar Straus Memorial
Temperance Fountain
By location
Ward 1
Ward 2
Ward 3
Ward 4
Ward 5
Ward 6
Ward 7
Ward 8
Related
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Category
Portals: United States Visual arts
This article about a sculpture in the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This District of Columbia related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bronze busts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_sculpture"},{"link_name":"George Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington"},{"link_name":"Avard Fairbanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avard_Fairbanks"},{"link_name":"George Washington University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_University"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."}],"text":"Series of sculptures by Avard Fairbanks in Washington, D.C., U.S.George Washington is a series of outdoor bronze busts depicting George Washington by Avard Fairbanks, located on the George Washington University campus in Washington, D.C.","title":"George Washington (Fairbanks)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"local protests over the George Floyd case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Copyrighted in 1975 and dedicated on February 16, 1993, the sculpture measures approximately 46 x 32 x 27 inches, with a granite base measuring approximately 68 x 42 1/2 x 33 inches.[1]On June 1, 2020, campus police found the bust was not in place upon its pedestal during local protests over the George Floyd case, though it was not damaged and found nearby.[2]","title":"History"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piotr_Ma%C5%82achowski
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Piotr Małachowski
|
["1 Career","2 Achievements","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
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Polish discus thrower
Piotr MałachowskiMałachowski in 2011Personal informationNationalityPolishBorn (1983-06-07) 7 June 1983 (age 41)Żuromin, PolandHeight1.94 m (6 ft 4 in)Weight130 kg (287 lb) (2012)SportSportAthleticsEventDiscus throwClubŚląsk WrocławCoached byWitold Suski (–2019)Gerd Kanter (2019–)
Medal record
Men's athletics
Representing Poland
Event
1st
2nd
3rd
Olympic Games
0
2
0
World Championships
1
2
0
European Championships
2
0
0
Continental Cup
0
0
0
European Team Championships
2
2
1
Total
5
6
1
Olympic Games
2008 Beijing
Discus
2016 Rio de Janeiro
Discus
World Championships
2015 Beijing
Discus
2009 Berlin
Discus
2013 Moscow
Discus
European Championships
2010 Barcelona
Discus
2016 Amsterdam
Discus
European Team Championships
2009 Leiria
Discus
2019 Bydgoszcz
Discus
2010 Bergen
Discus
2014 Braunschweig
Discus
2011 Stockholm
Discus
European Cup Winter Throwing
2007 Leiria
Discus
European U23 Championships
2005 Erfurt
Discus
Piotr Małachowski (Polish pronunciation: ; born 7 June 1983) is a Polish retired discus thrower, two-time silver medalist at the 2008 Summer Olympics and 2016 Summer Olympics. His personal best throw is 71.84 metres, ranks him fifth in all-time longest discus throw distances, achieved on 8 June 2013 at Hengelo, the Netherlands.
Career
Małachowski's throwing distances are seen as even more remarkable as he is not as tall as most discus throwers. Małachowski is one inch shorter than Beijing Olympic champion Gerd Kanter and three inches shorter than world champion Robert Harting and discus great Virgillius Alekna. The typical height of a discus thrower is between 1.95 and 2.00 m (6 ft 5 in and 6 ft 7 in). Despite his height disadvantage, Małachowski makes up for it with his incredible ring speed. Malachowski is seen as one of the quickest discus throwers in the ring of all time, closely followed by Róbert Fazekas.
On 19 August 2008, he won an Olympic silver medal in discus throw (67.82 m) placing behind Gerd Kanter (68.82 m). On 23 May 2009, in Halle he threw 68.75 m with a new PB and NR. On 14 July 2009, he was second in IAAF Golden League Berlin, Germany (67.70 m) to be only beaten by Gerd Kanter (67.88 m).
With an injured finger, Małachowski took a silver medal (69.15 m - NR) at 2009 World Championships in Berlin.
In 2010, he took victory in Golden Gala, IAAF Diamond League (68.78 m), beating second-placed Gerd Kanter (67.69 m), and another win in British Grand Prix (69.83 m - NR).
Polish discus thrower Piotr Malachowski in 2020
On 13 August 2016, Małachowski won his second Olympic silver (67.55 m), being surprisingly beaten by German Christoph Harting (68.37 m - PB).
He announced shortly afterwards that he would sell his Olympic silver medal to raise funds for a 3-year-old boy with a rare form of cancer. The medal was sold at an auction a few days later.
Achievements
Year
Competition
Venue
Position
Notes
Representing Poland
2001
European Junior Championships
Grosseto, Italy
5th
52.37 m
2002
World Junior Championships
Kingston, Jamaica
6th
60.46 m (1.75 kg)
2003
European U23 Championships
Bydgoszcz, Poland
9th
54.79 m
2005
European U23 Championships
Erfurt, Germany
2nd
63.99 m
2006
European Cup
Málaga, Spain
1st
66.21 m
European Championships
Gothenburg, Sweden
6th
64.57 m
World Athletics Final
Stuttgart, Germany
6th
62.50 m
2007
European Cup
Munich, Germany
1st
66.09 m
World Championships
Osaka, Japan
12th
60.77 m
World Athletics Final
Stuttgart, Germany
3rd
65.35 m
2008
Olympic Games
Beijing, China
2nd
67.82 m
World Athletics Final
Stuttgart, Germany
2nd
66.07 m
2009
European Team Championships
Leiria, Portugal
1st
66.24 m
World Championships
Berlin, Germany
2nd
69.15 m
World Athletics Final
Thessaloniki, Greece
3rd
65.60 m
2010
European Championships
Barcelona, Spain
1st
68.87 m
2011
World Championships
Daegu, South Korea
9th
63.37 m
2012
Olympic Games
London, United Kingdom
5th
67.19 m
2013
World Championships
Moscow, Russia
2nd
68.36 m
2014
European Championships
Zürich, Switzerland
4th
63.54 m
2015
World Championships
Beijing, China
1st
67.40 m
2016
European Championships
Amsterdam, Netherlands
1st
67.06 m
Olympic Games
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
2nd
67.55 m
2017
World Championships
London, United Kingdom
5th
65.24 m
2018
European Championships
Berlin, Germany
–
NM
2019
World Championships
Doha, Qatar
17th (q)
62.20 m
2021
Olympic Games
Tokyo, Japan
15th (q)
62.68 m
For his sport achievements, he received:
Golden Cross of Merit in 2008.
Golden Medal for Merit for Country Defence in 2009.
Knight's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta (5th Class) in 2009.
See also
Polish records in athletics
References
^ "Polish athlete puts Olympic medal up for sale to help boy with cancer". Reuters. 19 August 2016.
^ Imam, Jareen (27 August 2016). "Olympian sells medal to fund child's cancer treatment". CNN.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Piotr Małachowski.
Piotr Małachowski at World Athletics
Piotr Małachowski at European Athletics
Piotr Małachowski at the Polski Związek Lekkiej Atletyki (in Polish)
Piotr Małachowski at Olympedia
Piotr Małachowski at Olympics.com
Piotr Małachowski at the Polski Komitet Olimpijski (archive) (in Polish)
MALACHOWSKI rzutyiskoki.pl at the Wayback Machine (archived 25 September 2011) (in Polish)
vteWorld champions in men's discus throw
1983: Imrich Bugár (TCH)
1987: Jürgen Schult (GDR)
1991: Lars Riedel (GER)
1993: Lars Riedel (GER)
1995: Lars Riedel (GER)
1997: Lars Riedel (GER)
1999: Anthony Washington (USA)
2001: Lars Riedel (GER)
2003: Virgilijus Alekna (LTU)
2005: Virgilijus Alekna (LTU)
2007: Gerd Kanter (EST)
2009: Robert Harting (GER)
2011: Robert Harting (GER)
2013: Robert Harting (GER)
2015: Piotr Małachowski (POL)
2017: Andrius Gudžius (LTU)
2019: Daniel Ståhl (SWE)
2022: Kristjan Čeh (SLO)
2023: Daniel Ståhl (SWE)
vteEuropean Athletics Championships champions in men's discus throw
1934: Harald Andersson (SWE)
1938: Willy Schröder (GER)
1946: Adolfo Consolini (ITA)
1950: Adolfo Consolini (ITA)
1954: Adolfo Consolini (ITA)
1958: Edmund Piątkowski (POL)
1962: Vladimir Trusenyov (URS)
1966: Detlef Thorith (GDR)
1969: Hartmut Losch (GDR)
1971: Ludvík Daněk (TCH)
1974: Pentti Kahma (FIN)
1978: Wolfgang Schmidt (GDR)
1982: Imrich Bugár (TCH)
1986: Romas Ubartas (URS)
1990: Jürgen Schult (GDR)
1994: Vladimir Dubrovshchik (BLR)
1998: Lars Riedel (GER)
2002: Róbert Fazekas (HUN)
2006: Virgilijus Alekna (LTU)
2010: Piotr Małachowski (POL)
2012: Robert Harting (GER)
2014: Robert Harting (GER)
2016: Piotr Małachowski (POL)
2018: Andrius Gudžius (LTU)
2022: Mykolas Alekna (LTU)
2024: Kristjan Čeh (SLO)
vte Diamond League champions in men's discus throw
2010: Piotr Małachowski (POL)
2011: Virgilijus Alekna (LTU)
2012: Gerd Kanter (EST)
2013: Gerd Kanter (EST)
2014: Piotr Małachowski (POL)
2015: Piotr Małachowski (POL)
2016: Piotr Małachowski (POL)
2017: Andrius Gudžius (LTU)
2018: Fedrick Dacres (JAM)
2019: Daniel Ståhl (SWE)
2020: not awarded
2021: Daniel Ståhl (SWE)
2022: Kristjan Čeh (SLO)
2023: Matthew Denny (AUS)
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Poland
People
World Athletics
|
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Małachowski is one inch shorter than Beijing Olympic champion Gerd Kanter and three inches shorter than world champion Robert Harting and discus great Virgillius Alekna. The typical height of a discus thrower is between 1.95 and 2.00 m (6 ft 5 in and 6 ft 7 in). Despite his height disadvantage, Małachowski makes up for it with his incredible ring speed. Malachowski is seen as one of the quickest discus throwers in the ring of all time, closely followed by Róbert Fazekas.[citation needed]On 19 August 2008, he won an Olympic silver medal in discus throw (67.82 m) placing behind Gerd Kanter (68.82 m). On 23 May 2009, in Halle he threw 68.75 m with a new PB and NR. On 14 July 2009, he was second in IAAF Golden League Berlin, Germany (67.70 m) to be only beaten by Gerd Kanter (67.88 m).With an injured finger, Małachowski took a silver medal (69.15 m - NR) at 2009 World Championships in Berlin.In 2010, he took victory in Golden Gala, IAAF Diamond League (68.78 m), beating second-placed Gerd Kanter (67.69 m), and another win in British Grand Prix (69.83 m - NR).Polish discus thrower Piotr Malachowski in 2020On 13 August 2016, Małachowski won his second Olympic silver (67.55 m), being surprisingly beaten by German Christoph Harting (68.37 m - PB).\nHe announced shortly afterwards that he would sell his Olympic silver medal to raise funds for a 3-year-old boy with a rare form of cancer.[1] The medal was sold at an auction a few days later.[2]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:POL_Z%C5%82oty_Krzy%C5%BC_Zas%C5%82ugi_BAR.svg"},{"link_name":"Cross of Merit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_of_Merit_(Poland)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:POL_Z%C5%82oty_Medal_za_Zas%C5%82ugi_dla_Obronno%C5%9Bci_Kraju_BAR.svg"},{"link_name":"Golden Medal for Merit for Country Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medal_of_Merit_for_National_Defence"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:POL_Polonia_Restituta_Kawalerski_BAR.svg"},{"link_name":"Order of Polonia Restituta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia_Restituta"}],"text":"For his sport achievements, he received:\n Golden Cross of Merit in 2008.\n Golden Medal for Merit for Country Defence in 2009.\n Knight's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta (5th Class) in 2009.","title":"Achievements"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Polish athlete puts Olympic medal up for sale to help boy with cancer\". Reuters. 19 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-olympics-rio-poland-malachowski-idUSKCN10U1R3","url_text":"\"Polish athlete puts Olympic medal up for sale to help boy with cancer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters","url_text":"Reuters"}]},{"reference":"Imam, Jareen (27 August 2016). \"Olympian sells medal to fund child's cancer treatment\". CNN.","urls":[{"url":"https://edition.cnn.com/2016/08/27/health/piotr-malachowski-sells-medal-irpt-trnd/index.html","url_text":"\"Olympian sells medal to fund child's cancer treatment\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN","url_text":"CNN"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-olympics-rio-poland-malachowski-idUSKCN10U1R3","external_links_name":"\"Polish athlete puts Olympic medal up for sale to help boy with cancer\""},{"Link":"https://edition.cnn.com/2016/08/27/health/piotr-malachowski-sells-medal-irpt-trnd/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Olympian sells medal to fund child's cancer treatment\""},{"Link":"https://worldathletics.org/athletes/-/14217144","external_links_name":"Piotr Małachowski"},{"Link":"https://www.european-athletics.com/historical-data/athletes/-/14217144","external_links_name":"Piotr Małachowski"},{"Link":"https://statystyka.pzla.pl/personal.php?page=profile&nr_zaw=1794","external_links_name":"Piotr Małachowski"},{"Link":"https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/114697","external_links_name":"Piotr Małachowski"},{"Link":"https://olympics.com/en/athletes/piotr-malachowski","external_links_name":"Piotr Małachowski"},{"Link":"https://olimpijski.pl/olimpijczycy/piotr-malachowski/#main","external_links_name":"Piotr Małachowski"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200718005207/https://www.olimpijski.pl/pl/bio/1397,malachowski-piotr.html","external_links_name":"archive"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110925073636/http://rzutyiskoki.pl/malachowski.dy.htm","external_links_name":"MALACHOWSKI rzutyiskoki.pl"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/8543147270622735700008","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810658941905606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://www.iaaf.org/athletes/_/14217144","external_links_name":"World Athletics"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Somonino
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Gmina Somonino
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[]
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Coordinates: 54°16′36″N 18°11′56″E / 54.27667°N 18.19889°E / 54.27667; 18.19889Gmina in Pomeranian Voivodeship, PolandGmina Somonino
Somonino CommuneGminaCoordinates (Somonino): 54°16′36″N 18°11′56″E / 54.27667°N 18.19889°E / 54.27667; 18.19889Country PolandVoivodeshipPomeranianCountyKartuzySeatSomoninoArea • Total112.27 km2 (43.35 sq mi)Population (2006) • Total9,214 • Density82/km2 (210/sq mi)Websitehttp://www.somonino.pl
Gmina Somonino (Kashubian: Somònino) is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Kartuzy County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. Its seat is the village of Somonino, which lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) south of Kartuzy and 30 km (19 mi) west of the regional capital Gdańsk.
The gmina covers an area of 112.27 square kilometres (43.3 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 9,214.
The gmina contains part of the protected area called Kashubian Landscape Park.
Villages
Gmina Somonino contains the villages and settlements of Borcz, Borcz-Leśniczówka, Chylowa Huta, Dębowo, Egiertowo, Goręczyno, Graniczny Dwór, Hopowo, Jeknica, Kamela, Kaplica, Kolańska Huta, Koszowatka, Lisia Góra, Mały Dwór, Nowy Dwór, Ostowo, Ostrzyce, Patoka, Piotrowo, Połęczyno, Pstra Suka, Ramleje, Rąty, Rokitki, Rybaki, Sarni Dwór-Leśniczówka, Sarnówko, Sławki, Sławki Górne, Somonino, Stacja Wieżyca, Starkowa Huta, Stary Dwór, Trątkownica, Wyczechowo and Wyczechowo-Osady.
Neighbouring gminas
Gmina Somonino is bordered by the gminas of Kartuzy, Kościerzyna, Nowa Karczma, Przywidz, Stężyca and Żukowo.
References
Polish official population figures 2006
vteGmina SomoninoSeat
Somonino
Other villages
Borcz
Borcz-Leśniczówka
Chylowa Huta
Dębowo
Egiertowo
Goręczyno
Graniczny Dwór
Hopowo
Jeknica
Kamela
Kaplica
Kolańska Huta
Koszowatka
Lisia Góra
Mały Dwór
Nowy Dwór
Ostowo
Ostrzyce
Patoka
Piotrowo
Połęczyno
Pstra Suka
Ramleje
Rąty
Rokitki
Rybaki
Sarni Dwór-Leśniczówka
Sarnówko
Sławki
Sławki Górne
Stacja Wieżyca
Starkowa Huta
Stary Dwór
Trątkownica
Wyczechowo
Wyczechowo-Osady
vteKartuzy CountySeat
Kartuzy
Urban-rural gminas
Gmina Kartuzy
Gmina Żukowo
Rural gminas
Gmina Chmielno
Gmina Przodkowo
Gmina Sierakowice
Gmina Somonino
Gmina Stężyca
Gmina Sulęczyno
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kashubian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashubian_language"},{"link_name":"gmina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina"},{"link_name":"Kartuzy County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartuzy_County"},{"link_name":"Pomeranian Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomeranian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Somonino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somonino"},{"link_name":"Kartuzy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartuzy"},{"link_name":"Gdańsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk"},{"link_name":"protected area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_area"},{"link_name":"Kashubian Landscape Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashubian_Landscape_Park"}],"text":"Gmina in Pomeranian Voivodeship, PolandGmina Somonino (Kashubian: Somònino) is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Kartuzy County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. Its seat is the village of Somonino, which lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) south of Kartuzy and 30 km (19 mi) west of the regional capital Gdańsk.The gmina covers an area of 112.27 square kilometres (43.3 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 9,214.The gmina contains part of the protected area called Kashubian Landscape Park.","title":"Gmina Somonino"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Borcz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borcz"},{"link_name":"Borcz-Leśniczówka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borcz-Le%C5%9Bnicz%C3%B3wka"},{"link_name":"Chylowa Huta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chylowa_Huta"},{"link_name":"Dębowo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%99bowo,_Kartuzy_County"},{"link_name":"Egiertowo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egiertowo"},{"link_name":"Goręczyno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gor%C4%99czyno"},{"link_name":"Graniczny Dwór","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graniczny_Dw%C3%B3r"},{"link_name":"Hopowo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopowo"},{"link_name":"Jeknica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeknica"},{"link_name":"Kamela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamela,_Poland"},{"link_name":"Kaplica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaplica,_Pomeranian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Kolańska Huta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kola%C5%84ska_Huta"},{"link_name":"Koszowatka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koszowatka"},{"link_name":"Lisia Góra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisia_G%C3%B3ra,_Kartuzy_County"},{"link_name":"Mały Dwór","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C5%82y_Dw%C3%B3r,_Pomeranian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Nowy Dwór","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowy_Dw%C3%B3r,_Gmina_Somonino"},{"link_name":"Ostowo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostowo,_Gmina_Somonino"},{"link_name":"Ostrzyce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrzyce,_Pomeranian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Patoka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patoka,_Pomeranian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Piotrowo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piotrowo,_Kartuzy_County"},{"link_name":"Połęczyno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C5%82%C4%99czyno"},{"link_name":"Pstra Suka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pstra_Suka"},{"link_name":"Ramleje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramleje"},{"link_name":"Rąty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%85ty"},{"link_name":"Rokitki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rokitki,_Kartuzy_County"},{"link_name":"Rybaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rybaki,_Kartuzy_County"},{"link_name":"Sarni Dwór-Leśniczówka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarni_Dw%C3%B3r-Le%C5%9Bnicz%C3%B3wka"},{"link_name":"Sarnówko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarn%C3%B3wko,_Gmina_Somonino"},{"link_name":"Sławki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%82awki"},{"link_name":"Sławki Górne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%82awki_G%C3%B3rne"},{"link_name":"Somonino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somonino"},{"link_name":"Stacja Wieżyca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stacja_Wie%C5%BCyca"},{"link_name":"Starkowa Huta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starkowa_Huta"},{"link_name":"Stary Dwór","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stary_Dw%C3%B3r,_Gmina_Somonino"},{"link_name":"Trątkownica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C4%85tkownica"},{"link_name":"Wyczechowo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyczechowo"},{"link_name":"Wyczechowo-Osady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyczechowo-Osady"}],"text":"Gmina Somonino contains the villages and settlements of Borcz, Borcz-Leśniczówka, Chylowa Huta, Dębowo, Egiertowo, Goręczyno, Graniczny Dwór, Hopowo, Jeknica, Kamela, Kaplica, Kolańska Huta, Koszowatka, Lisia Góra, Mały Dwór, Nowy Dwór, Ostowo, Ostrzyce, Patoka, Piotrowo, Połęczyno, Pstra Suka, Ramleje, Rąty, Rokitki, Rybaki, Sarni Dwór-Leśniczówka, Sarnówko, Sławki, Sławki Górne, Somonino, Stacja Wieżyca, Starkowa Huta, Stary Dwór, Trątkownica, Wyczechowo and Wyczechowo-Osady.","title":"Villages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kartuzy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Kartuzy"},{"link_name":"Kościerzyna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Ko%C5%9Bcierzyna"},{"link_name":"Nowa Karczma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Nowa_Karczma"},{"link_name":"Przywidz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Przywidz"},{"link_name":"Stężyca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_St%C4%99%C5%BCyca,_Pomeranian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Żukowo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_%C5%BBukowo"}],"text":"Gmina Somonino is bordered by the gminas of Kartuzy, Kościerzyna, Nowa Karczma, Przywidz, Stężyca and Żukowo.","title":"Neighbouring gminas"}]
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[]
| null |
[]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gmina_Somonino¶ms=54_16_36_N_18_11_56_E_region:PL_type:city(9214)","external_links_name":"54°16′36″N 18°11′56″E / 54.27667°N 18.19889°E / 54.27667; 18.19889"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gmina_Somonino¶ms=54_16_36_N_18_11_56_E_region:PL_type:city(9214)","external_links_name":"54°16′36″N 18°11′56″E / 54.27667°N 18.19889°E / 54.27667; 18.19889"},{"Link":"http://www.somonino.pl/","external_links_name":"http://www.somonino.pl"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071227152516/http://www.stat.gov.pl/gus/45_655_PLK_HTML.htm","external_links_name":"Polish official population figures 2006"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Riding_(disambiguation)
|
West Riding (disambiguation)
|
["1 Government","2 Military","3 Organizations & Other","4 Places","5 Sports"]
|
West Riding most commonly refers to:
West Riding of Yorkshire, one of three former administrative counties making up Yorkshire in England.
West Riding may also refer to:
Government
West Riding County Council
Eastern West Riding of Yorkshire (UK Parliament constituency)
West Riding of Yorkshire, a UK Parliamentary constituency that existed from 1832 – 1865
1952 West Riding County Council election
1955 West Riding County Council election
Military
West Riding Artillery
West Riding Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery
West Riding Yeomanry –Two cavalry regiments formed in 1794, disbanded at the Peace of Amiens in 1802, consisting of:
Southern Regiment of West Riding Yeomanry was reformed in 1803 and became the Yorkshire Dragoons in 1889.
Northern Regiment of West Riding Yeomanry was reformed in 1802 and became the Yorkshire Hussars in 1819.
Organizations & Other
West Riding Automobile Company, a subsidiary of the Yorkshire (West Riding) Electric Tramways Company which began operating in 1922
West Riding House, a 20 storey commercial building
West Riding Limited, a named passenger train that began service in 1937
Stanley Royd Hospital, earlier the West Riding Paupers Lunatic Asylum, a facility that operated from 1818 to 1995.
Places
West Riding of Lindsey, a former subdivision of Lincolnshire, England
West Riding of County Cork in Ireland
West Riding of County Galway in Ireland
Sports
West Riding County Amateur Football League
West Riding County Womens Football League
West Riding County Cup
West Riding County Football Association
Topics referred to by the same term
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title West Riding.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West Riding of Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Riding_of_Yorkshire"}],"text":"West Riding of Yorkshire, one of three former administrative counties making up Yorkshire in England.West Riding may also refer to:","title":"West Riding (disambiguation)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West Riding County Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Riding_County_Council"},{"link_name":"Eastern West Riding of Yorkshire (UK Parliament constituency)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_West_Riding_of_Yorkshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"West Riding of Yorkshire, a UK Parliamentary constituency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Riding_of_Yorkshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"1952 West Riding County Council election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_West_Riding_County_Council_election"},{"link_name":"1955 West Riding County Council election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955_West_Riding_County_Council_election"}],"text":"West Riding County Council\nEastern West Riding of Yorkshire (UK Parliament constituency)\nWest Riding of Yorkshire, a UK Parliamentary constituency that existed from 1832 – 18651952 West Riding County Council election\n1955 West Riding County Council election","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West Riding Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Riding_Artillery"},{"link_name":"West Riding Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Riding_Heavy_Battery,_Royal_Garrison_Artillery"},{"link_name":"Southern Regiment of West Riding Yeomanry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Regiment_of_West_Riding_Yeomanry"},{"link_name":"Northern Regiment of West Riding Yeomanry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Regiment_of_West_Riding_Yeomanry"}],"text":"West Riding Artillery\nWest Riding Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery\nWest Riding Yeomanry –Two cavalry regiments formed in 1794, disbanded at the Peace of Amiens in 1802, consisting of:Southern Regiment of West Riding Yeomanry was reformed in 1803 and became the Yorkshire Dragoons in 1889.\nNorthern Regiment of West Riding Yeomanry was reformed in 1802 and became the Yorkshire Hussars in 1819.","title":"Military"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West Riding Automobile Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Riding_Automobile_Company"},{"link_name":"West Riding House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Riding_House"},{"link_name":"West Riding Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Riding_Limited"},{"link_name":"Stanley Royd Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Royd_Hospital"}],"text":"West Riding Automobile Company, a subsidiary of the Yorkshire (West Riding) Electric Tramways Company which began operating in 1922\nWest Riding House, a 20 storey commercial building\nWest Riding Limited, a named passenger train that began service in 1937\nStanley Royd Hospital, earlier the West Riding Paupers Lunatic Asylum, a facility that operated from 1818 to 1995.","title":"Organizations & Other"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West Riding of Lindsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Riding_of_Lindsey"},{"link_name":"County Cork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Cork"},{"link_name":"County Galway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Galway"}],"text":"West Riding of Lindsey, a former subdivision of Lincolnshire, England\nWest Riding of County Cork in Ireland\nWest Riding of County Galway in Ireland","title":"Places"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West Riding County Amateur Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Riding_County_Amateur_Football_League"},{"link_name":"West Riding County Womens Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Riding_County_Womens_Football_League"},{"link_name":"West Riding County Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Riding_County_Cup"},{"link_name":"West Riding County Football Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Riding_County_Football_Association"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"link_name":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"link_name":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/West_Riding_(disambiguation)&namespace=0"}],"text":"West Riding County Amateur Football League\nWest Riding County Womens Football League\nWest Riding County Cup\nWest Riding County Football AssociationTopics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title West Riding.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.","title":"Sports"}]
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[]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/West_Riding_(disambiguation)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Bouman
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Todd Bouman
|
["1 Early years","2 College career","3 Professional career","3.1 Minnesota Vikings","3.2 New Orleans Saints","3.3 Green Bay Packers","3.4 First stint with Jaguars","3.5 St. Louis Rams","3.6 Second stint with Jaguars","3.7 Baltimore Ravens","3.8 Multiple stints with Jaguars","4 Coaching career","5 Personal life","6 References"]
|
American football player (born 1972)
American football player
Todd BoumanBouman in 2006No. 8, 4Position:QuarterbackPersonal informationBorn: (1972-08-01) August 1, 1972 (age 51)Ruthton, Minnesota, U.S.Height:6 ft 2 in (1.88 m)Weight:226 lb (103 kg)Career informationHigh school:Tyler (MN) Russell-Tyler-RuthtonCollege:St. Cloud StateUndrafted:1997Career history
Minnesota Vikings (1997–2002)
New Orleans Saints (2003–2005)
Green Bay Packers (2006)
Jacksonville Jaguars (2007)
St. Louis Rams (2007)
Jacksonville Jaguars (2008)*
Baltimore Ravens (2008)
Jacksonville Jaguars (2009–2010)
* Offseason and/or practice squad member only
Career NFL statisticsTD-INT:13–13Passing yards:1,905Passer rating:74.4Player stats at PFR
Todd Matthew Bouman (/ˈbaʊmən/; born August 1, 1972) is a former American football quarterback. He was signed by the Minnesota Vikings as an undrafted free agent in 1997. He played college football at St. Cloud State. Bouman also played for the New Orleans Saints, Green Bay Packers, Jacksonville Jaguars, St. Louis Rams and Baltimore Ravens.
Early years
Bouman was born in Ruthton, Minnesota, and attended Russell-Tyler-Ruthton High School (class of 1991) and was a letterman in football, basketball, and track & field. He won All-State honors in football and basketball, and in track & field, he qualified for the State Meet in both the long jump and the high jump, and led the basketball team to back-to-back State Championship appearances.
College career
Bouman initially attended South Dakota State University and transferred to St. Cloud State University in 1992. At St. Cloud State, Bouman lettered in football from 1993 to 1996. In his three years, he passed for 4,354 yards and completed 326 passes (including for 30 touchdowns). In his senior year, Bouman was an honorable mention All-North Central Conference selection. He earned his degree in sports sociology from St. Cloud State in 1997.
Professional career
Minnesota Vikings
Bouman signed as an undrafted free agent with the Minnesota Vikings in 1997. Bouman briefly replaced Daunte Culpepper as the Vikings starting quarterback toward the end of the 2001 NFL season after Culpepper was injured. In a game against the Tennessee Titans, Bouman completed 21 of 31 passes for 384 yards and four touchdowns and was named NFC Offensive Player of the Week. In 2002, Bouman took over again for Culpepper with the Vikings trailing the New York Giants 27–20 but could not complete a potential tying touchdown drive. After the game, Bouman expressed interest in becoming a starting quarterback.
New Orleans Saints
In 2003, the Vikings traded Bouman to the New Orleans Saints as a backup to Aaron Brooks. On December 14, 2005, after a loss on national television to the Falcons, the Saints benched Brooks and announced Bouman as the team's starter for the last three games of the season. The Saints lost all three games. Prior to the 2006 season, Bouman was released by the Saints in favor of Jamie Martin, who would back up newly signed starter Drew Brees.
Green Bay Packers
On November 21, 2006, Bouman signed with the Green Bay Packers to replace injured Aaron Rodgers as their second-string quarterback.
First stint with Jaguars
On October 25, 2007, Bouman was signed to a one-year deal by the Jacksonville Jaguars as a backup to Quinn Gray, who was starting in place of an injured David Garrard.
St. Louis Rams
Bouman then signed with the St. Louis Rams as insurance when starting quarterback Marc Bulger was out and backup Gus Frerotte went down.
Second stint with Jaguars
Bouman re-signed with the Jacksonville Jaguars in the 2008 offseason and attended training camp with the team. He was later released on August 30 during final cuts.
Baltimore Ravens
Bouman signed with the Baltimore Ravens on September 3, 2008, after quarterback Kyle Boller was placed on injured reserve. He was released by the team on November 1, only to be re-signed four days later.
Bouman was re-signed by the Ravens on March 31, 2009. The Ravens released him again on May 1 after signing quarterback John Beck.
Multiple stints with Jaguars
The Jacksonville Jaguars re-signed Bouman on May 4, 2009, following the release of undrafted rookie quarterback Nathan Brown.
He was re-signed for a fourth time on September 21, 2010, when the Jaguars placed Luke McCown on the injured reserve. On October 5, 2010, the Jaguars released Bouman. On October 19, Bouman was re-signed after injuries to David Garrard and Trent Edwards. Bouman started for the Jags against the Kansas City Chiefs on October 24. Bouman played well, throwing for 222 yards, and 2 touchdowns, however he also threw 2 interceptions. He was re-signed again by the Jaguars on December 17. Bouman was re-signed once more on August 9, 2011, due to a back injury to starter Garrard. He was released on August 29.
Coaching career
On March 19, 2014, the Buffalo-Hanover-Montrose School District in Minnesota announced Todd Bouman as the new head coach for the Buffalo High School program.
Personal life
Bouman and his wife, Courtney, have a daughter, Aivary, and a son, Aidan, who transferred to South Dakota after starting his college career with the Iowa State Cyclones.
References
^ "Todd Bouman – 1993–96". Jacksonville Jaguars. Archived from the original on May 19, 2011.
^ "Todd Bouman". Jacksonville Jaguars. Archived from the original on May 19, 2011.
^ "Vikings score four TDs in 12-minute span". AP. December 9, 2001. Retrieved February 11, 2012.
^ "Barber's late score lets Giants escape". AP. November 10, 2002. Retrieved February 11, 2012.
^ a b "Saints get Bouman for sixth-round pick". AP. March 13, 2003. Retrieved February 11, 2012.
^ "Todd Bouman: 'My Patience Is Wearing Thin'". AP. November 13, 2002. Archived from the original on January 27, 2013. Retrieved February 11, 2012.
^ Pasquarelli, Len (December 15, 2005). "Saints bench starting QB Brooks". ESPN. Retrieved February 11, 2012.
^ Todd Bouman game log, 2005
^ "Saints backup quarterback situation remains in doubt". AP. August 29, 2006. Retrieved February 11, 2012.
^ "Saints cut Bouman, Bryant and add five new players". AP. September 3, 2006. Retrieved February 11, 2012.
^ JS Online: NewsWatch
^ "Jags release Todd Bouman, elevating Trent Edwards to No. 2". 5 October 2010.
^ "NFL.com news: Jaguars to start rookie QB Gabbert vs. Pats with Garrard hurt". NFL.com. Archived from the original on 2012-03-08.
^ "BHS Announces Football Head Coach | Buffalo-Hanover-Montrose Schools".
^ Jacksonville Jaguars bio Archived 2011-05-19 at the Wayback Machine
vteBarcelona Dragons starting quarterbacks
Scott Erney (1991–1992)
Tony Rice (1991–1992)
Jay Walker (1995)
Kelly Holcomb (1996)
Jon Kitna (1997)
James Ritchey (1998)
Todd Bouman (1999)
Tony Graziani (2000)
Cory Sauter (2000)
Jarious Jackson (2001)
Joe Germaine (2002)
Ted White (2002)
Seth Burford (2003)
vteMinnesota Vikings starting quarterbacks
George Shaw (1961)
Fran Tarkenton (1961–1966, 1972–1978)
Ron Vander Kelen (1963, 1966–1967)
Bob Berry (1966, 1974)
Joe Kapp (1967–1969)
Gary Cuozzo (1969–1971)
Bob Lee (1970–1971, 1976–1977)
Norm Snead (1971)
Tommy Kramer (1977, 1979–1989)
Steve Dils (1980–1981, 1983)
Wade Wilson (1983–1991)
Archie Manning (1984)
Tony Adams (1987)
Rich Gannon (1990–1992)
Sean Salisbury (1992–1994)
Jim McMahon (1993)
Warren Moon (1994–1996)
Brad Johnson (1996–1998, 2005–2006)
Randall Cunningham (1997–1999)
Jeff George (1999)
Daunte Culpepper (2000–2005)
Todd Bouman (2001)
Spergon Wynn (2001)
Gus Frerotte (2003, 2008)
Tarvaris Jackson (2006–2008, 2010)
Kelly Holcomb (2007)
Brooks Bollinger (2007)
Brett Favre (2009–2010)
Joe Webb (2010)
Donovan McNabb (2011)
Christian Ponder (2011–2014)
Matt Cassel (2013–2014)
Josh Freeman (2013)
Teddy Bridgewater (2014–2015)
Shaun Hill (2016)
Sam Bradford (2016–2017)
Case Keenum (2017)
Kirk Cousins (2018–2023)
Sean Mannion (2019, 2021)
Jaren Hall (2023)
Joshua Dobbs (2023)
Nick Mullens (2023–present)
vteNew Orleans Saints starting quarterbacks
Gary Cuozzo (1967)
Billy Kilmer (1967–1970)
Karl Sweetan (1968)
Ronnie Lee South (1968)
Edd Hargett (1970–1971)
Archie Manning (1971–1975, 1977–1981)
Bobby Scott (1973–1974, 1976–1977, 1981)
Larry Cipa (1974–1975)
Bobby Douglass (1976–1977)
Dave Wilson (1981, 1983–1986)
Ken Stabler (1982–1983)
Guido Merkens (1982)
Richard Todd (1984)
Bobby Hebert (1985–1989, 1991–1992)
John Fourcade (1987, 1989–1990)
Steve Walsh (1990–1991, 1993)
Wade Wilson (1993)
Mike Buck (1993)
Jim Everett (1994–1996)
Doug Nussmeier (1996–1997)
Heath Shuler (1997)
Billy Joe Hobert (1997–1999)
Danny Wuerffel (1997–1998)
Kerry Collins (1998)
Billy Joe Tolliver (1998–1999)
Jake Delhomme (1999)
Jeff Blake (2000)
Aaron Brooks (2000–2005)
Todd Bouman (2005)
Drew Brees (2006–2020)
Mark Brunell (2009)
Luke McCown (2015)
Teddy Bridgewater (2018–2019)
Taysom Hill (2020–2021)
Jameis Winston (2021–2022)
Trevor Siemian (2021)
Ian Book (2021)
Andy Dalton (2022)
Derek Carr (2023–present)
vteJacksonville Jaguars starting quarterbacks
Steve Beuerlein (1995)
Mark Brunell (1995–2003)
Rob Johnson (1997)
Steve Matthews (1997)
Jamie Martin (1998)
Jonathan Quinn (1998, 2001)
Jay Fiedler (1999)
David Garrard (2002, 2004–2010)
Byron Leftwich (2003–2006)
Quinn Gray (2007)
Todd Bouman (2010)
Trent Edwards (2010)
Luke McCown (2011)
Blaine Gabbert (2011–2013)
Chad Henne (2012–2014)
Blake Bortles (2014–2018)
Cody Kessler (2018)
Nick Foles (2019)
Gardner Minshew (2019–2020)
Jake Luton (2020)
Mike Glennon (2020)
Trevor Lawrence (2021–present)
C. J. Beathard (2023)
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"/ˈbaʊmən/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"American football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"quarterback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarterback"},{"link_name":"Minnesota Vikings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Vikings"},{"link_name":"undrafted free agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undrafted_free_agent"},{"link_name":"college football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football"},{"link_name":"St. Cloud State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Cloud_State_University"},{"link_name":"New Orleans Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans_Saints"},{"link_name":"Green Bay Packers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Bay_Packers"},{"link_name":"Jacksonville Jaguars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonville_Jaguars"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Rams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Rams"},{"link_name":"Baltimore Ravens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Ravens"}],"text":"American football playerTodd Matthew Bouman (/ˈbaʊmən/; born August 1, 1972) is a former American football quarterback. He was signed by the Minnesota Vikings as an undrafted free agent in 1997. He played college football at St. Cloud State. Bouman also played for the New Orleans Saints, Green Bay Packers, Jacksonville Jaguars, St. Louis Rams and Baltimore Ravens.","title":"Todd Bouman"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ruthton, Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthton,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"letterman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letterman_(sports)"},{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"track & field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_and_field"},{"link_name":"long jump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_jump"},{"link_name":"high jump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_jump"}],"text":"Bouman was born in Ruthton, Minnesota, and attended Russell-Tyler-Ruthton High School (class of 1991) and was a letterman in football, basketball, and track & field. He won All-State honors in football and basketball, and in track & field, he qualified for the State Meet in both the long jump and the high jump, and led the basketball team to back-to-back State Championship appearances.","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Dakota State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota_State_University"},{"link_name":"St. Cloud State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Cloud_State_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-St._Cloud_bio-1"},{"link_name":"North Central Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Central_Conference"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jaguars_bio-2"}],"text":"Bouman initially attended South Dakota State University and transferred to St. Cloud State University in 1992. At St. Cloud State, Bouman lettered in football from 1993 to 1996. In his three years, he passed for 4,354 yards and completed 326 passes (including for 30 touchdowns).[1] In his senior year, Bouman was an honorable mention All-North Central Conference selection. He earned his degree in sports sociology from St. Cloud State in 1997.[2]","title":"College career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"undrafted free agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undrafted_free_agent"},{"link_name":"Minnesota Vikings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Vikings"},{"link_name":"Daunte Culpepper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daunte_Culpepper"},{"link_name":"starting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starting_lineup"},{"link_name":"2001 NFL season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_NFL_season"},{"link_name":"Tennessee Titans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Titans"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"New York Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Giants"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saints_get-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Minnesota Vikings","text":"Bouman signed as an undrafted free agent with the Minnesota Vikings in 1997. Bouman briefly replaced Daunte Culpepper as the Vikings starting quarterback toward the end of the 2001 NFL season after Culpepper was injured. In a game against the Tennessee Titans, Bouman completed 21 of 31 passes for 384 yards and four touchdowns and was named NFC Offensive Player of the Week.[3] In 2002, Bouman took over again for Culpepper with the Vikings trailing the New York Giants 27–20 but could not complete a potential tying touchdown drive.[4][5] After the game, Bouman expressed interest in becoming a starting quarterback.[6]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Orleans Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans_Saints"},{"link_name":"Aaron Brooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Brooks_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saints_get-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Jamie Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Martin_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Drew Brees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drew_Brees"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"New Orleans Saints","text":"In 2003, the Vikings traded Bouman to the New Orleans Saints as a backup to Aaron Brooks.[5] On December 14, 2005, after a loss on national television to the Falcons, the Saints benched Brooks and announced Bouman as the team's starter for the last three games of the season.[7] The Saints lost all three games.[8] Prior to the 2006 season, Bouman was released by the Saints in favor of Jamie Martin, who would back up newly signed starter Drew Brees.[9][10]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Green Bay Packers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Bay_Packers"},{"link_name":"Aaron Rodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Rodgers"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Green Bay Packers","text":"On November 21, 2006, Bouman signed with the Green Bay Packers to replace injured Aaron Rodgers as their second-string quarterback.[11]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jacksonville Jaguars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonville_Jaguars"},{"link_name":"Quinn Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinn_Gray"},{"link_name":"David Garrard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Garrard"}],"sub_title":"First stint with Jaguars","text":"On October 25, 2007, Bouman was signed to a one-year deal by the Jacksonville Jaguars as a backup to Quinn Gray, who was starting in place of an injured David Garrard.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Louis Rams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Rams"},{"link_name":"Marc Bulger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Bulger"},{"link_name":"Gus Frerotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gus_Frerotte"}],"sub_title":"St. Louis Rams","text":"Bouman then signed with the St. Louis Rams as insurance when starting quarterback Marc Bulger was out and backup Gus Frerotte went down.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jacksonville Jaguars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonville_Jaguars"}],"sub_title":"Second stint with Jaguars","text":"Bouman re-signed with the Jacksonville Jaguars in the 2008 offseason and attended training camp with the team. He was later released on August 30 during final cuts.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baltimore Ravens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Ravens"},{"link_name":"quarterback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarterback"},{"link_name":"Kyle Boller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_Boller"},{"link_name":"injured reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injured_reserve"},{"link_name":"John Beck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Beck_(American_football)"}],"sub_title":"Baltimore Ravens","text":"Bouman signed with the Baltimore Ravens on September 3, 2008, after quarterback Kyle Boller was placed on injured reserve. He was released by the team on November 1, only to be re-signed four days later.Bouman was re-signed by the Ravens on March 31, 2009. The Ravens released him again on May 1 after signing quarterback John Beck.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jacksonville Jaguars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonville_Jaguars"},{"link_name":"quarterback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarterback"},{"link_name":"Nathan Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Brown_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Luke McCown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_McCown"},{"link_name":"injured reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injured_reserve"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"David Garrard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Garrard"},{"link_name":"Trent Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trent_Edwards"},{"link_name":"Kansas City Chiefs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City_Chiefs"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Multiple stints with Jaguars","text":"The Jacksonville Jaguars re-signed Bouman on May 4, 2009, following the release of undrafted rookie quarterback Nathan Brown.He was re-signed for a fourth time on September 21, 2010, when the Jaguars placed Luke McCown on the injured reserve. On October 5, 2010, the Jaguars released Bouman.[12] On October 19, Bouman was re-signed after injuries to David Garrard and Trent Edwards. Bouman started for the Jags against the Kansas City Chiefs on October 24. Bouman played well, throwing for 222 yards, and 2 touchdowns, however he also threw 2 interceptions. He was re-signed again by the Jaguars on December 17. Bouman was re-signed once more on August 9, 2011, due to a back injury to starter Garrard.[13] He was released on August 29.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Buffalo High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_High_School_(Minnesota)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"On March 19, 2014, the Buffalo-Hanover-Montrose School District in Minnesota announced Todd Bouman as the new head coach for the Buffalo High School program.[14]","title":"Coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iowa State Cyclones.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_State_Cyclones_football"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Bouman and his wife, Courtney, have a daughter, Aivary, and a son, Aidan, who transferred to South Dakota after starting his college career with the Iowa State Cyclones.[15]","title":"Personal life"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Ebeling
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Gerhard Ebeling
|
["1 Life","2 Works","3 See also","4 Notes","5 References","5.1 Footnotes","5.2 Bibliography"]
|
German theologian
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Gerhard EbelingBorn(1912-07-06)6 July 1912Berlin, GermanyDied30 September 2001(2001-09-30) (aged 89)Spouse
Kometa Richner (m. 1939)Ecclesiastical careerReligionChristianity (Lutheran)ChurchConfessing ChurchOrdained1938
Academic backgroundAlma materUniversity of ZürichThesisEvangelical Interpretation of the GospelsDoctoral advisorFritz Blanke Emil BrunnerInfluences
Dietrich Bonhoeffer
Rudolf Bultmann
Martin Luther
Academic workDisciplineHistorytheologySub-disciplineEcclesiastical historyhistorical theologysystematic theologyInstitutionsUniversity of TübingenUniversity of ZürichInfluenced
Gerhard Forde
Eberhard Jüngel
Part of a series onDialectical theology
Background
Liberal Christianity
Existentialism
Precursors
Søren Kierkegaard
Fyodor Dostoevsky
Friedrich Nietzsche
Franz Overbeck
Martin Kähler
Martin Heidegger
Theological Figures
Karl Barth
Emil Brunner
Rudolf Bultmann
Dietrich Bonhoeffer
Paul Tillich
Reinhold Niebuhr
Ernst Fuchs
Gerhard Ebeling
Beliefs
Total transcendence of God
New hermeneutic
Demythologization
Monergism
Fideism
Leap of faith
Related movements
Christian existentialism
Confessing Church
Postliberal theology
Radical orthodoxy
Christianity portalvte
Gerhard Ebeling (1912–2001) was a German Lutheran theologian and with Ernst Fuchs a leading proponent of new hermeneutic theology in the 20th century.
Life
Ebeling was born on 6 July 1912 in Steglitz, Berlin, where he attended the gymnasium and began his university study. Ebeling was later a student of Rudolf Bultmann and Wilhelm Maurer in Marburg and of Emil Brunner at the University of Zürich, Switzerland. The years of his study in Berlin, Marburg, and Zürich fell in the period of Nazism in Germany, and his contact with Dietrich Bonhoeffer as well as his work in the Confessing Church had an enduring influence on his thought. He completed his Doctor of Theology degree in 1938 at the University of Zürich under the supervision of Fritz Blanke ; his dissertation was entitled Evangelical Interpretation of the Gospels: An Investigation of Luther's Hermeneutic.
Already in this early work, Ebeling's interest in systematic as well as historical questions was very apparent. At the end of the Second World War, he completed in 1947 his habilitation at the University of Tübingen, Germany, and assumed the chair for ecclesiastical history in Tübingen. In 1954 Ebeling changed his focus of study from ecclesiastical history to systematic theology and became Professor of Systematic Theology in Tübingen. Two years later, he was called to the University of Zürich in systematic. With the exception of the period from 1965 to 1968, when he was once again in Tübingen, Ebeling remained in Zürich, where he was the founder and, until his retirement in 1979, the director of the Institute for Hermeneutics.
From 1950 to 1977, Ebeling was the chief editor of the publication Zeitschrift für Theologie und Kirche , and for several decades he presided over the Commission for the Publication of the Works of Martin Luther. Gerhard Ebeling held honorary doctorates from the universities of Bonn (1952), Uppsala (1970), St. Louis (1971), Edinburgh (1981), Neuchâtel (1993), and Tübingen (1997).
Ebeling's primary academic interests lay in the area of hermeneutics and the theology of Martin Luther, and both of these areas were combined in his focus on the proclamation of the gospel in the Christian Church. In connection with hermeneutics and the New Testament, he came in close contact with Ernst Fuchs, with whom he shared his interest in proclamation; in the early 1960s, Ebeling and Fuchs were guest lecturers at Claremont in Southern California where they presented their vision of a new hermeneutic (see James M. Robinson and John B. Cobb, Jr., eds., The New Hermeneutic, 1964). Both Ebeling and Fuchs stressed the character and power of language, the role of the Bible in the pulpit (Wesley O. Allen, Determining the Form, Structures for Preaching, 2008).
From a systematic perspective, Ebeling's thought focused on the relationship between law and gospel, and one of his most original contributions was to interpret this relationship within the context of a relational ontology based on the situation of human beings coram Deo and coram hominibus. In researching Luther's interpretation of the Psalms, Ebeling discovered the central role of the coram-relation and developed the idea in the context of an ontology.
He died on 30 September 2001.
Works
Evangelische Evangelienauslegung. Eine Untersuchung zu Luthers Hermeneutik. 1942 (= Ebelings Dissertation)
Das Wesen des christlichen Glaubens. 1959
Wort und Glaube, 4 vols. 1960–1995
Wort Gottes und Tradition. Studien zu einer Hermeneutik der Konfessionen. 1964
Luther. Einführung in sein Denken. 1964; ISBN 3-16-143581-8 (Tb.)
Lutherstudien, 3 Bände (in 5 Teilbänden). 1971–1989.
Einführung in theologische Sprachlehre. 1971; ISBN 3-16-132511-7
Dogmatik des christlichen Glaubens, 3 Bände. 1979, 4. edition 2012; ISBN 978-3-16-151028-1
Predigten eines „Illegalen“ aus den Jahren 1939–1945. 1995; ISBN 3-16-146371-4
Luthers Seelsorge. Theologie in der Vielfalt der Lebenssituationen an seinen Briefen dargestellt. 1997; ISBN 3-16-146712-4
See also
Kirchenkampf
Notes
^ German: Evangelische Evangelienauslegung, eine Untersuchung zu Luthers Hermeneutik.
References
Footnotes
^ a b Celsor 2010, p. 7.
^ a b Menacher 2013, p. 312.
^ van Wyk & van Aarde 2016, pp. 1–4.
^ Celsor 2010, p. 6.
^ Celsor 2010, p. 77.
^ Menacher 2013, p. 308.
^ Celsor 2010, pp. 175–176.
^ Celsor 2010, p. 192.
^ Menacher 2013, pp. 310–311.
^ Menacher 2013, p. 317.
^ Celsor 2010, p. 5.
^ Beutel 2012, p. 542; van Wyk & van Aarde 2016, p. 5.
Bibliography
Beutel, Albrecht (2012). Gerhard Ebeling: Eine Biographie (in German). Tübingen, Germany: Mohr Siebeck. ISBN 978-3-16-150447-1.
Brush, Jack E. (1996). "Gerhard Ebeling". In Musser, Donald W.; Price, Joseph L. (eds.). A New Handbook of Christian Theologians.
Celsor, Scott A. (2010). Word and Faith in the Formation of Christian Existence: A Study in Gerhard Ebeling's Rejection of the Joint Declaration (PhD thesis). Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Marquette University. Retrieved 17 January 2020.
Gmainer-Pranzl, Franz (1996). Glaube und Geschichte bei Karl Rahner und Gerhard Ebeling: ein Vergleich transzendentaler und hermeneutischer Theologie (in German). Innsbruck, Austria: Tyrolia. ISBN 978-3-7022-2044-0.
Knuth, Hans Christian; Krause, Winfrid (2014). "Dank und bleibende Verpflichtung – eine kurze Würdigung des Lutherforschers und ehemaligen wissenschaftlichen Leiters der Luther-Akademie". In Rausch, Rainer (ed.). Glaube und Vernunft: Wie vernünftig ist die Vernunft?. Dokumentationen der Luther-Akademie, Tagungsband (in German). Vol. 11. Hanover, Germany: Lutherisches Verlagshaus. pp. 167–170. ISBN 978-3-7859-1167-9.
Menacher, Mark D. (2013). "Gerhard Ebeling (1912–2001)". In Mattes, Mark C. (ed.). Twentieth-Century Lutheran Theologians. Göttingen, Germany: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp. 307–334. ISBN 978-3-525-55045-8.
van Wyk, Tanya; van Aarde, Andries (2016). "'Doctor of the Church': Gerhard Ebeling". HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies. 72 (1). doi:10.4102/hts.v72i1.3353. hdl:2263/57659. ISSN 2072-8050.
Pierre Bühler, Philipp Stoellger, Andreas Mauz (Red.): Gerhard Ebeling. Mein theologischer Weg, Zürich: Institut für Hermeneutik und Religionsphilosophie 2006 (Hermeneutische Blätter, Sonderheft 2006).
Philipp Stoellger, Andreas Mauz (Red.): Gerhard Ebeling. Zürich: Institut für Hermeneutik und Religionsphilosophie 2003 (Hermeneutische Blätter, Sonderheft) Onlineressource (pdf; 988 kB)
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Ebeling was later a student of Rudolf Bultmann and Wilhelm Maurer in Marburg and of Emil Brunner at the University of Zürich, Switzerland. The years of his study in Berlin, Marburg, and Zürich fell in the period of Nazism in Germany, and his contact with Dietrich Bonhoeffer as well as his work in the Confessing Church had an enduring influence on his thought. He completed his Doctor of Theology degree in 1938 at the University of Zürich under the supervision of Fritz Blanke [de; sk]; his dissertation was entitled Evangelical Interpretation of the Gospels: An Investigation of Luther's Hermeneutic.[a]Already in this early work, Ebeling's interest in systematic as well as historical questions was very apparent. At the end of the Second World War, he completed in 1947 his habilitation at the University of Tübingen, Germany, and assumed the chair for ecclesiastical history in Tübingen. In 1954 Ebeling changed his focus of study from ecclesiastical history to systematic theology and became Professor of Systematic Theology in Tübingen. Two years later, he was called to the University of Zürich in systematic. With the exception of the period from 1965 to 1968, when he was once again in Tübingen, Ebeling remained in Zürich, where he was the founder and, until his retirement in 1979, the director of the Institute for Hermeneutics.From 1950 to 1977,[citation needed] Ebeling was the chief editor of the publication Zeitschrift für Theologie und Kirche [de],[10] and for several decades he presided over the Commission for the Publication of the Works of Martin Luther. Gerhard Ebeling held honorary doctorates from the universities of Bonn (1952), Uppsala (1970), St. Louis (1971), Edinburgh (1981), Neuchâtel (1993),[citation needed] and Tübingen (1997).[11]Ebeling's primary academic interests lay in the area of hermeneutics and the theology of Martin Luther, and both of these areas were combined in his focus on the proclamation of the gospel in the Christian Church. In connection with hermeneutics and the New Testament, he came in close contact with Ernst Fuchs, with whom he shared his interest in proclamation; in the early 1960s, Ebeling and Fuchs were guest lecturers at Claremont in Southern California where they presented their vision of a new hermeneutic (see James M. Robinson and John B. Cobb, Jr., eds., The New Hermeneutic, 1964). Both Ebeling and Fuchs stressed the character and power of language, the role of the Bible in the pulpit (Wesley O. Allen, Determining the Form, Structures for Preaching, 2008).From a systematic perspective, Ebeling's thought focused on the relationship between law and gospel, and one of his most original contributions was to interpret this relationship within the context of a relational ontology based on the situation of human beings coram Deo and coram hominibus. In researching Luther's interpretation of the Psalms, Ebeling discovered the central role of the coram-relation [de; ko] and developed the idea in the context of an ontology.He died on 30 September 2001.[12]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-16-143581-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-16-143581-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-16-132511-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-16-132511-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-16-151028-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-151028-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-16-146371-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-16-146371-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-16-146712-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-16-146712-4"}],"text":"Evangelische Evangelienauslegung. Eine Untersuchung zu Luthers Hermeneutik. 1942 (= Ebelings Dissertation)\nDas Wesen des christlichen Glaubens. 1959\nWort und Glaube, 4 vols. 1960–1995\nWort Gottes und Tradition. Studien zu einer Hermeneutik der Konfessionen. 1964\nLuther. Einführung in sein Denken. 1964; ISBN 3-16-143581-8 (Tb.)\nLutherstudien, 3 Bände (in 5 Teilbänden). 1971–1989.\nEinführung in theologische Sprachlehre. 1971; ISBN 3-16-132511-7\nDogmatik des christlichen Glaubens, 3 Bände. 1979, 4. edition 2012; ISBN 978-3-16-151028-1\nPredigten eines „Illegalen“ aus den Jahren 1939–1945. 1995; ISBN 3-16-146371-4\nLuthers Seelsorge. Theologie in der Vielfalt der Lebenssituationen an seinen Briefen dargestellt. 1997; ISBN 3-16-146712-4","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"}],"text":"^ German: Evangelische Evangelienauslegung, eine Untersuchung zu Luthers Hermeneutik.","title":"Notes"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Kirchenkampf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirchenkampf"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Visser
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Wayne Visser
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["1 Biography","2 Recognition","3 Integrated Value","4 Publications","4.1 Business and sustainability","4.2 Poetry","4.3 Films","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links","8 Attribution"]
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The neutrality of this article is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. (December 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Wayne VisserBornWayne Visser (1970-12-17) 17 December 1970 (age 53)Bulawayo, Rhodesia (Zimbabwe)Scientific careerFieldsSustainabilitycorporate social responsibilitysustainable developmentfutures studies
Wayne Visser is a writer, speaker, film producer, academic, editor of poetry, social entrepreneur and futurist focused on sustainable development, corporate social responsibility and creating integrated value.
Biography
Wayne Visser was born in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe, raised in Cape Town, South Africa and now lives in London, United Kingdom. Wayne Visser completed his high school at Fairbairn College in 1987 and went on to study marketing and economics as part of a Business Science Honours degree at the University of Cape Town. In 1996, he studied at the Centre for Human Ecology in Glasgow, where he obtained an MSc with special commendation.
Visser's early career was spent as a management consultant, first as a strategy analyst for Capgemini and then as director of sustainability services for KPMG in South Africa. In 1995, he established a Johannesburg chapter of The World Business Academy and in 1997, he co-founded the South African New Economics Foundation. In 2007, he qualified with a PhD in business and management from the International Centre for Corporate Social Responsibility at Nottingham University Business School, where he researched what motivates of sustainability managers, using existential psychology as his lens of analysis. In 2008, he set up the research sharing platform CSR International and in 2012 started the think tank and media company Kaleidoscope Futures.
As of February 2020 he is professor of integrated value and holder of the chair in sustainable transformation at Antwerp Management School. He is a fellow and former research director at the University of Cambridge Institute for Sustainability Leadership and visiting professor at the Gordon Institute of Business Science.
Recognition
The Fast Company business magazine claims that "anyone interested in CSR will eventually come across Wayne Visser. He is very active in the field, and offers a unique and candid voice on the topic". CSRWire USA calls him "one of the most prolific, creative and original thought leaders on CSR and author/editor of books on the subject".
Top 100 Thought Leaders in Trustworthy Business Behavior (2013), ranking by Excellence and Trust Across America
Top 100 Global Sustain Ability Leaders (2011 & 2012), rankings by ABC Carbon
Top 100 Thought Leaders in Europe & the Middle East (2011), ranking by Centre for Sustainability & Excellence and Trust Across America
Top 100 CSR Leaders (2009) and Top 20 Sustainability Leaders (2012), rankings by CSR International
Global CSR Excellence & Leadership Award (2013), awarded by the World CSR Congress
Outstanding Author Contribution Award at the Emerald Literati Network Awards for Excellence (2011)
Outstanding Teacher Award of The Warwick Business School MBA (2010/11 and 2011/12) and Masters in Management (2011/12).
Integrated Value
Visser's research and writing proposes going beyond creating shared value and corporate social responsibility to thriving and the creation of Integrated Value. He promotes sustainable enterprise and the idea of CSR as "corporate sustainability and responsibility" and calls for an evolution from CSR 1.0 to CSR 2.0. His theory of CSR 2.0 characterises CSR maturity in five stages, from defensive, charitable, promotional and strategic CSR (all labelled CSR 1.0) to systemic or transformative CSR (called CSR 2.0). He identifies three failures of CSR 1.0: its incremental nature, its peripheral function in most companies, and the "inconvenient truth" that CSR is generally "uneconomic": it is more often a business cost than a source of value. He goes on to outline five principles of CSR 2.0 (creativity, scalability, responsiveness, glocality, and circularity) and four DNA elements of CSR 2.0 (value creation, good governance, societal contribution and environmental integrity).
The CSR 2.0 theory is summarised in his books, The Age of Responsibility: CSR 2.0 and the New DNA of Business (2011), and CSR 2.0: Transforming Corporate Sustainability and Responsibility (2014).
Publications
Wayne Visser has written and edited 41 books and published more than 320 chapters and articles. He writes a regular column on international sustainable business for the HuffPost website, and The Guardian UK newspaper. His book, Beyond Reasonable Greed, was made into a film called Lessons From The Wild: Leadership – Tusks or Fangs. His poem "I Am An African", from his anthology of the same name, was the basis for a dance theatre production at South Africa's 2012 National Arts Festival in Grahamstown. and an inspiration behind Heleen du Plessis's Cello for Africa CD
Business and sustainability
Thriving: The Breakthrough Movement to Regenerate Nature Society, and the Economy, New York: Fast Company Press, 2022.
The Little Book of Quotations on Sustainable Business, London: Kaleidoscope Futures, 2017.
The Little Book of Quotations on Social Responsibility, London: Kaleidoscope Futures, 2016.
The World Guide to Sustainable Enterprise: Volumes 1–4, Sheffield: Greenleaf, 2016.
Sustainable Frontiers: Unlocking Change Through Business, Leadership and Innovation, Sheffield: Greenleaf, 2015.
The CSR International Research Compendium: Volume 1 (Governance), Volume 2 (Environment) and Volume 3 (Society), London: Kaleidoscope Futures, 2015.
Disrupting the Future: Great Ideas for Creating a Much Better World, London: Kaleidoscope Futures, 2014.
CSR 2.0: Transforming Corporate Sustainability and Responsibility, London: Springer, 2013.
The Quest for Sustainable Business: An Epic Journey in Search of Corporate Responsibility, Sheffield: Greenleaf, 2012.
Corporate Sustainability & Responsibility: An Introductory Text on CSR Theory & Practice – Past, Present & Future, London: Kaleidoscope Futures, 2012.
The Age of Responsibility: CSR 2.0 and the New DNA of Business, London: Wiley, 2011.
The World Guide to CSR: A Country by Country Analysis of Corporate Sustainability and Responsibility, with N. Tolhurst. Sheffield: Greenleaf, 2010.
The Top 50 Sustainability Books, with CPSL. Sheffield: Greenleaf, 2009.
Landmarks for Sustainability: Events and Initiatives that Changed Our World, with CPSL. Sheffield: Greenleaf, 2009.
Making A Difference: Purpose-Inspired Leadership for Corporate Sustainability & Responsibility, Saarbrücken: VDM, 2008.
The A to Z of Corporate Social Responsibility: A Complete Reference Guide to Concepts, Codes and Organisations, with D. Matten, Manfred Pohl & N. Tolhurst. London: Wiley, 2007.
Corporate Citizenship in Africa: Lessons from the Past, Paths to the Future, with M. McIntosh & C. Middleton. Sheffield: Greenleaf, 2006.
Business Frontiers: Social Responsibility, Sustainable Development and Economic Justice, Hyderabad: ICFAI University Press, 2005.
South Africa: Reasons to Believe, with G. Lundy. Cape Town: Aardvark Press, 2003.
Beyond Reasonable Greed: Why Sustainable Business is a Much Better Idea, with C. Sunter. Cape Town: Tafelberg Human & Rousseau, 2002.
Poetry
I Am An African: Favourite Africa Poems, 5th ed., Kaleidoscope Futures, 2017.
Life in Transit: Favourite Travel & Tribute Poems, 2nd ed., Kaleidoscope Futures, 2017.
Icarus: Favourite Love Poems, 2nd ed., Kaleidoscope Futures, 2017.
This is Tomorrow: Artists for a Sustainable Future, with A. Ardakani, 1st ed., Blurb, 2015.
African Dream: Inspirational Words & Images from the Luminous Continent, with B. Webzell, 1st ed., Blurb, 2012.
String, Donuts, Bubbles and Me: Favourite Philosophical Poems, 2nd ed., Lulu, 2017.
Seize the Day: Favourite Inspirational Poems, 3rd ed., Kaleidoscope Futures, 2017.
Wishing Leaves: Favourite Nature Poems, 3rd ed., Kaleidoscope Futures, 2017.
Films
Visser was a producer on the 2015 climate change documentary Sinking Nation, along with Emmy Award-winning director, Graham Sheldon. In 2016/17, they collaborated again on a documentary film on the circular economy called Closing the Loop.
Notes
^ Combining the perspectives of global thought and local action
References
^ Antwerp Management School, Meet Prof. Dr. Wayne Visser, accessed 15 February 2020
^ "Dr Wayne Visser, Fellow — Cambridge Institute for Sustainability Leadership". www.cisl.cam.ac.uk. 5 November 2014. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
^ "51 Great Sites For Corporate Social Responsibility and Sustainability". Fast Company. 25 August 2009. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
^ "CSRwire Author Spotlight: Wayne Visser". Archived from the original on 8 January 2018. Retrieved 6 December 2012.
^ "Trust Across America: Search". trustacrossamerica.com. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
^ "ABC Carbon » Blog Archive » Profile: 100 Global Sustain Ability Leaders". abccarbon.com. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
^ "ABC Carbon » 100 Global Sustain Ability Leaders". abccarbon.com. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
^ "The Top 100 Thought Leaders in Trustworthy Business Behavior". trustacrossamerica.com. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
^ "2012 Top 20 Sustainability Leaders | CSR International". www.csrinternational.org. Archived from the original on 1 December 2012.
^ ":: World CSR Day 2012 ::". www.worldcsrday.com. Archived from the original on 10 May 2012.
^ "EmeraldInsight". www.emeraldinsight.com. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
^ Wayne, Visser; Chad, Kymal (1 January 2015). "Integrated Value Creation (IVC): Beyond Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Creating Shared Value (CSV)". Journal of International Business Ethics. 8 (1).
^ Visser, Wayne (1 October 2010). "The Age of Responsibility: CSR 2.0 and the New DNA of Business". Journal of Business Systems, Governance and Ethics. 5 (3). Rochester, NY: 7. doi:10.15209/jbsge.v5i3.185. SSRN 1725159.
^ Visser, Wayne (1 January 2010). "CSR 2.0: From the age of greed to the age of responsibility". Reframing Corporate Social Responsibility: Lessons from the Global Financial Crisis. Critical Studies on Corporate Responsibility, Governance and Sustainability. Vol. 1. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. pp. 231–251. doi:10.1108/S2043-9059(2010)0000001016. ISBN 978-0-85724-455-0.
^ See also Visser, W., The Rise and Fall of CSR: Three Curses of CSR 1.0 and Five Principles of CSR 2.0, CSR International Inspiration Series, No. 7, 2010 , accessed 23 October 2023
^ "CSR 2.0: Reinventing Corporate Social Responsibility for the 21st Century | Management Innovation eXchange". www.managementexchange.com. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
^ "Journal of Law and Governance" (PDF). www.jbsge.vu.edu.au. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
^ "The Age of Responsibility: CSR 2.0 and the New DNA of Business".
^ Visser, Wayne (2014). CSR 2.0: Transforming Corporate Sustainability and Responsibility. SpringerBriefs in Business. SpringerBriefs in Business. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-40874-8. ISBN 978-3-642-40874-8.
^ "Wayne Visser | HuffPost". www.huffingtonpost.com. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
^ "Wayne Visser". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
^ "Lessons From The Wild: Leadership". Archived from the original on 22 July 2008.
^ "I am an African - South Africa - the Good News". www.sagoodnews.co.za. Archived from the original on 18 November 2007.
^ Visser, Wayne (16 November 2011). I Am An African: Favourite Africa Poems (3rd ed.). Wayne Visser.
^ "Unknown".
^ "Cello for Africa by Heleen du Plessis, Magda de Vries, Malcolm Nay, Hans Huyssen & Odeion School of Music Camerata". iTunes. 18 October 2013.
^ "Books | Wayne Visser | Wayne Visser". waynevisser.com. 30 March 2012. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
^ Visser, Wayne (11 April 2017). The Little Book of Quotations on Social Responsibility (1st ed.). Kaleidoscope Futures. ASIN B06ZZR3GKK.
^ "Greenleaf Publishing - Routledge". Routledge.com. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
^ "Your website is ready to use". www.sustainablefrontiers.net. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
^ "CSR International Research Compendium: Volume 1 - Governance | Wayne Visser". www.waynevisser.com. Archived from the original on 10 June 2015.
^ "Disrupting the Future | Wayne Visser". www.waynevisser.com. Archived from the original on 18 May 2014.
^ Visser, Wayne (2014). CSR 2.0. SpringerBriefs in Business. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-40874-8. ISBN 978-3-642-40873-1.
^ "Greenleaf Publishing - Routledge". Routledge.com. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
^ Visser, Wayne (14 May 2012). Corporate Sustainability & Responsibility: An Introductory Text on CSR Theory & Practice – Past, Present & Future. Kaleidoscope Futures Ltd. ASIN B0083JR6N4.
^ "The Age of Responsibility: CSR 2.0 and the New DNA of Business".
^ "Greenleaf Publishing - Routledge". Routledge.com. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
^ "Greenleaf Publishing - Routledge". Routledge.com. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
^ "Greenleaf Publishing - Routledge". Routledge.com. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
^ Visser, Wayne (3 September 2008). Making a Difference. Saarbrücken, Germany: VDM Verlag Dr. Mueller e.K. ISBN 9783639071887.
^ "The a to Z of Corporate Social Responsibility, 2nd, Revised and Updated Edition".
^ "Greenleaf Publishing - Routledge". Routledge.com. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
^ Visser, Wayne (21 January 2006). Business Frontiers: Social Responsibility, Sustainable Development and Economic Justice. DGM Icfai Books. ISBN 9788131417263.
^ Lundy, Guy; Visser, Wayne (January 2003). South Africa: Reasons to Believe! (1st ed.). Cape Town: Aardvark Press. ISBN 9780958456418.
^ Sunter, Clem; Visser, Wayne (2002). Beyond Reasonable Greed (1st ed.). Cape Town; London: Human & Rousseau Tafelberg. ISBN 9780798142694.
^ I Am An African: Favourite Africa Poems - Kindle edition by Wayne Visser. Literature & Fiction Kindle eBooks @ Amazon.com. Kaleidoscope Futures. 4 April 2017. Retrieved 8 January 2018 – via www.amazon.com.
^ Life in Transit: Favourite Travel & Tribute Poems - Kindle edition by Wayne Visser. Literature & Fiction Kindle eBooks @ Amazon.com. Kaleidoscope Futures. 4 April 2017. Retrieved 8 January 2018 – via www.amazon.com.
^ Amazon.com: Icarus: Favourite Love Poems eBook: Wayne Visser: Kindle Store. Kaleidoscope Futures. 4 April 2017. Retrieved 8 January 2018 – via www.amazon.com.
^ This Is Tomorrow: Artists for a Sustainable Future. 19 June 2015.
^ Wayne Visser (28 November 2012). African Dream (Deluxe Edition): Inspiring Words & Images from the Luminous Continent. Blurb, Incorporated. ISBN 9781320674089.
^ String, Donuts, Bubbles and Me: Favourite Philosophical Poems - Kindle edition by Wayne Visser. Literature & Fiction Kindle eBooks @ Amazon.com. Kaleidoscope Futures. 4 April 2017. Retrieved 8 January 2018 – via www.amazon.com.
^ Seize the Day: Favourite Inspirational Poems - Kindle edition by Wayne Visser. Literature & Fiction Kindle eBooks @ Amazon.com. Kaleidoscope Futures. 4 April 2017. Retrieved 8 January 2018 – via www.amazon.com.
^ Amazon.com: Wishing Leaves: Favourite Nature Poems eBook: Wayne Visser: Kindle Store. Kaleidoscope Futures. 4 April 2017. Retrieved 8 January 2018 – via www.amazon.com.
^ "Wayne Visser". IMDb. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
^ "Blog | Zacuto USA". Zacuto USA. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
External links
Wayne Visser's official website
Attribution
As of this edit, this article uses content from "Biography Writer, speaker, Academic and Social Entrepreneur", which is licensed in a way that permits reuse under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, but not under the GFDL. All relevant terms must be followed.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetry"},{"link_name":"social entrepreneur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_entrepreneur"},{"link_name":"futurist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futurist"},{"link_name":"sustainable development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_development"},{"link_name":"corporate social responsibility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility"}],"text":"Wayne Visser is a writer, speaker, film producer, academic, editor of poetry, social entrepreneur and futurist focused on sustainable development, corporate social responsibility and creating integrated value.","title":"Wayne Visser"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bulawayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulawayo"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe"},{"link_name":"Cape Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Town"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Fairbairn College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairbairn_College"},{"link_name":"University of Cape Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cape_Town"},{"link_name":"Centre for Human Ecology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.che.ac.uk/"},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow"},{"link_name":"Capgemini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capgemini"},{"link_name":"KPMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KPMG"},{"link_name":"The World Business Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.worldbusiness.org/about/"},{"link_name":"South African New Economics Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.sane.org.za"},{"link_name":"International Centre for Corporate Social Responsibility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nottingham.ac.uk/business/ICCSR/"},{"link_name":"Nottingham University Business School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham_University_Business_School"},{"link_name":"existential psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existential_psychology"},{"link_name":"CSR International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.csrinternational.org/"},{"link_name":"think tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Think_tank"},{"link_name":"Kaleidoscope Futures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.kaleidoscopefutures.com/"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wayne_Visser&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Antwerp Management School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp_Management_School"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Cambridge Institute for Sustainability Leadership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_Institute_for_Sustainability_Leadership"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Gordon Institute of Business Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Institute_of_Business_Science"}],"text":"Wayne Visser was born in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe, raised in Cape Town, South Africa and now lives in London, United Kingdom. Wayne Visser completed his high school at Fairbairn College in 1987 and went on to study marketing and economics as part of a Business Science Honours degree at the University of Cape Town. In 1996, he studied at the Centre for Human Ecology in Glasgow, where he obtained an MSc with special commendation.Visser's early career was spent as a management consultant, first as a strategy analyst for Capgemini and then as director of sustainability services for KPMG in South Africa. In 1995, he established a Johannesburg chapter of The World Business Academy and in 1997, he co-founded the South African New Economics Foundation. In 2007, he qualified with a PhD in business and management from the International Centre for Corporate Social Responsibility at Nottingham University Business School, where he researched what motivates of sustainability managers, using existential psychology as his lens of analysis. In 2008, he set up the research sharing platform CSR International and in 2012 started the think tank and media company Kaleidoscope Futures.As of February 2020[update] he is professor of integrated value and holder of the chair in sustainable transformation at Antwerp Management School.[1] He is a fellow and former research director at the University of Cambridge Institute for Sustainability Leadership[2] and visiting professor at the Gordon Institute of Business Science.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fast Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_Company_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"CSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"CSRWire USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CSRWire_USA&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The Fast Company business magazine claims that \"anyone interested in CSR will eventually come across Wayne Visser. He is very active in the field, and offers a unique and candid voice on the topic\".[3] CSRWire USA calls him \"one of the most prolific, creative and original thought leaders on CSR and author/editor of books on the subject\".[4]Top 100 Thought Leaders in Trustworthy Business Behavior (2013), ranking by Excellence and Trust Across America[5]\nTop 100 Global Sustain Ability Leaders (2011 & 2012), rankings by ABC Carbon[6][7]\nTop 100 Thought Leaders in Europe & the Middle East (2011), ranking by Centre for Sustainability & Excellence and Trust Across America[8]\nTop 100 CSR Leaders (2009) and Top 20 Sustainability Leaders (2012), rankings by CSR International[9]\nGlobal CSR Excellence & Leadership Award (2013), awarded by the World CSR Congress[10]\nOutstanding Author Contribution Award at the Emerald Literati Network Awards for Excellence (2011)[11]\nOutstanding Teacher Award of The Warwick Business School MBA (2010/11 and 2011/12) and Masters in Management (2011/12).","title":"Recognition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"creating shared value","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creating_shared_value"},{"link_name":"corporate social responsibility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"sustainability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainability"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Visser's research and writing proposes going beyond creating shared value and corporate social responsibility to thriving and the creation of Integrated Value.[12] He promotes sustainable enterprise and the idea of CSR as \"corporate sustainability and responsibility\" and calls for an evolution from CSR 1.0 to CSR 2.0.[13] His theory of CSR 2.0 characterises CSR maturity in five stages, from defensive, charitable, promotional and strategic CSR (all labelled CSR 1.0) to systemic or transformative CSR (called CSR 2.0).[14] He identifies three failures of CSR 1.0: its incremental nature, its peripheral function in most companies, and the \"inconvenient truth\" that CSR is generally \"uneconomic\": it is more often a business cost than a source of value.[15] He goes on to outline five principles of CSR 2.0 (creativity, scalability, responsiveness, glocality,[a] and circularity)[16] and four DNA elements of CSR 2.0 (value creation, good governance, societal contribution and environmental integrity).[17]The CSR 2.0 theory is summarised in his books, The Age of Responsibility: CSR 2.0 and the New DNA of Business (2011),[18] and CSR 2.0: Transforming Corporate Sustainability and Responsibility (2014).[19]","title":"Integrated Value"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HuffPost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HuffPost"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"National Arts Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Arts_Festival"},{"link_name":"Grahamstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grahamstown"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"Wayne Visser has written and edited 41 books and published more than 320 chapters and articles. He writes a regular column on international sustainable business for the HuffPost website,[20] and The Guardian UK newspaper.[21] His book, Beyond Reasonable Greed, was made into a film called Lessons From The Wild: Leadership – Tusks or Fangs.[22] His poem \"I Am An African\",[23] from his anthology of the same name,[24] was the basis for a dance theatre production at South Africa's 2012 National Arts Festival in Grahamstown.[25] and an inspiration behind Heleen du Plessis's Cello for Africa CD [26]","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Manfred Pohl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manfred_Pohl"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"sub_title":"Business and sustainability","text":"Thriving: The Breakthrough Movement to Regenerate Nature Society, and the Economy, New York: Fast Company Press, 2022.\nThe Little Book of Quotations on Sustainable Business, London: Kaleidoscope Futures, 2017.[27]\nThe Little Book of Quotations on Social Responsibility, London: Kaleidoscope Futures, 2016.[28]\nThe World Guide to Sustainable Enterprise: Volumes 1–4, Sheffield: Greenleaf, 2016.[29]\nSustainable Frontiers: Unlocking Change Through Business, Leadership and Innovation, Sheffield: Greenleaf, 2015.[30]\nThe CSR International Research Compendium: Volume 1 (Governance), Volume 2 (Environment) and Volume 3 (Society), London: Kaleidoscope Futures, 2015.[31]\nDisrupting the Future: Great Ideas for Creating a Much Better World, London: Kaleidoscope Futures, 2014.[32]\nCSR 2.0: Transforming Corporate Sustainability and Responsibility, London: Springer, 2013.[33]\nThe Quest for Sustainable Business: An Epic Journey in Search of Corporate Responsibility, Sheffield: Greenleaf, 2012.[34]\nCorporate Sustainability & Responsibility: An Introductory Text on CSR Theory & Practice – Past, Present & Future, London: Kaleidoscope Futures, 2012.[35]\nThe Age of Responsibility: CSR 2.0 and the New DNA of Business, London: Wiley, 2011.[36]\nThe World Guide to CSR: A Country by Country Analysis of Corporate Sustainability and Responsibility, with N. Tolhurst. Sheffield: Greenleaf, 2010.[37]\nThe Top 50 Sustainability Books, with CPSL. Sheffield: Greenleaf, 2009.[38]\nLandmarks for Sustainability: Events and Initiatives that Changed Our World, with CPSL. Sheffield: Greenleaf, 2009.[39]\nMaking A Difference: Purpose-Inspired Leadership for Corporate Sustainability & Responsibility, Saarbrücken: VDM, 2008.[40]\nThe A to Z of Corporate Social Responsibility: A Complete Reference Guide to Concepts, Codes and Organisations, with D. Matten, Manfred Pohl & N. Tolhurst. London: Wiley, 2007.[41]\nCorporate Citizenship in Africa: Lessons from the Past, Paths to the Future, with M. McIntosh & C. Middleton. Sheffield: Greenleaf, 2006.[42]\nBusiness Frontiers: Social Responsibility, Sustainable Development and Economic Justice, Hyderabad: ICFAI University Press, 2005.[43]\nSouth Africa: Reasons to Believe, with G. Lundy. Cape Town: Aardvark Press, 2003.[44]\nBeyond Reasonable Greed: Why Sustainable Business is a Much Better Idea, with C. Sunter. Cape Town: Tafelberg Human & Rousseau, 2002.[45]","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"sub_title":"Poetry","text":"I Am An African: Favourite Africa Poems, 5th ed., Kaleidoscope Futures, 2017.[46]\nLife in Transit: Favourite Travel & Tribute Poems, 2nd ed., Kaleidoscope Futures, 2017.[47]\nIcarus: Favourite Love Poems, 2nd ed., Kaleidoscope Futures, 2017.[48]\nThis is Tomorrow: Artists for a Sustainable Future, with A. Ardakani, 1st ed., Blurb, 2015.[49]\nAfrican Dream: Inspirational Words & Images from the Luminous Continent, with B. Webzell, 1st ed., Blurb, 2012.[50]\nString, Donuts, Bubbles and Me: Favourite Philosophical Poems, 2nd ed., Lulu, 2017.[51]\nSeize the Day: Favourite Inspirational Poems, 3rd ed., Kaleidoscope Futures, 2017.[52]\nWishing Leaves: Favourite Nature Poems, 3rd ed., Kaleidoscope Futures, 2017.[53]","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Graham Sheldon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//grahamsheldon.net"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"circular economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_economy"}],"sub_title":"Films","text":"Visser was a producer on the 2015 climate change documentary Sinking Nation,[54] along with Emmy Award-winning director, Graham Sheldon.[55] In 2016/17, they collaborated again on a documentary film on the circular economy called Closing the Loop.","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"}],"text":"^ Combining the perspectives of global thought and local action","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"this edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wayne_Visser&oldid=525685682"},{"link_name":"\"Biography Writer, speaker, Academic and Social Entrepreneur\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.waynevisser.com/biography"},{"link_name":"Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_License"},{"link_name":"GFDL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7976748#identifiers"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000110080305"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/120109294"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpJcBH3rfm3qMxPQJvT73"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/1243766964"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007458527305171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/no2003010740"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//libris.kb.se/xv8bdm2g2ss4w5p"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=utb2010557722&CON_LNG=ENG"},{"link_name":"Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC200903529"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p30625865X"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/159003318"}],"text":"As of this edit, this article uses content from \"Biography Writer, speaker, Academic and Social Entrepreneur\", which is licensed in a way that permits reuse under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, but not under the GFDL. All relevant terms must be followed.Authority control databases International\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nGermany\nIsrael\nUnited States\nSweden\nCzech Republic\nKorea\nNetherlands\nOther\nIdRef","title":"Attribution"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Dr Wayne Visser, Fellow — Cambridge Institute for Sustainability Leadership\". www.cisl.cam.ac.uk. 5 November 2014. Retrieved 8 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cisl.cam.ac.uk/directory/wayne-visser","url_text":"\"Dr Wayne Visser, Fellow — Cambridge Institute for Sustainability Leadership\""}]},{"reference":"\"51 Great Sites For Corporate Social Responsibility and Sustainability\". Fast Company. 25 August 2009. Retrieved 8 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fastcompany.com/1338993/51-great-sites-corporate-social-responsibility-and-sustainability","url_text":"\"51 Great Sites For Corporate Social Responsibility and Sustainability\""}]},{"reference":"\"CSRwire Author Spotlight: Wayne Visser\". Archived from the original on 8 January 2018. Retrieved 6 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180108175455/http://www.csrwire.com/csrlive/commentary_detail/3143-CSRwire-Author-Spotlight-Wayne-Visser","url_text":"\"CSRwire Author Spotlight: Wayne Visser\""},{"url":"http://www.csrwire.com/csrlive/commentary_detail/3143-CSRwire-Author-Spotlight-Wayne-Visser","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Trust Across America: Search\". trustacrossamerica.com. Retrieved 8 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://trustacrossamerica.com/offerings-thought-leaders-2013.shtml","url_text":"\"Trust Across America: Search\""}]},{"reference":"\"ABC Carbon » Blog Archive » Profile: 100 Global Sustain Ability Leaders\". abccarbon.com. Retrieved 8 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://abccarbon.com/profile-100-global-sustain-ability-leaders-2/","url_text":"\"ABC Carbon » Blog Archive » Profile: 100 Global Sustain Ability Leaders\""}]},{"reference":"\"ABC Carbon » 100 Global Sustain Ability Leaders\". abccarbon.com. Retrieved 8 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://abccarbon.com/100-global-sustain-ability-leaders/","url_text":"\"ABC Carbon » 100 Global Sustain Ability Leaders\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Top 100 Thought Leaders in Trustworthy Business Behavior\". trustacrossamerica.com. Retrieved 8 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://trustacrossamerica.com/offerings-thought-leaders-ue-mena.shtml","url_text":"\"The Top 100 Thought Leaders in Trustworthy Business Behavior\""}]},{"reference":"\"2012 Top 20 Sustainability Leaders | CSR International\". www.csrinternational.org. Archived from the original on 1 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121201081915/http://www.csrinternational.org/leaders/2012-top-20-sustainability-leaders/","url_text":"\"2012 Top 20 Sustainability Leaders | CSR International\""},{"url":"http://www.csrinternational.org/leaders/2012-top-20-sustainability-leaders/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\":: World CSR Day 2012 ::\". www.worldcsrday.com. Archived from the original on 10 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120510102448/http://worldcsrday.com/award_winners.html","url_text":"\":: World CSR Day 2012 ::\""},{"url":"http://www.worldcsrday.com/award_winners.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"EmeraldInsight\". www.emeraldinsight.com. Retrieved 8 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.emeraldinsight.com/authors/literati/oac_2011.htm","url_text":"\"EmeraldInsight\""}]},{"reference":"Wayne, Visser; Chad, Kymal (1 January 2015). \"Integrated Value Creation (IVC): Beyond Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Creating Shared Value (CSV)\". Journal of International Business Ethics. 8 (1).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-3826669531/integrated-value-creation-ivc-beyond-corporate","url_text":"\"Integrated Value Creation (IVC): Beyond Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Creating Shared Value (CSV)\""}]},{"reference":"Visser, Wayne (1 October 2010). \"The Age of Responsibility: CSR 2.0 and the New DNA of Business\". Journal of Business Systems, Governance and Ethics. 5 (3). Rochester, NY: 7. doi:10.15209/jbsge.v5i3.185. SSRN 1725159.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.15209%2Fjbsge.v5i3.185","url_text":"\"The Age of Responsibility: CSR 2.0 and the New DNA of Business\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.15209%2Fjbsge.v5i3.185","url_text":"10.15209/jbsge.v5i3.185"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)","url_text":"SSRN"},{"url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1725159","url_text":"1725159"}]},{"reference":"Visser, Wayne (1 January 2010). \"CSR 2.0: From the age of greed to the age of responsibility\". Reframing Corporate Social Responsibility: Lessons from the Global Financial Crisis. Critical Studies on Corporate Responsibility, Governance and Sustainability. Vol. 1. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. pp. 231–251. doi:10.1108/S2043-9059(2010)0000001016. ISBN 978-0-85724-455-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1108%2FS2043-9059%282010%290000001016","url_text":"10.1108/S2043-9059(2010)0000001016"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85724-455-0","url_text":"978-0-85724-455-0"}]},{"reference":"\"CSR 2.0: Reinventing Corporate Social Responsibility for the 21st Century | Management Innovation eXchange\". www.managementexchange.com. Retrieved 8 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.managementexchange.com/hack/csr-20-reinventing-corporate-social-responsibility-21st-century","url_text":"\"CSR 2.0: Reinventing Corporate Social Responsibility for the 21st Century | Management Innovation eXchange\""}]},{"reference":"\"Journal of Law and Governance\" (PDF). www.jbsge.vu.edu.au. Retrieved 8 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jbsge.vu.edu.au/issues/vol05no3/JBSGE-05-3.pdf","url_text":"\"Journal of Law and Governance\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Age of Responsibility: CSR 2.0 and the New DNA of Business\".","urls":[{"url":"http://eu.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0470688572.html","url_text":"\"The Age of Responsibility: CSR 2.0 and the New DNA of Business\""}]},{"reference":"Visser, Wayne (2014). CSR 2.0: Transforming Corporate Sustainability and Responsibility. SpringerBriefs in Business. SpringerBriefs in Business. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-40874-8. ISBN 978-3-642-40874-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-40874-8","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-642-40874-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-40874-8","url_text":"978-3-642-40874-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Wayne Visser | HuffPost\". www.huffingtonpost.com. Retrieved 8 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/author/waynevisser1-204","url_text":"\"Wayne Visser | HuffPost\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wayne Visser\". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/profile/wayne-visser","url_text":"\"Wayne Visser\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lessons From The Wild: Leadership\". Archived from the original on 22 July 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080722223920/http://www.trainingpoint.net/Program.aspx?id=387","url_text":"\"Lessons From The Wild: Leadership\""},{"url":"http://www.trainingpoint.net/Program.aspx?id=387","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"I am an African - South Africa - the Good News\". www.sagoodnews.co.za. Archived from the original on 18 November 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071118155626/http://www.sagoodnews.co.za/your_good_news/i_am_an_african_2.html","url_text":"\"I am an African - South Africa - the Good News\""},{"url":"http://www.sagoodnews.co.za/your_good_news/i_am_an_african_2.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Visser, Wayne (16 November 2011). I Am An African: Favourite Africa Poems (3rd ed.). 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The Little Book of Quotations on Social Responsibility (1st ed.). Kaleidoscope Futures. ASIN B06ZZR3GKK.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)","url_text":"ASIN"},{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B06ZZR3GKK","url_text":"B06ZZR3GKK"}]},{"reference":"\"Greenleaf Publishing - Routledge\". Routledge.com. Retrieved 8 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.greenleaf-publishing.com/default.asp?ContentID=224","url_text":"\"Greenleaf Publishing - Routledge\""}]},{"reference":"\"Your website is ready to use\". www.sustainablefrontiers.net. Retrieved 8 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sustainablefrontiers.net/","url_text":"\"Your website is ready to use\""}]},{"reference":"\"CSR International Research Compendium: Volume 1 - Governance | Wayne Visser\". www.waynevisser.com. Archived from the original on 10 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150610183453/http://www.waynevisser.com/books/csr-international-research-compendium","url_text":"\"CSR International Research Compendium: Volume 1 - Governance | Wayne Visser\""},{"url":"http://www.waynevisser.com/books/csr-international-research-compendium","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Disrupting the Future | Wayne Visser\". www.waynevisser.com. Archived from the original on 18 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140518173424/http://www.waynevisser.com/books/disrupting-the-future","url_text":"\"Disrupting the Future | Wayne Visser\""},{"url":"http://www.waynevisser.com/books/disrupting-the-future","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Visser, Wayne (2014). CSR 2.0. SpringerBriefs in Business. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-40874-8. ISBN 978-3-642-40873-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-40874-8","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-642-40874-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-40873-1","url_text":"978-3-642-40873-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Greenleaf Publishing - Routledge\". Routledge.com. Retrieved 8 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.greenleaf-publishing.com/productdetail.kmod?productid=3689","url_text":"\"Greenleaf Publishing - Routledge\""}]},{"reference":"Visser, Wayne (14 May 2012). Corporate Sustainability & Responsibility: An Introductory Text on CSR Theory & Practice – Past, Present & Future. Kaleidoscope Futures Ltd. ASIN B0083JR6N4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)","url_text":"ASIN"},{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0083JR6N4","url_text":"B0083JR6N4"}]},{"reference":"\"The Age of Responsibility: CSR 2.0 and the New DNA of Business\".","urls":[{"url":"http://eu.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0470688572.html","url_text":"\"The Age of Responsibility: CSR 2.0 and the New DNA of Business\""}]},{"reference":"\"Greenleaf Publishing - Routledge\". Routledge.com. Retrieved 8 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.greenleaf-publishing.com/productdetail.kmod?productid=3098","url_text":"\"Greenleaf Publishing - Routledge\""}]},{"reference":"\"Greenleaf Publishing - Routledge\". Routledge.com. Retrieved 8 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.greenleaf-publishing.com/productdetail.kmod?productid=2930","url_text":"\"Greenleaf Publishing - Routledge\""}]},{"reference":"\"Greenleaf Publishing - Routledge\". Routledge.com. Retrieved 8 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.greenleaf-publishing.com/productdetail.kmod?productid=2766","url_text":"\"Greenleaf Publishing - Routledge\""}]},{"reference":"Visser, Wayne (3 September 2008). Making a Difference. Saarbrücken, Germany: VDM Verlag Dr. Mueller e.K. ISBN 9783639071887.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783639071887","url_text":"9783639071887"}]},{"reference":"\"The a to Z of Corporate Social Responsibility, 2nd, Revised and Updated Edition\".","urls":[{"url":"http://eu.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0470686502.html","url_text":"\"The a to Z of Corporate Social Responsibility, 2nd, Revised and Updated Edition\""}]},{"reference":"\"Greenleaf Publishing - Routledge\". Routledge.com. 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Retrieved 8 January 2018 – via www.amazon.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B06Y2GG174","url_text":"Seize the Day: Favourite Inspirational Poems - Kindle edition by Wayne Visser. Literature & Fiction Kindle eBooks @ Amazon.com"}]},{"reference":"Amazon.com: Wishing Leaves: Favourite Nature Poems eBook: Wayne Visser: Kindle Store. Kaleidoscope Futures. 4 April 2017. Retrieved 8 January 2018 – via www.amazon.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B06Y2H1KMK","url_text":"Amazon.com: Wishing Leaves: Favourite Nature Poems eBook: Wayne Visser: Kindle Store"}]},{"reference":"\"Wayne Visser\". IMDb. Retrieved 8 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm6520909/","url_text":"\"Wayne Visser\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blog | Zacuto USA\". Zacuto USA. Retrieved 8 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.zacuto.com/filming-a-sinking-nation","url_text":"\"Blog | Zacuto USA\""}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_Donelan
|
Donelan (cartoonist)
|
["1 Personal life","2 Career","3 Contributions","4 Quotes","4.1 From the first Queers & Comics conference, on the panel for Pioneers of Queer Men's Comics","4.2 From Wicked Local article/interview with Emily Clark","4.3 From the Preface of Drawing on the Gay Experience","5 See also","6 References"]
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American cartoonist
DonelanCover of Drawing on the Gay Experience by Gerard P. DonelanBornGerard P. Donelan1949 (age 74–75)Jamaica Plain, Boston, Massachusetts, USANationalityAmericanArea(s)CartoonistPseudonym(s)DonelanNotable works"It's a Gay Life"
"Drawing on the Gay Experience"
"Donelan's Back"Spouse(s)Christopher McKenna (m. 2013)
Gerard P. Donelan (born 1949), known primarily as just Donelan (dɔnəlɛn), is an openly gay cartoonist. Part of the first wave of LGBT cartoonists, he drew "It's a Gay Life", a regular single-panel cartoon feature in The Advocate, for 15 years.
Personal life
Donelan was born in Jamaica Plain, a neighborhood in Boston, but grew up in Plymouth, Massachusetts, the son of advertising artist Paul Donelan. He graduated from Plymouth Carver Regional High School in 1967. He studied art at Southeastern Massachusetts Technological Institute but did not finish a degree, and went to work in retail.
He met and began dating Christopher McKenna in May 1979. The couple chose to wait to be married until same-sex marriage was legalized nationally in 2015. After spending most of their lives together living in San Francisco, the couple eventually moved back to Donelan's hometown of Plymouth, Massachusetts after his mother Teresa passed away in 2004.
Career
In 1977, disappointed that Joe Johnson's pioneering gay comic strips Miss Thing and Big Dick had ended their run in The Advocate, Donelan submitted 29 cartoons to the publication, which turned into a long-running series of his own. "It's a Gay Life" gently lampooned the gay "clone" culture of the time, also known as the Castro clone, focusing primarily on young and middle-aged gay men in their everyday lives. He continued to work in retail while producing the series, which also yielded two paperback reprints: Drawing on the Gay Experience (1987) and Donelan's Back (1988).
For eight years Donelan also created sexually explicit comics in color for Advocate Men, later retitled Men, which was an erotica sister publication of The Advocate. His work has appeared in Drummer, Frontiers, Gunner, Gay Comix (including one front cover), and Meatmen (including two front covers and several back covers).
Donelan's art was produced in seven countries, including South Korea, and in five languages, including Dutch and Korean. His work has appeared on t-shirts, rubber stamps, and in the National Baseball Hall of Fame in Cooperstown, New York. He has illustrated calendars and greeting cards as well.
Donelan created cartoons, pamphlets, and posters to educate the gay community about the importance of safe sex practices and the threat of AIDS. He did this work for the NAMES Project, which worked to honor victims of AIDS and AIDS-related diseases in an enormous patchwork quilt.
In May 2015, he was a featured panelist at the first Queers & Comics conference, as one of the "Pioneers of Queer Men's Comics".
Contributions
"Donelan" from Strip AIDS U.S.A.
"The Quilt" from Strip AIDS U.S.A.
cover of Gay Comix #7 (color credit to Robert Triptow)
"Night Moves" from Gay Comix #7
"The Discussion Group" from Gay Comix #7
"A Donelan Look at Women" from Gay Comix #10
"A Donelan Look at Men" from Gay Comix #10
"Blip..." from Gay Comix #25
untitled from No Straight Lines: Four Decades of Queer Comics
untitled from Meatmen #1
"Interrupted Transmission" from Meatmen #2
back cover from Meatmen #2
"It's a Gay Life" from The Advocate (active strip from 1977-1992)
Quotes
From the first Queers & Comics conference, on the panel for Pioneers of Queer Men's Comics
“I always try to talk to younger gay people, to tell them what happened before … I think it’s important that we all understand what everybody else did before us so that they can appreciate what they have now.”
From Wicked Local article/interview with Emily Clark
(speaking on the push for equality and acceptance) “We’re still not there, because not everybody agrees that you have a right to be who you are. We’re still the outliers – not part of the heterosexual community that everyone thinks is normal.”
From the Preface of Drawing on the Gay Experience
"I loved recognizing little bits of real life in the black and white blocks of the daily papers. Hasn't everyone at one time had the urge to cut out a cartoon because 'That's me!'? That's what I wanted to do with my cartoons for the gay community. I wanted to do what Joe Johnson's 'Miss Thing' in the early days of The ADVOCATE had done for me when I was first coming out. I wanted some fairy to see one of my cartoons, say, 'That's me!' and realize that there are others who do what 'I' do, feel as 'I' feel. I wanted to help show other gay people that 'we' have a validity, a sense of humor and a sense of community. Why cartoons connect me to real life, I don't know. But I hope my cartoons connect my readers to our gay life in a positive way."
See also
LGBT themes in comics
List of comics creators
List of American comics creators
References
^ a b c Drawing on the Gay Experience: Cartoons from The Advocate, by Gerard P. Donelan, "About the Cartoonist", 1987, Liberation Publications
^ "How to Pronounce Donelan - PronounceNames.com - YouTube". www.youtube.com. Retrieved 2019-11-25.
^ "Queers & Comics: The LGBTQ Cartoonists and Comics Conference | The Comics Journal". www.tcj.com. 18 May 2015. Retrieved 2017-01-22.
^ a b GBLTQ - arts - Comic Strips and Cartoons Archived April 14, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
^ a b c d e f g Clark, Emily. "Celebrating LGBT Pride Month with Plymouth gay artist Gerard Donelan". Wicked Local Wareham. Archived from the original on 2020-08-04. Retrieved 2019-11-25.
^ "Gay Ghetto Comics 1: Constructing a Dominant Gay Habitus « The Hooded Utilitarian". www.hoodedutilitarian.com. 14 November 2011. Retrieved 2017-01-22.
^ a b c d CLAGS: The Center for LGBTQ Studies (2016-09-08), Queers & Comics: Pioneers of Queer Men's Comics, archived from the original on 2021-12-20, retrieved 2017-01-22
^ "Drummer Magazine No 158 October 1992". Jack Fritscher. Retrieved 2024-01-13.
^ Gay Comix #7 at Grand Comics Database
^ a b www.zipcomic.com. "Read online Gay Comix (Gay Comics) comic - Issue #25". www.zipcomic.com. Retrieved 2019-11-27.
^ a b Theophano, Teresa.http://www.glbtqarchive.com/arts/comic_strips_cartoons_A.pdf(PDF). GLBTQ Archive. Retrieved May 5, 2016.
|
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He graduated from Plymouth Carver Regional High School in 1967.[5] He studied art at Southeastern Massachusetts Technological Institute but did not finish a degree, and went to work in retail.He met and began dating Christopher McKenna in May 1979. 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Queers & Comics conference, on the panel for Pioneers of Queer Men's Comics","text":"“I always try to talk to younger gay people, to tell them what happened before … I think it’s important that we all understand what everybody else did before us so that they can appreciate what they have now.”[7]","title":"Quotes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"}],"sub_title":"From Wicked Local article/interview with Emily Clark","text":"(speaking on the push for equality and acceptance) “We’re still not there, because not everybody agrees that you have a right to be who you are. We’re still the outliers – not part of the heterosexual community that everyone thinks is normal.”[5]","title":"Quotes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-drawing-1"}],"sub_title":"From the Preface of Drawing on the Gay Experience","text":"\"I loved recognizing little bits of real life in the black and white blocks of the daily papers. Hasn't everyone at one time had the urge to cut out a cartoon because 'That's me!'? That's what I wanted to do with my cartoons for the gay community. I wanted to do what Joe Johnson's 'Miss Thing' in the early days of The ADVOCATE had done for me when I was first coming out. I wanted some fairy to see one of my cartoons, say, 'That's me!' and realize that there are others who do what 'I' do, feel as 'I' feel. I wanted to help show other gay people that 'we' have a validity, a sense of humor and a sense of community. Why cartoons connect me to real life, I don't know. But I hope my cartoons connect my readers to our gay life in a positive way.\"[1]","title":"Quotes"}]
|
[]
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[{"title":"LGBT themes in comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_themes_in_comics"},{"title":"List of comics creators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_comics_creators"},{"title":"List of American comics creators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_comics_creators"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"How to Pronounce Donelan - PronounceNames.com - YouTube\". www.youtube.com. Retrieved 2019-11-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/embed/YYYIcZj6WgU?rel=0","url_text":"\"How to Pronounce Donelan - PronounceNames.com - YouTube\""}]},{"reference":"\"Queers & Comics: The LGBTQ Cartoonists and Comics Conference | The Comics Journal\". www.tcj.com. 18 May 2015. Retrieved 2017-01-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tcj.com/queers-and-comics-the-lgbtq-cartoonists-and-comics-conference/","url_text":"\"Queers & Comics: The LGBTQ Cartoonists and Comics Conference | The Comics Journal\""}]},{"reference":"Clark, Emily. \"Celebrating LGBT Pride Month with Plymouth gay artist Gerard Donelan\". Wicked Local Wareham. Archived from the original on 2020-08-04. Retrieved 2019-11-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200804080620/https://wareham.wickedlocal.com/news/20190629/celebrating-lgbt-pride-month-with-plymouth-gay-artist-gerard-donelan","url_text":"\"Celebrating LGBT Pride Month with Plymouth gay artist Gerard Donelan\""},{"url":"https://wareham.wickedlocal.com/news/20190629/celebrating-lgbt-pride-month-with-plymouth-gay-artist-gerard-donelan","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Gay Ghetto Comics 1: Constructing a Dominant Gay Habitus « The Hooded Utilitarian\". www.hoodedutilitarian.com. 14 November 2011. Retrieved 2017-01-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hoodedutilitarian.com/2011/11/gay-ghetto-comics-1-constructing-a-dominant-gay-habitus/","url_text":"\"Gay Ghetto Comics 1: Constructing a Dominant Gay Habitus « The Hooded Utilitarian\""}]},{"reference":"CLAGS: The Center for LGBTQ Studies (2016-09-08), Queers & Comics: Pioneers of Queer Men's Comics, archived from the original on 2021-12-20, retrieved 2017-01-22","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RThjuJvRR1Q","url_text":"Queers & Comics: Pioneers of Queer Men's Comics"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211220/RThjuJvRR1Q","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Drummer Magazine No 158 October 1992\". Jack Fritscher. Retrieved 2024-01-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://jackfritscher.com/Drummer/Contents/Contents-HTML/151-175/Drummer_158_Contents.html","url_text":"\"Drummer Magazine No 158 October 1992\""}]},{"reference":"www.zipcomic.com. \"Read online Gay Comix (Gay Comics) comic - Issue #25\". www.zipcomic.com. Retrieved 2019-11-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.zipcomic.com/gay-comix-gay-comics-issue-25","url_text":"\"Read online Gay Comix (Gay Comics) comic - Issue #25\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/embed/YYYIcZj6WgU?rel=0","external_links_name":"\"How to Pronounce Donelan - PronounceNames.com - YouTube\""},{"Link":"http://www.tcj.com/queers-and-comics-the-lgbtq-cartoonists-and-comics-conference/","external_links_name":"\"Queers & Comics: The LGBTQ Cartoonists and Comics Conference | The Comics Journal\""},{"Link":"http://www.glbtq.com/arts/comic_strips_cartoons,3.html","external_links_name":"GBLTQ - arts - Comic Strips and Cartoons"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090414144708/http://www.glbtq.com/arts/comic_strips_cartoons,3.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200804080620/https://wareham.wickedlocal.com/news/20190629/celebrating-lgbt-pride-month-with-plymouth-gay-artist-gerard-donelan","external_links_name":"\"Celebrating LGBT Pride Month with Plymouth gay artist Gerard Donelan\""},{"Link":"https://wareham.wickedlocal.com/news/20190629/celebrating-lgbt-pride-month-with-plymouth-gay-artist-gerard-donelan","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.hoodedutilitarian.com/2011/11/gay-ghetto-comics-1-constructing-a-dominant-gay-habitus/","external_links_name":"\"Gay Ghetto Comics 1: Constructing a Dominant Gay Habitus « The Hooded Utilitarian\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RThjuJvRR1Q","external_links_name":"Queers & Comics: Pioneers of Queer Men's Comics"},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211220/RThjuJvRR1Q","external_links_name":"archived"},{"Link":"https://jackfritscher.com/Drummer/Contents/Contents-HTML/151-175/Drummer_158_Contents.html","external_links_name":"\"Drummer Magazine No 158 October 1992\""},{"Link":"http://www.comics.org/issue/167520/","external_links_name":"Gay Comix #7 at Grand Comics Database"},{"Link":"https://www.zipcomic.com/gay-comix-gay-comics-issue-25","external_links_name":"\"Read online Gay Comix (Gay Comics) comic - Issue #25\""},{"Link":"http://www.glbtqarchive.com/arts/comic_strips_cartoons_A.pdf","external_links_name":"http://www.glbtqarchive.com/arts/comic_strips_cartoons_A.pdf"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_University_Library_of_Cluj-Napoca
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Central University Library of Cluj-Napoca
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["1 History","2 Notes","3 References","4 External links"]
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Coordinates: 46°46′01″N 23°35′06″E / 46.76694°N 23.58500°E / 46.76694; 23.58500Central University Library of Cluj-Napoca.
The Lucian Blaga Central University Library of Cluj-Napoca (Romanian: Biblioteca Centrală Universitară "Lucian Blaga" din Cluj-Napoca) serves Babeș-Bolyai University in Romania.
History
Bust of Lucian Blaga in front of the Library
The library was founded in 1872, at the same time as Franz Joseph University, which was eventually supplanted by Babeș-Bolyai University. Its initial stock, about 18,000 volumes, was made up by gathering the collections received from the Law Academy of Sibiu, the Medical School and Government Archives of Cluj, and those of Iosif Benigni's rich private collections. In 1873/74 the Transylvanian Museum was transferred to the Central University Library. Its library had been founded in 1859, as the Library of the Society of the Transylvanian Museum, on the basis of donations and grants from Metropolitan Bishops Andrei Șaguna and Alexandru Sterca-Șuluțiu and Count Imre Mikó. In 1860 the Library of the Transylvanian Museum was declared "public" and open for the use of citizens, but in 1873/74 it was transferred to the university, being moved to a location near the Central University Library. Although housed in the same building, these two large libraries grew independently of each other for about half a century.
After World War I, when Austria-Hungary broke up and Transylvania (including Cluj) joined Romania, a Romanian university was founded in 1920; it used the existing Central University Library (dedicated in the presence of the royal family and renamed the Library of King Ferdinand I University) and the Library of the Transylvanian Museum, still separate institutions. (They merged in 1948, following World War II.) The new university was endowed with legal deposit copies and was supported by permanent state grants. Many Romanian institutions (the Romanian Academy, the Education Department, the University of Bucharest) contributed to the rapid development of the Central University Library of Cluj; the Romanian Academy Library endowed it with Romanian publications. The first University Report, issued 10 October 1920, mentioned only the "solemn promises" of the Romanian Academy, but the Report of the 1921/22 school year reported a donation of about 30,000 volumes, most of them offered as gifts by the Romanian Academy Library. On 26 September 1923, another collection of some 4,000 volumes was transferred from the Romanian Academy.
The same specialisation process of both faculty sections and library branches took place within the University of Cluj (which finally became Babeș-Bolyai University in 1959 after a series of institutional changes) as with those at the University of Bucharest and the University of Iași. The collections of the library and its specialised network reached 580,000 volumes in 1938; after World War II it was second only to the two National Libraries, with over 2,000,000 volumes of books and periodicals, reaching 3,600,000 by 2002. Among the library's special collections (set up as a distinct department in 1923, after a collection from the Moldavian boyar Gheorghe Sion was received) are items handed down from the Transylvanian Museum collection, maps, engravings, postcards and rare books, including the incunabulum Codex Iustinianus, printed at Nuremberg in 1475, and the set of Gospels printed by Deacon Coresi at Brașov in 1561.
The library viewed from a side street
From its founding until 1909, the library functioned in the main university building. From 1906 to 1908, the current library building was erected following plans by architects Kálmán Giergl and Flóris Korb; books were then moved there in 1908–09. Extensions to the building were added until 1934, and an annex with a capacity of over 2,000,000 volumes was added in 1961. In 1996, the library began publishing Philobiblon, a biannual academic journal.
Notes
^ a b c Kent
^ a b c Official site
^ Alicu, Dorin (1995). Cluj-Napoca, de la începuturi până azi: ghid istoric și turistic (in Romanian). Cluj-Napoca: Clusium. p. 29. ISBN 973-555-090-3. OCLC 164758582.
^ Király, István (November 2011). "Philobiblon, o revistă puțin cunoscută în țară". Observator Cultural (in Romanian).
References
Kent, Allen; Lancour, Harold; Daily, Jay E. (1979). Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science. New York: Marcel Dekker/CRC Press. p. 96. ISBN 0-8247-2026-1. OCLC 923303020.
External links
Official website
46°46′01″N 23°35′06″E / 46.76694°N 23.58500°E / 46.76694; 23.58500
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
2
National
Catalonia
Germany
Italy
Israel
United States
Czech Republic
People
ISIL
RO-3
Other
IdRef
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kolozsv%C3%A1ri_Egyetemi_K%C3%B6nyvt%C3%A1r.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lucian Blaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucian_Blaga"},{"link_name":"Cluj-Napoca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluj-Napoca"},{"link_name":"Romanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_language"},{"link_name":"Babeș-Bolyai University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babe%C8%99-Bolyai_University"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"}],"text":"Central University Library of Cluj-Napoca.The Lucian Blaga Central University Library of Cluj-Napoca (Romanian: Biblioteca Centrală Universitară \"Lucian Blaga\" din Cluj-Napoca) serves Babeș-Bolyai University in Romania.","title":"Central University Library of Cluj-Napoca"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BCU_Cluj.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lucian Blaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucian_Blaga"},{"link_name":"Franz Joseph University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Joseph_University"},{"link_name":"Sibiu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibiu"},{"link_name":"Cluj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluj-Napoca"},{"link_name":"Transylvanian Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Transylvanian_History"},{"link_name":"Andrei Șaguna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei_%C8%98aguna"},{"link_name":"Alexandru Sterca-Șuluțiu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandru_Sterca-%C8%98ulu%C8%9Biu"},{"link_name":"Imre Mikó","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imre_Mik%C3%B3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kent-1"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Austria-Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary"},{"link_name":"Transylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transylvania"},{"link_name":"joined Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Transylvania_with_Romania"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Romanian Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Academy"},{"link_name":"University of Bucharest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bucharest"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kent-1"},{"link_name":"University of Bucharest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bucharest"},{"link_name":"University of Iași","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandru_Ioan_Cuza_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kent-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Official-2"},{"link_name":"boyar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyar"},{"link_name":"Gheorghe Sion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gheorghe_Sion"},{"link_name":"incunabulum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incunabulum"},{"link_name":"Nuremberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg"},{"link_name":"Coresi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coresi"},{"link_name":"Brașov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bra%C8%99ov"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Official-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Biblioteca_Central%C4%83_Universitar%C4%83_-_vedere_str._Clinicilor.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kálmán Giergl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1lm%C3%A1n_Giergl"},{"link_name":"Flóris Korb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fl%C3%B3ris_Korb"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Official-2"},{"link_name":"Philobiblon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philobiblon"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Bust of Lucian Blaga in front of the LibraryThe library was founded in 1872, at the same time as Franz Joseph University, which was eventually supplanted by Babeș-Bolyai University. Its initial stock, about 18,000 volumes, was made up by gathering the collections received from the Law Academy of Sibiu, the Medical School and Government Archives of Cluj, and those of Iosif Benigni's rich private collections. In 1873/74 the Transylvanian Museum was transferred to the Central University Library. Its library had been founded in 1859, as the Library of the Society of the Transylvanian Museum, on the basis of donations and grants from Metropolitan Bishops Andrei Șaguna and Alexandru Sterca-Șuluțiu and Count Imre Mikó. In 1860 the Library of the Transylvanian Museum was declared \"public\" and open for the use of citizens, but in 1873/74 it was transferred to the university, being moved to a location near the Central University Library. Although housed in the same building, these two large libraries grew independently of each other for about half a century.[1]After World War I, when Austria-Hungary broke up and Transylvania (including Cluj) joined Romania, a Romanian university was founded in 1920; it used the existing Central University Library (dedicated in the presence of the royal family and renamed the Library of King Ferdinand I University) and the Library of the Transylvanian Museum, still separate institutions. (They merged in 1948, following World War II.) The new university was endowed with legal deposit copies and was supported by permanent state grants. Many Romanian institutions (the Romanian Academy, the Education Department, the University of Bucharest) contributed to the rapid development of the Central University Library of Cluj; the Romanian Academy Library endowed it with Romanian publications. The first University Report, issued 10 October 1920, mentioned only the \"solemn promises\" of the Romanian Academy, but the Report of the 1921/22 school year reported a donation of about 30,000 volumes, most of them offered as gifts by the Romanian Academy Library. On 26 September 1923, another collection of some 4,000 volumes was transferred from the Romanian Academy.[1]The same specialisation process of both faculty sections and library branches took place within the University of Cluj (which finally became Babeș-Bolyai University in 1959 after a series of institutional changes) as with those at the University of Bucharest and the University of Iași. The collections of the library and its specialised network reached 580,000 volumes in 1938; after World War II it was second only to the two National Libraries, with over 2,000,000 volumes of books and periodicals,[1] reaching 3,600,000 by 2002.[2] Among the library's special collections (set up as a distinct department in 1923, after a collection from the Moldavian boyar Gheorghe Sion was received) are items handed down from the Transylvanian Museum collection, maps, engravings, postcards and rare books, including the incunabulum Codex Iustinianus, printed at Nuremberg in 1475, and the set of Gospels printed by Deacon Coresi at Brașov in 1561.[2]The library viewed from a side streetFrom its founding until 1909, the library functioned in the main university building. From 1906 to 1908, the current library building was erected following plans by architects Kálmán Giergl and Flóris Korb; books were then moved there in 1908–09.[3] Extensions to the building were added until 1934, and an annex with a capacity of over 2,000,000 volumes was added in 1961.[2] In 1996, the library began publishing Philobiblon, a biannual academic journal.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Kent_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Kent_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Kent_1-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Official_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Official_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Official_2-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Cluj-Napoca, de la începuturi până azi: ghid istoric și turistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bjc.ro/wiki/index.php/Cluj-Napoca_de_la_%C3%AEnceputuri_p%C3%A2n%C4%83_azi_:_ghid_istoric_%C5%9Fi_turistic/_Dorin_Alicu._%E2%80%93_Cluj-Napoca:_Clusium%2C_1995._%E2%80%93_64_p.:_il.%2C_h."},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"973-555-090-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/973-555-090-3"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"164758582","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/164758582"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Philobiblon, o revistă puțin cunoscută în țară\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.observatorcultural.ro/Philobiblon-o-revista-putin-cunoscuta-in-tara*articleID_26154-articles_details.html"},{"link_name":"Observator Cultural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observator_Cultural"}],"text":"^ a b c Kent\n\n^ a b c Official site\n\n^ Alicu, Dorin (1995). Cluj-Napoca, de la începuturi până azi: ghid istoric și turistic (in Romanian). Cluj-Napoca: Clusium. p. 29. ISBN 973-555-090-3. OCLC 164758582.\n\n^ Király, István (November 2011). \"Philobiblon, o revistă puțin cunoscută în țară\". Observator Cultural (in Romanian).","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"reference":"Alicu, Dorin (1995). Cluj-Napoca, de la începuturi până azi: ghid istoric și turistic (in Romanian). Cluj-Napoca: Clusium. p. 29. ISBN 973-555-090-3. OCLC 164758582.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bjc.ro/wiki/index.php/Cluj-Napoca_de_la_%C3%AEnceputuri_p%C3%A2n%C4%83_azi_:_ghid_istoric_%C5%9Fi_turistic/_Dorin_Alicu._%E2%80%93_Cluj-Napoca:_Clusium%2C_1995._%E2%80%93_64_p.:_il.%2C_h.","url_text":"Cluj-Napoca, de la începuturi până azi: ghid istoric și turistic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/973-555-090-3","url_text":"973-555-090-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/164758582","url_text":"164758582"}]},{"reference":"Király, István (November 2011). \"Philobiblon, o revistă puțin cunoscută în țară\". Observator Cultural (in Romanian).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.observatorcultural.ro/Philobiblon-o-revista-putin-cunoscuta-in-tara*articleID_26154-articles_details.html","url_text":"\"Philobiblon, o revistă puțin cunoscută în țară\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observator_Cultural","url_text":"Observator Cultural"}]},{"reference":"Kent, Allen; Lancour, Harold; Daily, Jay E. (1979). Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science. New York: Marcel Dekker/CRC Press. p. 96. ISBN 0-8247-2026-1. OCLC 923303020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Kent","url_text":"Kent, Allen"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AtqAvQEACAAJ","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Dekker","url_text":"Marcel Dekker"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRC_Press","url_text":"CRC Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8247-2026-1","url_text":"0-8247-2026-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/923303020","url_text":"923303020"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjaas%C3%BCrengiin_Oyuun
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Sanjaasürengiin Oyuun
|
["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Other positions","4 Family background","5 References","6 External links"]
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Mongolian politician
In this Mongolian name, the given name is Oyun. Sanjaasuren is a patronymic, not a family name.
Sanjaasuren OyuunСанжаасүрэнгийн ОюунOyuun in 2010Chairwoman of the Civil Will PartyIn office9 March 2000 – 12 March 2012Chairwoman of the Civil Will–Green PartyIncumbentAssumed office 12 March 2012
Personal detailsBorn (1964-01-18) 18 January 1964 (age 60)Ulan-Bator, Mongolian People's RepublicPolitical partyCivil Will–Green PartyProfessionPresident of the United Nations Environment Assembly, Geologist
Sanjaasuren Oyun (Mongolian: Санжаасүрэнгийн Оюун), also transcribed S. Oyun, is a Mongolian politician and geologist. She is the leader of the Civil Will Party, is the former Minister of Environment and Green Development, and has been a Member of Parliament of Mongolia (State Great Khural) since 1998. She is also a former Minister of Foreign Affairs and is the current head of the Zorig Foundation. Now she is new head of Global Water Partnership GWP. In 2003, Eisenhower Fellowships awarded Oyun a fellowship program in the United States. In 2006, Oyun was selected as a Young Global Leader (YGL) by the Davos World Economic Forum (WEF). She has been an active member of the YGL community since. On June 24, 2014, Oyun was elected the first president of the United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA).
Early life and education
Oyun was born in Ulan-Bator in 1964. In 1987 she finished her studies in geochemistry at the Charles University of Prague. In 1996 she earned a PhD in geology from the Department of Earth Sciences at University of Cambridge.
Career
Upon graduating, Oyun began working for a multinational mining company called Rio Tinto.
After the murder of her brother S. Zorig, a Mongolian pro-democracy leader, in October 1998, she entered politics. She won the by-elections in her brother's constituency in Dornod, the birthplace of their father Sanjaasuren. In March 2000, she founded the Civil Will Party (Mongolian: Иргэний Зориг Нам, Irgenii Zorig Nam). The Civil Will Party holds about ten percent of the public's support (as of the 2008 parliamentary elections). She also served as the Vice-Speaker of Parliament (between 2004 and 2005) and the Minister of Foreign Affairs (between 2007 and 2008).
She served as a Minister of Environment and Green Development of Mongolia. Since June 24, 2014, Oyun is working as the first president of the United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA)
Besides Mongolian, Oyun speaks fluently in Russian, English, and Czech.
Other positions
Zorig Foundation, Founder and Chair
Mongolian Geological Association, President
Down Syndrome Association of Mongolia, Chair
Wellcome Trust, Member of the Strategic Advisory Board on Our Planet, Our Health
Family background
Oyun's mother, Dorjpalam, is famous for her role as a doctor in a well-known Mongolian movie Serelt. Dorjpalam's father was the Russian geographer and scientist Simukov, who fell victim to Mongolia's political purges of the 1930s. Oyun is married with three children.
Oyun's father, Sanjaasuren, served as the dean of the Philosophy Faculty of the National University of Mongolia and as Deputy Minister of Education.
References
^ "Mongolia's Environment Minister Elected First President of United Nations Environment Assembly - UNEP". www.unep.org. Archived from the original on 2014-06-25.
^ Strategic Advisory Board on Our Planet, Our Health Wellcome Trust.
^ www.mongolei.de: Neues aus der Mongolei 16. März bis 3. Mai 2009 (in German)
^ "Zorig Foundation: Biography of S. Zorig". Archived from the original on 5 September 2009. Retrieved 5 May 2017.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sanjaasürengiin Oyuun.
www.mongolei.de: Interview (in German)
Infosystem Mongolei: Oyuun, Sanjaasürängiïn (in German)
Иргэний Зориг Нам: Намын удирдлага (in Mongolian)
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mongolian name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_name"},{"link_name":"given name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Given_name"},{"link_name":"patronymic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronymic"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"Mongolian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_language"},{"link_name":"Civil Will Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Will_Party"},{"link_name":"State Great Khural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Great_Khural"},{"link_name":"Zorig Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zorig_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Eisenhower Fellowships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisenhower_Fellowships"},{"link_name":"World Economic Forum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Economic_Forum"}],"text":"In this Mongolian name, the given name is Oyun. Sanjaasuren is a patronymic, not a family name.Sanjaasuren Oyun (Mongolian: Санжаасүрэнгийн Оюун), also transcribed S. Oyun, is a Mongolian politician and geologist. She is the leader of the Civil Will Party, is the former Minister of Environment and Green Development, and has been a Member of Parliament of Mongolia (State Great Khural) since 1998. She is also a former Minister of Foreign Affairs and is the current head of the Zorig Foundation. Now she is new head of Global Water Partnership GWP. In 2003, Eisenhower Fellowships awarded Oyun a fellowship program in the United States. In 2006, Oyun was selected as a Young Global Leader (YGL) by the Davos World Economic Forum (WEF). She has been an active member of the YGL community since. On June 24, 2014, Oyun was elected the first president of the United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA).","title":"Sanjaasürengiin Oyuun"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ulan-Bator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulan-Bator"},{"link_name":"geochemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geochemistry"},{"link_name":"Charles University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_University_in_Prague"},{"link_name":"Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague"},{"link_name":"Department of Earth Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge_Department_of_Earth_Sciences"},{"link_name":"University of Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge"}],"text":"Oyun was born in Ulan-Bator in 1964. In 1987 she finished her studies in geochemistry at the Charles University of Prague. In 1996 she earned a PhD in geology from the Department of Earth Sciences at University of Cambridge.","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rio Tinto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Tinto_Group"},{"link_name":"S. Zorig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjaas%C3%BCrengiin_Zorig"},{"link_name":"Dornod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dornod_Province"},{"link_name":"Civil Will Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Will_Party"},{"link_name":"Mongolian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Upon graduating, Oyun began working for a multinational mining company called Rio Tinto.After the murder of her brother S. Zorig, a Mongolian pro-democracy leader, in October 1998, she entered politics. She won the by-elections in her brother's constituency in Dornod, the birthplace of their father Sanjaasuren. In March 2000, she founded the Civil Will Party (Mongolian: Иргэний Зориг Нам, Irgenii Zorig Nam). The Civil Will Party holds about ten percent of the public's support (as of the 2008 parliamentary elections). She also served as the Vice-Speaker of Parliament (between 2004 and 2005) and the Minister of Foreign Affairs (between 2007 and 2008).She served as a Minister of Environment and Green Development of Mongolia. Since June 24, 2014, Oyun is working as the first president of the United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA)[1]Besides Mongolian, Oyun speaks fluently in Russian, English, and Czech.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zorig Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zorig_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Wellcome Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellcome_Trust"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Zorig Foundation, Founder and Chair\nMongolian Geological Association, President\nDown Syndrome Association of Mongolia, Chair\nWellcome Trust, Member of the Strategic Advisory Board on Our Planet, Our Health[2]","title":"Other positions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"purges of the 1930s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalinist_repressions_in_Mongolia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Oyun's mother, Dorjpalam, is famous for her role as a doctor in a well-known Mongolian movie Serelt. Dorjpalam's father was the Russian geographer and scientist Simukov, who fell victim to Mongolia's political purges of the 1930s. Oyun is married with three children.[3]Oyun's father, Sanjaasuren, served as the dean of the Philosophy Faculty of the National University of Mongolia and as Deputy Minister of Education.[4]","title":"Family background"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Mongolia's Environment Minister Elected First President of United Nations Environment Assembly - UNEP\". www.unep.org. Archived from the original on 2014-06-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140625232428/http://www.unep.org/newscentre/Default.aspx?DocumentID=2791&ArticleID=10908&l=en","url_text":"\"Mongolia's Environment Minister Elected First President of United Nations Environment Assembly - UNEP\""},{"url":"http://www.unep.org/newscentre/Default.aspx?DocumentID=2791&ArticleID=10908&l=en","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Zorig Foundation: Biography of S. Zorig\". Archived from the original on 5 September 2009. Retrieved 5 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090905234913/http://www.zorigfoundation.org.mn/Biography.htm","url_text":"\"Zorig Foundation: Biography of S. Zorig\""},{"url":"http://www.zorigfoundation.org.mn/Biography.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140625232428/http://www.unep.org/newscentre/Default.aspx?DocumentID=2791&ArticleID=10908&l=en","external_links_name":"\"Mongolia's Environment Minister Elected First President of United Nations Environment Assembly - UNEP\""},{"Link":"http://www.unep.org/newscentre/Default.aspx?DocumentID=2791&ArticleID=10908&l=en","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://wellcome.ac.uk/what-we-do/our-work/our-planet-our-health-strategic-advisory-committee","external_links_name":"Strategic Advisory Board on Our Planet, Our Health"},{"Link":"http://www.mongolei.de/news/2009mai1.htm","external_links_name":"www.mongolei.de: Neues aus der Mongolei 16. März bis 3. Mai 2009"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090905234913/http://www.zorigfoundation.org.mn/Biography.htm","external_links_name":"\"Zorig Foundation: Biography of S. Zorig\""},{"Link":"http://www.zorigfoundation.org.mn/Biography.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.mongolei.de/news/2008feb4.htm","external_links_name":"www.mongolei.de: Interview (in German)"},{"Link":"http://userpage.fu-berlin.de/~corff/im/WhoIsWho/WhoIsWho-20040703-16.html#ss16.14","external_links_name":"Infosystem Mongolei: Oyuun, Sanjaasürängiïn (in German)"},{"Link":"http://www.izn.mn/?page_id=30","external_links_name":"Иргэний Зориг Нам: Намын удирдлага (in Mongolian)"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Fork_of_Long_Island_AVA
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North Fork of Long Island AVA
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["1 References"]
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North Fork of Long Island AVAWine regionTypeAmerican Viticultural AreaYear established1986CountryUnited StatesPart ofLong Island AVA, New YorkClimate regionMaritime/Cool ClimateSoil conditionsHaven loam, Riverhead sandy loamTotal area1,014,400 acres (410,513 ha)Size of planted vineyards3,000 acres (1,200 ha)Grapes producedAlbarino, Cabernet Franc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay, Chardonnay Musque, Gamay Beaujolais, Gewurztraminer, Malbec, Merlot, Petit Verdot, Pinot blanc, Pinot Meunier, Pinot noir, Riesling, Sangiovese, Sauvignon blanc, Semillon, Syrah, ViognierNo. of wineries40
The North Fork of Long Island AVA is an American Viticultural Area located in eastern Suffolk County, New York. Authored by winemaker Richard Olsen-Harbich in 1985, it includes the entire North Fork of Long Island and the townships of Riverhead, Shelter Island, and Southold. The North Fork of Long Island is home to over 40 wineries and 3,000 acres (1,200 ha) of planted vineyards. The local climate is heavily influenced by the presence of Long Island Sound, Peconic Bay, and the Atlantic Ocean. The maritime influences of these bodies of water help to moderate temperature fluctuations and extend the growing season up to a month longer than other regions in New York. The most planted grape varieties in the region are Merlot, Chardonnay, and Cabernet Franc. The hardiness zones are 7a and 7b.
References
^ Code of Federal Regulations. "§ 9.113 North Fork of Long Island." Archived 2012-02-12 at the Wayback Machine Title 27: Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms; Part 9 — American Viticultural Areas; Subpart C — Approved American Viticultural Areas. Retrieved Feb. 7, 2008.
^ Wine Institute, The (2008). "American Viticultural Areas by State". Retrieved Feb. 7, 2008.
^ a b c d Appellation America (2007). "North Fork of Long Island (AVA): Appellation Description". Retrieved Feb. 17, 2013.
This wine region article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[]
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[{"Link":"http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr;sid=bff700d0bbb2a632948b70fe7e91d7d4;rgn=div5;view=text;node=27%3A1.0.1.1.7;idno=27;cc=ecfr#27:1.0.1.1.7.3.41.108","external_links_name":"Code of Federal Regulations. \"§ 9.113 North Fork of Long Island.\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120212192141/http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr%3Bsid%3Dbff700d0bbb2a632948b70fe7e91d7d4%3Brgn%3Ddiv5%3Bview%3Dtext%3Bnode%3D27%3A1.0.1.1.7%3Bidno%3D27%3Bcc%3Decfr","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.iwineinstitute.com/ava/avabystate.asp","external_links_name":"\"American Viticultural Areas by State\""},{"Link":"http://wine.appellationamerica.com/wine-region/North-Fork-of-Long-Island.html","external_links_name":"\"North Fork of Long Island (AVA): Appellation Description\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_Fork_of_Long_Island_AVA&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enid_Mary_Cotton
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Enid Mary Cotton
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["1 References"]
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Botanist and author
Enid Mary Cotton (née Jesson) (1 May 1889 Malvern, Victoria – 19 April 1956 Farnham Common) was an Australian-born English botanist who married Arthur Disbrowe Cotton in 1913/1915, raising a son and daughter.
She was the daughter of a mining engineer John Charles Jesson and Lilian née Dawson. On the family's return to England she worked at Kew and contributed text to Curtis's Botanical Magazine as well as Elinor Frances Vallentin's Illustrations of Flowering Plants of the Falkland Islands (1921).
References
^ "AIM25 text-only browsing: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: Cotton, Arthur Disbrowe (1879-1962)". aim25.com. Archived from the original on 2020-03-25. Retrieved 2020-03-25.
^ "biographies". www.maberly.name. Archived from the original on 2022-12-06. Retrieved 2020-03-25.
^ Desmond, Ray (1994-02-25). Dictionary Of British And Irish Botanists And Horticulturists Including plant collectors, flower painters and garden designers. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-85066-843-8. Archived from the original on 2024-05-31. Retrieved 2020-10-02.
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
Academics
International Plant Names Index
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"AIM25 text-only browsing: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: Cotton, Arthur Disbrowe (1879-1962)\". aim25.com. Archived from the original on 2020-03-25. Retrieved 2020-03-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://aim25.com/cats/132/17248.htm","url_text":"\"AIM25 text-only browsing: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: Cotton, Arthur Disbrowe (1879-1962)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200325152720/https://aim25.com/cats/132/17248.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"biographies\". www.maberly.name. Archived from the original on 2022-12-06. Retrieved 2020-03-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.maberly.name/Jessonbiographies.htm#emj","url_text":"\"biographies\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221206004631/http://www.maberly.name/Jessonbiographies.htm#emj","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Desmond, Ray (1994-02-25). Dictionary Of British And Irish Botanists And Horticulturists Including plant collectors, flower painters and garden designers. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-85066-843-8. Archived from the original on 2024-05-31. Retrieved 2020-10-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=thmPzIltAV8C","url_text":"Dictionary Of British And Irish Botanists And Horticulturists Including plant collectors, flower painters and garden designers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85066-843-8","url_text":"978-0-85066-843-8"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240531094705/https://books.google.com/books?id=thmPzIltAV8C","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka_Sangyo_University
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Osaka Sangyo University
|
["1 History","2 Organization","2.1 Faculties","2.2 Graduate schools","2.3 Research institutes","3 Venture business","4 Solar Car Project","5 External links","6 References"]
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Coordinates: 34°42′28.5″N 135°38′26.5″E / 34.707917°N 135.640694°E / 34.707917; 135.640694Osaka Sangyo University大阪産業大学TypePrivateEstablished1928PresidentYoshihiko Motoyama(本山美彦)Academic staff927 Students10, 238 Address3-1-1 Nakagaito, Daito City, Osaka, Japan, Osaka, JapanCampusUrbanWebsiteosaka-sandai.ac.jp
Osaka Sangyo University (大阪産業大学, Ōsaka sangyō daigaku) is a private university in Daitō, Osaka, Japan. It is abbreviated as "DaiSanDai" using the first characters of its name. It was established in 1923 as Osaka Railway School. The university has six faculties and four graduate schools. Its campuses are in the Nakagaito area of Daito City, Osaka close to the ancient Japanese capital of Nara. A satellite campus is in the Umeda district of Osaka. There are about 11,000 students; 10% of them are international students. It is one of the major universities in Japan with a higher number of international students.
In 2004, it was selected as one of the special universities under the Educational Support Program for Special Universities (特色ある大学教育支援プログラム) of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of the Japanese Government. The university's award-winning clean-energy solar car project frequently participated in domestic and international clean energy competitions. Yoshihiko Motoyama (本山美彦), former chairman of the Japan Society of International Economics, is its current president. Yoshikuni Dobashi, former president of Kubota Corporation, is the chairman of the board of directors.
History
1928 Established as Osaka Railway School
1950 Developed as Osaka Transportation College
1965 Developed as Osaka Industrial University
1988 English name was changed from Osaka Industrial University to Osaka Sangyo University
Organization
Faculties
School of Engineering
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Department of Information Systems Engineering
Department of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineering
Department of Mechanical Engineering for Transportation
Department of Civil Engineering
School of Economics
School of Human Environment
School of Management
School of Education
School of Design Engineering
Graduate schools
Graduate School of Engineering
Division of Production Systems Engineering
Department of Information Systems Engineering
Department of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineering
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Department of Mechanical Engineering for Transportation
Division of Environmental Design Engineering
Graduate School of Economics
Graduate School of Human Environment
Graduate School of Management
Research institutes
OSU Institute for Industrial Research
New Industrial Research and Development Center
Asian Community Research Center
Venture business
OSU Digital Media Factory
OSU Corporation
OSU Health Support Academy Inc.
Robust Engineering Corporation
Solar Car Project
Osaka Sangyo University started the OSU Solar Car Project as an industry-academia project-based learning program since 1989. The project is focused on the research and development of high efficiency solar cars. The project is funded by major Japanese corporations including Panasonic, Citizen Holdings etc. OSU solar car models have been presented in domestic and international clean energy competitions.
Year
Name of the Competition
Position
1995
FIA Dream Cup-Solar Car Race (Japan)
Second
1996
World Solar Challenge (Australia)
Eighth
1996
World Solar Car Rally (Japan)
Second
1996
World Solar Car Rally (Japan)
Second
1996
FIA Dream Cup-Solar Car Race (Japan)
Second
External links
Official website (in Japanese)
34°42′28.5″N 135°38′26.5″E / 34.707917°N 135.640694°E / 34.707917; 135.640694
References
^ http://www.osaka-sandai.ac.jp/uppdf/univ_information/0hhtBlTh2u-201209061619-p053.pdf
^ "Major Universities in Terms of Number of International Students". Retrieved 2013-02-21.
vteKansai Collegiate American Football LeagueDivision 1
Doshisha Wild Rover
Kansai Kaisers
Kendai Big Blue
Kobe Ravens
Konan Red Gang
Kwansei Gakuin Fighters
Kyoto Gangsters
Ritsumeikan Panthers
Division 2
Hyogo Trail Blazers
Kobe Gakuin Navy Seals
Kyoto Sangyo Saggitarius
Momoyama Gakuin Thundering Legion Lions
Osaka Tridents
Osaka Metropolitan Paladins
Ryukoku Seahorse
Wakayama Blind Sharks
Defunct
Osaka Prefecture Shrikes
Bowls
Koshien Bowl
Rice Bowl
Tokyo Bowl
Seasons
1941
1942
Did not play 1943-1945 because of World War II
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
See also
Legacy Bowl
X-League
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
United States
Japan
|
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It is abbreviated as \"DaiSanDai\" using the first characters of its name. It was established in 1923 as Osaka Railway School. The university has six faculties and four graduate schools. Its campuses are in the Nakagaito area of Daito City, Osaka close to the ancient Japanese capital of Nara. A satellite campus is in the Umeda district of Osaka. There are about 11,000 students; 10% of them are international students.[1] It is one of the major universities in Japan with a higher number of international students.[2] \nIn 2004, it was selected as one of the special universities under the Educational Support Program for Special Universities (特色ある大学教育支援プログラム) of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of the Japanese Government. The university's award-winning clean-energy solar car project frequently participated in domestic and international clean energy competitions. Yoshihiko Motoyama (本山美彦), former chairman of the Japan Society of International Economics, is its current president. Yoshikuni Dobashi, former president of Kubota Corporation, is the chairman of the board of directors.","title":"Osaka Sangyo University"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"1928 Established as Osaka Railway School\n1950 Developed as Osaka Transportation College\n1965 Developed as Osaka Industrial University\n1988 English name was changed from Osaka Industrial University to Osaka Sangyo University","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Faculties","text":"School of Engineering\nDepartment of Mechanical Engineering\nDepartment of Information Systems Engineering\nDepartment of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineering\nDepartment of Mechanical Engineering for Transportation\nDepartment of Civil Engineering\nSchool of Economics\nSchool of Human Environment\nSchool of Management\nSchool of Education\nSchool of Design Engineering","title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Graduate schools","text":"Graduate School of Engineering\nDivision of Production Systems Engineering\nDepartment of Information Systems Engineering\nDepartment of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineering\nDepartment of Mechanical Engineering\nDepartment of Mechanical Engineering for Transportation\nDivision of Environmental Design Engineering\nGraduate School of Economics\nGraduate School of Human Environment\nGraduate School of Management","title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Research institutes","text":"OSU Institute for Industrial Research\nNew Industrial Research and Development Center\nAsian Community Research Center","title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OSU Digital Media Factory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.osu-dmf.com/"},{"link_name":"OSU Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.osu-japan.net/"},{"link_name":"OSU Health Support Academy Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//osu-hsa.net/"},{"link_name":"Robust Engineering Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.robust-eng.com/robust-E/robust_top-E.html"}],"text":"OSU Digital Media Factory\nOSU Corporation\nOSU Health Support Academy Inc.\nRobust Engineering Corporation","title":"Venture business"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Panasonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panasonic"},{"link_name":"Citizen Holdings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_Holdings"}],"text":"Osaka Sangyo University started the OSU Solar Car Project as an industry-academia project-based learning program since 1989. The project is focused on the research and development of high efficiency solar cars. The project is funded by major Japanese corporations including Panasonic, Citizen Holdings etc. OSU solar car models have been presented in domestic and international clean energy competitions.","title":"Solar Car Project"}]
|
[]
| null |
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vsevolod_Shilovsky
|
Vsevolod Shilovsky
|
["1 Biography","2 Family","3 Selected filmography","4 References","5 External links"]
|
Soviet and Russian film and theater actor and film director
Vsevolod ShilovskyBornVsevolod Nikolaevich Shilovsky (1938-06-03) 3 June 1938 (age 86)Moscow, USSROccupation(s)actor, film directorYears active1961–presentWebsiteshilovski.kulichki.net
Vsevolod Nikolaevich Shilovsky (Russian: Все́волод Никола́евич Шило́вский; born 3 June 1938, Moscow ) is a Soviet and Russian film and theater actor, film director, People's Artist of the RSFSR (1986). He was awarded the Order of Friendship (1997) and the Order of Honor (20 January 2015)'.
Biography
Father Nikolay Shilovsky graduated from the Conservatory in composition and the Zhukovsky Air Force Engineering Academy, led the factory was the chief of station Northeast Passage Tiksi. Member of the Great Patriotic War.
During the Great Patriotic War Vsevolod with his mother were evacuated to Kazan, my mother worked in the aircraft engine plant. He graduated from the Moscow Art Theater School (course of Alexander Karev). In 1961–1987 years of combined active crew work to that of Moscow Art Theatre. Since 1987, focuses exclusively on the cinema, some films speaking also as a director. Is the head of the acting studio in Gerasimov Institute of Cinematography.
Family
His wife Natalia Kipriyanovna Tsekhanovskaya, harpist.
Son: Ilya Vsevolodovich Shilovsky (born 1970), a Russian director. Granddaughter: Aglaia Ilinichna Shilovskaya (1993), actress
Son: Pavel Vsevolodovich Shilovsky (born 1974), a film producer.
Selected filmography
1977 — Destiny (Russian: Судьба) as Hans
1977 — Investigation Held by ZnaToKi (Следствие ведут ЗнаТоКи) as Semyon Kholin
1981 — Waiting for Love (Любимая женщина механика Гаврилова) as Pasha
1982 — Golos (Голос) as Cameraman
1983 — Love by Request (Влюблён по собственному желанию) as Nikolai
1983 — Wartime Romance (Военно-полевой роман) as Grisha
1986 — The Life of Klim Samgin (Жизнь Клима Самгина) as Zaкhar Petrovich Berdnikov
1986 — Jaguar (Ягуар) as major
1986 — The Prisoner of Château d'If (Узник замка Иф) as Gaspard Caderousse
1986 — How to Become Happy (Как стать счастливым) as editor-in-chief
1988 — Bright Personality (Светлая личность) as Abel Dobroglasov
1989 — Intergirl (Интердевочка) as Nikolay Platonovich Zaytsev
1999 — Kamenskaya (Каменская) as Colonel Pavlov
2005 — Popsa (Попса) as Efim Ilyich
2007 — Life Unawares (Жизнь врасплох) as Sidor Kamilovich
2011 — Once Upon a Time There Lived a Simple Woman (Жила-была одна баба) as Holy Father Yeremey
2011 — The Life and Adventures of Mishka Yaponchik (Жизнь и приключения Мишки Япончика) as Lev Barsky
2015 — Song of Songs (Ukrainian: Пісня пісень) as Melamed
References
^ Биография Всеволода Шиловского
^ "Указ Президента Российской Федерации от 29 июля 1997 г. № 795". Archived from the original on 2013-04-23. Retrieved 2011-05-16.
^ Указ Президента Российской Федерации от 20 января 2015 года № 25 «О награждении государственными наградами Российской Федерации»
^ Энциклопедия ТВ. Отрывок из программы «Настроение» телеканала «ТВ Центр» с участием Аглаи и Всеволода Шиловских (ВИДЕО - эфир 6 декабря 2010 года). «Вокруг ТВ» // vokrug.tv
^ Всеволод Шиловский, жена
^ Энциклопедия ТВ. Актёры. Аглая Шиловская. Биография. «Вокруг ТВ» // vokrug.tv
External links
Vsevolod Shilovsky at IMDb
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vsevolod Shilovsky.
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
Latvia
|
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He was awarded the Order of Friendship (1997) [2] and the Order of Honor (20 January 2015)'.[3]","title":"Vsevolod Shilovsky"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zhukovsky Air Force Engineering Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhukovsky_Air_Force_Engineering_Academy"},{"link_name":"Northeast Passage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Passage"},{"link_name":"Tiksi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiksi"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Great Patriotic War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Patriotic_War"},{"link_name":"Kazan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan"},{"link_name":"Moscow Art Theater School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Art_Theater_School"},{"link_name":"Moscow Art Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Art_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Gerasimov Institute of Cinematography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerasimov_Institute_of_Cinematography"}],"text":"Father Nikolay Shilovsky graduated from the Conservatory in composition and the Zhukovsky Air Force Engineering Academy, led the factory was the chief of station Northeast Passage Tiksi.[4] Member of the Great Patriotic War.During the Great Patriotic War Vsevolod with his mother were evacuated to Kazan, my mother worked in the aircraft engine plant. He graduated from the Moscow Art Theater School (course of Alexander Karev). In 1961–1987 years of combined active crew work to that of Moscow Art Theatre. Since 1987, focuses exclusively on the cinema, some films speaking also as a director. Is the head of the acting studio in Gerasimov Institute of Cinematography.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"harpist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpist"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%D0%90%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_vokrug.tv-6"}],"text":"His wife Natalia Kipriyanovna Tsekhanovskaya, harpist.[5]\nSon: Ilya Vsevolodovich Shilovsky (born 1970), a Russian director. Granddaughter: Aglaia Ilinichna Shilovskaya (1993), actress [6]\nSon: Pavel Vsevolodovich Shilovsky (born 1974), a film producer.","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Destiny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destiny_(1977_film)"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Investigation Held by ZnaToKi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investigation_Held_by_ZnaToKi"},{"link_name":"Waiting for Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waiting_for_Love_(film)"},{"link_name":"Golos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golos_(film)"},{"link_name":"Love by Request","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_by_Request"},{"link_name":"Wartime Romance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wartime_Romance"},{"link_name":"The Life of Klim Samgin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Life_of_Klim_Samgin"},{"link_name":"Jaguar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaguar_(1986_film)"},{"link_name":"The Prisoner of Château d'If","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Prisoner_of_Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27If"},{"link_name":"How to Become Happy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_to_Become_Happy"},{"link_name":"Bright Personality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bright_Personality"},{"link_name":"Intergirl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergirl"},{"link_name":"Kamenskaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamenskaya_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Popsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popsa"},{"link_name":"Life Unawares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_Unawares"},{"link_name":"Once Upon a Time There Lived a Simple Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_There_Lived_a_Simple_Woman"},{"link_name":"The Life and Adventures of Mishka Yaponchik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Life_and_Adventures_of_Mishka_Yaponchik"},{"link_name":"Song of Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_of_Songs_(2015_film)"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_language"}],"text":"1977 — Destiny (Russian: Судьба) as Hans\n1977 — Investigation Held by ZnaToKi (Следствие ведут ЗнаТоКи) as Semyon Kholin\n1981 — Waiting for Love (Любимая женщина механика Гаврилова) as Pasha\n1982 — Golos (Голос) as Cameraman\n1983 — Love by Request (Влюблён по собственному желанию) as Nikolai\n1983 — Wartime Romance (Военно-полевой роман) as Grisha\n1986 — The Life of Klim Samgin (Жизнь Клима Самгина) as Zaкhar Petrovich Berdnikov\n1986 — Jaguar (Ягуар) as major\n1986 — The Prisoner of Château d'If (Узник замка Иф) as Gaspard Caderousse\n1986 — How to Become Happy (Как стать счастливым) as editor-in-chief\n1988 — Bright Personality (Светлая личность) as Abel Dobroglasov\n1989 — Intergirl (Интердевочка) as Nikolay Platonovich Zaytsev\n1999 — Kamenskaya (Каменская) as Colonel Pavlov\n2005 — Popsa (Попса) as Efim Ilyich\n2007 — Life Unawares (Жизнь врасплох) as Sidor Kamilovich\n2011 — Once Upon a Time There Lived a Simple Woman (Жила-была одна баба) as Holy Father Yeremey\n2011 — The Life and Adventures of Mishka Yaponchik (Жизнь и приключения Мишки Япончика) as Lev Barsky\n2015 — Song of Songs (Ukrainian: Пісня пісень) as Melamed","title":"Selected filmography"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Указ Президента Российской Федерации от 29 июля 1997 г. № 795\". Archived from the original on 2013-04-23. Retrieved 2011-05-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130423092305/http://graph.document.kremlin.ru/page.aspx?1;1145639","url_text":"\"Указ Президента Российской Федерации от 29 июля 1997 г. № 795\""},{"url":"http://graph.document.kremlin.ru/page.aspx?1;1145639","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanh_T%C3%B9ng_(commune)
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Thanh Tùng (commune)
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Coordinates: 8°52′N 105°10′E / 8.867°N 105.167°E / 8.867; 105.167Commune and village in Cà Mau Province, VietnamThanh Tùng (commune)Commune and villageCountry VietnamProvinceCà Mau ProvinceDistrictĐầm Dơi DistrictTime zoneUTC+07:00
Thanh Tùng (commune) is a commune (xã) and village in Đầm Dơi District, Cà Mau Province, in Vietnam.
vteCà Mau provinceCà Mau
Wards:
1
2
4
5
6
7
8
9
Tân Thành
Tân Xuyên
Communes:
An Xuyên
Định Bình
Hòa Tân
Hòa Thành
Lý Văn Lâm
Tắc Vân
Tân Thành
Cái Nước
Cái Nước
Trần Thới
Tân Hưng
Tân Hưng Đông
Hưng Mỹ
Phú Hưng
Lương Thế Trân
Hoà Mỹ
Đông Thới
Thạnh Phú
Đông Hưng
Đầm Dơi
Đầm Dơi
Thanh Tùng
Quách Phẩm
Quách Phẩm Bắc
Trần Phán
Tân Duyệt
Tạ An Khương
Tạ An Khương Đông
Tạ An Khương Nam
Tân Đức
Tân Tiến
Nguyễn Huân
Tân Thuận
Ngọc Chánh
Tân Trung
Tân Dân
Năm Căn
Năm Căn
Hàm Rồng
Đất Mới
Hàng Vịnh
Hiệp Tùng
Tam Giang
Tam Giang Đông
Lâm Hải
Ngọc Hiển
Rạch Gốc
Đất Mũi
Tam Giang Tây
Tân Ân
Tân Ân Tây
Viên An
Viên An Đông
Phú Tân
Cái Đôi Vàm
Phú Mỹ
Phú Tân
Phú Thuận
Rạch Chèo
Tân Hải
Việt Thắng
Tân Hưng Tây
Nguyễn Việt Khái
Thới Bình
Thới Bình
Biển Bạch
Biển Bạch Đông
Hồ Thị Kỷ
Tân Bằng
Tân Lộc
Tân Lộc Bắc
Tân Lộc Đông
Tân Phú
Thới Bình
Trí Lực
Trí Phải
Trần Văn Thời
Trần Văn Thời
Sông Đốc
Khánh Bình Tây Bắc
Khánh Bình Tây
Trần Hợi
Khánh Bình
Khánh Hưng
Khánh Bình Đông
Khánh Hải
Lợi An
Phong Lạc
Phong Điền
Khánh Lộc
U Minh
U Minh
Nguyễn Phích
Khánh Hội
Khánh Hòa
Khánh Tiến
Khánh Thuận
Khánh Lâm
Khánh An
8°52′N 105°10′E / 8.867°N 105.167°E / 8.867; 105.167
This article about a location in Cà Mau province, Vietnam is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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Phán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Ph%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Tân Duyệt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A2n_Duy%E1%BB%87t"},{"link_name":"Tạ An Khương","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BA%A1_An_Kh%C6%B0%C6%A1ng"},{"link_name":"Tạ An Khương Đông","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BA%A1_An_Kh%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_%C4%90%C3%B4ng"},{"link_name":"Tạ An Khương Nam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BA%A1_An_Kh%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_Nam"},{"link_name":"Tân Đức","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A2n_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c,_C%C3%A0_Mau"},{"link_name":"Tân Tiến","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A2n_Ti%E1%BA%BFn,_C%C3%A0_Mau"},{"link_name":"Nguyễn Huân","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Hu%C3%A2n"},{"link_name":"Tân Thuận","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A2n_Thu%E1%BA%ADn,_C%C3%A0_Mau"},{"link_name":"Ngọc Chánh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%E1%BB%8Dc_Ch%C3%A1nh"},{"link_name":"Tân Trung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A2n_Trung,_C%C3%A0_Mau"},{"link_name":"Tân Dân","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A2n_D%C3%A2n,_C%C3%A0_Mau"},{"link_name":"Năm Căn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%83m_C%C4%83n_District"},{"link_name":"Năm Căn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%83m_C%C4%83n"},{"link_name":"Hàm Rồng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A0m_R%E1%BB%93ng,_C%C3%A0_Mau"},{"link_name":"Đất Mới","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A5t_M%E1%BB%9Bi"},{"link_name":"Hàng Vịnh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A0ng_V%E1%BB%8Bnh"},{"link_name":"Hiệp Tùng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi%E1%BB%87p_T%C3%B9ng"},{"link_name":"Tam Giang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tam_Giang,_C%C3%A0_Mau"},{"link_name":"Tam Giang Đông","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tam_Giang_%C4%90%C3%B4ng"},{"link_name":"Lâm Hải","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A2m_H%E1%BA%A3i"},{"link_name":"Ngọc Hiển","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%E1%BB%8Dc_Hi%E1%BB%83n_District"},{"link_name":"Rạch Gốc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%E1%BA%A1ch_G%E1%BB%91c"},{"link_name":"Đất Mũi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A5t_M%C5%A9i"},{"link_name":"Tam Giang Tây","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tam_Giang_T%C3%A2y"},{"link_name":"Tân Ân","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A2n_%C3%82n,_C%C3%A0_Mau"},{"link_name":"Tân Ân Tây","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A2n_%C3%82n_T%C3%A2y"},{"link_name":"Viên An","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C3%AAn_An,_C%C3%A0_Mau"},{"link_name":"Viên An Đông","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C3%AAn_An_%C4%90%C3%B4ng"},{"link_name":"Phú Tân","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%BA_T%C3%A2n_District,_C%C3%A0_Mau_Province"},{"link_name":"Cái Đôi Vàm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1i_%C4%90%C3%B4i_V%C3%A0m"},{"link_name":"Phú Mỹ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%BA_M%E1%BB%B9,_C%C3%A0_Mau"},{"link_name":"Phú Tân","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%BA_T%C3%A2n_(commune_in_C%C3%A0_Mau_Province)"},{"link_name":"Phú Thuận","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%BA_Thu%E1%BA%ADn,_C%C3%A0_Mau"},{"link_name":"Rạch Chèo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=R%E1%BA%A1ch_Ch%C3%A8o&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tân Hải","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A2n_H%E1%BA%A3i,_C%C3%A0_Mau"},{"link_name":"Việt Thắng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Th%E1%BA%AFng"},{"link_name":"Tân Hưng Tây","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A2n_H%C6%B0ng_T%C3%A2y"},{"link_name":"Nguyễn Việt Khái","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Vi%E1%BB%87t_Kh%C3%A1i"},{"link_name":"Thới Bình","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%9Bi_B%C3%ACnh_District"},{"link_name":"Thới Bình","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%9Bi_B%C3%ACnh_(township)"},{"link_name":"Biển Bạch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%E1%BB%83n_B%E1%BA%A1ch"},{"link_name":"Biển Bạch Đông","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%E1%BB%83n_B%E1%BA%A1ch_%C4%90%C3%B4ng"},{"link_name":"Hồ Thị Kỷ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_Th%E1%BB%8B_K%E1%BB%B7"},{"link_name":"Tân Bằng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A2n_B%E1%BA%B1ng&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tân Lộc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A2n_L%E1%BB%99c,_C%C3%A0_Mau"},{"link_name":"Tân Lộc Bắc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A2n_L%E1%BB%99c_B%E1%BA%AFc&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tân Lộc Đông","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A2n_L%E1%BB%99c_%C4%90%C3%B4ng&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tân Phú","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A2n_Ph%C3%BA,_C%C3%A0_Mau&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Thới Bình","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Th%E1%BB%9Bi_B%C3%ACnh_(rural_commune)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trí Lực","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tr%C3%AD_L%E1%BB%B1c&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trí Phải","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%AD_Ph%E1%BA%A3i"},{"link_name":"Trần Văn Thời","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_V%C4%83n_Th%E1%BB%9Di_District"},{"link_name":"Trần Văn Thời","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_V%C4%83n_Th%E1%BB%9Di"},{"link_name":"Sông Đốc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B4ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%91c"},{"link_name":"Khánh Bình Tây Bắc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%A1nh_B%C3%ACnh_T%C3%A2y_B%E1%BA%AFc"},{"link_name":"Khánh Bình Tây","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%A1nh_B%C3%ACnh_T%C3%A2y"},{"link_name":"Trần Hợi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_H%E1%BB%A3i"},{"link_name":"Khánh Bình","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%A1nh_B%C3%ACnh,_C%C3%A0_Mau"},{"link_name":"Khánh Hưng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%A1nh_H%C6%B0ng,_C%C3%A0_Mau"},{"link_name":"Khánh Bình Đông","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%A1nh_B%C3%ACnh_%C4%90%C3%B4ng"},{"link_name":"Khánh Hải","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%A1nh_H%E1%BA%A3i,_C%C3%A0_Mau"},{"link_name":"Lợi An","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E1%BB%A3i_An"},{"link_name":"Phong Lạc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phong_L%E1%BA%A1c"},{"link_name":"Phong Điền","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phong_%C4%90i%E1%BB%81n,_C%C3%A0_Mau"},{"link_name":"Khánh Lộc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%A1nh_L%E1%BB%99c"},{"link_name":"U Minh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U_Minh_District"},{"link_name":"U Minh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U_Minh"},{"link_name":"Nguyễn Phích","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ph%C3%ADch"},{"link_name":"Khánh Hội","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%A1nh_H%E1%BB%99i,_C%C3%A0_Mau"},{"link_name":"Khánh Hòa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%A1nh_H%C3%B2a,_C%C3%A0_Mau"},{"link_name":"Khánh Tiến","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%A1nh_Ti%E1%BA%BFn"},{"link_name":"Khánh Thuận","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kh%C3%A1nh_Thu%E1%BA%ADn&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Khánh Lâm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%A1nh_L%C3%A2m"},{"link_name":"Khánh An","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%A1nh_An,_C%C3%A0_Mau"},{"link_name":"8°52′N 105°10′E / 8.867°N 105.167°E / 8.867; 105.167","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Thanh_T%C3%B9ng_(commune)¶ms=8_52_N_105_10_E_region:VN_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Location_of_Ca_Mau_within_Vietnam.png"},{"link_name":"Cà Mau province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A0_Mau_province"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thanh_T%C3%B9ng_(commune)&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:CaMau-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:CaMau-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CaMau-geo-stub"}],"text":"Commune and village in Cà Mau Province, VietnamThanh Tùng (commune) is a commune (xã) and village in Đầm Dơi District, Cà Mau Province, in Vietnam.vteCà Mau provinceCà Mau\n Wards:\n1\n2\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n9\nTân Thành\nTân Xuyên\nCommunes:\nAn Xuyên\nĐịnh Bình\nHòa Tân\nHòa Thành\nLý Văn Lâm\nTắc Vân\nTân Thành\nCái Nước\nCái Nước\nTrần Thới\nTân Hưng\nTân Hưng Đông\nHưng Mỹ\nPhú Hưng\nLương Thế Trân\nHoà Mỹ\nĐông Thới\nThạnh Phú\nĐông Hưng\nĐầm Dơi\nĐầm Dơi\nThanh Tùng\nQuách Phẩm\nQuách Phẩm Bắc\nTrần Phán\nTân Duyệt\nTạ An Khương\nTạ An Khương Đông\nTạ An Khương Nam\nTân Đức\nTân Tiến\nNguyễn Huân\nTân Thuận\nNgọc Chánh\nTân Trung\nTân Dân\nNăm Căn\nNăm Căn\nHàm Rồng\nĐất Mới\nHàng Vịnh\nHiệp Tùng\nTam Giang\nTam Giang Đông\nLâm Hải\nNgọc Hiển\nRạch Gốc\nĐất Mũi\nTam Giang Tây\nTân Ân\nTân Ân Tây\nViên An\nViên An Đông\nPhú Tân\nCái Đôi Vàm\nPhú Mỹ\nPhú Tân\nPhú Thuận\nRạch Chèo\nTân Hải\nViệt Thắng\nTân Hưng Tây\nNguyễn Việt Khái\nThới Bình\nThới Bình\nBiển Bạch\nBiển Bạch Đông\nHồ Thị Kỷ\nTân Bằng\nTân Lộc\nTân Lộc Bắc\nTân Lộc Đông\nTân Phú\nThới Bình\nTrí Lực\nTrí Phải\nTrần Văn Thời\nTrần Văn Thời\nSông Đốc\nKhánh Bình Tây Bắc\nKhánh Bình Tây\nTrần Hợi\nKhánh Bình\nKhánh Hưng\nKhánh Bình Đông\nKhánh Hải\nLợi An\nPhong Lạc\nPhong Điền\nKhánh Lộc\nU Minh\nU Minh\nNguyễn Phích\nKhánh Hội\nKhánh Hòa\nKhánh Tiến\nKhánh Thuận\nKhánh Lâm\nKhánh An8°52′N 105°10′E / 8.867°N 105.167°E / 8.867; 105.167This article about a location in Cà Mau province, Vietnam is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Thanh Tùng (commune)"}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Thanh_T%C3%B9ng_(commune)¶ms=8_52_N_105_10_E_region:VN_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"8°52′N 105°10′E / 8.867°N 105.167°E / 8.867; 105.167"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Thanh_T%C3%B9ng_(commune)¶ms=8_52_N_105_10_E_region:VN_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"8°52′N 105°10′E / 8.867°N 105.167°E / 8.867; 105.167"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thanh_T%C3%B9ng_(commune)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A208_motorway_(Netherlands)
|
List of motorways in the Netherlands
|
["1 Motorways [2]","2 Former motorways","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
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Motorways in the NetherlandsMotorways in the Netherlands highlighted in redSystem informationMaintained by RijkswaterstaatHighway namesSystem links
Roads in the Netherlands
Motorways
E-roads
Provincial
City routes
These are the Netherlands' motorways by their national number, listed with the most important towns at or near the roads. The numbers start with 'A' for 'autosnelweg' (motorway in Dutch). Some of these also carry one or more European E-road numbers on (sections of) their trajectory. Although E-roads in the Netherlands are virtually all motorways, the trajectories are frequently not the same.
Motorways
Number
Length (km)
Length (mi)
Southern or western terminus
Northern or eastern terminus
Formed
Removed
Notes
A 1
157.733
98.011
A10 in Amsterdam
A 30 at German border east of De Lutte
01933-01-011933
current
Amsterdam - Hilversum - Amersfoort - Apeldoorn - Deventer - Hengelo - Germany (Bad Bentheim)
A 2
217.098
134.898
A10 & S110 in Amsterdam
A25 at Belgian border south of Eijsden
01954-01-011954
current
Amsterdam - Utrecht - 's-Hertogenbosch - Eindhoven - Weert - Geleen - Maastricht - Belgium (Visé)
A 3
—
—
A10 in Amsterdam
A15 south of Dordrecht
01932-01-011932
01977-01-011977
Planned but never built; now A20 and N3
A 4
119
74
A10 in Amsterdam
A15 in Hoogvliet
01938-01-011938
current
Amsterdam - Schiphol - Hoofddorp - Leiden - The Hague - Delft - Schiedam - Vlaardingen - Hoogvliet
A 4
—
—
A29/A59 northeast of Heijningen
A12 at Belgian border southeast of Ossendrecht
01938-01-011938
current
Heijningen - Bergen op Zoom - Belgium (Antwerp)
A 5
18.830
11.700
A10 in Amsterdam
A4 east of Hoofddorp
01991-01-011991
current
Hoofddorp - Amsterdam
A 6
102.557
63.726
A1 south of Muiderberg
A7 southeast of Joure
01959-01-011959
current
from A1 - Almere - Lelystad - Emmeloord - Joure
A 7
240.969
149.731
S151 & S155 in Zaandam
A 280 at German border south of Nieuweschans
01933-01-011933
current
Zaanstad - Purmerend - Hoorn - (Afsluitdijk) - Sneek - Heerenveen - Drachten - Groningen - Hoogezand - Winschoten - Nieuweschans - Germany (Bunde)
A 8
9.966
6.193
A10 in Amsterdam
N8/N246 north of Westzaan
01961-01-011961
current
Amsterdam - Zaanstad
A 9
95.673
59.448
A1 & S114 in Diemen
N9/N242 south of Alkmaar
01957-01-011957
current
from A1 - Amsterdam Zuidoost - Amstelveen - Badhoevedorp - Haarlem - Beverwijk - Alkmaar
A 10
32.067
19.926
A8 in Amsterdam
A8 in Amsterdam
01961-01-011961
current
Amsterdam ring
A 12
136.818
85.015
N44 & S101 in The Hague
A 3 at German border east of Babberich
01936-01-011936
current
Germany (Oberhausen) - Zevenaar - Arnhem - Ede - Utrecht - Gouda - Zoetermeer - The Hague
A 13
16.755
10.411
A20 & S113 in Rotterdam
A4 in The Hague
01933-01-011933
current
The Hague - Rotterdam
A 14
—
—
A20 at Rotterdam Wilgenplas
Landscheidsweg near Leidschendam
—
—
Planned, but only the section between the A4 and N44 opened in 2003 as the N14
A 15
204.150
126.853
N15 south of Rozenburg
A325 & N325/S110 west of Het Hoog
01939-01-011939
current
Europoort - Rotterdam - Dordrecht - Gorinchem - Tiel - Nijmegen
A 16
58.098
36.100
A20 in Rotterdam
A1 in Hazeldonk
01936-01-011936
current
Extension to Amsterdam cancelled in 1973; planned to be extended to Rotterdam Airport
A 17
26.593
16.524
A16/A59 east of Moerdijk
A58 in Roosendaal
01962-01-011962
current
Moerdijk - Roosendaal
A 18
22
14
A12 northeast of Babberich
N18 northwest of Varsseveld
01969-01-011969
current
Portion of the A15
A 19
—
—
A4, Ypenburg junction
Bergen op Zoom
—
01976-01-011976
Renumbered to a portion of the A4
A 20
38.862
24.148
N213 & N220 in Maasdijk
A12 east of Gouda
01932-01-011932
current
Gouda - Rotterdam - Vlaardingen - Maassluis
A 22
8.348
5.187
A9 east of Velserbroek
A9 east of Beverwijk
01941-01-011941
current
Velsen - Beverwijk
A 24
5
3.1
A15 at Rozenburg
A20 at the Krabbeplas
02015-01-012015
current
Under construction
A 27
108.728
67.560
A58 northeast of Rijsbergen
A6 east of Almere
01950-01-011950
current
Breda - Gorinchem - Utrecht - Hilversum - Huizen - Almere
A 28
187.471
116.489
A27 east of Utrecht
N7 in Groningen
01938-01-011938
current
Utrecht - Amersfoort - Harderwijk - Zwolle - Meppel - Hoogeveen - Assen - Groningen
A 29
13.410
8.333
A15 & S103 in Barendrecht
A4 & A59 northeast of Heijningen
01965-01-011965
current
Rotterdam - Dinteloord
A 30
18.204
11.311
A12 east of Ede
A1 northwest of Barneveld
01970-01-01c. 1970
current
Barneveld - Ede
A 31
64.577
40.126
A7 southwest of Harlingen
A7 & N381 west of Drachten
01958-01-011958
current
Harlingen - Leeuwarden
A 32
65.936
40.971
A28 south of Meppel
N31 south of Leeuwarden
01828-01-011828
current
Meppel - Steenwijk - Heerenveen - Akkrum - Leeuwarden
A 35
35.659
22.157
N35 & N350 south of Wierden
N35 in Enschede
01949-01-011949
current
Enschede - Hengelo - Almelo - Wierden
A 37
42.092
26.155
A28 & N48 south of Hoogeveen
B402 at German border east of Zwartemeer
01962-01-011962
current
Hoogeveen - Emmen - Zwartemeer
A 38
2
1.2
A15/A16 in Ridderkerk
S105 in Ridderkerk
01979-01-011979
current
from A15 - A16 - Ridderkerk
A 44
27.850
17.305
N44 east of Wassenaar
A4 & N207 northwest of Leimuiden
01938-01-011938
current
Wassenaar - Leiden - Nieuw Vennep
A 50
159.591
99.165
A2 north of Eindhoven
A28 & N50 north of Hattemerbroek
01941-01-011941
current
Eindhoven - Oss - Wijchen - Arnhem - Apeldoorn - Zwolle
A 58
136.916
85.076
N288 in Vlissingen
A2 northeast of Eindhoven
01939-01-011939
current
Eindhoven - Tilburg - Breda - Roosendaal - Bergen op Zoom - Goes - Middelburg - Vlissingen
A 59
121.095
75.245
A4 & A29 northeast of Heijningen
A50 southeast of Oss
01948-01-011948
current
Willemstad - Moerdijk - Waalwijk - 's-Hertogenbosch - Oss
A 65
21.643
13.448
A58 & N269 southeast of Tilburg
N65 south of Berkel-Enschot
01955-01-011955
current
Tilburg - Berkel-Enschot
A 67
77.881
48.393
A21 at Belgian border southwest of Eersel
A 40 at German border east of Venlo
01956-01-011956
current
Belgium (Turnhout) - Eindhoven - Venlo - Germany (Duisburg)
A 73
105.713
65.687
A2 north of Echt
A50 & N322 west of Beuningen
01970-01-011970
current
from A50 - Nijmegen - Venlo -Roermond - A2 near Maastricht
A 74
1.893
1.176
A 61 at German border east of Heide
A73 east of Tegelen
02010-01-012010
current
Venlo - Germany (Kaldenkirchen)
A 76
27.008
16.782
A2 at Belgian border southwest of Stein
A 4 at German border east of Bocholtz
01937-01-011937
current
Belgium (Genk) - Stein - Geleen - Heerlen - Germany (Aachen)
A 77
10.135
6.298
A73 northeast of Rijkevoort
A57 east of Heijen
01975-01-011975
current
Boxmeer - Germany (Goch)
A 79
17.731
11.018
A2 northeast of Maastricht
A76 southwest of Heerlen
01970-01-011970
current
Maastricht - Heerlen
A 80
—
—
A16 near Zwaanshoek
A27 near Hilversum
—
—
Planned (would replace N201) but never built
A 200
11.866
7.373
N200/R106 east of Haarlem
N200 north of Zwanenburg
01962-01-011962
current
Zwanenburg-East - Haarlem-East (former A5)
A 205
1
0.62
A9 at Rottepolderplein interchange
N205 in Haarlem
—
—
Shortest highway in the Netherlands
A 208
1.522
0.946
N208 at Velserbroek interchange, Haarlem
A22 at IJmuiden interchange
—
—
A 256
3
1.9
A58 southwest of Goes
N256 & N664 west of Goes
01961-01-011961
current
from A5 - Goes
A 261
—
—
A58 at Tilburg-Noord interchange
N261 at Loon on Zand interchange
—
02014-01-012014
Downgraded to N261
A 270
3.3
2.1
N270 northwest of Eindhoven
N270 southeast of Nuenen
01974-01-01c. 1974
current
Eindhoven - Helmond
A 325
8
5.0
A15 & S110 west of Het Hoog
N225 & N325 in Arnhem
02010-01-012010
current
Former portion of A52
A 326
6
3.7
A50 west of Wijchen
S103 north of Wijchen
01995-01-01c. 1995
current
Former S109
A 348
10
6.2
A12 & N325 in Arnhem
N348 & N317 south of Dieren
—
—
Former A48
A 783
1.5
0.93
A73, Neerbosch junction
Outskirts of Nijmegen
—
—
Signed as A73; A783 is an internal designation
Former
Former motorways
The following routes lost their motorway-status:
A22: Utrecht (current Waterlinieweg)
A33: Assen (current N 33)
A68: Haelen - Roermond-West (current N 280)
A76: Heerlen - Bocholtz (current N 281)
A205: A9 - Haarlem-West (current N 205)
A261: Tilburg - Loon op Zand (current N 261)
See also
Transport in the Netherlands
List of controlled-access highway systems
Evolution of motorway construction in European nations
List of E-roads in the Netherlands
Roads portal
Netherlands portal
References
^ "Wat voor wegen zijn er in Nederland en wie is de wegbeheerder". De Rijksoverheid. Archived from the original on 15 March 2014. Retrieved 21 December 2014.
^ "RWS Centrale Informatievoorziening Actuele Wegenlijst, December 2014" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2015-06-30.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Motorways in the Netherlands.
Rijkswaterstaat
vteMotorways in the Netherlands
A1
A2/N2
A4
A5
A6
A7
A8
A9
A10
A12
A13
A15/A18
A16
A17
A20
A22
A27
A28
A29
A30
A31/N31
A32/N32
A35
A37
A38
A44/N44
A50
A58/N58
A59/N59
A65
A67
A73
A74
A76
A77
A79
A200
N208
A256
A261
A270
A325
A326
A348
vteMotorways in Europe Sovereign states
Albania
Armenia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Georgia
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
Italy
Kazakhstan
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Moldova
Montenegro
Netherlands
North Macedonia
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russia
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
Ukraine
United Kingdom
States with limitedrecognition
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Kosovo
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Transnistria
Dependencies andother entities
Åland
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Isle of Man
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Svalbard
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|
[]
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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Hong_Kong
|
List of birds of Hong Kong
|
["1 Ducks, geese, and waterfowl","2 Pheasants, grouse, and allies","3 Grebes","4 Pigeons and doves","5 Cuckoos","6 Nightjars","7 Swifts","8 Rails, gallinules, and coots","9 Cranes","10 Thick-knees","11 Stilts and avocets","12 Oystercatchers","13 Plovers and lapwings","14 Painted-snipes","15 Jacanas","16 Sandpipers and allies","17 Buttonquail","18 Pratincoles and coursers","19 Skuas and jaegers","20 Auks, murres and puffins","21 Gulls, terns, and skimmers","22 Tropicbirds","23 Loons","24 Shearwaters and petrels","25 Storks","26 Frigatebirds","27 Boobies and gannets","28 Cormorants and shags","29 Pelicans","30 Herons, egrets, and bitterns","31 Ibises and spoonbills","32 Osprey","33 Hawks, eagles, and kites","34 Barn-owls","35 Owls","36 Hoopoes","37 Kingfishers","38 Bee-eaters","39 Rollers","40 Asian barbets","41 Woodpeckers","42 Falcons and caracaras","43 Cockatoos","44 Old world parrots","45 Pittas","46 Honeyeaters","47 Cuckooshrikes","48 Vireos, shrike-babblers, and erpornis","49 Old World orioles","50 Woodswallows","51 Vangas, helmetshrikes, and allies","52 Drongos","53 Monarch flycatchers","54 Shrikes","55 Crows, jays, and magpies","56 Fairy flycatchers","57 Tits, chickadees and titmice","58 Penduline-tits","59 Larks","60 Cisticolas and allies","61 Reed warblers and allies","62 Grassbirds and allies","63 Cupwings","64 Swallows","65 Bulbuls","66 Leaf warblers","67 Bush warblers and allies","68 Long-tailed tits","69 Sylviid warblers, parrotbills, and allies","70 White-eyes, yuhinas, and allies","71 Tree-babblers, scimitar-babblers, and allies","72 Ground babblers and allies","73 Laughingthrushes and allies","74 Nuthatches","75 Starlings","76 Thrushes and allies","77 Old World flycatchers","78 Waxwings","79 Flowerpeckers","80 Sunbirds and spiderhunters","81 Leafbirds","82 Weavers and allies","83 Waxbills and allies","84 Old World sparrows","85 Wagtails and pipits","86 Finches, euphonias, and allies","87 Longspurs and snow buntings","88 Old World buntings","89 See also","90 References","91 External links"]
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This is a list of the bird species recorded in Hong Kong. The avifauna of Hong Kong include a total of 599 species, of which 12 have been introduced by humans.
This list's taxonomic treatment (designation and sequence of orders, families and species) and nomenclature (common and scientific names) follow the Hong Kong Bird List published by Hong Kong Bird Watching Society. Supplemental updates follow The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World, 2022 edition. The family accounts at the beginning of each heading reflect this taxonomy, as do the species counts found in each family account. Introduced and accidental species are included in the total counts for Hong Kong.
The following tags have been used to highlight several categories. The commonly occurring native species do not fall into any of these categories.
(A) Accidental - a species that rarely or accidentally occurs in Hong Kong
(I) Introduced - a species introduced to Hong Kong as a consequence, direct or indirect, of human actions
Ducks, geese, and waterfowl
Order: Anseriformes Family: Anatidae
Anatidae includes the ducks and most duck-like waterfowl, such as geese and swans. These birds are adapted to an aquatic existence with webbed feet, flattened bills, and feathers that are excellent at shedding water due to an oily coating.
Lesser whistling-duck, Dendrocygna javanica
Graylag goose, Anser anser (A)
Greater white-fronted goose, Anser albifrons (A)
Lesser white-fronted goose, Anser erythropus (A)
Taiga bean goose, Anser fabalis (A)
Tundra bean goose, Anser serrirostris (A)
Whooper swan, Cygnus cygnus (A)
Ruddy shelduck, Tadorna ferruginea
Common shelduck, Tadorna tadorna
Cotton pygmy-goose, Nettapus coromandelianus (A)
Mandarin duck, Aix galericulata (A)
Baikal teal, Sibirionetta formosa
Garganey, Spatula querquedula
Northern shoveler, Spatula clypeata
Gadwall, Mareca strepera
Falcated duck, Mareca falcata
Eurasian wigeon, Mareca penelope
American wigeon, Mareca americana (A)
Philippine duck, Anas luzonica (A)
Indian spot-billed duck, Anas poecilorhyncha (A)
Eastern spot-billed duck, Anas zonorhyncha
Mallard, Anas platyrhynchos
Northern pintail, Anas acuta
Green-winged teal, Anas crecca
Red-crested pochard, Netta rufina (A)
Common pochard, Aythya ferina
Ferruginous duck, Aythya nyroca (A)
Baer's pochard, Aythya baeri (A)
Tufted duck, Aythya fuligula
Greater scaup, Aythya marila
Velvet scoter, Melanitta fusca (A)
White-winged scoter, Melanitta deglandi (A)
Stejneger's scoter, Melanitta stejnegeri (A)
Black scoter, Melanitta americana (A)
Common goldeneye, Bucephala clangula (A)
Smew, Mergellus albellus (A)
Red-breasted merganser, Mergus serrator
Scaly-sided merganser, Mergus squamatus
Pheasants, grouse, and allies
Order: Galliformes Family: Phasianidae
The Phasianidae are a family of terrestrial birds. In general, they are plump (although they vary in size) and have broad, relatively short wings.
Chinese bamboo-partridge, Bambusicola thoracicus (A)
Chinese francolin, Francolinus pintadeanus
Blue-breasted quail, Synoicus chinensis
Japanese quail, Coturnix japonica
Grebes
Order: Podicipediformes Family: Podicipedidae
Grebes are small to medium-large freshwater diving birds. They have lobed toes and are excellent swimmers and divers. However, they have their feet placed far back on the body, making them quite ungainly on land.
Little grebe, Tachybaptus ruficollis
Horned grebe, Podiceps auritus (A)
Great crested grebe, Podiceps cristatus
Eared grebe, Podiceps nigricollis (A)
Pigeons and doves
Order: Columbiformes Family: Columbidae
Pigeons and doves are stout-bodied birds with short necks and short slender bills with a fleshy cere.
Rock pigeon, Columba livia (I)
Oriental turtle-dove, Streptopelia orientalis
Eurasian collared-dove, Streptopelia decaocto
Red collared-dove, Streptopelia tranquebarica
Spotted dove, Spilopelia chinensis
Barred cuckoo-dove, Macropygia unchall (A)
Asian emerald dove, Chalcophaps indica (I)
Orange-breasted green-pigeon, Treron bicinctus (A)
Thick-billed green-pigeon, Treron curvirostra (A)
Wedge-tailed green-pigeon, Treron sphenurus (A)
White-bellied green-pigeon, Treron sieboldii (A)
Whistling green-pigeon, Treron formosae (A)
Cuckoos
Immature Asian koel
Order: Cuculiformes Family: Cuculidae
The family Cuculidae includes cuckoos, roadrunners and anis. These birds are of variable size with slender bodies, long tails and strong legs. The Old World cuckoos are brood parasites.
Greater coucal, Centropus sinensis
Lesser coucal, Centropus bengalensis
Chestnut-winged cuckoo, Clamator coromandus
Asian koel, Eudynamys scolopacea
Plaintive cuckoo, Cacomantis merulinus
Square-tailed drongo-cuckoo, Surniculus lugubris (A)
Large hawk-cuckoo, Hierococcyx sparverioides
Northern hawk-cuckoo, Hierococcyx hyperythrus (A)
Hodgson's hawk-cuckoo, Hierococcyx nisicolor
Malaysian hawk-cuckoo, Hierococcyx fugax (A)
Lesser cuckoo, Cuculus poliocephalus
Indian cuckoo, Cuculus micropterus
Common cuckoo, Cuculus canorus (A)
Oriental cuckoo, Cuculus optatus
Nightjars
Order: Caprimulgiformes Family: Caprimulgidae
Nightjars are medium-sized nocturnal birds that usually nest on the ground. They have long wings, short legs and very short bills. Most have small feet, of little use for walking, and long pointed wings. Their soft plumage is camouflaged to resemble bark or leaves.
Gray nightjar, Caprimulgus jotaka (A)
Savanna nightjar, Caprimulgus affinis
Swifts
Order: Apodiformes Family: Apodidae
Swifts are small birds which spend the majority of their lives flying. These birds have very short legs and never settle voluntarily on the ground, perching instead only on vertical surfaces. Many swifts have long swept-back wings which resemble a crescent or boomerang.
White-throated needletail, Hirundapus caudacutus
Silver-backed needletail, Hirundapus cochinchinensis
Brown-backed needletail, Hirundapus giganteus (A)
Himalayan swiftlet, Aerodramus brevirostris
Common swift, Apus apus (A)
Pacific swift, Apus pacificus
House swift, Apus nipalensis
Rails, gallinules, and coots
White-breasted waterhen
Order: Gruiformes Family: Rallidae
Rallidae is a large family of small to medium-sized birds which includes the rails, crakes, coots and gallinules. Typically they inhabit dense vegetation in damp environments near lakes, swamps or rivers. In general they are shy and secretive birds, making them difficult to observe. Most species have strong legs and long toes which are well adapted to soft uneven surfaces. They tend to have short, rounded wings and to be weak fliers.
Water rail, Rallus aquaticus (A)
Brown-cheeked rail, Rallus indicus
Slaty-breasted rail, Lewinia striata
Eurasian moorhen, Gallinula chloropus
Eurasian coot, Fulica atra
Gray-headed swamphen, Porphyrio poliocephalus (A)
White-browed crake, Poliolimnas cinereus (A)
Watercock, Gallicrex cinerea
White-breasted waterhen, Amaurornis phoenicurus
Slaty-legged crake, Rallina eurizonoides (A)
Ruddy-breasted crake, Zapornia fusca
Band-bellied crake, Zapornia paykullii (A)
Brown crake, Zapornia akool (A)
Baillon's crake, Zapornia pusilla
Cranes
Order: Gruiformes Family: Gruidae
Cranes are large, long-legged and long-necked birds. Unlike the similar-looking but unrelated herons, cranes fly with necks outstretched, not pulled back. Most have elaborate and noisy courting displays or "dances".
Siberian crane, Leucogeranus leucogeranus (A)
Common crane, Grus grus (A)
Thick-knees
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Burhinidae
The thick-knees, also known as dikkops or stone-curlews, consist of species within the family Burhinidae, and are found throughout the tropical and temperate parts of the world.
Great thick-knee, Esacus recurvirostris (A)
Stilts and avocets
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Recurvirostridae
Recurvirostridae is a family of large wading birds, which includes the avocets and stilts. The avocets have long legs and long up-curved bills. The stilts have extremely long legs and long, thin, straight bills.
Black-winged stilt, Himantopus himantopus
Pied avocet, Recurvirostra avosetta
Oystercatchers
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Haematopodidae
The oystercatchers are a group of waders; they form the family Haematopodidae, which has a single genus, Haematopus.
Eurasian oystercatcher, Haematopus ostralegus (A)
Plovers and lapwings
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Charadriidae
The family Charadriidae includes the plovers, dotterels and lapwings. They are small to medium-sized birds with compact bodies, short, thick necks and long, usually pointed, wings. They are found in open country worldwide, mostly in habitats near water.
Black-bellied plover, Pluvialis squatarola
European golden-plover, Pluvialis apricaria (A)
American golden-plover, Pluvialis dominica (A)
Pacific golden-plover, Pluvialis fulva
Northern lapwing, Vanellus vanellus
Gray-headed lapwing, Vanellus cinereus
Lesser sand-plover, Charadrius mongolus
Greater sand-plover, Charadrius leschenaultii
Kentish plover, Charadrius alexandrinus
White-faced plover, Charadrius dealbatus (A)
Snowy plover, Charadrius nivosus
Common ringed plover, Charadrius hiaticula (A)
Long-billed plover, Charadrius placidus (A)
Little ringed plover, Charadrius dubius
Oriental plover, Charadrius veredus
Painted-snipes
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Rostratulidae
Painted-snipes are short-legged, long-billed birds similar in shape to the true snipes, but more brightly coloured.
Greater painted-snipe, Rostratula benghalensis
Jacanas
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Jacanidae
The jacanas are a group of tropical waders in the family Jacanidae. They are found throughout the tropics. They are identifiable by their huge feet and claws which enable them to walk on floating vegetation in the shallow lakes that are their preferred habitat.
Pheasant-tailed jacana, Hydrophasianus chirurgus
Sandpipers and allies
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Scolopacidae
Scolopacidae is a large diverse family of small to medium-sized shorebirds including the sandpipers, curlews, godwits, shanks, tattlers, woodcocks, snipes, dowitchers and phalaropes. The majority of these species eat small invertebrates picked out of the mud or soil. Variation in length of legs and bills enables multiple species to feed in the same habitat, particularly on the coast, without direct competition for food.
Whimbrel, Numenius phaeopus
Little curlew, Numenius minutus
Far Eastern curlew, Numenius madagascariensis
Eurasian curlew, Numenius arquata
Bar-tailed godwit, Limosa lapponica
Black-tailed godwit, Limosa limosa
Ruddy turnstone, Arenaria interpres
Great knot, Calidris tenuirostris
Red knot, Calidris canutus
Ruff, Calidris pugnax
Broad-billed sandpiper, Calidris falcinellus
Sharp-tailed sandpiper, Calidris acuminata
Curlew sandpiper, Calidris ferruginea
Temminck's stint, Calidris temminckii
Long-toed stint, Calidris subminuta
Spoon-billed sandpiper, Calidris pygmeus
Red-necked stint, Calidris ruficollis
Sanderling, Calidris alba
Dunlin, Calidris alpina
Little stint, Calidris minuta
Buff-breasted sandpiper, Calidris subruficollis (A)
Pectoral sandpiper, Calidris melanotos (A)
Asian dowitcher, Limnodromus semipalmatus
Long-billed dowitcher, Limnodromus scolopaceus
Eurasian woodcock, Scolopax rusticola
Latham's snipe, Gallinago hardwickii (A)
Common snipe, Gallinago gallinago
Pin-tailed snipe, Gallinago stenura
Swinhoe's snipe, Gallinago megala
Terek sandpiper, Xenus cinereus
Red-necked phalarope, Phalaropus lobatus
Red phalarope, Phalaropus fulicarius (A)
Common sandpiper, Actitis hypoleucos
Green sandpiper, Tringa ochropus
Gray-tailed tattler, Tringa brevipes
Spotted redshank, Tringa erythropus
Common greenshank, Tringa nebularia
Nordmann's greenshank, Tringa guttifer
Lesser yellowlegs, Tringa flavipes (A)
Marsh sandpiper, Tringa stagnatilis
Wood sandpiper, Tringa glareola
Common redshank, Tringa totanus
Buttonquail
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Turnicidae
The buttonquail are small, drab, running birds which resemble the true quails. The female is the brighter of the sexes and initiates courtship. The male incubates the eggs and tends the young.
Small buttonquail, Turnix sylvaticus
Yellow-legged buttonquail, Turnix tanki
Barred buttonquail, Turnix suscitator (A)
Pratincoles and coursers
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Glareolidae
Glareolidae is a family of wading birds comprising the pratincoles, which have short legs, long pointed wings and long forked tails, and the coursers, which have long legs, short wings and long, pointed bills which curve downwards.
Oriental pratincole, Glareola maldivarum
Skuas and jaegers
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Stercorariidae
The family Stercorariidae are, in general, medium to large birds, typically with grey or brown plumage, often with white markings on the wings. They nest on the ground in temperate and arctic regions and are long-distance migrants.
Pomarine jaeger, Stercorarius pomarinus
Parasitic jaeger, Stercorarius parasiticus
Long-tailed jaeger, Stercorarius longicaudus
Auks, murres and puffins
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Alcidae
Alcids are superficially similar to penguins due to their black-and-white colours, their upright posture and some of their habits, however they are not related to the penguins and differ in being able to fly. Auks live on the open sea, only deliberately coming ashore to nest.
Ancient murrelet, Synthliboramphus antiquus
Japanese murrelet, Synthliboramphus wumizusume (A)
Gulls, terns, and skimmers
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Laridae
Laridae is a family of medium to large seabirds, the gulls, terns, and skimmers. Gulls are typically grey or white, often with black markings on the head or wings. They have stout, longish bills and webbed feet. Terns are a group of generally medium to large seabirds typically with grey or white plumage, often with black markings on the head. Most terns hunt fish by diving but some pick insects off the surface of fresh water. Terns are generally long-lived birds, with several species known to live in excess of 30 years.
Black-legged kittiwake, Rissa tridactyla
Saunders's gull, Saundersilarus saundersi
Slender-billed gull, Chroicocephalus genei (A)
Black-headed gull, Chroicocephalus ridibundus
Brown-headed gull, Chroicocephalus brunnicephalus
Little gull, Hydrocoloeus minutus (A)
Franklin's gull, Leucophaeus pipixcan (A)
Relict gull, Ichthyaetus relictus (A)
Pallas's gull, Ichthyaetus ichthyaetus
Black-tailed gull, Larus crassirostris
Common gull, Larus canus (A)
Short-billed gull, Larus brachyrhynchus (A)
Ring-billed gull, Larus delawarensis (A)
Herring gull, Larus argentatus
Caspian gull, Larus cachinnans
Iceland gull, Larus glaucoides (A)
Lesser black-backed gull, Larus fuscus
Slaty-backed gull, Larus schistisagus
Glaucous-winged gull, Larus glaucescens (A)
Glaucous gull, Larus hyperboreus (A)
Brown noddy, Anous stolidus (A)
Black noddy, Anous minutus (A)
Sooty tern, Onychoprion fuscatus (A)
Bridled tern, Onychoprion anaethetus
Aleutian tern, Onychoprion aleuticus
Little tern, Sternula albifrons
Gull-billed tern, Gelochelidon nilotica
Caspian tern, Hydroprogne caspia
White-winged tern, Chlidonias leucopterus
Whiskered tern, Chlidonias hybrida
Roseate tern, Sterna dougallii
Black-naped tern, Sterna sumatrana
Common tern, Sterna hirundo
Great crested tern, Thalasseus bergii
Tropicbirds
Order: Phaethontiformes Family: Phaethontidae
Tropicbirds are a family, Phaethontidae, of tropical pelagic seabirds now classified in their own order Phaethontiformes. Their relationship to other living birds is unclear, and they appear to have no close relatives. They have predominantly white plumage with elongated tail feathers and small feeble legs and feet.
White-tailed tropicbird, Phaethon lepturus (A)
Loons
Order: Gaviiformes Family: Gaviidae
Loons, known as divers in Europe, are a group of aquatic birds found in many parts of North America and northern Europe. They are the size of a large duck or small goose, which they somewhat resemble when swimming, but to which they are completely unrelated.
Red-throated loon, Gavia stellata (A)
Pacific loon, Gavia pacifica (A)
Yellow-billed loon, Gavia adamsii (A)
Shearwaters and petrels
Order: Procellariiformes Family: Procellariidae
The procellariids are the main group of medium-sized "true petrels", characterised by united nostrils with medium septum and a long outer functional primary.
Bulwer's petrel, Bulweria bulwerii (A)
Streaked shearwater, Calonectris leucomelas
Flesh-footed shearwater, Ardenna carneipes (A)
Wedge-tailed shearwater, Ardenna pacificus (A)
Short-tailed shearwater, Ardenna tenuirostris
Storks
Order: Ciconiiformes Family: Ciconiidae
Storks are large, long-legged, long-necked, wading birds with long, stout bills. Storks are mute, but bill-clattering is an important mode of communication at the nest. Their nests can be large and may be reused for many years. Many species are migratory.
Black stork, Ciconia nigra
Oriental stork, Ciconia boyciana
Frigatebirds
Order: Suiformes Family: Fregatidae
Frigatebirds are large seabirds usually found over tropical oceans. They are large, black-and-white or completely black, with long wings and deeply forked tails. The males have coloured inflatable throat pouches. They do not swim or walk and cannot take off from a flat surface. Having the largest wingspan-to-body-weight ratio of any bird, they are essentially aerial, able to stay aloft for more than a week.
Lesser frigatebird, Fregata ariel
Christmas Island frigatebird, Fregata andrewsi (A)
Great frigatebird, Fregata minor (A)
Boobies and gannets
Order: Suliformes Family: Sulidae
The sulids comprise the gannets and boobies. Both groups are medium to large coastal seabirds that plunge-dive for fish.
Masked booby, Sula dactylatra (A)
Brown booby, Sula leucogaster (A)
Red-footed booby, Sula sula (A)
Cormorants and shags
Order: Suliformes Family: Phalacrocoracidae
Phalacrocoracidae is a family of medium to large coastal, fish-eating seabirds that includes cormorants and shags. Plumage colouration varies, with the majority having mainly dark plumage, some species being black-and-white and a few being colourful.
Great cormorant, Phalacrocorax carbo
Japanese cormorant, Phalacrocorax capillatus (A)
Pelicans
Order: Pelecaniformes Family: Pelecanidae
Pelicans are large water birds with a distinctive pouch under their beak. As with other members of the order Pelecaniformes, they have webbed feet with four toes.
Dalmatian pelican, Pelecanus crispus (A)
Herons, egrets, and bitterns
Grey heron
Order: Pelecaniformes Family: Ardeidae
The family Ardeidae contains the bitterns, herons and egrets. Herons and egrets are medium to large wading birds with long necks and legs. Bitterns tend to be shorter necked and more wary. Members of Ardeidae fly with their necks retracted, unlike other long-necked birds such as storks, ibises and spoonbills.
Great bittern, Botaurus stellaris
Yellow bittern, Ixobrychus sinensis
Schrenck's bittern, Ixobrychus eurhythmus
Cinnamon bittern, Ixobrychus cinnamomeus
Black bittern, Ixobrychus flavicollis
Gray heron, Ardea cinerea
Purple heron, Ardea purpurea
Great egret, Ardea alba
Intermediate egret, Ardea intermedia
Chinese egret, Egretta eulophotes
Little egret, Egretta garzetta
Pacific reef-heron, Egretta sacra
Cattle egret, Bubulcus ibis
Chinese pond-heron, Ardeola bacchus
Striated heron, Butorides striata
Black-crowned night-heron, Nycticorax nycticorax
Japanese night-heron, Gorsachius goisagi (A)
Malayan night-heron, Gorsachius melanolophus (A)
Ibises and spoonbills
Black-faced spoonbill
Order: Pelecaniformes Family: Threskiornithidae
Threskiornithidae is a family of large terrestrial and wading birds which includes the ibises and spoonbills. They have long, broad wings with 11 primary and about 20 secondary feathers. They are strong fliers and despite their size and weight, very capable soarers.
Glossy ibis, Plegadis falcinellus (A)
Black-headed ibis, Threskiornis melanocephalus (A)
Eurasian spoonbill, Platalea leucorodia
Black-faced spoonbill, Platalea minor
Osprey
Order: Accipitriformes Family: Pandionidae
The family Pandionidae contains only one species, the osprey. The osprey is a medium-large raptor which is a specialist fish-eater with a worldwide distribution.
Osprey, Pandion haliaetus
Hawks, eagles, and kites
Milvus migrans Black kite
White-bellied sea eagle
Order: Accipitriformes Family: Accipitridae
Accipitridae is a family of birds of prey, which includes hawks, eagles, kites, harriers and Old World vultures. These birds have powerful hooked beaks for tearing flesh from their prey, strong legs, powerful talons and keen eyesight.
Black-winged kite, Elanus caeruleus (A)
Oriental honey-buzzard, Pernis ptilorhynchus
Black baza, Aviceda leuphotes
Cinereous vulture, Aegypius monachus (A)
Crested serpent-eagle, Spilornis cheela
Mountain hawk-eagle, Nisaetus nipalensis (A)
Greater spotted eagle, Clanga clanga
Steppe eagle, Aquila nipalensis (A)
Imperial eagle, Aquila heliaca
Bonelli's eagle, Aquila fasciata
Gray-faced buzzard, Butastur indicus
Eastern marsh-harrier, Circus spilonotus
Hen harrier, Circus cyaneus (A)
Pied harrier, Circus melanoleucos
Crested goshawk, Accipiter trivirgatus
Chinese sparrowhawk, Accipiter soloensis
Japanese sparrowhawk, Accipiter gularis
Besra, Accipiter virgatus
Eurasian sparrowhawk, Accipiter nisus
Northern goshawk, Accipiter gentilis (A)
Black kite, Milvus migrans
Brahminy kite, Haliastur indus (A)
White-bellied sea-eagle, Haliaeetus leucogaster
Common buzzard, Buteo buteo
Eastern buzzard, Buteo japonicus
Barn-owls
Order: Strigiformes Family: Tytonidae
Barn owls are medium to large owls with large heads and characteristic heart-shaped faces. They have long strong legs with powerful talons.
Australasian grass-owl, Tyto longimembris (A)
Owls
Eurasian eagle-owl.
Order: Strigiformes Family: Strigidae
The typical owls are small to large solitary nocturnal birds of prey. They have large forward-facing eyes and ears, a hawk-like beak and a conspicuous circle of feathers around each eye called a facial disk.
Collared scops-owl, Otus lettia
Sunda scops-owl, Otus lempiji
Oriental scops-owl, Otus sunia
Eurasian eagle-owl, Bubo bubo
Brown fish-owl, Ketupa zeylonensis
Asian barred owlet, Glaucidium cuculoides
Collared owlet, Taenioptynx brodiei (A)
Brown wood-owl, Strix leptogrammica
Himalayan owl, Strix nivicolum
Short-eared owl, Asio flammeus (A)
Brown boobook, Ninox scutulata
Northern boobook, Ninox japonica
Hoopoes
Order: Bucerotiformes Family: Upupidae
Hoopoes have black, white and orangey-pink colouring with a large erectile crest on their head.
Eurasian hoopoe, Upupa epops (A)
Kingfishers
White-throated kingfisher
Order: Coraciiformes Family: Alcedinidae
Kingfishers are medium-sized birds with large heads, long, pointed bills, short legs and stubby tails.
Common kingfisher, Alcedo atthis
Black-backed dwarf-kingfisher, Ceyx erithaca (A)
Ruddy kingfisher, Halcyon coromanda (A)
White-throated kingfisher, Halcyon smyrnensis
Black-capped kingfisher, Halcyon pileata
Collared kingfisher, Todirhamphus chloris (A)
Crested kingfisher, Megaceryle lugubris (A)
Pied kingfisher, Ceryle rudis
Bee-eaters
Order: Coraciiformes Family: Meropidae
The bee-eaters are a group of near passerine birds in the family Meropidae. Most species are found in Africa but others occur in southern Europe, Madagascar, Australia and New Guinea. They are characterised by richly coloured plumage, slender bodies and usually elongated central tail feathers. All are colourful and have long downturned bills and pointed wings, which give them a swallow-like appearance when seen from afar.
Blue-throated bee-eater, Merops viridis (A)
Blue-tailed bee-eater, Merops philippinus
Rollers
Order: Coraciiformes Family: Coraciidae
Rollers resemble crows in size and build, but are more closely related to the kingfishers and bee-eaters. They share the colourful appearance of those groups with blues and browns predominating. The two inner front toes are connected, but the outer toe is not.
European roller, Coracias garrulus (A)
Dollarbird, Eurystomus orientalis
Asian barbets
Order: Piciformes Family: Megalaimidae
The Asian barbets are plump birds, with short necks and large heads. They get their name from the bristles which fringe their heavy bills. Most species are brightly coloured.
Great barbet, Psilopogon virens
Chinese barbet, Psilopogon faber
Woodpeckers
Order: Piciformes Family: Picidae
Woodpeckers are small to medium-sized birds with chisel-like beaks, short legs, stiff tails and long tongues used for capturing insects. Some species have feet with two toes pointing forward and two backward, while several species have only three toes. Many woodpeckers have the habit of tapping noisily on tree trunks with their beaks.
Eurasian wryneck, Jynx torquilla
Speckled piculet, Picumnus innominatus
Rufous-bellied woodpecker, Dendrocopos hyperythrus (A)
Bay woodpecker, Blythipicus pyrrhotis
Rufous woodpecker, Micropternus brachyurus (A)
Gray-headed woodpecker, Picus canus (A)
Falcons and caracaras
Order: Falconiformes Family: Falconidae
Falconidae is a family of diurnal birds of prey. They differ from hawks, eagles and kites in that they kill with their beaks instead of their talons.
Eurasian kestrel, Falco tinnunculus
Amur falcon, Falco amurensis
Eurasian hobby, Falco subbuteo
Peregrine falcon, Falco peregrinus
Cockatoos
Order: Psittaciformes Family: Cacatuidae
The cockatoos share many features with other parrots including the characteristic curved beak shape and a zygodactyl foot, with two forward toes and two backwards toes. They differ, however in a number of characteristics, including the often spectacular movable headcrest.
Yellow-crested cockatoo, Cacatua sulphurea (I)
Old world parrots
Order: Psittaciformes Family: Psittaculidae
Characteristic features of parrots include a strong curved bill, an upright stance, strong legs, and clawed zygodactyl feet. Many parrots are vividly coloured, and some are multi-coloured. In size they range from 8 cm (3.1 in) to 1 m (3.3 ft) in length. Old World parrots are found from Africa east across south and southeast Asia and Oceania to Australia and New Zealand.
Alexandrine parakeet, Psittacula eupatria
Rose-ringed parakeet, Psittacula krameri (I)
Pittas
Order: Passeriformes Family: Pittidae
Pittas are medium-sized by passerine standards and are stocky, with fairly long, strong legs, short tails and stout bills. Many are brightly coloured. They spend the majority of their time on wet forest floors, eating snails, insects and similar invertebrates.
Indian pitta, Pitta brachyura (A)
Blue-winged pitta, Pitta moluccensis (A)
Fairy pitta, Pitta nympha
Honeyeaters
Order: Passeriformes Family: Meliphagidae
The honeyeaters are a large and diverse family of small to medium-sized birds most common in Australia and New Guinea. They are nectar feeders and closely resemble other nectar-feeding passerines.
Blue-faced honeyeater, Entomyzon cyanotis (I)
Cuckooshrikes
Order: Passeriformes Family: Campephagidae
The cuckooshrikes are small to medium-sized passerine birds. They are predominantly greyish with white and black, although some species are brightly coloured.
Gray-chinned minivet, Pericrocotus solaris
Scarlet minivet, Pericrocotus speciosus
Ryukyu minivet, Pericrocotus tegimae (A)
Ashy minivet, Pericrocotus divaricatus
Brown-rumped minivet, Pericrocotus cantonensis
Rosy minivet, Pericrocotus roseus (A)
Black-winged cuckooshrike, Lalage melaschistos
Vireos, shrike-babblers, and erpornis
Order: Passeriformes Family: Vireonidae
Most of the members of this family are found in the New World. However, the shrike-babblers and erpornis, which only slightly resemble the "true" vireos and greenlets, are found in South East Asia.
White-bellied erpornis, Erpornis zantholeuca
Old World orioles
Order: Passeriformes Family: Oriolidae
The Old World orioles are colourful passerine birds. They are not related to the New World orioles.
Black-naped oriole, Oriolus chinensis
Maroon oriole, Oriolus traillii (A)
Silver oriole, Oriolus mellianus (A)
Woodswallows
Order: Passeriformes Family: Artamidae
Woodswallows are soft-plumaged, somber-coloured passerine birds. There is a single genus, Artamus. The woodswallows are either treated as a subfamily, Artaminae, in an expanded family Artamidae, which includes the butcherbirds and Australian magpie, or as the only genus in that family.
Ashy woodswallow, Artamus fuscus (A)
Vangas, helmetshrikes, and allies
Order: Passeriformes Family: Vangidae
The family Vangidae is highly variable, though most members of it resemble true shrikes to some degree.
Large woodshrike, Tephrodornis gularis
Drongos
Order: Passeriformes Family: Dicruridae
The drongos are mostly black or dark grey in colour, sometimes with metallic tints. They have long forked tails, and some Asian species have elaborate tail decorations. They have short legs and sit very upright when perched, like a shrike. They flycatch or take prey from the ground.
Black drongo, Dicrurus macrocercus
Ashy drongo, Dicrurus leucophaeus
Crow-billed drongo, Dicrurus annectens (A)
Hair-crested drongo, Dicrurus hottentottus
Monarch flycatchers
Order: Passeriformes Family: Monarchidae
The monarch flycatchers are small to medium-sized insectivorous passerines which hunt by flycatching.
Black-naped monarch, Hypothymis azurea
Japanese paradise-flycatcher, Terpsiphone atrocaudata
Amur paradise-flycatcher, Terpsiphone incei
Shrikes
Order: Passeriformes Family: Laniidae
Shrikes are passerine birds known for their habit of catching other birds and small animals and impaling the uneaten portions of their bodies on thorns. A typical shrike's beak is hooked, like a bird of prey.
Tiger shrike, Lanius tigrinus (A)
Bull-headed shrike, Lanius bucephalus
Red-backed shrike, Lanius collurio (A)
Brown shrike, Lanius cristatus
Long-tailed shrike, Lanius schach
Gray-backed shrike, Lanius tephronotus (A)
Chinese gray shrike, Lanius sphenocercus (A)
Crows, jays, and magpies
Order: Passeriformes Family: Corvidae
The family Corvidae includes crows, ravens, jays, choughs, magpies, treepies, nutcrackers and ground jays. Corvids are above average in size among the Passeriformes, and some of the larger species show high levels of intelligence.
Eurasian jay, Garrulus glandarius (A)
Azure-winged magpie, Cyanopica cyanus (I)
Red-billed blue magpie, Urocissa erythrorhyncha
Indochinese green-magpie, Cissa hypoleuca (I)
Gray treepie, Dendrocitta formosae
Oriental magpie, Pica serica
Eurasian magpie, Pica pica
Daurian jackdaw, Corvus dauuricus (A)
House crow, Corvus splendens
Rook, Corvus frugilegus (A)
Carrion crow, Corvus corone (A)
Large-billed crow, Corvus macrorhynchos
Collared crow, Corvus torquatus
Fairy flycatchers
Order: Passeriformes Family: Stenostiridae
Most of the species of this small family are found in Africa, though a few inhabit tropical Asia. They are not closely related to other birds called "flycatchers".
Gray-headed canary-flycatcher, Culicicapa ceylonensis
Tits, chickadees and titmice
Order: Passeriformes Family: Paridae
The Paridae are mainly small stocky woodland species with short stout bills. Some have crests. They are adaptable birds, with a mixed diet including seeds and insects.
Fire-capped tit, Cephalopyrus flammiceps (A)
Yellow-bellied tit, Periparus venustulus
Varied tit, Sittiparus varius (A)
Japanese tit, Parus minor (A)
Yellow-cheeked tit, Machlolophus spilonotus
Penduline-tits
Order: Passeriformes Family: Remizidae
The penduline tits are a group of small passerine birds related to the true tits. They are insectivores.
Chinese penduline-tit, Remiz consobrinus
Larks
Order: Passeriformes Family: Alaudidae
Larks are small terrestrial birds with often extravagant songs and display flights. Most larks are fairly dull in appearance. Their food is insects and seeds.
Mongolian short-toed lark, Calandrella dukhunensis (A)
Eurasian skylark, Alauda arvensis
Oriental skylark, Alauda gulgula (A)
Cisticolas and allies
Order: Passeriformes Family: Cisticolidae
The Cisticolidae are warblers found mainly in warmer southern regions of the Old World. They are generally very small birds of drab brown or grey appearance found in open country such as grassland or scrub.
Common tailorbird, Orthotomus sutorius
Yellow-bellied prinia, Prinia flaviventris
Plain prinia, Prinia inornata
Zitting cisticola, Cisticola juncidis
Golden-headed cisticola, Cisticola exilis
Reed warblers and allies
Order: Passeriformes Family: Acrocephalidae
The members of this family are usually rather large for "warblers". Most are rather plain olivaceous brown above with much yellow to beige below. They are usually found in open woodland, reedbeds, or tall grass. The family occurs mostly in southern to western Eurasia and surroundings, but it also ranges far into the Pacific, with some species in Africa.
Thick-billed warbler, Arundinax aedon
Booted warbler, Iduna caligata (A)
Sykes's warbler, Iduna rama (A)
Black-browed reed warbler, Acrocephalus bistrigiceps
Paddyfield warbler, Acrocephalus agricola (A)
Blunt-winged warbler, Acrocephalus concinens (A)
Manchurian reed warbler, Acrocephalus tangorum
Blyth's reed warbler, Acrocephalus dumetorum (A)
Oriental reed warbler, Acrocephalus orientalis
Grassbirds and allies
Order: Passeriformes Family: Locustellidae
Locustellidae are a family of small insectivorous songbirds found mainly in Eurasia, Africa, and the Australian region. They are smallish birds with tails that are usually long and pointed, and tend to be drab brownish or buffy all over.
Gray's grasshopper warbler, Helopsaltes fasciolatus (A)
Marsh grassbird, Helopsaltes pryeri (A)
Pallas's grasshopper warbler, Helopsaltes certhiola
Middendorff's grasshopper warbler, Helopsaltes ochotensis (A)
Pleske's grasshopper warbler, Helopsaltes pleskei
Lanceolated warbler, Locustella lanceolata
Brown bush warbler, Locustella luteoventris (A)
Chinese bush warbler, Locustella tacsanowskia
Baikal bush warbler, Locustella davidi (A)
Russet bush warbler, Locustella mandelli
Benguet bush warbler, Locustella seebohmi
Cupwings
Order: Passeriformes Family: Pnoepygidae
The members of this small family are found in mountainous parts of South and South East Asia.
Pygmy cupwing, Pnoepyga pusilla
Swallows
Order: Passeriformes Family: Hirundinidae
The family Hirundinidae is adapted to aerial feeding. They have a slender streamlined body, long pointed wings and a short bill with a wide gape. The feet are adapted to perching rather than walking, and the front toes are partially joined at the base.
Gray-throated martin, Riparia chinensis (A)
Bank swallow, Riparia riparia
Pale sand martin, Riparia diluta
Barn swallow, Hirundo rustica
Red-rumped swallow, Cecropis daurica
Common house-martin, Delichon urbicum (A)
Asian house-martin, Delichon dasypus
Bulbuls
Order: Passeriformes Family: Pycnonotidae
Bulbuls are medium-sized songbirds. Some are colourful with yellow, red or orange vents, cheeks, throats or supercilia, but most are drab, with uniform olive-brown to black plumage. Some species have distinct crests.
Red-whiskered bulbul, Pycnonotus jocosus
Light-vented bulbul, Pycnonotus sinensis
Sooty-headed bulbul, Pycnonotus aurigaster
Black bulbul, Hypsipetes leucocephalus
Brown-eared bulbul, Hypsipetes amaurotis (A)
Chestnut bulbul, Hemixos castanonotus
Mountain bulbul, Ixos mcclellandii
Leaf warblers
Order: Passeriformes Family: Phylloscopidae
Leaf warblers are a family of small insectivorous birds found mostly in Eurasia and ranging into Wallacea and Africa. The species are of various sizes, often green-plumaged above and yellow below, or more subdued with greyish-green to greyish-brown colours.
Wood warbler, Phylloscopus sibilatrix (A)
Yellow-browed warbler, Phylloscopus inornatus
Hume's warbler, Phylloscopus humei (A)
Chinese leaf warbler, Phylloscopus yunnanensis (A)
Pallas's leaf warbler, Phylloscopus proregulus
Radde's warbler, Phylloscopus schwarzi
Yellow-streaked warbler, Phylloscopus armandii (A)
Dusky warbler, Phylloscopus fuscatus
Willow warbler, Phylloscopus trochilus (A)
Mountain chiffchaff, Phylloscopus sindianus (A)
Common chiffchaff, Phylloscopus collybita (A)
Eastern crowned warbler, Phylloscopus coronatus
Ijima's leaf warbler, Phylloscopus ijimae (A)
White-spectacled warbler, Phylloscopus affinis (A)
Gray-crowned warbler, Phylloscopus tephrocephalus (A)
Bianchi's warbler, Phylloscopus valentini (A)
Martens's warbler, Phylloscopus omeiensis (A)
Alström's warbler, Phylloscopus soror (A)
Greenish warbler, Phylloscopus trochiloides (A)
Two-barred warbler, Phylloscopus trochiloides
Emei leaf warbler, Phylloscopus emeiensis (A)
Pale-legged leaf warbler, Phylloscopus tenellipes
Sakhalin leaf warbler, Phylloscopus borealoides (A)
Japanese leaf warbler, Phylloscopus xanthodryas (A)
Arctic warbler, Phylloscopus borealis
Chestnut-crowned warbler, Phylloscopus castaniceps
Sulphur-breasted warbler, Phylloscopus ricketti (A)
Claudia's leaf warbler, Phylloscopus claudiae (A)
Hartert's leaf warbler, Phylloscopus goodsoni
Kloss's leaf warbler, Phylloscopus ogilviegranti (A)
Bush warblers and allies
Order: Passeriformes Family: Scotocercidae
The members of this family are found throughout Africa, Asia, and Polynesia. Their taxonomy is in flux, and some authorities place some genera in other families.
Pale-footed bush warbler, Urosphena pallidipes (A)
Asian stubtail, Urosphena squameiceps
Rufous-faced warbler, Abroscopus albogularis (A)
Mountain tailorbird, Phyllergates cuculatus
Manchurian bush warbler, Horornis borealis
Brownish-flanked bush warbler, Horornis fortipes
Long-tailed tits
Order: Passeriformes Family: Aegithalidae
Long-tailed tits are a group of small passerine birds with medium to long tails. They make woven bag nests in trees. Most eat a mixed diet which includes insects.
Black-throated tit, Aegithalos concinnus
Sylviid warblers, parrotbills, and allies
Order: Passeriformes Family: Sylviidae
The family Sylviidae is a group of small insectivorous passerine birds. They mainly occur as breeding species, as the common name implies, in Europe, Asia and, to a lesser extent, Africa. Most are of generally undistinguished appearance, but many have distinctive songs.
Lesser whitethroat, Curruca curruca (A)
Spot-breasted parrotbill, Paradoxornis guttaticollis (A)
Vinous-throated parrotbill, Sinosuthora webbiana
White-eyes, yuhinas, and allies
Order: Passeriformes Family: Zosteropidae
The white-eyes are small and mostly undistinguished, their plumage above being generally some dull colour like greenish-olive, but some species have a white or bright yellow throat, breast or lower parts, and several have buff flanks. As their name suggests, many species have a white ring around each eye.
Indochinese yuhina, Staphida torqueola
Black-chinned yuhina, Yuhina nigrimenta' (A)
Chestnut-flanked white-eye, Zosterops erythropleurus
Swinhoe's white-eye, Zosterops simplex
Tree-babblers, scimitar-babblers, and allies
Order: Passeriformes Family: Timaliidae
The babblers, or timaliids, are somewhat diverse in size and colouration, but are characterised by soft fluffy plumage.
Rufous-capped babbler, Stachyridopsis ruficeps
Streak-breasted scimitar-babbler, Pomatorhinus ruficollis
Ground babblers and allies
Order: Passeriformes Family: Pellorneidae
These small to medium-sized songbirds have soft fluffy plumage but are otherwise rather diverse. Members of the genus Illadopsis are found in forests, but some other genera are birds of scrublands.
Chinese grassbird, Graminicola striatus
Laughingthrushes and allies
Order: Passeriformes Family: Leiothrichidae
The members of this family are diverse in size and colouration, though those of genus Turdoides tend to be brown or greyish. The family is found in Africa, India, and southeast Asia.
Huet's fulvetta, Alcippe hueti (I)
Blue-winged minla, Minla cyanouroptera
Red-billed leiothrix, Leiothrix lutea
Silver-eared mesia, Leiothrix argentauris (I)
Chinese hwamei, Garrulax canorus
Black-throated laughingthrush, Pterorhinus chinensis
White-browed laughingthrush, Pterorhinus sannio
Masked laughingthrush, Pterorhinus perspicillatus
Greater necklaced laughingthrush, Pterorhinus pectoralis
Chinese babax, Pterorhinus lanceolatus (A)
Nuthatches
Order: Passeriformes Family: Sittidae
Nuthatches are small woodland birds. They have the unusual ability to climb down trees head first, unlike other birds which can only go upwards. Nuthatches have big heads, short tails and powerful bills and feet.
Velvet-fronted nuthatch, Sitta frontalis
Starlings
Order: Passeriformes Family: Sturnidae
Starlings are small to medium-sized passerine birds. Their flight is strong and direct and they are very gregarious. Their preferred habitat is fairly open country. They eat insects and fruit. Plumage is typically dark with a metallic sheen.
European starling, Sturnus vulgaris
Rosy starling, Pastor roseus (A)
Daurian starling, Agropsar sturninus
Chestnut-cheeked starling, Agropsar philippensis
Black-collared starling, Gracupica nigricollis
White-shouldered starling, Sturnia sinensis
Chestnut-tailed starling, Sturnia malabarica
Red-billed starling, Spodiopsar sericeus
White-cheeked starling, Spodiopsar cineraceus
Common myna, Acridotheres tristis (I)
Crested myna, Acridotheres cristatellus
Thrushes and allies
Order: Passeriformes Family: Turdidae
The thrushes are a group of passerine birds that occur mainly in the Old World. They are plump, soft plumaged, small to medium-sized insectivores or sometimes omnivores, often feeding on the ground. Many have attractive songs.
White's thrush, Zoothera aurea
Scaly thrush, Zoothera dauma
Siberian thrush, Geokichla sibirica
Orange-headed thrush, Geokichla citrina
Chinese thrush, Otocichla mupinensis (A)
Eurasian blackbird, Turdus merula
Chinese blackbird, Turdus mandarinus
Japanese thrush, Turdus cardis
Gray-backed thrush, Turdus hortulorum
Eyebrowed thrush, Turdus obscurus
Brown-headed thrush, Turdus chrysolaus
Pale thrush, Turdus pallidus
Black-throated thrush, Turdus atrogularis (A)
Red-throated thrush, Turdus ruficollis (A)
Dusky thrush, Turdus eunomus
Naumann's thrush, Turdus naumanni (A)
Old World flycatchers
Order: Passeriformes Family: Muscicapidae
Old World flycatchers are a large group of small passerine birds native to the Old World. They are mainly small arboreal insectivores. The appearance of these birds is highly varied, but they mostly have weak songs and harsh calls.
Gray-streaked flycatcher, Muscicapa griseisticta
Dark-sided flycatcher, Muscicapa sibirica
Ferruginous flycatcher, Muscicapa ferruginea
Asian brown flycatcher, Muscicapa dauurica
Brown-breasted flycatcher, Muscicapa muttui (A)
Oriental magpie-robin, Copsychus saularis
White-rumped shama, Copsychus malabaricus (I)
Hainan blue flycatcher, Cyornis hainanus
Chinese blue flycatcher, Cyornis glaucicomans (A)
Hill blue flycatcher, Cyornis whitei (A)
Brown-chested jungle flycatcher, Cyornis brunneatus (A)
Small niltava, Niltava macgrigoriae
Fujian niltava, Niltava davidi
Blue-and-white flycatcher, Cyanoptila cyanomelana
Zappey's flycatcher, Cyanoptila cumatilis (A)
Verditer flycatcher, Eumyias thalassinus
Lesser shortwing, Brachypteryx leucophris
Rufous-tailed robin, Larvivora sibilans
Japanese robin, Larvivora akahige
Siberian blue robin, Larvivora cyane
Bluethroat, Luscinia svecica
Blue whistling-thrush, Myophonus caeruleus
White-crowned forktail, Enicurus leschenaulti
Slaty-backed forktail, Enicurus schistaceus
Siberian rubythroat, Calliope calliope
White-tailed robin, Myiomela leucura (A)
Red-flanked bluetail, Tarsiger cyanurus
Yellow-rumped flycatcher, Ficedula zanthopygia
Green-backed flycatcher, Ficedula elisae (A)
Narcissus flycatcher, Ficedula narcissina
Ryuku flycatcher, Ficedula owstoni (A)
Mugimaki flycatcher, Ficedula mugimaki
Slaty-backed flycatcher, Ficedula erithacus (A)
Rufous-gorgeted flycatcher, Ficedula strophiata
Ultramarine flycatcher, Ficedula superciliaris (A)
Taiga flycatcher, Ficedula albicilla
Red-breasted flycatcher, Ficedula parva
Plumbeous redstart, Phoenicurus fuliginosus
Hodgson's redstart, Phoenicurus hodgsoni (A)
Black redstart, Phoenicurus ochruros (A)
Daurian redstart, Phoenicurus auroreus
Chestnut-bellied rock-thrush, Monticola rufiventris (A)
White-throated rock-thrush, Monticola gularis (A)
Blue rock-thrush, Monticola solitarius
Siberian stonechat, Saxicola maurus
Amur stonechat, Saxicola stejnegeri
Gray bushchat, Saxicola ferreus
Pied wheatear, Oenanthe pleschanka (A)
Waxwings
Order: Passeriformes Family: Bombycillidae
The waxwings are a group of birds with soft silky plumage and unique red tips to some of the wing feathers. In the Bohemian and cedar waxwings, these tips look like sealing wax and give the group its name. These are arboreal birds of northern forests. They live on insects in summer and berries in winter.
Japanese waxwing, Bombycilla japonica (A)
Flowerpeckers
Order: Passeriformes Family: Dicaeidae
The flowerpeckers are very small, stout, often brightly coloured birds, with short tails, short thick curved bills and tubular tongues.
Plain flowerpecker, Dicaeum minullum (A)
Fire-breasted flowerpecker, Dicaeum ignipectus
Scarlet-backed flowerpecker, Dicaeum cruentatum
Sunbirds and spiderhunters
Order: Passeriformes Family: Nectariniidae
The sunbirds and spiderhunters are very small passerine birds which feed largely on nectar, although they will also take insects, especially when feeding young. Flight is fast and direct on their short wings. Most species can take nectar by hovering like a hummingbird, but usually perch to feed.
Mrs. Gould's sunbird, Aethopyga gouldiae
Fork-tailed sunbird, Aethopyga christinae
Leafbirds
Order: Passeriformes Family: Chloropseidae
The leafbirds are small, bulbul-like birds. The males are brightly plumaged, usually in greens and yellows.
Blue-winged leafbird, Chloropsis cochinchinensis (I)
Orange-bellied leafbird, Chloropsis hardwickii
Weavers and allies
Order: Passeriformes Family: Ploceidae
The weavers are small passerine birds related to the finches. They are seed-eating birds with rounded conical bills. The males of many species are brightly coloured, usually in red or yellow and black, some species show variation in colour only in the breeding season.
Baya weaver, Ploceus philippinus (A)
Waxbills and allies
Order: Passeriformes Family: Estrildidae
The estrildid finches are small passerine birds of the Old World tropics and Australasia. They are gregarious and often colonial seed eaters with short thick but pointed bills. They are all similar in structure and habits, but have wide variation in plumage colours and patterns.
Scaly-breasted munia, Lonchura punctulata
White-rumped munia, Lonchura striata
Chestnut munia, Lonchura atricapilla (A)
Old World sparrows
Order: Passeriformes Family: Passeridae
Sparrows are small passerine birds. In general, sparrows tend to be small, plump, brown or grey birds with short tails and short powerful beaks. Sparrows are seed eaters, but they also consume small insects.
House sparrow, Passer domesticus (A)
Russet sparrow, Passer cinnamomeus
Eurasian tree sparrow, Passer montanus
Wagtails and pipits
Order: Passeriformes Family: Motacillidae
Motacillidae is a family of small passerine birds with medium to long tails. They include the wagtails, longclaws and pipits. They are slender, ground feeding insectivores of open country.
Forest wagtail, Dendronanthus indicus
Gray wagtail, Motacilla cinerea
Western yellow wagtail, Motacilla flava
Eastern yellow wagtail, Motacilla tschutschensis
Citrine wagtail, Motacilla citreola
White wagtail, Motacilla alba
Richard's pipit, Anthus richardi
Blyth's pipit, Anthus godlewskii (A)
Upland pipit, Anthus sylvanus
Rosy pipit, Anthus roseatus (A)
Tree pipit, Anthus trivialis (A)
Olive-backed pipit, Anthus hodgsoni
Pechora pipit, Anthus gustavi
Red-throated pipit, Anthus cervinus
Water pipit, Anthus spinoletta (A)
American pipit, Anthus rubescens
Finches, euphonias, and allies
Order: Passeriformes Family: Fringillidae
Finches are seed-eating passerine birds, that are small to moderately large and have a strong beak, usually conical and in some species very large. All have twelve tail feathers and nine primaries. These birds have a bouncing flight with alternating bouts of flapping and gliding on closed wings, and most sing well.
Brambling, Fringilla montifringilla
Hawfinch, Coccothraustes coccothraustes (A)
Yellow-billed grosbeak, Eophona migratoria
Japanese grosbeak, Eophona personata (A)
Common rosefinch, Carpodacus erythrinus
Oriental greenfinch, Chloris sinica
Eurasian siskin, Spinus spinus
Longspurs and snow buntings
Order: Passeriformes Family: Calcariidae
The Calcariidae are a group of passerine birds which had been traditionally grouped with the New World sparrows, but differ in a number of respects and are usually found in open grassy areas.
Lapland longspur, Calcarius lapponicus (A)
Old World buntings
Order: Passeriformes Family: Emberizidae
The emberizids are a large family of passerine birds. They are seed-eating birds with distinctively shaped bills. Many emberizid species have distinctive head patterns.
Crested bunting, Emberiza lathami
Black-headed bunting, Emberiza melanocephala
Red-headed bunting, Emberiza bruniceps (A)
Chestnut-eared bunting, Emberiza fucata
Pine bunting, Emberiza leucocephalos (A)
Ortolan bunting, Emberiza hortulana (A)
Slaty bunting, Emberiza siemsseni (A)
Yellow-throated bunting, Emberiza elegans (A)
Ochre-rumped bunting, Emberiza yessoensis (A)
Pallas's bunting, Emberiza pallasi (A)
Reed bunting, Emberiza schoeniclus (A)
Yellow-breasted bunting, Emberiza aureola
Little bunting, Emberiza pusilla
Rustic bunting, Emberiza rustica (A)
Yellow bunting, Emberiza sulphurata
Black-faced bunting, Emberiza spodocephala
Chestnut bunting, Emberiza rutila
Yellow-browed bunting, Emberiza chrysophrys
Tristram's bunting, Emberiza tristrami
See also
Hong Kong portal
List of birds
Lists of birds by region
References
^ Hong Kong Bird Report 2003-04. Hong Kong Bird Watching Society. 2009. p. 239.
^ Hong Kong Bird Report 2005-06. Hong Kong Bird Watching Society. 2010. p. 247.
^ Hong Kong Bird Report 2005-06. Hong Kong Bird Watching Society. 2010. p. 247.
^ Hong Kong Bird Report 2001-02. Hong Kong Bird Watching Society. 2007. p. 257.
^ Hong Kong Bird Report 2003-04. Hong Kong Bird Watching Society. 2009. p. 239.
^ Hong Kong Bird Report 2003-04. Hong Kong Bird Watching Society. 2009. p. 239.
^ Hong Kong Bird Report 2005-06. Hong Kong Bird Watching Society. 2010. p. 247.
^ Hong Kong Bird Report 2003-04. Hong Kong Bird Watching Society. 2009. p. 239.
^ Hong Kong Bird Report 2005-06. Hong Kong Bird Watching Society. 2010. p. 247.
^ Hong Kong Bird Report 2001-02. Hong Kong Bird Watching Society. 2007. p. 257.
^ Hong Kong Bird Report 2003-04. Hong Kong Bird Watching Society. 2009. p. 239.
^ Hong Kong Bird Report 2001-02. Hong Kong Bird Watching Society. 2007. p. 257.
^ Hong Kong Bird Report 2003-04. Hong Kong Bird Watching Society. 2009. p. 239.
^ Hong Kong Bird Report 2005-06. Hong Kong Bird Watching Society. 2010. p. 247.
^ Gill, F. and D. Donsker (Eds). 2019. IOC World Bird List (v 9.2). doi:10.14344/IOC.ML.9.2 http://www.worldbirdnames.org/ retrieved 22 June 2019.
^ Hong Kong Bird Report 2001-02. Hong Kong Bird Watching Society. 2007. p. 257.
^ Hong Kong Bird Report 2001-02. Hong Kong Bird Watching Society. 2007. p. 257.
^ Hong Kong Bird Report 2003-04. Hong Kong Bird Watching Society. 2009. p. 239.
^ Hong Kong Bird Report 2001-02. Hong Kong Bird Watching Society. 2007. p. 257.
^ Hong Kong Bird Report 2005-06. Hong Kong Bird Watching Society. 2010. p. 247.
^ Hong Kong Bird Report 2001-02. Hong Kong Bird Watching Society. 2007. p. 257.
^ Hong Kong Bird Report 2005-06. Hong Kong Bird Watching Society. 2010. p. 247.
^ Hong Kong Bird Report 2001-02. Hong Kong Bird Watching Society. 2007. p. 257.
^ Hong Kong Bird Report 2005-06. Hong Kong Bird Watching Society. 2010. p. 247.
Lepage, Denis. "Checklist of Birds of Hong Kong". Bird Checklists of the World. Avibase. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
HKBWS, Record Committee (2013). "List of Hong Kong Birds". HKBWS Record Committee. Hong Kong Bird Watching Society. Retrieved 11 December 2013.
Clements, James F. (2000). Birds of the World: A Checklist. Cornell University Press. p. 880. ISBN 962-7508-02-0.
G.J. Carey; M.L. Chalmers; M.L. Diskin; D.A. Diskin; P.R. Kennerley; P. J. Leader; M.R. Leven; R.W. Lewthwaite; D.S. Melville; M. Turnbull; L. Young (2001). The Avifauna of Hong Kong. Hong Kong Bird Watching Society. p. 563. ISBN 962-7508-02-0.
External links
Hong Kong Wildtracks, a database of birds and frogs found in Hong Kong with survey data, images and soundtracks, co-developed by Hong Kong Baptist University Library and Hong Kong Bird Watching Society
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vteList of animals in Hong Kong
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List of invertebrates of Hong Kong
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"taxonomic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong Bird Watching Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Bird_Watching_Society"},{"link_name":"The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Clements_Checklist_of_Birds_of_the_World"},{"link_name":"Accidental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagrancy_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Introduced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduced_species"}],"text":"This list's taxonomic treatment (designation and sequence of orders, families and species) and nomenclature (common and scientific names) follow the Hong Kong Bird List published by Hong Kong Bird Watching Society. Supplemental updates follow The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World, 2022 edition. The family accounts at the beginning of each heading reflect this taxonomy, as do the species counts found in each family account. Introduced and accidental species are included in the total counts for Hong Kong.The following tags have been used to highlight several categories. The commonly occurring native species do not fall into any of these categories.(A) Accidental - a species that rarely or accidentally occurs in Hong Kong\n(I) Introduced - a species introduced to Hong Kong as a consequence, direct or indirect, of human actions","title":"List of birds of Hong Kong"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anseriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anseriformes"},{"link_name":"Anatidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatidae"},{"link_name":"ducks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duck"},{"link_name":"geese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goose"},{"link_name":"swans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swan"},{"link_name":"Lesser whistling-duck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_whistling-duck"},{"link_name":"Graylag goose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graylag_goose"},{"link_name":"Greater white-fronted goose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_white-fronted_goose"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Lesser white-fronted goose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_white-fronted_goose"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Taiga bean goose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiga_bean_goose"},{"link_name":"Tundra bean goose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra_bean_goose"},{"link_name":"Whooper swan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whooper_swan"},{"link_name":"Ruddy shelduck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruddy_shelduck"},{"link_name":"Common shelduck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_shelduck"},{"link_name":"Cotton pygmy-goose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton_pygmy-goose"},{"link_name":"Mandarin duck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_duck"},{"link_name":"Baikal teal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikal_teal"},{"link_name":"Garganey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garganey"},{"link_name":"Northern shoveler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_shoveler"},{"link_name":"Gadwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadwall"},{"link_name":"Falcated duck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falcated_duck"},{"link_name":"Eurasian wigeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_wigeon"},{"link_name":"American wigeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_wigeon"},{"link_name":"Philippine duck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_duck"},{"link_name":"Indian spot-billed duck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_spot-billed_duck"},{"link_name":"Eastern spot-billed duck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_spot-billed_duck"},{"link_name":"Mallard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallard"},{"link_name":"Northern pintail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_pintail"},{"link_name":"Green-winged teal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_teal"},{"link_name":"Red-crested pochard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-crested_pochard"},{"link_name":"Common pochard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_pochard"},{"link_name":"Ferruginous duck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferruginous_duck"},{"link_name":"Baer's pochard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baer%27s_pochard"},{"link_name":"Tufted duck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufted_duck"},{"link_name":"Greater scaup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_scaup"},{"link_name":"Velvet scoter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velvet_scoter"},{"link_name":"White-winged scoter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-winged_scoter"},{"link_name":"Stejneger's scoter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stejneger%27s_scoter"},{"link_name":"Black scoter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_scoter"},{"link_name":"Common goldeneye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_goldeneye"},{"link_name":"Smew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smew"},{"link_name":"Red-breasted merganser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-breasted_merganser"},{"link_name":"Scaly-sided merganser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scaly-sided_merganser"}],"text":"Order: Anseriformes Family: AnatidaeAnatidae includes the ducks and most duck-like waterfowl, such as geese and swans. These birds are adapted to an aquatic existence with webbed feet, flattened bills, and feathers that are excellent at shedding water due to an oily coating.Lesser whistling-duck, Dendrocygna javanica\nGraylag goose, Anser anser (A)\nGreater white-fronted goose, Anser albifrons (A)[1]\nLesser white-fronted goose, Anser erythropus (A)[2]\nTaiga bean goose, Anser fabalis (A)\nTundra bean goose, Anser serrirostris (A)\nWhooper swan, Cygnus cygnus (A)\nRuddy shelduck, Tadorna ferruginea\nCommon shelduck, Tadorna tadorna\nCotton pygmy-goose, Nettapus coromandelianus (A)\nMandarin duck, Aix galericulata (A)\nBaikal teal, Sibirionetta formosa\nGarganey, Spatula querquedula\nNorthern shoveler, Spatula clypeata\nGadwall, Mareca strepera\nFalcated duck, Mareca falcata\nEurasian wigeon, Mareca penelope\nAmerican wigeon, Mareca americana (A)\nPhilippine duck, Anas luzonica (A)\nIndian spot-billed duck, Anas poecilorhyncha (A)\nEastern spot-billed duck, Anas zonorhyncha\nMallard, Anas platyrhynchos\nNorthern pintail, Anas acuta\nGreen-winged teal, Anas crecca\nRed-crested pochard, Netta rufina (A)\nCommon pochard, Aythya ferina\nFerruginous duck, Aythya nyroca (A)\nBaer's pochard, Aythya baeri (A)\nTufted duck, Aythya fuligula\nGreater scaup, Aythya marila\nVelvet scoter, Melanitta fusca (A)\nWhite-winged scoter, Melanitta deglandi (A)\nStejneger's scoter, Melanitta stejnegeri (A)\nBlack scoter, Melanitta americana (A)\nCommon goldeneye, Bucephala clangula (A)\nSmew, Mergellus albellus (A)\nRed-breasted merganser, Mergus serrator\nScaly-sided merganser, Mergus squamatus","title":"Ducks, geese, and waterfowl"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Galliformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galliformes"},{"link_name":"Phasianidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phasianidae"},{"link_name":"Chinese bamboo-partridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_bamboo-partridge"},{"link_name":"Chinese francolin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_francolin"},{"link_name":"Blue-breasted quail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue-breasted_quail"},{"link_name":"Japanese quail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_quail"}],"text":"Order: Galliformes Family: PhasianidaeThe Phasianidae are a family of terrestrial birds. In general, they are plump (although they vary in size) and have broad, relatively short wings.Chinese bamboo-partridge, Bambusicola thoracicus (A)\nChinese francolin, Francolinus pintadeanus\nBlue-breasted quail, Synoicus chinensis\nJapanese quail, Coturnix japonica","title":"Pheasants, grouse, and allies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Podicipediformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podicipediformes"},{"link_name":"Podicipedidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podicipedidae"},{"link_name":"Grebes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grebe"},{"link_name":"Little grebe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_grebe"},{"link_name":"Horned grebe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horned_grebe"},{"link_name":"Great crested grebe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_crested_grebe"},{"link_name":"Eared grebe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eared_grebe"}],"text":"Order: Podicipediformes Family: PodicipedidaeGrebes are small to medium-large freshwater diving birds. They have lobed toes and are excellent swimmers and divers. However, they have their feet placed far back on the body, making them quite ungainly on land.Little grebe, Tachybaptus ruficollis\nHorned grebe, Podiceps auritus (A)\nGreat crested grebe, Podiceps cristatus\nEared grebe, Podiceps nigricollis (A)","title":"Grebes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Columbiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbiformes"},{"link_name":"Columbidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbidae"},{"link_name":"Pigeons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigeon"},{"link_name":"doves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dove"},{"link_name":"cere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cere"},{"link_name":"Rock pigeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_pigeon"},{"link_name":"Oriental turtle-dove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_turtle-dove"},{"link_name":"Eurasian collared-dove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_collared-dove"},{"link_name":"Red collared-dove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_collared-dove"},{"link_name":"Spotted dove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotted_dove"},{"link_name":"Barred cuckoo-dove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barred_cuckoo-dove"},{"link_name":"Asian emerald dove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_emerald_dove"},{"link_name":"Orange-breasted green-pigeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange-breasted_green-pigeon"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Thick-billed green-pigeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thick-billed_green-pigeon"},{"link_name":"Wedge-tailed green-pigeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedge-tailed_green-pigeon"},{"link_name":"White-bellied green-pigeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-bellied_green-pigeon"},{"link_name":"Whistling green-pigeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistling_green-pigeon"}],"text":"Order: Columbiformes Family: ColumbidaePigeons and doves are stout-bodied birds with short necks and short slender bills with a fleshy cere.Rock pigeon, Columba livia (I)\nOriental turtle-dove, Streptopelia orientalis\nEurasian collared-dove, Streptopelia decaocto\nRed collared-dove, Streptopelia tranquebarica\nSpotted dove, Spilopelia chinensis\nBarred cuckoo-dove, Macropygia unchall (A)\nAsian emerald dove, Chalcophaps indica (I)\nOrange-breasted green-pigeon, Treron bicinctus [3] (A)\nThick-billed green-pigeon, Treron curvirostra (A)\nWedge-tailed green-pigeon, Treron sphenurus (A)\nWhite-bellied green-pigeon, Treron sieboldii (A)\nWhistling green-pigeon, Treron formosae (A)","title":"Pigeons and doves"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asian_Koel-_Immature_I_IMG_1783.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cuculiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuculiformes"},{"link_name":"Cuculidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuculidae"},{"link_name":"cuckoos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuckoo"},{"link_name":"roadrunners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geococcyx"},{"link_name":"anis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ani_(bird)"},{"link_name":"brood parasites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brood_parasite"},{"link_name":"Greater coucal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_coucal"},{"link_name":"Lesser coucal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_coucal"},{"link_name":"Chestnut-winged cuckoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chestnut-winged_cuckoo"},{"link_name":"Asian koel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_koel"},{"link_name":"Plaintive cuckoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaintive_cuckoo"},{"link_name":"Square-tailed drongo-cuckoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square-tailed_drongo-cuckoo"},{"link_name":"Large hawk-cuckoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_hawk-cuckoo"},{"link_name":"Northern hawk-cuckoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_hawk-cuckoo"},{"link_name":"Hodgson's hawk-cuckoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodgson%27s_hawk-cuckoo"},{"link_name":"Malaysian hawk-cuckoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_hawk-cuckoo"},{"link_name":"Lesser cuckoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_cuckoo"},{"link_name":"Indian cuckoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_cuckoo"},{"link_name":"Common cuckoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_cuckoo"},{"link_name":"Oriental cuckoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_cuckoo"}],"text":"Immature Asian koelOrder: Cuculiformes Family: CuculidaeThe family Cuculidae includes cuckoos, roadrunners and anis. These birds are of variable size with slender bodies, long tails and strong legs. The Old World cuckoos are brood parasites.Greater coucal, Centropus sinensis\nLesser coucal, Centropus bengalensis\nChestnut-winged cuckoo, Clamator coromandus\nAsian koel, Eudynamys scolopacea\nPlaintive cuckoo, Cacomantis merulinus\nSquare-tailed drongo-cuckoo, Surniculus lugubris (A)\nLarge hawk-cuckoo, Hierococcyx sparverioides\nNorthern hawk-cuckoo, Hierococcyx hyperythrus (A)\nHodgson's hawk-cuckoo, Hierococcyx nisicolor\nMalaysian hawk-cuckoo, Hierococcyx fugax (A)\nLesser cuckoo, Cuculus poliocephalus\nIndian cuckoo, Cuculus micropterus\nCommon cuckoo, Cuculus canorus (A)\nOriental cuckoo, Cuculus optatus","title":"Cuckoos"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Caprimulgiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caprimulgiformes"},{"link_name":"Caprimulgidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caprimulgidae"},{"link_name":"Nightjars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightjar"},{"link_name":"Gray nightjar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_nightjar"},{"link_name":"Savanna nightjar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savanna_nightjar"}],"text":"Order: Caprimulgiformes Family: CaprimulgidaeNightjars are medium-sized nocturnal birds that usually nest on the ground. They have long wings, short legs and very short bills. Most have small feet, of little use for walking, and long pointed wings. Their soft plumage is camouflaged to resemble bark or leaves.Gray nightjar, Caprimulgus jotaka (A)\nSavanna nightjar, Caprimulgus affinis","title":"Nightjars"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Apodiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apodiformes"},{"link_name":"Apodidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apodidae"},{"link_name":"Swifts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swift_(bird)"},{"link_name":"White-throated needletail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-throated_needletail"},{"link_name":"Silver-backed needletail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver-backed_needletail"},{"link_name":"Brown-backed needletail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown-backed_needletail"},{"link_name":"Himalayan swiftlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayan_swiftlet"},{"link_name":"Common swift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_swift"},{"link_name":"Pacific swift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_swift"},{"link_name":"House swift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_swift"}],"text":"Order: Apodiformes Family: ApodidaeSwifts are small birds which spend the majority of their lives flying. These birds have very short legs and never settle voluntarily on the ground, perching instead only on vertical surfaces. Many swifts have long swept-back wings which resemble a crescent or boomerang.White-throated needletail, Hirundapus caudacutus\nSilver-backed needletail, Hirundapus cochinchinensis\nBrown-backed needletail, Hirundapus giganteus (A)\nHimalayan swiftlet, Aerodramus brevirostris\nCommon swift, Apus apus (A)\nPacific swift, Apus pacificus\nHouse swift, Apus nipalensis","title":"Swifts"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amaurornis_phoenicurus.jpg"},{"link_name":"White-breasted waterhen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-breasted_waterhen"},{"link_name":"Gruiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruiformes"},{"link_name":"Rallidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rallidae"},{"link_name":"rails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_(bird)"},{"link_name":"crakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crake"},{"link_name":"coots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coot"},{"link_name":"gallinules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rallidae"},{"link_name":"Water rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_rail"},{"link_name":"Brown-cheeked rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown-cheeked_rail"},{"link_name":"Slaty-breasted rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaty-breasted_rail"},{"link_name":"Eurasian moorhen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_moorhen"},{"link_name":"Eurasian coot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_coot"},{"link_name":"Gray-headed swamphen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray-headed_swamphen"},{"link_name":"White-browed crake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-browed_crake"},{"link_name":"Watercock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watercock"},{"link_name":"White-breasted waterhen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-breasted_waterhen"},{"link_name":"Slaty-legged crake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaty-legged_crake"},{"link_name":"Ruddy-breasted crake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruddy-breasted_crake"},{"link_name":"Band-bellied crake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band-bellied_crake"},{"link_name":"Brown crake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_crake"},{"link_name":"Baillon's crake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baillon%27s_crake"}],"text":"White-breasted waterhenOrder: Gruiformes Family: RallidaeRallidae is a large family of small to medium-sized birds which includes the rails, crakes, coots and gallinules. Typically they inhabit dense vegetation in damp environments near lakes, swamps or rivers. In general they are shy and secretive birds, making them difficult to observe. Most species have strong legs and long toes which are well adapted to soft uneven surfaces. They tend to have short, rounded wings and to be weak fliers.Water rail, Rallus aquaticus (A)\nBrown-cheeked rail, Rallus indicus\nSlaty-breasted rail, Lewinia striata\nEurasian moorhen, Gallinula chloropus\nEurasian coot, Fulica atra\nGray-headed swamphen, Porphyrio poliocephalus (A)\nWhite-browed crake, Poliolimnas cinereus (A)\nWatercock, Gallicrex cinerea\nWhite-breasted waterhen, Amaurornis phoenicurus\nSlaty-legged crake, Rallina eurizonoides (A)\nRuddy-breasted crake, Zapornia fusca\nBand-bellied crake, Zapornia paykullii (A)\nBrown crake, Zapornia akool (A)\nBaillon's crake, Zapornia pusilla","title":"Rails, gallinules, and coots"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gruiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruiformes"},{"link_name":"Gruidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruidae"},{"link_name":"Siberian crane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian_crane"},{"link_name":"Common crane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_crane"}],"text":"Order: Gruiformes Family: GruidaeCranes are large, long-legged and long-necked birds. Unlike the similar-looking but unrelated herons, cranes fly with necks outstretched, not pulled back. Most have elaborate and noisy courting displays or \"dances\".Siberian crane, Leucogeranus leucogeranus (A)\nCommon crane, Grus grus (A)","title":"Cranes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charadriiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charadriiformes"},{"link_name":"Burhinidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burhinidae"},{"link_name":"Great thick-knee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_thick-knee"}],"text":"Order: Charadriiformes Family: BurhinidaeThe thick-knees, also known as dikkops or stone-curlews, consist of species within the family Burhinidae, and are found throughout the tropical and temperate parts of the world.Great thick-knee, Esacus recurvirostris (A)","title":"Thick-knees"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charadriiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charadriiformes"},{"link_name":"Recurvirostridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recurvirostridae"},{"link_name":"avocets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocet"},{"link_name":"stilts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stilt"},{"link_name":"Black-winged stilt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-winged_stilt"},{"link_name":"Pied avocet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pied_avocet"}],"text":"Order: Charadriiformes Family: RecurvirostridaeRecurvirostridae is a family of large wading birds, which includes the avocets and stilts. The avocets have long legs and long up-curved bills. The stilts have extremely long legs and long, thin, straight bills.Black-winged stilt, Himantopus himantopus\nPied avocet, Recurvirostra avosetta","title":"Stilts and avocets"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charadriiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charadriiformes"},{"link_name":"Haematopodidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haematopodidae"},{"link_name":"Eurasian oystercatcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_oystercatcher"}],"text":"Order: Charadriiformes Family: HaematopodidaeThe oystercatchers are a group of waders; they form the family Haematopodidae, which has a single genus, Haematopus.Eurasian oystercatcher, Haematopus ostralegus (A)","title":"Oystercatchers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charadriiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charadriiformes"},{"link_name":"Charadriidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charadriidae"},{"link_name":"plovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plover"},{"link_name":"dotterels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dotterel"},{"link_name":"lapwings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapwing"},{"link_name":"Black-bellied plover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-bellied_plover"},{"link_name":"European golden-plover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_golden-plover"},{"link_name":"American golden-plover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_golden-plover"},{"link_name":"Pacific golden-plover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_golden-plover"},{"link_name":"Northern lapwing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_lapwing"},{"link_name":"Gray-headed lapwing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray-headed_lapwing"},{"link_name":"Lesser sand-plover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_sand-plover"},{"link_name":"Greater sand-plover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_sand-plover"},{"link_name":"Kentish plover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentish_plover"},{"link_name":"White-faced plover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-faced_plover"},{"link_name":"Snowy plover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowy_plover"},{"link_name":"Common ringed plover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_ringed_plover"},{"link_name":"Long-billed plover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-billed_plover"},{"link_name":"Little ringed plover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_ringed_plover"},{"link_name":"Oriental plover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_plover"}],"text":"Order: Charadriiformes Family: CharadriidaeThe family Charadriidae includes the plovers, dotterels and lapwings. They are small to medium-sized birds with compact bodies, short, thick necks and long, usually pointed, wings. They are found in open country worldwide, mostly in habitats near water.Black-bellied plover, Pluvialis squatarola\nEuropean golden-plover, Pluvialis apricaria (A)\nAmerican golden-plover, Pluvialis dominica (A)\nPacific golden-plover, Pluvialis fulva\nNorthern lapwing, Vanellus vanellus\nGray-headed lapwing, Vanellus cinereus\nLesser sand-plover, Charadrius mongolus\nGreater sand-plover, Charadrius leschenaultii\nKentish plover, Charadrius alexandrinus\nWhite-faced plover, Charadrius dealbatus (A)\nSnowy plover, Charadrius nivosus\nCommon ringed plover, Charadrius hiaticula (A)\nLong-billed plover, Charadrius placidus (A)\nLittle ringed plover, Charadrius dubius\nOriental plover, Charadrius veredus","title":"Plovers and lapwings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charadriiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charadriiformes"},{"link_name":"Rostratulidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostratulidae"},{"link_name":"Greater painted-snipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_painted-snipe"}],"text":"Order: Charadriiformes Family: RostratulidaePainted-snipes are short-legged, long-billed birds similar in shape to the true snipes, but more brightly coloured.Greater painted-snipe, Rostratula benghalensis","title":"Painted-snipes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charadriiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charadriiformes"},{"link_name":"Jacanidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacanidae"},{"link_name":"Pheasant-tailed jacana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pheasant-tailed_jacana"}],"text":"Order: Charadriiformes Family: JacanidaeThe jacanas are a group of tropical waders in the family Jacanidae. They are found throughout the tropics. They are identifiable by their huge feet and claws which enable them to walk on floating vegetation in the shallow lakes that are their preferred habitat.Pheasant-tailed jacana, Hydrophasianus chirurgus","title":"Jacanas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charadriiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charadriiformes"},{"link_name":"Scolopacidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scolopacidae"},{"link_name":"sandpipers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandpiper"},{"link_name":"curlews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curlew"},{"link_name":"godwits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godwit"},{"link_name":"shanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tringa"},{"link_name":"tattlers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tattler_(bird)"},{"link_name":"woodcocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodcock"},{"link_name":"snipes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snipe"},{"link_name":"dowitchers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowitcher"},{"link_name":"phalaropes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalarope"},{"link_name":"Whimbrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_whimbrel"},{"link_name":"Little curlew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_curlew"},{"link_name":"Far Eastern curlew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_Eastern_curlew"},{"link_name":"Eurasian curlew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_curlew"},{"link_name":"Bar-tailed godwit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar-tailed_godwit"},{"link_name":"Black-tailed godwit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-tailed_godwit"},{"link_name":"Ruddy turnstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruddy_turnstone"},{"link_name":"Great knot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_knot"},{"link_name":"Red knot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_knot"},{"link_name":"Ruff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruff_(bird)"},{"link_name":"Broad-billed sandpiper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad-billed_sandpiper"},{"link_name":"Sharp-tailed sandpiper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharp-tailed_sandpiper"},{"link_name":"Curlew sandpiper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curlew_sandpiper"},{"link_name":"Temminck's stint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temminck%27s_stint"},{"link_name":"Long-toed stint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-toed_stint"},{"link_name":"Spoon-billed sandpiper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoon-billed_sandpiper"},{"link_name":"Red-necked stint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-necked_stint"},{"link_name":"Sanderling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanderling"},{"link_name":"Dunlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunlin"},{"link_name":"Little stint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_stint"},{"link_name":"Buff-breasted sandpiper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buff-breasted_sandpiper"},{"link_name":"Pectoral sandpiper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pectoral_sandpiper"},{"link_name":"Asian dowitcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_dowitcher"},{"link_name":"Long-billed dowitcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-billed_dowitcher"},{"link_name":"Eurasian woodcock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_woodcock"},{"link_name":"Latham's snipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latham%27s_snipe"},{"link_name":"Common snipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_snipe"},{"link_name":"Pin-tailed snipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pin-tailed_snipe"},{"link_name":"Swinhoe's snipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swinhoe%27s_snipe"},{"link_name":"Terek sandpiper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terek_sandpiper"},{"link_name":"Red-necked phalarope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-necked_phalarope"},{"link_name":"Red phalarope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_phalarope"},{"link_name":"Common sandpiper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_sandpiper"},{"link_name":"Green sandpiper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_sandpiper"},{"link_name":"Gray-tailed tattler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray-tailed_tattler"},{"link_name":"Spotted redshank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotted_redshank"},{"link_name":"Common greenshank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_greenshank"},{"link_name":"Nordmann's greenshank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordmann%27s_greenshank"},{"link_name":"Lesser yellowlegs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_yellowlegs"},{"link_name":"Marsh sandpiper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsh_sandpiper"},{"link_name":"Wood sandpiper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_sandpiper"},{"link_name":"Common redshank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_redshank"}],"text":"Order: Charadriiformes Family: ScolopacidaeScolopacidae is a large diverse family of small to medium-sized shorebirds including the sandpipers, curlews, godwits, shanks, tattlers, woodcocks, snipes, dowitchers and phalaropes. The majority of these species eat small invertebrates picked out of the mud or soil. Variation in length of legs and bills enables multiple species to feed in the same habitat, particularly on the coast, without direct competition for food.Whimbrel, Numenius phaeopus\nLittle curlew, Numenius minutus\nFar Eastern curlew, Numenius madagascariensis\nEurasian curlew, Numenius arquata\nBar-tailed godwit, Limosa lapponica\nBlack-tailed godwit, Limosa limosa\nRuddy turnstone, Arenaria interpres\nGreat knot, Calidris tenuirostris\nRed knot, Calidris canutus\nRuff, Calidris pugnax\nBroad-billed sandpiper, Calidris falcinellus\nSharp-tailed sandpiper, Calidris acuminata\nCurlew sandpiper, Calidris ferruginea\nTemminck's stint, Calidris temminckii\nLong-toed stint, Calidris subminuta\nSpoon-billed sandpiper, Calidris pygmeus\nRed-necked stint, Calidris ruficollis\nSanderling, Calidris alba\nDunlin, Calidris alpina\nLittle stint, Calidris minuta\nBuff-breasted sandpiper, Calidris subruficollis (A)\nPectoral sandpiper, Calidris melanotos (A)\nAsian dowitcher, Limnodromus semipalmatus\nLong-billed dowitcher, Limnodromus scolopaceus\nEurasian woodcock, Scolopax rusticola\nLatham's snipe, Gallinago hardwickii (A)\nCommon snipe, Gallinago gallinago\nPin-tailed snipe, Gallinago stenura\nSwinhoe's snipe, Gallinago megala\nTerek sandpiper, Xenus cinereus\nRed-necked phalarope, Phalaropus lobatus\nRed phalarope, Phalaropus fulicarius (A)\nCommon sandpiper, Actitis hypoleucos\nGreen sandpiper, Tringa ochropus\nGray-tailed tattler, Tringa brevipes\nSpotted redshank, Tringa erythropus\nCommon greenshank, Tringa nebularia\nNordmann's greenshank, Tringa guttifer\nLesser yellowlegs, Tringa flavipes (A)\nMarsh sandpiper, Tringa stagnatilis\nWood sandpiper, Tringa glareola\nCommon redshank, Tringa totanus","title":"Sandpipers and allies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charadriiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charadriiformes"},{"link_name":"Turnicidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnicidae"},{"link_name":"Small buttonquail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_buttonquail"},{"link_name":"Yellow-legged buttonquail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow-legged_buttonquail"},{"link_name":"Barred buttonquail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barred_buttonquail"}],"text":"Order: Charadriiformes Family: TurnicidaeThe buttonquail are small, drab, running birds which resemble the true quails. The female is the brighter of the sexes and initiates courtship. The male incubates the eggs and tends the young.Small buttonquail, Turnix sylvaticus\nYellow-legged buttonquail, Turnix tanki\nBarred buttonquail, Turnix suscitator (A)","title":"Buttonquail"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charadriiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charadriiformes"},{"link_name":"Glareolidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glareolidae"},{"link_name":"pratincoles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratincole"},{"link_name":"coursers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courser"},{"link_name":"Oriental pratincole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_pratincole"}],"text":"Order: Charadriiformes Family: GlareolidaeGlareolidae is a family of wading birds comprising the pratincoles, which have short legs, long pointed wings and long forked tails, and the coursers, which have long legs, short wings and long, pointed bills which curve downwards.Oriental pratincole, Glareola maldivarum","title":"Pratincoles and coursers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charadriiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charadriiformes"},{"link_name":"Stercorariidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stercorariidae"},{"link_name":"Pomarine jaeger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomarine_jaeger"},{"link_name":"Parasitic jaeger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitic_jaeger"},{"link_name":"Long-tailed jaeger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-tailed_jaeger"}],"text":"Order: Charadriiformes Family: StercorariidaeThe family Stercorariidae are, in general, medium to large birds, typically with grey or brown plumage, often with white markings on the wings. They nest on the ground in temperate and arctic regions and are long-distance migrants.Pomarine jaeger, Stercorarius pomarinus\nParasitic jaeger, Stercorarius parasiticus\nLong-tailed jaeger, Stercorarius longicaudus","title":"Skuas and jaegers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charadriiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charadriiformes"},{"link_name":"Alcidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcidae"},{"link_name":"Ancient murrelet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_murrelet"},{"link_name":"Japanese murrelet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_murrelet"}],"text":"Order: Charadriiformes Family: AlcidaeAlcids are superficially similar to penguins due to their black-and-white colours, their upright posture and some of their habits, however they are not related to the penguins and differ in being able to fly. Auks live on the open sea, only deliberately coming ashore to nest.Ancient murrelet, Synthliboramphus antiquus\nJapanese murrelet, Synthliboramphus wumizusume (A)","title":"Auks, murres and puffins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charadriiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charadriiformes"},{"link_name":"Laridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laridae"},{"link_name":"seabirds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seabird"},{"link_name":"gulls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gull"},{"link_name":"terns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tern"},{"link_name":"skimmers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skimmer_(bird)"},{"link_name":"Black-legged kittiwake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-legged_kittiwake"},{"link_name":"Saunders's gull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saunders%27s_gull"},{"link_name":"Slender-billed gull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slender-billed_gull"},{"link_name":"Black-headed gull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-headed_gull"},{"link_name":"Brown-headed gull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown-headed_gull"},{"link_name":"Little gull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_gull"},{"link_name":"Franklin's gull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin%27s_gull"},{"link_name":"Relict gull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relict_gull"},{"link_name":"Pallas's gull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallas%27s_gull"},{"link_name":"Black-tailed gull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-tailed_gull"},{"link_name":"Common gull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_gull"},{"link_name":"Short-billed gull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-billed_gull"},{"link_name":"Ring-billed gull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring-billed_gull"},{"link_name":"Herring gull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vega_gull"},{"link_name":"Caspian gull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian_gull"},{"link_name":"Iceland gull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland_gull"},{"link_name":"Lesser black-backed gull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_black-backed_gull"},{"link_name":"Slaty-backed gull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaty-backed_gull"},{"link_name":"Glaucous-winged gull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaucous-winged_gull"},{"link_name":"Glaucous gull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaucous_gull"},{"link_name":"Brown noddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_noddy"},{"link_name":"Black noddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_noddy"},{"link_name":"Sooty tern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sooty_tern"},{"link_name":"Bridled tern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridled_tern"},{"link_name":"Aleutian tern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleutian_tern"},{"link_name":"Little tern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_tern"},{"link_name":"Gull-billed tern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gull-billed_tern"},{"link_name":"Caspian tern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian_tern"},{"link_name":"White-winged tern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-winged_tern"},{"link_name":"Whiskered tern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whiskered_tern"},{"link_name":"Roseate tern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roseate_tern"},{"link_name":"Black-naped tern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-naped_tern"},{"link_name":"Common tern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_tern"},{"link_name":"Great crested tern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_crested_tern"}],"text":"Order: Charadriiformes Family: LaridaeLaridae is a family of medium to large seabirds, the gulls, terns, and skimmers. Gulls are typically grey or white, often with black markings on the head or wings. They have stout, longish bills and webbed feet. Terns are a group of generally medium to large seabirds typically with grey or white plumage, often with black markings on the head. Most terns hunt fish by diving but some pick insects off the surface of fresh water. Terns are generally long-lived birds, with several species known to live in excess of 30 years.Black-legged kittiwake, Rissa tridactyla\nSaunders's gull, Saundersilarus saundersi\nSlender-billed gull, Chroicocephalus genei (A)\nBlack-headed gull, Chroicocephalus ridibundus\nBrown-headed gull, Chroicocephalus brunnicephalus\nLittle gull, Hydrocoloeus minutus (A)\nFranklin's gull, Leucophaeus pipixcan (A)\nRelict gull, Ichthyaetus relictus (A)\nPallas's gull, Ichthyaetus ichthyaetus\nBlack-tailed gull, Larus crassirostris\nCommon gull, Larus canus (A)\nShort-billed gull, Larus brachyrhynchus (A)\nRing-billed gull, Larus delawarensis (A)\nHerring gull, Larus argentatus\nCaspian gull, Larus cachinnans\nIceland gull, Larus glaucoides (A)\nLesser black-backed gull, Larus fuscus\nSlaty-backed gull, Larus schistisagus\nGlaucous-winged gull, Larus glaucescens (A)\nGlaucous gull, Larus hyperboreus (A)\nBrown noddy, Anous stolidus (A)\nBlack noddy, Anous minutus (A)\nSooty tern, Onychoprion fuscatus (A)\nBridled tern, Onychoprion anaethetus\nAleutian tern, Onychoprion aleuticus\nLittle tern, Sternula albifrons\nGull-billed tern, Gelochelidon nilotica\nCaspian tern, Hydroprogne caspia\nWhite-winged tern, Chlidonias leucopterus\nWhiskered tern, Chlidonias hybrida\nRoseate tern, Sterna dougallii\nBlack-naped tern, Sterna sumatrana\nCommon tern, Sterna hirundo\nGreat crested tern, Thalasseus bergii","title":"Gulls, terns, and skimmers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Phaethontiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaethontiformes"},{"link_name":"Phaethontidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaethontidae"},{"link_name":"White-tailed tropicbird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-tailed_tropicbird"}],"text":"Order: Phaethontiformes Family: PhaethontidaeTropicbirds are a family, Phaethontidae, of tropical pelagic seabirds now classified in their own order Phaethontiformes. Their relationship to other living birds is unclear, and they appear to have no close relatives. They have predominantly white plumage with elongated tail feathers and small feeble legs and feet.White-tailed tropicbird, Phaethon lepturus (A)","title":"Tropicbirds"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gaviiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaviiformes"},{"link_name":"Gaviidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaviidae"},{"link_name":"Red-throated loon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-throated_loon"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Pacific loon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_loon"},{"link_name":"Yellow-billed loon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow-billed_loon"}],"text":"Order: Gaviiformes Family: GaviidaeLoons, known as divers in Europe, are a group of aquatic birds found in many parts of North America and northern Europe. They are the size of a large duck or small goose, which they somewhat resemble when swimming, but to which they are completely unrelated.Red-throated loon, Gavia stellata (A)[4]\nPacific loon, Gavia pacifica (A)\nYellow-billed loon, Gavia adamsii (A)","title":"Loons"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Procellariiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procellariiformes"},{"link_name":"Procellariidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procellariidae"},{"link_name":"Bulwer's petrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulwer%27s_petrel"},{"link_name":"Streaked shearwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaked_shearwater"},{"link_name":"Flesh-footed shearwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flesh-footed_shearwater"},{"link_name":"Wedge-tailed shearwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedge-tailed_shearwater"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Short-tailed shearwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-tailed_shearwater"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Order: Procellariiformes Family: ProcellariidaeThe procellariids are the main group of medium-sized \"true petrels\", characterised by united nostrils with medium septum and a long outer functional primary.Bulwer's petrel, Bulweria bulwerii (A)\nStreaked shearwater, Calonectris leucomelas\nFlesh-footed shearwater, Ardenna carneipes (A)\nWedge-tailed shearwater, Ardenna pacificus (A)[5]\nShort-tailed shearwater, Ardenna tenuirostris[6]","title":"Shearwaters and petrels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ciconiiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciconiiformes"},{"link_name":"Ciconiidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciconiidae"},{"link_name":"Black stork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_stork"},{"link_name":"Oriental stork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_stork"}],"text":"Order: Ciconiiformes Family: CiconiidaeStorks are large, long-legged, long-necked, wading birds with long, stout bills. Storks are mute, but bill-clattering is an important mode of communication at the nest. Their nests can be large and may be reused for many years. Many species are migratory.Black stork, Ciconia nigra\nOriental stork, Ciconia boyciana","title":"Storks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Suiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suiformes"},{"link_name":"Fregatidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fregatidae"},{"link_name":"Frigatebirds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frigatebird"},{"link_name":"Lesser frigatebird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_frigatebird"},{"link_name":"Christmas Island frigatebird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Island_frigatebird"},{"link_name":"Great frigatebird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_frigatebird"}],"text":"Order: Suiformes Family: FregatidaeFrigatebirds are large seabirds usually found over tropical oceans. They are large, black-and-white or completely black, with long wings and deeply forked tails. The males have coloured inflatable throat pouches. They do not swim or walk and cannot take off from a flat surface. Having the largest wingspan-to-body-weight ratio of any bird, they are essentially aerial, able to stay aloft for more than a week.Lesser frigatebird, Fregata ariel\nChristmas Island frigatebird, Fregata andrewsi (A)\nGreat frigatebird, Fregata minor (A)","title":"Frigatebirds"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Suliformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suliformes"},{"link_name":"Sulidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulidae"},{"link_name":"gannets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gannet"},{"link_name":"boobies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booby"},{"link_name":"Masked booby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masked_booby"},{"link_name":"Brown booby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_booby"},{"link_name":"Red-footed booby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-footed_booby"}],"text":"Order: Suliformes Family: SulidaeThe sulids comprise the gannets and boobies. Both groups are medium to large coastal seabirds that plunge-dive for fish.Masked booby, Sula dactylatra (A)\nBrown booby, Sula leucogaster (A)\nRed-footed booby, Sula sula (A)","title":"Boobies and gannets"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Suliformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suliformes"},{"link_name":"Phalacrocoracidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalacrocoracidae"},{"link_name":"Great cormorant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_cormorant"},{"link_name":"Japanese cormorant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_cormorant"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Order: Suliformes Family: PhalacrocoracidaePhalacrocoracidae is a family of medium to large coastal, fish-eating seabirds that includes cormorants and shags. Plumage colouration varies, with the majority having mainly dark plumage, some species being black-and-white and a few being colourful.Great cormorant, Phalacrocorax carbo\nJapanese cormorant, Phalacrocorax capillatus (A)[7]","title":"Cormorants and shags"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pelecaniformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelecaniformes"},{"link_name":"Pelecanidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelecanidae"},{"link_name":"Pelicans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelican"},{"link_name":"Dalmatian pelican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalmatian_pelican"}],"text":"Order: Pelecaniformes Family: PelecanidaePelicans are large water birds with a distinctive pouch under their beak. As with other members of the order Pelecaniformes, they have webbed feet with four toes.Dalmatian pelican, Pelecanus crispus (A)","title":"Pelicans"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Greyheron.jpg"},{"link_name":"Grey heron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_heron"},{"link_name":"Pelecaniformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelecaniformes"},{"link_name":"Ardeidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardeidae"},{"link_name":"bitterns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bittern"},{"link_name":"herons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heron"},{"link_name":"egrets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egret"},{"link_name":"Great bittern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_bittern"},{"link_name":"Yellow bittern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_bittern"},{"link_name":"Schrenck's bittern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schrenck%27s_bittern"},{"link_name":"Cinnamon bittern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamon_bittern"},{"link_name":"Black bittern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_bittern"},{"link_name":"Gray heron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_heron"},{"link_name":"Purple heron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple_heron"},{"link_name":"Great egret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_egret"},{"link_name":"Intermediate egret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediate_egret"},{"link_name":"Chinese egret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_egret"},{"link_name":"Little egret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_egret"},{"link_name":"Pacific reef-heron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_reef-heron"},{"link_name":"Cattle egret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle_egret"},{"link_name":"Chinese pond-heron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_pond-heron"},{"link_name":"Striated heron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striated_heron"},{"link_name":"Black-crowned night-heron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-crowned_night-heron"},{"link_name":"Japanese night-heron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_night-heron"},{"link_name":"Malayan night-heron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_night-heron"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Grey heronOrder: Pelecaniformes Family: ArdeidaeThe family Ardeidae contains the bitterns, herons and egrets. Herons and egrets are medium to large wading birds with long necks and legs. Bitterns tend to be shorter necked and more wary. Members of Ardeidae fly with their necks retracted, unlike other long-necked birds such as storks, ibises and spoonbills.Great bittern, Botaurus stellaris\nYellow bittern, Ixobrychus sinensis\nSchrenck's bittern, Ixobrychus eurhythmus\nCinnamon bittern, Ixobrychus cinnamomeus\nBlack bittern, Ixobrychus flavicollis\nGray heron, Ardea cinerea\nPurple heron, Ardea purpurea\nGreat egret, Ardea alba\nIntermediate egret, Ardea intermedia\nChinese egret, Egretta eulophotes\nLittle egret, Egretta garzetta\nPacific reef-heron, Egretta sacra\nCattle egret, Bubulcus ibis\nChinese pond-heron, Ardeola bacchus\nStriated heron, Butorides striata\nBlack-crowned night-heron, Nycticorax nycticorax\nJapanese night-heron, Gorsachius goisagi (A)\nMalayan night-heron, Gorsachius melanolophus (A)[8]","title":"Herons, egrets, and bitterns"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Platalea_minor.jpg"},{"link_name":"Black-faced spoonbill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-faced_spoonbill"},{"link_name":"Pelecaniformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelecaniformes"},{"link_name":"Threskiornithidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threskiornithidae"},{"link_name":"ibises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibis"},{"link_name":"spoonbills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoonbill"},{"link_name":"Glossy ibis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossy_ibis"},{"link_name":"Black-headed ibis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-headed_ibis"},{"link_name":"Eurasian spoonbill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_spoonbill"},{"link_name":"Black-faced spoonbill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-faced_spoonbill"}],"text":"Black-faced spoonbillOrder: Pelecaniformes Family: ThreskiornithidaeThreskiornithidae is a family of large terrestrial and wading birds which includes the ibises and spoonbills. They have long, broad wings with 11 primary and about 20 secondary feathers. They are strong fliers and despite their size and weight, very capable soarers.Glossy ibis, Plegadis falcinellus (A)\nBlack-headed ibis, Threskiornis melanocephalus (A)\nEurasian spoonbill, Platalea leucorodia\nBlack-faced spoonbill, Platalea minor","title":"Ibises and spoonbills"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Accipitriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accipitriformes"},{"link_name":"Pandionidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandionidae"},{"link_name":"raptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_of_prey"},{"link_name":"Osprey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osprey"}],"text":"Order: Accipitriformes Family: PandionidaeThe family Pandionidae contains only one species, the osprey. The osprey is a medium-large raptor which is a specialist fish-eater with a worldwide distribution.Osprey, Pandion haliaetus","title":"Osprey"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Milvus_migrans_govinda.jpg"},{"link_name":"Black kite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_kite"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:White_Bellied_Sea_Eagle_070531c.jpg"},{"link_name":"White-bellied sea eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-bellied_sea_eagle"},{"link_name":"Accipitriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accipitriformes"},{"link_name":"Accipitridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accipitridae"},{"link_name":"hawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawk"},{"link_name":"eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle"},{"link_name":"kites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite_(bird)"},{"link_name":"harriers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrier_(bird)"},{"link_name":"Old World vultures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_World_vulture"},{"link_name":"Black-winged kite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-winged_kite"},{"link_name":"Oriental honey-buzzard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_honey-buzzard"},{"link_name":"Black baza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_baza"},{"link_name":"Cinereous vulture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinereous_vulture"},{"link_name":"Crested serpent-eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crested_serpent-eagle"},{"link_name":"Mountain hawk-eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_hawk-eagle"},{"link_name":"Greater spotted eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_spotted_eagle"},{"link_name":"Steppe eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppe_eagle"},{"link_name":"Imperial eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_imperial_eagle"},{"link_name":"Bonelli's eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonelli%27s_eagle"},{"link_name":"Gray-faced buzzard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray-faced_buzzard"},{"link_name":"Eastern marsh-harrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_marsh-harrier"},{"link_name":"Hen harrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hen_harrier"},{"link_name":"Pied harrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pied_harrier"},{"link_name":"Crested goshawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crested_goshawk"},{"link_name":"Chinese sparrowhawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_sparrowhawk"},{"link_name":"Japanese sparrowhawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_sparrowhawk"},{"link_name":"Besra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besra"},{"link_name":"Eurasian sparrowhawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_sparrowhawk"},{"link_name":"Northern goshawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_goshawk"},{"link_name":"Black kite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_kite"},{"link_name":"Brahminy kite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahminy_kite"},{"link_name":"White-bellied sea-eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-bellied_sea-eagle"},{"link_name":"Common buzzard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_buzzard"},{"link_name":"Eastern buzzard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_buzzard"}],"text":"Milvus migrans Black kiteWhite-bellied sea eagleOrder: Accipitriformes Family: AccipitridaeAccipitridae is a family of birds of prey, which includes hawks, eagles, kites, harriers and Old World vultures. These birds have powerful hooked beaks for tearing flesh from their prey, strong legs, powerful talons and keen eyesight.Black-winged kite, Elanus caeruleus (A)\nOriental honey-buzzard, Pernis ptilorhynchus\nBlack baza, Aviceda leuphotes\nCinereous vulture, Aegypius monachus (A)\nCrested serpent-eagle, Spilornis cheela\nMountain hawk-eagle, Nisaetus nipalensis (A)\nGreater spotted eagle, Clanga clanga\nSteppe eagle, Aquila nipalensis (A)\nImperial eagle, Aquila heliaca\nBonelli's eagle, Aquila fasciata\nGray-faced buzzard, Butastur indicus\nEastern marsh-harrier, Circus spilonotus\nHen harrier, Circus cyaneus (A)\nPied harrier, Circus melanoleucos\nCrested goshawk, Accipiter trivirgatus\nChinese sparrowhawk, Accipiter soloensis\nJapanese sparrowhawk, Accipiter gularis\nBesra, Accipiter virgatus\nEurasian sparrowhawk, Accipiter nisus\nNorthern goshawk, Accipiter gentilis (A)\nBlack kite, Milvus migrans\nBrahminy kite, Haliastur indus (A)\nWhite-bellied sea-eagle, Haliaeetus leucogaster\nCommon buzzard, Buteo buteo\nEastern buzzard, Buteo japonicus","title":"Hawks, eagles, and kites"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Strigiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strigiformes"},{"link_name":"Tytonidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tytonidae"},{"link_name":"Barn owls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barn_owl"},{"link_name":"Australasian grass-owl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasian_grass-owl"}],"text":"Order: Strigiformes Family: TytonidaeBarn owls are medium to large owls with large heads and characteristic heart-shaped faces. They have long strong legs with powerful talons.Australasian grass-owl, Tyto longimembris (A)","title":"Barn-owls"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bubo_bubo.jpg"},{"link_name":"Strigiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strigiformes"},{"link_name":"Strigidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strigidae"},{"link_name":"typical owls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typical_owl"},{"link_name":"Collared scops-owl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collared_scops-owl"},{"link_name":"Sunda scops-owl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunda_scops-owl"},{"link_name":"Oriental scops-owl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_scops-owl"},{"link_name":"Eurasian eagle-owl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_eagle-owl"},{"link_name":"Brown fish-owl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_fish-owl"},{"link_name":"Asian barred owlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_barred_owlet"},{"link_name":"Collared owlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collared_owlet"},{"link_name":"Brown wood-owl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_wood-owl"},{"link_name":"Himalayan owl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayan_owl"},{"link_name":"Short-eared owl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-eared_owl"},{"link_name":"Brown boobook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_boobook"},{"link_name":"Northern boobook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_boobook"}],"text":"Eurasian eagle-owl.Order: Strigiformes Family: StrigidaeThe typical owls are small to large solitary nocturnal birds of prey. They have large forward-facing eyes and ears, a hawk-like beak and a conspicuous circle of feathers around each eye called a facial disk.Collared scops-owl, Otus lettia\nSunda scops-owl, Otus lempiji\nOriental scops-owl, Otus sunia\nEurasian eagle-owl, Bubo bubo\nBrown fish-owl, Ketupa zeylonensis\nAsian barred owlet, Glaucidium cuculoides\nCollared owlet, Taenioptynx brodiei (A)\nBrown wood-owl, Strix leptogrammica\nHimalayan owl, Strix nivicolum\nShort-eared owl, Asio flammeus (A)\nBrown boobook, Ninox scutulata\nNorthern boobook, Ninox japonica","title":"Owls"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bucerotiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucerotiformes"},{"link_name":"Upupidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upupidae"},{"link_name":"Eurasian hoopoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_hoopoe"}],"text":"Order: Bucerotiformes Family: UpupidaeHoopoes have black, white and orangey-pink colouring with a large erectile crest on their head.Eurasian hoopoe, Upupa epops (A)","title":"Hoopoes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:White-throated_Kingfisher.jpg"},{"link_name":"Coraciiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coraciiformes"},{"link_name":"Alcedinidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcedinidae"},{"link_name":"Common kingfisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_kingfisher"},{"link_name":"Black-backed dwarf-kingfisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-backed_dwarf-kingfisher"},{"link_name":"Ruddy kingfisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruddy_kingfisher"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"White-throated kingfisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-throated_kingfisher"},{"link_name":"Black-capped kingfisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-capped_kingfisher"},{"link_name":"Collared kingfisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collared_kingfisher"},{"link_name":"Crested kingfisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crested_kingfisher"},{"link_name":"Pied kingfisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pied_kingfisher"}],"text":"White-throated kingfisherOrder: Coraciiformes Family: AlcedinidaeKingfishers are medium-sized birds with large heads, long, pointed bills, short legs and stubby tails.Common kingfisher, Alcedo atthis\nBlack-backed dwarf-kingfisher, Ceyx erithaca (A)\nRuddy kingfisher, Halcyon coromanda (A)[9]\nWhite-throated kingfisher, Halcyon smyrnensis\nBlack-capped kingfisher, Halcyon pileata\nCollared kingfisher, Todirhamphus chloris (A)\nCrested kingfisher, Megaceryle lugubris (A)\nPied kingfisher, Ceryle rudis","title":"Kingfishers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coraciiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coraciiformes"},{"link_name":"Meropidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meropidae"},{"link_name":"near passerine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_passerine"},{"link_name":"Blue-throated bee-eater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue-throated_bee-eater"},{"link_name":"Blue-tailed bee-eater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue-tailed_bee-eater"}],"text":"Order: Coraciiformes Family: MeropidaeThe bee-eaters are a group of near passerine birds in the family Meropidae. Most species are found in Africa but others occur in southern Europe, Madagascar, Australia and New Guinea. They are characterised by richly coloured plumage, slender bodies and usually elongated central tail feathers. All are colourful and have long downturned bills and pointed wings, which give them a swallow-like appearance when seen from afar.Blue-throated bee-eater, Merops viridis (A)\nBlue-tailed bee-eater, Merops philippinus","title":"Bee-eaters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coraciiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coraciiformes"},{"link_name":"Coraciidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coraciidae"},{"link_name":"crows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crow"},{"link_name":"kingfishers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingfisher"},{"link_name":"bee-eaters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bee-eater"},{"link_name":"European roller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_roller"},{"link_name":"Dollarbird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dollarbird"}],"text":"Order: Coraciiformes Family: CoraciidaeRollers resemble crows in size and build, but are more closely related to the kingfishers and bee-eaters. They share the colourful appearance of those groups with blues and browns predominating. The two inner front toes are connected, but the outer toe is not.European roller, Coracias garrulus (A)\nDollarbird, Eurystomus orientalis","title":"Rollers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Piciformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piciformes"},{"link_name":"Megalaimidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalaimidae"},{"link_name":"Great barbet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_barbet"},{"link_name":"Chinese barbet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_barbet"}],"text":"Order: Piciformes Family: MegalaimidaeThe Asian barbets are plump birds, with short necks and large heads. They get their name from the bristles which fringe their heavy bills. Most species are brightly coloured.Great barbet, Psilopogon virens\nChinese barbet, Psilopogon faber","title":"Asian barbets"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Piciformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piciformes"},{"link_name":"Picidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picidae"},{"link_name":"Eurasian wryneck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_wryneck"},{"link_name":"Speckled piculet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speckled_piculet"},{"link_name":"Rufous-bellied woodpecker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufous-bellied_woodpecker"},{"link_name":"Bay woodpecker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_woodpecker"},{"link_name":"Rufous woodpecker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufous_woodpecker"},{"link_name":"Gray-headed woodpecker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray-headed_woodpecker"}],"text":"Order: Piciformes Family: PicidaeWoodpeckers are small to medium-sized birds with chisel-like beaks, short legs, stiff tails and long tongues used for capturing insects. Some species have feet with two toes pointing forward and two backward, while several species have only three toes. Many woodpeckers have the habit of tapping noisily on tree trunks with their beaks.Eurasian wryneck, Jynx torquilla\nSpeckled piculet, Picumnus innominatus\nRufous-bellied woodpecker, Dendrocopos hyperythrus (A)\nBay woodpecker, Blythipicus pyrrhotis\nRufous woodpecker, Micropternus brachyurus (A)\nGray-headed woodpecker, Picus canus (A)","title":"Woodpeckers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Falconiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falconiformes"},{"link_name":"Falconidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falconidae"},{"link_name":"Eurasian kestrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_kestrel"},{"link_name":"Amur falcon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amur_falcon"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Eurasian hobby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_hobby"},{"link_name":"Peregrine falcon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peregrine_falcon"}],"text":"Order: Falconiformes Family: FalconidaeFalconidae is a family of diurnal birds of prey. They differ from hawks, eagles and kites in that they kill with their beaks instead of their talons.Eurasian kestrel, Falco tinnunculus\nAmur falcon, Falco amurensis[10]\nEurasian hobby, Falco subbuteo\nPeregrine falcon, Falco peregrinus","title":"Falcons and caracaras"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Psittaciformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psittaciformes"},{"link_name":"Cacatuidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cacatuidae"},{"link_name":"zygodactyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dactyly#In_birds"},{"link_name":"headcrest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crest_(feathers)"},{"link_name":"Yellow-crested cockatoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow-crested_cockatoo"}],"text":"Order: Psittaciformes Family: CacatuidaeThe cockatoos share many features with other parrots including the characteristic curved beak shape and a zygodactyl foot, with two forward toes and two backwards toes. They differ, however in a number of characteristics, including the often spectacular movable headcrest.Yellow-crested cockatoo, Cacatua sulphurea (I)","title":"Cockatoos"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Psittaciformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psittaciformes"},{"link_name":"Psittaculidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psittaculidae"},{"link_name":"zygodactyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygodactyl"},{"link_name":"Alexandrine parakeet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandrine_parakeet"},{"link_name":"Rose-ringed parakeet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose-ringed_parakeet"}],"text":"Order: Psittaciformes Family: PsittaculidaeCharacteristic features of parrots include a strong curved bill, an upright stance, strong legs, and clawed zygodactyl feet. Many parrots are vividly coloured, and some are multi-coloured. In size they range from 8 cm (3.1 in) to 1 m (3.3 ft) in length. Old World parrots are found from Africa east across south and southeast Asia and Oceania to Australia and New Zealand.Alexandrine parakeet, Psittacula eupatria\nRose-ringed parakeet, Psittacula krameri (I)","title":"Old world parrots"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Passeriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes"},{"link_name":"Pittidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittidae"},{"link_name":"Indian pitta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_pitta"},{"link_name":"Blue-winged pitta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue-winged_pitta"},{"link_name":"Fairy pitta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairy_pitta"}],"text":"Order: Passeriformes Family: PittidaePittas are medium-sized by passerine standards and are stocky, with fairly long, strong legs, short tails and stout bills. Many are brightly coloured. They spend the majority of their time on wet forest floors, eating snails, insects and similar invertebrates.Indian pitta, Pitta brachyura (A)\nBlue-winged pitta, Pitta moluccensis (A)\nFairy pitta, Pitta nympha","title":"Pittas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Passeriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes"},{"link_name":"Meliphagidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meliphagidae"},{"link_name":"Blue-faced honeyeater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue-faced_honeyeater"}],"text":"Order: Passeriformes Family: MeliphagidaeThe honeyeaters are a large and diverse family of small to medium-sized birds most common in Australia and New Guinea. They are nectar feeders and closely resemble other nectar-feeding passerines.Blue-faced honeyeater, Entomyzon cyanotis (I)","title":"Honeyeaters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Passeriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes"},{"link_name":"Campephagidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campephagidae"},{"link_name":"Gray-chinned minivet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray-chinned_minivet"},{"link_name":"Scarlet minivet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarlet_minivet"},{"link_name":"Ryukyu minivet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryukyu_minivet"},{"link_name":"Ashy minivet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashy_minivet"},{"link_name":"Brown-rumped minivet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown-rumped_minivet"},{"link_name":"Rosy minivet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosy_minivet"},{"link_name":"Black-winged cuckooshrike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-winged_cuckooshrike"}],"text":"Order: Passeriformes Family: CampephagidaeThe cuckooshrikes are small to medium-sized passerine birds. They are predominantly greyish with white and black, although some species are brightly coloured.Gray-chinned minivet, Pericrocotus solaris\nScarlet minivet, Pericrocotus speciosus\nRyukyu minivet, Pericrocotus tegimae (A)\nAshy minivet, Pericrocotus divaricatus\nBrown-rumped minivet, Pericrocotus cantonensis\nRosy minivet, Pericrocotus roseus (A)\nBlack-winged cuckooshrike, Lalage melaschistos","title":"Cuckooshrikes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Passeriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes"},{"link_name":"Vireonidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vireonidae"},{"link_name":"White-bellied erpornis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-bellied_erpornis"}],"text":"Order: Passeriformes Family: VireonidaeMost of the members of this family are found in the New World. However, the shrike-babblers and erpornis, which only slightly resemble the \"true\" vireos and greenlets, are found in South East Asia.White-bellied erpornis, Erpornis zantholeuca","title":"Vireos, shrike-babblers, and erpornis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Passeriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes"},{"link_name":"Oriolidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriolidae"},{"link_name":"Black-naped oriole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-naped_oriole"},{"link_name":"Maroon oriole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroon_oriole"},{"link_name":"Silver oriole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_oriole"}],"text":"Order: Passeriformes Family: OriolidaeThe Old World orioles are colourful passerine birds. They are not related to the New World orioles.Black-naped oriole, Oriolus chinensis\nMaroon oriole, Oriolus traillii (A)\nSilver oriole, Oriolus mellianus (A)","title":"Old World orioles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Passeriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes"},{"link_name":"Artamidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artamidae"},{"link_name":"Ashy woodswallow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashy_woodswallow"}],"text":"Order: Passeriformes Family: ArtamidaeWoodswallows are soft-plumaged, somber-coloured passerine birds. There is a single genus, Artamus. The woodswallows are either treated as a subfamily, Artaminae, in an expanded family Artamidae, which includes the butcherbirds and Australian magpie, or as the only genus in that family.Ashy woodswallow, Artamus fuscus (A)","title":"Woodswallows"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Passeriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes"},{"link_name":"Vangidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vangidae"},{"link_name":"Large woodshrike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_woodshrike"}],"text":"Order: Passeriformes Family: VangidaeThe family Vangidae is highly variable, though most members of it resemble true shrikes to some degree.Large woodshrike, Tephrodornis gularis","title":"Vangas, helmetshrikes, and allies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Passeriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes"},{"link_name":"Dicruridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicruridae"},{"link_name":"Black drongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_drongo"},{"link_name":"Ashy drongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashy_drongo"},{"link_name":"Crow-billed drongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crow-billed_drongo"},{"link_name":"Hair-crested drongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair-crested_drongo"}],"text":"Order: Passeriformes Family: DicruridaeThe drongos are mostly black or dark grey in colour, sometimes with metallic tints. They have long forked tails, and some Asian species have elaborate tail decorations. They have short legs and sit very upright when perched, like a shrike. They flycatch or take prey from the ground.Black drongo, Dicrurus macrocercus\nAshy drongo, Dicrurus leucophaeus\nCrow-billed drongo, Dicrurus annectens (A)\nHair-crested drongo, Dicrurus hottentottus","title":"Drongos"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Passeriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes"},{"link_name":"Monarchidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchidae"},{"link_name":"Black-naped monarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-naped_monarch"},{"link_name":"Japanese paradise-flycatcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_paradise-flycatcher"},{"link_name":"Amur paradise-flycatcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amur_paradise-flycatcher"}],"text":"Order: Passeriformes Family: MonarchidaeThe monarch flycatchers are small to medium-sized insectivorous passerines which hunt by flycatching.Black-naped monarch, Hypothymis azurea\nJapanese paradise-flycatcher, Terpsiphone atrocaudata\nAmur paradise-flycatcher, Terpsiphone incei","title":"Monarch flycatchers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Passeriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes"},{"link_name":"Laniidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laniidae"},{"link_name":"Tiger shrike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_shrike"},{"link_name":"Bull-headed shrike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bull-headed_shrike"},{"link_name":"Red-backed shrike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-backed_shrike"},{"link_name":"Brown shrike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_shrike"},{"link_name":"Long-tailed shrike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-tailed_shrike"},{"link_name":"Gray-backed shrike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray-backed_shrike"},{"link_name":"Chinese gray shrike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_gray_shrike"}],"text":"Order: Passeriformes Family: LaniidaeShrikes are passerine birds known for their habit of catching other birds and small animals and impaling the uneaten portions of their bodies on thorns. A typical shrike's beak is hooked, like a bird of prey.Tiger shrike, Lanius tigrinus (A)\nBull-headed shrike, Lanius bucephalus\nRed-backed shrike, Lanius collurio (A)\nBrown shrike, Lanius cristatus\nLong-tailed shrike, Lanius schach\nGray-backed shrike, Lanius tephronotus (A)\nChinese gray shrike, Lanius sphenocercus (A)","title":"Shrikes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Passeriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes"},{"link_name":"Corvidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corvidae"},{"link_name":"crows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crow"},{"link_name":"ravens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raven"},{"link_name":"jays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay"},{"link_name":"choughs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chough"},{"link_name":"magpies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magpie"},{"link_name":"treepies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treepie"},{"link_name":"nutcrackers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutcracker_(bird)"},{"link_name":"ground jays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_jay"},{"link_name":"Eurasian jay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_jay"},{"link_name":"Azure-winged magpie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azure-winged_magpie"},{"link_name":"Red-billed blue magpie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-billed_blue_magpie"},{"link_name":"Indochinese green-magpie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indochinese_green-magpie"},{"link_name":"Gray treepie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_treepie"},{"link_name":"Oriental magpie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_magpie"},{"link_name":"Eurasian magpie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_magpie"},{"link_name":"Daurian jackdaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daurian_jackdaw"},{"link_name":"House crow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_crow"},{"link_name":"Rook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rook_(bird)"},{"link_name":"Carrion crow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrion_crow"},{"link_name":"Large-billed crow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large-billed_crow"},{"link_name":"Collared crow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collared_crow"}],"text":"Order: Passeriformes Family: CorvidaeThe family Corvidae includes crows, ravens, jays, choughs, magpies, treepies, nutcrackers and ground jays. Corvids are above average in size among the Passeriformes, and some of the larger species show high levels of intelligence.Eurasian jay, Garrulus glandarius (A)\nAzure-winged magpie, Cyanopica cyanus (I)\nRed-billed blue magpie, Urocissa erythrorhyncha\nIndochinese green-magpie, Cissa hypoleuca (I)\nGray treepie, Dendrocitta formosae\nOriental magpie, Pica serica\nEurasian magpie, Pica pica\nDaurian jackdaw, Corvus dauuricus (A)\nHouse crow, Corvus splendens\nRook, Corvus frugilegus (A)\nCarrion crow, Corvus corone (A)\nLarge-billed crow, Corvus macrorhynchos\nCollared crow, Corvus torquatus","title":"Crows, jays, and magpies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Passeriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes"},{"link_name":"Stenostiridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stenostiridae"},{"link_name":"Gray-headed canary-flycatcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray-headed_canary-flycatcher"}],"text":"Order: Passeriformes Family: StenostiridaeMost of the species of this small family are found in Africa, though a few inhabit tropical Asia. They are not closely related to other birds called \"flycatchers\".Gray-headed canary-flycatcher, Culicicapa ceylonensis","title":"Fairy flycatchers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Passeriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes"},{"link_name":"Paridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paridae"},{"link_name":"Fire-capped tit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire-capped_tit"},{"link_name":"Yellow-bellied tit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow-bellied_tit"},{"link_name":"Varied tit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varied_tit"},{"link_name":"Japanese tit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_tit"},{"link_name":"Yellow-cheeked tit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow-cheeked_tit"}],"text":"Order: Passeriformes Family: ParidaeThe Paridae are mainly small stocky woodland species with short stout bills. Some have crests. They are adaptable birds, with a mixed diet including seeds and insects.Fire-capped tit, Cephalopyrus flammiceps (A)\nYellow-bellied tit, Periparus venustulus\nVaried tit, Sittiparus varius (A)\nJapanese tit, Parus minor (A)\nYellow-cheeked tit, Machlolophus spilonotus","title":"Tits, chickadees and titmice"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Passeriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes"},{"link_name":"Remizidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remizidae"},{"link_name":"Chinese penduline-tit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_penduline-tit"}],"text":"Order: Passeriformes Family: RemizidaeThe penduline tits are a group of small passerine birds related to the true tits. They are insectivores.Chinese penduline-tit, Remiz consobrinus","title":"Penduline-tits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Passeriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes"},{"link_name":"Alaudidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaudidae"},{"link_name":"Mongolian short-toed lark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_short-toed_lark"},{"link_name":"Eurasian skylark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_skylark"},{"link_name":"Oriental skylark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_skylark"}],"text":"Order: Passeriformes Family: AlaudidaeLarks are small terrestrial birds with often extravagant songs and display flights. Most larks are fairly dull in appearance. Their food is insects and seeds.Mongolian short-toed lark, Calandrella dukhunensis (A)\nEurasian skylark, Alauda arvensis\nOriental skylark, Alauda gulgula (A)","title":"Larks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Passeriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes"},{"link_name":"Cisticolidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisticolidae"},{"link_name":"Common tailorbird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_tailorbird"},{"link_name":"Yellow-bellied prinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow-bellied_prinia"},{"link_name":"Plain prinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plain_prinia"},{"link_name":"Zitting cisticola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zitting_cisticola"},{"link_name":"Golden-headed cisticola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden-headed_cisticola"}],"text":"Order: Passeriformes Family: CisticolidaeThe Cisticolidae are warblers found mainly in warmer southern regions of the Old World. They are generally very small birds of drab brown or grey appearance found in open country such as grassland or scrub.Common tailorbird, Orthotomus sutorius\nYellow-bellied prinia, Prinia flaviventris\nPlain prinia, Prinia inornata\nZitting cisticola, Cisticola juncidis\nGolden-headed cisticola, Cisticola exilis","title":"Cisticolas and allies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Passeriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes"},{"link_name":"Acrocephalidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrocephalidae"},{"link_name":"Thick-billed warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thick-billed_warbler"},{"link_name":"Booted warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booted_warbler"},{"link_name":"Sykes's warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sykes%27s_warbler"},{"link_name":"Black-browed reed warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-browed_reed_warbler"},{"link_name":"Paddyfield warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddyfield_warbler"},{"link_name":"Blunt-winged warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blunt-winged_warbler"},{"link_name":"Manchurian reed warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchurian_reed_warbler"},{"link_name":"Blyth's reed warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blyth%27s_reed_warbler"},{"link_name":"Oriental reed warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_reed_warbler"}],"text":"Order: Passeriformes Family: AcrocephalidaeThe members of this family are usually rather large for \"warblers\". Most are rather plain olivaceous brown above with much yellow to beige below. They are usually found in open woodland, reedbeds, or tall grass. The family occurs mostly in southern to western Eurasia and surroundings, but it also ranges far into the Pacific, with some species in Africa.Thick-billed warbler, Arundinax aedon\nBooted warbler, Iduna caligata (A)\nSykes's warbler, Iduna rama (A)\nBlack-browed reed warbler, Acrocephalus bistrigiceps\nPaddyfield warbler, Acrocephalus agricola (A)\nBlunt-winged warbler, Acrocephalus concinens (A)\nManchurian reed warbler, Acrocephalus tangorum\nBlyth's reed warbler, Acrocephalus dumetorum (A)\nOriental reed warbler, Acrocephalus orientalis","title":"Reed warblers and allies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Passeriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes"},{"link_name":"Locustellidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locustellidae"},{"link_name":"Gray's grasshopper warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray%27s_grasshopper_warbler"},{"link_name":"Marsh grassbird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsh_grassbird"},{"link_name":"Pallas's grasshopper warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallas%27s_grasshopper_warbler"},{"link_name":"Middendorff's grasshopper warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middendorff%27s_grasshopper_warbler"},{"link_name":"Pleske's grasshopper warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleske%27s_grasshopper_warbler"},{"link_name":"Lanceolated warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanceolated_warbler"},{"link_name":"Brown bush warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_bush_warbler"},{"link_name":"Chinese bush warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_bush_warbler"},{"link_name":"Baikal bush warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikal_bush_warbler"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Russet bush warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russet_bush_warbler"},{"link_name":"Benguet bush warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benguet_bush_warbler"}],"text":"Order: Passeriformes Family: LocustellidaeLocustellidae are a family of small insectivorous songbirds found mainly in Eurasia, Africa, and the Australian region. They are smallish birds with tails that are usually long and pointed, and tend to be drab brownish or buffy all over.Gray's grasshopper warbler, Helopsaltes fasciolatus (A)\nMarsh grassbird, Helopsaltes pryeri (A)\nPallas's grasshopper warbler, Helopsaltes certhiola\nMiddendorff's grasshopper warbler, Helopsaltes ochotensis (A)\nPleske's grasshopper warbler, Helopsaltes pleskei\nLanceolated warbler, Locustella lanceolata\nBrown bush warbler, Locustella luteoventris (A)\nChinese bush warbler, Locustella tacsanowskia\nBaikal bush warbler, Locustella davidi (A)[11]\nRusset bush warbler, Locustella mandelli\nBenguet bush warbler, Locustella seebohmi","title":"Grassbirds and allies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Passeriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes"},{"link_name":"Pnoepygidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pnoepygidae"},{"link_name":"Pygmy cupwing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pygmy_cupwing"}],"text":"Order: Passeriformes Family: PnoepygidaeThe members of this small family are found in mountainous parts of South and South East Asia.Pygmy cupwing, Pnoepyga pusilla","title":"Cupwings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Passeriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes"},{"link_name":"Hirundinidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirundinidae"},{"link_name":"Gray-throated martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray-throated_martin"},{"link_name":"Bank swallow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_swallow"},{"link_name":"Pale sand martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pale_sand_martin"},{"link_name":"Barn swallow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barn_swallow"},{"link_name":"Red-rumped swallow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-rumped_swallow"},{"link_name":"Common house-martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_house-martin"},{"link_name":"Asian house-martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_house-martin"}],"text":"Order: Passeriformes Family: HirundinidaeThe family Hirundinidae is adapted to aerial feeding. They have a slender streamlined body, long pointed wings and a short bill with a wide gape. The feet are adapted to perching rather than walking, and the front toes are partially joined at the base.Gray-throated martin, Riparia chinensis (A)\nBank swallow, Riparia riparia\nPale sand martin, Riparia diluta\nBarn swallow, Hirundo rustica\nRed-rumped swallow, Cecropis daurica\nCommon house-martin, Delichon urbicum (A)\nAsian house-martin, Delichon dasypus","title":"Swallows"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Passeriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes"},{"link_name":"Pycnonotidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pycnonotidae"},{"link_name":"Red-whiskered bulbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-whiskered_bulbul"},{"link_name":"Light-vented bulbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-vented_bulbul"},{"link_name":"Sooty-headed bulbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sooty-headed_bulbul"},{"link_name":"Black bulbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_bulbul"},{"link_name":"Brown-eared bulbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown-eared_bulbul"},{"link_name":"Chestnut bulbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chestnut_bulbul"},{"link_name":"Mountain bulbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_bulbul"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Order: Passeriformes Family: PycnonotidaeBulbuls are medium-sized songbirds. Some are colourful with yellow, red or orange vents, cheeks, throats or supercilia, but most are drab, with uniform olive-brown to black plumage. Some species have distinct crests.Red-whiskered bulbul, Pycnonotus jocosus\nLight-vented bulbul, Pycnonotus sinensis\nSooty-headed bulbul, Pycnonotus aurigaster\nBlack bulbul, Hypsipetes leucocephalus\nBrown-eared bulbul, Hypsipetes amaurotis (A)\nChestnut bulbul, Hemixos castanonotus\nMountain bulbul, Ixos mcclellandii[12]","title":"Bulbuls"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Passeriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes"},{"link_name":"Phylloscopidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylloscopidae"},{"link_name":"Wallacea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallacea"},{"link_name":"Wood warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_warbler"},{"link_name":"Yellow-browed warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow-browed_warbler"},{"link_name":"Hume's warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hume%27s_warbler"},{"link_name":"Chinese leaf warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_leaf_warbler"},{"link_name":"Pallas's leaf warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallas%27s_leaf_warbler"},{"link_name":"Radde's warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radde%27s_warbler"},{"link_name":"Yellow-streaked warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow-streaked_warbler"},{"link_name":"Dusky warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusky_warbler"},{"link_name":"Willow warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willow_warbler"},{"link_name":"Mountain chiffchaff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_chiffchaff"},{"link_name":"Common chiffchaff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_chiffchaff"},{"link_name":"Eastern crowned warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_crowned_warbler"},{"link_name":"Ijima's leaf warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijima%27s_leaf_warbler"},{"link_name":"White-spectacled warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-spectacled_warbler"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Gray-crowned warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray-crowned_warbler"},{"link_name":"Bianchi's warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bianchi%27s_warbler"},{"link_name":"Martens's warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martens%27s_warbler"},{"link_name":"Alström's warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alstr%C3%B6m%27s_warbler"},{"link_name":"Greenish warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenish_warbler"},{"link_name":"Two-barred warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-barred_warbler"},{"link_name":"Emei leaf warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emei_leaf_warbler"},{"link_name":"Pale-legged leaf warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pale-legged_leaf_warbler"},{"link_name":"Sakhalin leaf warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakhalin_leaf_warbler"},{"link_name":"Japanese leaf warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_leaf_warbler"},{"link_name":"Arctic warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_warbler"},{"link_name":"Chestnut-crowned warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chestnut-crowned_warbler"},{"link_name":"Sulphur-breasted warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulphur-breasted_warbler"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Claudia's leaf warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudia%27s_leaf_warbler"},{"link_name":"Hartert's leaf warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartert%27s_leaf_warbler"},{"link_name":"Kloss's leaf warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kloss%27s_leaf_warbler"}],"text":"Order: Passeriformes Family: PhylloscopidaeLeaf warblers are a family of small insectivorous birds found mostly in Eurasia and ranging into Wallacea and Africa. The species are of various sizes, often green-plumaged above and yellow below, or more subdued with greyish-green to greyish-brown colours.Wood warbler, Phylloscopus sibilatrix (A)\nYellow-browed warbler, Phylloscopus inornatus\nHume's warbler, Phylloscopus humei (A)\nChinese leaf warbler, Phylloscopus yunnanensis (A)\nPallas's leaf warbler, Phylloscopus proregulus\nRadde's warbler, Phylloscopus schwarzi\nYellow-streaked warbler, Phylloscopus armandii (A)\nDusky warbler, Phylloscopus fuscatus\nWillow warbler, Phylloscopus trochilus (A)\nMountain chiffchaff, Phylloscopus sindianus (A)\nCommon chiffchaff, Phylloscopus collybita (A)\nEastern crowned warbler, Phylloscopus coronatus\nIjima's leaf warbler, Phylloscopus ijimae (A)\nWhite-spectacled warbler, Phylloscopus affinis (A)[13]\nGray-crowned warbler, Phylloscopus tephrocephalus (A)\nBianchi's warbler, Phylloscopus valentini (A)\nMartens's warbler, Phylloscopus omeiensis (A)\nAlström's warbler, Phylloscopus soror (A)\nGreenish warbler, Phylloscopus trochiloides (A)\nTwo-barred warbler, Phylloscopus trochiloides\nEmei leaf warbler, Phylloscopus emeiensis (A)\nPale-legged leaf warbler, Phylloscopus tenellipes\nSakhalin leaf warbler, Phylloscopus borealoides (A)\nJapanese leaf warbler, Phylloscopus xanthodryas (A)\nArctic warbler, Phylloscopus borealis\nChestnut-crowned warbler, Phylloscopus castaniceps\nSulphur-breasted warbler, Phylloscopus ricketti (A)[14]\nClaudia's leaf warbler, Phylloscopus claudiae (A)\nHartert's leaf warbler, Phylloscopus goodsoni\nKloss's leaf warbler, Phylloscopus ogilviegranti (A)","title":"Leaf warblers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Passeriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes"},{"link_name":"Scotocercidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotocercidae"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IOC-15"},{"link_name":"Pale-footed bush warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pale-footed_bush_warbler"},{"link_name":"Asian stubtail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_stubtail"},{"link_name":"Rufous-faced warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufous-faced_warbler"},{"link_name":"Mountain tailorbird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_tailorbird"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Manchurian bush warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchurian_bush_warbler"},{"link_name":"Brownish-flanked bush warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownish-flanked_bush_warbler"}],"text":"Order: Passeriformes Family: ScotocercidaeThe members of this family are found throughout Africa, Asia, and Polynesia. Their taxonomy is in flux, and some authorities place some genera in other families.[15]Pale-footed bush warbler, Urosphena pallidipes (A)\nAsian stubtail, Urosphena squameiceps\nRufous-faced warbler, Abroscopus albogularis (A)\nMountain tailorbird, Phyllergates cuculatus[16]\nManchurian bush warbler, Horornis borealis\nBrownish-flanked bush warbler, Horornis fortipes","title":"Bush warblers and allies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Passeriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes"},{"link_name":"Aegithalidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegithalidae"},{"link_name":"Black-throated tit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-throated_tit"}],"text":"Order: Passeriformes Family: AegithalidaeLong-tailed tits are a group of small passerine birds with medium to long tails. They make woven bag nests in trees. Most eat a mixed diet which includes insects.Black-throated tit, Aegithalos concinnus","title":"Long-tailed tits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Passeriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes"},{"link_name":"Sylviidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylviidae"},{"link_name":"Lesser whitethroat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_whitethroat"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Spot-breasted parrotbill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spot-breasted_parrotbill"},{"link_name":"Vinous-throated parrotbill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinous-throated_parrotbill"}],"text":"Order: Passeriformes Family: SylviidaeThe family Sylviidae is a group of small insectivorous passerine birds. They mainly occur as breeding species, as the common name implies, in Europe, Asia and, to a lesser extent, Africa. Most are of generally undistinguished appearance, but many have distinctive songs.Lesser whitethroat, Curruca curruca (A)[17]\nSpot-breasted parrotbill, Paradoxornis guttaticollis (A)\nVinous-throated parrotbill, Sinosuthora webbiana","title":"Sylviid warblers, parrotbills, and allies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Passeriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes"},{"link_name":"Zosteropidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zosteropidae"},{"link_name":"Indochinese yuhina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indochinese_yuhina"},{"link_name":"Black-chinned yuhina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-chinned_yuhina"},{"link_name":"Chestnut-flanked white-eye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chestnut-flanked_white-eye"},{"link_name":"Swinhoe's white-eye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swinhoe%27s_white-eye"}],"text":"Order: Passeriformes Family: ZosteropidaeThe white-eyes are small and mostly undistinguished, their plumage above being generally some dull colour like greenish-olive, but some species have a white or bright yellow throat, breast or lower parts, and several have buff flanks. As their name suggests, many species have a white ring around each eye.Indochinese yuhina, Staphida torqueola\nBlack-chinned yuhina, Yuhina nigrimenta' (A)\nChestnut-flanked white-eye, Zosterops erythropleurus\nSwinhoe's white-eye, Zosterops simplex","title":"White-eyes, yuhinas, and allies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Passeriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes"},{"link_name":"Timaliidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timaliidae"},{"link_name":"Rufous-capped babbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufous-capped_babbler"},{"link_name":"Streak-breasted scimitar-babbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streak-breasted_scimitar-babbler"}],"text":"Order: Passeriformes Family: TimaliidaeThe babblers, or timaliids, are somewhat diverse in size and colouration, but are characterised by soft fluffy plumage.Rufous-capped babbler, Stachyridopsis ruficeps\nStreak-breasted scimitar-babbler, Pomatorhinus ruficollis","title":"Tree-babblers, scimitar-babblers, and allies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Passeriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes"},{"link_name":"Pellorneidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pellorneidae"},{"link_name":"Chinese grassbird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_grassbird"}],"text":"Order: Passeriformes Family: PellorneidaeThese small to medium-sized songbirds have soft fluffy plumage but are otherwise rather diverse. Members of the genus Illadopsis are found in forests, but some other genera are birds of scrublands.Chinese grassbird, Graminicola striatus","title":"Ground babblers and allies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Passeriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes"},{"link_name":"Leiothrichidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiothrichidae"},{"link_name":"Huet's fulvetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huet%27s_fulvetta"},{"link_name":"Blue-winged minla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue-winged_minla"},{"link_name":"Red-billed leiothrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-billed_leiothrix"},{"link_name":"Silver-eared mesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver-eared_mesia"},{"link_name":"Chinese hwamei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_hwamei"},{"link_name":"Black-throated laughingthrush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-throated_laughingthrush"},{"link_name":"White-browed laughingthrush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-browed_laughingthrush"},{"link_name":"Masked laughingthrush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masked_laughingthrush"},{"link_name":"Greater necklaced laughingthrush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_necklaced_laughingthrush"},{"link_name":"Chinese babax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_babax"}],"text":"Order: Passeriformes Family: LeiothrichidaeThe members of this family are diverse in size and colouration, though those of genus Turdoides tend to be brown or greyish. The family is found in Africa, India, and southeast Asia.Huet's fulvetta, Alcippe hueti (I)\nBlue-winged minla, Minla cyanouroptera\nRed-billed leiothrix, Leiothrix lutea\nSilver-eared mesia, Leiothrix argentauris (I)\nChinese hwamei, Garrulax canorus\nBlack-throated laughingthrush, Pterorhinus chinensis\nWhite-browed laughingthrush, Pterorhinus sannio\nMasked laughingthrush, Pterorhinus perspicillatus\nGreater necklaced laughingthrush, Pterorhinus pectoralis\nChinese babax, Pterorhinus lanceolatus (A)","title":"Laughingthrushes and allies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Passeriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes"},{"link_name":"Sittidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sittidae"},{"link_name":"Velvet-fronted nuthatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velvet-fronted_nuthatch"}],"text":"Order: Passeriformes Family: SittidaeNuthatches are small woodland birds. They have the unusual ability to climb down trees head first, unlike other birds which can only go upwards. Nuthatches have big heads, short tails and powerful bills and feet.Velvet-fronted nuthatch, Sitta frontalis","title":"Nuthatches"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Passeriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes"},{"link_name":"Sturnidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturnidae"},{"link_name":"European starling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_starling"},{"link_name":"Rosy starling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosy_starling"},{"link_name":"Daurian starling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daurian_starling"},{"link_name":"Chestnut-cheeked starling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chestnut-cheeked_starling"},{"link_name":"Black-collared starling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-collared_starling"},{"link_name":"White-shouldered starling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-shouldered_starling"},{"link_name":"Chestnut-tailed starling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chestnut-tailed_starling"},{"link_name":"Red-billed starling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-billed_starling"},{"link_name":"White-cheeked starling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-cheeked_starling"},{"link_name":"Common myna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_myna"},{"link_name":"Crested myna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crested_myna"}],"text":"Order: Passeriformes Family: SturnidaeStarlings are small to medium-sized passerine birds. Their flight is strong and direct and they are very gregarious. Their preferred habitat is fairly open country. They eat insects and fruit. Plumage is typically dark with a metallic sheen.European starling, Sturnus vulgaris\nRosy starling, Pastor roseus (A)\nDaurian starling, Agropsar sturninus\nChestnut-cheeked starling, Agropsar philippensis\nBlack-collared starling, Gracupica nigricollis\nWhite-shouldered starling, Sturnia sinensis\nChestnut-tailed starling, Sturnia malabarica\nRed-billed starling, Spodiopsar sericeus\nWhite-cheeked starling, Spodiopsar cineraceus\nCommon myna, Acridotheres tristis (I)\nCrested myna, Acridotheres cristatellus","title":"Starlings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Passeriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes"},{"link_name":"Turdidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turdidae"},{"link_name":"thrushes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrush_(bird)"},{"link_name":"White's thrush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%27s_thrush"},{"link_name":"Scaly thrush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scaly_thrush"},{"link_name":"Siberian thrush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian_thrush"},{"link_name":"Orange-headed thrush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange-headed_thrush"},{"link_name":"Chinese thrush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_thrush"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Eurasian blackbird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_blackbird"},{"link_name":"Chinese blackbird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_blackbird"},{"link_name":"Japanese thrush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_thrush"},{"link_name":"Gray-backed thrush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray-backed_thrush"},{"link_name":"Eyebrowed thrush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyebrowed_thrush"},{"link_name":"Brown-headed thrush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown-headed_thrush"},{"link_name":"Pale thrush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pale_thrush"},{"link_name":"Black-throated thrush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-throated_thrush"},{"link_name":"Red-throated thrush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-throated_thrush"},{"link_name":"Dusky thrush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusky_thrush"},{"link_name":"Naumann's thrush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naumann%27s_thrush"}],"text":"Order: Passeriformes Family: TurdidaeThe thrushes are a group of passerine birds that occur mainly in the Old World. They are plump, soft plumaged, small to medium-sized insectivores or sometimes omnivores, often feeding on the ground. Many have attractive songs.White's thrush, Zoothera aurea\nScaly thrush, Zoothera dauma\nSiberian thrush, Geokichla sibirica\nOrange-headed thrush, Geokichla citrina\nChinese thrush, Otocichla mupinensis (A)[18]\nEurasian blackbird, Turdus merula\nChinese blackbird, Turdus mandarinus\nJapanese thrush, Turdus cardis\nGray-backed thrush, Turdus hortulorum\nEyebrowed thrush, Turdus obscurus\nBrown-headed thrush, Turdus chrysolaus\nPale thrush, Turdus pallidus\nBlack-throated thrush, Turdus atrogularis (A)\nRed-throated thrush, Turdus ruficollis (A)\nDusky thrush, Turdus eunomus\nNaumann's thrush, Turdus naumanni (A)","title":"Thrushes and allies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Passeriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes"},{"link_name":"Muscicapidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscicapidae"},{"link_name":"Gray-streaked flycatcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray-streaked_flycatcher"},{"link_name":"Dark-sided flycatcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark-sided_flycatcher"},{"link_name":"Ferruginous flycatcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferruginous_flycatcher"},{"link_name":"Asian brown flycatcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_brown_flycatcher"},{"link_name":"Brown-breasted flycatcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown-breasted_flycatcher"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Oriental magpie-robin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_magpie-robin"},{"link_name":"White-rumped shama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-rumped_shama"},{"link_name":"Hainan blue flycatcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainan_blue_flycatcher"},{"link_name":"Chinese blue flycatcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_blue_flycatcher"},{"link_name":"Hill blue flycatcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_blue_flycatcher"},{"link_name":"Brown-chested jungle flycatcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown-chested_jungle_flycatcher"},{"link_name":"Small niltava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_niltava"},{"link_name":"Fujian niltava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujian_niltava"},{"link_name":"Blue-and-white flycatcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue-and-white_flycatcher"},{"link_name":"Zappey's flycatcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zappey%27s_flycatcher"},{"link_name":"Verditer flycatcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verditer_flycatcher"},{"link_name":"Lesser shortwing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_shortwing"},{"link_name":"Rufous-tailed robin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufous-tailed_robin"},{"link_name":"Japanese robin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_robin"},{"link_name":"Siberian blue robin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian_blue_robin"},{"link_name":"Bluethroat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluethroat"},{"link_name":"Blue whistling-thrush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_whistling-thrush"},{"link_name":"White-crowned forktail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-crowned_forktail"},{"link_name":"Slaty-backed forktail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaty-backed_forktail"},{"link_name":"Siberian rubythroat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian_rubythroat"},{"link_name":"White-tailed robin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-tailed_robin"},{"link_name":"Red-flanked bluetail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-flanked_bluetail"},{"link_name":"Yellow-rumped flycatcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow-rumped_flycatcher"},{"link_name":"Green-backed flycatcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green-backed_flycatcher"},{"link_name":"Narcissus flycatcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcissus_flycatcher"},{"link_name":"Ryuku flycatcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ryuku_flycatcher&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mugimaki flycatcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mugimaki_flycatcher"},{"link_name":"Slaty-backed flycatcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaty-backed_flycatcher"},{"link_name":"Rufous-gorgeted flycatcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufous-gorgeted_flycatcher"},{"link_name":"Ultramarine flycatcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultramarine_flycatcher"},{"link_name":"Taiga flycatcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiga_flycatcher"},{"link_name":"Red-breasted flycatcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-breasted_flycatcher"},{"link_name":"Plumbeous redstart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumbeous_redstart"},{"link_name":"Hodgson's redstart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodgson%27s_redstart"},{"link_name":"Black redstart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_redstart"},{"link_name":"Daurian redstart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daurian_redstart"},{"link_name":"Chestnut-bellied rock-thrush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chestnut-bellied_rock-thrush"},{"link_name":"White-throated rock-thrush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-throated_rock-thrush"},{"link_name":"Blue rock-thrush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_rock-thrush"},{"link_name":"Siberian stonechat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian_stonechat"},{"link_name":"Amur stonechat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amur_stonechat"},{"link_name":"Gray bushchat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_bushchat"},{"link_name":"Pied wheatear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pied_wheatear"}],"text":"Order: Passeriformes Family: MuscicapidaeOld World flycatchers are a large group of small passerine birds native to the Old World. They are mainly small arboreal insectivores. The appearance of these birds is highly varied, but they mostly have weak songs and harsh calls.Gray-streaked flycatcher, Muscicapa griseisticta\nDark-sided flycatcher, Muscicapa sibirica\nFerruginous flycatcher, Muscicapa ferruginea\nAsian brown flycatcher, Muscicapa dauurica\nBrown-breasted flycatcher, Muscicapa muttui (A) [19]\nOriental magpie-robin, Copsychus saularis\nWhite-rumped shama, Copsychus malabaricus (I)\nHainan blue flycatcher, Cyornis hainanus\nChinese blue flycatcher, Cyornis glaucicomans (A)\nHill blue flycatcher, Cyornis whitei (A)\nBrown-chested jungle flycatcher, Cyornis brunneatus (A)\nSmall niltava, Niltava macgrigoriae\nFujian niltava, Niltava davidi\nBlue-and-white flycatcher, Cyanoptila cyanomelana\nZappey's flycatcher, Cyanoptila cumatilis (A)\nVerditer flycatcher, Eumyias thalassinus\nLesser shortwing, Brachypteryx leucophris\nRufous-tailed robin, Larvivora sibilans\nJapanese robin, Larvivora akahige\nSiberian blue robin, Larvivora cyane\nBluethroat, Luscinia svecica\nBlue whistling-thrush, Myophonus caeruleus\nWhite-crowned forktail, Enicurus leschenaulti\nSlaty-backed forktail, Enicurus schistaceus\nSiberian rubythroat, Calliope calliope\nWhite-tailed robin, Myiomela leucura (A)\nRed-flanked bluetail, Tarsiger cyanurus\nYellow-rumped flycatcher, Ficedula zanthopygia\nGreen-backed flycatcher, Ficedula elisae (A)\nNarcissus flycatcher, Ficedula narcissina\nRyuku flycatcher, Ficedula owstoni (A)\nMugimaki flycatcher, Ficedula mugimaki\nSlaty-backed flycatcher, Ficedula erithacus (A)\nRufous-gorgeted flycatcher, Ficedula strophiata\nUltramarine flycatcher, Ficedula superciliaris (A)\nTaiga flycatcher, Ficedula albicilla\nRed-breasted flycatcher, Ficedula parva\nPlumbeous redstart, Phoenicurus fuliginosus\nHodgson's redstart, Phoenicurus hodgsoni (A)\nBlack redstart, Phoenicurus ochruros (A)\nDaurian redstart, Phoenicurus auroreus\nChestnut-bellied rock-thrush, Monticola rufiventris (A)\nWhite-throated rock-thrush, Monticola gularis (A)\nBlue rock-thrush, Monticola solitarius\nSiberian stonechat, Saxicola maurus\nAmur stonechat, Saxicola stejnegeri\nGray bushchat, Saxicola ferreus\nPied wheatear, Oenanthe pleschanka (A)","title":"Old World flycatchers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Passeriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes"},{"link_name":"Bombycillidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombycillidae"},{"link_name":"waxwings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waxwing"},{"link_name":"sealing wax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sealing_wax"},{"link_name":"Japanese waxwing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_waxwing"}],"text":"Order: Passeriformes Family: BombycillidaeThe waxwings are a group of birds with soft silky plumage and unique red tips to some of the wing feathers. In the Bohemian and cedar waxwings, these tips look like sealing wax and give the group its name. These are arboreal birds of northern forests. They live on insects in summer and berries in winter.Japanese waxwing, Bombycilla japonica (A)","title":"Waxwings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Passeriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes"},{"link_name":"Dicaeidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicaeidae"},{"link_name":"Plain flowerpecker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plain_flowerpecker"},{"link_name":"Fire-breasted flowerpecker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire-breasted_flowerpecker"},{"link_name":"Scarlet-backed flowerpecker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarlet-backed_flowerpecker"}],"text":"Order: Passeriformes Family: DicaeidaeThe flowerpeckers are very small, stout, often brightly coloured birds, with short tails, short thick curved bills and tubular tongues.Plain flowerpecker, Dicaeum minullum (A)\nFire-breasted flowerpecker, Dicaeum ignipectus\nScarlet-backed flowerpecker, Dicaeum cruentatum","title":"Flowerpeckers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Passeriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes"},{"link_name":"Nectariniidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nectariniidae"},{"link_name":"Mrs. Gould's sunbird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mrs._Gould%27s_sunbird"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Fork-tailed sunbird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fork-tailed_sunbird"}],"text":"Order: Passeriformes Family: NectariniidaeThe sunbirds and spiderhunters are very small passerine birds which feed largely on nectar, although they will also take insects, especially when feeding young. Flight is fast and direct on their short wings. Most species can take nectar by hovering like a hummingbird, but usually perch to feed.Mrs. Gould's sunbird, Aethopyga gouldiae[20]\nFork-tailed sunbird, Aethopyga christinae","title":"Sunbirds and spiderhunters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Passeriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes"},{"link_name":"Chloropseidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloropseidae"},{"link_name":"bulbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulbul"},{"link_name":"Blue-winged leafbird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue-winged_leafbird"},{"link_name":"Orange-bellied leafbird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange-bellied_leafbird"}],"text":"Order: Passeriformes Family: ChloropseidaeThe leafbirds are small, bulbul-like birds. The males are brightly plumaged, usually in greens and yellows.Blue-winged leafbird, Chloropsis cochinchinensis (I)\nOrange-bellied leafbird, Chloropsis hardwickii","title":"Leafbirds"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Passeriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes"},{"link_name":"Ploceidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploceidae"},{"link_name":"finches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finch"},{"link_name":"Baya weaver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baya_weaver"}],"text":"Order: Passeriformes Family: PloceidaeThe weavers are small passerine birds related to the finches. They are seed-eating birds with rounded conical bills. The males of many species are brightly coloured, usually in red or yellow and black, some species show variation in colour only in the breeding season.Baya weaver, Ploceus philippinus (A)","title":"Weavers and allies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Passeriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes"},{"link_name":"Estrildidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrildidae"},{"link_name":"estrildid finches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrildid_finch"},{"link_name":"Australasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasia"},{"link_name":"Scaly-breasted munia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scaly-breasted_munia"},{"link_name":"White-rumped munia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-rumped_munia"},{"link_name":"Chestnut munia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chestnut_munia"}],"text":"Order: Passeriformes Family: EstrildidaeThe estrildid finches are small passerine birds of the Old World tropics and Australasia. They are gregarious and often colonial seed eaters with short thick but pointed bills. They are all similar in structure and habits, but have wide variation in plumage colours and patterns.Scaly-breasted munia, Lonchura punctulata\nWhite-rumped munia, Lonchura striata\nChestnut munia, Lonchura atricapilla (A)","title":"Waxbills and allies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Passeriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes"},{"link_name":"Passeridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeridae"},{"link_name":"Sparrows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_World_sparrow"},{"link_name":"House sparrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_sparrow"},{"link_name":"Russet sparrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russet_sparrow"},{"link_name":"Eurasian tree sparrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_tree_sparrow"}],"text":"Order: Passeriformes Family: PasseridaeSparrows are small passerine birds. In general, sparrows tend to be small, plump, brown or grey birds with short tails and short powerful beaks. Sparrows are seed eaters, but they also consume small insects.House sparrow, Passer domesticus (A)\nRusset sparrow, Passer cinnamomeus\nEurasian tree sparrow, Passer montanus","title":"Old World sparrows"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Passeriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes"},{"link_name":"Motacillidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motacillidae"},{"link_name":"Forest wagtail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_wagtail"},{"link_name":"Gray wagtail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_wagtail"},{"link_name":"Western yellow wagtail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_yellow_wagtail"},{"link_name":"Eastern yellow wagtail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_yellow_wagtail"},{"link_name":"Citrine wagtail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrine_wagtail"},{"link_name":"White wagtail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_wagtail"},{"link_name":"Richard's pipit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%27s_pipit"},{"link_name":"Blyth's pipit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blyth%27s_pipit"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Upland pipit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upland_pipit"},{"link_name":"Rosy pipit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosy_pipit"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Tree pipit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_pipit"},{"link_name":"Olive-backed pipit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive-backed_pipit"},{"link_name":"Pechora pipit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pechora_pipit"},{"link_name":"Red-throated pipit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-throated_pipit"},{"link_name":"Water pipit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pipit"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"American pipit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_pipit"}],"text":"Order: Passeriformes Family: MotacillidaeMotacillidae is a family of small passerine birds with medium to long tails. They include the wagtails, longclaws and pipits. They are slender, ground feeding insectivores of open country.Forest wagtail, Dendronanthus indicus\nGray wagtail, Motacilla cinerea\nWestern yellow wagtail, Motacilla flava\nEastern yellow wagtail, Motacilla tschutschensis\nCitrine wagtail, Motacilla citreola\nWhite wagtail, Motacilla alba\nRichard's pipit, Anthus richardi\nBlyth's pipit, Anthus godlewskii (A)[21]\nUpland pipit, Anthus sylvanus\nRosy pipit, Anthus roseatus (A)[22]\nTree pipit, Anthus trivialis (A)\nOlive-backed pipit, Anthus hodgsoni\nPechora pipit, Anthus gustavi\nRed-throated pipit, Anthus cervinus\nWater pipit, Anthus spinoletta (A)[23]\nAmerican pipit, Anthus rubescens","title":"Wagtails and pipits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Passeriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes"},{"link_name":"Fringillidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fringillidae"},{"link_name":"Finches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finch"},{"link_name":"Brambling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brambling"},{"link_name":"Hawfinch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawfinch"},{"link_name":"Yellow-billed grosbeak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow-billed_grosbeak"},{"link_name":"Japanese grosbeak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_grosbeak"},{"link_name":"Common rosefinch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_rosefinch"},{"link_name":"Oriental greenfinch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_greenfinch"},{"link_name":"Eurasian siskin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_siskin"}],"text":"Order: Passeriformes Family: FringillidaeFinches are seed-eating passerine birds, that are small to moderately large and have a strong beak, usually conical and in some species very large. All have twelve tail feathers and nine primaries. These birds have a bouncing flight with alternating bouts of flapping and gliding on closed wings, and most sing well.Brambling, Fringilla montifringilla\nHawfinch, Coccothraustes coccothraustes (A)\nYellow-billed grosbeak, Eophona migratoria\nJapanese grosbeak, Eophona personata (A)\nCommon rosefinch, Carpodacus erythrinus\nOriental greenfinch, Chloris sinica\nEurasian siskin, Spinus spinus","title":"Finches, euphonias, and allies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Passeriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes"},{"link_name":"Calcariidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcariidae"},{"link_name":"Lapland longspur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapland_longspur"}],"text":"Order: Passeriformes Family: CalcariidaeThe Calcariidae are a group of passerine birds which had been traditionally grouped with the New World sparrows, but differ in a number of respects and are usually found in open grassy areas.Lapland longspur, Calcarius lapponicus (A)","title":"Longspurs and snow buntings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Passeriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes"},{"link_name":"Emberizidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emberizidae"},{"link_name":"Crested bunting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crested_bunting"},{"link_name":"Black-headed bunting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-headed_bunting"},{"link_name":"Red-headed bunting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-headed_bunting"},{"link_name":"Chestnut-eared bunting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chestnut-eared_bunting"},{"link_name":"Pine bunting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine_bunting"},{"link_name":"Ortolan bunting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortolan_bunting"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Slaty bunting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaty_bunting"},{"link_name":"Yellow-throated bunting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow-throated_bunting"},{"link_name":"Ochre-rumped bunting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ochre-rumped_bunting"},{"link_name":"Pallas's bunting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallas%27s_bunting"},{"link_name":"Reed bunting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed_bunting"},{"link_name":"Yellow-breasted bunting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow-breasted_bunting"},{"link_name":"Little bunting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_bunting"},{"link_name":"Rustic bunting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rustic_bunting"},{"link_name":"Yellow bunting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_bunting"},{"link_name":"Black-faced bunting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-faced_bunting"},{"link_name":"Chestnut bunting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chestnut_bunting"},{"link_name":"Yellow-browed bunting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow-browed_bunting"},{"link_name":"Tristram's bunting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristram%27s_bunting"}],"text":"Order: Passeriformes Family: EmberizidaeThe emberizids are a large family of passerine birds. They are seed-eating birds with distinctively shaped bills. Many emberizid species have distinctive head patterns.Crested bunting, Emberiza lathami\nBlack-headed bunting, Emberiza melanocephala\nRed-headed bunting, Emberiza bruniceps (A)\nChestnut-eared bunting, Emberiza fucata\nPine bunting, Emberiza leucocephalos (A)\nOrtolan bunting, Emberiza hortulana (A)[24]\nSlaty bunting, Emberiza siemsseni (A)\nYellow-throated bunting, Emberiza elegans (A)\nOchre-rumped bunting, Emberiza yessoensis (A)\nPallas's bunting, Emberiza pallasi (A)\nReed bunting, Emberiza schoeniclus (A)\nYellow-breasted bunting, Emberiza aureola\nLittle bunting, Emberiza pusilla\nRustic bunting, Emberiza rustica (A)\nYellow bunting, Emberiza sulphurata\nBlack-faced bunting, Emberiza spodocephala\nChestnut bunting, Emberiza rutila\nYellow-browed bunting, Emberiza chrysophrys\nTristram's bunting, Emberiza tristrami","title":"Old World buntings"}]
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[{"image_text":"Immature Asian koel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Asian_Koel-_Immature_I_IMG_1783.jpg/220px-Asian_Koel-_Immature_I_IMG_1783.jpg"},{"image_text":"White-breasted waterhen","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Amaurornis_phoenicurus.jpg/200px-Amaurornis_phoenicurus.jpg"},{"image_text":"Grey heron","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Greyheron.jpg/220px-Greyheron.jpg"},{"image_text":"Black-faced spoonbill","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Platalea_minor.jpg/220px-Platalea_minor.jpg"},{"image_text":"Milvus migrans Black kite","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Milvus_migrans_govinda.jpg/220px-Milvus_migrans_govinda.jpg"},{"image_text":"White-bellied sea eagle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/White_Bellied_Sea_Eagle_070531c.jpg/220px-White_Bellied_Sea_Eagle_070531c.jpg"},{"image_text":"Eurasian eagle-owl.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Bubo_bubo.jpg/200px-Bubo_bubo.jpg"},{"image_text":"White-throated kingfisher","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/White-throated_Kingfisher.jpg/150px-White-throated_Kingfisher.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Hong Kong portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Hong_Kong"},{"title":"List of birds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_birds"},{"title":"Lists of birds by region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_birds_by_region"}]
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[{"reference":"Hong Kong Bird Report 2003-04. Hong Kong Bird Watching Society. 2009. p. 239.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hong Kong Bird Report 2005-06. Hong Kong Bird Watching Society. 2010. p. 247.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hong Kong Bird Report 2005-06. Hong Kong Bird Watching Society. 2010. p. 247.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hong Kong Bird Report 2001-02. Hong Kong Bird Watching Society. 2007. p. 257.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hong Kong Bird Report 2003-04. Hong Kong Bird Watching Society. 2009. p. 239.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hong Kong Bird Report 2003-04. Hong Kong Bird Watching Society. 2009. p. 239.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hong Kong Bird Report 2005-06. Hong Kong Bird Watching Society. 2010. p. 247.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hong Kong Bird Report 2003-04. Hong Kong Bird Watching Society. 2009. p. 239.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hong Kong Bird Report 2005-06. Hong Kong Bird Watching Society. 2010. p. 247.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hong Kong Bird Report 2001-02. Hong Kong Bird Watching Society. 2007. p. 257.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hong Kong Bird Report 2003-04. Hong Kong Bird Watching Society. 2009. p. 239.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hong Kong Bird Report 2001-02. Hong Kong Bird Watching Society. 2007. p. 257.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hong Kong Bird Report 2003-04. Hong Kong Bird Watching Society. 2009. p. 239.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hong Kong Bird Report 2005-06. Hong Kong Bird Watching Society. 2010. p. 247.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hong Kong Bird Report 2001-02. Hong Kong Bird Watching Society. 2007. p. 257.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hong Kong Bird Report 2001-02. Hong Kong Bird Watching Society. 2007. p. 257.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hong Kong Bird Report 2003-04. Hong Kong Bird Watching Society. 2009. p. 239.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hong Kong Bird Report 2001-02. Hong Kong Bird Watching Society. 2007. p. 257.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hong Kong Bird Report 2005-06. Hong Kong Bird Watching Society. 2010. p. 247.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hong Kong Bird Report 2001-02. Hong Kong Bird Watching Society. 2007. p. 257.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hong Kong Bird Report 2005-06. Hong Kong Bird Watching Society. 2010. p. 247.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hong Kong Bird Report 2001-02. Hong Kong Bird Watching Society. 2007. p. 257.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hong Kong Bird Report 2005-06. Hong Kong Bird Watching Society. 2010. p. 247.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lepage, Denis. \"Checklist of Birds of Hong Kong\". Bird Checklists of the World. Avibase. Retrieved 27 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/checklist.jsp?region=HK","url_text":"\"Checklist of Birds of Hong Kong\""}]},{"reference":"HKBWS, Record Committee (2013). \"List of Hong Kong Birds\". HKBWS Record Committee. Hong Kong Bird Watching Society. Retrieved 11 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hkbws.org.hk/BBS/attachment.php?aid=17069","url_text":"\"List of Hong Kong Birds\""}]},{"reference":"Clements, James F. (2000). Birds of the World: A Checklist. Cornell University Press. p. 880. ISBN 962-7508-02-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/962-7508-02-0","url_text":"962-7508-02-0"}]},{"reference":"G.J. Carey; M.L. Chalmers; M.L. Diskin; D.A. Diskin; P.R. Kennerley; P. J. Leader; M.R. Leven; R.W. Lewthwaite; D.S. Melville; M. Turnbull; L. Young (2001). The Avifauna of Hong Kong. Hong Kong Bird Watching Society. p. 563. ISBN 962-7508-02-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/962-7508-02-0","url_text":"962-7508-02-0"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Riley_(basketball)
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Martin Riley (basketball)
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["1 International career","2 University","3 Professional / Semi-Pro","4 Coaching career","5 Post-career Awards","6 Personal life","7 References"]
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Canadian basketball player
Martin RileyPersonal informationBorn (1955-05-08) May 8, 1955 (age 69)Winnipeg, Manitoba, CanadaNationalityCanadianListed height5 ft 11 in (1.80 m)Career informationHigh schoolSisler High School (Winnipeg, Manitoba)College
University of Manitoba (1973–1978)
PositionPoint guardNumber5Career historyAs player:1980-81River Plate (Argentina)As coach:1981-1984University of Manitoba
Career highlights and awards
CIAU Player of the Year (1976)
3x CIAU First-team All-Canadian (1976, 1977, 1988)
Manitoba Athlete of the Year (1976)
CIAU Tournament MVP (1976)
2x CIAU Tournament All-Star (1975, 1976)
CIAU Tournament Champion (1976)
Great Plains Athletic Conference (GPAC) Player of the Year (1978)
(GPAC) First-team All-star (1977, 1978)
Medals
Representing Canada
FIBA AmeriCup
1980 San Juan
National team
Martin James Riley (born May 8, 1955) is a former Canadian basketball player and Olympian. Riley has been described as “one of the finest basketball players to emerge out of the province of Manitoba”.
Riley played for the Canadian men's national basketball team from 1973 to 1980. Riley made the national team when he was 17 years old, being the first player to make the national team immediately out of high school and being one of the only 17-year-olds in history to make the Canadian national basketball team. Riley was later named the captain of the 1980 Olympic team.
Riley also had a successful career at the University of Manitoba. He was the CIAU Player of the Year in the 1975–76 season, a three-time First-team All-Canadian (1976-1978), Manitoba's athlete of the year (1976) a CIAU national tournament champion (1976), CIAU tournament MVP (1976) and Great Plains Athletic Conference player of the year (1978), among other accomplishments.
International career
Riley represented Canada on their national men's basketball team from 1973 to 1980. Riley made the Canadian national team immediately out of high school as a 17-year-old. He was the first player to earn a spot on the Canadian men's national basketball team immediately out of high school and one of the few 17-year-olds to ever make the Canadian men's national basketball team.
Riley represented Canada in the 1976 Olympics where Canada finished fourth overall. This was one of only three times in history in which Canada has competed for an Olympic medal in men's basketball. Riley was Canada's fifth overall scorer in these Olympic games.
Canada qualified for the 1980 Moscow Olympics, with Riley being selected as captain of the team. However, Riley and his teammates unfortunately did not compete in these games seeing that Canada boycotted these Olympics as a result of the Soviet Union's 1979 invasion of Afghanistan. This 1980 Canadian Olympic team was positioned to be a medal-contender given that Canada competed for the bronze medal in the Olympic games preceding and following these 1980 Olympics (1976, 1984), with this time of Canadian basketball being described as "arguably the Canadian national team's greatest era" and "Canada's golden age of basketball".
Riley was also offered a place on the 1984 Olympic team; however, seeing that taking the offer would have resulted in him losing his head coaching position at the University of Manitoba, Riley declined.
Riley represented Canada in many international tournaments, including the 1974 and 1978 FIBA World Championships, 1975 and 1979 Pan American Games and 1977 and 1979 World University Games. Riley performed well in these tournaments; for example, Riley was Canada's second-leading scorer in the 1978 FIBA World Championship, where Canada finished 6th overall.
University
Before attending university, Riley was the point guard and captain of the Sisler High School basketball team in Winnipeg during the 1972–73 season. He and his teammates achieved a perfect 35–0 record and won the province's 4A title that year. This team was the only undefeated varsity boys basketball teams in Manitoba for several decades. This year, Riley also was awarded the Carl Ridd award for excellence in academics and basketball.
Riley played for the University of Manitoba Bisons from 1973 to 1978. He was the CIAU Player of the Year in the 1975–76 season, a First-team All-Canadian in the 1975–76, 1976–77 and 1977–78 seasons, and Manitoba's athlete of the year in the 1975–76 season.
He and his teammates won the CIAU national championship in 1976, defeating St. Mary's 82–69 in the national final game. Riley was named the CIAU tournament MVP this year. This was the Bison's first and only national title in program history. This was a satisfying win for the Bisons after losing in the CIAU national finals game by one point the prior season. Overall, the Bisons played in the CIAU national tournament four of Riley's five seasons at the university.
Additionally, Riley was a CIAU national tournament all-star in the 1974–75 and 1975–76 seasons, the Great Plains Athletic Conference (GPAC) player of the year in the 1977–78 season and a GPAC first-team all-star in the 1976–77 and 1977–78 seasons.
Professional / Semi-Pro
After graduating from the University of Manitoba in 1978, Riley played in Canada's Senior Men's Basketball league with the team Nicolett Inn, where he and his teammates won the national senior title in 1979 and 1980. Riley completed his playing career in the 1980–81 season after playing professionally in Argentina for the team River Plate.
Coaching career
Riley was the head coach of the men's basketball team at the University of Manitoba from 1981 to 1984. Riley has also been head coach at the high school level, including at Churchill High School, Dakota Collegiate and Miles Mac Collegiate. At Miles Mac, Riley led the program to two provincial championships. Riley also started the Winnipeg Wolves basketball club in 2006, a basketball program for high school athletes, and has led the Wolves' girls' program.
Post-career Awards
Riley has been inducted into the Canada Basketball Hall of Fame (1995); the Manitoba Sports Hall of Fame (1991); the Canada West Hall of Fame in their first induction class (2020–21); the Manitoba Basketball Hall of Fame (1996); and the Manitoba High Schools Athletic Association Hall of Fame (2001).
Further, the 1976 Canadian men's national team was inducted into the Canadian Basketball Hall of Fame (2007); the 1976 University of Manitoba men's basketball team was inducted into the Manitoba Sports Hall of Fame (2011); the 1979 and 1980 Nicolett teams from the Canadian senior men's league were inducted into the Manitoba Basketball Hall of Fame (2003); and the 1973 Sisler boys basketball team was inducted into the Manitoba High Schools Athletic Association Hall of Fame (2011), with Riley being a member of each of these teams.
Personal life
Riley was born May 8, 1955, in Winnipeg, Manitoba. He was raised in Winnipeg as one of five children raised by his single mother. Riley eventually became a high school teacher, teaching psychology, law and geography at the high school level.
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab Daum, Evan. "Martin Riley (MBB | Student-athlete)". Canada West Hall of Fame. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Allen, Taylor (1 Mar 2021). "Hoops star Riley a living legend". Winnipeg Free Press. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae "Martin Riley". Manitoba Sports Hall of Fame. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r "Martin Riley". Manitoba Basketball Hall of Fame. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "Martin Riley". Manitoba High Schools Athletic Association Hall of Fame. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
^ a b c d e f g h i "Hall Of Fame News: MBHOF Member Martin Riley Honoured By Canada West". Manitoba Basketball Hall of Fame. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k Daum, Evan. "UM Basketball Star honoured by Canada West". University of Manitoba Athletics. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
^ a b "Mike Moser Memorial Trophy (Player of the Year)" (PDF). U Sports. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Martin Riley". U Sports Hoops. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
^ a b "Men's Basketball All-Canadian Teams" (PDF). U Sports. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
^ a b c d "U Sports Championship Results" (PDF). U Sports. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
^ a b "Jack Donohue Trophy (Championship MVP)" (PDF). U Sports. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
^ a b c d e f "Martin Riley- Athlete" (PDF). Canada Basketball Hall of Fame. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
^ a b c d e "Canada Accumulated Statistics, 1976 Olympic Games : Tournament for Men". FIBA Archive. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
^ a b c "Martin Riley". Canadian Olympic Committee. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
^ "Reflecting on when Karl Tilleman, Eli Pasquale, and Their Fellow Canadian University Teammates Took a Shot at Ruling the Basketball World". Somers Point News. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
^ "Canada boycotts 1980 Moscow Olympics". CBC Archives. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
^ "Canada Accumulated Statistics, 1984 Olympic Games : Tournament for Men". FIBA Archive.
^ Beck, Jason. "Eli Pasquale". BC Sports Hall of Fame. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
^ Chidley-Hill, John. "Eli Pasquale, Olympian and Canadian Basketball Hall of Famer, dies at 59". CBC Sports. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
^ "Canada Accumulated Statistics, 1978 World Championship for Men". FIBA Archive. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
^ a b c "Sisler Spartans Basketball Team 1973". Manitoba High Schools Athletic Association Hall of Fame. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
^ a b c "1976 University of Manitoba Bisons". Manitoba Sports Hall of Fame. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
^ "Men's Basketball Championship All-Stars" (PDF). U Sports. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
^ a b "About". Winnipeg Wolves Basketball Club. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
^ "1976 Senior Men's Olympic Team – Team" (PDF). Canada Basketball Hall of Fame. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
^ a b "1979, 1980, & 1982 Nicolett Inn". Manitoba Basketball Hall of Fame. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
vteCanada men's basketball squad – 1976 Summer Olympics – 4th place
4 Cassidy
5 Devlin
6 Hall
7 Hansen
8 Raffin
9 Riley
10 Robinson
11 Russell
12 Sankey
13 Sharpe
14 Tollestrup
15 Town
Coach: Donohue
|
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Riley has been described as “one of the finest basketball players to emerge out of the province of Manitoba”.[1][2]Riley played for the Canadian men's national basketball team from 1973 to 1980.[1][3][4] Riley made the national team when he was 17 years old, being the first player to make the national team immediately out of high school and being one of the only 17-year-olds in history to make the Canadian national basketball team.[1][3][4][5] Riley was later named the captain of the 1980 Olympic team.[1][2][3][4]Riley also had a successful career at the University of Manitoba. He was the CIAU Player of the Year in the 1975–76 season,[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] a three-time First-team All-Canadian (1976-1978),[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][9][10] Manitoba's athlete of the year (1976)[3][5] a CIAU national tournament champion (1976),[1][2][3][6][7][11] CIAU tournament MVP (1976)[9][12] and Great Plains Athletic Conference player of the year (1978),[9] among other accomplishments.","title":"Martin Riley (basketball)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cw_hof-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ms_hof-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mb_hof-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cw_hof-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-winn_free_press-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ms_hof-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mb_hof_art-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-um_art-7"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cb_hof-13"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ms_hof-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mhsaa_hof-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cw_hof-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ms_hof-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mb_hof-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mhsaa_hof-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cw_hof-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-winn_free_press-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ms_hof-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mb_hof-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mb_hof_art-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-um_art-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ush_profile-9"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fiba_1976_oly-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-can_oly_comm-15"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cw_hof-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-winn_free_press-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ms_hof-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mb_hof-4"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fiba_1976_oly-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-can_oly_comm-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-somers_point-16"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fiba_1976_oly-14"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cw_hof-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-winn_free_press-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ms_hof-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mb_hof-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cw_hof-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-winn_free_press-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ms_hof-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mb_hof-4"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cbc_archives-17"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-winn_free_press-2"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fiba_1976_oly-14"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fiba_1984_oly-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bc_hof_pasq-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pasquale_cbc_article-20"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-winn_free_press-2"},{"link_name":"FIBA World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIBA_Basketball_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Pan American Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"World University Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FISU_World_University_Games"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cw_hof-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-winn_free_press-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mb_hof-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mb_hof_art-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-um_art-7"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cb_hof-13"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fiba_1978_champ-21"}],"text":"Riley represented Canada on their national men's basketball team from 1973 to 1980.[1][3][4] Riley made the Canadian national team immediately out of high school as a 17-year-old.[1][2][3][6][7][13] He was the first player to earn a spot on the Canadian men's national basketball team immediately out of high school[3][5] and one of the few 17-year-olds to ever make the Canadian men's national basketball team.[1][3][4][5]Riley represented Canada in the 1976 Olympics[1][2][3][4][6][7][9][14][15] where Canada finished fourth overall.[1][2][3][4][14][15] This was one of only three times in history in which Canada has competed for an Olympic medal in men's basketball.[16] Riley was Canada's fifth overall scorer in these Olympic games.[14]Canada qualified for the 1980 Moscow Olympics, with Riley being selected as captain of the team.[1][2][3][4] However, Riley and his teammates unfortunately did not compete in these games seeing that Canada boycotted these Olympics as a result of the Soviet Union's 1979 invasion of Afghanistan.[1][2][3][4][17] This 1980 Canadian Olympic team was positioned to be a medal-contender[2] given that Canada competed for the bronze medal in the Olympic games preceding and following these 1980 Olympics (1976, 1984),[14][18] with this time of Canadian basketball being described as \"arguably the Canadian national team's greatest era\"[19] and \"Canada's golden age of basketball\".[20]Riley was also offered a place on the 1984 Olympic team; however, seeing that taking the offer would have resulted in him losing his head coaching position at the University of Manitoba, Riley declined.[2]Riley represented Canada in many international tournaments, including the 1974 and 1978 FIBA World Championships, 1975 and 1979 Pan American Games and 1977 and 1979 World University Games.[1][2][4][6][7][13] Riley performed well in these tournaments; for example, Riley was Canada's second-leading scorer in the 1978 FIBA World Championship, where Canada finished 6th overall.[21]","title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sisler High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisler_High_School"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cw_hof-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ms_hof-3"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cb_hof-13"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mb_hof-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mhsaa_hof-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-um_art-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cw_hof-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-winn_free_press-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ms_hof-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mhsaa_hof-5"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mhsaa_hof_team-22"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ms_hof-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mhsaa_hof-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ms_hof-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cw_hof-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-winn_free_press-2"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ush_profile-9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cw_hof-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-winn_free_press-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ms_hof-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mb_hof-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mhsaa_hof-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mb_hof_art-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-um_art-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mike_moser-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ush_profile-9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cw_hof-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-winn_free_press-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ms_hof-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mb_hof-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mhsaa_hof-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mb_hof_art-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-um_art-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ush_profile-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ciau_all_can-10"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ms_hof-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mhsaa_hof-5"},{"link_name":"St. Mary's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Mary%27s_Huskies"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cw_hof-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-winn_free_press-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ms_hof-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mb_hof_art-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-um_art-7"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ciau_champs-11"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ush_profile-9"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ciau_tourn_mvp-12"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cw_hof-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-um_art-7"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ms_hof_team-23"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ms_hof-3"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ciau_champs-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ciau_champs-11"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ush_profile-9"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ciau_tourn_all_stars-24"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ush_profile-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ush_profile-9"}],"text":"Before attending university, Riley was the point guard and captain of the Sisler High School basketball team in Winnipeg during the 1972–73 season.[1][3][13][4][5][7] He and his teammates achieved a perfect 35–0 record and won the province's 4A title that year.[1][2][3][5][22] This team was the only undefeated varsity boys basketball teams in Manitoba for several decades.[3][5] This year, Riley also was awarded the Carl Ridd award for excellence in academics and basketball.[3]Riley played for the University of Manitoba Bisons from 1973 to 1978.[1][2][9] He was the CIAU Player of the Year in the 1975–76 season,[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] a First-team All-Canadian in the 1975–76, 1976–77 and 1977–78 seasons,[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][9][10] and Manitoba's athlete of the year in the 1975–76 season.[3][5]He and his teammates won the CIAU national championship in 1976, defeating St. Mary's 82–69 in the national final game.[1][2][3][6][7][11] Riley was named the CIAU tournament MVP this year.[9][12] This was the Bison's first and only national title in program history.[1][7][23] This was a satisfying win for the Bisons after losing in the CIAU national finals game by one point the prior season.[3][11] Overall, the Bisons played in the CIAU national tournament four of Riley's five seasons at the university.[11]Additionally, Riley was a CIAU national tournament all-star in the 1974–75 and 1975–76 seasons,[9][24] the Great Plains Athletic Conference (GPAC) player of the year in the 1977–78 season[9] and a GPAC first-team all-star in the 1976–77 and 1977–78 seasons.[9]","title":"University"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cw_hof-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-winn_free_press-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ms_hof-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mb_hof-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mhsaa_hof-5"},{"link_name":"River Plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Atl%C3%A9tico_River_Plate"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cw_hof-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ms_hof-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mb_hof-4"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cb_hof-13"}],"text":"After graduating from the University of Manitoba in 1978, Riley played in Canada's Senior Men's Basketball league with the team Nicolett Inn, where he and his teammates won the national senior title in 1979 and 1980.[1][2][3][4][5] Riley completed his playing career in the 1980–81 season after playing professionally in Argentina for the team River Plate.[1][3][4][13]","title":"Professional / Semi-Pro"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-winn_free_press-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ms_hof-3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ush_profile-9"},{"link_name":"Churchill High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churchill_High_School_(Winnipeg)"},{"link_name":"Dakota Collegiate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakota_Collegiate"},{"link_name":"Miles Mac Collegiate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_Macdonell_Collegiate"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cw_hof-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-winn_free_press-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ms_hof-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mhsaa_hof-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cw_hof-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ms_hof-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mhsaa_hof-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-winn_free_press-2"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-winn_wolves-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-winn_wolves-25"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-winn_free_press-2"}],"text":"Riley was the head coach of the men's basketball team at the University of Manitoba from 1981 to 1984.[2][3][9] Riley has also been head coach at the high school level, including at Churchill High School, Dakota Collegiate and Miles Mac Collegiate.[1][2][3][5] At Miles Mac, Riley led the program to two provincial championships.[1][3][5] Riley also started the Winnipeg Wolves basketball club in 2006,[2][25] a basketball program for high school athletes,[25] and has led the Wolves' girls' program.[2]","title":"Coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cb_hof-13"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ms_hof-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cw_hof-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mb_hof-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mhsaa_hof-5"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cb_hof_team-26"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ms_hof_team-23"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mb_hof_team-27"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mhsaa_hof_team-22"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fiba_1976_oly-14"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mhsaa_hof_team-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ms_hof_team-23"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mb_hof_team-27"}],"text":"Riley has been inducted into the Canada Basketball Hall of Fame (1995);[13] the Manitoba Sports Hall of Fame (1991);[3] the Canada West Hall of Fame in their first induction class (2020–21);[1] the Manitoba Basketball Hall of Fame (1996);[4] and the Manitoba High Schools Athletic Association Hall of Fame (2001).[5]Further, the 1976 Canadian men's national team was inducted into the Canadian Basketball Hall of Fame (2007);[26] the 1976 University of Manitoba men's basketball team was inducted into the Manitoba Sports Hall of Fame (2011);[23] the 1979 and 1980 Nicolett teams from the Canadian senior men's league were inducted into the Manitoba Basketball Hall of Fame (2003);[27] and the 1973 Sisler boys basketball team was inducted into the Manitoba High Schools Athletic Association Hall of Fame (2011),[22] with Riley being a member of each of these teams.[14][22][23][27]","title":"Post-career Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ms_hof-3"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-can_oly_comm-15"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cb_hof-13"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-winn_free_press-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cw_hof-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-winn_free_press-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-winn_free_press-2"}],"text":"Riley was born May 8, 1955, in Winnipeg, Manitoba.[3][15][13] He was raised in Winnipeg as one of five children raised by his single mother.[2] Riley eventually became a high school teacher,[1][2] teaching psychology, law and geography at the high school level.[2]","title":"Personal life"}]
|
[]
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[{"reference":"Daum, Evan. \"Martin Riley (MBB | Student-athlete)\". Canada West Hall of Fame. Retrieved 4 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.canadawesthalloffame.org/post/martin-riley-mbb-student-athlete","url_text":"\"Martin Riley (MBB | Student-athlete)\""}]},{"reference":"Allen, Taylor (1 Mar 2021). \"Hoops star Riley a living legend\". Winnipeg Free Press. Retrieved 4 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.winnipegfreepress.com/breakingnews/2021/03/01/hoops-st","url_text":"\"Hoops star Riley a living legend\""}]},{"reference":"\"Martin Riley\". Manitoba Sports Hall of Fame. Retrieved 4 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://honouredmembers.sportmanitoba.ca/single-honoured-member/?smid=493","url_text":"\"Martin Riley\""}]},{"reference":"\"Martin Riley\". Manitoba Basketball Hall of Fame. Retrieved 4 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mbhof.com/2007/07/martin-riley.html","url_text":"\"Martin Riley\""}]},{"reference":"\"Martin Riley\". Manitoba High Schools Athletic Association Hall of Fame. Retrieved 4 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mhsaa.ca/awards/view-award/view-recipient/293/martin-riley/","url_text":"\"Martin Riley\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hall Of Fame News: MBHOF Member Martin Riley Honoured By Canada West\". Manitoba Basketball Hall of Fame. Retrieved 4 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketballmanitoba.ca/2021/02/mbhof-member-martin-riley-honoured-by.html","url_text":"\"Hall Of Fame News: MBHOF Member Martin Riley Honoured By Canada West\""}]},{"reference":"Daum, Evan. \"UM Basketball Star honoured by Canada West\". University of Manitoba Athletics. Retrieved 4 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://gobisons.ca/news/2021/2/24/general-um-basketball-star-honoured-by-canada-west.aspx","url_text":"\"UM Basketball Star honoured by Canada West\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mike Moser Memorial Trophy (Player of the Year)\" (PDF). U Sports. Retrieved 4 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://usports.ca/uploads/cis/Awards/sports_awards/2019_-_2020/MBKB/MBKB_-_OPOTY.pdf","url_text":"\"Mike Moser Memorial Trophy (Player of the Year)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Martin Riley\". U Sports Hoops. Retrieved 4 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://usportshoops.ca/history/person.php?Person=riley-martin","url_text":"\"Martin Riley\""}]},{"reference":"\"Men's Basketball All-Canadian Teams\" (PDF). U Sports. Retrieved 4 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://usports.ca/uploads/cis/Awards/All-Canadians/2019-20/Men_s_Basketball_All_Canadians.pdf","url_text":"\"Men's Basketball All-Canadian Teams\""}]},{"reference":"\"U Sports Championship Results\" (PDF). U Sports. Retrieved 4 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://usports.ca/uploads/cis/Championships/MBKB/Men_s_Basketball_Historical_Results.pdf","url_text":"\"U Sports Championship Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jack Donohue Trophy (Championship MVP)\" (PDF). U Sports. Retrieved 4 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://usports.ca/uploads/cis/Awards/sports_awards/2019_-_2020/MBKB/MBKB_-_MVP.pdf","url_text":"\"Jack Donohue Trophy (Championship MVP)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Martin Riley- Athlete\" (PDF). Canada Basketball Hall of Fame. Retrieved 4 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://assets-global.website-files.com/5d3752ecc5e950deedb7ab2b/5fbf0e02c7b8ab19b55e256f_1430421852_hof_martinriley.pdf","url_text":"\"Martin Riley- Athlete\""}]},{"reference":"\"Canada Accumulated Statistics, 1976 Olympic Games : Tournament for Men\". FIBA Archive. Retrieved 4 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/team/p/sid/2939/tid/257/_/1976_Olympic_Games_Tournament_for_Men/accumulated-statistics.html","url_text":"\"Canada Accumulated Statistics, 1976 Olympic Games : Tournament for Men\""}]},{"reference":"\"Martin Riley\". Canadian Olympic Committee. Retrieved 4 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://olympic.ca/team-canada/martin-riley/","url_text":"\"Martin Riley\""}]},{"reference":"\"Reflecting on when Karl Tilleman, Eli Pasquale, and Their Fellow Canadian University Teammates Took a Shot at Ruling the Basketball World\". Somers Point News. Retrieved 4 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://somerspoint.com/2023/04/24/reflecting-karl-tilleman-fellow-canadian-university-teammates-took-shot-ruling-basketball-world/","url_text":"\"Reflecting on when Karl Tilleman, Eli Pasquale, and Their Fellow Canadian University Teammates Took a Shot at Ruling the Basketball World\""}]},{"reference":"\"Canada boycotts 1980 Moscow Olympics\". CBC Archives. Retrieved 4 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbc.ca/player/play/667063875944#:~:text=There%20won%27t%20be%20any,the%20Soviet%20invasion%20of%20Afghanistan.","url_text":"\"Canada boycotts 1980 Moscow Olympics\""}]},{"reference":"\"Canada Accumulated Statistics, 1984 Olympic Games : Tournament for Men\". FIBA Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/team/p/sid/2941/tid/257/_/1984_Olympic_Games_Tournament_for_Men/accumulated-statistics.html","url_text":"\"Canada Accumulated Statistics, 1984 Olympic Games : Tournament for Men\""}]},{"reference":"Beck, Jason. \"Eli Pasquale\". BC Sports Hall of Fame. Retrieved 4 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://bcsportshall.com/honoured_member/eli-pasquale/","url_text":"\"Eli Pasquale\""}]},{"reference":"Chidley-Hill, John. \"Eli Pasquale, Olympian and Canadian Basketball Hall of Famer, dies at 59\". CBC Sports. Retrieved 4 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbc.ca/sports/basketball/eli-pasquale-canada-basketball-hall-of-fame-dies-at-59-1.5348409","url_text":"\"Eli Pasquale, Olympian and Canadian Basketball Hall of Famer, dies at 59\""}]},{"reference":"\"Canada Accumulated Statistics, 1978 World Championship for Men\". FIBA Archive. Retrieved 4 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/team/p/sid/2909/tid/257/_/1978_World_Championship_for_Men/accumulated-statistics.html","url_text":"\"Canada Accumulated Statistics, 1978 World Championship for Men\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sisler Spartans Basketball Team 1973\". Manitoba High Schools Athletic Association Hall of Fame. Retrieved 4 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mhsaa.ca/awards/view-award/view-recipient/302/sisler-spartans-basketball-team-1973/","url_text":"\"Sisler Spartans Basketball Team 1973\""}]},{"reference":"\"1976 University of Manitoba Bisons\". Manitoba Sports Hall of Fame. Retrieved 4 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://honouredmembers.sportmanitoba.ca/single-honoured-member/?smid=800","url_text":"\"1976 University of Manitoba Bisons\""}]},{"reference":"\"Men's Basketball Championship All-Stars\" (PDF). U Sports. Retrieved 4 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://usports.ca/uploads/cis/Awards/All-Canadians/2019-20/Men_s_Basketball_Championship_All-Stars.pdf","url_text":"\"Men's Basketball Championship All-Stars\""}]},{"reference":"\"About\". Winnipeg Wolves Basketball Club. Retrieved 4 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.winnipegwolves.com/p/about.html","url_text":"\"About\""}]},{"reference":"\"1976 Senior Men's Olympic Team – Team\" (PDF). Canada Basketball Hall of Fame. Retrieved 4 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://assets-global.website-files.com/5d3752ecc5e950deedb7ab2b/5fc00be0c53fa048e7bec54d_hof_1976_smnt.pdf","url_text":"\"1976 Senior Men's Olympic Team – Team\""}]},{"reference":"\"1979, 1980, & 1982 Nicolett Inn\". Manitoba Basketball Hall of Fame. Retrieved 4 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mbhof.com/2007/07/1979-nicolett-inn.html","url_text":"\"1979, 1980, & 1982 Nicolett Inn\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.canadawesthalloffame.org/post/martin-riley-mbb-student-athlete","external_links_name":"\"Martin Riley (MBB | Student-athlete)\""},{"Link":"https://www.winnipegfreepress.com/breakingnews/2021/03/01/hoops-st","external_links_name":"\"Hoops star Riley a living legend\""},{"Link":"https://honouredmembers.sportmanitoba.ca/single-honoured-member/?smid=493","external_links_name":"\"Martin Riley\""},{"Link":"https://www.mbhof.com/2007/07/martin-riley.html","external_links_name":"\"Martin Riley\""},{"Link":"https://www.mhsaa.ca/awards/view-award/view-recipient/293/martin-riley/","external_links_name":"\"Martin Riley\""},{"Link":"https://www.basketballmanitoba.ca/2021/02/mbhof-member-martin-riley-honoured-by.html","external_links_name":"\"Hall Of Fame News: MBHOF Member Martin Riley Honoured By Canada West\""},{"Link":"https://gobisons.ca/news/2021/2/24/general-um-basketball-star-honoured-by-canada-west.aspx","external_links_name":"\"UM Basketball Star honoured by Canada West\""},{"Link":"https://usports.ca/uploads/cis/Awards/sports_awards/2019_-_2020/MBKB/MBKB_-_OPOTY.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Mike Moser Memorial Trophy (Player of the Year)\""},{"Link":"https://usportshoops.ca/history/person.php?Person=riley-martin","external_links_name":"\"Martin Riley\""},{"Link":"https://usports.ca/uploads/cis/Awards/All-Canadians/2019-20/Men_s_Basketball_All_Canadians.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Men's Basketball All-Canadian Teams\""},{"Link":"https://usports.ca/uploads/cis/Championships/MBKB/Men_s_Basketball_Historical_Results.pdf","external_links_name":"\"U Sports Championship Results\""},{"Link":"https://usports.ca/uploads/cis/Awards/sports_awards/2019_-_2020/MBKB/MBKB_-_MVP.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Jack Donohue Trophy (Championship MVP)\""},{"Link":"https://assets-global.website-files.com/5d3752ecc5e950deedb7ab2b/5fbf0e02c7b8ab19b55e256f_1430421852_hof_martinriley.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Martin Riley- Athlete\""},{"Link":"https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/team/p/sid/2939/tid/257/_/1976_Olympic_Games_Tournament_for_Men/accumulated-statistics.html","external_links_name":"\"Canada Accumulated Statistics, 1976 Olympic Games : Tournament for Men\""},{"Link":"https://olympic.ca/team-canada/martin-riley/","external_links_name":"\"Martin Riley\""},{"Link":"https://somerspoint.com/2023/04/24/reflecting-karl-tilleman-fellow-canadian-university-teammates-took-shot-ruling-basketball-world/","external_links_name":"\"Reflecting on when Karl Tilleman, Eli Pasquale, and Their Fellow Canadian University Teammates Took a Shot at Ruling the Basketball World\""},{"Link":"https://www.cbc.ca/player/play/667063875944#:~:text=There%20won%27t%20be%20any,the%20Soviet%20invasion%20of%20Afghanistan.","external_links_name":"\"Canada boycotts 1980 Moscow Olympics\""},{"Link":"https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/team/p/sid/2941/tid/257/_/1984_Olympic_Games_Tournament_for_Men/accumulated-statistics.html","external_links_name":"\"Canada Accumulated Statistics, 1984 Olympic Games : Tournament for Men\""},{"Link":"https://bcsportshall.com/honoured_member/eli-pasquale/","external_links_name":"\"Eli Pasquale\""},{"Link":"https://www.cbc.ca/sports/basketball/eli-pasquale-canada-basketball-hall-of-fame-dies-at-59-1.5348409","external_links_name":"\"Eli Pasquale, Olympian and Canadian Basketball Hall of Famer, dies at 59\""},{"Link":"https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/team/p/sid/2909/tid/257/_/1978_World_Championship_for_Men/accumulated-statistics.html","external_links_name":"\"Canada Accumulated Statistics, 1978 World Championship for Men\""},{"Link":"https://www.mhsaa.ca/awards/view-award/view-recipient/302/sisler-spartans-basketball-team-1973/","external_links_name":"\"Sisler Spartans Basketball Team 1973\""},{"Link":"https://honouredmembers.sportmanitoba.ca/single-honoured-member/?smid=800","external_links_name":"\"1976 University of Manitoba Bisons\""},{"Link":"https://usports.ca/uploads/cis/Awards/All-Canadians/2019-20/Men_s_Basketball_Championship_All-Stars.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Men's Basketball Championship All-Stars\""},{"Link":"http://www.winnipegwolves.com/p/about.html","external_links_name":"\"About\""},{"Link":"https://assets-global.website-files.com/5d3752ecc5e950deedb7ab2b/5fc00be0c53fa048e7bec54d_hof_1976_smnt.pdf","external_links_name":"\"1976 Senior Men's Olympic Team – Team\""},{"Link":"https://www.mbhof.com/2007/07/1979-nicolett-inn.html","external_links_name":"\"1979, 1980, & 1982 Nicolett Inn\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Oswald_Ahnert
|
Paul Oswald Ahnert
|
["1 Bibliography","2 References"]
|
German astronomer
Paul Oswald Ahnert (22 November 1897 – 27 February 1989) was a German astronomer. He first became famous in Germany for publishing the "Kalender für Sternfreunde" from 1948 until 1988, an annual calendar of astronomical events. The minor planet 3181 Ahnert is named in his honor.
Ahnert was born in Chemnitz, Kingdom of Saxony. During the First World War he served as an ordinary German field-soldier. After the war he became a member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) and was a committed opponent of the rise of militarism and right wing revanchism in Germany. Between 1919 and 1933 he worked as an elementary school teacher. In addition to this he was an ambitious amateur astronomer and in 1923 his first article was published in the scientific journal Astronomische Nachrichten (AN 219 (1923), 165–170). He reported about long period variables he had observed from his private observatory.
When Adolf Hitler became Chancellor in 1933 the Nazi regime removed Paul Ahnert from his post. He was arrested and imprisoned for a few months in a concentration camp. Released from imprisonment he had to earn his living by doing occasional jobs. But in 1938 he had a lucky escape for his real profession. Cuno Hoffmeister invited him to the Sonneberg Observatory, where he worked during the Second World War as a computer (performing calculations) and assistant observer in a long term sky patrol and field survey program.
After the war he met the astronomer Eva Rohlfs at Sonneberg Observatory and married her in 1952. His second marriage lasted only two years, because Eva died in 1954 in age of 41. During the 1950s Paul Ahnert advanced from an assistant observer to an astronomer with international reputation, who made important observations of variable stars and solar activity.
He received an honorary doctor in astrophysics at the University of Jena in 1957. His name became well known in Germany, when he started to edit the "Kalender für Sternfreunde", an annual calendar of astronomical events. The first volume was printed in 1949. Paul Ahnert edited it for over 40 years until he retired from this task, aged 90, and passed the work to younger hands. Paul Ahnert died in age of 91 in Sonneberg (Free State Thuringia).
Bibliography
Die veränderlichen Sterne der nördlichen Milchstraße. Part 4. (with C. Hoffmeister) Veröffentlichungen der Sternwarte zu Sonneberg (1947)
Der Lichtwechsel von 46 hellen Mirasternen., Akademie-Verlag, Berlin (1954)
Astronomisch-chronologische Tafeln für Sonne, Mond und Planeten., J. A. Barth Verlag, Leipzig (1960, 1961, 1965)
Beobachtungsobjekte für Liebhaberastronomen., J. A. Barth Verlag, Leipzig (1961 a. 1968)
Mondkarte in 25 Sektionen. (with W. G. Lohrmann and others), J. A. Barth Verlag, Leipzig (1963)
Astronomische Abhandlungen. (with C. Hoffmeister), J. A. Barth Verlag, Leipzig (1965)
Kleine praktische Astronomie. Hilfstabellen und Beobachtungsobjekte. J. A. Barth Verlag, Leipzig (1986) ISBN 3-335-00000-5
Kalender für Sternfreunde. Astronomisches Jahrbuch. (edit by P. Ahnert), J. A. Barth Verlag, Leipzig (Annual editions:1948-1988); continued as ...
Ahnerts Kalender für Sternfreunde. Astronomisches Jahrbuch. (edit by R. Luthardt), J. A. Barth Verlag, Leipzig (Five editions: 1989-1993)
Sonneberger Jahrbuch für Sternfreunde. (edit by Rainer Luthardt), Herri Deutsch Verlag, Frankfurt am Main (Six editions: 1994-2000); last Edition: Sonneberger Jahrbuch für Sternenfreunde. 2000. ISBN 3-8171-2000-1
Ahnerts Astronomisches Jahrbuch. Den Himmel beobachten und verstehen., Verlag Sterne und Weltraum, Heidelberg (Annual edition since 1994)
References
^ Schmadel, Lutz D. (2003). "(3181) Ahnert". Dictionary of Minor Planet Names – (3181) Ahnert. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 264. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_3182. ISBN 978-3-540-29925-7.
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
Germany
United States
Czech Republic
Netherlands
Academics
CiNii
zbMATH
People
Deutsche Biographie
|
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He first became famous in Germany for publishing the \"Kalender für Sternfreunde\" from 1948 until 1988, an annual calendar of astronomical events. The minor planet 3181 Ahnert is named in his honor.[1]Ahnert was born in Chemnitz, Kingdom of Saxony. During the First World War he served as an ordinary German field-soldier. After the war he became a member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) and was a committed opponent of the rise of militarism and right wing revanchism in Germany. Between 1919 and 1933 he worked as an elementary school teacher. In addition to this he was an ambitious amateur astronomer and in 1923 his first article was published in the scientific journal Astronomische Nachrichten (AN 219 (1923), 165–170). He reported about long period variables he had observed from his private observatory.When Adolf Hitler became Chancellor in 1933 the Nazi regime removed Paul Ahnert from his post. He was arrested and imprisoned for a few months in a concentration camp. Released from imprisonment he had to earn his living by doing occasional jobs. But in 1938 he had a lucky escape for his real profession. Cuno Hoffmeister invited him to the Sonneberg Observatory, where he worked during the Second World War as a computer (performing calculations) and assistant observer in a long term sky patrol and field survey program.After the war he met the astronomer Eva Rohlfs at Sonneberg Observatory and married her in 1952. His second marriage lasted only two years, because Eva died in 1954 in age of 41. During the 1950s Paul Ahnert advanced from an assistant observer to an astronomer with international reputation, who made important observations of variable stars and solar activity.He received an honorary doctor in astrophysics at the University of Jena in 1957. His name became well known in Germany, when he started to edit the \"Kalender für Sternfreunde\", an annual calendar of astronomical events. The first volume was printed in 1949. Paul Ahnert edited it for over 40 years until he retired from this task, aged 90, and passed the work to younger hands. Paul Ahnert died in age of 91 in Sonneberg (Free State Thuringia).","title":"Paul Oswald Ahnert"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"C. Hoffmeister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuno_Hoffmeister"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-335-00000-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-335-00000-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-8171-2000-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8171-2000-1"}],"text":"Die veränderlichen Sterne der nördlichen Milchstraße. Part 4. (with C. Hoffmeister) Veröffentlichungen der Sternwarte zu Sonneberg (1947)\nDer Lichtwechsel von 46 hellen Mirasternen., Akademie-Verlag, Berlin (1954)\nAstronomisch-chronologische Tafeln für Sonne, Mond und Planeten., J. A. Barth Verlag, Leipzig (1960, 1961, 1965)\nBeobachtungsobjekte für Liebhaberastronomen., J. A. Barth Verlag, Leipzig (1961 a. 1968)\nMondkarte in 25 Sektionen. (with W. G. Lohrmann and others), J. A. Barth Verlag, Leipzig (1963)\nAstronomische Abhandlungen. (with C. Hoffmeister), J. A. Barth Verlag, Leipzig (1965)\nKleine praktische Astronomie. Hilfstabellen und Beobachtungsobjekte. J. A. Barth Verlag, Leipzig (1986) ISBN 3-335-00000-5\nKalender für Sternfreunde. Astronomisches Jahrbuch. (edit by P. Ahnert), J. A. Barth Verlag, Leipzig (Annual editions:1948-1988); continued as ...\nAhnerts Kalender für Sternfreunde. Astronomisches Jahrbuch. (edit by R. Luthardt), J. A. Barth Verlag, Leipzig (Five editions: 1989-1993)\nSonneberger Jahrbuch für Sternfreunde. (edit by Rainer Luthardt), Herri Deutsch Verlag, Frankfurt am Main (Six editions: 1994-2000); last Edition: Sonneberger Jahrbuch für Sternenfreunde. 2000. ISBN 3-8171-2000-1\nAhnerts Astronomisches Jahrbuch. Den Himmel beobachten und verstehen., Verlag Sterne und Weltraum, Heidelberg (Annual edition since 1994)","title":"Bibliography"}]
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[]
| null |
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glom_(Hun)
|
Glom (Hun)
|
["1 Biography","2 Etymology","3 References","4 Sources"]
|
Hun sub-king
Glom (fl. 528) was a Hun sub-king, or tribe king. He fought for the Sasanian Empire in the late 520s.
Biography
Glom was a king of a section of the Huns. He became an ally of Persian king Kavad I and in 528 fought for him against the queen of the Hunnish tribe of the Sabirs, a woman named Boa (Boarez/Boarek), the widow of Balaq. He was defeated by Boa while marching to aid the Persians against the Romans.
Etymology
His name might be of Iranian origin.
References
^ Jeffreys, Elizabeth; Jeffreys, Michael; Scott, Roger (1986). The Chronicle of John Malalas. Brill. p. 340. ISBN 9789004344600. Retrieved 15 November 2022.
^ a b Martindale, J.R. (1992). The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire 2 Part Set: Volume 3, AD 527-641. Cambridge University Press. p. 1346. Retrieved 15 November 2022.
^ Evan Michael Schultheis (30 January 2019). The Battle of the Catalaunian Fields AD 451: Flavius Aetius, Attila the Hun and the Transformation of Gaul. ISBN 978-1526745668.
^ Golden 1980, p. 258.
^ Golden 1992, p. 106.
^ Justi, Ferdinand (1895). Iranisches Namenbuch . Marburg: NG Elwertsche Verlagsbuchhandlung, p. 112.
Sources
Maenchen-Helfen, Otto John (1973), The World of the Huns: Studies in Their History and Culture, University of California Press, ISBN 9780520015968
Agathias (1975), The Histories, Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-082694-4
Clauson, Gerard (1972). An Etymological Dictionary of Pre-Thirteenth-Century Turkish. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Golden, Peter Benjamin (1980). Khazar studies: An Historico-Philological Inquiry into the Origins of the Khazars. Vol. 1. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. ISBN 9630515490.
Sinor, Denis (1990), The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-24304-9
Golden, Peter Benjamin (1992). An introduction to the History of the Turkic peoples: ethnogenesis and state formation in medieval and early modern Eurasia and the Middle East. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. ISBN 9783447032742.
Golden, Peter Benjamin (2013). "Some Notes on the Etymology of Sabirs". In Alexander A. Sinitsyn; Maxim M. Kholod (eds.). Κοινον Δωρον - Studies and Essays in Honour of Valery P. Nikonorov on the Occasion of His Sixtieth Birthday presented by His Friends and Colleagues. St. Petersburg State University - Faculty of Philology. pp. 49–55.
Greatrex, Geoffrey; Lieu, Samuel N. C. (2007), The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars Ad 363-628, Psychology Press, ISBN 978-0-415-46530-4
Golden, Peter B. (2011). Studies on the Peoples and Cultures of the Eurasian Steppes. Editura Academiei Române; Editura Istros a Muzeului Brăilei. ISBN 9789732721520.
Boris Zhivkov (2015). Khazaria in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries. Brill. ISBN 9789004294486.
Zimonyi, Istvan (2015), Muslim Sources on the Magyars in the Second Half of the 9th Century: The Magyar Chapter of the Jayhānī Tradition, BRILL, ISBN 978-90-04-30611-0
vteHunsHistory
Origin of the Huns
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Related topics
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|
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Romans.[2]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iranian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_languages"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"His name might be of Iranian origin.[6]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maenchen-Helfen, Otto John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_J._Maenchen-Helfen"},{"link_name":"The World of the Huns: Studies in Their History and Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=CrUdgzSICxcC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780520015968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520015968"},{"link_name":"The 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Huns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_the_Huns"},{"link_name":"History of the Huns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Huns"},{"link_name":"List of Huns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Huns"},{"link_name":"Rulers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_kings_of_the_Huns"},{"link_name":"Balamber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balamber"},{"link_name":"Uldin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uldin"},{"link_name":"Octar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octar"},{"link_name":"Charaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charaton"},{"link_name":"Rugila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugila"},{"link_name":"Bleda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleda"},{"link_name":"Attila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attila"},{"link_name":"Ellac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellac"},{"link_name":"Dengizich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dengizich"},{"link_name":"Ernak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernak"},{"link_name":"Zilgibis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zilgibis"},{"link_name":"Aigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aigan_(Hun_commander)"},{"link_name":"Alathar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alathar"},{"link_name":"Althias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Althias"},{"link_name":"Ambazuces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambazuces"},{"link_name":"Apsich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apsich"},{"link_name":"Ascan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascan"},{"link_name":"Ascum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascum"},{"link_name":"Basich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basich"},{"link_name":"Bochas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochas_(Hun)"},{"link_name":"Chalazar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalazar"},{"link_name":"Chelchal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelchal"},{"link_name":"Cours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cours_(Byzantine_general)"},{"link_name":"Elmingir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmingir"},{"link_name":"Glom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Hormidac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormidac"},{"link_name":"Kursich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kursich"},{"link_name":"Laudaricus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laudaricus"},{"link_name":"Mundus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mundus_(magister_militum)"},{"link_name":"Odolgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odolgan"},{"link_name":"Optila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optila"},{"link_name":"Ragnaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragnaris"},{"link_name":"Sanoeces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanoeces"},{"link_name":"Sigizan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigizan"},{"link_name":"Simmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simmas"},{"link_name":"Sunicas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunicas"},{"link_name":"Tarrach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarrach"},{"link_name":"Thraustila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thraustila"},{"link_name":"Tuldila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuldila"},{"link_name":"Turgun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turgun"},{"link_name":"Tyranx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyranx"},{"link_name":"Uldach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uldach"},{"link_name":"Zolban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zolban"},{"link_name":"Atakam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atakam"},{"link_name":"Emnetzur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emnetzur"},{"link_name":"Gordas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordas"},{"link_name":"Mamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamas_(Hun_prince)"},{"link_name":"Mundzuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mundzuk"},{"link_name":"Oebarsius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oebarsius"},{"link_name":"Onegesius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onegesius"},{"link_name":"Ultzindur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultzindur"},{"link_name":"Berichus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berichus"},{"link_name":"Edeko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edeko"},{"link_name":"Eslas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eslas"},{"link_name":"Scottas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottas"},{"link_name":"Adamis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adamis"},{"link_name":"Donatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donatus_(Huns)"},{"link_name":"Eskam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskam"},{"link_name":"Eskam's daughter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskam%27s_daughter"},{"link_name":"Ildico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ildico"},{"link_name":"Kreka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreka"},{"link_name":"Vadamerca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vadamerca"},{"link_name":"Zerco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zerco"},{"link_name":"Hunnic art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunnic_art"},{"link_name":"Hunnic language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunnic_language"},{"link_name":"Hunnic invasion of the Sasanian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunnic_invasion_of_the_Sasanian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Tanais River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Tanais_River"},{"link_name":"Siege of Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Florence_(405)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Faesulae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Faesulae_(406)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Arles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Arles_(435)"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Utus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Utus"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Catalaunian Plains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Catalaunian_Plains"},{"link_name":"Sack of Aquileia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sack_of_Aquileia"},{"link_name":"Sack of Padua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sack_of_Padua"},{"link_name":"Siege of Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Milan"},{"link_name":"Battle of Nedao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nedao"},{"link_name":"Battle of Bassianae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bassianae"},{"link_name":"Alchons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchon_Huns"},{"link_name":"Hephthalites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hephthalites"},{"link_name":"Cadiseni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadiseni"},{"link_name":"Hunas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huna_people"},{"link_name":"Iranian Huns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Huns"},{"link_name":"Kidarites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidarites"},{"link_name":"Nezak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nezak_Huns"},{"link_name":"North Caucasian Huns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Caucasian_Huns"},{"link_name":"White Huns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Huns"},{"link_name":"Xionites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xionites"},{"link_name":"Attila in popular culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attila_in_popular_culture"},{"link_name":"Akatziri tribe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akatziri"},{"link_name":"Eurasian nomads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_nomads"},{"link_name":"Nomadic empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomadic_empire"},{"link_name":"Origin of the Székelys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_the_Sz%C3%A9kelys"},{"link_name":"Xiongnu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiongnu"}],"text":"Maenchen-Helfen, Otto John (1973), The World of the Huns: Studies in Their History and Culture, University of California Press, ISBN 9780520015968\nAgathias (1975), The Histories, Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-082694-4\nClauson, Gerard (1972). An Etymological Dictionary of Pre-Thirteenth-Century Turkish. Oxford: Clarendon Press.\nGolden, Peter Benjamin (1980). Khazar studies: An Historico-Philological Inquiry into the Origins of the Khazars. Vol. 1. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. ISBN 9630515490.\nSinor, Denis (1990), The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-24304-9\nGolden, Peter Benjamin (1992). An introduction to the History of the Turkic peoples: ethnogenesis and state formation in medieval and early modern Eurasia and the Middle East. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. ISBN 9783447032742.\nGolden, Peter Benjamin (2013). \"Some Notes on the Etymology of Sabirs\". In Alexander A. Sinitsyn; Maxim M. Kholod (eds.). Κοινον Δωρον - Studies and Essays in Honour of Valery P. Nikonorov on the Occasion of His Sixtieth Birthday presented by His Friends and Colleagues. St. Petersburg State University - Faculty of Philology. pp. 49–55.\nGreatrex, Geoffrey; Lieu, Samuel N. C. (2007), The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars Ad 363-628, Psychology Press, ISBN 978-0-415-46530-4\nGolden, Peter B. (2011). Studies on the Peoples and Cultures of the Eurasian Steppes. Editura Academiei Române; Editura Istros a Muzeului Brăilei. ISBN 9789732721520.\nBoris Zhivkov (2015). Khazaria in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries. Brill. ISBN 9789004294486.\nZimonyi, Istvan (2015), Muslim Sources on the Magyars in the Second Half of the 9th Century: The Magyar Chapter of the Jayhānī Tradition, BRILL, ISBN 978-90-04-30611-0vteHunsHistory\nOrigin of the Huns\nHistory of the Huns\nList of Huns\nRulers\nBalamber\nUldin\nOctar\nCharaton\nRugila\nBleda\nAttila\nEllac\nDengizich\nErnak\nZilgibis\nMilitary leaders\nAigan\nAlathar\nAlthias\nAmbazuces\nApsich\nAscan\nAscum\nBasich\nBochas\nChalazar\nChelchal\nCours\nElmingir\nGlom\nHormidac\nKursich\nLaudaricus\nMundus\nOdolgan\nOptila\nRagnaris\nSanoeces\nSigizan\nSimmas\nSunicas\nTarrach\nThraustila\nTuldila\nTurgun\nTyranx\nUldach\nZolban\nNoblemen\nAtakam\nEmnetzur\nGordas\nMamas\nMundzuk\nOebarsius\nOnegesius\nUltzindur\nDiplomats\nBerichus\nEdeko\nEslas\nScottas\nOther notable Huns\nAdamis\nDonatus\nEskam\nEskam's daughter\nIldico\nKreka\nVadamerca\nZerco\nCulture\nHunnic art\nHunnic language\nWars\nHunnic invasion of the Sasanian Empire\nBattle of the Tanais River\nSiege of Florence\nBattle of Faesulae\nBattle of Arles\nBattle of the Utus\nBattle of the Catalaunian Plains\nSack of Aquileia\nSack of Padua\nSiege of Milan\nBattle of Nedao\nBattle of Bassianae\nOther Hunnic peoples\nAlchons\nHephthalites\nCadiseni\nHunas\nIranian Huns\nKidarites\nNezak\nNorth Caucasian Huns\nWhite Huns\nXionites\nRelated topics\nAttila in popular culture\nAkatziri tribe\nEurasian nomads\nNomadic empire\nOrigin of the Székelys\nXiongnu","title":"Sources"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Jeffreys, Elizabeth; Jeffreys, Michael; Scott, Roger (1986). The Chronicle of John Malalas. Brill. p. 340. ISBN 9789004344600. Retrieved 15 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MwEtDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Chronicle of John Malalas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004344600","url_text":"9789004344600"}]},{"reference":"Martindale, J.R. (1992). The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire 2 Part Set: Volume 3, AD 527-641. Cambridge University Press. p. 1346. Retrieved 15 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ElkwedRWCXkC","url_text":"The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire 2 Part Set: Volume 3, AD 527-641"}]},{"reference":"Evan Michael Schultheis (30 January 2019). The Battle of the Catalaunian Fields AD 451: Flavius Aetius, Attila the Hun and the Transformation of Gaul. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalwat_al-Bayada
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Khalwat al-Bayada
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["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]
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Coordinates: 33°23′11.33″N 35°40′45.47″E / 33.3864806°N 35.6792972°E / 33.3864806; 35.6792972Part of a series on
Druze
Beliefs
Al-Muwahhidun-Ahl at-Tawhid
Reincarnation
Theophany
Esotericism
Divine Call
Seven Druze pillars
Taqiya
Walayah
Important figures
Shu'ayb
Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah
Hamza ibn Ali
Al-Darazi
Baha al-Din al-Muqtana
Al-Tanukhi
Texts
Epistles of Wisdom (Rasa'il al-Hikma)
Holy places
Mount Druze
Shrine of Shu'ayb
Khalwat
Holy days
Eid al-Adha
Ziyara
History
Tanukh (Buhtur) dynasty
Ma'n dynasty
1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze
Druze Power Struggle (1658–1667)
Battle of Ain Dara
1838 Druze Revolt
1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus
Hauran Druze Rebellion
Jabal Druze State
Jaysh al-Muwahhidin
Qalb Loze massacre
Druze communities
Syrian Druze
Lebanese Druze
Israeli Druze
Jordanian Druze
Related topics
Persecution of Druze
List of Druze
Religious symbols
Christianity and Druze
Religion portalvte
Khalwat al-Bayada, in the early 1850s, by van de Velde
The Khalwat al-Bayada' ('White Khalwat'; also romanized Khalwet el Biyad, Khalwat al-Biyyada) is the central sanctuary, and theological school of the Druze, located in Lebanon and founded in the 19th century by El Sheikh Hamad Kais. Located near Hasbaya, the khalwat is the location where Ad-Darazi is supposed to have settled and taught from during the first Druze call.
It features a large, circular, stone bench next to an ancient oak tree known as Areopagus of the Elders that is secluded amongst nature and trees. The Kalwaat provides around forty hermitages for Al-ʻuqqāl (the initiated) at various times of the year. In 1838, copies of the Epistles of Wisdom were taken from the site by invading Egyptians. Visitors are politely requested to seek permission from the resident sheikh before entering the site and female visitors are requested to cover their heads as a courtesy.
See also
Cemevi
Jama'at Khana
Majlis
References
^ Khalwat is the name of the prayer-houses of the Druze.
^ Mordechai Nisan (2002). Minorities in the Middle East: A History of Struggle and Self-Expression. McFarland. pp. 98–. ISBN 978-0-7864-1375-1. Retrieved 11 September 2012.
^ Nissîm Dānā (2003). The Druze in the Middle East: Their Faith, Leadership, Identity and Status. Sussex Academic Press. pp. 38–. ISBN 978-1-903900-36-9. Retrieved 11 September 2012.
^ a b Laurence Oliphant (28 May 2010). The Land of Gilead - With Excursions in the Lebanon. Read Books Design. ISBN 978-1-4460-0407-4. Retrieved 11 September 2012.
^ Karl Baedeker (Firm); Albert Socin; Immanuel Benzinger; John Punnett Peters (1912). Palestine and Syria, with routes through Mesopotamia and Babylonia and the island of Cyprus: handbook for travellers. K. Baedeker. Retrieved 11 September 2012.
^ Robert Boulanger (1966). The Middle East, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Iraq, Iran. Hachette. Retrieved 11 September 2012.
External links
Laurence Oliphant. The land of Gilead, with excursions in the Lebanon
Photographs of Khalwat al-Bayada and the circular bench on www.panoramio.com
Khalwat al-Bayada on www.discoverlebanon.com
33°23′11.33″N 35°40′45.47″E / 33.3864806°N 35.6792972°E / 33.3864806; 35.6792972
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:13.Le_mont_Hermon,_vu_de_Khalwet_el-Biyad..jpg"},{"link_name":"van de Velde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_William_Meredith_van_de_Velde"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"sanctuary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanctuary"},{"link_name":"theological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theological"},{"link_name":"Druze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druze"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nisan2002-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-D%C4%81n%C4%812003-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oliphant2010-4"},{"link_name":"Hasbaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasbaya"},{"link_name":"Ad-Darazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad-Darazi"},{"link_name":"Druze call","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druze_call"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-(Firm)Socin1912-5"},{"link_name":"oak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak"},{"link_name":"hermitages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermitage_(religious_retreat)"},{"link_name":"Al-ʻuqqāl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-%CA%BBuqq%C4%81l"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boulanger1966-6"},{"link_name":"Epistles of Wisdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistles_of_Wisdom"},{"link_name":"Egyptians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptians"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oliphant2010-4"},{"link_name":"sheikh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh"}],"text":"Khalwat al-Bayada, in the early 1850s, by van de VeldeThe Khalwat al-Bayada' ('White Khalwat';[1] also romanized Khalwet el Biyad, Khalwat al-Biyyada) is the central sanctuary, and theological school of the Druze, located in Lebanon and founded in the 19th century by El Sheikh Hamad Kais.[2][3][4] Located near Hasbaya, the khalwat is the location where Ad-Darazi is supposed to have settled and taught from during the first Druze call.[5]It features a large, circular, stone bench next to an ancient oak tree known as Areopagus of the Elders that is secluded amongst nature and trees. The Kalwaat provides around forty hermitages for Al-ʻuqqāl (the initiated) at various times of the year.[6] In 1838, copies of the Epistles of Wisdom were taken from the site by invading Egyptians.[4] Visitors are politely requested to seek permission from the resident sheikh before entering the site and female visitors are requested to cover their heads as a courtesy.","title":"Khalwat al-Bayada"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Khalwat al-Bayada, in the early 1850s, by van de Velde","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/13.Le_mont_Hermon%2C_vu_de_Khalwet_el-Biyad..jpg/250px-13.Le_mont_Hermon%2C_vu_de_Khalwet_el-Biyad..jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"Cemevi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cemevi"},{"title":"Jama'at Khana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jama%27at_Khana"},{"title":"Majlis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majlis"}]
|
[{"reference":"Mordechai Nisan (2002). Minorities in the Middle East: A History of Struggle and Self-Expression. McFarland. pp. 98–. ISBN 978-0-7864-1375-1. Retrieved 11 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=keD9z1XWuNwC&pg=PA98","url_text":"Minorities in the Middle East: A History of Struggle and Self-Expression"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1375-1","url_text":"978-0-7864-1375-1"}]},{"reference":"Nissîm Dānā (2003). The Druze in the Middle East: Their Faith, Leadership, Identity and Status. Sussex Academic Press. pp. 38–. ISBN 978-1-903900-36-9. Retrieved 11 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2nCWIsyZJxUC&pg=PA38","url_text":"The Druze in the Middle East: Their Faith, Leadership, Identity and Status"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-903900-36-9","url_text":"978-1-903900-36-9"}]},{"reference":"Laurence Oliphant (28 May 2010). The Land of Gilead - With Excursions in the Lebanon. Read Books Design. ISBN 978-1-4460-0407-4. Retrieved 11 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iJmZgS3y8coC","url_text":"The Land of Gilead - With Excursions in the Lebanon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4460-0407-4","url_text":"978-1-4460-0407-4"}]},{"reference":"Karl Baedeker (Firm); Albert Socin; Immanuel Benzinger; John Punnett Peters (1912). Palestine and Syria, with routes through Mesopotamia and Babylonia and the island of Cyprus: handbook for travellers. K. Baedeker. Retrieved 11 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/palestineandsyr01petegoog","url_text":"Palestine and Syria, with routes through Mesopotamia and Babylonia and the island of Cyprus: handbook for travellers"}]},{"reference":"Robert Boulanger (1966). The Middle East, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Iraq, Iran. Hachette. Retrieved 11 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2a8LAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"The Middle East, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Iraq, Iran"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Khalwat_al-Bayada¶ms=33_23_11.33_N_35_40_45.47_E_","external_links_name":"33°23′11.33″N 35°40′45.47″E / 33.3864806°N 35.6792972°E / 33.3864806; 35.6792972"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=keD9z1XWuNwC&pg=PA98","external_links_name":"Minorities in the Middle East: A History of Struggle and Self-Expression"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2nCWIsyZJxUC&pg=PA38","external_links_name":"The Druze in the Middle East: Their Faith, Leadership, Identity and Status"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iJmZgS3y8coC","external_links_name":"The Land of Gilead - With Excursions in the Lebanon"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/palestineandsyr01petegoog","external_links_name":"Palestine and Syria, with routes through Mesopotamia and Babylonia and the island of Cyprus: handbook for travellers"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2a8LAQAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"The Middle East, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Iraq, Iran"},{"Link":"http://www.ebooksread.com/authors-eng/laurence-oliphant/the-land-of-gilead-with-excursions-in-the-lebanon-hci/page-25-the-land-of-gilead-with-excursions-in-the-lebanon-hci.shtml","external_links_name":"Laurence Oliphant. The land of Gilead, with excursions in the Lebanon"},{"Link":"https://www.panoramio.com/photo/26767699","external_links_name":"Photographs of Khalwat al-Bayada and the circular bench on www.panoramio.com"},{"Link":"http://www.discoverlebanon.com/en/panoramic_views/el_nabatieh/hasbaya/hasbaya_citadel.php","external_links_name":"Khalwat al-Bayada on www.discoverlebanon.com"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Khalwat_al-Bayada¶ms=33_23_11.33_N_35_40_45.47_E_","external_links_name":"33°23′11.33″N 35°40′45.47″E / 33.3864806°N 35.6792972°E / 33.3864806; 35.6792972"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attu,_Greenland
|
Attu, Greenland
|
["1 Transport","2 Population","3 References"]
|
Coordinates: 67°56′26″N 53°37′22″W / 67.94056°N 53.62278°W / 67.94056; -53.62278Not to be confused with Attu Island.
Place in Greenland, Kingdom of DenmarkAttuAttuLocation within GreenlandCoordinates: 67°56′26″N 53°37′22″W / 67.94056°N 53.62278°W / 67.94056; -53.62278State Kingdom of DenmarkConstituent country GreenlandMunicipalityQeqertalikPopulation (2020) • Total203Time zoneUTC-03Postal code3955 Kangaatsiaq
Attu is a settlement in the Qeqertalik municipality in western Greenland, located on a small island on the shores of Davis Strait. Its population was 203 in 2020. It is the southernmost settlement in the municipality.
Transport
Air Greenland serves the village as part of government contract, with winter-only helicopter flights from Attu Heliport to Aasiaat Airport and Kangaatsiaq Heliport. Settlement flights in the Disko Bay are unique in that they are operated only during winter and spring.
During summer and autumn, when the waters of Disko Bay are navigable, communication between settlements is by sea only, serviced by Diskoline. The ferry links Attu with Kangaatsiaq, and further with Iginniarfik, Ikerasaarsuk, Niaqornaarsuk, and Aasiaat.
Population
Attu has experienced a sharp decline in population over a long period of time. The settlement lost nearly 36 percent of its population relative to the 1990 levels, and more than a quarter relative to the 2000 levels, with the population still decreasing.
Attu population growth dynamics in the last two decades. Source: Statistics Greenland
References
^ "Population by Localities". Statistical Greenland. Archived from the original on 2020-11-18. Retrieved 2020-07-19.
^ Air Greenland, Departures and Arrivals Archived March 9, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
^ Diskoline timetable Archived May 22, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
^ a b c Statistics Greenland Archived July 21, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
vteCities, towns, and villages in GreenlandAvannaata
Aappilattoq
Ikerasak
Ilimanaq
Illorsuit
Ilulissat
Innaarsuit
Kangersuatsiaq
Kullorsuaq
Naajaat
Niaqornat
Nutaarmiut
Nuugaatsiaq
Nuussuaq
Oqaatsut
Qaanaaq
Qaarsut
Qeqertaq
Qeqertat
Saattut
Saqqaq
Savissivik
Siorapaluk
Tasiusaq
Ukkusissat
Upernavik
Upernavik Kujalleq
Uummannaq
Kujalleq
Aappilattoq
Alluitsup Paa
Ammassivik
Eqalugaarsuit
Igaliku
Nanortalik
Narsaq
Narsarmijit
Narsarsuaq
Qaqortoq
Qassiarsuk
Qassimiut
Qorlortorsuaq
Saarloq
Tasiusaq
Qeqertalik
Aasiaat
Akunnaaq
Attu
Iginniarfik
Ikamiut
Ikerasaarsuk
Qasigiannguit
Qeqertarsuaq
Kangerluk
Kangaatsiaq
Kitsissuarsuit
Niaqornaarsuk
Qeqqata
Atammik
Itilleq
Kangaamiut
Kangerlussuaq
Maniitsoq
Napasoq
Sarfannguit
Sisimiut
Sermersooq
Arsuk
Isertoq
Ittoqqortoormiit
Kangilinnguit
Kapisillit
Kulusuk
Kuummiit
Nuuk
Paamiut
Qeqertarsuatsiaat
Sermiligaaq
Tasiilaq
Tiilerilaaq
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Attu Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attu_Island"},{"link_name":"Qeqertalik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qeqertalik"},{"link_name":"Greenland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland"},{"link_name":"Davis Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davis_Strait"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Attu Island.Place in Greenland, Kingdom of DenmarkAttu is a settlement in the Qeqertalik municipality in western Greenland, located on a small island on the shores of Davis Strait. Its population was 203 in 2020.[1] It is the southernmost settlement in the municipality.","title":"Attu, Greenland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Air Greenland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Greenland"},{"link_name":"Attu Heliport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attu_Heliport"},{"link_name":"Aasiaat Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aasiaat_Airport"},{"link_name":"Kangaatsiaq Heliport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangaatsiaq_Heliport"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Disko Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disko_Bay"},{"link_name":"Diskoline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diskoline"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Kangaatsiaq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangaatsiaq"},{"link_name":"Iginniarfik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iginniarfik"},{"link_name":"Ikerasaarsuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikerasaarsuk"},{"link_name":"Niaqornaarsuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niaqornaarsuk"},{"link_name":"Aasiaat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aasiaat"}],"text":"Air Greenland serves the village as part of government contract, with winter-only helicopter flights from Attu Heliport to Aasiaat Airport and Kangaatsiaq Heliport.[2] Settlement flights in the Disko Bay are unique in that they are operated only during winter and spring.During summer and autumn, when the waters of Disko Bay are navigable, communication between settlements is by sea only, serviced by Diskoline.[3] The ferry links Attu with Kangaatsiaq, and further with Iginniarfik, Ikerasaarsuk, Niaqornaarsuk, and Aasiaat.","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-statbank-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-statbank-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Attu-population-dynamics.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Attu-population-dynamics.png"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-statbank-4"}],"text":"Attu has experienced a sharp decline in population over a long period of time.[4] The settlement lost nearly 36 percent of its population relative to the 1990 levels, and more than a quarter relative to the 2000 levels, with the population still decreasing.[4]Attu population growth dynamics in the last two decades. Source: Statistics Greenland[4]","title":"Population"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Population by Localities\". Statistical Greenland. Archived from the original on 2020-11-18. Retrieved 2020-07-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201118121530/https://bank.stat.gl/pxweb/en/Greenland/Greenland__BE__BE01__BE0120/BEXST4.PX/?rxid=a1551b20-d1d5-4bcf-a80c-de114c001595","url_text":"\"Population by Localities\""},{"url":"http://bank.stat.gl/pxweb/en/Greenland/Greenland__BE__BE01__BE0120/BEXST4.PX/?rxid=a1551b20-d1d5-4bcf-a80c-de114c001595","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Attu,_Greenland¶ms=67_56_26_N_53_37_22_W_region:GL_type:city(203)","external_links_name":"67°56′26″N 53°37′22″W / 67.94056°N 53.62278°W / 67.94056; -53.62278"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Attu,_Greenland¶ms=67_56_26_N_53_37_22_W_region:GL_type:city(203)","external_links_name":"67°56′26″N 53°37′22″W / 67.94056°N 53.62278°W / 67.94056; -53.62278"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201118121530/https://bank.stat.gl/pxweb/en/Greenland/Greenland__BE__BE01__BE0120/BEXST4.PX/?rxid=a1551b20-d1d5-4bcf-a80c-de114c001595","external_links_name":"\"Population by Localities\""},{"Link":"http://bank.stat.gl/pxweb/en/Greenland/Greenland__BE__BE01__BE0120/BEXST4.PX/?rxid=a1551b20-d1d5-4bcf-a80c-de114c001595","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://airgreenland.com/ankomster__afgange/","external_links_name":"Air Greenland, Departures and Arrivals"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100309004005/http://airgreenland.com/ankomster__afgange/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://diskoline.gl/index.php?page_label=schedule","external_links_name":"Diskoline timetable"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090522055345/http://diskoline.gl/index.php?page_label=schedule","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://bank2.stat.gl/","external_links_name":"Statistics Greenland"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110721031245/http://bank2.stat.gl/","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qelichabad,_Kalat
|
Qelichabad, Kalat
|
["1 References"]
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Coordinates: 36°49′31″N 60°09′53″E / 36.82528°N 60.16472°E / 36.82528; 60.16472Village in Razavi Khorasan, IranQelichabad
قليچ ابادvillageQelichabadCoordinates: 36°49′31″N 60°09′53″E / 36.82528°N 60.16472°E / 36.82528; 60.16472Country IranProvinceRazavi KhorasanCountyKalatBakhshZavinRural DistrictZavinPopulation (2006) • Total1,088Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) • Summer (DST)UTC+4:30 (IRDT)
Qelichabad (Persian: قليچ اباد, also Romanized as Qelīchābād; also known as Shahīd Honarmand and Shahīd Moḩammad Honarmand) is a village in Zavin Rural District, Zavin District, Kalat County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 1,088, in 285 families.
References
^ Qelichabad can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3808916" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database".
^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.
vte Kalat CountyCapital
Kalat
DistrictsCentralCities
Kalat
Rural Districts and villagesHezarmasjed
Ahmadabad
Asadabad
Azizabad
Baba Ramazan
Chahar Rah
Hajjiabad
Hasanabad-e Layen-e Now
Kalu
Karimabad
Karnaveh-ye Shirin
Layen-e Kohneh
Robat
Sang Divar
Zow-e Bala
Kabud Gonbad
Aqdash
Archangan
Charam-e Kohneh
Charam-e Now
Garu
Hammam Qaleh
Hesar-e Hajji Esmail
Idah Lik
Jalilabad
Khalaj-e Sofla
Khesht-e Nadari
Nafteh
Qabakh
Qarah Su
Qolleh Zu
Sini
Sini-ye Now
Sirzar
Soltanabad
Zharf
ZavinCities
Shahr-e Zow
Rural Districts and villagesPasakuh
Abgarm
Alang-e Olya
Alang-e Sofla
Amirabad
Asyab Qashqa
Baghgah
Bamchenar
Chahchaheh
Khvajeh Rowshanai
Mowmenabad
Neyshaburak
Robat
Sanganeh
Sar Jangal
Seh Panjeh
Sir Zar
Taherabad-e Barbaryeha
Taherabad-e Mian
Taherabad-e Torkha
Taherabad-e Torkha Jadid
Taqiabad
Zavin
Ab Kameh
Babafaraji
Bagh Kand
Bardeh
Chenar
Ortakand
Qaleh Now
Qarah Tikan
Qelichabad
Sar Rud
Shurestan
Tarqetey
Iran portal
This Kalat County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanize"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Zavin Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zavin_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"Zavin District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zavin_District"},{"link_name":"Kalat County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalat_County"},{"link_name":"Razavi Khorasan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razavi_Khorasan_Province"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Village in Razavi Khorasan, IranQelichabad (Persian: قليچ اباد, also Romanized as Qelīchābād; also known as Shahīd Honarmand and Shahīd Moḩammad Honarmand)[1] is a village in Zavin Rural District, Zavin District, Kalat County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 1,088, in 285 families.[2]","title":"Qelichabad, Kalat"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/09.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_Center_of_Iran","url_text":"Statistical Center of Iran"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/09.xls","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Qelichabad,_Kalat¶ms=36_49_31_N_60_09_53_E_region:IR_type:city(1088)","external_links_name":"36°49′31″N 60°09′53″E / 36.82528°N 60.16472°E / 36.82528; 60.16472"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Qelichabad,_Kalat¶ms=36_49_31_N_60_09_53_E_region:IR_type:city(1088)","external_links_name":"36°49′31″N 60°09′53″E / 36.82528°N 60.16472°E / 36.82528; 60.16472"},{"Link":"http://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/","external_links_name":"this link"},{"Link":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/09.xls","external_links_name":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/09.xls","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qelichabad,_Kalat&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaver_Island,_Nova_Scotia
|
Beaver Island, Nova Scotia
|
["1 Climate","2 References"]
|
Coordinates: 44°49′29.2″N 62°20′16″W / 44.824778°N 62.33778°W / 44.824778; -62.33778Canadian island
class=notpageimage| Beaver Island in Nova Scotia
Beaver Island is an island community of the Halifax Regional Municipality in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia. The weather station code is CWBV; due to its exposed location, Beaver Island can receive very powerful winds, especially from offshore. Since 1846 there has been a lighthouse on the island.
44°49′29.2″N 62°20′16″W / 44.824778°N 62.33778°W / 44.824778; -62.33778
Climate
Climate data for Beaver Island
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
0.6(33.1)
−0.1(31.8)
1.9(35.4)
4.9(40.8)
9.2(48.6)
13.2(55.8)
17.5(63.5)
19.4(66.9)
18.0(64.4)
13.3(55.9)
8.5(47.3)
3.7(38.7)
9.2(48.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
−5.9(21.4)
−6.4(20.5)
−3.3(26.1)
0.5(32.9)
4.6(40.3)
8.7(47.7)
12.9(55.2)
14.9(58.8)
12.9(55.2)
8.1(46.6)
3.3(37.9)
−2.4(27.7)
4.0(39.2)
References
Explore HRM
Beaver Island Lighthouse
NSLPS
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canada_Nova_Scotia_location_map_2.svg"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canada_Nova_Scotia_location_map_2.svg"},{"link_name":"Nova Scotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island"},{"link_name":"Halifax Regional Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halifax_Regional_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Canadian province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Nova Scotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"44°49′29.2″N 62°20′16″W / 44.824778°N 62.33778°W / 44.824778; -62.33778","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Beaver_Island,_Nova_Scotia¶ms=44_49_29.2_N_62_20_16_W_region:CA-NS_scale:100000_type:city"}],"text":"Canadian islandclass=notpageimage| Beaver Island in Nova ScotiaBeaver Island is an island community of the Halifax Regional Municipality in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia. The weather station code is CWBV; due to its exposed location, Beaver Island can receive very powerful winds, especially from offshore. Since 1846 there has been a lighthouse on the island.44°49′29.2″N 62°20′16″W / 44.824778°N 62.33778°W / 44.824778; -62.33778","title":"Beaver Island, Nova Scotia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Climate data for Beaver Island\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n0.6(33.1)\n\n−0.1(31.8)\n\n1.9(35.4)\n\n4.9(40.8)\n\n9.2(48.6)\n\n13.2(55.8)\n\n17.5(63.5)\n\n19.4(66.9)\n\n18.0(64.4)\n\n13.3(55.9)\n\n8.5(47.3)\n\n3.7(38.7)\n\n9.2(48.5)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n−5.9(21.4)\n\n−6.4(20.5)\n\n−3.3(26.1)\n\n0.5(32.9)\n\n4.6(40.3)\n\n8.7(47.7)\n\n12.9(55.2)\n\n14.9(58.8)\n\n12.9(55.2)\n\n8.1(46.6)\n\n3.3(37.9)\n\n−2.4(27.7)\n\n4.0(39.2)\n\n\n[citation needed]","title":"Climate"}]
|
[]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Beaver_Island,_Nova_Scotia¶ms=44_49_29.2_N_62_20_16_W_region:CA-NS_scale:100000_type:city","external_links_name":"44°49′29.2″N 62°20′16″W / 44.824778°N 62.33778°W / 44.824778; -62.33778"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Beaver_Island,_Nova_Scotia¶ms=44_49_29.2_N_62_20_16_W_region:CA-NS_scale:100000_type:city","external_links_name":"44°49′29.2″N 62°20′16″W / 44.824778°N 62.33778°W / 44.824778; -62.33778"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120714172111/http://maps.halifax.ca/ExploreHRM/viewer.php","external_links_name":"Explore HRM"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050517040955/http://destination-ns.com/common/property.asp?DirectoryID=3652","external_links_name":"Beaver Island Lighthouse"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110714212616/http://www.nslps.com/light-detail.aspx?ID=21","external_links_name":"NSLPS"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millboro_Springs,_Virginia
|
Millboro Springs, Virginia
|
["1 References"]
|
Coordinates: 37°59′45″N 79°37′22″W / 37.99583°N 79.62278°W / 37.99583; -79.62278Unincorporated community in Virginia, US
Millboro Springs is an unincorporated community in Bath County, Virginia, in the United States.
Millboro Calvary Baptist Church
The Old Stone House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.
References
^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Millboro Springs, Virginia
vteMunicipalities and communities of Bath County, Virginia, United StatesCounty seat: Warm SpringsCDPs
Hot Springs
Millboro
Warm Springs
Map of Virginia highlighting Bath CountyUnincorporatedcommunities
Armstrong
Ashwood
Bacova
Bacova Junction
Bolar‡
Burnsville
Callison
Carloover
Chimney Run
Copeland
Crane
Crowdertown
Fort Lewis
Green Valley
Greenwood
Healing Springs
Hotchkiss
McClung
Millboro Springs
Mitchelltown
Mooretown
Mountain Grove
Shiloh
Sunrise
Thomastown
Tinkertown
West Warm Springs
Williamsville
Yost
Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
Virginia portal
United States portal
37°59′45″N 79°37′22″W / 37.99583°N 79.62278°W / 37.99583; -79.62278
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Israel
United States
This Bath County, Virginia state location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[{"image_text":"Millboro Calvary Baptist Church","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Millboro_Calvary_Baptist_Church.jpg/220px-Millboro_Calvary_Baptist_Church.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of Virginia highlighting Bath County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Map_of_Virginia_highlighting_Bath_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Virginia_highlighting_Bath_County.svg.png"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_I,_Count_of_Hainaut
|
John I, Count of Hainaut
|
["1 Life","2 Family and children","3 References","4 Sources","5 External links","6 See also"]
|
Count of Hainaut from 1246 to 1257
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "John I, Count of Hainaut" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
John, Count of HainautBorn1 May 1218HouffalizeDied24 December 1257(1257-12-24) (aged 39)ValenciennesNoble familyHouse of AvesnesSpouse(s)Adelaide of HollandIssueJohn II, Count of Hainaut and Holland Baldwin of Hainaut Joanna, Abbess of Flines Bouchard, Bishop of Metz Guy of Avesnes William, Bishop of Cambrai Florent of HainautFatherBouchard IV of AvesnesMotherMargaret II of Flanders
John of Avesnes (1 May 1218 – 24 December 1257) was the count of Hainaut from 1246 to his death.
Life
Born in Houffalize, John was the eldest son of Margaret II of Flanders by her first husband, Bouchard IV of Avesnes. As the marriage of Margaret and Bouchard was papally dissolved, he was considered illegitimate.
His mother was remarried to William II of Dampierre and bore more children who could claim her inheritance. Thus, John and his brother Baldwin undertook to receive imperial recognition of their legitimacy and did so from the Emperor Frederick II. On 5 December 1244, Margaret inherited Flanders and Hainaut and designated her eldest son by her second husband, William III of Dampierre, as her heir. Immediately a war, called the War of the Succession of Flanders and Hainault, was set off over the rights of inheritance, pitting John against William.
After two years of fighting, in 1246, Louis IX of France intervened to settle the conflict and granted Hainaut to John and Flanders to William. However, Margaret refused to hand Hainaut over to John. On 6 June 1251, William of Flanders was assassinated and it was shown that the Avesnes family had financed the crime. On 4 July 1253, John defeated the armies of Margaret and her second Dampierre son, Guy, at the Battle of Walcheren. Guy was imprisoned and Margaret agreed to sell her rights to Hainaut to Charles of Anjou if he would reconquer it from John. John's brother-in-law William II, Count of Holland, who had been elected German King (or "King of the Romans"), was convinced to grant Hainaut (an imperial fief) and those Flemish lands within the Empire to John. Charles was defeated and King Louis, returning from the Seventh Crusade, ordered his brother to abide by his arbitration of 1246. On 22 November 1257, Guy finally relinquished Hainaut, but John died on Christmas Eve in Valenciennes.
Family and children
John married Adelaide of Holland in 1246 and had the following issue:
John II, Count of Hainaut and Holland (1247–1304)
Baldwin (born after 1247, lived in 1299)
Joanna, Abbess of Flines (died 1304)
Bouchard, Bishop of Metz (1251–1296)
Guy, Bishop of Utrecht (1253–1317)
William, Bishop of Cambrai (1254–1296)
Floris, stadholder of Zeeland and Prince of Achaea
References
^ a b Pollock 2015, p. 167.
^ Bradbury 2007, pp. 206–207.
^ Bradbury 2007, p. 206.
^ a b Bradbury 2007, p. 207.
^ a b Pollock 2015, p. xv.
Sources
Bradbury, Jim (2007). The Capetians: Kings of France. Hambledon Continuum.
Pollock, M. A. (2015). Scotland, England and France After the Loss of Normandy, 1204–1296. The Boydell Press.
External links
Obreen (1911) (in Dutch). Avesnes (Jan van). In: P.C. Molhuysen and P.J. Blok (eds.): Nieuw Nederlandsch Biografisch Woordenboek. Deel 1. Leiden: A.W. Sijthoff. Page 200.
Alphonse Wauters (in French). "Jean d'Avesnes" in: Biographie nationale. Académie royale de Belgique. Vol. 10, pp. 280–292.
See also
Counts of Hainaut family tree
John I, Count of Hainaut House of AvesnesBorn: 1 May 1218 Died: 24 December 1257
Preceded byMargaret II
Count of Hainaut 1246–1257
Succeeded byMargaret II
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
National
Germany
Israel
United States
People
Netherlands
Deutsche Biographie
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"count of Hainaut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Hainaut"}],"text":"John of Avesnes (1 May 1218 – 24 December 1257) was the count of Hainaut from 1246 to his death.","title":"John I, Count of Hainaut"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Houffalize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houffalize"},{"link_name":"Margaret II of Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_II_of_Flanders"},{"link_name":"Bouchard IV of Avesnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouchard_IV_of_Avesnes"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollock2015167-1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"William II of Dampierre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_II_of_Dampierre"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollock2015167-1"},{"link_name":"Baldwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin_of_Avesnes"},{"link_name":"Emperor Frederick II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Frederick_II"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradbury2007206%E2%80%93207-2"},{"link_name":"Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanders"},{"link_name":"Hainaut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Hainaut"},{"link_name":"William III of Dampierre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_III_of_Dampierre"},{"link_name":"War of the Succession of Flanders and Hainault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Succession_of_Flanders_and_Hainault"},{"link_name":"Louis IX of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradbury2007206-3"},{"link_name":"Guy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_of_Dampierre"},{"link_name":"Battle of Walcheren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Walcheren"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradbury2007207-4"},{"link_name":"Charles of Anjou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_of_Anjou"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradbury2007207-4"},{"link_name":"William II, Count of Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_II,_Count_of_Holland"},{"link_name":"German King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_German_monarchs"},{"link_name":"King of the Romans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_the_Romans"},{"link_name":"Seventh Crusade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh_Crusade"},{"link_name":"Christmas Eve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Eve"},{"link_name":"Valenciennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valenciennes"}],"text":"Born in Houffalize, John was the eldest son of Margaret II of Flanders by her first husband, Bouchard IV of Avesnes.[1] As the marriage of Margaret and Bouchard was papally dissolved, he was considered illegitimate[citation needed].His mother was remarried to William II of Dampierre and bore more children who could claim her inheritance.[1] Thus, John and his brother Baldwin undertook to receive imperial recognition of their legitimacy and did so from the Emperor Frederick II.[2] On 5 December 1244, Margaret inherited Flanders and Hainaut and designated her eldest son by her second husband, William III of Dampierre, as her heir. Immediately a war, called the War of the Succession of Flanders and Hainault, was set off over the rights of inheritance, pitting John against William.After two years of fighting, in 1246, Louis IX of France intervened to settle the conflict and granted Hainaut to John and Flanders to William.[3] However, Margaret refused to hand Hainaut over to John. On 6 June 1251, William of Flanders was assassinated and it was shown that the Avesnes family had financed the crime. On 4 July 1253, John defeated the armies of Margaret and her second Dampierre son, Guy, at the Battle of Walcheren.[4] Guy was imprisoned and Margaret agreed to sell her rights to Hainaut to Charles of Anjou if he would reconquer it from John.[4] John's brother-in-law William II, Count of Holland, who had been elected German King (or \"King of the Romans\"), was convinced to grant Hainaut (an imperial fief) and those Flemish lands within the Empire to John. Charles was defeated and King Louis, returning from the Seventh Crusade, ordered his brother to abide by his arbitration of 1246. On 22 November 1257, Guy finally relinquished Hainaut, but John died on Christmas Eve in Valenciennes.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adelaide of Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_of_Holland"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollock2015xv-5"},{"link_name":"John II, Count of Hainaut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_II,_Count_of_Hainaut"},{"link_name":"Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Holland"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollock2015xv-5"},{"link_name":"Bouchard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bouchard,_Bishop_of_Metz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Metz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Metz"},{"link_name":"Guy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_of_Avesnes"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Utrecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Utrecht_(695%E2%80%931580)"},{"link_name":"William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_of_Avesnes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Cambrai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Cambrai"},{"link_name":"Floris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florent_of_Hainaut"},{"link_name":"stadholder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadholder"},{"link_name":"Prince of Achaea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Achaea"}],"text":"John married Adelaide of Holland[5] in 1246 and had the following issue:John II, Count of Hainaut and Holland (1247–1304)[5]\nBaldwin (born after 1247, lived in 1299)\nJoanna, Abbess of Flines (died 1304)\nBouchard, Bishop of Metz (1251–1296)\nGuy, Bishop of Utrecht (1253–1317)\nWilliam, Bishop of Cambrai (1254–1296)\nFloris, stadholder of Zeeland and Prince of Achaea","title":"Family and children"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Bradbury, Jim (2007). The Capetians: Kings of France. Hambledon Continuum.\nPollock, M. A. (2015). Scotland, England and France After the Loss of Normandy, 1204–1296. The Boydell Press.","title":"Sources"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Counts of Hainaut family tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counts_of_Hainaut_family_tree"},{"title":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q983084#identifiers"},{"title":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/113098/"},{"title":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/000000002650622X"},{"title":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/25977900"},{"title":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/136293565"},{"title":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007275643105171"},{"title":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n83069472"},{"title":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.biografischportaal.nl/en/persoon/04046206"},{"title":"Deutsche Biographie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd136293565.html?language=en"}]
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[{"reference":"Bradbury, Jim (2007). The Capetians: Kings of France. Hambledon Continuum.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Pollock, M. A. (2015). Scotland, England and France After the Loss of Normandy, 1204–1296. The Boydell Press.","urls":[]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22John+I%2C+Count+of+Hainaut%22","external_links_name":"\"John I, Count of Hainaut\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22John+I%2C+Count+of+Hainaut%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22John+I%2C+Count+of+Hainaut%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22John+I%2C+Count+of+Hainaut%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22John+I%2C+Count+of+Hainaut%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22John+I%2C+Count+of+Hainaut%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.historici.nl/retroboeken/nnbw/#source=1&page=107&size=800&accessor=accessor_index","external_links_name":"Avesnes (Jan van)"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/113098/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/000000002650622X","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/25977900","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/136293565","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007275643105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83069472","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://www.biografischportaal.nl/en/persoon/04046206","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd136293565.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuckanarra,_Western_Australia
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Tuckanarra, Western Australia
|
["1 Gold mining","2 Railway","3 Energy","4 References"]
|
Coordinates: 27°07′S 118°05′E / 27.117°S 118.083°E / -27.117; 118.083
Town in Western AustraliaTuckanarraWestern AustraliaTuckanarraCoordinates27°07′S 118°05′E / 27.117°S 118.083°E / -27.117; 118.083Established1899Postcode(s)6640Elevation481 m (1,578 ft)Location 692 km (430 mi) NNE of Perth 41 km (25 mi) NNE of Cue LGA(s)Shire of CueState electorate(s)North WestFederal division(s)Durack
Tuckanarra is a small town in the Shire of Cue in the Murchison region of Western Australia. The town is located between Cue and Meekatharra along the Great Northern Highway in the Mid West region of Western Australia.
Gold mining
Gold was discovered in the area by two prospectors, Boyle and Moore, in 1897 and was initially known as Boyle's Find. The two prospectors were granted the reward claim. The original townsite was located near Boyd's Hill and the town was known as Boyd's for a while. Eventually the well at Cork Tree Flat was deepened and potable water was available so the town also became known as Cork Tree Flat.
A state battery was erected by the government in 1898, which led to the local progress association petitioning for a townsite to be declared. Following some debate on where it was to be situated, lots were surveyed in 1898 and the townsite was gazetted in 1899.
The town is named after a nearby hill and the name is Aboriginal in origin and the meaning of the name is thought to be camp of the wooden dish.
Railway
Tuckenarra was a siding on the Northern Railway between Mullewa and Meekatharra. The line closed in 1978.
Energy
In 2010, Hyperion Energy purchased Karbar Station, a large property surrounding the town, proposing to construct a solar updraft tower power generation project. Construction was expected to commence in 2014, and the output is projected to be 200 megawatts.
References
^
"History of country town names – T". Western Australian Land Information Authority. Archived from the original on 14 March 2022. Retrieved 30 September 2008.
^ "Morowa Historical Society – Ghosttowns of Western Australia" (PDF). 2000. Retrieved 7 March 2011.
^ Fernandes A. WA to build nation’s first Sun power tower at Science Network WA, 27 January 2012
vteCities, towns and localities in the Mid West region of Western AustraliaCouncil Seats
Carnamah
Coorow
Cue
Dongara
Geraldton (city)
Meekatharra
Mingenew
Morawa
Mount Magnet
Nabawa
Northampton
Perenjori
Sandstone
Three Springs
Wiluna
Yalgoo
Geraldton suburbs
Beachlands
Beresford
Bluff Point
Deepdale
Drummond Cove
Geraldton (suburb)
Glenfield
Karloo
Mahomets Flats
Meru
Moresby
Mount Tarcoola
Narngulu
Rangeway
Spalding
Strathalbyn
Sunset Beach
Tarcoola Beach
Utakarra
Waggrakine
Wandina
Webberton
West End
Wonthella
Woorree
Other towns, settlements and localities
Abbotts
Ajana
Alma
Arrino
Arrowsmith
Austin
Big Bell
Binnu
Boogardie
Bowes
Bowgada
Bunjil
Canna
Cape Burney
Caron
Cuddingwarra
Day Dawn
East Bowes
Eneabba
Eradu
Gabanintha
Green Head
Greenough
Gunyidi
Gutha
Horseshoe
Horrocks
Howatharra
Isseka
Kalbarri
Karalundi
Kojarena
Koolanooka
Kumarina
Latham
Leeman
Lennonville
Lynton
Mainland
Marchagee
Maya
Merkanooka
Minnenooka
Moonyoonooka
Mount Erin
Mullewa
Nangetty
Nannine
Nanson
Naraling
Narra Tarra
Oakajee
Ogilvie
Paynes Find
Paynesville
Peak Hill
Pia Wadjari
Pindar
Pintharuka
Porlell
Port Denison
Port Gregory
Protheroe
Reedy
Rothsay
Rudds Gully
Tardun
Tenindewa
Tuckanarra
Walkaway
Wandanooka
Warriedar
Whelarra
Wicherina
Winchester
Yandanooka
Youanmi
Yoweragabbie
Yulga Jinna
Yuna
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shire of Cue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shire_of_Cue"},{"link_name":"Murchison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murchison_(Western_Australia)"},{"link_name":"Cue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cue,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Meekatharra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meekatharra,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Great Northern Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Northern_Highway"},{"link_name":"Mid West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid_West_(Western_Australia)"}],"text":"Town in Western AustraliaTuckanarra is a small town in the Shire of Cue in the Murchison region of Western Australia. The town is located between Cue and Meekatharra along the Great Northern Highway in the Mid West region of Western Australia.","title":"Tuckanarra, Western Australia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold"},{"link_name":"prospectors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prospecting"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"well","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_well"},{"link_name":"potable water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potable_water"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"battery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamp_mill"},{"link_name":"Aboriginal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians"}],"text":"Gold was discovered in the area by two prospectors, Boyle and Moore, in 1897 and was initially known as Boyle's Find.[1] The two prospectors were granted the reward claim. The original townsite was located near Boyd's Hill and the town was known as Boyd's for a while. Eventually the well at Cork Tree Flat was deepened and potable water was available so the town also became known as Cork Tree Flat.[2]A state battery was erected by the government in 1898, which led to the local progress association petitioning for a townsite to be declared. Following some debate on where it was to be situated, lots were surveyed in 1898 and the townsite was gazetted in 1899.The town is named after a nearby hill and the name is Aboriginal in origin and the meaning of the name is thought to be camp of the wooden dish.","title":"Gold mining"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Northern Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Railway_(Western_Australia)#Northern_Railway_.28Mullewa_and_Meekatharra.29"},{"link_name":"Mullewa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullewa,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Meekatharra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meekatharra,_Western_Australia"}],"text":"Tuckenarra was a siding on the Northern Railway between Mullewa and Meekatharra. The line closed in 1978.","title":"Railway"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Karbar Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbar_Station"},{"link_name":"solar updraft tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_updraft_tower"},{"link_name":"needs update","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"In 2010, Hyperion Energy purchased Karbar Station, a large property surrounding the town, proposing to construct a solar updraft tower power generation project. Construction was expected to commence in 2014,[needs update][3] and the output is projected to be 200 megawatts.","title":"Energy"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"History of country town names – T\". Western Australian Land Information Authority. Archived from the original on 14 March 2022. Retrieved 30 September 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220314101618/http://www0.landgate.wa.gov.au/maps-and-imagery/wa-geographic-names/name-history/historical-town-names","url_text":"\"History of country town names – T\""},{"url":"http://www0.landgate.wa.gov.au/maps-and-imagery/wa-geographic-names/name-history/historical-town-names#T","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Morowa Historical Society – Ghosttowns of Western Australia\" (PDF). 2000. Retrieved 7 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://members.westnet.com.au/caladenia/ghosttowns/T.pdf","url_text":"\"Morowa Historical Society – Ghosttowns of Western Australia\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tuckanarra,_Western_Australia¶ms=27_07_S_118_05_E_type:city_region:AU-WA","external_links_name":"27°07′S 118°05′E / 27.117°S 118.083°E / -27.117; 118.083"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tuckanarra,_Western_Australia¶ms=27_07_S_118_05_E_type:city_region:AU-WA","external_links_name":"27°07′S 118°05′E / 27.117°S 118.083°E / -27.117; 118.083"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220314101618/http://www0.landgate.wa.gov.au/maps-and-imagery/wa-geographic-names/name-history/historical-town-names","external_links_name":"\"History of country town names – T\""},{"Link":"http://www0.landgate.wa.gov.au/maps-and-imagery/wa-geographic-names/name-history/historical-town-names#T","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://members.westnet.com.au/caladenia/ghosttowns/T.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Morowa Historical Society – Ghosttowns of Western Australia\""},{"Link":"http://www.sciencewa.net.au/topics/technology-a-innovation/item/1209-wa-to-build-nation%E2%80%99s-first-sun-power-tower.html?tmpl=component&print=1","external_links_name":"WA to build nation’s first Sun power tower"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis_Group,_LLC
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Taylor & Francis
|
["1 Overview","1.1 Founding","1.2 Acquisitions and mergers","1.3 Activities","2 Company figures","3 Evaluation and controversies","3.1 Journal protests","3.2 Academic practices","3.3 Manipulation of bibliometrics","4 Acquired companies and discontinued imprints","5 See also","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"]
|
Commercial publishing group
Taylor & FrancisParent companyInformaStatusActiveFounded1852; 172 years ago (1852)FounderWilliam Francis, Richard TaylorCountry of originUnited KingdomHeadquarters locationMilton Park, Abingdon-on-Thames, Oxfordshire United KingdomDistributionBookpoint (Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia)self-distributed (the Americas)Key peopleDami Patel(Supervisory Chair and Group HR Director)Jeremy North(Managing Director, Advanced Learning)Leon Heward-Mills(Managing Director, Researcher Services)Alex Robinson(Chief Commercial Officer)Publication typesPeer-reviewed books & journalsNonfiction topicsHumanities, Social Science, Behavioural Science, Education, Law, Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics, MedicineFiction genresNon-Fiction. Academic & Scholarly.ImprintsRoutledge (Humanities, Social science, Education & Law); Taylor & Francis, CRC Press & Garland Science (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics)Revenue£593.6m in 2022 with an adjusted operating margin of 34.9%.
£559.6M in 2019No. of employees1,600Official websitetaylorandfrancis.com
Former logo of Taylor & Francis, from a 1900 publication
Routledge/Taylor & Francis at an American academic conference, 2008
Taylor & Francis at the University of London School of Advanced Study History Day, 2017
Taylor & Francis Group is an international company originating in England that publishes books and academic journals. Its parts include Taylor & Francis, CRC Press, Routledge, F1000 Research and Dovepress. It is a division of Informa plc, a United Kingdom-based publisher and conference company.
Overview
Founding
The company was founded in 1852 when William Francis joined Richard Taylor in his publishing business. Taylor had founded his company in 1798. Their subjects covered agriculture, chemistry, education, engineering, geography, law, mathematics, medicine, and social sciences.
Francis's son, Richard Taunton Francis (1883–1930), was sole partner in the firm from 1917 to 1930.
Acquisitions and mergers
In 1965, Taylor & Francis launched Wykeham Publications and began book publishing. T&F acquired Hemisphere Publishing in 1988, and the company was renamed Taylor & Francis Group to reflect the growing number of imprints. Taylor & Francis left the printing business in 1990, to concentrate on publishing. In 1998 it went public on the London Stock Exchange and in the same year bought its academic publishing rival Routledge for £90 million. Acquisition of other publishers has remained a core part of the group's business strategy. It merged with Informa in 2004 to create a new company called T&F Informa, since renamed back to Informa. Following the merger, T&F closed the historic Routledge office at New Fetter Lane in London, and moved to its current headquarters in Milton Park, Oxfordshire.
F1000 Research logo
In 2017, T&F sold assets from its Garland Science imprint to W. W. Norton & Company and then ceased to use that brand.
In 2017, after collaborating for several years, T&F bought specialist digital resources company Colwiz. In January 2020, T&F bought open research publishing platform F1000.
Activities
In 2018 Informa PLC reported that Taylor & Francis publishes more than 2,700 journals, and about 7,000 new books each year, with a backlist of over 140,000 titles available in print and digital formats. It uses the Routledge imprint for its publishing in humanities, social sciences, behavioural sciences, law and education, and the CRC Press imprint for its publishing in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics.
As the academic publishing arm of Informa, Taylor & Francis Group accounted for 30.2% of group revenue and 38.1% of adjusted profit in 2017.
Taylor & Francis is generally considered the smallest of the 'Big Four' science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) publishers (Reed-Elsevier, Wiley-Blackwell, Springer, and Taylor & Francis). Informa (including the Taylor & Francis imprint) was ranked by Simba Information as the leading global academic publisher in the areas of humanities and social sciences, in Global Social Science & Humanities Publishing 2016-2020.
The company's journals are delivered through the Taylor & Francis Online website and its ebooks through the Taylor & Francis website. Taylor & Francis offers Open Access publishing options in both its books and journals.
Its digital content services include Routledge Handbooks Online,
the Routledge Performance Archive, and the Routledge Encyclopedia of Modernism.
Taylor & Francis is a member of several professional publishing bodies including the Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association, the International Association of Scientific, Technical, and Medical Publishers, the Association of Learned & Professional Society Publishers and The Publishers Association.
Taylor & Francis is a signatory of the SDG Publishers Compact, and has taken steps to support the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). These include replacing plastic with responsibly-sourced paper packaging to mail journals and achieving CarbonNeutral® publication certification for their print books and journals.
The old Taylor and Francis logo depicts a hand pouring oil into a lit lamp, along with the Latin phrase alere flammam – "to feed the flame ". The modern logo is a stylised oil lamp in a circle.
Company figures
The group has about 1,800 employees in at least 18 offices worldwide. Its head office is in Milton Park, Abingdon in the United Kingdom, with other offices in Stockholm, Leiden, New York, Boca Raton, Philadelphia, Kentucky, Singapore, Kuala Lumpur, Hong Kong, Beijing, Shanghai, Taipei, Melbourne, Sydney, Cape Town, Tokyo and New Delhi.
Taylor & Francis reported a mean 2017 gender pay gap of 24.2% for its UK workforce, while the median was 8%. The fact that the average pay for women is significantly worse than the median pay (compared to men's) shows that women are underrepresented in the positions with the highest pay.
Evaluation and controversies
As of May 2022, 836 Taylor & Francis journals are listed in the Norwegian Scientific Index of which 753 have a rating of "level 1" (meets academic standard), 70 have a rating "level 2" (the highest level, indicating rigorous academic quality), one has a rating of "level X" (decision on rating in progress), and 13 have a rating of "level 0" (indicating non-academic quality).
Taylor & Francis has faced criticism for its use of author licensing agreements, and several of their journals have been criticized or retracted papers due to concerns over review and publishing practices.
Journal protests
In 2013, the entire board of the Journal of Library Administration resigned in a dispute over author licensing agreements.
Academic practices
In 2016, Critical Reviews in Toxicology was accused by the Center for Public Integrity of being a "broker of junk science". Monsanto was found to have worked with an outside consulting firm to induce the journal to publish a biased review of the health effects of its product "Roundup".
In 2017, Taylor & Francis was strongly criticized for removing the editor-in-chief of International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health, who accepted articles critical of corporate interests. The company replaced the editor with a corporate consultant without consulting the editorial board.
In 2017 as part of the Grievance studies affair hoax articles, the T&F journal Cogent Social Sciences accepted one of "The conceptual penis as a social construct" that had previously been rejected by another Taylor & Francis journal, Norma: International Journal for Masculinity Studies, which suggested the study would be a good fit for Cogent Social Sciences. When the authors announced the hoax, the article was retracted. In 2018, another Grievance studies affair article "Human reactions to rape culture and queer performativity at urban dog parks in Portland, Oregon" was published in Gender, Place & Culture, which was also retracted later that year.
In December 2018, the journal Dynamical Systems accepted the paper Saturation of Generalized Partially Hyperbolic Attractors only to have it retracted after publication due to the Iranian nationality of the authors. The European Mathematical Society condemned the retraction and later announced that Taylor & Francis had agreed to reverse the decision. Previous instances of Taylor & Francis journals discriminating against Iranian authors were reported in 2013.
In 2022 there has been much debate about the Accelerated Publication service offered by Taylor & Francis for some of its biomedical journals. For $7,000, a scientist can expedite the peer review process and be published in as few as three weeks.
Manipulation of bibliometrics
Self-citation is a practise that can inflate the seeming prestige of a journal or group. In 2020, six T&F journals that exhibited unusual levels of self-citation, and as a consequence their journal impact factor suspended from Journal Citation Reports. An April 2022 article in the T&F journal Accountability in Research outlined some of the factors leading to consistent suspension from Journal Citation Reports.
Acquired companies and discontinued imprints
A.A.Balkema (acquired in 2003)
Accelerated Developments Inc. (acquired in 1994)
Acumen Publishing (acquired in 2014)
Adam Hilger (acquired in 2005 as part of IOP Publishing books division)
AK Peters (acquired in 2010)
Allen & Unwin (Textbooks & Professional Lists) (acquired in 2020)
The Analytic Press (acquired with Lawrence Erlbaum and Associates in 2006)
Anderson Publishing (acquired in 2014 from Elsevier)
Architectural Press
Arnold (acquired in 2012)
Ashgate Publishing (acquired in July 2015)
Auerbach Publications
Baywood Publishing (acquired in 2016)
Bellwether Publishing (acquired in 2013)
Bibliomotion (acquired in 2016)
BIOS Scientific Publishers (acquired in 2003)
Bloomsbury Journals (acquired in 2015)
Brunner-Mazel
Brunner-Routledge (acquired in 1998)
Carfax (acquired with Routledge in 1998)
Cavendish (acquired in 2006)
Crane, Russak (acquired 1984)
Colwiz
CRC Press (acquired in 2003) This imprint is still used.
Curzon (acquired in 2001)
David Fulton Press
Dove Medical Press (acquired in 2017)
Donhead Publishing (acquired in 2013)
Earthscan (acquired in 2011)
Europa Publications (acquired in 1999)
F1000 Research (acquired in 2020)
Falmer Press (acquired in 1979)
Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers (acquired in 2002)
Focal Press (acquired in 2012)
Frank Cass (acquired in 2003)
Garland Science (acquired in 1996, closed 2018)
Gordon & Breach (acquired in 2001)
Gower (acquired with Ashgate in 2015)
Greengage Press (acquired in 2013)
Greenleaf Publishing/GSE Research (acquired in 2017)
Harwood Academic (acquired with Gordon & Breach in 2001)
Haworth Press (acquired in 2007)
Heldref Publications (except World Affairs) (acquired in 2009)
Hemisphere Publishing (acquired in 1988)
Hodder Education Group (acquired 2012)
Holcomb Hathaway (acquired in 2016)
Karnac Publishing (acquired in 2017)
Landes Bioscience (acquired in 2014)
Lawrence Erlbaum and Associates (acquired in 2006)
Left Coast Press Inc. (acquired in 2016)
Maney Publishing (acquired in 2015)
Manson Publishing (acquired in 2014)
Marcel Dekker (acquired in 2003)
Martin Dunitz (acquired in 1999)
M.E. Sharpe, Inc. (acquired in 2014)
Paradigm Publishers (acquired in 2014)
Parthenon Publishing (acquired with CRC Press in 2003)
Pickering & Chatto Publishers (acquired in 2015)
Planners Press (acquired in 2017 from the American Planning Association)
Productivity Press (acquired in 2007)
Prufrock Press (acquired in 2021)
Psychology Press (formerly the European division of Lawrence Erlbaum, acquired in 1995)
Pyrczak Publishing (acquired in 2016)
Radcliffe Healthcare (acquired in 2015)
RFF Press (acquired with Earthscan in 2011)
Routledge (acquired in 1998) This imprint is still used.
Scandinavian University Press Journals (acquired in 2000)
Speechmark Publishing (acquired in 2016)
Spon Press (acquired with Routledge in 1998)
St. Jerome Publishing (acquired in 2013)
Swets & Zeitlinger Publishers (acquired in 2003)
Taylor Graham Journals (acquired in 2003)
Transaction Publishers (acquired in 2016)
Westview Press (acquired in 2017)
Willan Publishing (acquired in 2010)
See also
Taylor & Francis academic journals
References
^ "Info: Orders - Routledge" (Text). Routledge.com. Retrieved 3 December 2017.
^ "Taylor & Francis Executive Leadership Team". Informa.
^ "Taylor & Francis Executive Leadership Team". Informa.
^ "Taylor & Francis Executive Leadership Team". Informa.
^ "Taylor & Francis Executive Leadership Team". Informa.
^ "Informa PLC Press Release 2022 Full-Year Results" (PDF). Informa.com. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
^ "Informa PLC Press Release 2020 Full-Year Results" (PDF). Informa.com. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
^ "Global directory". Taylor & Francis. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
^ "Taylor & Francis launches its first open research publishing platform with F1000". F1000. 29 September 2021. Retrieved 27 April 2022.
^ "About Us". Taylor & Francis, UK. Archived from the original on 18 November 2006.
^ Brock, W.H. & Meadows, A.J. (1998). The Lamp of Learning: Taylor & Francis and Two Centuries of Publishing. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9780748402656.
^ Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002 (PDF). The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006. ISBN 0-902-198-84-X.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Academic Publishing Industry: A Story of Merger and Acquisition Archived 2012-06-18 at the Wayback Machine - Taylor & Francis.
^ "T&F and Informa merge, books unit to move". 2 March 2004.
^ "W.W. Norton & Company Inc. has acquired certain assets of Garland Science from Taylor & Francis Group". Broadwater & Associates. December 2017. Retrieved 18 January 2018.
^ a b c d e "Results for 12 months to 31 December 2017" (PDF). Informa. December 2017. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
^ "Academic Digital Research Services start-up Colwiz joins Taylor & Francis Group". Taylor & Francis Newsroom. 2017. Archived from the original on 31 May 2017. Retrieved 31 May 2017.
^ a b "T&F buys reference-management tool colwiz". The Bookseller. 2017. Retrieved 31 May 2017.
^ "Taylor & Francis buys F1000 Research". The Bookseller. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
^ Larivière, Vincent; Haustein, Stefanie; Mongeon, Philippe (10 June 2015). "The Oligopoly of Academic Publishers in the Digital Era". PLOS One. 10 (6): e0127502. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1027502L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0127502. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4465327. PMID 26061978.
^ Schmidt, Sarah (14 June 2022). "11 Top Social Science and Humanities Publishers". blog.marketresearch.com.
^ "Search peer-reviewed journals and articles". Taylor & Francis Online.
^ "Home | Taylor & Francis eBooks, Reference Works and Collections". Taylor & Francis.
^ "Routledge & CRC Press Open Access Books - Taylor & Francis OA Books". Routledge.com. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
^ "Taylor & Francis Open Access | Taylor & Francis Online". Tandfonline.com. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
^ "Routledge Handbooks Online". Routledgehandbooks.com. Retrieved 16 April 2016.
^ "Home". routledgeperformancearchive.com. Retrieved 16 April 2016.
^ "Routledge Encyclopedia of Modernism". Routledge. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
^ a b "Members". OASPA. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
^ "Our Members". Stm-assoc.org. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
^ "ALPSP Member Directory". Archived from the original on 11 December 2015. Retrieved 16 March 2017.
^ "PA Members and Affiliates". The Publishers Association. 2017. Archived from the original on 16 March 2017. Retrieved 15 April 2017.
^ "SDG Publishers Compact Members". United Nations Sustainable Development. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
^ "SDG Publishers Compact". United Nations Sustainable Development. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
^ Anderson, Porter (12 July 2023). "Sustainability: Taylor & Francis Opts for Paper Wrapping in the UK". Publishing Perspectives.
^ Kinthaert, Leah (14 October 2021). "Taylor & Francis achieves CarbonNeutral® publication certification for its print books and journals". Taylor & Francis Newsroom.
^ a b "Informa: About Academic Publishing". Archived from the original on 10 September 2017. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
^ "Informa Office Locator: Taylor & Francis". Informa.
^ Page, Benedicte (29 March 2018). "Four more academic publishers reveal gender pay gaps". thebookseller.com.
^ "Forlag info | Kanalregisteret". kanalregister.hkdir.no. Retrieved 25 May 2022.
^ a b Dupuis, John. "Journal of Library Administration editorial board resigns over author rights". ScienceBlogs. ScienceBlogs LLC. Retrieved 25 March 2013.
^ a b Subramanian, Samanth (25 January 2022). "The West already monopolized scientific publishing. Covid made it worse". Quartz. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
^ a b Pluckrose, Helen; Lindsay, James A.; Boghossian, Peter (2 October 2018). "Academic Grievance Studies and the Corruption of Scholarship". Areo Magazine. Archived from the original on 10 October 2018.
^ "Brokers of junk science?". publicintegrity.org. 18 February 2016.
^ Waldman, Peter; Stecker, Tiffany; Rosenblatt, Joel (9 August 2017). "Monsanto Was Its Own Ghostwriter for Some Safety Reviews". Bloomberg Businessweek. Bloomberg. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
^ McCook, Alison (27 April 2017). "Public health journal's editorial board tells publisher they have "grave concerns" over new editor". RetractionWatch. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
^ Mytelka, Andrew (20 May 2017). "Hoax Article in Social-Science Journal Gets a Rise out of Some Scholars". The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved 28 November 2018.
^ Jaschik, Scott (22 May 2017). "Hoax With Multiple Targets". Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved 28 November 2018.
^ "Retracted Article: The conceptual penis as a social construct". Cogent Social Sciences. 3 (1). 31 May 2017. doi:10.1080/23311886.2017.1336861.
^ "Statement of Retraction: Human reactions to rape culture and queer performativity at urban dog parks in Portland, Oregon". Gender, Place & Culture. 27 (2): 307–326. 2020. doi:10.1080/0966369X.2018.1475346. S2CID 149794788.
^ "The EMS condemns Taylor & Francis's attack on freedom of science". European Mathematical Society. 12 December 2018. Retrieved 25 December 2018.
^ Baghianimoghadam, Behnam (9 February 2014). "Scientific sanctions: A catastrophe for the civilized world". Indian Journal of Medical Ethics. 11 (2): 130. doi:10.20529/IJME.2014.035. PMID 24727630. Retrieved 25 December 2018.
^ "Taylor & Francis group bans publication of articles by Iranian authors". Fars News. 5 November 2013. Retrieved 25 December 2018.
^ "Accelerated Publication clarification". Taylor & Francis Newsroom. 10 January 2022. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
^ Teixeira da Silva, J.A., Yamada, Accelerated Peer Review and Paper Processing Models in Academic Publishing Pub. Res. Q 38, 599-611 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12109-022-09891-4
^ Oransky, Ivan (29 June 2020). "Major indexing service sounds alarm on self-citations by nearly 50 journals". Retrieved 1 July 2020.
^ Moussa, Salim (6 May 2022). "A bibliometric investigation of the journals that were repeatedly suppressed from Clarivate's Journal Citation Reports". Accountability in Research: 1–21. doi:10.1080/08989621.2022.2071154. ISSN 0898-9621. PMID 35469511. S2CID 248390507.
^ a b " Swets & Zeitlinger sells Swets & Zeitlinger Publishers", Liblicence.crl.edu, 6 November 2003.
^ "Bertoli Mitchell arranges the sale of Acumen Publishing to Taylor & Francis". Archived from the original on 5 April 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
^ "Recent Transactions". Broadwaterllc.com. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
^ "Welcome to the Criminology & Criminal Justice Textbook Catalog". Taylor & Francis.
^ "Routledge Architecture". Taylorand francis.com. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
^ ""Trillium Partners extends its educational and academic publishing M&A sector experience"". Archived from the original on 20 February 2014. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
^ a b "Informa Pays £20M for Ashgate Publishing". Thebookseller.com. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
^ "New Books from Auerbach". Ittoday.info. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
^ "Baywood Publishing is now a part of Routledge, an imprint of Taylor and Francis". Routledge.com. Retrieved 8 July 2016.
^ Wright, Victoria (2012). "Bellwether Publishing Journals Join Geography Market Leader Routledge/Taylor & Francis for 2013". Editors' Bulletin. 8 (2–3): 93–94. doi:10.1080/17521742.2012.807061.
^ "Bibliomotion Acquired by Taylor & Francis". Publishersweekly.com. 2016. Retrieved 31 December 2016.
^ "Bloomsbury Journals Join Routledge". Thebookseller.com. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
^ "Quayle Munro advises shareholders of Cavendish Publishing on sale to Informa". Archived from the original on 22 March 2014. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
^ a b c Steele, Richard (1 March 2013). "About Taylor & Francis, the Academic Division of Informa plc". Editors' Bulletin. 9 (1): 13–18. doi:10.1080/17521742.2013.870718.
^ "Expertise Legal Services". Fladgate LLP. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
^ Griffin, Oliver. "Informa in deal to buy Dove Medical Press". MarketWatch.com. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
^ "Building Conservation Books". Donhead.com. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
^ "Earthscan acquired by Taylor & Francis". The Bookseller. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
^ Mary H. Munroe (2004). "Taylor & Francis Timeline". The Academic Publishing Industry: A Story of Merger and Acquisition. Archived from the original on 20 October 2014 – via Northern Illinois University.
^ "Taylor & Francis buys F1000 Research". Thebookseller.com. Retrieved 23 January 2020.
^ "Global Publishing Leaders 2013: Informa". Publishersweekly.com. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
^ "Taylor and Francis announce acquisition of Frank Cass & Co", Liblicense.crl.edu, 28 July 2003.
^ "Taylor & Francis Group plc acquires Gordon and Breach Publishing Group", Liblicence.crl.edu, 14 February 2001.
^ "Routledge - Publisher of Professional & Academic Books". Routledge.com. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
^ "Bertoli Mitchell advises the shareholders of Greengage Press on sale to Taylor & Francis". Archived from the original on 5 April 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
^ "Greenleaf Publishing and GSE Research, based at Salts Mills in Saltaire, moving to Oxford after joining Informa Group". Bradford Telegraph & Argus. 2017. Retrieved 31 May 2017.
^ "Bertoli Mitchell advises Taylor & Francis on its acquisition of Greenleaf Publishing". Bertolimitchell.co.uk. 2017. Retrieved 31 May 2017.
^ "Our history". Taylor & Francis. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
^ "Thomas Webster leaves Hodder Education following sale of HE and Health Sciences lists". 2 September 2012. Archived from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 23 October 2015.
^ "Holcomb Hathaway is now part of Routledge, an imprint of Taylor & Francis". routledge.com. Archived from the original on 1 November 2016. Retrieved 11 February 2016.
^ "Karnac Publishing transfers to Taylor & Francis". Bertolimitchell.co.uk. September 2017. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
^ "Aeon Books re-launches with new imprint". The Bookseller. January 2018. Retrieved 18 January 2018.
^ "Taylor & Francis Group LLC acquires Landes Bioscience". Taylor & Francis. June 2014. Archived from the original on 30 October 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
^ "Routledge - Publisher of Professional & Academic Books". Routledge.com. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
^ Joshua Farrington, "T&F buys Manson Publishing", The Bookseller, 10 April 2013.
^ "Taylor & Francis acquires Marcel Dekker", 20 November 2003.
^ "Routledge Welcomes M. E. Sharpe". Archived from the original on 13 July 2015.
^ "Routledge Welcomes Paradigm". Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
^ a b "Blog - Librarian Resources". Librarian Resources. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
^ "Bertoli Mitchell arranges the sale of Pickering and Chatto to Taylor & Francis". bertolimitchell.co.uk. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 1 May 2014.
^ "Recent Transactions". Broadwater LLC. 2017. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
^ "Planners Press Is Now Part of Taylor & Francis Group". American Planning Association. 2017. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
^ "Productivity Press: About Us". productivitypress.com. 2016. Archived from the original on 2 March 2016. Retrieved 1 February 2016.
^ "Welcome, Prufrock Press!". routledge.com. 2021. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
^ Harry Ransom Center; University of Reading Library. "Firms out of Business". Retrieved 8 June 2017 – via University of Texas at Austin. Information about vanished publishing concerns, literary agencies, and similar firms
^ "Taylor & Francis Group Acquires Pyrczak Publishing". routledge.com. 2016. Retrieved 8 July 2016.
^ "Bertoli Mitchell arranges the sale of Radcliffe Healthcare to Taylor & Francis". Archived from the original on 5 April 2016. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
^ "RFF Press". Taylor & Francis.
^ "Bertoli Mitchell advises Electric Word in the sale of Speechmark Publishing". Archived from the original on 22 December 2016. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
^ "Electric Word sells Speechmark Publis to Informa". Mediamergers.co.uk. 15 November 2016.
^ "E & F N Spon Ltd, publishers". The Discovery Service. The National Archives (United Kingdom). Retrieved 4 March 2023.
^ "Spon, Ernest". The Online Books Page. library.upenn.edu. Retrieved 4 March 2023.
^ "St Jerome is now part of Routledge Books". Taylor & Francis.
^ "Recent Transactions". Broadwater LLC. 2017. Retrieved 31 May 2017.
^ "We are delighted to welcome Transaction Publishers into the Taylor & Francis Group". Routledge. 2017. Archived from the original on 2 June 2017. Retrieved 31 May 2017.
^ "We are delighted to welcome Westview Publishing into the Taylor & Francis Group". Taylor & Francis Group. Archived from the original on 3 January 2018.
^ "Bertoli Mitchell arranges the sale of Willan Publishing to Taylor & Francis". Archived from the original on 27 April 2014. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
^ "Willan Publishing is Now Routledge". Taylor & Francis.
Further reading
Munroe, Mary H. (2007). "Taylor & Francis (Informa Group plc)". The Academic Publishing Industry: A Story of Merger and Acquisition. Northern Illinois University Libraries. Archived from the original on 18 June 2012. Retrieved 20 June 2008.
Brock, W. H. & Meadows, A. J. (1998). The Lamp of Learning: Taylor & Francis and Two Centuries of Publishing. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9780748402656.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taylor_and_Francis_logo,_(The_Ibis,_1900).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ASA_conference_2008_-_17.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taylor_%26_Francis_at_the_School_of_Advanced_Study_History_Day_Oct._2017_03.jpg"},{"link_name":"academic journals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_journal"},{"link_name":"CRC Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRC_Press"},{"link_name":"Routledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge"},{"link_name":"F1000 Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F1000_(publisher)"},{"link_name":"Dovepress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dovepress"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Informa plc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informa"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Former logo of Taylor & Francis, from a 1900 publicationRoutledge/Taylor & Francis at an American academic conference, 2008Taylor & Francis at the University of London School of Advanced Study History Day, 2017Taylor & Francis Group is an international company originating in England that publishes books and academic journals. Its parts include Taylor & Francis, CRC Press, Routledge, F1000 Research and Dovepress.[9] It is a division of Informa plc, a United Kingdom-based publisher and conference company.[10]","title":"Taylor & Francis"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Francis_(chemist)"},{"link_name":"Richard Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Taylor_(editor)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Founding","text":"The company was founded in 1852 when William Francis joined Richard Taylor in his publishing business. Taylor had founded his company in 1798. Their subjects covered agriculture, chemistry, education, engineering, geography, law, mathematics, medicine, and social sciences.[11]Francis's son, Richard Taunton Francis (1883–1930), was sole partner in the firm from 1917 to 1930.[12]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"imprints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imprint_(trade_name)"},{"link_name":"Routledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-T&F-13"},{"link_name":"Acquisition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takeover"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-T&F-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-T&F-13"},{"link_name":"New Fetter Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Fetter_Lane"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:F1000_logo.png"},{"link_name":"Garland Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garland_Science"},{"link_name":"W. W. Norton & Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-16"},{"link_name":"Colwiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colwiz"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-18"},{"link_name":"F1000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faculty_of_1000"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Acquisitions and mergers","text":"In 1965, Taylor & Francis launched Wykeham Publications and began book publishing. T&F acquired Hemisphere Publishing in 1988, and the company was renamed Taylor & Francis Group to reflect the growing number of imprints. Taylor & Francis left the printing business in 1990, to concentrate on publishing. In 1998 it went public on the London Stock Exchange and in the same year bought its academic publishing rival Routledge for £90 million.[13] Acquisition of other publishers has remained a core part of the group's business strategy.[13] It merged with Informa in 2004 to create a new company called T&F Informa, since renamed back to Informa.[13] Following the merger, T&F closed the historic Routledge office at New Fetter Lane in London, and moved to its current headquarters in Milton Park, Oxfordshire.[14]F1000 Research logoIn 2017, T&F sold assets from its Garland Science imprint to W. W. Norton & Company and then ceased to use that brand.[15][16]\nIn 2017, after collaborating for several years, T&F bought specialist digital resources company Colwiz.[17][18] In January 2020, T&F bought open research publishing platform F1000.[19]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-16"},{"link_name":"Routledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge"},{"link_name":"CRC Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRC_Press"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-16"},{"link_name":"science, technology, engineering, and mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science,_technology,_engineering,_and_mathematics"},{"link_name":"Reed-Elsevier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RELX_Group"},{"link_name":"Wiley-Blackwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell"},{"link_name":"Springer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schmidt-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Open Access","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Access"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-16"},{"link_name":"digital content","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_content"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Access_Scholarly_Publishers_Association"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto2-29"},{"link_name":"International Association of Scientific, Technical, and Medical Publishers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_of_Scientific,_Technical,_and_Medical_Publishers"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"The Publishers Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Publishers_Association"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"SDG Publishers Compact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SDG_Publishers_Compact"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-members-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UN-34"},{"link_name":"Sustainable Development Goals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TF2023-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kinthaert-36"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto2-29"}],"sub_title":"Activities","text":"In 2018 Informa PLC reported that Taylor & Francis publishes more than 2,700 journals, and about 7,000 new books each year, with a backlist of over 140,000 titles available in print and digital formats.[16] It uses the Routledge imprint for its publishing in humanities, social sciences, behavioural sciences, law and education, and the CRC Press imprint for its publishing in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics.[16]As the academic publishing arm of Informa, Taylor & Francis Group accounted for 30.2% of group revenue and 38.1% of adjusted profit in 2017.[16]\nTaylor & Francis is generally considered the smallest of the 'Big Four' science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) publishers (Reed-Elsevier, Wiley-Blackwell, Springer, and Taylor & Francis).[20] Informa (including the Taylor & Francis imprint) was ranked by Simba Information as the leading global academic publisher in the areas of humanities and social sciences, in Global Social Science & Humanities Publishing 2016-2020.[21]The company's journals are delivered through the Taylor & Francis Online website[22] and its ebooks through the Taylor & Francis website.[23] Taylor & Francis offers Open Access publishing options in both its books[24] and journals.[25][16]\nIts digital content services include Routledge Handbooks Online,[26]\nthe Routledge Performance Archive,[27] and the Routledge Encyclopedia of Modernism.[28]Taylor & Francis is a member of several professional publishing bodies including the Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association,[29] the International Association of Scientific, Technical, and Medical Publishers,[30] the Association of Learned & Professional Society Publishers[31] and The Publishers Association.[32]Taylor & Francis is a signatory of the SDG Publishers Compact,[33][34] and has taken steps to support the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). These include replacing plastic with responsibly-sourced paper packaging to mail journals[35] and achieving CarbonNeutral® publication certification for their print books and journals.[36]The old Taylor and Francis logo depicts a hand pouring oil into a lit lamp, along with the Latin phrase alere flammam – \"to feed the flame [of knowledge]\". The modern logo is a stylised oil lamp in a circle.[29]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-About_Academic_Publishing-37"},{"link_name":"Milton Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Park"},{"link_name":"Abingdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abingdon-on-Thames"},{"link_name":"Leiden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden"},{"link_name":"Boca Raton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boca_Raton"},{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Taipei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-About_Academic_Publishing-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"gender pay gap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_pay_gap"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"text":"The group has about 1,800 employees[37] in at least 18 offices worldwide. Its head office is in Milton Park, Abingdon in the United Kingdom, with other offices in Stockholm, Leiden, New York, Boca Raton, Philadelphia, Kentucky, Singapore, Kuala Lumpur, Hong Kong, Beijing, Shanghai, Taipei, Melbourne, Sydney, Cape Town, Tokyo and New Delhi.[37][38]Taylor & Francis reported a mean 2017 gender pay gap of 24.2% for its UK workforce, while the median was 8%. The fact that the average pay for women is significantly worse than the median pay (compared to men's) shows that women are underrepresented in the positions with the highest pay.[39]","title":"Company figures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norwegian Scientific Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Scientific_Index"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dupuis-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Areo_Oct_4,_2018-43"}],"text":"As of May 2022, 836 Taylor & Francis journals are listed in the Norwegian Scientific Index of which 753 have a rating of \"level 1\" (meets academic standard), 70 have a rating \"level 2\" (the highest level, indicating rigorous academic quality), one has a rating of \"level X\" (decision on rating in progress), and 13 have a rating of \"level 0\" (indicating non-academic quality).[40]Taylor & Francis has faced criticism for its use of author licensing agreements,[41] and several of their journals have been criticized or retracted papers due to concerns over review and publishing practices.[42][43]","title":"Evaluation and controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Journal of Library Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Library_Administration"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dupuis-41"}],"sub_title":"Journal protests","text":"In 2013, the entire board of the Journal of Library Administration resigned in a dispute over author licensing agreements.[41]","title":"Evaluation and controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Critical Reviews in Toxicology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_Reviews_in_Toxicology"},{"link_name":"Center for Public Integrity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Public_Integrity"},{"link_name":"junk science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junk_science"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Monsanto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsanto"},{"link_name":"\"Roundup\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roundup_(herbicide)"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Journal_of_Occupational_and_Environmental_Health"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Grievance studies affair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grievance_studies_affair"},{"link_name":"Norma: International Journal for Masculinity Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norma_(journal)"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Gender, Place & Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender,_Place_%26_Culture"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Areo_Oct_4,_2018-43"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"European Mathematical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Mathematical_Society"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-42"}],"sub_title":"Academic practices","text":"In 2016, Critical Reviews in Toxicology was accused by the Center for Public Integrity of being a \"broker of junk science\".[44] Monsanto was found to have worked with an outside consulting firm to induce the journal to publish a biased review of the health effects of its product \"Roundup\".[45]In 2017, Taylor & Francis was strongly criticized for removing the editor-in-chief of International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health, who accepted articles critical of corporate interests. The company replaced the editor with a corporate consultant without consulting the editorial board.[46]In 2017 as part of the Grievance studies affair hoax articles, the T&F journal Cogent Social Sciences accepted one of \"The conceptual penis as a social construct\" that had previously been rejected by another Taylor & Francis journal, Norma: International Journal for Masculinity Studies, which suggested the study would be a good fit for Cogent Social Sciences.[47][48] When the authors announced the hoax, the article was retracted.[49] In 2018, another Grievance studies affair article \"Human reactions to rape culture and queer performativity at urban dog parks in Portland, Oregon\" was published in Gender, Place & Culture, which was also retracted later that year.[43][50]In December 2018, the journal Dynamical Systems accepted the paper Saturation of Generalized Partially Hyperbolic Attractors only to have it retracted after publication due to the Iranian nationality of the authors. The European Mathematical Society condemned the retraction and later announced that Taylor & Francis had agreed to reverse the decision.[51] Previous instances of Taylor & Francis journals discriminating against Iranian authors were reported in 2013.[52][53]In 2022 there has been much debate about the Accelerated Publication service offered by Taylor & Francis for some of its biomedical journals.[54][55] For $7,000, a scientist can expedite the peer review process and be published in as few as three weeks.[42]","title":"Evaluation and controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Self-citation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-citation"},{"link_name":"self-citation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-citation"},{"link_name":"journal impact factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_impact_factor"},{"link_name":"Journal Citation Reports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_Citation_Reports"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"sub_title":"Manipulation of bibliometrics","text":"Self-citation is a practise that can inflate the seeming prestige of a journal or group. In 2020, six T&F journals that exhibited unusual levels of self-citation, and as a consequence their journal impact factor suspended from Journal Citation Reports.[56] An April 2022 article in the T&F journal Accountability in Research outlined some of the factors leading to consistent suspension from Journal Citation Reports.[57]","title":"Evaluation and controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-swets-58"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-T&F-13"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"IOP Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOP_Publishing"},{"link_name":"AK Peters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_K_Peters,_Ltd."},{"link_name":"Allen & Unwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_%26_Unwin"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-T&F-13"},{"link_name":"Elsevier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsevier"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Arnold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Arnold_(publisher)"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Ashgate Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashgate_Publishing"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thebookseller.com-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"BIOS Scientific Publishers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIOS_Scientific_Publishers"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-T&F-13"},{"link_name":"Bloomsbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-T&F-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-T&F-13"},{"link_name":"Routledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-T&F-13"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steele-71"},{"link_name":"Colwiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colwiz"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-18"},{"link_name":"CRC 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Publishers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitzroy_Dearborn_Publishers"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-T&F-13"},{"link_name":"Focal Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focal_Press"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"Garland Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garland_Science"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-T&F-13"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-T&F-13"},{"link_name":"Haworth Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haworth_Press"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-T&F-13"},{"link_name":"World Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Affairs"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-T&F-13"},{"link_name":"Hodder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodder_%26_Stoughton"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"Landes Bioscience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landes_Bioscience"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-T&F-13"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"Maney Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maney_Publishing"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thebookseller.com-64"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"Marcel Dekker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Dekker"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-T&F-13"},{"link_name":"M.E. Sharpe, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M.E._Sharpe,_Inc."},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"Paradigm Publishers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradigm_Publishers"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"CRC Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRC_Press"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-news-96"},{"link_name":"Pickering & Chatto Publishers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickering_%26_Chatto_Publishers"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"American Planning Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Planning_Association"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steele-71"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOB-102"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"RFF Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resources_for_the_Future"},{"link_name":"Earthscan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthscan"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"Routledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-T&F-13"},{"link_name":"Scandinavian University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavian_University_Press"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-T&F-13"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"Routledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-T&F-13"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nationalarchives.gov.uk/F173704-108"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-onlinebooks/Spon-Ernest-109"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"Swets & Zeitlinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swets"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-swets-58"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-news-96"},{"link_name":"Transaction Publishers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transaction_Publishers"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"}],"text":"A.A.Balkema (acquired in 2003)[58]\nAccelerated Developments Inc. (acquired in 1994)[13]\nAcumen Publishing (acquired in 2014)[59]\nAdam Hilger (acquired in 2005 as part of IOP Publishing books division)\nAK Peters (acquired in 2010)\nAllen & Unwin (Textbooks & Professional Lists) (acquired in 2020)[60]\nThe Analytic Press (acquired with Lawrence Erlbaum and Associates in 2006)[13]\nAnderson Publishing (acquired in 2014 from Elsevier)[61]\nArchitectural Press[62]\nArnold (acquired in 2012)[63]\nAshgate Publishing (acquired in July 2015)[64]\nAuerbach Publications[65]\nBaywood Publishing (acquired in 2016)[66]\nBellwether Publishing (acquired in 2013)[67]\nBibliomotion (acquired in 2016)[68]\nBIOS Scientific Publishers (acquired in 2003)[13]\nBloomsbury Journals (acquired in 2015)[69]\nBrunner-Mazel[13]\nBrunner-Routledge (acquired in 1998)[13]\nCarfax (acquired with Routledge in 1998)[13]\nCavendish (acquired in 2006)[70]\nCrane, Russak (acquired 1984)[71]\nColwiz[18]\nCRC Press (acquired in 2003)[13] This imprint is still used.\nCurzon (acquired in 2001)[13]\nDavid Fulton Press[72]\nDove Medical Press (acquired in 2017)[73]\nDonhead Publishing (acquired in 2013)[74]\nEarthscan (acquired in 2011)[75]\nEuropa Publications (acquired in 1999)[76]\nF1000 Research (acquired in 2020)[77]\nFalmer Press (acquired in 1979)[71]\nFitzroy Dearborn Publishers (acquired in 2002)[13]\nFocal Press (acquired in 2012)[78]\nFrank Cass (acquired in 2003)[79]\nGarland Science (acquired in 1996, closed 2018)[13]\nGordon & Breach (acquired in 2001)[80]\nGower (acquired with Ashgate in 2015)[81]\nGreengage Press (acquired in 2013)[82]\nGreenleaf Publishing/GSE Research (acquired in 2017)[83][84]\nHarwood Academic (acquired with Gordon & Breach in 2001)[13]\nHaworth Press (acquired in 2007)[13]\nHeldref Publications (except World Affairs) (acquired in 2009)[85]\nHemisphere Publishing (acquired in 1988)[13]\nHodder Education Group (acquired 2012)[86]\nHolcomb Hathaway (acquired in 2016)[87]\nKarnac Publishing (acquired in 2017)[88][89]\nLandes Bioscience (acquired in 2014)[90]\nLawrence Erlbaum and Associates (acquired in 2006)[13]\nLeft Coast Press Inc. (acquired in 2016)[91]\nManey Publishing (acquired in 2015)[64]\nManson Publishing (acquired in 2014)[92]\nMarcel Dekker (acquired in 2003)[93]\nMartin Dunitz (acquired in 1999)[13]\nM.E. Sharpe, Inc. (acquired in 2014)[94]\nParadigm Publishers (acquired in 2014)[95]\nParthenon Publishing (acquired with CRC Press in 2003)[96]\nPickering & Chatto Publishers (acquired in 2015)[97]\nPlanners Press (acquired in 2017 from the American Planning Association)[98][99]\nProductivity Press (acquired in 2007)[100]\nPrufrock Press (acquired in 2021)[101]\nPsychology Press (formerly the European division of Lawrence Erlbaum, acquired in 1995)[71][102]\nPyrczak Publishing (acquired in 2016)[103]\nRadcliffe Healthcare (acquired in 2015)[104]\nRFF Press (acquired with Earthscan in 2011)[105]\nRoutledge (acquired in 1998)[13] This imprint is still used.\nScandinavian University Press Journals (acquired in 2000)[13]\nSpeechmark Publishing (acquired in 2016)[106][107]\nSpon Press (acquired with Routledge in 1998)[13][108][109]\nSt. Jerome Publishing (acquired in 2013)[110]\nSwets & Zeitlinger Publishers (acquired in 2003)[58]\nTaylor Graham Journals (acquired in 2003)[96]\nTransaction Publishers (acquired in 2016)[111][112]\nWestview Press (acquired in 2017)[113]\nWillan Publishing (acquired in 2010)[114][115]","title":"Acquired companies and discontinued imprints"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Taylor & Francis (Informa Group plc)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120618175801/http://www.ulib.niu.edu/publishers/TaylorFrancis.htm"},{"link_name":"Northern Illinois University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Illinois_University"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ulib.niu.edu/publishers/TaylorFrancis.htm"},{"link_name":"The Lamp of Learning: Taylor & Francis and Two Centuries of Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/lampoflearningtw0000broc"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780748402656","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780748402656"}],"text":"Munroe, Mary H. (2007). \"Taylor & Francis (Informa Group plc)\". The Academic Publishing Industry: A Story of Merger and Acquisition. Northern Illinois University Libraries. Archived from the original on 18 June 2012. Retrieved 20 June 2008.\nBrock, W. H. & Meadows, A. J. (1998). The Lamp of Learning: Taylor & Francis and Two Centuries of Publishing. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9780748402656.","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"Former logo of Taylor & Francis, from a 1900 publication","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Taylor_and_Francis_logo%2C_%28The_Ibis%2C_1900%29.jpg/220px-Taylor_and_Francis_logo%2C_%28The_Ibis%2C_1900%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Routledge/Taylor & Francis at an American academic conference, 2008","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/ASA_conference_2008_-_17.JPG/220px-ASA_conference_2008_-_17.JPG"},{"image_text":"Taylor & Francis at the University of London School of Advanced Study History Day, 2017","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Taylor_%26_Francis_at_the_School_of_Advanced_Study_History_Day_Oct._2017_03.jpg/220px-Taylor_%26_Francis_at_the_School_of_Advanced_Study_History_Day_Oct._2017_03.jpg"},{"image_text":"F1000 Research logo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/F1000_logo.png/220px-F1000_logo.png"}]
|
[{"title":"Taylor & Francis academic journals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Taylor_%26_Francis_academic_journals"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Info: Orders - Routledge\" (Text). Routledge.com. Retrieved 3 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.routledge.com/info/orders","url_text":"\"Info: Orders - Routledge\""}]},{"reference":"\"Taylor & Francis Executive Leadership Team\". Informa.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.informa.com/divisions/taylor-and-francis/management-team/","url_text":"\"Taylor & Francis Executive Leadership Team\""}]},{"reference":"\"Taylor & Francis Executive Leadership Team\". Informa.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.informa.com/divisions/taylor-and-francis/management-team/","url_text":"\"Taylor & Francis Executive Leadership Team\""}]},{"reference":"\"Taylor & Francis Executive Leadership Team\". Informa.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.informa.com/divisions/taylor-and-francis/management-team/","url_text":"\"Taylor & Francis Executive Leadership Team\""}]},{"reference":"\"Taylor & Francis Executive Leadership Team\". Informa.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.informa.com/divisions/taylor-and-francis/management-team/","url_text":"\"Taylor & Francis Executive Leadership Team\""}]},{"reference":"\"Informa PLC Press Release 2022 Full-Year Results\" (PDF). Informa.com. Retrieved 13 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.informa.com/globalassets/documents/investor-relations/2023/informa-2022-full-year-results-statement.pdf","url_text":"\"Informa PLC Press Release 2022 Full-Year Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Informa PLC Press Release 2020 Full-Year Results\" (PDF). Informa.com. Retrieved 13 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.informa.com/globalassets/documents/investor-relations/2021/informa-full-year-2020-results-statement.pdf","url_text":"\"Informa PLC Press Release 2020 Full-Year Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Global directory\". Taylor & Francis. Retrieved 11 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://taylorandfrancis.com/contact/global-offices/","url_text":"\"Global directory\""}]},{"reference":"\"Taylor & Francis launches its first open research publishing platform with F1000\". F1000. 29 September 2021. Retrieved 27 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://f1000.com/taylor-francis-launches-first-open-research-publishing-platform-with-f1000/","url_text":"\"Taylor & Francis launches its first open research publishing platform with F1000\""}]},{"reference":"\"About Us\". Taylor & Francis, UK. Archived from the original on 18 November 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061118071113/http://www.taylorandfrancisgroup.com/about/history.asp","url_text":"\"About Us\""},{"url":"http://www.taylorandfrancisgroup.com/about/history.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Brock, W.H. & Meadows, A.J. (1998). The Lamp of Learning: Taylor & Francis and Two Centuries of Publishing. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9780748402656.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/lampoflearningtw0000broc","url_text":"The Lamp of Learning: Taylor & Francis and Two Centuries of Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780748402656","url_text":"9780748402656"}]},{"reference":"Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002 (PDF). The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006. ISBN 0-902-198-84-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp1.pdf","url_text":"Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-902-198-84-X","url_text":"0-902-198-84-X"}]},{"reference":"\"T&F and Informa merge, books unit to move\". 2 March 2004.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thebookseller.com/news/tf-and-informa-merge-books-unit-move","url_text":"\"T&F and Informa merge, books unit to move\""}]},{"reference":"\"W.W. Norton & Company Inc. has acquired certain assets of Garland Science from Taylor & Francis Group\". Broadwater & Associates. December 2017. Retrieved 18 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.broadwaterllc.com/Pages/recenttransactions.html","url_text":"\"W.W. Norton & Company Inc. has acquired certain assets of Garland Science from Taylor & Francis Group\""}]},{"reference":"\"Results for 12 months to 31 December 2017\" (PDF). Informa. December 2017. Retrieved 28 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://informa.com/Documents/Investor%20Relations/2018/results/20180228%20Informa%202017%20FY%20Results%20Statement.pdf?epslanguage=en","url_text":"\"Results for 12 months to 31 December 2017\""}]},{"reference":"\"Academic Digital Research Services start-up Colwiz joins Taylor & Francis Group\". Taylor & Francis Newsroom. 2017. Archived from the original on 31 May 2017. Retrieved 31 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170531023037/http://newsroom.taylorandfrancisgroup.com/news/press-release/academic-digital-research-services-start-up-colwiz-joins-taylor-francis","url_text":"\"Academic Digital Research Services start-up Colwiz joins Taylor & Francis Group\""},{"url":"http://newsroom.taylorandfrancisgroup.com/news/press-release/academic-digital-research-services-start-up-colwiz-joins-taylor-francis","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"T&F buys reference-management tool colwiz\". The Bookseller. 2017. Retrieved 31 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thebookseller.com/news/tf-buys-reference-management-tool-colwiz-560936","url_text":"\"T&F buys reference-management tool colwiz\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bookseller","url_text":"The Bookseller"}]},{"reference":"\"Taylor & Francis buys F1000 Research\". The Bookseller. Retrieved 11 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thebookseller.com/news/news/taylor-francis-buys-f1000-research-ltd-1150791","url_text":"\"Taylor & Francis buys F1000 Research\""}]},{"reference":"Larivière, Vincent; Haustein, Stefanie; Mongeon, Philippe (10 June 2015). \"The Oligopoly of Academic Publishers in the Digital Era\". PLOS One. 10 (6): e0127502. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1027502L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0127502. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4465327. 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Archived from the original on 3 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180103072609/https://www.routledge.com/collections/12933","url_text":"\"We are delighted to welcome Westview Publishing into the Taylor & Francis Group\""},{"url":"https://www.routledge.com/collections/12933","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bertoli Mitchell arranges the sale of Willan Publishing to Taylor & Francis\". Archived from the original on 27 April 2014. Retrieved 20 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140427135618/http://www.bertolimitchell.co.uk/dealsummary_willan.htm","url_text":"\"Bertoli Mitchell arranges the sale of Willan Publishing to Taylor & Francis\""},{"url":"http://www.bertolimitchell.co.uk/dealsummary_willan.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Willan Publishing is Now Routledge\". Taylor & Francis.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.taylorandfrancis.com/articles/willan_publishing_is_now_routledge/","url_text":"\"Willan Publishing is Now Routledge\""}]},{"reference":"Munroe, Mary H. (2007). \"Taylor & Francis (Informa Group plc)\". The Academic Publishing Industry: A Story of Merger and Acquisition. Northern Illinois University Libraries. Archived from the original on 18 June 2012. Retrieved 20 June 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120618175801/http://www.ulib.niu.edu/publishers/TaylorFrancis.htm","url_text":"\"Taylor & Francis (Informa Group plc)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Illinois_University","url_text":"Northern Illinois University"},{"url":"http://www.ulib.niu.edu/publishers/TaylorFrancis.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Brock, W. H. & Meadows, A. J. (1998). The Lamp of Learning: Taylor & Francis and Two Centuries of Publishing. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9780748402656.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/lampoflearningtw0000broc","url_text":"The Lamp of Learning: Taylor & Francis and Two Centuries of Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780748402656","url_text":"9780748402656"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Victor%27s_Abbey,_Marseille
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Abbey of St Victor, Marseille
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["1 History","2 Buildings","3 See also","4 References","5 Sources","6 External links"]
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Coordinates: 43°17′25″N 5°21′56″E / 43.29028°N 5.36556°E / 43.29028; 5.36556Fortified tower of the Abbey of St. Victor
Entrance to abbey church
Crypt
The Abbey of Saint-Victor is a former abbey that was founded during the late Roman period in Marseille in the south of France, named after the local soldier saint and martyr, Victor of Marseilles.
History
The crypts of the abbey contains artefacts indicating the presence of a quarry that was active during the Greek period and later became a necropolis from 2 BC onward until Christian times.
In 415, Christian monk and theologian John Cassian, having come from the monasteries of Egypt, founded two monasteries at Marseille — the Abbey of Saint Victor for men in the south of the Vieux-Port, as well as the Abbey of Saint Sauveur the other for women in the south of Place de Lenche. The Abbey of Saint Victor was later affected during the fifth century by the Semipelagian heresy, which began with some of Cassian's writings. Both monasteries suffered from invasions by the Vikings and Saracens, and were destroyed in 838 by a Saracen fleet, when the then-abbess Saint Eusebia was also martyred with 39 nuns. In 923, the Abbey of Saint-Victor was destroyed again by the Saracens.
In 977, monastic life was restored in the abbey under the Rule of Saint Benedict through the efforts of Bishop Honorat and its first Benedictine abbot Saint Wiffred. It recovered quickly, and from the middle of the 11th century its abbots were requested to restore religious life in the surrounding monasteries that had become decadent.
Saint Isarn (d. 1048), a Catalan monk and successor as abbot to Wiffred, began construction work in 1020, building the first upper church, tower and altar. Isarn was instrumental by his intercession with Ramon Berenguer I, Count of Barcelona, in obtaining the release from Moorish captivity of the monks of Lérins Abbey. Blessed Bernard, abbot of St. Victor from 1064 to 1079, was one of the two ambassadors delegated by Pope Gregory VII to the Diet of Forchheim, where the German princes deposed Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor. He was seized by one of the partisans of Henry IV and passed several months in prison. Gregory VII also sent him as legate to Spain and in reward for his services exempted St. Victor's from all jurisdiction other than that of the Holy See.
The abbey long retained contact with the princes of Spain and Sardinia and even owned property in Syria. The polyptych of Saint Victor, compiled in 814, the large chartulary (end of the 11th and beginning of the 12th century), and the small chartulary (middle of the 13th century), containing documents from 683 to 1336, document the economic importance of the abbey in the Middle Ages.
Blessed Guillaume Grimoard, who was made abbot of Saint-Victor on 2 August 1361, became pope in 1362 as Urban V. He enlarged the church and surrounded the abbey with high crenellated walls. He also granted the abbot episcopal jurisdiction, and gave him as his diocese the suburbs and villages south of the city. Urban V visited Marseille in October 1365, consecrated the high altar of the church. He returned to St. Victor's in May 1367, and held a consistory in the abbey.
The abbey began to decline after this, especially from the early 16th century, when commendatory abbots acquired authority.
The loss of the important library of the Abbey of Saint-Victor, undocumented as it is, can probably be ascribed to the abuses of the commendatory abbots. The library's contents are known through an inventory of the latter half of the 12th century, and it was extremely rich in ancient manuscripts. It seems to have been dispersed in the latter half of the 16th century, probably between 1579 and 1591. It has been conjectured that when Giuliano di Pierfrancesco de' Medici was abbot, from 1570 to 1588, he broke up the library to please Catherine de' Medici, and it is very likely that all or many of the books became the property of the king.
In 1648 the échevins (municipal magistrates) of Marseille petitioned Pope Innocent X to secularise the monastery, because of the unsatisfactory behaviour of the monks. The Pope was not willing to do so, but instead had the abbey taken over by the reformist Congregation of Saint Maur. Thomas le Fournier (1675–1745), monk of St. Victor's, left numerous manuscripts which greatly assisted them in their publications.
However, the behaviour of the monks generally did not improve, and after their abysmal showing during the plague of 1720, during which they barricaded themselves inside their walls instead of providing any assistance to the stricken, Pope Benedict XIII secularised the monastery in 1726, converting it into a collegiate church with a community of lay canons under an abbot. This was confirmed by a bull of Pope Clement XII dated 17 December 1739.
In 1774, it became by royal decree a noble chapter, the members of which had to be Provençals with four noble descents; from this date they bore the title of "chanoine comte de Saint-Victor".
The last abbot of Saint-Victor was Prince Louis François Camille de Lorraine Lambesc. He died in 1787 and was not replaced before the outbreak of the French Revolution.
Buildings
In 1794 the abbey was stripped of its treasures. The relics were burned, the gold and silver objects were melted down to make coins and the building itself became a warehouse, prison and barracks. All that now remains of the abbey is the church of St. Victor, dedicated by Pope Benedict IX in 1040 and rebuilt in 1200. The abbey was again used for worship under the First Empire and restored in the 19th century. The church was made into a minor basilica in 1934 by Pope Pius XI.
The remains of Saint John Cassian were formerly in the crypt, along with those of Saints Maurice, Marcellinus and Peter, the body of one of the Holy Innocents, and Bishop Saint Maurontius. The abbey crypt previously held Cassian's remains, along with were previously interred in the abbey crypt, along with the remains of Saints Maurice, Marcellinus, Peter, also has it that it contains the relics of the eponymous martyr of Marseille from the 4th century.
See also
Santa Maria, Uta, a church founded by St. Victor's monks
References
^ a b c d e f g "Saint-Victor Abbey". mariseille-tourisme.com. Office de tourisme et des congrès de Marseille. Archived from the original on 23 September 2019. Retrieved 23 September 2019.
^ Harper, James (December 1965). "John Cassian and Sulpicius Severus". Church History. 34 (4): 371–380. doi:10.2307/3163117. JSTOR 3163117. S2CID 162275260. The ideal of the ascetic life which had been developed in the Egyptian desert was introduced into Gaul by John Cassian, who founded the monastery of Saint-Victor and nunnery of Saint-Sauveur at Marseilles in 415.
^ "Bastide de Fave - Our roots". bastidedefave.com. Retrieved 23 September 2019.
^ a b c d e f Goyau, Georges (1913). "Diocese of Marseilles (Massilia)" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
^ by M. Morhreuil
^ Augustin Fabre, Les rues de Marseille, édition Camoin, Marseille, 1869, 5 volumes, tome V, p. 457
^ Paul Gaffarel et de Duranty, La peste de 1720 à Marseille & en France, librairie académique Perrin, Paris, 1911, p. 172.
^ Mylène Violas, "Des moines bénédictins aux chanoines-comtes: aux origines de la sécularisation de l’abbaye de Saint-Victor", in Bicentenaire de la paroisse Saint-Victor, actes du colloque historique (18 October 1997), La Thune, Marseille, 1999, p. 26, ISBN 978-2-84453-003-5
^ Paul Masson in Encyclopédie départementale des Bouches-du-Rhône, Archives départementales des Bouches-du-Rhône, Marseille, 17 volumes 1913 – 1937, tome III, p. 846
^ André Bouyala d’Arnaud, Évocation du vieux Marseille, les éditions de minuit, Paris, 1961, p. 117
^ The biography of Saint Izarn, abbot of St. Victor in the eleventh century (Acta SS., 24 Sept.), gives an interesting account of his first visit to the crypt.
Sources
M. Fixot, J.-P. Pelletier, Saint-Victor de Marseille. Étude archéologique et monumentale, Turnhout, 2009, ISBN 978-2-503-53257-8, 344 p., 220 x 280 mm, Paperback
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Abbaye Saint-Victor.
Marseille-Tourisme.com Abbaye Saint Victor Archived 2007-09-28 at the Wayback Machine (in French)
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43°17′25″N 5°21′56″E / 43.29028°N 5.36556°E / 43.29028; 5.36556
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abbaye_Saint-Victor_(Marseille).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St-Victor_entr%C3%A9e.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crypt_of_l%27Abbaye_Saint-Victor,_Marseille.JPG"},{"link_name":"abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey"},{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"Marseille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Victor of Marseilles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_of_Marseilles"}],"text":"Fortified tower of the Abbey of St. VictorEntrance to abbey churchCryptThe Abbey of Saint-Victor is a former abbey that was founded during the late Roman period in Marseille in the south of France, named after the local soldier saint and martyr, Victor of Marseilles.","title":"Abbey of St Victor, Marseille"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"necropolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necropolis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tourism-1"},{"link_name":"John Cassian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cassian"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tourism-1"},{"link_name":"Vieux-Port","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Port_of_Marseille"},{"link_name":"Place de Lenche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Place_de_Lenche"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-goyau-4"},{"link_name":"Semipelagian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semipelagianism"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-goyau-4"},{"link_name":"Vikings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikings"},{"link_name":"Saracens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saracens"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tourism-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-goyau-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tourism-1"},{"link_name":"Rule of Saint Benedict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_Saint_Benedict"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tourism-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-goyau-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tourism-1"},{"link_name":"Ramon Berenguer I, Count of Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramon_Berenguer_I,_Count_of_Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Lérins Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9rins_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Pope Gregory VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII"},{"link_name":"Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"polyptych","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyptych"},{"link_name":"chartulary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartulary"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-goyau-4"},{"link_name":"Guillaume Grimoard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume_Grimoard"},{"link_name":"Urban V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Urban_V"},{"link_name":"consistory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_consistory"},{"link_name":"commendatory abbots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commendatory_abbots"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Catherine de' Medici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici"},{"link_name":"Pope Innocent X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Innocent_X"},{"link_name":"Congregation of Saint Maur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_of_Saint_Maur"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Pope Benedict XIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIII"},{"link_name":"collegiate church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegiate_church"},{"link_name":"lay canons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_(priest)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"bull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_bull"},{"link_name":"Pope Clement XII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Clement_XII"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"French Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The crypts of the abbey contains artefacts indicating the presence of a quarry that was active during the Greek period and later became a necropolis from 2 BC onward until Christian times.[1]In 415, Christian monk and theologian John Cassian, having come from the monasteries of Egypt, founded two monasteries at Marseille[1] — the Abbey of Saint Victor for men in the south of the Vieux-Port, as well as the Abbey of Saint Sauveur the other for women in the south of Place de Lenche.[2][3][4] The Abbey of Saint Victor was later affected during the fifth century by the Semipelagian heresy, which began with some of Cassian's writings.[4] Both monasteries suffered from invasions by the Vikings and Saracens,[1] and were destroyed in 838 by a Saracen fleet, when the then-abbess Saint Eusebia was also martyred with 39 nuns.[4] In 923, the Abbey of Saint-Victor was destroyed again by the Saracens.[1]In 977, monastic life was restored in the abbey under the Rule of Saint Benedict through the efforts of Bishop Honorat[citation needed] and its first Benedictine abbot Saint Wiffred.[1] It recovered quickly, and from the middle of the 11th century its abbots were requested to restore religious life in the surrounding monasteries that had become decadent.[4]Saint Isarn (d. 1048), a Catalan monk and successor as abbot to Wiffred, began construction work in 1020, building the first upper church, tower and altar.[1] Isarn was instrumental by his intercession with Ramon Berenguer I, Count of Barcelona, in obtaining the release from Moorish captivity of the monks of Lérins Abbey. Blessed Bernard, abbot of St. Victor from 1064 to 1079, was one of the two ambassadors delegated by Pope Gregory VII to the Diet of Forchheim, where the German princes deposed Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor. He was seized by one of the partisans of Henry IV and passed several months in prison. Gregory VII also sent him as legate to Spain and in reward for his services exempted St. Victor's from all jurisdiction other than that of the Holy See.The abbey long retained contact with the princes of Spain and Sardinia and even owned property in Syria. The polyptych of Saint Victor, compiled in 814, the large chartulary (end of the 11th and beginning of the 12th century), and the small chartulary (middle of the 13th century), containing documents from 683 to 1336, document the economic importance of the abbey in the Middle Ages.[4]Blessed Guillaume Grimoard, who was made abbot of Saint-Victor on 2 August 1361, became pope in 1362 as Urban V. He enlarged the church and surrounded the abbey with high crenellated walls. He also granted the abbot episcopal jurisdiction, and gave him as his diocese the suburbs and villages south of the city. Urban V visited Marseille in October 1365, consecrated the high altar of the church. He returned to St. Victor's in May 1367, and held a consistory in the abbey.The abbey began to decline after this, especially from the early 16th century, when commendatory abbots acquired authority.The loss of the important library of the Abbey of Saint-Victor, undocumented as it is, can probably be ascribed to the abuses of the commendatory abbots. The library's contents are known through an inventory of the latter half of the 12th century, and it was extremely rich in ancient manuscripts. It seems to have been dispersed in the latter half of the 16th century, probably between 1579 and 1591. It has been conjectured[5] that when Giuliano di Pierfrancesco de' Medici was abbot, from 1570 to 1588, he broke up the library to please Catherine de' Medici, and it is very likely that all or many of the books became the property of the king.In 1648 the échevins (municipal magistrates) of Marseille petitioned Pope Innocent X to secularise the monastery, because of the unsatisfactory behaviour of the monks. The Pope was not willing to do so, but instead had the abbey taken over by the reformist Congregation of Saint Maur. Thomas le Fournier (1675–1745), monk of St. Victor's, left numerous manuscripts which greatly assisted them in their publications.[6]However, the behaviour of the monks generally did not improve, and after their abysmal showing during the plague of 1720, during which they barricaded themselves inside their walls instead of providing any assistance to the stricken, Pope Benedict XIII secularised the monastery in 1726, converting it into a collegiate church with a community of lay canons under an abbot.[7] This was confirmed by a bull of Pope Clement XII dated 17 December 1739.[8]In 1774, it became by royal decree a noble chapter, the members of which had to be Provençals with four noble descents; from this date they bore the title of \"chanoine comte de Saint-Victor\".[9]The last abbot of Saint-Victor was Prince Louis François Camille de Lorraine Lambesc. He died in 1787 and was not replaced before the outbreak of the French Revolution.[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pope Benedict IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Benedict_IX"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tourism-1"},{"link_name":"John Cassian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cassian"},{"link_name":"Maurice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Maurice"},{"link_name":"Marcellinus and Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcellinus_and_Peter"},{"link_name":"Holy Innocents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Innocents"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Maurice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Maurice"},{"link_name":"Marcellinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcellinus_of_Carthage"},{"link_name":"Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Peter"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-goyau-4"}],"text":"In 1794 the abbey was stripped of its treasures. The relics were burned, the gold and silver objects were melted down to make coins and the building itself became a warehouse, prison and barracks. All that now remains of the abbey is the church of St. Victor, dedicated by Pope Benedict IX in 1040 and rebuilt in 1200. The abbey was again used for worship under the First Empire and restored in the 19th century. The church was made into a minor basilica in 1934 by Pope Pius XI.[1]The remains of Saint John Cassian were formerly in the crypt, along with those of Saints Maurice, Marcellinus and Peter, the body of one of the Holy Innocents, and Bishop Saint Maurontius.[11] The abbey crypt previously held Cassian's remains, along with were previously interred in the abbey crypt, along with the remains of Saints Maurice, Marcellinus, Peter,[4] also has it that it contains the relics of the eponymous martyr of Marseille from the 4th century.","title":"Buildings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-503-53257-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-503-53257-8"}],"text":"M. Fixot, J.-P. Pelletier, Saint-Victor de Marseille. Étude archéologique et monumentale, Turnhout, 2009, ISBN 978-2-503-53257-8, 344 p., 220 x 280 mm, Paperback","title":"Sources"}]
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[{"image_text":"Fortified tower of the Abbey of St. Victor","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Abbaye_Saint-Victor_%28Marseille%29.jpg/220px-Abbaye_Saint-Victor_%28Marseille%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Entrance to abbey church","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/St-Victor_entr%C3%A9e.jpg/220px-St-Victor_entr%C3%A9e.jpg"},{"image_text":"Crypt","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Crypt_of_l%27Abbaye_Saint-Victor%2C_Marseille.JPG/220px-Crypt_of_l%27Abbaye_Saint-Victor%2C_Marseille.JPG"}]
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[{"title":"Santa Maria, Uta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Maria,_Uta"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Saint-Victor Abbey\". mariseille-tourisme.com. Office de tourisme et des congrès de Marseille. Archived from the original on 23 September 2019. Retrieved 23 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190923115339/http://www.marseille-tourisme.com/en/discover-marseille/the-essentials/saint-victor-abbey/","url_text":"\"Saint-Victor Abbey\""},{"url":"http://www.marseille-tourisme.com/en/discover-marseille/the-essentials/saint-victor-abbey/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Harper, James (December 1965). \"John Cassian and Sulpicius Severus\". Church History. 34 (4): 371–380. doi:10.2307/3163117. JSTOR 3163117. S2CID 162275260. The ideal of the ascetic life which had been developed in the Egyptian desert was introduced into Gaul by John Cassian, who founded the monastery of Saint-Victor and nunnery of Saint-Sauveur at Marseilles in 415.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3163117","url_text":"10.2307/3163117"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3163117","url_text":"3163117"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162275260","url_text":"162275260"}]},{"reference":"\"Bastide de Fave - Our roots\". bastidedefave.com. Retrieved 23 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bastidedefave.com/bastide_de_fave_nos_racines_en.html","url_text":"\"Bastide de Fave - Our roots\""}]},{"reference":"Goyau, Georges (1913). \"Diocese of Marseilles (Massilia)\" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Goyau","url_text":"Goyau, Georges"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Diocese_of_Marseilles_(Massilia)","url_text":"\"Diocese of Marseilles (Massilia)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia","url_text":"Catholic Encyclopedia"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Gregorio,_Chile
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San Gregorio, Chile
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["1 Features","2 Demographics","3 Administration","4 References"]
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Coordinates: 52°18′56″S 69°41′17″W / 52.31556°S 69.68806°W / -52.31556; -69.68806Town and Commune in Magallanes y Antártica Chilena, ChileSan GregorioTown and CommuneEstancia San Gregorio
Coat of arms
Location of the San Gregorio commune in Magallanes Region
San GregorioLocation in ChileCoordinates: 52°18′56″S 69°41′17″W / 52.31556°S 69.68806°W / -52.31556; -69.68806Country ChileRegion Magallanes y Antártica ChilenaProvinceMagallanesGovernment • TypeMunicipality • AlcaldeEdgar Cárcamo Alderete (Ind)Area • Total6,883.7 km2 (2,657.8 sq mi)Elevation51 m (167 ft)Population (2012 Census) • Total384 • Density0.056/km2 (0.14/sq mi) • Urban0 • Rural1,158Sex • Men886 • Women272Time zoneUTC-4 (CLT) • Summer (DST)UTC-3 (CLST)Area code56 + 61Websitewww.sangregorio.cl
San Gregorio is a commune in the far south of Chile. It is part of Magallanes Region and Province, and is administered by the municipality of the same name located in Punta Delgada, the principal town in the commune (the coordinates are those of Punta Delgada).
The comuna is on the north shore of the Strait of Magellan; between the Strait, to the south, and the border with Argentina, to the north. At the Primera Angostura, south of the town of Punta Delgada, there is a ferry crossing to Primavera commune on Tierra del Fuego Island. The good wind resource attracted a wind power project, scheduled for 2025.
Features
In the settlement of Estancia San Gregorio (52°34′01″S 70°04′12″W / 52.566944°S 70.07°W / -52.566944; -70.07), some 40 km (25 mi) southwest of Punta Delgada, there is an estancia, and several imposing buildings dating from 1882.
Nearby are wrecks of two 19th-century cargo ships. Ambassador was a sailing tea clipper, built in London in 1869 and beached at San Gregorio in 1896. Amadeo was a steamship, built in Liverpool in 1884 and beached at San Gregorio in 1932.
Demographics
According to the 2002 census of the National Statistics Institute, San Gregorio spans an area of 6,883.7 km2 (2,658 sq mi) and has 1,158 inhabitants (886 men and 272 women), making the commune an entirely rural area. The population fell by 29.5% (485 persons) between the 1992 and 2002 censuses.
The population is mostly descended from Croatian, Spanish and other Europeans.
Administration
As a comuna, San Gregorio is a third-level administrative division of Chile administered by a municipal council, headed by an alcalde who is directly elected every four years. The 2012–2016 alcalde is Edgar Cárcamo Alderete.
Within the electoral divisions of Chile, San Gregorio is represented in the Chamber of Deputies by Juan Morano (PDC) and Gabriel Boric (Ind.) as part of the 60th electoral district, which includes the entire Magallanes y la Antártica Chilena Region. The commune is represented in the Senate by Carlos Bianchi Chelech (Ind.) and Carolina Goic (PDC) as part of the 19th senatorial constituency (Magallanes y la Antártica Chilena Region).
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to San Gregorio (Chile).
Beached wreck of the 1884 steamship Amadeo
^ a b "Asociación Chilena de Municipalidades" (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 January 2011.
^ a b "Municipality of San Gregorio" (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 January 2011.
^ a b c d "National Statistics Institute" (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 January 2010.
^ "Chile Time". WorldTimeZones.org. Archived from the original on 11 September 2007. Retrieved 26 September 2010.
^ "Chile Summer Time". WorldTimeZones.org. Archived from the original on 11 September 2007. Retrieved 26 September 2010.
^ "Minister Jobet announces new green hydrogen project in Magallanes that will be the largest in Chile". 7 December 2021.
^ Graham, Melissa (2003). Rough Guide to Chile. p. 470. ISBN 1-84353-062-7.
^ Seidel, Guido. "Last port: Ultimo Puerto de Amarre – Ambassador" (in Spanish). Histarmar – Historia y Arqueologia Marítima. Retrieved 5 February 2015.
^ Heaton, Paul M (2004). Lamport & Holt Line. Abergavenny: P.M. Heaton Publishing. pp. 29, 34, 35. ISBN 1-872006-16-7.
^ "San Gregorio" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2007-05-15.
vteCommunes and municipalities in Magallanes y la Antártica Chilena RegionÚltima Esperanza
Puerto Natales
Torres del Paine
Magallanes
Laguna Blanca
Punta Arenas
Río Verde
San Gregorio
Tierra del Fuego
Porvenir
Primavera
Timaukel
Antártica Chilena
Cabo de Hornos
Antártica
Authority control databases
VIAF
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_Chile"},{"link_name":"Magallanes Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magallanes_Region"},{"link_name":"Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magallanes_Province"},{"link_name":"Punta Delgada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punta_Delgada,_Chile"},{"link_name":"Strait of Magellan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Magellan"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Primera Angostura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primera_Angostura"},{"link_name":"ferry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferry"},{"link_name":"Primavera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primavera,_Chile"},{"link_name":"Tierra del Fuego Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isla_Grande_de_Tierra_del_Fuego"},{"link_name":"wind power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_Chile"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Town and Commune in Magallanes y Antártica Chilena, ChileSan Gregorio is a commune in the far south of Chile. It is part of Magallanes Region and Province, and is administered by the municipality of the same name located in Punta Delgada, the principal town in the commune (the coordinates are those of Punta Delgada).The comuna is on the north shore of the Strait of Magellan; between the Strait, to the south, and the border with Argentina, to the north. At the Primera Angostura, south of the town of Punta Delgada, there is a ferry crossing to Primavera commune on Tierra del Fuego Island. The good wind resource attracted a wind power project, scheduled for 2025.[6]","title":"San Gregorio, Chile"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"52°34′01″S 70°04′12″W / 52.566944°S 70.07°W / -52.566944; -70.07","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=San_Gregorio,_Chile¶ms=52.566944_S_70.07_W_region:CL-MA_scale:10000"},{"link_name":"estancia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estancia"},{"link_name":"cargo ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo_ship"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Ambassador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambassador_(clipper)"},{"link_name":"clipper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clipper"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"steamship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamship"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"In the settlement of Estancia San Gregorio (52°34′01″S 70°04′12″W / 52.566944°S 70.07°W / -52.566944; -70.07), some 40 km (25 mi) southwest of Punta Delgada, there is an estancia, and several imposing buildings dating from 1882.Nearby are wrecks of two 19th-century cargo ships.[7] Ambassador was a sailing tea clipper, built in London in 1869 and beached at San Gregorio in 1896.[8] Amadeo was a steamship, built in Liverpool in 1884 and beached at San Gregorio in 1932.[9]","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"National Statistics Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Statistics_Institute_(Chile)"},{"link_name":"rural area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_area"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-INE-3"},{"link_name":"Croatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croats"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_people"},{"link_name":"Europeans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"According to the 2002 census of the National Statistics Institute, San Gregorio spans an area of 6,883.7 km2 (2,658 sq mi) and has 1,158 inhabitants (886 men and 272 women), making the commune an entirely rural area. The population fell by 29.5% (485 persons) between the 1992 and 2002 censuses.[3]The population is mostly descended from Croatian, Spanish and other Europeans.[10]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"administrative division of Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_division_of_Chile"},{"link_name":"municipal council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_council"},{"link_name":"alcalde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcalde"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Munitel-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Official-2"},{"link_name":"electoral divisions of Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_divisions_of_Chile"},{"link_name":"Chamber of Deputies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_Chile"},{"link_name":"PDC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Party"},{"link_name":"Gabriel Boric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Boric"},{"link_name":"Ind.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Magallanes y la Antártica Chilena Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magallanes_y_la_Ant%C3%A1rtica_Chilena_Region"},{"link_name":"Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Chile"},{"link_name":"PDC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Party"}],"text":"As a comuna, San Gregorio is a third-level administrative division of Chile administered by a municipal council, headed by an alcalde who is directly elected every four years. The 2012–2016 alcalde is Edgar Cárcamo Alderete.[1][2]Within the electoral divisions of Chile, San Gregorio is represented in the Chamber of Deputies by Juan Morano (PDC) and Gabriel Boric (Ind.) as part of the 60th electoral district, which includes the entire Magallanes y la Antártica Chilena Region. The commune is represented in the Senate by Carlos Bianchi Chelech (Ind.) and Carolina Goic (PDC) as part of the 19th senatorial constituency (Magallanes y la Antártica Chilena Region).","title":"Administration"}]
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[{"image_text":"Beached wreck of the 1884 steamship Amadeo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Amadeo%2C_Primer_vapor_de_Chile._San_Gregorio%2C_Patagonia%2C_Chile.jpg/220px-Amadeo%2C_Primer_vapor_de_Chile._San_Gregorio%2C_Patagonia%2C_Chile.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Asociación Chilena de Municipalidades\" (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sangregorio.cl/","url_text":"\"Asociación Chilena de Municipalidades\""}]},{"reference":"\"Municipality of San Gregorio\" (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sangregorio.cl/","url_text":"\"Municipality of San Gregorio\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Statistics Institute\" (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ine.cl/canales/chile_estadistico/censos_poblacion_vivienda/censo_pobl_vivi.php","url_text":"\"National Statistics Institute\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chile Time\". WorldTimeZones.org. Archived from the original on 11 September 2007. Retrieved 26 September 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070911130719/http://www.world-time-zones.org/zones/chile-time.htm","url_text":"\"Chile Time\""},{"url":"http://www.world-time-zones.org/zones/chile-time.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Chile Summer Time\". WorldTimeZones.org. Archived from the original on 11 September 2007. Retrieved 26 September 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070911130451/http://www.world-time-zones.org/zones/chile-summer-time.htm","url_text":"\"Chile Summer Time\""},{"url":"http://www.world-time-zones.org/zones/chile-summer-time.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Minister Jobet announces new green hydrogen project in Magallanes that will be the largest in Chile\". 7 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://chilereports.cl/en/news/2021/12/07/minister-jobet-announces-new-green-hydrogen-project-in-magallanes-that-will-be-the-largest-in-chile","url_text":"\"Minister Jobet announces new green hydrogen project in Magallanes that will be the largest in Chile\""}]},{"reference":"Graham, Melissa (2003). Rough Guide to Chile. p. 470. ISBN 1-84353-062-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84353-062-7","url_text":"1-84353-062-7"}]},{"reference":"Seidel, Guido. \"Last port: Ultimo Puerto de Amarre – Ambassador\" (in Spanish). Histarmar – Historia y Arqueologia Marítima. Retrieved 5 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.histarmar.com.ar/InfHistorica/Last%20Port%20of%20Call/Ambassador.htm","url_text":"\"Last port: Ultimo Puerto de Amarre – Ambassador\""}]},{"reference":"Heaton, Paul M (2004). Lamport & Holt Line. Abergavenny: P.M. Heaton Publishing. pp. 29, 34, 35. ISBN 1-872006-16-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-872006-16-7","url_text":"1-872006-16-7"}]},{"reference":"\"San Gregorio\" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2007-05-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20070515130645/http://www.hacerfamilia.net/new/index.asp?pag=articulos&id=687","url_text":"\"San Gregorio\""},{"url":"http://www.hacerfamilia.net/new/index.asp?pag=articulos&id=687","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=San_Gregorio,_Chile¶ms=52_18_56_S_69_41_17_W_region:CL-MA_type:city(384)","external_links_name":"52°18′56″S 69°41′17″W / 52.31556°S 69.68806°W / -52.31556; -69.68806"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=San_Gregorio,_Chile¶ms=52_18_56_S_69_41_17_W_region:CL-MA_type:city(384)","external_links_name":"52°18′56″S 69°41′17″W / 52.31556°S 69.68806°W / -52.31556; -69.68806"},{"Link":"http://www.sangregorio.cl/","external_links_name":"www.sangregorio.cl"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=San_Gregorio,_Chile¶ms=52.566944_S_70.07_W_region:CL-MA_scale:10000","external_links_name":"52°34′01″S 70°04′12″W / 52.566944°S 70.07°W / -52.566944; -70.07"},{"Link":"http://www.sangregorio.cl/","external_links_name":"\"Asociación Chilena de Municipalidades\""},{"Link":"http://www.sangregorio.cl/","external_links_name":"\"Municipality of San Gregorio\""},{"Link":"http://www.ine.cl/canales/chile_estadistico/censos_poblacion_vivienda/censo_pobl_vivi.php","external_links_name":"\"National Statistics Institute\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070911130719/http://www.world-time-zones.org/zones/chile-time.htm","external_links_name":"\"Chile Time\""},{"Link":"http://www.world-time-zones.org/zones/chile-time.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070911130451/http://www.world-time-zones.org/zones/chile-summer-time.htm","external_links_name":"\"Chile Summer Time\""},{"Link":"http://www.world-time-zones.org/zones/chile-summer-time.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://chilereports.cl/en/news/2021/12/07/minister-jobet-announces-new-green-hydrogen-project-in-magallanes-that-will-be-the-largest-in-chile","external_links_name":"\"Minister Jobet announces new green hydrogen project in Magallanes that will be the largest in Chile\""},{"Link":"http://www.histarmar.com.ar/InfHistorica/Last%20Port%20of%20Call/Ambassador.htm","external_links_name":"\"Last port: Ultimo Puerto de Amarre – Ambassador\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20070515130645/http://www.hacerfamilia.net/new/index.asp?pag=articulos&id=687","external_links_name":"\"San Gregorio\""},{"Link":"http://www.hacerfamilia.net/new/index.asp?pag=articulos&id=687","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/587145858257823022886","external_links_name":"VIAF"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_John,_Little_John
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Big John, Little John
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["1 Plot summary","2 Cast","3 Episodes","4 Home media","5 References","6 External links"]
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American TV series or program
Big John, Little JohnBig John (Herb Edelman), from the opening creditsGenreSitcomCreated bySherwood SchwartzStarringHerb EdelmanRobbie RistJoyce BulifantTheme music composerRichard LaSalleCountry of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishNo. of seasons1No. of episodes13ProductionExecutive producersRaymond S. "Ray" "R. S." AllenWilliam P. D'Angelo
Harvey BullockSherwood SchwartzProducerLloyd J. SchwartzRunning time22–24 minutesProduction companiesD'Angelo-Bullock-Allen ProductionsRedwood ProductionsOriginal releaseNetworkNBCReleaseSeptember 11 (1976-09-11) –December 4, 1976 (1976-12-04)
Big John, Little John is an American Saturday-morning situation comedy, produced by Sherwood Schwartz, which starred Herbert Edelman as "Big John" and Robert "Robbie" Rist as "Little John". The show first aired on September 11, 1976, on NBC, and ran for one season of 13 episodes. The series was produced by Redwood Productions in association with D'Angelo-Bullock-Allen Productions. In the United Kingdom, it was shown on BBC1.
Plot summary
Little John (Robbie Rist), as seen in the opening credits.
The show's main character was a forty-year-old middle school science teacher named John Martin (played by Edelman). While vacationing in Florida, he drinks from a spring which turns out to be the legendary Fountain of Youth sought by Juan Ponce de León. The water changes him into a twelve-year-old boy (played by Rist), and back again.
The changes occur spontaneously and without warning. Because Martin only sipped the water, the changes are recurring and not permanent; according to legend, had he taken a full drink, he would be age twelve permanently. Only his wife, Marjorie (Joyce Bulifant), and son, Ricky (Mike Darnell), know his secret, though Martin's students (who befriend him as "Little John") and his boss, principal Bertha Bottomly (Olive Dunbar), do become suspicious that something unusual is going on. The Martin family explain the younger John as their nephew, staying with them. Throughout the series, "Big John" unsuccessfully tries to find a cure for his predicament, but his experiences as "Little John" often give him insight into what his students are facing.
To make the two actors resemble each other more closely, Rist's blond hair was dyed brown, while Edelman wore a hairpiece that partially covered his baldness, though was absent during the credits sequences. Edelman and Rist appeared together in 1977, on the Jerry Lewis MDA Telethon.
Cast
Herb Edelman - Big John Martin
Robbie Rist - Little John Martin
Joyce Bulifant - Marjorie Martin
Mike Darnell - Ricky Martin
Olive Dunbar - Bertha Bottomly
Kristoff St. John - Homer
Cari Anne Warder - Valerie
Stephen H. Cassidy - Stanley
Rist had previously worked on Schwartz's The Brady Bunch during its final season (1973–1974), as the Bradys' cousin, Oliver.
Episodes
Nº
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
1"A Sizeable Problem"Gordon WilesLloyd J. Schwartz, Sherwood SchwartzSeptember 11, 1976 (1976-09-11)
While on a trip to Florida, John Martin stumbles upon the legendary fountain of youth. Willing to test the waters, John sips a handful of the liquid. The consequences are unforeseeable, for he begins to revert to his childhood on certain times that are neither predictable nor controllable, causing many problematic situations for John and his family.
2"Peter Panic"Gordon WilesPhilip TaylorSeptember 18, 1976 (1976-09-18)
Big John is cast as Captain Hook in his school's production of Peter Pan, while Little John ends up having to play Peter Pan at the same time.
3"Very Little John"Wes KenneyBruce Kalish, Ron SellzSeptember 25, 1976 (1976-09-25)
John tries a new formula in the laboratory that he hopes will cure him from his conversions.
4"The Great Escape"Gordon WilesWilliam Freedman, Albert A. SchwartzOctober 2, 1976 (1976-10-02)
John Martin is detained when a sheriff demands his ID and he cannot produce it. He gets his freedom when his personality changes in prison.
5"Big Scare, Little Scare"Gordon WilesRon FriedmanOctober 9, 1976 (1976-10-09)
John has summoned Mr. Boswell, Stanley’s dad, to account for his son’s continuous tardiness to class for five days. Boswell explains that the boy is afraid of crossing in front of the Crabtree mansion, an abandoned house that neighbors believe it to be haunted. John decides to find out who’s behind the Crabtree ghost. Guest stars: Don "Red" Barry (Mr. Crabtree), James Deuter (Mr. Boswell)
6"Big Shot / Little Shot"Ross BowmanAlan Dinehart, Herbert FinnOctober 16, 1976 (1976-10-16)
It is vaccination day at the school and John turns into a man and he gets vaccinated. Meanwhile, as the kid, he's invited to join the school basketball team. Then at the end of the episode, he becomes the kid again and the other teachers take him to get vaccinated again, much to his chagrin.
7"Time for Change"Gordon WilesLloyd J. SchwartzOctober 23, 1976 (1976-10-23)
John believes he has discovered the secret of the Fountain of Youth, so he calls a press conference to announce his discovery — but his "discovery" shows no signs of panning out as he had believed.
8"The Principal Who Came to Dinner"Wes KenneyMark FinkOctober 30, 1976 (1976-10-30)
Big John's voice in Little John's body and vice versa puts not only Martin in a squeeze but his family as well.
9"Bully for You"Gordon WilesSam Locke, Paul RobertsNovember 6, 1976 (1976-11-06)
Stanley is again late for the class. The teacher is speaking to his students about the importance of facing up bullies. This leads to trouble for Little John when he's threatened by the class bully, Gasey.
10"Off the Wall"Gordon WilesBen Gershman, Harry WinklerNovember 13, 1976 (1976-11-13)
John is assigned to find who is behind the vandalism inflicted on the school walls.
11"The Missing John"Gordon WilesBruce HowardNovember 20, 1976 (1976-11-20)
Little John receives a severe reprimand for having played unwillingly a joke on the school principal.
12"Speak for Yourself, John"Gordon WilesDavid P. HarmonNovember 27, 1976 (1976-11-27)
Because of the arrangements for the annual Thanksgiving dance that is held at the school, Ms. Bottomly proposes to Professor Martin that he be one of the chaperones. At the same time, Little John is chosen by his female classmate as companion for that day.
13"Abracadabra"Norm GrayJerome Zucker,Davis Samuel Zucker,James S. AbrahamsDecember 4, 1976 (1976-12-04)
In order to arrange a show for the school annual party, one of Martin's students prepares a set of different magic tricks.
Home media
The complete series was released on DVD (for Regions 1 and 2) in 2009 by Fabulous Films.
References
^ Woolery, George W. (1985). Children's Television: The First Thirty-Five Years, 1946-1981, Part II: Live, Film, and Tape Series. The Scarecrow Press. pp. 63–64. ISBN 0-8108-1651-2.
External links
Big John, Little John at IMDb
Big John, Little John at 70s Live Action Kid Vid website
vteTelevision series produced or created by Sherwood Schwartz
Gilligan's Island
It's About Time
The Brady Bunch
Dusty's Trail
Big John, Little John
The Brady Bunch Hour
The Brady Brides
Harper Valley PTA
Together We Stand
The Bradys
The Real Gilligan's Island
vteChildren's programming on NBC in the 1970sFirst-runanimated series
Tennessee Tuxedo and His Tales
Here Comes the Grump
The Pink Panther Show (1969–1978)
The Underdog Show
The Further Adventures of Dr. Dolittle
The Houndcats
The Roman Holidays
The Barkleys
Sealab 2020
Around the World in Eighty Days
Inch High, Private Eye
The Addams Family
Emergency +4
Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kids
Star Trek: The Animated Series (1973–1975)
Wheelie and the Chopper Bunch
The Secret Lives of Waldo Kitty
Return to the Planet of the Apes (1975–76)
CB Bears
The Young Sentinels
The New Archie and Sabrina Hour (1977)
I Am the Greatest: The Adventures of Muhammad Ali
Baggy Pants and the Nitwits
Yogi's Space Race
Galaxy Goof-Ups
Buford and the Galloping Ghost
The Godzilla Power Hour
Fantastic Four
The New Fred and Barney Show
Casper and the Angels (1979–80)
Fred and Barney Meet the Thing (1979-80)
The New Shmoo (1979-80)
The Super Globetrotters
The New Adventures of Flash Gordon (1979–80)
First-runlive-action series
H.R. Pufnstuf
The Banana Splits Adventure Hour
Barrier Reef
The Bugaloos (1970–1972)
Mr. Wizard
Runaround
Sigmund and the Sea Monsters
Go
Run, Joe, Run
Land of the Lost (1974–1977)
Westwind
McDuff, the Talking Dog
Monster Squad
Big John, Little John (1976–77)
The Kids From C.A.P.E.R.
Muggsy
Thunder
Search and Rescue
The Red Hand Gang
The Krofft Superstar Hour
Rebroadcasts
The Heckle and Jeckle Show
The Flintstones (1966-70)
The Woody Woodpecker Show
Deputy Dawg
The Jetsons (1977-81)
Josie and the Pussycats (1973-76)
Hong Kong Phooey (1978-81)
Speed Buggy (1977-80)
Space Ghost and Frankenstein Jr. and The Impossibles (1977-80)
The Go-Go Globetrotters
The Alvin Show (1979)
The Daffy Duck Show
Jonny Quest (1979-81)
Related
Animation in the United States in the television era
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"situation comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitcom"},{"link_name":"Sherwood Schwartz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherwood_Schwartz"},{"link_name":"Herbert Edelman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb_Edelman"},{"link_name":"Robert \"Robbie\" Rist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbie_Rist"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Woolery-1"},{"link_name":"BBC1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_One"}],"text":"Big John, Little John is an American Saturday-morning situation comedy, produced by Sherwood Schwartz, which starred Herbert Edelman as \"Big John\" and Robert \"Robbie\" Rist as \"Little John\". The show first aired on September 11, 1976, on NBC, and ran for one season of 13 episodes.[1] The series was produced by Redwood Productions in association with D'Angelo-Bullock-Allen Productions. In the United Kingdom, it was shown on BBC1.","title":"Big John, Little John"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Robbierist.jpg"},{"link_name":"Robbie Rist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbie_Rist"},{"link_name":"middle school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_school"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"Fountain of Youth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fountain_of_Youth"},{"link_name":"Juan Ponce de León","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Joyce Bulifant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joyce_Bulifant"},{"link_name":"Mike Darnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Darnell"},{"link_name":"Jerry Lewis MDA Telethon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Lewis_MDA_Telethon"}],"text":"Little John (Robbie Rist), as seen in the opening credits.The show's main character was a forty-year-old middle school science teacher named John Martin (played by Edelman). While vacationing in Florida, he drinks from a spring which turns out to be the legendary Fountain of Youth sought by Juan Ponce de León. The water changes him into a twelve-year-old boy (played by Rist), and back again.The changes occur spontaneously and without warning. Because Martin only sipped the water, the changes are recurring and not permanent; according to legend, had he taken a full drink, he would be age twelve permanently. Only his wife, Marjorie (Joyce Bulifant), and son, Ricky (Mike Darnell), know his secret, though Martin's students (who befriend him as \"Little John\") and his boss, principal Bertha Bottomly (Olive Dunbar), do become suspicious that something unusual is going on. The Martin family explain the younger John as their nephew, staying with them. Throughout the series, \"Big John\" unsuccessfully tries to find a cure for his predicament, but his experiences as \"Little John\" often give him insight into what his students are facing.To make the two actors resemble each other more closely, Rist's blond hair was dyed brown, while Edelman wore a hairpiece that partially covered his baldness, though was absent during the credits sequences. Edelman and Rist appeared together in 1977, on the Jerry Lewis MDA Telethon.","title":"Plot summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Herb Edelman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb_Edelman"},{"link_name":"Robbie Rist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbie_Rist"},{"link_name":"Joyce Bulifant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joyce_Bulifant"},{"link_name":"Mike Darnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Darnell"},{"link_name":"Olive Dunbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olive_Dunbar&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kristoff St. John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristoff_St._John"},{"link_name":"Cari Anne Warder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cari_Anne_Warder&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stephen H. Cassidy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_H._Cassidy"},{"link_name":"The Brady Bunch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Brady_Bunch"},{"link_name":"cousin, Oliver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Brady_Bunch#Cousin_Oliver"}],"text":"Herb Edelman - Big John Martin\nRobbie Rist - Little John Martin\nJoyce Bulifant - Marjorie Martin\nMike Darnell - Ricky Martin\nOlive Dunbar - Bertha Bottomly\nKristoff St. John - Homer\nCari Anne Warder - Valerie\nStephen H. Cassidy - StanleyRist had previously worked on Schwartz's The Brady Bunch during its final season (1973–1974), as the Bradys' cousin, Oliver.","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD"}],"text":"The complete series was released on DVD (for Regions 1 and 2) in 2009 by Fabulous Films.","title":"Home media"}]
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[{"image_text":"Little John (Robbie Rist), as seen in the opening credits.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9d/Robbierist.jpg/220px-Robbierist.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Woolery, George W. (1985). Children's Television: The First Thirty-Five Years, 1946-1981, Part II: Live, Film, and Tape Series. The Scarecrow Press. pp. 63–64. ISBN 0-8108-1651-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8108-1651-2","url_text":"0-8108-1651-2"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0202719/","external_links_name":"Big John, Little John"},{"Link":"http://www.70slivekidvid.com/bjlj.htm","external_links_name":"Big John, Little John at 70s Live Action Kid Vid website"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_Lib,_Inc.
|
Ad Lib, Inc.
|
["1 History","2 Products","2.1 AdLib Music Synthesizer Card (1987)","2.2 AdLib Gold 1000 (1992)","3 See also","4 References"]
|
Canadian manufacturer
This article is about the company. For the Latin phrase, see Ad libitum. For other uses, see Ad lib (disambiguation).
Ad Lib, Inc.IndustryConsumer electronicsFounded1987 in Quebec city, CanadaFounderMartin PrevelDefunct1992FateBankrupt; assets bought by Binnenalster GmbH, in 1994 resold to Softworld TaiwanHeadquartersCanadaKey peopleMartin Prevel (CEO)ProductsAudio, Computer-related products
Ad Lib, Inc. was a Canadian manufacturer of sound cards and other computer equipment founded by Martin Prevel, a former professor of music and vice-dean of the music department at the Université Laval. The company's best known product, the AdLib Music Synthesizer Card (ALMSC), or simply the AdLib as it was called, was the first add-on sound card for IBM compatibles to achieve widespread acceptance, becoming the first de facto standard for audio reproduction.
History
After development work on the AdLib Music Synthesizer Card had concluded, the company struggled to engage the software development community with their new product. As a result, Ad Lib partnered with Top Star Computer Services, Inc., a New Jersey company that provided quality assurance services to game developers. Top Star's President, Rich Heimlich, was sufficiently impressed by a product demonstration in Quebec in 1987 to endorse the product to his top customers. Sierra On-Line's King's Quest IV became the first game to support AdLib. The game's subsequent success helped to launch the AdLib card into mainstream media coverage. As sales of the card rose, many developers began including support for the AdLib in their programs.
The success of the AdLib Music Card soon attracted competition. Not long after its introduction, Creative Labs introduced its competing Sound Blaster card. The Sound Blaster was fully compatible with AdLib's hardware, and it also implemented two key features absent from the AdLib: a PCM audio channel and a game port. With additional features and better marketing, the Sound Blaster quickly overshadowed AdLib as the de facto standard in PC gaming audio. AdLib's slow response, the AdLib Gold, did not sell well enough to sustain the company.
In 1992, Ad Lib filed for bankruptcy, while the Sound Blaster family continued to dominate the PC game industry. That same year, Binnenalster GmbH from Germany acquired the assets of the company. Ad Lib was renamed AdLib Multimedia and relaunched the AdLib Gold sound card and many other products. Binnenalster sold AdLib Multimedia to Softworld Taiwan in 1994.
Products
AdLib Music Synthesizer Card (1987)
AdLib used Yamaha's YM3812 sound chip, which produces sound by FM synthesis. The AdLib card consisted of a YM3812 chip with off-the-shelf external glue logic to plug into a standard PC-compatible ISA 8-bit slot.
PC software-generated multitimbral music and sound effects through the AdLib card, although the acoustic quality was distinctly synthesized. Digital audio (PCM) was not supported; this would become a key missing feature when the competitor Creative Labs implemented it in their Sound Blaster cards. It was still possible, however, to output PCM sound with software by modulating the playback volume at an audio rate, as was done, for example, in the MicroProse game F-15 Strike Eagle II and the multi-channel music editor Sound Club for MS-DOS.
There are two separate revisions of the original AdLib sound card. The original design from 1987 provided mono output to a ¼-inch jack aimed for composers and musicians, while the second design from 1990 used a 3.5 mm miniature mono output, which was quickly becoming the new standard in the computer and game industry.
Original 1987 AdLib Music Synthesizer Card model
AdLib Music Synthesizer Card from 1990
AdLib also released a version of the AdLib sound card for IBM's MicroChannel architecture, the AdLib MCA, which used an MCA P82C611 interface IC. Notable updates for this MCA version was the use of a volume wheel, as the original potentiometer made the card too thick for the MCA standard.
AdLib Gold 1000 (1992)
Ad Lib planned a new proprietary standard before releasing the 12-bit stereo sound card called the AdLib Gold. The Gold 1000 used a later-generation Yamaha YMF262 (OPL3) and 12-bit digital PCM capability while retaining backward compatibility with OPL2 through the OPL3 chip. The onboard Yamaha YMZ263-F also performs 2× oversampling, which would affect the OPL3 output slightly. A surround-sound module was developed as an optional attachment that allowed a chorus surround effect to be enabled for OPL3 outputs; however, few programs supported it. One unique aspect is that it could be initialized for certain sounds and did not affect the entire output by default. Other optional attachments such as SCSI support and modem support were in development as well.
AdLib Gold 1000
AdLib Gold sound card in the background, and the SCSI module, CD-ROM module and Surround module in the foreground
AdLib Gold 1000 with surround module
AdLib Gold 1000 surround module
The YMF and YMZ Yamaha chips
The main control chip
There is evidence of anti-competitive behavior by Creative in the failure of this card. Yamaha made parts for both Creative and AdLib, with Creative being Yamaha's biggest customer at the time. The chip that Yamaha created for the AdLib card continually failed to pass testing, while Creative's Yamaha chip passed. This enabled Creative to come to market first, shortly after which AdLib's chip passed testing, but it was too late for it to sustain itself.
Despite AdLib's efforts, the Gold 1000 failed to capture the market, and the company eventually went bankrupt due to cheaper alternatives such as the Creative Labs Sound Blaster 16. AdLib designed the Gold 1000 mainly in-house, as such, the Gold 1000's layout has a lot of discrete circuitry and many surface-mount components in a grid array. Creative Labs was able to integrate their sound cards more tightly to reduce cost.
AdLib had planned a secondary release of the Gold 1000, the Gold MC2000, which would have supported the MicroChannel bus. However, AdLib went bankrupt before the card could be produced.
See also
Creative Labs
Sound card
Innovation SSI-2001
References
^ "Retro Thing". Retrothing.com. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
^ "The Ad Lib Legacy". Queststudios.com. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
^ Porter, Matt (3 November 2015). "Author of Sound Blaster: The Official Book talks about the early days of PC audio". PC Gamer. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
^ Eric Wing. "THE HISTORY OF PC GAME MIDI". Quest Studios. Archived from the original on September 4, 2014. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
^ "F-15 Strike Eagle II : DOS - 1989". Home of the Underdogs. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
^ "Sound Club is a good example of what can happen to a product when the developer is under no pressure". Bluemoon.ee. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
^ "AdLib MCA". Ps-2.kev009.com. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
^ "YMZ263B-F Datasheet(PDF) – YAMAHA CORPORATION". Alldatashett.com. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
^ "Specs of the Ad Lib Gold 1000". Archive.cs.uu.nl. Archived from the original on 2 November 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
^ Porter, Matt (3 November 2015). "Author of Sound Blaster: The Official Book talks about the early days of PC audio". PCGamer. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
vtePC sound cardsIBM compatible standards
Tandy 3-Voice (1983)
MPU-401 (1984)
IBM Music Feature Card (1987)
AdLib (1987)
Covox (1987)
Roland MT-32 (1987)
Roland LAPC-I (1989)
Sound Blaster (1989)
SSI-2001 (1989)
General MIDI (1991)
Pro AudioSpectrum (1991)
Roland GS (1991)
Roland Sound Canvas (1991)
Roland SC-55 (1991)
TBC Multisound (1991)
Windows Sound System (1992)
Gravis Ultrasound (1992)
Ensoniq Soundscape S-2000 (1994)
Yamaha XG (1994)
Aztech WaveRider (1995)
Aureal Semiconductor Vortex (1997)
AC'97 (1997)
ESS AudioDrive (1997)
Ensoniq AudioPCI (1997)
Sound Blaster Live! (1998)
Terratec Audiosystem EWS64 (1998)
General MIDI Level 2 (1999)
Environmental Audio Extensions (2001)
Intel High Definition Audio (2004)
Other standards
MML (1978)
SFG-01 (1983)
SFG-02 (1984)
Tandy (1984)
MSX-Audio (1984)
MSX-Music (1987)
Related
PC speaker
Wave Blaster
MIDI
Comparison of MIDI standards
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ad libitum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_libitum"},{"link_name":"Ad lib (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_lib_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"sound cards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_card"},{"link_name":"computer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer"},{"link_name":"Université Laval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Laval"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"IBM compatibles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_PC_compatible"},{"link_name":"de facto standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto_standard"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"This article is about the company. For the Latin phrase, see Ad libitum. For other uses, see Ad lib (disambiguation).Ad Lib, Inc. was a Canadian manufacturer of sound cards and other computer equipment founded by Martin Prevel, a former professor of music and vice-dean of the music department at the Université Laval.[1] The company's best known product, the AdLib Music Synthesizer Card (ALMSC), or simply the AdLib as it was called, was the first add-on sound card for IBM compatibles to achieve widespread acceptance, becoming the first de facto standard for audio reproduction.[2]","title":"Ad Lib, Inc."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"software development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_development"},{"link_name":"product demonstration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_demonstration"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Sierra On-Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_On-Line"},{"link_name":"King's Quest IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Quest_IV"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Creative Labs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Labs"},{"link_name":"Sound Blaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_Blaster"},{"link_name":"PCM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation"},{"link_name":"game port","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_port"},{"link_name":"de facto standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto_standard"},{"link_name":"Softworld Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softworld"}],"text":"After development work on the AdLib Music Synthesizer Card had concluded, the company struggled to engage the software development community with their new product. As a result, Ad Lib partnered with Top Star Computer Services, Inc., a New Jersey company that provided quality assurance services to game developers. Top Star's President, Rich Heimlich, was sufficiently impressed by a product demonstration in Quebec in 1987 to endorse the product to his top customers.[3] Sierra On-Line's King's Quest IV became the first game to support AdLib.[4] The game's subsequent success helped to launch the AdLib card into mainstream media coverage. As sales of the card rose, many developers began including support for the AdLib in their programs.The success of the AdLib Music Card soon attracted competition. Not long after its introduction, Creative Labs introduced its competing Sound Blaster card. The Sound Blaster was fully compatible with AdLib's hardware, and it also implemented two key features absent from the AdLib: a PCM audio channel and a game port. With additional features and better marketing, the Sound Blaster quickly overshadowed AdLib as the de facto standard in PC gaming audio. AdLib's slow response, the AdLib Gold, did not sell well enough to sustain the company.In 1992, Ad Lib filed for bankruptcy, while the Sound Blaster family continued to dominate the PC game industry. That same year, Binnenalster GmbH from Germany acquired the assets of the company. Ad Lib was renamed AdLib Multimedia and relaunched the AdLib Gold sound card and many other products. Binnenalster sold AdLib Multimedia to Softworld Taiwan in 1994.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yamaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamaha_Corporation"},{"link_name":"YM3812","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamaha_YM3812"},{"link_name":"sound chip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_chip"},{"link_name":"FM synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_modulation_synthesis"},{"link_name":"glue logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glue_logic"},{"link_name":"multitimbral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multitimbral"},{"link_name":"PCM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation"},{"link_name":"Sound Blaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_Blaster"},{"link_name":"MicroProse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroProse"},{"link_name":"F-15 Strike Eagle II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-15_Strike_Eagle_II"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"¼-inch jack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phone_connector_(audio)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AdLib_Music_Synthesizer_Card.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Adlib_sound_card_version_1.5.jpg"},{"link_name":"MicroChannel architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro_Channel_architecture"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"potentiometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potentiometer"}],"sub_title":"AdLib Music Synthesizer Card (1987)","text":"AdLib used Yamaha's YM3812 sound chip, which produces sound by FM synthesis. The AdLib card consisted of a YM3812 chip with off-the-shelf external glue logic to plug into a standard PC-compatible ISA 8-bit slot.PC software-generated multitimbral music and sound effects through the AdLib card, although the acoustic quality was distinctly synthesized. Digital audio (PCM) was not supported; this would become a key missing feature when the competitor Creative Labs implemented it in their Sound Blaster cards. It was still possible, however, to output PCM sound with software by modulating the playback volume at an audio rate, as was done, for example, in the MicroProse game F-15 Strike Eagle II[5] and the multi-channel music editor Sound Club for MS-DOS.[6]There are two separate revisions of the original AdLib sound card. The original design from 1987 provided mono output to a ¼-inch jack aimed for composers and musicians, while the second design from 1990 used a 3.5 mm miniature mono output, which was quickly becoming the new standard in the computer and game industry.Original 1987 AdLib Music Synthesizer Card model\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAdLib Music Synthesizer Card from 1990AdLib also released a version of the AdLib sound card for IBM's MicroChannel architecture, the AdLib MCA, which used an MCA P82C611 interface IC.[7] Notable updates for this MCA version was the use of a volume wheel, as the original potentiometer made the card too thick for the MCA standard.","title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stereo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereo"},{"link_name":"Yamaha YMF262","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamaha_YMF262"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"SCSI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCSI"},{"link_name":"modem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modem"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Adlib_Gold_1000.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AdLib_Gold_sound_card_and_three_piggyback_modules.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ad_Lib_Gold_with_surround_module.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AdLibGold_surroundmodule.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AdLib_Gold_1000_OPL3_section.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gold_1000_Control_Chip.jpg"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"AdLib Gold 1000 (1992)","text":"Ad Lib planned a new proprietary standard before releasing the 12-bit stereo sound card called the AdLib Gold. The Gold 1000 used a later-generation Yamaha YMF262 (OPL3) and 12-bit digital PCM capability while retaining backward compatibility with OPL2 through the OPL3 chip. The onboard Yamaha YMZ263-F also performs 2× oversampling, which would affect the OPL3 output slightly.[8] A surround-sound module was developed as an optional attachment that allowed a chorus surround effect to be enabled for OPL3 outputs; however, few programs supported it. One unique aspect is that it could be initialized for certain sounds and did not affect the entire output by default. Other optional attachments such as SCSI support and modem support were in development as well.[9]AdLib Gold 1000\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAdLib Gold sound card in the background, and the SCSI module, CD-ROM module and Surround module in the foreground\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAdLib Gold 1000 with surround module\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAdLib Gold 1000 surround module\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe YMF and YMZ Yamaha chips\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe main control chipThere is evidence of anti-competitive behavior by Creative in the failure of this card.[10] Yamaha made parts for both Creative and AdLib, with Creative being Yamaha's biggest customer at the time. The chip that Yamaha created for the AdLib card continually failed to pass testing, while Creative's Yamaha chip passed. This enabled Creative to come to market first, shortly after which AdLib's chip passed testing, but it was too late for it to sustain itself.Despite AdLib's efforts, the Gold 1000 failed to capture the market, and the company eventually went bankrupt due to cheaper alternatives such as the Creative Labs Sound Blaster 16. AdLib designed the Gold 1000 mainly in-house, as such, the Gold 1000's layout has a lot of discrete circuitry and many surface-mount components in a grid array. Creative Labs was able to integrate their sound cards more tightly to reduce cost.AdLib had planned a secondary release of the Gold 1000, the Gold MC2000, which would have supported the MicroChannel bus. However, AdLib went bankrupt before the card could be produced.","title":"Products"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Creative Labs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Labs"},{"title":"Sound card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_card"},{"title":"Innovation SSI-2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innovation_SSI-2001"}]
|
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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faulk_County,_South_Dakota
|
Faulk County, South Dakota
|
["1 Geography","1.1 Major highways","1.2 Adjacent counties","1.3 Protected areas","1.4 Lakes","2 Demographics","2.1 2020 census","2.2 2010 census","3 Communities","3.1 City","3.2 Towns","3.3 Census-designated places","3.4 Unincorporated communities","3.5 Townships","4 Politics","5 See also","6 References"]
|
Coordinates: 45°04′N 99°09′W / 45.07°N 99.15°W / 45.07; -99.15County in South Dakota, United States
County in South DakotaFaulk CountyCountyFaulk County Courthouse in July 2013Location within the U.S. state of South DakotaSouth Dakota's location within the U.S.Coordinates: 45°04′N 99°09′W / 45.07°N 99.15°W / 45.07; -99.15Country United StatesState South DakotaFounded1873 (created)1883 (organized)Named forAndrew Jackson FaulkSeatFaulktonLargest cityFaulktonArea • Total1,006 sq mi (2,610 km2) • Land982 sq mi (2,540 km2) • Water24 sq mi (60 km2) 2.4%Population (2020) • Total2,125 • Estimate (2022)2,126 • Density2.1/sq mi (0.82/km2)Time zoneUTC−6 (Central) • Summer (DST)UTC−5 (CDT)Congressional districtAt-large
Faulk County is a county in the U.S. state of South Dakota. As of the 2020 census, the population was 2,125. Its county seat is Faulkton. The county was founded in 1873 and organized in 1883. It is named for Andrew Jackson Faulk, the third Governor of Dakota Territory.
Geography
The terrain of Faulk County consists of low rolling hills, largely devoted to agriculture, sloping to the east. The highest point of the terrain is the county's SW corner, at 1,916 ft (584 m) ASL. The county has a total area of 1,006 square miles (2,610 km2), of which 982 square miles (2,540 km2) is land and 24 square miles (62 km2) (2.4%) is water.
Major highways
U.S. Highway 212
South Dakota Highway 20
South Dakota Highway 45
South Dakota Highway 47
Adjacent counties
Edmunds County – north
Brown County – northeast
Spink County – east
Hand County – south
Hyde County – southwest
Potter County – west
Protected areas
Lake Faulkton State Game Refuge
Ingalls State Game Production Area
Gerkin State Game Production Area & Wildlife Refuge
Lake Faulkton State Game Production Area
Lake Faulkton State Lakeside Use Area
North Scatterwood Lake State Waterfowl Refuge
Sprague State Game Production Area
South Scatterwood State Game Production Area
Lakes
Clark Lake
Lake Creabard
Lake Faulkton
North Scatterwood Lake (partial)
South Scatterwood Lake
Zell Lake
Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
18804—18904,062101,450.0%19003,547−12.7%19106,71689.3%19206,442−4.1%19306,8957.0%19405,168−25.0%19504,752−8.0%19604,397−7.5%19703,893−11.5%19803,327−14.5%19902,744−17.5%20002,640−3.8%20102,364−10.5%20202,125−10.1%2022 (est.)2,1260.0%U.S. Decennial Census1790-1960 1900-19901990-2000 2010-2020
2020 census
As of the census of 2020, there were 2,125 people.
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 2,364 people, 869 households, and 532 families in the county. The population density was 2.4 inhabitants per square mile (0.93/km2). There were 1,136 housing units at an average density of 1.2 units per square mile (0.46 units/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 98.9% white, 0.1% Asian, 0.1% American Indian, 0.1% black or African American, 0.0% from other races, and 0.7% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 0.8% of the population. In terms of ancestry, 70.0% were German, 9.6% were Irish, 7.1% were English, 5.7% were Norwegian, and 4.3% were American.
Of the 869 households, 20.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.9% were married couples living together, 4.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 38.8% were non-families, and 36.1% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.15 and the average family size was 2.79. The median age was 46.9 years.
The median income for a household in the county was $38,203 and the median income for a family was $55,234. Males had a median income of $40,641 versus $23,571 for females. The per capita income for the county was $21,898. About 14.4% of families and 17.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.3% of those under age 18 and 14.3% of those age 65 or over.
Communities
City
Faulkton (county seat)
Towns
Chelsea
Cresbard
Onaka
Orient
Rockham
Seneca
Census-designated places
Blumengard Colony
Brentwood Colony
Evergreen Colony
Thunderbird Colony
Unincorporated communities
Miranda
Norbeck
Wecota
Zell
Townships
Arcade
Bryant
Centerville
Clark
Devoe
Ellisville
Elroy
Emerson
Enterprise
Fairview
Freedom
Hillsdale
Irving
Lafoon
Latham
Myron
O'Neil
Orient
Pioneer
Pulaski
Saratoga
Seneca
Sherman
Tamworth
Thirteen
Union
Wesley
Zell
Politics
Faulk County voters have largely voted Republican for several decades. In only two national elections since 1944 has the county selected the Democratic Party candidate (as of 2020).
United States presidential election results for Faulk County, South Dakota
Year
Republican
Democratic
Third party
No.
%
No.
%
No.
%
2020
964
81.56%
198
16.75%
20
1.69%
2016
858
76.74%
204
18.25%
56
5.01%
2012
765
67.88%
331
29.37%
31
2.75%
2008
739
62.00%
426
35.74%
27
2.27%
2004
945
69.03%
418
30.53%
6
0.44%
2000
904
68.02%
388
29.19%
37
2.78%
1996
726
52.27%
493
35.49%
170
12.24%
1992
658
45.89%
488
34.03%
288
20.08%
1988
842
53.94%
714
45.74%
5
0.32%
1984
1,124
65.89%
579
33.94%
3
0.18%
1980
1,300
66.84%
520
26.74%
125
6.43%
1976
868
44.81%
1,063
54.88%
6
0.31%
1972
1,004
50.07%
986
49.18%
15
0.75%
1968
997
49.48%
819
40.65%
199
9.88%
1964
974
44.29%
1,225
55.71%
0
0.00%
1960
1,240
54.31%
1,043
45.69%
0
0.00%
1956
1,260
52.17%
1,155
47.83%
0
0.00%
1952
1,619
68.69%
738
31.31%
0
0.00%
1948
1,054
51.49%
971
47.44%
22
1.07%
1944
1,090
54.88%
896
45.12%
0
0.00%
1940
1,431
54.41%
1,199
45.59%
0
0.00%
1936
1,111
43.48%
1,404
54.95%
40
1.57%
1932
1,141
38.94%
1,743
59.49%
46
1.57%
1928
1,907
62.46%
1,135
37.18%
11
0.36%
1924
1,112
56.08%
277
13.97%
594
29.95%
1920
1,341
65.51%
346
16.90%
360
17.59%
1916
759
52.89%
629
43.83%
47
3.28%
1912
0
0.00%
615
47.38%
683
52.62%
1908
835
62.55%
421
31.54%
79
5.92%
1904
727
75.41%
165
17.12%
72
7.47%
1900
618
65.05%
302
31.79%
30
3.16%
1896
430
64.08%
237
35.32%
4
0.60%
1892
473
63.75%
107
14.42%
162
21.83%
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Faulk County, South Dakota
References
^ a b "State & County QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 9, 2023.
^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
^ "Dakota Territory, South Dakota, and North Dakota: Individual County Chronologies". Dakota Territory Atlas of Historical County Boundaries. The Newberry Library. 2006. Archived from the original on April 2, 2018. Retrieved March 29, 2015.
^ Gannett, Henry (1905). The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States. Govt. Print. Off. p. 124.
^ ""Find at Altitude" Google Maps (accessed February 2, 2019)". Archived from the original on May 21, 2019. Retrieved February 3, 2019.
^ "2010 Census Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. August 22, 2012. Retrieved March 24, 2015.
^ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2022". Retrieved April 2, 2023.
^ "U.S. Decennial Census". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 24, 2015.
^ "Historical Census Browser". University of Virginia Library. Retrieved March 24, 2015.
^ Forstall, Richard L., ed. (March 27, 1995). "Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 24, 2015.
^ "Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. April 2, 2001. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved March 24, 2015.
^ Leip, David. "Atlas of US Presidential Elections". uselectionatlas.org. Retrieved April 15, 2018.
Places adjacent to Faulk County, South Dakota
Edmunds County
Potter County
Faulk County, South Dakota
Spink County
Hyde County
Hand County
vteMunicipalities and communities of Faulk County, South Dakota, United StatesCounty seat: FaulktonCity
Faulkton
Towns
Chelsea
Cresbard
Onaka
Orient
Rockham
Seneca
CDPs
Blumengard Colony
Brentwood Colony
Evergreen Colony
Thunderbird Colony
Unincorporatedcommunities
Burkmere
Miranda
Norbeck
Wecota
Zell
South Dakota portal
United States portal
vteState of South DakotaPierre (capital)Topics
Outline
Cities
Climate change
Famous South Dakotans
Geography
Government
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Bibliography
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Symbols
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Townships
Transportation
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Education
Colleges and universities
Gun laws
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Politics
Regions
Badlands
Black Hills
Coteau des Prairies
Missouri Coteau
Dissected Till Plains
Drift Prairie
East River
Pine Ridge
Siouxland
West River
Larger incorporated places pop. over 5,000
Aberdeen
Belle Fourche
Box Elder
Brandon
Brookings
Harrisburg
Huron
Madison
Mitchell
Pierre
Rapid City
Sioux Falls
Spearfish
Sturgis
Tea
Vermillion
Watertown
Yankton
Smaller incorporated places pop. 1,000 - 5,000
Aurora
Baltic
Beresford
Britton
Canton
Chamberlain
Clark
Clear Lake
Crooks
Custer
De Smet
Deadwood
Dell Rapids
Eagle Butte
Elk Point
Flandreau
Fort Pierre
Freeman
Garretson
Gettysburg
Gregory
Groton
Hartford
Hot Springs
Lead
Lemmon
Lennox
Milbank
Miller
Mission
Mobridge
North Sioux City
Parker
Parkston
Piedmont
Platte
Redfield
Salem
Sisseton
Springfield
Summerset
Tyndall
Volga
Wagner
Webster
Winner
Largest CDPs pop. over 1,000
Blackhawk
Colonial Pine Hills
Dakota Dunes
Fort Thompson
Green Valley
North Eagle Butte
North Spearfish
Oglala
Pine Ridge
Rapid Valley
Rosebud
Counties
Aurora
Beadle
Bennett
Bon Homme
Brookings
Brown
Brule
Buffalo
Butte
Campbell
Charles Mix
Clark
Clay
Codington
Corson
Custer
Davison
Day
Deuel
Dewey
Douglas
Edmunds
Fall River
Faulk
Grant
Gregory
Haakon
Hamlin
Hand
Hanson
Harding
Hughes
Hutchinson
Hyde
Jackson
Jerauld
Jones
Kingsbury
Lake
Lawrence
Lincoln
Lyman
Marshall
McCook
McPherson
Meade
Mellette
Miner
Minnehaha
Moody
Oglala Lakota
Pennington
Perkins
Potter
Roberts
Sanborn
Spink
Stanley
Sully
Todd
Tripp
Turner
Union
Walworth
Yankton
Ziebach
South Dakota portal
45°04′N 99°09′W / 45.07°N 99.15°W / 45.07; -99.15
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Israel
United States
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"county","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"South Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-QF-1"},{"link_name":"county seat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_seat"},{"link_name":"Faulkton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faulkton,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Andrew Jackson Faulk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson_Faulk"},{"link_name":"Governor of Dakota Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Dakota_Territory"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"County in South Dakota, United StatesCounty in South DakotaFaulk County is a county in the U.S. state of South Dakota. As of the 2020 census, the population was 2,125.[1] Its county seat is Faulkton.[2] The county was founded in 1873 and organized in 1883.[3] It is named for Andrew Jackson Faulk, the third Governor of Dakota Territory.[4]","title":"Faulk County, South Dakota"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The terrain of Faulk County consists of low rolling hills, largely devoted to agriculture, sloping to the east. The highest point of the terrain is the county's SW corner, at 1,916 ft (584 m) ASL.[5] The county has a total area of 1,006 square miles (2,610 km2), of which 982 square miles (2,540 km2) is land and 24 square miles (62 km2) (2.4%) is water.[6]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_212.svg"},{"link_name":"U.S. Highway 212","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_212#South_Dakota"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SD_20.svg"},{"link_name":"South Dakota Highway 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota_Highway_20"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SD_45.svg"},{"link_name":"South Dakota Highway 45","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota_Highway_45"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SD_47.svg"},{"link_name":"South Dakota Highway 47","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota_Highway_47"}],"sub_title":"Major highways","text":"U.S. Highway 212\n South Dakota Highway 20\n South Dakota Highway 45\n South Dakota Highway 47","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edmunds County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmunds_County,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Brown County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_County,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Spink County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spink_County,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Hand County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_County,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Hyde County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyde_County,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Potter County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potter_County,_South_Dakota"}],"sub_title":"Adjacent counties","text":"Edmunds County – north\nBrown County – northeast\nSpink County – east\nHand County – south\nHyde County – southwest\nPotter County – west","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Protected areas","text":"Lake Faulkton State Game Refuge\nIngalls State Game Production Area\nGerkin State Game Production Area & Wildlife Refuge\nLake Faulkton State Game Production Area\nLake Faulkton State Lakeside Use Area\nNorth Scatterwood Lake State Waterfowl Refuge\nSprague State Game Production Area\nSouth Scatterwood State Game Production Area","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Lakes","text":"Clark Lake\nLake Creabard\nLake Faulkton\nNorth Scatterwood Lake (partial)\nSouth Scatterwood Lake\nZell Lake","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"}],"sub_title":"2020 census","text":"As of the census of 2020, there were 2,125 people.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Americans"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Americans"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Americans"},{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegians"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americans"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"sub_title":"2010 census","text":"As of the census of 2010, there were 2,364 people, 869 households, and 532 families in the county. The population density was 2.4 inhabitants per square mile (0.93/km2). There were 1,136 housing units at an average density of 1.2 units per square mile (0.46 units/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 98.9% white, 0.1% Asian, 0.1% American Indian, 0.1% black or African American, 0.0% from other races, and 0.7% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 0.8% of the population. In terms of ancestry, 70.0% were German, 9.6% were Irish, 7.1% were English, 5.7% were Norwegian, and 4.3% were American.Of the 869 households, 20.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.9% were married couples living together, 4.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 38.8% were non-families, and 36.1% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.15 and the average family size was 2.79. The median age was 46.9 years.The median income for a household in the county was $38,203 and the median income for a family was $55,234. Males had a median income of $40,641 versus $23,571 for females. The per capita income for the county was $21,898. About 14.4% of families and 17.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.3% of those under age 18 and 14.3% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Communities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Faulkton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faulkton,_South_Dakota"}],"sub_title":"City","text":"Faulkton (county seat)","title":"Communities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chelsea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Cresbard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cresbard,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Onaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onaka,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Orient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orient,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Rockham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockham,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Seneca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneca,_South_Dakota"}],"sub_title":"Towns","text":"Chelsea\nCresbard\nOnaka\nOrient\nRockham\nSeneca","title":"Communities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blumengard Colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blumengard_Colony,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Brentwood Colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brentwood_Colony,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Evergreen Colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evergreen_Colony,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Thunderbird Colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderbird_Colony,_South_Dakota"}],"sub_title":"Census-designated places","text":"Blumengard Colony\nBrentwood Colony\nEvergreen Colony\nThunderbird Colony","title":"Communities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Miranda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miranda,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Norbeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norbeck,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Wecota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wecota,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Zell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zell,_South_Dakota"}],"sub_title":"Unincorporated communities","text":"Miranda\nNorbeck\nWecota\nZell","title":"Communities"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Townships","text":"Arcade\nBryant\nCenterville\nClark\nDevoe\nEllisville\nElroy\nEmerson\nEnterprise\nFairview\nFreedom\nHillsdale\nIrving\nLafoon\nLatham\nMyron\nO'Neil\nOrient\nPioneer\nPulaski\nSaratoga\nSeneca\nSherman\nTamworth\nThirteen\nUnion\nWesley\nZell","title":"Communities"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Faulk County voters have largely voted Republican for several decades. In only two national elections since 1944 has the county selected the Democratic Party candidate (as of 2020).","title":"Politics"}]
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[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Map_of_South_Dakota_highlighting_Faulk_County.svg/180px-Map_of_South_Dakota_highlighting_Faulk_County.svg.png"}]
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[{"title":"National Register of Historic Places listings in Faulk County, South Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Faulk_County,_South_Dakota"}]
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[{"reference":"\"State & County QuickFacts\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 9, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/faulkcountysouthdakota/PST045222","url_text":"\"State & County QuickFacts\""}]},{"reference":"\"Find a County\". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110531210815/http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx","url_text":"\"Find a County\""},{"url":"http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Dakota Territory, South Dakota, and North Dakota: Individual County Chronologies\". Dakota Territory Atlas of Historical County Boundaries. The Newberry Library. 2006. Archived from the original on April 2, 2018. Retrieved March 29, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180402202102/http://publications.newberry.org/ahcbp/documents/DAKs_Individual_County_Chronologies.htm","url_text":"\"Dakota Territory, South Dakota, and North Dakota: Individual County Chronologies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newberry_Library","url_text":"Newberry Library"},{"url":"http://publications.newberry.org/ahcbp/documents/DAKs_Individual_County_Chronologies.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gannett, Henry (1905). The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States. Govt. Print. Off. p. 124.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9V1IAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9V1IAAAAMAAJ/page/n123","url_text":"124"}]},{"reference":"\"\"Find at Altitude\" Google Maps (accessed February 2, 2019)\". Archived from the original on May 21, 2019. Retrieved February 3, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190521043409/https://www.daftlogic.com/sandbox-google-maps-find-altitude.htm","url_text":"\"\"Find at Altitude\" Google Maps (accessed February 2, 2019)\""},{"url":"https://www.daftlogic.com/sandbox-google-maps-find-altitude.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2010 Census Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. August 22, 2012. Retrieved March 24, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/counties_list_46.txt","url_text":"\"2010 Census Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2022\". Retrieved April 2, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-counties-total.html","url_text":"\"Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2022\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Decennial Census\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 24, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"U.S. Decennial Census\""}]},{"reference":"\"Historical Census Browser\". University of Virginia Library. Retrieved March 24, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://mapserver.lib.virginia.edu/","url_text":"\"Historical Census Browser\""}]},{"reference":"Forstall, Richard L., ed. (March 27, 1995). \"Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 24, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/population/cencounts/sd190090.txt","url_text":"\"Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990\""}]},{"reference":"\"Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000\" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. April 2, 2001. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved March 24, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/briefs/phc-t4/tables/tab02.pdf","url_text":"\"Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/briefs/phc-t4/tables/tab02.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Leip, David. \"Atlas of US Presidential Elections\". uselectionatlas.org. Retrieved April 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS","url_text":"\"Atlas of US Presidential Elections\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinzua,_Pennsylvania
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Kinzua Township, Warren County, Pennsylvania
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["1 History","2 Geography","3 See also","4 References","5 Sources"]
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Coordinates: 41°47′0″N 79°1′0″W / 41.78333°N 79.01667°W / 41.78333; -79.01667Township in Pennsylvania, United StatesKinzua TownshipTownshipKinzua Creek in the former Kinzua Township, near its mouth at the Allegheny RiverFormer location of Kinzua Township in modern-day Warren CountyLocation of Warren County in PennsylvaniaCoordinates: 41°47′0″N 79°1′0″W / 41.78333°N 79.01667°W / 41.78333; -79.01667CountryUnited StatesStatePennsylvaniaCountyWarrenSettled1801Elevation1,916 ft (584 m)Time zoneUTC-4 (EST) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (EDT)Area code814
Kinzua Township was a township in Warren County, Pennsylvania in the United States. The township was merged in 1963 into Mead Township.
History
Historical populationYearPop.1840 2371850 2321860 3011870 3181880 3481890 9411900 1,2361910 5171920 4471930 4531940 5411950 4851960 458Source: United States Census Bureau
Warren County was formed on March 12, 1800 out of Allegheny County, with the original township of Brokenstraw being formed in that October from everything in the county west of the Allegheny River and Conewango Creek; Conewango Township was formed in March 1808 and consisted of the unincorporated eastern half of Warren County. On March 8, 1821, the county divided the two townships into twelve townships; Kinzua Township was incorporated out of portions of Brokenstraw Township and was originally township "Number Eight". On June 7, 1833, the southern half of Kinzua Township was used to create Sheffield Township. Portions of Kinzua, Pleasant, and Sheffield townships were incorporated on June 4, 1847 into Mead Township.
The township grew slowly at first, receiving a brief boom during the 1890s and 1900s as the lumber industry in the area surged. When the forests were depleted, population fell almost as rapidly. Kinzua Township hovered at around 500 residents from 1910 through the rest of its existence.
Construction of the Kinzua Dam caused the resulting Allegheny Reservoir to submerge the majority of the communities in Kinzua Township. The township was annexed, along with Corydon Township, to Mead Township in 1963.
Kinzua's Keystone Marker remains intact and has been relocated into the hands of a private collector.
Geography
Kinzua Township was located on the eastern border of Warren County, and was bounded by the Allegheny River on the northwest, Kinzua Creek (and on the other side of that, the Warren County portion of Corydon Township) to the northeast, McKean County on the east, Sheffield Township to the south, and Mead Township on the west.
See also
Pennsylvania portal
Elko, New York
References
^ Schenk, p. 259.
^ a b c Hottenstein, p. 127.
^ a b Schenck, p. 475.
^ Schenck, p. 264.
^ Hoover, William N (2006). Kinzua: From Cornplanter to the Corps. Lincoln, Nebraska: iUniverse. p. 11. ISBN 0-595-82483-8.
Sources
Schenck, J.S.; Rann, R.S., eds. (1887). History of Warren County, Pennsylvania. Syracuse, New York: D. Mason & Co. Retrieved June 4, 2011.
Hottenstein, JoAnne; Welch, Sibyl (1965). "Warren County". Incorporation dates of Pennsylvania municipalities (PDF). Harrisburg: Bureau of Municipal Affairs, Pennsylvania Department of Internal Affairs. Retrieved June 4, 2011.
vteMunicipalities and communities of Warren County, Pennsylvania, United StatesCounty seat: WarrenCity
Warren
Boroughs
Bear Lake
Clarendon
Sugar Grove
Tidioute
Youngsville
Townships
Brokenstraw
Cherry Grove
Columbus
Conewango
Deerfield
Eldred
Elk
Farmington
Freehold
Glade
Limestone
Mead
Pine Grove
Pittsfield
Pleasant
Sheffield
Southwest
Spring Creek
Sugar Grove
Triumph
Watson
CDPs
Columbus
North Warren
Russell
Sheffield
Starbrick
Warren South
Unincorporatedcommunities
Akeley
Backup Corners
Chandlers Valley
Garland
Grand Valley
Irvine
Lander
Tiona
Torpedo
Ghost towns
Cornplanter
Corydon
Fagundus‡
Kinzua
Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
Pennsylvania portal
United States portal
Authority control databases
NARA
|
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The township was merged in 1963 into Mead Township.","title":"Kinzua Township, Warren County, Pennsylvania"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Allegheny County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegheny_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Brokenstraw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brokenstraw_Township,_Warren_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Allegheny River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegheny_River"},{"link_name":"Conewango Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conewango_Creek"},{"link_name":"Conewango Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conewango_Township,_Warren_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hottenstein_127-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-schenck_475-3"},{"link_name":"Sheffield Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_Township,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hottenstein_127-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Pleasant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleasant_Township,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Mead Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mead_Township,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hottenstein_127-2"},{"link_name":"Kinzua Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinzua_Dam"},{"link_name":"Allegheny Reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegheny_Reservoir"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Keystone Marker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keystone_Markers"}],"text":"Warren County was formed on March 12, 1800 out of Allegheny County, with the original township of Brokenstraw being formed in that October from everything in the county west of the Allegheny River and Conewango Creek; Conewango Township was formed in March 1808 and consisted of the unincorporated eastern half of Warren County.[1] On March 8, 1821, the county divided the two townships into twelve townships; Kinzua Township was incorporated out of portions of Brokenstraw Township and was originally township \"Number Eight\".[2][3] On June 7, 1833, the southern half of Kinzua Township was used to create Sheffield Township.[2][4] Portions of Kinzua, Pleasant, and Sheffield townships were incorporated on June 4, 1847 into Mead Township.[2]The township grew slowly at first, receiving a brief boom during the 1890s and 1900s as the lumber industry in the area surged. When the forests were depleted, population fell almost as rapidly. Kinzua Township hovered at around 500 residents from 1910 through the rest of its existence.Construction of the Kinzua Dam caused the resulting Allegheny Reservoir to submerge the majority of the communities in Kinzua Township. The township was annexed, along with Corydon Township, to Mead Township in 1963.[5]Kinzua's Keystone Marker remains intact and has been relocated into the hands of a private collector.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kinzua Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinzua_Creek"},{"link_name":"Warren County portion of Corydon Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corydon_Township,_Warren_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"McKean County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McKean_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-schenck_475-3"}],"text":"Kinzua Township was located on the eastern border of Warren County, and was bounded by the Allegheny River on the northwest, Kinzua Creek (and on the other side of that, the Warren County portion of Corydon Township) to the northeast, McKean County on the east, Sheffield Township to the south, and Mead Township on the west.[3]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"History of Warren County, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/historyofwarrenc00sche"},{"link_name":"Syracuse, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Incorporation dates of Pennsylvania municipalities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.phmc.state.pa.us/bah/dam/counties/pdfs/Warren.pdf"},{"link_name":"Harrisburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrisburg,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Warren_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Warren_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Warren_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Warren County, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"County 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Grove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine_Grove_Township,_Warren_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Pittsfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsfield_Township,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Pleasant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleasant_Township,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Sheffield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_Township,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Southwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Township,_Warren_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Spring Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_Creek_Township,_Warren_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Sugar Grove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_Grove_Township,_Warren_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Triumph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triumph_Township,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watson_Township,_Warren_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"CDPs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census-designated_place"},{"link_name":"Columbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"North Warren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Warren,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Sheffield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Starbrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starbrick,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Warren South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_South,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Unincorporatedcommunities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_area"},{"link_name":"Akeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akeley,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Backup Corners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup_Corners,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Chandlers Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandlers_Valley,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Garland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garland,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Grand Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Valley,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Irvine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irvine,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Lander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lander,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Tiona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiona,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Torpedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Ghost towns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_town"},{"link_name":"Cornplanter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornplanter_Tract"},{"link_name":"Corydon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corydon_Township,_Warren_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Fagundus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fagundus,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Kinzua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Pennsylvania_(state)"},{"link_name":"United States portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15238569#identifiers"},{"link_name":"NARA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalog.archives.gov/id/10043044"}],"text":"Schenck, J.S.; Rann, R.S., eds. (1887). History of Warren County, Pennsylvania. Syracuse, New York: D. Mason & Co. Retrieved June 4, 2011.\nHottenstein, JoAnne; Welch, Sibyl (1965). \"Warren County\". Incorporation dates of Pennsylvania municipalities (PDF). Harrisburg: Bureau of Municipal Affairs, Pennsylvania Department of Internal Affairs. Retrieved June 4, 2011.vteMunicipalities and communities of Warren County, Pennsylvania, United StatesCounty seat: WarrenCity\nWarren\nBoroughs\nBear Lake\nClarendon\nSugar Grove\nTidioute\nYoungsville\nTownships\nBrokenstraw\nCherry Grove\nColumbus\nConewango\nDeerfield\nEldred\nElk\nFarmington\nFreehold\nGlade\nLimestone\nMead\nPine Grove\nPittsfield\nPleasant\nSheffield\nSouthwest\nSpring Creek\nSugar Grove\nTriumph\nWatson\nCDPs\nColumbus\nNorth Warren\nRussell\nSheffield\nStarbrick\nWarren South\nUnincorporatedcommunities\nAkeley\nBackup Corners\nChandlers Valley\nGarland\nGrand Valley\nIrvine\nLander\nTiona\nTorpedo\nGhost towns\nCornplanter\nCorydon\nFagundus‡\nKinzua\nFootnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties\nPennsylvania portal\nUnited States portalAuthority control databases \nNARA","title":"Sources"}]
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[{"reference":"Hoover, William N (2006). Kinzua: From Cornplanter to the Corps. Lincoln, Nebraska: iUniverse. p. 11. ISBN 0-595-82483-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln,_Nebraska","url_text":"Lincoln, Nebraska"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUniverse","url_text":"iUniverse"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-595-82483-8","url_text":"0-595-82483-8"}]},{"reference":"Schenck, J.S.; Rann, R.S., eds. (1887). History of Warren County, Pennsylvania. Syracuse, New York: D. Mason & Co. Retrieved June 4, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyofwarrenc00sche","url_text":"History of Warren County, Pennsylvania"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse,_New_York","url_text":"Syracuse, New York"}]},{"reference":"Hottenstein, JoAnne; Welch, Sibyl (1965). \"Warren County\". Incorporation dates of Pennsylvania municipalities (PDF). Harrisburg: Bureau of Municipal Affairs, Pennsylvania Department of Internal Affairs. Retrieved June 4, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.phmc.state.pa.us/bah/dam/counties/pdfs/Warren.pdf","url_text":"Incorporation dates of Pennsylvania municipalities"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrisburg,_Pennsylvania","url_text":"Harrisburg"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanie_Fraser,_Baroness_Fraser_of_Craigmaddie
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Stephanie Fraser, Baroness Fraser of Craigmaddie
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["1 Early life and education","2 Political career","3 Committee membership","4 References","5 External links"]
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British charity executive and life peer
Not to be confused with Steph Fraser.
The Right HonourableThe Baroness Fraser of CraigmaddieOfficial portrait, 2021Member of the House of LordsLord TemporalIncumbentAssumed office 26 January 2021Life peerage
Personal detailsBorn (1968-09-04) 4 September 1968 (age 55)Political partyConservative
Stephanie Mary Fraser, Baroness Fraser of Craigmaddie (born 4 September 1968), is a British charity executive and life peer. She is the chief executive of Cerebral Palsy Scotland.
Early life and education
Fraser was born on 4 September 1968 in Glasgow, Scotland. She was educated at Arts Educational School, Tring Park (now Tring Park School), a private school in Tring, Hertfordshire, England, and at Stowe School, a public school in Stowe, Buckinghamshire. She studied history at the Trinity College, Cambridge, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree in 1990.
Political career
Fraser was the Conservative candidate in Strathkelvin and Bearsden in the 2011 Scottish Parliament election.
In December 2020, it was announced that she would be receiving a life peerage. She entered the House of Lords as a Conservative peer on 26 January 2021. On 13 May 2021, she made her maiden speech during the Queen's Speech debate.
Committee membership
International Relations and Defence Committee
References
^ "Stephanie Fraser". api.parliament.uk. Retrieved 2 July 2022.
^ "Peter Cruddas: PM overrules watchdog with Tory donor peerage". BBC News. 22 December 2020. Retrieved 1 January 2021.
^ "Fraser of Craigmaddie, Baroness, (Stephanie Mary Fraser) (born 4 Sept. 1968)". Who's Who 2022. Oxford University Press. 1 December 2021. Retrieved 4 September 2022.
^ "Results and turnout at the 2011 Scottish Parliament election". www.electoralcommission.org.uk. 7 August 2019. Retrieved 11 May 2022.
^ "Political Peerages 2020". GOV.UK. Retrieved 1 January 2021.
^ "PM rejects official advice in awarding peerage to Peter Cruddas". The Guardian. 22 December 2020. Retrieved 19 January 2021.
^ "House of Lords: 16 peers appointed including Tory grandee Peter Cruddas and previously snubbed John Sentamu". i. 22 December 2020. Retrieved 19 January 2021.
^ "Stephanie Fraser, CEO granted peerage". Cerebral Palsy Scotland. 23 December 2020. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
^ "Baroness Fraser of Craigmaddie: Parliamentary career". MPs and Lords. UK Parliament. Retrieved 4 September 2022.
^ Baroness Fraser of Craigmaddie (13 May 2021). "Queen's Speech". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Vol. 812. United Kingdom: Lords. col. 204–206.
External links
Page at the Parliament of the United Kingdom
Stephanie Fraser, Baroness Fraser of Craigmaddie on Twitter
Authority control databases: People
UK Parliament
This British biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto,_King_of_Bavaria
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Otto, King of Bavaria
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["1 Childhood and youth","2 Mental incapacity","3 King of Bavaria","4 End of reign and death","5 Honours","6 Ancestors","7 Footnotes","8 References"]
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King of Bavaria from 1886 to 1913
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Otto, King of Bavaria" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Otto IKing of BavariaReign13 June 1886 – 5 November 1913PredecessorLudwig IISuccessorLudwig IIIRegentsPrince Luitpold (1886–1912)Prince Ludwig (1912–1913)Prime Ministers
See list
Johann von LutzFriedrich Krafft von CrailsheimClemens von Podewils-DürnizGeorg von Hertling
Born(1848-04-27)27 April 1848The Residence, Munich, Kingdom of BavariaDied11 October 1916(1916-10-11) (aged 68)Fürstenried PalaceBurialSt. Michael's Church, Munich, Kingdom of BavariaHouseWittelsbachFatherMaximilian II of BavariaMotherMarie of PrussiaReligionRoman Catholicism
Otto (German: Otto Wilhelm Luitpold Adalbert Waldemar; 27 April 1848 – 11 October 1916) was King of Bavaria from 1886 until 1913. However, he never actively ruled because of alleged severe mental illness. His uncle, Luitpold, and his cousin, Ludwig, served as regents. Ludwig deposed him in 1913, a day after the legislature passed a law allowing him to do so, and became king in his own right as Ludwig III.
Otto was the son of Maximilian II and his wife, Marie of Prussia, and the younger brother of Ludwig II.
Childhood and youth
Prince Otto was born on 27 April 1848, two months premature, in the Munich Residenz. His parents were King Maximilian II of Bavaria and Marie of Prussia. His uncle, King Otto I of Greece, served as his godfather.
Otto (right) with his elder brother Crown Prince Ludwig (left) and mother Queen Maria (center) in 1860. Private family photo not published at the time.
Otto I at a young age
Otto had an older brother, Crown Prince Ludwig. They spent most of their childhood with servants and teachers at Hohenschwangau Castle. Their parents were distant and formal, and they were at such a loss about what to say to Otto and Ludwig that they often ignored and even avoided them. Their mother took an interest in what the brothers wore: she ordered for Ludwig to always be dressed in blue and for Otto to always wear red. Their father was strict with the brothers, particularly Ludwig, the heir apparent. Between 1853 and 1863, the brothers spent their summer holidays at the Royal Villa in Berchtesgaden, which had been specially built for their father.
Otto served in the Bavarian army from 1863. He was appointed sub-lieutenant on 27 April 1863 and admitted to the Cadet Corps on 1 March 1864. On 26 May 1864, he was promoted to full lieutenant.
On 10 March 1864, King Maximilian died and Otto's brother, Ludwig, succeeded as King of Bavaria. Between 18 June and 15 July 1864, the two brothers received state visits by the emperors of Austria and Russia.
Otto was promoted to Captain on 27 April 1866 and entered active military service in the Royal Bavarian Infantry Guards. He participated in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 and as colonel in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871. His experiences on the battlefield traumatized him and caused him to have depression and insomnia. When Wilhelm I was proclaimed German Emperor on 18 January 1871 at the Palace of Versailles, Prince Otto and his uncle, Luitpold, represented King Ludwig II, who refused to participate (despite having offered Wilhelm the Imperial title in a letter). Otto then criticized the celebration as ostentatious and heartless in a letter to his brother. Otto despised his ambitious Prussian relatives and cordially disliked his Prussian mother and so they were appalled by the creation of the new German Empire. His hostility was no secret to the Prussian government.
Otto and Ludwig were often seen together during the early years of Ludwig's reign, but they became estranged over time. Ludwig was shy and introverted and eventually became a recluse. Otto was cheerful, outgoing and extroverted until the Franco-Prussian War. In 1868, Otto received the Royal Order of Saint George for the Defense of the Immaculate Conception, the house order of the House of Wittelsbach. In 1869, he joined the Order of the Holy Sepulchre, on the initiative of Cardinal Karl-August von Reisach.
Mental incapacity
After the Franco-Prussian War, Otto became very depressed and anxious, which worried his family. Otto had spells during which he slept poorly for days and acted out, followed by periods of time during which he was perfectly normal and lucid. His illness progressively grew worse. Ludwig was horrified because he had been counting on Otto to marry and have a son who could eventually inherit the throne. Otto was placed under medical supervision, and reports about his condition were sent by spies working for the Prussian Chancellor, Otto von Bismarck. Doctors reported that Otto was mentally ill in January 1872. From 1873, he was held in isolation in the southern pavilion of Nymphenburg Palace. His attending physician was Dr. Bernhard von Gudden, who later diagnosed Otto's brother, Ludwig, as mentally ill without bothering to examine him and without asking him a single question, which raises questions about his competence and his motives. Both Ludwig and Otto despised Prussia, and their uncle, Luitpold, and Gudden supported Prussia's rise to dominance. Some contemporaries believed that Gudden's diagnoses of Otto and Ludwig were motivated by political considerations and that more could and should have been done to help and treat Otto. Some contemporaries also believed that Bismarck did not want Ludwig nor Otto to remain in power and decided to replace the brothers with their malleable uncle, Luitpold.
During Corpus Christi Mass in 1875 in the Frauenkirche in Munich, Otto, who had not attended the church service, rushed into the church wearing hunting clothes and fell on his knees before the celebrant, Archbishop Gregor von Scherr, to ask forgiveness for his sins. The High Mass was interrupted, and the prince did not resist when he was led away by two church ministers. Otto was then moved to Schleissheim Palace and was effectively held prisoner there, much to his dismay. Gudden made no effort to treat him; it is possible that Otto was heavily drugged. Otto's last public appearance was his presence at the side of his brother at the King's parade on 22 August 1875, at the Marsfeld in Munich. From 1 June 1876, he stayed for a few weeks in the castle at Ludwigsthal in the Bavarian Forest. In the spring of 1880, his condition worsened. In 1883, he was confined under medical supervision in Fürstenried Palace near Munich, where he would remain for the rest of his life. The palace had been specially converted for his confinement. Ludwig occasionally visited him at night and ordered for no violence to be used against him.
In 1886, the senior royal medical officer wrote a statement declaring that Otto was severely mentally ill. Otto may have had schizophrenia. It has also been argued that his illness was the result of syphilis, which would also account for the paralysis he had in later years.
In 1894, Otto had shown signs of recovery and was cleared to attend a fête champêtre at Bamberg where he smashed sixty-five bottles of 'high grade champagne'.
King of Bavaria
20 Mark coin from 1905 with portrait of Otto
When King Ludwig II was deposed by his ministers on 10 June 1886, his uncle Luitpold took over the rule of the Kingdom of Bavaria and led the affairs of state in Ludwig's place as regent. Only three days later Ludwig II died under unknown circumstances, and Prince Otto succeeded him as King of Bavaria on 13 June 1886 in accordance with the Wittelsbach succession law.
Since Otto was unable to lead the government due to his mental illness (officially it was said: "The King is melancholic"), Prince Regent Luitpold also reigned for him. He did not understand the proclamation of his accession to the throne, which was explained to King Otto at Fürstenried Palace the next day after his accession. He thought his uncle Luitpold was the rightful king. Shortly thereafter, the Bavarian Army troops were sworn in the name of King Otto I and coins were minted with his portrait.
End of reign and death
Otto I on his deathbed
Sarcophagus of King Otto I in the St. Michael's Church in Munich
Luitpold kept his role as Prince Regent until he died in 1912 and was succeeded by his son Ludwig, who was Otto's first cousin. By then, it had been obvious for some time that Otto would never emerge from seclusion or be mentally capable of actively reigning. Almost as soon as Ludwig became regent, elements in the press and larger society clamoured for Ludwig to become king in his own right.
Accordingly, the constitution of Bavaria was amended on 4 November 1913 to include a clause specifying that if a regency for reasons of incapacity lasted for ten years, with no expectation that the King would ever be able to reign, the Regent could end the regency, depose the King and assume the crown himself with the assent of the legislature. The following day, Prince Regent Ludwig ended the regency, cast his cousin down from the throne, and proclaimed his own reign as Ludwig III. The parliament assented on 6 November, and Ludwig III took the constitutional oath on 8 November. King Otto was permitted to retain his title and honours for life.
Otto died unexpectedly on 11 October 1916 from a volvulus (an obstruction of the bowel). His remains were interred in the crypt of the Michaelskirche in Munich. In accordance to Bavarian royal tradition, the heart of the king was placed in a silver urn and sent to the Gnadenkapelle (Shrine of Our Lady of Altötting) in Altötting, beside those of his brother, father and grandfather.
Honours
Greater Royal Coat of Arms of King Otto of Bavaria
He received the following orders and decorations:
Kingdom of Bavaria:
Knight of St. Hubert
Commander of the Military Merit Order
Army Memorial Cross (1866)
Grand Prior of Upper Bavaria of the Royal Bavarian House Equestrian Order of St. George, 1868
Austria-Hungary: Knight of the Golden Fleece, 1869
Kingdom of Greece: Grand Cross of the Redeemer
Grand Duchy of Hesse: Grand Cross of the Ludwig Order, 27 April 1866
Holy See: Grand Cross of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem, 1869
Kingdom of Portugal: Grand Cross of the Tower and Sword
Kingdom of Prussia:
Knight of the Black Eagle, 20 October 1867
Iron Cross (1870), 2nd Class, 15 January 1871
Russian Empire:
Knight of St. Andrew, 23 April 1866
Knight of St. Alexander Nevsky, in Diamonds
Knight of the White Eagle
Knight of St. Anna, 1st Class
Knight of St. Stanislaus, 1st Class
Spain: Grand Cross of the Order of Charles III, 26 June 1868
Beylik of Tunis: Grand Cordon of the Order of Glory
Ancestors
Ancestors of Otto, King of Bavaria 8. Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria 4. Ludwig I of Bavaria 9. Princess Augusta Wilhelmine of Hesse-Darmstadt 2. Maximilian II of Bavaria 10. Frederick, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg 5. Princess Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen 11. Duchess Charlotte Georgine of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 1. Otto of Bavaria 12. Frederick William II of Prussia 6. Prince Wilhelm of Prussia 13. Princess Frederica Louisa of Hesse-Darmstadt 3. Princess Marie of Prussia 14. Frederick V, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg 7. Princess Maria Anna of Hesse-Homburg 15. Princess Caroline of Hesse-Darmstadt
Footnotes
^ Greg King, The Mad King: A Biography of Ludwig II of Bavaria, p 18-21
^ Walter Flemmer: Stationen eines Märchenkönigs. Orte und Landschaften König Ludwigs II.. In: Georg Jenal, with Stephanie Haarländer (eds.): Gegenwart in Vergangenheit. Beiträge zur Kultur und Geschichte der Neueren und Neuesten Zeit. Festgabe für Friedrich Prinz zu seinem 65. Geburtstag, Munich, 1993, p. 419
^ Heinz Häfner writes, in Ein König wird beseitigt, München, 2008, p 38: A court official found Otto bound and gagged by Ludwig, with Ludwig violently tugging at the rope. The official had to use force to free Otto. The King was shocked and angered by Ludwig's behaviour and demanded severe punishment. Ludwig was so embittered that he took a violent dislike of Berchtesgaden and did not return there for a long time.
^ Greg King, "The Mad King: A Biography of Ludwig II of Bavaria", p.253
^ Dr. Theodor Toeche-Mittler: Die Kaiserproklamation in Versailles am 18. Januar 1871 mit einem Verzeichniß der Festtheilnehmer, Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn, Berlin, 1896
^ H. Schnaebeli: Fotoaufnahmen der Kaiserproklamation in Versailles, Berlin, 1871
^ Hans Jürgen Brandt: Jerusalem hat Freunde. München und der Ritterorden vom Heiligen Grab, EOS, 2010, p. 58 f
^ Catherine Radziwill, "The Tragedy of a Throne", p 170-172, 314–318
^ The University Department of Psychiatry in Munich: From Kraepelin and his predecessors to molecular psychiatry. By Hanns Hippius, Hans-Jürgen Möller, Hans-Jürgen Müller, Gabriele Neundörfer-Kohl, p.27
^ Prof. Hans Förstl, "Ludwig II. von Bayern – schizotype Persönlichkeit und frontotemporale Degeneration?", in: Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift, Nr. 132/2007
^ Christopher McIntosh, "The Swan King: Ludwig II of Bavaria", p.279-280
^ "Not Always Insane". Camperdown Chronicle. Vol. XX, no. 3321. Victoria, Australia. 29 March 1894. p. 4. Retrieved 16 May 2023 – via National Library of Australia.
^ A. Schweiggert, E. Adami: Ludwig II. Die letzten Tage des Königs von Bayern. MünchenVerlag 2014, p. 236
^ Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Königreichs Bayern: 1886. Landesamt. 1886. p. 147.
^ a b "Otto Wilhelm Luitpold Adalbert Waldemar von Wittelsbach König von Bayern". the Prussian Machine. Retrieved 1 March 2021.
^ "Ritter-Orden", Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie (in German), 1916, p. 44, retrieved 8 August 2020
^ Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Hessen (1879), "Großherzogliche Orden und Ehrenzeichen" p. 12
^ "Schwarzer Adler-orden", Königlich Preussische Ordensliste (in German), vol. 1, Berlin, 1886, p. 6 – via hathitrust.org{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ "Real y distinguida orden de Carlos III", Guóa Oficial de España (in Spanish), 1914, p. 206, retrieved 4 March 2019
References
Cajetan von Aretin: Die Erbschaft des Königs Otto von Bayern. Höfische Politik und Wittelsbacher Vermögensrechte 1916 bis 1922, in the series Schriftenreihe zur bayerischen Landesgeschichte, vol. 149, C. H. Beck Verlag, Munich, 2006, ISBN 3-406-10745-1, also: thesis, University of Munich, 2006
Heinz Häfner: Ein König wird beseitigt. Ludwig II von Bayern, C. H. Beck Verlag, Munich, 2008, ISBN 978-3-406-56888-6, p. 330 ff
Greg King, The Mad King: A Biography of Ludwig II of Bavaria, Birch Lane Press, 1996, ISBN 1-55972-362-9
Christopher McIntosh: The Swan King: Ludwig II of Bavaria, I.B. Tauris & Co., Ltd., 2012, ISBN 978 1 84885 847 3
Catherine Radziwill, The Tragedy of a Throne, Cassell and Company, Ltd., 1907.
Arndt Richter: Die Geisteskrankheit der bayerischen Könige Ludwig II. und Otto. Eine interdisziplinäre Studie mittels Genealogie, Genetik und Statistik, Degener & Co., Neustadt an der Aisch, 1997, ISBN 3-7686-5111-8
Alfons Schweiggert: Schattenkönig. Otto, der Bruder König Ludwig II. von Bayern, ein Lebensbild, Ehrenwirth, Munich, 1992, ISBN 3-431-03192-7
Otto, King of Bavaria House of WittelsbachBorn: 27 April 1848 Died: 11 October 1916
Regnal titles
Preceded byLudwig II
King of Bavaria 13 June 1886 – 5 November 1913
Succeeded byLudwig III
vtePrinces of BavariaThe generations are numbered from the ascension of Maximilian I Joseph as King of Bavaria in 1806.1st generation
King Ludwig I
Prince Karl Theodor
2nd generation
King Maximilian II
King Otto I of Greece
Prince Luitpold
Prince Adalbert
3rd generation
King Ludwig II
King Otto I
King Ludwig III
Prince Leopold
Prince Arnulf
Prince Ludwig Ferdinand§
Prince Alfons
4th generation
Crown Prince Rupprecht
Prince Karl
Prince Franz
Prince Georg
Prince Konrad
Prince Heinrich
Prince Ferdinand≠§
Prince Adalbert
Prince Joseph
5th generation
Albrecht, Duke of Bavaria
Prince Heinrich
Prince Ludwig
Prince Eugen
Prince Konstantin
6th generation
Franz, Duke of Bavaria
Prince Max, Duke in Bavaria
Prince Luitpold
Prince Franz-Josef
Prince Leopold
≠ renounced the title of Prince and rights to the throne of Bavaria
§ also an Infante of Spain
vteKings of Bavaria
Maximillian I Joseph (1805–1825)
Ludwig I (1825–1848)
Maximilian II (1848–1864)
Ludwig II (1864–1886)
Otto (1886–1913)
Ludwig III (1913–1918)
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Netherlands
People
Deutsche Biographie
Other
RISM
IdRef
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"King of Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Luitpold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luitpold,_Prince_Regent_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Ludwig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_III_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Maximilian II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilian_II_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Marie of Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Ludwig II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_II_of_Bavaria"}],"text":"Otto (German: Otto Wilhelm Luitpold Adalbert Waldemar; 27 April 1848 – 11 October 1916) was King of Bavaria from 1886 until 1913. However, he never actively ruled because of alleged severe mental illness. His uncle, Luitpold, and his cousin, Ludwig, served as regents. Ludwig deposed him in 1913, a day after the legislature passed a law allowing him to do so, and became king in his own right as Ludwig III.Otto was the son of Maximilian II and his wife, Marie of Prussia, and the younger brother of Ludwig II.","title":"Otto, King of Bavaria"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Munich Residenz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich_Residenz"},{"link_name":"Maximilian II of Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilian_II_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Marie of Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Otto I of Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_I_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"godfather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godparent"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Photo_-_Prinz_Ludwig_-_K%C3%B6nigin_Marie_-_Prinz_Otto_-_um_1860.jpg"},{"link_name":"Crown Prince Ludwig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_II_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Queen Maria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_of_Prussia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Koenig_Otto_von_Bayern_(1848-1916),_jung.jpg"},{"link_name":"Crown Prince Ludwig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_II_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Hohenschwangau Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schloss_Hohenschwangau"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Berchtesgaden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berchtesgaden"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"sub-lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-lieutenant"},{"link_name":"lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant"},{"link_name":"Captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(OF-2)"},{"link_name":"Austro-Prussian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War"},{"link_name":"colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel"},{"link_name":"Franco-Prussian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_I"},{"link_name":"Palace of Versailles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles"},{"link_name":"Luitpold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luitpold,_Prince_Regent_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Toeche-Mittler-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schnaebeli-6"},{"link_name":"German Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire"},{"link_name":"Royal Order of Saint George for the Defense of the Immaculate Conception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Order_of_Saint_George_for_the_Defense_of_the_Immaculate_Conception"},{"link_name":"House of Wittelsbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Wittelsbach"},{"link_name":"Order of the Holy Sepulchre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre"},{"link_name":"Karl-August von Reisach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl-August_von_Reisach"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Prince Otto was born on 27 April 1848, two months premature, in the Munich Residenz. His parents were King Maximilian II of Bavaria and Marie of Prussia. His uncle, King Otto I of Greece, served as his godfather.Otto (right) with his elder brother Crown Prince Ludwig (left) and mother Queen Maria (center) in 1860. Private family photo not published at the time.Otto I at a young ageOtto had an older brother, Crown Prince Ludwig. They spent most of their childhood with servants and teachers at Hohenschwangau Castle. Their parents were distant and formal, and they were at such a loss about what to say to Otto and Ludwig that they often ignored and even avoided them.[1] Their mother took an interest in what the brothers wore: she ordered for Ludwig to always be dressed in blue and for Otto to always wear red. Their father was strict with the brothers, particularly Ludwig, the heir apparent. Between 1853 and 1863, the brothers spent their summer holidays at the Royal Villa in Berchtesgaden, which had been specially built for their father.[2][3]Otto served in the Bavarian army from 1863. He was appointed sub-lieutenant on 27 April 1863 and admitted to the Cadet Corps on 1 March 1864. On 26 May 1864, he was promoted to full lieutenant.On 10 March 1864, King Maximilian died and Otto's brother, Ludwig, succeeded as King of Bavaria. Between 18 June and 15 July 1864, the two brothers received state visits by the emperors of Austria and Russia.Otto was promoted to Captain on 27 April 1866 and entered active military service in the Royal Bavarian Infantry Guards. He participated in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 and as colonel in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871. His experiences on the battlefield traumatized him and caused him to have depression and insomnia.[4] When Wilhelm I was proclaimed German Emperor on 18 January 1871 at the Palace of Versailles, Prince Otto and his uncle, Luitpold, represented King Ludwig II, who refused to participate (despite having offered Wilhelm the Imperial title in a letter).[5][6] Otto then criticized the celebration as ostentatious and heartless in a letter to his brother. Otto despised his ambitious Prussian relatives and cordially disliked his Prussian mother and so they were appalled by the creation of the new German Empire. His hostility was no secret to the Prussian government.Otto and Ludwig were often seen together during the early years of Ludwig's reign, but they became estranged over time. Ludwig was shy and introverted and eventually became a recluse. Otto was cheerful, outgoing and extroverted until the Franco-Prussian War. In 1868, Otto received the Royal Order of Saint George for the Defense of the Immaculate Conception, the house order of the House of Wittelsbach. In 1869, he joined the Order of the Holy Sepulchre, on the initiative of Cardinal Karl-August von Reisach.[7]","title":"Childhood and youth"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Franco-Prussian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War"},{"link_name":"Otto von Bismarck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck"},{"link_name":"Nymphenburg Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymphenburg_Palace"},{"link_name":"Bernhard von Gudden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_von_Gudden"},{"link_name":"Luitpold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luitpold,_Prince_Regent_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Corpus Christi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feast_of_Corpus_Christi"},{"link_name":"Frauenkirche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frauenkirche,_Munich"},{"link_name":"Gregor von Scherr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_von_Scherr"},{"link_name":"Schleissheim Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schleissheim_Palace"},{"link_name":"Marsfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsfeld_(Munich)"},{"link_name":"Fürstenried Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BCrstenried_Palace"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"schizophrenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizophrenia"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"syphilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syphilis"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"fête champêtre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%AAte_champ%C3%AAtre"},{"link_name":"Bamberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamberg"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"After the Franco-Prussian War, Otto became very depressed and anxious, which worried his family. Otto had spells during which he slept poorly for days and acted out, followed by periods of time during which he was perfectly normal and lucid. His illness progressively grew worse. Ludwig was horrified because he had been counting on Otto to marry and have a son who could eventually inherit the throne. Otto was placed under medical supervision, and reports about his condition were sent by spies working for the Prussian Chancellor, Otto von Bismarck. Doctors reported that Otto was mentally ill in January 1872. From 1873, he was held in isolation in the southern pavilion of Nymphenburg Palace. His attending physician was Dr. Bernhard von Gudden, who later diagnosed Otto's brother, Ludwig, as mentally ill without bothering to examine him and without asking him a single question, which raises questions about his competence and his motives. Both Ludwig and Otto despised Prussia, and their uncle, Luitpold, and Gudden supported Prussia's rise to dominance. Some contemporaries believed that Gudden's diagnoses of Otto and Ludwig were motivated by political considerations and that more could and should have been done to help and treat Otto. Some contemporaries also believed that Bismarck did not want Ludwig nor Otto to remain in power and decided to replace the brothers with their malleable uncle, Luitpold.[8]During Corpus Christi Mass in 1875 in the Frauenkirche in Munich, Otto, who had not attended the church service, rushed into the church wearing hunting clothes and fell on his knees before the celebrant, Archbishop Gregor von Scherr, to ask forgiveness for his sins. The High Mass was interrupted, and the prince did not resist when he was led away by two church ministers. Otto was then moved to Schleissheim Palace and was effectively held prisoner there, much to his dismay. Gudden made no effort to treat him; it is possible that Otto was heavily drugged. Otto's last public appearance was his presence at the side of his brother at the King's parade on 22 August 1875, at the Marsfeld in Munich. From 1 June 1876, he stayed for a few weeks in the castle at Ludwigsthal in the Bavarian Forest. In the spring of 1880, his condition worsened. In 1883, he was confined under medical supervision in Fürstenried Palace near Munich, where he would remain for the rest of his life. The palace had been specially converted for his confinement. Ludwig occasionally visited him at night and ordered for no violence to be used against him.In 1886, the senior royal medical officer wrote a statement declaring that Otto was severely mentally ill.[9] Otto may have had schizophrenia.[10] It has also been argued that his illness was the result of syphilis, which would also account for the paralysis he had in later years.[11]In 1894, Otto had shown signs of recovery and was cleared to attend a fête champêtre at Bamberg where he smashed sixty-five bottles of 'high grade champagne'.[12]","title":"Mental incapacity"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bayern_Otto_20_Mk_1905.JPG"},{"link_name":"melancholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melancholia"},{"link_name":"Fürstenried Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BCrstenried_Palace"},{"link_name":"Bavarian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavarian_Army"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"20 Mark coin from 1905 with portrait of OttoWhen King Ludwig II was deposed by his ministers on 10 June 1886, his uncle Luitpold took over the rule of the Kingdom of Bavaria and led the affairs of state in Ludwig's place as regent. Only three days later Ludwig II died under unknown circumstances, and Prince Otto succeeded him as King of Bavaria on 13 June 1886 in accordance with the Wittelsbach succession law.Since Otto was unable to lead the government due to his mental illness (officially it was said: \"The King is melancholic\"), Prince Regent Luitpold also reigned for him. He did not understand the proclamation of his accession to the throne, which was explained to King Otto at Fürstenried Palace the next day after his accession. He thought his uncle Luitpold was the rightful king. Shortly thereafter, the Bavarian Army troops were sworn in the name of King Otto I and coins were minted with his portrait.[13]","title":"King of Bavaria"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Otto_of_Bavaria_04.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grab_Otto_Bayern.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ludwig III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_III_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"volvulus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volvulus"},{"link_name":"crypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crypt"},{"link_name":"Michaelskirche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Church,_Munich"},{"link_name":"Shrine of Our Lady of Altötting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrine_of_Our_Lady_of_Alt%C3%B6tting"},{"link_name":"Altötting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alt%C3%B6tting"},{"link_name":"brother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_II_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"father","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilian_II_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"grandfather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_I_of_Bavaria"}],"text":"Otto I on his deathbedSarcophagus of King Otto I in the St. Michael's Church in MunichLuitpold kept his role as Prince Regent until he died in 1912 and was succeeded by his son Ludwig, who was Otto's first cousin. By then, it had been obvious for some time that Otto would never emerge from seclusion or be mentally capable of actively reigning. Almost as soon as Ludwig became regent, elements in the press and larger society clamoured for Ludwig to become king in his own right.Accordingly, the constitution of Bavaria was amended on 4 November 1913 to include a clause specifying that if a regency for reasons of incapacity lasted for ten years, with no expectation that the King would ever be able to reign, the Regent could end the regency, depose the King and assume the crown himself with the assent of the legislature. The following day, Prince Regent Ludwig ended the regency, cast his cousin down from the throne, and proclaimed his own reign as Ludwig III. The parliament assented on 6 November, and Ludwig III took the constitutional oath on 8 November. King Otto was permitted to retain his title and honours for life.Otto died unexpectedly on 11 October 1916 from a volvulus (an obstruction of the bowel). His remains were interred in the crypt of the Michaelskirche in Munich. In accordance to Bavarian royal tradition, the heart of the king was placed in a silver urn and sent to the Gnadenkapelle (Shrine of Our Lady of Altötting) in Altötting, beside those of his brother, father and grandfather.","title":"End of reign and death"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Bavaria_1835-1918.svg"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Knight of St. Hubert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St._Hubert"},{"link_name":"Military Merit Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Merit_Order_(Bavaria)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Machine-15"},{"link_name":"Royal Bavarian House Equestrian Order of St. George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Order_of_Saint_George_for_the_Defense_of_the_Immaculate_Conception"},{"link_name":"Austria-Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary"},{"link_name":"Knight of the Golden Fleece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"Grand Cross of the Redeemer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Redeemer"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchy of Hesse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse"},{"link_name":"Ludwig Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Order"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Holy See","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See"},{"link_name":"Grand Cross of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Grand Cross of the Tower and Sword","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Tower_and_Sword"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Knight of the Black Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Black_Eagle"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prus-18"},{"link_name":"Iron Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Cross"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Machine-15"},{"link_name":"Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Knight of St. Andrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St._Andrew"},{"link_name":"Knight of St. Alexander Nevsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St._Alexander_Nevsky"},{"link_name":"Knight of the White Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Eagle_(Russia)"},{"link_name":"Knight of St. Anna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St._Anna"},{"link_name":"Knight of St. Stanislaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Stanislaus_(House_of_Romanov)"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restoration_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"Order of Charles III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Charles_III"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Beylik of Tunis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beylik_of_Tunis"},{"link_name":"Order of Glory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Glory_(Tunisia)"}],"text":"Greater Royal Coat of Arms of King Otto of BavariaHe received the following orders and decorations:[14]Kingdom of Bavaria:\nKnight of St. Hubert\nCommander of the Military Merit Order\nArmy Memorial Cross (1866)[15]\nGrand Prior of Upper Bavaria of the Royal Bavarian House Equestrian Order of St. George, 1868\n Austria-Hungary: Knight of the Golden Fleece, 1869[16]\n Kingdom of Greece: Grand Cross of the Redeemer\n Grand Duchy of Hesse: Grand Cross of the Ludwig Order, 27 April 1866[17]\n Holy See: Grand Cross of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem, 1869\n Kingdom of Portugal: Grand Cross of the Tower and Sword\n Kingdom of Prussia:\nKnight of the Black Eagle, 20 October 1867[18]\nIron Cross (1870), 2nd Class, 15 January 1871[15]\n Russian Empire:\nKnight of St. Andrew, 23 April 1866\nKnight of St. Alexander Nevsky, in Diamonds\nKnight of the White Eagle\nKnight of St. Anna, 1st Class\nKnight of St. Stanislaus, 1st Class\n Spain: Grand Cross of the Order of Charles III, 26 June 1868[19]\n Beylik of Tunis: Grand Cordon of the Order of Glory","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilian_I_Joseph_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Ludwig I of Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_I_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Princess Augusta Wilhelmine of Hesse-Darmstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Augusta_Wilhelmine_of_Hesse-Darmstadt"},{"link_name":"Maximilian II of Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilian_II_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Frederick, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick,_Duke_of_Saxe-Altenburg"},{"link_name":"Princess Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therese_of_Saxe-Hildburghausen"},{"link_name":"Duchess Charlotte Georgine of Mecklenburg-Strelitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchess_Charlotte_Georgine_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz"},{"link_name":"Frederick William II of Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_William_II_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Prince Wilhelm of Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Wilhelm_of_Prussia_(1783%E2%80%931851)"},{"link_name":"Princess Frederica Louisa of Hesse-Darmstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederica_Louisa_of_Hesse-Darmstadt"},{"link_name":"Princess Marie of Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Frederick V, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_V,_Landgrave_of_Hesse-Homburg"},{"link_name":"Princess Maria Anna of Hesse-Homburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Maria_Anna_of_Hesse-Homburg"},{"link_name":"Princess Caroline of Hesse-Darmstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Caroline_of_Hesse-Darmstadt"}],"text":"Ancestors of Otto, King of Bavaria 8. Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria 4. Ludwig I of Bavaria 9. Princess Augusta Wilhelmine of Hesse-Darmstadt 2. Maximilian II of Bavaria 10. Frederick, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg 5. Princess Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen 11. Duchess Charlotte Georgine of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 1. Otto of Bavaria 12. Frederick William II of Prussia 6. Prince Wilhelm of Prussia 13. Princess Frederica Louisa of Hesse-Darmstadt 3. Princess Marie of Prussia 14. Frederick V, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg 7. Princess Maria Anna of Hesse-Homburg 15. Princess Caroline of Hesse-Darmstadt","title":"Ancestors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Ein König wird beseitigt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=A3EEceHT5DUC&pg=PA38CC0Q6AEwAA"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Toeche-Mittler_5-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Schnaebeli_6-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"\"Not Always Insane\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18616327"},{"link_name":"Camperdown Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camperdown_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Königreichs Bayern: 1886","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hx3e6m&view=1up&seq=5"},{"link_name":"147","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hx3e6m&view=1up&seq=175"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Machine_15-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Machine_15-1"},{"link_name":"\"Otto Wilhelm Luitpold Adalbert Waldemar von Wittelsbach König von Bayern\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//prussianmachine.com/prussia/bay_otto.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"\"Ritter-Orden\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=shb&datum=1916&page=71&size=45"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Hessen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/hofundstaatshan00gergoog/page/n36"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-prus_18-0"},{"link_name":"\"Schwarzer Adler-orden\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015049878831&view=1up&seq=4&skin=2021"},{"link_name":"6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015049878831&view=1up&seq=14&skin=2021"},{"link_name":"citation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"\"Real y distinguida orden de Carlos III\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0001011466&search=&lang=en"}],"text":"^ Greg King, The Mad King: A Biography of Ludwig II of Bavaria, p 18-21\n\n^ Walter Flemmer: Stationen eines Märchenkönigs. Orte und Landschaften König Ludwigs II.. In: Georg Jenal, with Stephanie Haarländer (eds.): Gegenwart in Vergangenheit. Beiträge zur Kultur und Geschichte der Neueren und Neuesten Zeit. Festgabe für Friedrich Prinz zu seinem 65. Geburtstag, Munich, 1993, p. 419\n\n^ Heinz Häfner writes, in Ein König wird beseitigt, München, 2008, p 38: A court official found Otto bound and gagged by Ludwig, with Ludwig violently tugging at the rope. The official had to use force to free Otto. The King was shocked and angered by Ludwig's behaviour and demanded severe punishment. Ludwig was so embittered that he took a violent dislike of Berchtesgaden and did not return there for a long time.\n\n^ Greg King, \"The Mad King: A Biography of Ludwig II of Bavaria\", p.253\n\n^ Dr. Theodor Toeche-Mittler: Die Kaiserproklamation in Versailles am 18. Januar 1871 mit einem Verzeichniß der Festtheilnehmer, Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn, Berlin, 1896\n\n^ H. Schnaebeli: Fotoaufnahmen der Kaiserproklamation in Versailles, Berlin, 1871\n\n^ Hans Jürgen Brandt: Jerusalem hat Freunde. München und der Ritterorden vom Heiligen Grab, EOS, 2010, p. 58 f\n\n^ Catherine Radziwill, \"The Tragedy of a Throne\", p 170-172, 314–318\n\n^ The University Department of Psychiatry in Munich: From Kraepelin and his predecessors to molecular psychiatry. By Hanns Hippius, Hans-Jürgen Möller, Hans-Jürgen Müller, Gabriele Neundörfer-Kohl, p.27\n\n^ Prof. Hans Förstl, \"Ludwig II. von Bayern – schizotype Persönlichkeit und frontotemporale Degeneration?\", in: Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift, Nr. 132/2007\n\n^ Christopher McIntosh, \"The Swan King: Ludwig II of Bavaria\", p.279-280\n\n^ \"Not Always Insane\". Camperdown Chronicle. Vol. XX, no. 3321. Victoria, Australia. 29 March 1894. p. 4. Retrieved 16 May 2023 – via National Library of Australia.\n\n^ A. Schweiggert, E. Adami: Ludwig II. Die letzten Tage des Königs von Bayern. MünchenVerlag 2014, p. 236\n\n^ Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Königreichs Bayern: 1886. Landesamt. 1886. p. 147.\n\n^ a b \"Otto Wilhelm Luitpold Adalbert Waldemar von Wittelsbach König von Bayern\". the Prussian Machine. Retrieved 1 March 2021.\n\n^ \"Ritter-Orden\", Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie (in German), 1916, p. 44, retrieved 8 August 2020\n\n^ Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Hessen (1879), \"Großherzogliche Orden und Ehrenzeichen\" p. 12\n\n^ \"Schwarzer Adler-orden\", Königlich Preussische Ordensliste (in German), vol. 1, Berlin, 1886, p. 6 – via hathitrust.org{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\n\n^ \"Real y distinguida orden de Carlos III\", Guóa Oficial de España (in Spanish), 1914, p. 206, retrieved 4 March 2019","title":"Footnotes"}]
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[{"image_text":"Otto (right) with his elder brother Crown Prince Ludwig (left) and mother Queen Maria (center) in 1860. Private family photo not published at the time.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Photo_-_Prinz_Ludwig_-_K%C3%B6nigin_Marie_-_Prinz_Otto_-_um_1860.jpg/220px-Photo_-_Prinz_Ludwig_-_K%C3%B6nigin_Marie_-_Prinz_Otto_-_um_1860.jpg"},{"image_text":"Otto I at a young age","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Koenig_Otto_von_Bayern_%281848-1916%29%2C_jung.jpg/220px-Koenig_Otto_von_Bayern_%281848-1916%29%2C_jung.jpg"},{"image_text":"20 Mark coin from 1905 with portrait of Otto","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Bayern_Otto_20_Mk_1905.JPG/150px-Bayern_Otto_20_Mk_1905.JPG"},{"image_text":"Otto I on his deathbed","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Otto_of_Bavaria_04.jpg/200px-Otto_of_Bavaria_04.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sarcophagus of King Otto I in the St. Michael's Church in Munich","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Grab_Otto_Bayern.jpg/200px-Grab_Otto_Bayern.jpg"},{"image_text":"Greater Royal Coat of Arms of King Otto of Bavaria","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Bavaria_1835-1918.svg/220px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Bavaria_1835-1918.svg.png"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Not Always Insane\". Camperdown Chronicle. Vol. XX, no. 3321. Victoria, Australia. 29 March 1894. p. 4. Retrieved 16 May 2023 – via National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18616327","url_text":"\"Not Always Insane\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camperdown_Chronicle","url_text":"Camperdown Chronicle"}]},{"reference":"Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Königreichs Bayern: 1886. Landesamt. 1886. p. 147.","urls":[{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hx3e6m&view=1up&seq=5","url_text":"Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Königreichs Bayern: 1886"},{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hx3e6m&view=1up&seq=175","url_text":"147"}]},{"reference":"\"Otto Wilhelm Luitpold Adalbert Waldemar von Wittelsbach König von Bayern\". the Prussian Machine. Retrieved 1 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://prussianmachine.com/prussia/bay_otto.htm","url_text":"\"Otto Wilhelm Luitpold Adalbert Waldemar von Wittelsbach König von Bayern\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ritter-Orden\", Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie (in German), 1916, p. 44, retrieved 8 August 2020","urls":[{"url":"http://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=shb&datum=1916&page=71&size=45","url_text":"\"Ritter-Orden\""}]},{"reference":"\"Schwarzer Adler-orden\", Königlich Preussische Ordensliste (in German), vol. 1, Berlin, 1886, p. 6 – via hathitrust.org","urls":[{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015049878831&view=1up&seq=4&skin=2021","url_text":"\"Schwarzer Adler-orden\""},{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015049878831&view=1up&seq=14&skin=2021","url_text":"6"}]},{"reference":"\"Real y distinguida orden de Carlos III\", Guóa Oficial de España (in Spanish), 1914, p. 206, retrieved 4 March 2019","urls":[{"url":"http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0001011466&search=&lang=en","url_text":"\"Real y distinguida orden de Carlos III\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanigela,_Oro_Province
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Wanigela, Oro Province
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["1 History","2 References"]
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This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (January 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Wanigela is a village along Collingwood Bay, Papua New Guinea. The village is served by Wanigela Airport.
History
Wanigela became an Allied forward staging base during World War II. Troops staged at Wanigela before troops moving to Pongani to strike the Imperial Japanese during the Battle of Buna-Gona.
Between 5 October & 6 October 1942, the Australian 2/10th Battalion of the 18th Brigade together with United States Army engineers and anti-aircraft gunners were flown from Milne Bay to Wanigela Airfield by C-47 Dakotas of United States Army Air Forces, 21st Troop Carrier Squadron and 22nd Troop Carrier Squadron of the 374th Transport Group.
On 14 October 1942, the United States Army 128th Infantry Regiment of the 32nd Infantry Division and the Australian 2/6th Independent Company were flown from 14-Mile Drome to Wanigela Airfield.
References
Wanigela
This Oro Province geography article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village"},{"link_name":"Collingwood Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collingwood_Bay_(Papua_New_Guinea)"},{"link_name":"Papua New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"Wanigela Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanigela_Airport"}],"text":"Wanigela is a village along Collingwood Bay, Papua New Guinea. The village is served by Wanigela Airport.","title":"Wanigela, Oro Province"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Allied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Pongani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pongani,_Papua_New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"Imperial Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese"},{"link_name":"Battle of Buna-Gona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Buna-Gona"},{"link_name":"Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"2/10th Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2/10th_Australian_Infantry_Battalion"},{"link_name":"18th Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_Brigade_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"Milne Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milne_Bay"},{"link_name":"Wanigela Airfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanigela_Airport"},{"link_name":"C-47 Dakotas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-47_Dakotas"},{"link_name":"United States Army Air Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces"},{"link_name":"21st Troop Carrier Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21st_Airlift_Squadron"},{"link_name":"22nd Troop Carrier Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/22d_Airlift_Squadron"},{"link_name":"374th Transport Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/374th_Airlift_Wing"},{"link_name":"128th Infantry Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/128th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"32nd Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/32nd_Infantry_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"2/6th Independent Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2/6th_Independent_Company_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"14-Mile Drome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwimmer_Airfield"}],"text":"Wanigela became an Allied forward staging base during World War II. Troops staged at Wanigela before troops moving to Pongani to strike the Imperial Japanese during the Battle of Buna-Gona.Between 5 October & 6 October 1942, the Australian 2/10th Battalion of the 18th Brigade together with United States Army engineers and anti-aircraft gunners were flown from Milne Bay to Wanigela Airfield by C-47 Dakotas of United States Army Air Forces, 21st Troop Carrier Squadron and 22nd Troop Carrier Squadron of the 374th Transport Group.On 14 October 1942, the United States Army 128th Infantry Regiment of the 32nd Infantry Division and the Australian 2/6th Independent Company were flown from 14-Mile Drome to Wanigela Airfield.","title":"History"}]
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[]
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[]
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[{"Link":"http://www.pacificwrecks.com/provinces/png_wanigela.html","external_links_name":"Wanigela"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wanigela,_Oro_Province&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antrim_Township,_Pennsylvania
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Antrim Township, Pennsylvania
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["1 History","2 Geography","3 Demographics","3.1 Neighboring Townships","4 Communities","5 References","6 External links"]
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Coordinates: 39°44′00″N 77°42′59″W / 39.73333°N 77.71639°W / 39.73333; -77.71639Township in Pennsylvania, United StatesAntrim Township, Franklin County,PennsylvaniaTownshipMartin's Mill Covered Bridge over Conococheague CreekNickname: Greencastle-AntrimMap of Franklin County, Pennsylvania highlighting Antrim TownshipMap of Franklin County, PennsylvaniaCountryUnited StatesStatePennsylvaniaCountyFranklinSettled1735Incorporated1741Government • TypeBoard of Supervisors • AdministratorChris Ardinger • SupervisorsM Chad Murray, Fred Young III, M Patrick Heraty, Rick Baer, John AllemanArea • Total70.31 sq mi (182.11 km2) • Land70.24 sq mi (181.93 km2) • Water0.07 sq mi (0.18 km2)Population (2020) • Total15,778 • Estimate (2016)15,547 • Density221.33/sq mi (85.46/km2)Time zoneUTC−5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (EDT)Area code717FIPS code42-055-02696Websitewww.twp.antrim.pa.us
Antrim Township is a township in Franklin County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 15,778 at the 2020 census, an increase over the figure of 12,504 tabulated in 2000. It was named after County Antrim in Northern Ireland.
History
The Martin's Mill Covered Bridge, Old Brown's Mill School, Spring Grove Farm and Distillery, and Stover–Winger Farm are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Geography
Antrim Township lies along the southern edge of Franklin County, bordered to the south by Washington County in Maryland. The township entirely surrounds the borough of Greencastle, a separate municipality. The unincorporated community of State Line sits along the southern edge of the township. Other unincorporated communities in the township include Bushtown, Coseytown, Worleytown, Milnor, Johnston, Kauffman, Browns Mills, Clay Hill, Shady Grove, Waynecastle, and Wingerton.
U.S. Route 11 and Interstate 81 cross the township, leading north to Chambersburg, the county seat, and south to Hagerstown, Maryland. I-81 has three exits (numbers 1, 3, and 5) in the township. Pennsylvania Route 16 runs at right angles to the other two highways, leading east to Waynesboro and west to Mercersburg.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 70.3 square miles (182.1 km2), of which 70.2 square miles (181.9 km2) is land and 0.1 square miles (0.2 km2), or 0.10%, is water. Conococheague Creek, a south-flowing tributary of the Potomac River, forms the western boundary of the township in two places.
Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
200012,504—201014,89319.1%202015,7785.9%2021 (est.)15,723−0.3%U.S. Decennial Census
As of the census of 2000, there were 12,504 people, 4,472 households, and 3,640 families residing in the township. The population density was 178.5 inhabitants per square mile (68.9/km2). There were 4,598 housing units at an average density of 65.6 per square mile (25.3/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 97.91% White, 0.78% African American, 0.25% Native American, 0.29% Asian, 0.24% from other races, and 0.54% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.78% of the population.
There were 4,472 households, out of which 38.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 71.9% were married couples living together, 5.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18.6% were non-families. 15.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.79 and the average family size was 3.10.
In the township the population was spread out, with 27.6% under the age of 18, 6.9% from 18 to 24, 31.2% from 25 to 44, 23.9% from 45 to 64, and 10.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.9 males.
The median income for a household in the township was $46,050, and the median income for a family was $49,632. Males had a median income of $34,884 versus $22,035 for females. The per capita income for the township was $18,590. About 4.1% of families and 4.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.7% of those under age 18 and 6.4% of those age 65 or over.
Neighboring Townships
Guilford Township (north)
Hamilton Township (north)
Montgomery Township (west)
Peters Township (northwest)
Quincy Township (east)
St. Thomas Township (north)
Washington Township (east)
Communities
Big Spring
Brown Mills
Bushtown
Clay Hill
Coseytown
Johnston
Kauffman
Mason and Dixon
Milnor
Shady Grove
State Line
Waynecastle
Wingerton
Worleytown
Zentmeyer
References
^ "2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved Aug 13, 2017.
^ "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved June 9, 2017.
^ "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov.
^ "Antrim PA |". www.twp.antrim.pa.us.
^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
^ "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (G001), Antrim township, Franklin County, Pennsylvania". American FactFinder. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved July 29, 2016.
^ "Antrim Township, Pennsylvania". census.gov. Retrieved July 7, 2022.
^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2016.
^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Antrim Township, Franklin County, Pennsylvania.
Antrim Township official website
Allison-Antrim Museum
vteMunicipalities and communities of Franklin County, Pennsylvania, United StatesCounty seat: ChambersburgBoroughs
Chambersburg
Greencastle
Mercersburg
Mont Alto
Orrstown
Shippensburg‡
Waynesboro
Townships
Antrim
Fannett
Greene
Guilford
Hamilton
Letterkenny
Lurgan
Metal
Montgomery
Peters
Quincy
Southampton
St. Thomas
Warren
Washington
CDPs
Blue Ridge Summit
Fayetteville
Fort Loudon
Guilford
Marion
Pen Mar
Rouzerville
Scotland
State Line
Wayne Heights
Unincorporatedcommunities
Amberson
Cashtown
Charlestown
Cheesetown
Church Hill
Claylick
Concord
Cove Gap
Doylesburg
Dry Run
Fairview
Fannettsburg
Five Forks
Germantown
Greenvillage
Greenwood
Johnston
Kasiesville
Lemasters
Lurgan
Mainsville
Markes
Mason and Dixon
Monterey
Mowersville
New Franklin
Old Forge
Pleasant Hall
Quincy
Richmond Furnace
Roxbury
Shady Grove
Shimpstown
Smoketown
South Mountain
Spring Run
Springtown
Stoufferstown
Sylvan
Tomstown
Upper Strasburg
Upton
Vanilla
Welsh Run
Williamson
Willow Hill
Zullinger
Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
Pennsylvania portal
United States portal
39°44′00″N 77°42′59″W / 39.73333°N 77.71639°W / 39.73333; -77.71639
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Township_(Pennsylvania)"},{"link_name":"Franklin County, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"County Antrim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Antrim"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Township in Pennsylvania, United StatesAntrim Township is a township in Franklin County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 15,778 at the 2020 census,[3] an increase over the figure of 12,504 tabulated in 2000. It was named after County Antrim in Northern Ireland.[4]","title":"Antrim Township, Pennsylvania"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Martin's Mill Covered Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin%27s_Mill_Covered_Bridge_(Antrim_Township,_Pennsylvania)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Old Brown's Mill School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Brown%27s_Mill_School"},{"link_name":"Spring Grove Farm and Distillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_Grove_Farm_and_Distillery"},{"link_name":"Stover–Winger Farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stover%E2%80%93Winger_Farm"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-5"}],"text":"The Martin's Mill Covered Bridge, Old Brown's Mill School, Spring Grove Farm and Distillery, and Stover–Winger Farm are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Washington County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_County,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland"},{"link_name":"Greencastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greencastle,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"State Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Line,_Franklin_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Johnston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnston,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_11_in_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Interstate 81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_81_in_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Chambersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chambersburg,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"county seat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_seat"},{"link_name":"Hagerstown, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagerstown,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania Route 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_16"},{"link_name":"Waynesboro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waynesboro,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Mercersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercersburg,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010-6"},{"link_name":"Conococheague Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conococheague_Creek"},{"link_name":"Potomac River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potomac_River"}],"text":"Antrim Township lies along the southern edge of Franklin County, bordered to the south by Washington County in Maryland. The township entirely surrounds the borough of Greencastle, a separate municipality. The unincorporated community of State Line sits along the southern edge of the township. Other unincorporated communities in the township include Bushtown, Coseytown, Worleytown, Milnor, Johnston, Kauffman, Browns Mills, Clay Hill, Shady Grove, Waynecastle, and Wingerton.U.S. Route 11 and Interstate 81 cross the township, leading north to Chambersburg, the county seat, and south to Hagerstown, Maryland. I-81 has three exits (numbers 1, 3, and 5) in the township. Pennsylvania Route 16 runs at right angles to the other two highways, leading east to Waynesboro and west to Mercersburg.According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 70.3 square miles (182.1 km2), of which 70.2 square miles (181.9 km2) is land and 0.1 square miles (0.2 km2), or 0.10%, is water.[6] Conococheague Creek, a south-flowing tributary of the Potomac River, forms the western boundary of the township in two places.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-9"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"text":"As of the census[9] of 2000, there were 12,504 people, 4,472 households, and 3,640 families residing in the township. The population density was 178.5 inhabitants per square mile (68.9/km2). There were 4,598 housing units at an average density of 65.6 per square mile (25.3/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 97.91% White, 0.78% African American, 0.25% Native American, 0.29% Asian, 0.24% from other races, and 0.54% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.78% of the population.There were 4,472 households, out of which 38.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 71.9% were married couples living together, 5.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18.6% were non-families. 15.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.79 and the average family size was 3.10.In the township the population was spread out, with 27.6% under the age of 18, 6.9% from 18 to 24, 31.2% from 25 to 44, 23.9% from 45 to 64, and 10.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.9 males.The median income for a household in the township was $46,050, and the median income for a family was $49,632. Males had a median income of $34,884 versus $22,035 for females. The per capita income for the township was $18,590. About 4.1% of families and 4.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.7% of those under age 18 and 6.4% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guilford Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guilford_Township,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Hamilton Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Township,_Franklin_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Montgomery Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery_Township,_Franklin_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Peters Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peters_Township,_Franklin_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Quincy Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quincy_Township,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"St. Thomas Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Thomas_Township,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Washington Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Township,_Franklin_County,_Pennsylvania"}],"sub_title":"Neighboring Townships","text":"Guilford Township (north)\nHamilton Township (north)\nMontgomery Township (west)\nPeters Township (northwest)\nQuincy Township (east)\nSt. Thomas Township (north)\nWashington Township (east)","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Johnston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnston,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Mason and Dixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mason_and_Dixon,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Shady Grove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shady_Grove,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"State Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Line,_Franklin_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Waynecastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waynecastle,_Pennsylvania"}],"text":"Big Spring\nBrown Mills\nBushtown\nClay Hill\nCoseytown\nJohnston\nKauffman\nMason and Dixon\nMilnor\nShady Grove\nState Line\nWaynecastle\nWingerton\nWorleytown\nZentmeyer","title":"Communities"}]
|
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Map_of_Pennsylvania_highlighting_Franklin_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Pennsylvania_highlighting_Franklin_County.svg.png"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_County,_Kentucky
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Leslie County, Kentucky
|
["1 History","2 Geography","2.1 Adjacent counties","3 Demographics","4 Life expectancy and health","5 Economy","5.1 Coal companies in Leslie County","6 Infrastructure","6.1 Transportation","7 Communities","8 Politics","9 Notable people","10 See also","11 References","12 Notes","13 External links"]
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Coordinates: 37°05′N 83°23′W / 37.09°N 83.38°W / 37.09; -83.38County in Kentucky, United States
County in KentuckyLeslie CountyCountyLeslie County courthouse in Hyden
FlagLocation within the U.S. state of KentuckyKentucky's location within the U.S.Coordinates: 37°05′N 83°23′W / 37.09°N 83.38°W / 37.09; -83.38Country United StatesState KentuckyFounded1878Named forPreston LeslieSeatHydenLargest cityHydenArea • Total404 sq mi (1,050 km2) • Land401 sq mi (1,040 km2) • Water3.6 sq mi (9 km2) 0.9%Population (2020) • Total10,513 • Estimate (2022)10,093 • Density26/sq mi (10/km2)Time zoneUTC−5 (Eastern) • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (EDT)Congressional district5thWebsitewww.lesliecounty.ky.gov
Leslie County is located in the U.S. state of Kentucky. Its county seat and largest city is Hyden. As of the 2020 census, the population was 10,513. It was formed in 1878 from portions of Clay, Harlan, and Perry counties, and named for Preston Leslie, governor of Kentucky from 1871 to 1875.
History
Leslie County was formed in 1878 from portions of Clay, Harlan, and Perry counties, and named for governor Preston Leslie. Its county seat, Hyden, is named for state senator John Hyden, who was one of the commissioners that helped form the county.
On December 30, 1970, a blast occurred at the Finley Mine on Hurricane Creek. The blast resulted in the deaths of 38 men. Following the recovery of bodies, an investigation revealed a failure to enforce new safety laws. Traces of dynamite and Primacord, were found inside the mine.
After resigning the presidency, Richard Nixon made his first public appearance, in July 1978, at the Leslie County dedication of a recreation facility named for him. County Judge-Executive C. Allen Muncy claimed the Nixon invitation prompted the U.S. Department of Justice to obtain indictments of him and his associates on vote-fraud charges; while on appeal for his conviction, he won renomination in the Republican primary but lost the 1981 general election to independent Kermit Keen.
Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 404 square miles (1,050 km2), of which 401 square miles (1,040 km2) is land and 3.6 square miles (9.3 km2) (0.9%) is water.
Adjacent counties
Perry County (northeast)
Harlan County (southeast)
Bell County (southwest)
Clay County (west)
Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
18803,740—18903,9646.0%19006,75370.4%19108,97632.9%192010,09712.5%193010,7656.6%194014,98139.2%195015,5373.7%196010,941−29.6%197011,6236.2%198014,88228.0%199013,642−8.3%200012,401−9.1%201011,310−8.8%202010,513−7.0%2022 (est.)10,093−4.0%U.S. Decennial Census1790-1960 1900-19901990-2000 2010-2021
As of the census of 2000, there were 12,401 people, 4,885 households, and 3,668 families residing in the county. The population density was 31 per square mile (12/km2). There were 5,502 housing units at an average density of 14 per square mile (5.4/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 97.18% White, 0.07% Black or African American, 0.09% Native American, 0.12% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.05% from other races, and 0.50% from two or more races; 0.62% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 4,885 households, out of which 35.50% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.30% were married couples living together, 12.90% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.90% were non-families. 22.40% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.70% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.52 and the average family size was 2.94.
In the county, the population was spread out, with 24.60% under the age of 18, 9.20% from 18 to 24, 30.90% from 25 to 44, 23.90% from 45 to 64, and 11.50% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females there were 95.10 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.20 males.
The median income for a household in the county was $18,546, and the median income for a family was $22,225. Males had a median income of $28,708 versus $18,080 for females. The per capita income for the county was $10,429. About 30.20% of families and 32.70% of the population were below the poverty line, including 38.80% of those under age 18 and 27.00% of those age 65 or over.
Life expectancy and health
Of 3,142 counties in the United States in 2014, the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation ranked Leslie County 3,120 in the average life expectancy at birth of male residents and 3,130 in the life expectancy of female residents. Life expectancy in Leslie county ranked in the bottom 10 percent among U.S. counties. Males in Leslie County lived an average of 70.0 years and females lived an average of 74.7 years compared to the national average for life expectancy of 76.7 for males and 81.5 for females. In the 1980-2014 period, the average life expectancy in Leslie County for females decreased by 4.0 years while male longevity decreased by 0.1 years compared to the national average for the same period of an increased life expectancy of 4.0 years for women and 6.7 years for men. Factors contributing to the short, and declining, life expectancy of residents of Leslie county included obesity, smoking, and low amounts of exercise.
In 2020, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation ranked Leslie country 107 of 120 counties in Kentucky in "health outcomes," as measured by length and quality of life.
Economy
Coal companies in Leslie County
James River Coal Company
Infrastructure
Transportation
Public transportation is provided by LKLP Community Action Partnership with demand-response service and scheduled service from Hyden to Hazard.
Communities
Asher
Bear Branch
Big Rock
Causey
Chappell
Cinda
Confluence
Cutshin
Essie
Frew
Grassy
Hare
Hell for Certain
Helton
Hoskinston
Hyden (county seat)
Kaliopi
Middlefork
Mozelle
Roark
Sizerock
Smilax
Stinnett
Thousandsticks
Toulouse
Warbranch
Wendover
Wooton
Yeaddis
Politics
Leslie County is one of forty-four United States counties to have never voted for a Democratic presidential candidate since its creation in 1878. In 1892, 1908, and 1916 it was the most Republican county in the nation. Leslie's fierce Unionist sympathies, so strong that areas surrounding it contributed more troops to the Union Army relative to population than any other part of the United States, meant that between 1896 and 1928 no Democrat could receive even ten percent of the county's vote, and none received so much as twenty-five percent until Lyndon Johnson managed over 47 percent in his landslide national triumph against Barry Goldwater in 1964.
Despite Goldwater's relatively poor performance, every Republican candidate since the county's formation has obtained an absolute majority in Leslie County, and only William Howard Taft in the divided 1912 election, George H. W. Bush in 1992, and Bob Dole in 1996 have otherwise received under seventy percent for the GOP. Both Mitt Romney and Donald Trump received almost ninety percent of the vote in this county, making Leslie the strongest GOP county in Kentucky (see chart below).
United States presidential election results for Leslie County, Kentucky
Year
Republican
Democratic
Third party
No.
%
No.
%
No.
%
2020
4,321
89.78%
446
9.27%
46
0.96%
2016
4,015
89.38%
400
8.90%
77
1.71%
2012
4,439
89.62%
433
8.74%
81
1.64%
2008
3,574
81.28%
766
17.42%
57
1.30%
2004
3,661
73.75%
1,266
25.50%
37
0.75%
2000
3,159
71.24%
1,210
27.29%
65
1.47%
1996
2,296
56.14%
1,466
35.84%
328
8.02%
1992
2,879
58.33%
1,591
32.23%
466
9.44%
1988
3,280
74.39%
1,105
25.06%
24
0.54%
1984
3,385
75.64%
1,075
24.02%
15
0.34%
1980
3,536
71.86%
1,327
26.97%
58
1.18%
1976
3,770
71.52%
1,478
28.04%
23
0.44%
1972
3,299
77.88%
913
21.55%
24
0.57%
1968
2,615
71.08%
828
22.51%
236
6.41%
1964
1,971
52.23%
1,795
47.56%
8
0.21%
1960
3,894
83.05%
795
16.95%
0
0.00%
1956
3,770
87.37%
531
12.31%
14
0.32%
1952
3,239
81.81%
705
17.81%
15
0.38%
1948
2,397
73.94%
783
24.15%
62
1.91%
1944
2,679
84.30%
499
15.70%
0
0.00%
1940
3,292
83.96%
626
15.97%
3
0.08%
1936
2,716
81.39%
618
18.52%
3
0.09%
1932
2,810
82.96%
569
16.80%
8
0.24%
1928
2,806
94.45%
159
5.35%
6
0.20%
1924
2,052
88.91%
223
9.66%
33
1.43%
1920
2,576
94.22%
142
5.19%
16
0.59%
1916
1,516
91.60%
133
8.04%
6
0.36%
1912
606
52.97%
105
9.18%
433
37.85%
Notable people
Elmer Begley, secretary of state of Kentucky from 1968 to 1970
Roger Bowling, songwriter
Hugh X. Lewis, country music singer-songwriter
William Lewis, former U.S. Representative from Kentucky
Bobby Osborne, bluegrass musician
Sonny Osborne, bluegrass musician
Willie Sandlin, soldier in the U.S. Army who received the Medal of Honor for his actions in World War I
See also
United States portal
Dry counties
National Register of Historic Places listings in Leslie County, Kentucky
References
^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
^ "Leslie County (KY) Free Blacks and Free Mulattoes, 1880-1910 · Notable Kentucky African Americans Database". nkaa.uky.edu. Retrieved July 6, 2023.
^ "Leslie County Kentucky - Historical". www.trailsrus.com. Retrieved July 6, 2023.
^ "Around Town!". Hyden & Leslie County. Retrieved July 6, 2023.
^ "Hyden, Kentucky". www.kyatlas.com. Retrieved July 6, 2023.
^ Martin, McKenzie. "Hurricane Creek Mine Disaster". ExploreKYHistory. Retrieved July 6, 2023.
^ "The Big Lever," Appalshop Inc., 1982
^ "2010 Census Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. August 22, 2012. Archived from the original on August 12, 2014. Retrieved August 17, 2014.
^ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2022". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 2, 2023.
^ "U.S. Decennial Census". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 17, 2014.
^ "Historical Census Browser". University of Virginia Library. Retrieved August 17, 2014.
^ "Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 17, 2014.
^ "Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 27, 2010. Retrieved August 17, 2014.
^ "State & County QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on June 7, 2011. Retrieved March 6, 2014.
^ "US Health Map". Institute of Health Metrics and Evaulation. University of Washington. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
^ "County Profiles: Leslie County, Kentucky" (PDF). Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. University of Washington. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 2, 2017. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
^ "2020 Kentucky Report". Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. Retrieved December 27, 2020.
^ James River Coal Company – Blue Diamond complex
^ James River Coal Company – Bledsoe complex
^ "LKLP Community Action Council, Inc. > Programs > Public Transportation". Retrieved May 19, 2015.
^ Góelections; Popular Vote at the Presidential Election of 1892
^ Dave Leip’s U.S. Election Atlas; 1916 Presidential Election Statistics
^ Marshall, Anne E.; Creating a Confederate Kentucky: The Lost Cause and Civil War Memory in a Border State, pp. 114-115 ISBN 1469609835
^ a b Robinson, Edgar Eugene; The Presidential Vote 1896-1932, p. 270 ISBN 9780804716963
^ Leip, David. "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections". uselectionatlas.org. Retrieved July 3, 2018.
Notes
^ Thirty-eight counties have never voted Democratic since the Civil War, whilst Clinton County and Cumberland County in Kentucky last did so in 1868, while Mitchell County, North Carolina and Lewis County, Kentucky alongside Tennessee’s Henderson County and Wayne County last voted Democratic for Samuel J. Tilden in 1876.
External links
The Kentucky Highlands Project
LeslieCounty.Net - oldest and largest site dealing with Leslie County
vteMunicipalities and communities of Leslie County, Kentucky, United StatesCounty seat: HydenCity
Hyden
Location of Leslie County, KentuckyUnincorporatedcommunities
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Cinda
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Essie
Frew
Helton
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Mozelle
Roark
Sizerock
Smilax
Stinnett
Warbranch
Wendover
Wooton
Yeaddis
post offices(and the creeksthey are on)
Big Creek (inc. Bear Branch, Jason, and Obed)
Middle Fork Kentucky River (inc. Dryhill, Gad/Thosandsticks, Omarsville/Kaliopi, and Osha)
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky"},{"link_name":"county seat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_seat"},{"link_name":"Hyden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyden,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR6-1"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-2"},{"link_name":"Clay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay_County,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Harlan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlan_County,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Perry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perry_County,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Preston Leslie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preston_Leslie"},{"link_name":"governor of Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"County in Kentucky, United StatesCounty in KentuckyLeslie County is located in the U.S. state of Kentucky. Its county seat and largest city is Hyden.[1] As of the 2020 census, the population was 10,513.[2] It was formed in 1878 from portions of Clay, Harlan, and Perry counties, and named for Preston Leslie, governor of Kentucky from 1871 to 1875.[3]","title":"Leslie County, Kentucky"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"John Hyden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Hyden_(Kentucky_politician)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Finley Mine on Hurricane Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Creek_mine_disaster"},{"link_name":"dynamite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamite"},{"link_name":"Primacord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primacord"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Richard Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Leslie County was formed in 1878 from portions of Clay, Harlan, and Perry counties, and named for governor Preston Leslie.[4][5] Its county seat, Hyden, is named for state senator John Hyden, who was one of the commissioners that helped form the county.[6]On December 30, 1970, a blast occurred at the Finley Mine on Hurricane Creek. The blast resulted in the deaths of 38 men. Following the recovery of bodies, an investigation revealed a failure to enforce new safety laws. Traces of dynamite and Primacord, were found inside the mine.[7]After resigning the presidency, Richard Nixon made his first public appearance, in July 1978, at the Leslie County dedication of a recreation facility named for him. County Judge-Executive C. Allen Muncy claimed the Nixon invitation prompted the U.S. Department of Justice to obtain indictments of him and his associates on vote-fraud charges; while on appeal for his conviction, he won renomination in the Republican primary but lost the 1981 general election to independent Kermit Keen.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-9"}],"text":"According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 404 square miles (1,050 km2), of which 401 square miles (1,040 km2) is land and 3.6 square miles (9.3 km2) (0.9%) is water.[9]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Perry County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perry_County,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Harlan County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlan_County,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Bell County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_County,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Clay County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay_County,_Kentucky"}],"sub_title":"Adjacent counties","text":"Perry County (northeast)\nHarlan County (southeast)\nBell County (southwest)\nClay County (west)","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-2"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"text":"As of the census[2] of 2000, there were 12,401 people, 4,885 households, and 3,668 families residing in the county. The population density was 31 per square mile (12/km2). There were 5,502 housing units at an average density of 14 per square mile (5.4/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 97.18% White, 0.07% Black or African American, 0.09% Native American, 0.12% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.05% from other races, and 0.50% from two or more races; 0.62% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.There were 4,885 households, out of which 35.50% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.30% were married couples living together, 12.90% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.90% were non-families. 22.40% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.70% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.52 and the average family size was 2.94.In the county, the population was spread out, with 24.60% under the age of 18, 9.20% from 18 to 24, 30.90% from 25 to 44, 23.90% from 45 to 64, and 11.50% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females there were 95.10 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.20 males.The median income for a household in the county was $18,546, and the median income for a family was $22,225. Males had a median income of $28,708 versus $18,080 for females. The per capita income for the county was $10,429. About 30.20% of families and 32.70% of the population were below the poverty line, including 38.80% of those under age 18 and 27.00% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Health_Metrics_and_Evaluation"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leslie_County-17"},{"link_name":"Robert Wood Johnson Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Wood_Johnson_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Of 3,142 counties in the United States in 2014, the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation ranked Leslie County 3,120 in the average life expectancy at birth of male residents and 3,130 in the life expectancy of female residents. Life expectancy in Leslie county ranked in the bottom 10 percent among U.S. counties. Males in Leslie County lived an average of 70.0 years and females lived an average of 74.7 years compared to the national average for life expectancy of 76.7 for males and 81.5 for females. In the 1980-2014 period, the average life expectancy in Leslie County for females decreased by 4.0 years while male longevity decreased by 0.1 years compared to the national average for the same period of an increased life expectancy of 4.0 years for women and 6.7 years for men. Factors contributing to the short, and declining, life expectancy of residents of Leslie county included obesity, smoking, and low amounts of exercise.[16][17]In 2020, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation ranked Leslie country 107 of 120 counties in Kentucky in \"health outcomes,\" as measured by length and quality of life.[18]","title":"Life expectancy and health"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Coal companies in Leslie County","text":"James River Coal Company[19][20]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Community Action Partnership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Action_Agencies"},{"link_name":"Hyden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyden,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Hazard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazard,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Transportation","text":"Public transportation is provided by LKLP Community Action Partnership with demand-response service and scheduled service from Hyden to Hazard.[21]","title":"Infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Asher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asher,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Bear Branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear_Branch,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Big Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big_Rock,_Kentucky&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Causey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Causey,_Kentucky&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chappell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chappell,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Cinda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinda,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Confluence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confluence,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Cutshin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutshin,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Essie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essie,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Frew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frew,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Grassy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grassy,_Kentucky_(Leslie_County)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hare,_Kentucky&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hell for Certain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell_for_Certain,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Helton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helton,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Hoskinston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoskinston,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Hyden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyden,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Kaliopi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliopi,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Middlefork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Middlefork,_Kentucky&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mozelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozelle,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Roark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roark,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Sizerock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sizerock,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Smilax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smilax,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Stinnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stinnett,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Thousandsticks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thousandsticks,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Toulouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toulouse,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Warbranch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warbranch,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Wendover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendover,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Wooton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wooton,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Yeaddis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeaddis,_Kentucky"}],"text":"Asher\nBear Branch\nBig Rock\nCausey\nChappell\nCinda\nConfluence\nCutshin\nEssie\nFrew\nGrassy\nHare\nHell for Certain\nHelton\nHoskinston\nHyden (county seat)\nKaliopi\nMiddlefork\nMozelle\nRoark\nSizerock\nSmilax\nStinnett\nThousandsticks\nToulouse\nWarbranch\nWendover\nWooton\nYeaddis","title":"Communities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Unionist sympathies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)"},{"link_name":"Union Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Army"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Presidential-26"},{"link_name":"Lyndon Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Barry Goldwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Goldwater"},{"link_name":"William Howard Taft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Presidential-26"},{"link_name":"George H. W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush"},{"link_name":"Bob Dole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dole"},{"link_name":"Mitt Romney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney"},{"link_name":"Donald Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump"}],"text":"Leslie County is one of forty-four United States counties[a] to have never voted for a Democratic presidential candidate since its creation in 1878. In 1892,[22] 1908, and 1916[23] it was the most Republican county in the nation. Leslie's fierce Unionist sympathies, so strong that areas surrounding it contributed more troops to the Union Army relative to population than any other part of the United States,[24] meant that between 1896 and 1928 no Democrat could receive even ten percent of the county's vote,[25] and none received so much as twenty-five percent until Lyndon Johnson managed over 47 percent in his landslide national triumph against Barry Goldwater in 1964.Despite Goldwater's relatively poor performance, every Republican candidate since the county's formation has obtained an absolute majority in Leslie County, and only William Howard Taft in the divided 1912 election,[25] George H. W. Bush in 1992, and Bob Dole in 1996 have otherwise received under seventy percent for the GOP. Both Mitt Romney and Donald Trump received almost ninety percent of the vote in this county, making Leslie the strongest GOP county in Kentucky (see chart below).","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elmer Begley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmer_Begley"},{"link_name":"Roger Bowling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Bowling_(songwriter)"},{"link_name":"Hugh X. Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_X._Lewis"},{"link_name":"William Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lewis_(Kentucky_politician)"},{"link_name":"U.S. Representative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Representative"},{"link_name":"Bobby Osborne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Osborne"},{"link_name":"Sonny Osborne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonny_Osborne"},{"link_name":"Willie Sandlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Sandlin"},{"link_name":"U.S. Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Army"},{"link_name":"Medal of Honor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medal_of_Honor"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"}],"text":"Elmer Begley, secretary of state of Kentucky from 1968 to 1970\nRoger Bowling, songwriter\nHugh X. Lewis, country music singer-songwriter\nWilliam Lewis, former U.S. Representative from Kentucky\nBobby Osborne, bluegrass musician\nSonny Osborne, bluegrass musician\nWillie Sandlin, soldier in the U.S. Army who received the Medal of Honor for his actions in World War I","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"Clinton County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinton_County,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Cumberland County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumberland_County,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Mitchell County, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitchell_County,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Lewis County, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_County,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Henderson County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henderson_County,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Wayne County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_County,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Samuel J. Tilden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden"}],"text":"^ Thirty-eight counties have never voted Democratic since the Civil War, whilst Clinton County and Cumberland County in Kentucky last did so in 1868, while Mitchell County, North Carolina and Lewis County, Kentucky alongside Tennessee’s Henderson County and Wayne County last voted Democratic for Samuel J. Tilden in 1876.","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"image_text":"Location of Leslie County, Kentucky","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Map_of_Kentucky_highlighting_Leslie_County.svg/200px-Map_of_Kentucky_highlighting_Leslie_County.svg.png"}]
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[{"title":"United States portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States"},{"title":"Dry counties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_counties"},{"title":"National Register of Historic Places listings in Leslie County, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Leslie_County,_Kentucky"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Find a County\". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110531210815/http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx","url_text":"\"Find a County\""},{"url":"http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Leslie County (KY) Free Blacks and Free Mulattoes, 1880-1910 · Notable Kentucky African Americans Database\". nkaa.uky.edu. Retrieved July 6, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/2421#:~:text=Leslie%20County%20was%20formed%20in,later%20territorial%20governor%20of%20Montana.","url_text":"\"Leslie County (KY) Free Blacks and Free Mulattoes, 1880-1910 · Notable Kentucky African Americans Database\""}]},{"reference":"\"Leslie County Kentucky - Historical\". www.trailsrus.com. Retrieved July 6, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.trailsrus.com/lesliecounty/historical.html","url_text":"\"Leslie County Kentucky - Historical\""}]},{"reference":"\"Around Town!\". Hyden & Leslie County. Retrieved July 6, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.leslieky.com/leslie-county-main","url_text":"\"Around Town!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hyden, Kentucky\". www.kyatlas.com. Retrieved July 6, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kyatlas.com/ky-hyden.html","url_text":"\"Hyden, Kentucky\""}]},{"reference":"Martin, McKenzie. \"Hurricane Creek Mine Disaster\". ExploreKYHistory. Retrieved July 6, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://explorekyhistory.ky.gov/items/show/559","url_text":"\"Hurricane Creek Mine Disaster\""}]},{"reference":"\"2010 Census Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. August 22, 2012. Archived from the original on August 12, 2014. Retrieved August 17, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140812210847/http://www.census.gov/geo/maps-data/data/docs/gazetteer/counties_list_21.txt","url_text":"\"2010 Census Gazetteer Files\""},{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geo/maps-data/data/docs/gazetteer/counties_list_21.txt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2022\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 2, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/tables/2020-2022/counties/totals/co-est2022-pop-21.xlsx","url_text":"\"Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2022\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Decennial Census\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 17, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"U.S. Decennial Census\""}]},{"reference":"\"Historical Census Browser\". University of Virginia Library. Retrieved August 17, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://mapserver.lib.virginia.edu/","url_text":"\"Historical Census Browser\""}]},{"reference":"\"Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 17, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/population/cencounts/ky190090.txt","url_text":"\"Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990\""}]},{"reference":"\"Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000\" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 27, 2010. Retrieved August 17, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/briefs/phc-t4/tables/tab02.pdf","url_text":"\"Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100327165705/http://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/briefs/phc-t4/tables/tab02.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"State & County QuickFacts\". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on June 7, 2011. Retrieved March 6, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110607102613/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/21/21131.html","url_text":"\"State & County QuickFacts\""},{"url":"http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/21/21131.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"US Health Map\". Institute of Health Metrics and Evaulation. University of Washington. Retrieved December 28, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://vizhub.healthdata.org/subnational/usa","url_text":"\"US Health Map\""}]},{"reference":"\"County Profiles: Leslie County, Kentucky\" (PDF). Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. University of Washington. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 2, 2017. Retrieved December 28, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.healthdata.org/sites/default/files/files/county_profiles/US/2015/County_Report_Leslie_County_Kentucky.pdf","url_text":"\"County Profiles: Leslie County, Kentucky\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170702073347/http://www.healthdata.org/sites/default/files/files/county_profiles/US/2015/County_Report_Leslie_County_Kentucky.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"2020 Kentucky Report\". Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. Retrieved December 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.countyhealthrankings.org/app/kentucky/2020/rankings/leslie/county/outcomes/overall/snapshot","url_text":"\"2020 Kentucky Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"LKLP Community Action Council, Inc. > Programs > Public Transportation\". Retrieved May 19, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lklp.org/Programs/Public-Transportation","url_text":"\"LKLP Community Action Council, Inc. > Programs > Public Transportation\""}]},{"reference":"Leip, David. \"Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections\". uselectionatlas.org. Retrieved July 3, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS","url_text":"\"Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Stein,_Ohio
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Maria Stein, Ohio
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["1 History","2 Shrine of the Holy Relics Chapel","3 Recreation","4 Notable people","5 School","6 References","7 External links"]
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Census-designated place in Ohio, United StatesMaria Stein, OhioCensus-designated place19th-century farm house in Maria SteinLocation of Maria Stein, Ohio.Coordinates: 40°24′27″N 84°29′36″W / 40.40750°N 84.49333°W / 40.40750; -84.49333CountryUnited StatesStateOhioCountyMercerElevation974 ft (297 m)Population (2020) • Total1,067Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)GNIS feature ID2812834
St. John's Church in Maria Stein, one of the many "cross-tipped" steeples in Mercer County
Matthias Gast House
Maria Stein (German, literally "Mary's stone" or "Mary of the Rock") is a census-designated place in central Marion Township, Mercer County, Ohio, United States. The community and the Maria Stein Convent lie at the center of the area known as the Land of the Cross-Tipped Churches, where a missionary priest, Father Francis de Sales Brunner, established a number of parishes for German Catholics.
History
The community of St. Johns was established in 1833. Its name was selected because all of its early male settlers bore the name of John. When the Cincinnati, Hamilton, and Dayton Railway expanded through Mercer County some years later, its surveyors chose a path through the small community of Maria Stein, to the west of St. Johns. As these two communities were separated by only 0.5 miles (0.80 km), business interests migrated to the vicinity of the railroad,: 203 and the two communities eventually merged under the name of Maria Stein.
The origin of the name "Maria Stein" is likely from Metzerlen-Mariastein in Switzerland. This small community, not so far from Basel, has a Benedictine abbey, Mariastein Abbey. Father Francis de Sales Brunner, who established the Missionaries of the Precious Blood order that provides priests for St John's Church in Maria Stein, Ohio, entered the abbey in 1812 and remained there as a member of the convent until 1829. Although there is no written evidence that it was Father Brunner who named the town of Maria Stein, the erection of a large church and the Shrine of the Holy Relics in Maria Stein is supportive. According to an article by Father Lukas Schenker of Mariastein Abbey, Brunner probably named the convent at Maria Stein after Mariastein Abbey in Switzerland because Brunner donated a painted depiction of the Miraculous Madonna of Mariastein to the convent, after which also the town was named. It is said of this painting that Brunner had it with him when crossing the English Channel in a sailing vessel and was miraculously saved from shipwreck in a bad storm.
The historical character of Maria Stein and many other similar communities is evident in their most notable feature, their churches. In this region, every small crossroads community has a substantial church, typically constructed by immigrant German craftsmen in the mid- to late nineteenth century and characterized by a steeple topped with a cross. The churches in Minster, St. Henry, and Maria Stein are the largest examples, but others are found in St. Rose, Cassella, St. Sebastian and Osgood. St. John's Church in Maria Stein was built in 1889.
A German dialect, traced by linguist Professor Wolfgang Fleischhauer of Ohio State University to northwest Germany (almost Dutch), is still spoken by many members of the community.
Shrine of the Holy Relics Chapel
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Main article: Shrine of the Holy Relics
Maria Stein is home to the Shrine of the Holy Relics. Relics include body parts (usually bones) from saints or objects that belonged to a saint; they are held in high respect because they were individuals who led exemplary lives. Father Francis de Sales Brunner, the missionary who led the "Missionaries of the Precious Blood" order of priests, was a collector of relics, and he was responsible for the first collection of relics in Maria Stein. During the 19th century other relics were added to the core collection as a way of protecting them from the continuous strife between city states of 19th-century Italy. In 1892 a separate "relic chapel" was established in which Sisters of the Precious Blood conducted a continuous vigil. The collection of relics is the second largest in the United States.
Recreation
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Maria Stein is approximately 6.5 miles (10.5 km) south of Grand Lake St Marys (Grand Lake St. Marys State Park), a man-made lake constructed in the 19th century to feed the Miami and Erie Canal. The lake is located at the peak of the north-south watershed. The lake has benefited from the Clean Water Act and there has been a resurgence of recreational use over the past 2 decades following improvement in water quality. Many keep fishing or motorized boats at the lake. The closest movie theaters are in New Bremen and Celina. Approximately 5 miles (8.0 km) from Maria Stein near the intersection of U.S. Route 127 and State Route 119 is Starlight Drive-In, one of the few remaining drive-in theaters in the state.
There are a variety of country festivals that take place throughout the region during the summer. In late June each year the community hosts the Maria Stein Country Fest, a weekend event that celebrates the rural and religious roots of this small community. The fest is held on the grounds of the Maria Stein Shrine of the Holy Relics. The highlight of the event is tractor square dancing, an event in which four pairs of tractors participate in a precise replica of a square dance. Maria Stein's cultural and religious history is remembered with a pilgrimage from St. John's Catholic Church, a quarter mile away, to the relic chapel grounds. This is a parade with participation by the Knights of St John, an ancient uniformed religious guard, and members of the American Legion.
Notable people
Cory Luebke, former relief pitcher for the San Diego Padres and Pittsburgh Pirates
Joseph Oppenheim, the inventor of the first mechanized manure spreader
Henry Synck, industrialist
School
Maria Stein is home to Marion Local High School, part of the Marion Local school district. The student body is derived from the communities of Maria Stein, Cassella, Chickasaw, Osgood, St. Rose and St. Sebastian.
References
^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Maria Stein, Ohio
^ "Maria Stein CPD, Ohio - Census Bureau Profile". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 26, 2023.
^ Scranton, S.S. History of Mercer County, Ohio and Representative Citizens. Chicago: Biographical, 1907.
^ Brown, Mary Ann. Ohio Historic Inventory Nomination: Maria Stein Catholic Church. Ohio Historical Society, February 1977.
^ Lukas Schenker: Brunner, Franz Sales in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland, 2003-01-31.
^ a b Schenker, Lukas (1989), "Warum ein "Maria Stein" in Amerika?", Mariastein (in German), 35 (4): 105–108
^ Land of the Cross-tipped Churches Archived 2006-06-17 at the Wayback Machine
^ "St. John Church History". Archived from the original on January 6, 2013. Retrieved January 12, 2013.
^ Cleveland.com Archived April 29, 2003, at the Wayback Machine Land of the Cross-tipped Churches Archived 2007-07-12 at the Wayback Machine
^ Brown, Mary Ann. Ohio Historic Inventory Nomination: Maria Stein Catholic Church. Ohio Historical Society, February 1977.
^ German Communities In Northwestern Ohio, Wolfgang Fleischhauer, Society for the History of Germans in Maryland 34:23, 1970
^ Fleischhauer, Wolfgang, A Study of the Low German Dialect in Auglaize
County, Ohio, Ph.D. Thesis (Ohio State U., 1960)
^ "Home". Maria Stein Country Fest. Retrieved February 1, 2019.
^ "New Idea". December 5, 2006. Archived from the original on December 5, 2006. Retrieved February 1, 2019.
^ School
External links
Shrine of the Holy Relics Museum
Marion Local Communities
vteMunicipalities and communities of Mercer County, Ohio, United StatesCounty seat: CelinaCity
Celina
Map of Ohio highlighting Mercer CountyVillages
Burkettsville‡
Chickasaw
Coldwater
Ft. Recovery
Mendon
Montezuma
Rockford
St. Henry
Townships
Black Creek
Butler
Center
Dublin
Franklin
Gibson
Granville
Hopewell
Jefferson
Liberty
Marion
Recovery
Union
Washington
CDP
Maria Stein
Othercommunities
Carthagena
Cassella
Chattanooga
Cranberry Prairie
Erastus
Macedon
Mercer
Monterey
Neptune
Padua
Philothea
Saint Joseph
St. Rose
Sebastian
Sharpsburg
Wabash
Wendelin
Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
Ohio portal
United States portal
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Israel
United States
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St._John%27s_at_Maria_Stein_front_and_western_side.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Matthias_Gast_House.jpg"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"census-designated place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census-designated_place"},{"link_name":"Marion Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_Township,_Mercer_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Mercer County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercer_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Maria Stein Convent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Stein_Convent"},{"link_name":"Land of the Cross-Tipped Churches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_of_the_Cross-Tipped_Churches"},{"link_name":"missionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missionary"},{"link_name":"priest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priest"},{"link_name":"Francis de Sales Brunner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_de_Sales_Brunner"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germans"},{"link_name":"Catholics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"}],"text":"Census-designated place in Ohio, United StatesSt. John's Church in Maria Stein, one of the many \"cross-tipped\" steeples in Mercer CountyMatthias Gast HouseMaria Stein (German, literally \"Mary's stone\" or \"Mary of the Rock\") is a census-designated place in central Marion Township, Mercer County, Ohio, United States. The community and the Maria Stein Convent lie at the center of the area known as the Land of the Cross-Tipped Churches, where a missionary priest, Father Francis de Sales Brunner, established a number of parishes for German Catholics.","title":"Maria Stein, Ohio"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cincinnati, Hamilton, and Dayton Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati,_Hamilton_and_Dayton_Railway_(1846%E2%80%931917)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inventory-4"},{"link_name":"Metzerlen-Mariastein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metzerlen-Mariastein"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Basel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel,_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Mariastein Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariastein_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Francis de Sales Brunner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_de_Sales_Brunner"},{"link_name":"Missionaries of the Precious Blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missionaries_of_the_Precious_Blood"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Shrine of the Holy Relics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrine_of_the_Holy_Relics"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-schenker-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-schenker-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Minster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minster,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"St. Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Henry,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"St. Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Rose,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Cassella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassella,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"St. Sebastian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Osgood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osgood,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"St. John's Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._John_the_Baptist_Catholic_Church_(Maria_Stein,_Ohio)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Ohio State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_State_University"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The community of St. Johns was established in 1833. Its name was selected because all of its early male settlers bore the name of John. When the Cincinnati, Hamilton, and Dayton Railway expanded through Mercer County some years later, its surveyors chose a path through the small community of Maria Stein, to the west of St. Johns. As these two communities were separated by only 0.5 miles (0.80 km), business interests migrated to the vicinity of the railroad,[3]: 203 and the two communities eventually merged under the name of Maria Stein.[4]The origin of the name \"Maria Stein\" is likely from Metzerlen-Mariastein in Switzerland. This small community, not so far from Basel, has a Benedictine abbey, Mariastein Abbey. Father Francis de Sales Brunner, who established the Missionaries of the Precious Blood order that provides priests for St John's Church in Maria Stein, Ohio, entered the abbey in 1812 and remained there as a member of the convent until 1829.[5] Although there is no written evidence that it was Father Brunner who named the town of Maria Stein, the erection of a large church and the Shrine of the Holy Relics in Maria Stein is supportive. According to an article by Father Lukas Schenker of Mariastein Abbey, Brunner probably named the convent at Maria Stein after Mariastein Abbey in Switzerland because Brunner donated a painted depiction of the Miraculous Madonna of Mariastein to the convent, after which also the town was named.[6] It is said of this painting that Brunner had it with him when crossing the English Channel in a sailing vessel and was miraculously saved from shipwreck in a bad storm.[6]The historical character of Maria Stein and many other similar communities is evident in their most notable feature, their churches.[7] In this region, every small crossroads community has a substantial church, typically constructed by immigrant German craftsmen in the mid- to late nineteenth century and characterized by a steeple topped with a cross. The churches in Minster, St. Henry, and Maria Stein[8] are the largest examples,[9] but others are found in St. Rose, Cassella, St. Sebastian and Osgood. St. John's Church in Maria Stein was built in 1889.[10]A German dialect, traced by linguist Professor Wolfgang Fleischhauer of Ohio State University to northwest Germany (almost Dutch), is still spoken by many members of the community.[11][12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shrine of the Holy Relics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrine_of_the_Holy_Relics"},{"link_name":"Relics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relics"},{"link_name":"Missionaries of the Precious Blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missionaries_of_the_Precious_Blood"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"}],"text":"Maria Stein is home to the Shrine of the Holy Relics. Relics include body parts (usually bones) from saints or objects that belonged to a saint; they are held in high respect because they were individuals who led exemplary lives. Father Francis de Sales Brunner, the missionary who led the \"Missionaries of the Precious Blood\" order of priests, was a collector of relics, and he was responsible for the first collection of relics in Maria Stein. During the 19th century other relics were added to the core collection as a way of protecting them from the continuous strife between city states of 19th-century Italy. In 1892 a separate \"relic chapel\" was established in which Sisters of the Precious Blood conducted a continuous vigil. The collection of relics is the second largest in the United States.","title":"Shrine of the Holy Relics Chapel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grand Lake St. Marys State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Lake_St._Marys_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Miami and Erie Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_and_Erie_Canal"},{"link_name":"Clean Water Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Water_Act"},{"link_name":"New Bremen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Bremen,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Celina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celina,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 127","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_127_in_Ohio"},{"link_name":"State Route 119","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_State_Route_119"},{"link_name":"drive-in theaters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drive-in_theater"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Shrine of the Holy Relics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrine_of_the_Holy_Relics"},{"link_name":"pilgrimage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilgrimage"},{"link_name":"Knights of St John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_of_St_John"},{"link_name":"American Legion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Legion"}],"text":"Maria Stein is approximately 6.5 miles (10.5 km) south of Grand Lake St Marys (Grand Lake St. Marys State Park), a man-made lake constructed in the 19th century to feed the Miami and Erie Canal. The lake is located at the peak of the north-south watershed. The lake has benefited from the Clean Water Act and there has been a resurgence of recreational use over the past 2 decades following improvement in water quality. Many keep fishing or motorized boats at the lake. The closest movie theaters are in New Bremen and Celina. Approximately 5 miles (8.0 km) from Maria Stein near the intersection of U.S. Route 127 and State Route 119 is Starlight Drive-In, one of the few remaining drive-in theaters in the state.There are a variety of country festivals that take place throughout the region during the summer. In late June each year the community hosts the Maria Stein Country Fest,[13] a weekend event that celebrates the rural and religious roots of this small community. The fest is held on the grounds of the Maria Stein Shrine of the Holy Relics. The highlight of the event is tractor square dancing, an event in which four pairs of tractors participate in a precise replica of a square dance. Maria Stein's cultural and religious history is remembered with a pilgrimage from St. John's Catholic Church, a quarter mile away, to the relic chapel grounds. This is a parade with participation by the Knights of St John, an ancient uniformed religious guard, and members of the American Legion.","title":"Recreation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cory Luebke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cory_Luebke"},{"link_name":"San Diego Padres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Padres"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh Pirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Pirates"},{"link_name":"Joseph Oppenheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Oppenheim"},{"link_name":"manure spreader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manure_spreader"},{"link_name":"Henry Synck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Synck"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Cory Luebke, former relief pitcher for the San Diego Padres and Pittsburgh Pirates\nJoseph Oppenheim, the inventor of the first mechanized manure spreader\nHenry Synck, industrialist[14]","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marion Local High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_Local_High_School_(Maria_Stein,_Ohio)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Cassella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassella,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Chickasaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickasaw,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Osgood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osgood,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"St. Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Rose,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"St. Sebastian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian,_Ohio"}],"text":"Maria Stein is home to Marion Local High School, part of the Marion Local school district.[15] The student body is derived from the communities of Maria Stein, Cassella, Chickasaw, Osgood, St. Rose and St. Sebastian.","title":"School"}]
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[{"image_text":"St. John's Church in Maria Stein, one of the many \"cross-tipped\" steeples in Mercer County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/St._John%27s_at_Maria_Stein_front_and_western_side.jpg/170px-St._John%27s_at_Maria_Stein_front_and_western_side.jpg"},{"image_text":"Matthias Gast House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Matthias_Gast_House.jpg/220px-Matthias_Gast_House.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of Ohio highlighting Mercer County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Map_of_Ohio_highlighting_Mercer_County.svg/80px-Map_of_Ohio_highlighting_Mercer_County.svg.png"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Maria Stein CPD, Ohio - Census Bureau Profile\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 26, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/profile/Maria_Stein_CDP,_Ohio?g=160XX00US3947586","url_text":"\"Maria Stein CPD, Ohio - Census Bureau Profile\""}]},{"reference":"Schenker, Lukas (1989), \"Warum ein \"Maria Stein\" in Amerika?\", Mariastein (in German), 35 (4): 105–108","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"St. John Church History\". Archived from the original on January 6, 2013. Retrieved January 12, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130106021830/http://marioncatholiccommunity.org/StJohnHistory.htm","url_text":"\"St. John Church History\""},{"url":"http://marioncatholiccommunity.org/StJohnHistory.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Home\". Maria Stein Country Fest. Retrieved February 1, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://mscountryfest.com/home.html","url_text":"\"Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Idea\". December 5, 2006. Archived from the original on December 5, 2006. Retrieved February 1, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061205215431/http://www.newidea.agcocorp.com/","url_text":"\"New Idea\""},{"url":"http://www.newidea.agcocorp.com/","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Maria_Stein,_Ohio¶ms=40_24_27_N_84_29_36_W_type:city_region:US-OH","external_links_name":"40°24′27″N 84°29′36″W / 40.40750°N 84.49333°W / 40.40750; -84.49333"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maria_Stein,_Ohio&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this section"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Maria+Stein%2C+Ohio%22","external_links_name":"\"Maria Stein, Ohio\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Maria+Stein%2C+Ohio%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Maria+Stein%2C+Ohio%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Maria+Stein%2C+Ohio%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Maria+Stein%2C+Ohio%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Maria+Stein%2C+Ohio%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/2812834","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Maria Stein, Ohio"},{"Link":"https://data.census.gov/profile/Maria_Stein_CDP,_Ohio?g=160XX00US3947586","external_links_name":"\"Maria Stein CPD, Ohio - Census Bureau Profile\""},{"Link":"http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/d/D9739.php","external_links_name":"German"},{"Link":"http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F9739.php","external_links_name":"French"},{"Link":"http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/i/I9739.php","external_links_name":"Italian"},{"Link":"http://www.grandlake.net/lctc/","external_links_name":"Land of the Cross-tipped Churches"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060617152741/http://grandlake.net/lctc/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130106021830/http://marioncatholiccommunity.org/StJohnHistory.htm","external_links_name":"\"St. John Church History\""},{"Link":"http://marioncatholiccommunity.org/StJohnHistory.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.cleveland.com/byways/index.ssf?/indepth/byways/more/1040380626300850.html","external_links_name":"Cleveland.com"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030429015440/http://www.cleveland.com/byways/index.ssf?%2Findepth%2Fbyways%2Fmore%2F1040380626300850.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.grandlake.net/lctc/site/johnbaptist.html","external_links_name":"Land of the Cross-tipped Churches"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070712093949/http://grandlake.net/lctc/site/johnbaptist.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://mscountryfest.com/home.html","external_links_name":"\"Home\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061205215431/http://www.newidea.agcocorp.com/","external_links_name":"\"New Idea\""},{"Link":"http://www.newidea.agcocorp.com/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.marionlocal.org/","external_links_name":"School"},{"Link":"http://www.mariasteinshrine.org/","external_links_name":"Shrine of the Holy Relics Museum"},{"Link":"http://www.marioncommunities.com/","external_links_name":"Marion Local Communities"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/131537182","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007482451305171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2001021074","external_links_name":"United States"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Best,_1st_Baron_Wynford
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William Best, 1st Baron Wynford
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["1 Background and education","2 Legal career","3 Family","4 Arms","5 References","6 External links"]
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Lord Wynford.
William Draper Best, 1st Baron Wynford, PC (13 December 1767 – 3 March 1845), was a British politician and judge. He served as Chief Justice of the Common Pleas from 1824 to 1829.
Background and education
Best was the third son of Thomas Best of Haselbury Plucknett in Somerset. He was educated at Crewkerne Grammar School and became a student at Wadham College, Oxford at the age of 15, but left at 17 without a degree. Originally destined for a career in the Church, he instead chose to study law, and entered the Middle Temple on 9 October 1784.
Legal career
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Best was Called to the Bar on 6 November 1789, and established a successful legal practice. In 1802, he was elected to parliament for Petersfield as a Whig, a seat he held until 1806. After joining the Tories, he sat for Bridport from 1812 to 1817 and then represented Guildford from 1818 to 1819.
In 1813, Best was appointed Solicitor-General to the Prince of Wales, which he remained until 1816, and was then Attorney-General to the Prince of Wales from 1816 to 1818 and Chief Justice of Chester in 1818. The following year he was made a Judge of the Common Pleas and knighted. Best was admitted to the Privy Council in 1824 and appointed Chief Justice of the Common Pleas, in which post he remained until 1829.
The latter year Best was raised to the peerage as Baron Wynford, of Wynford Eagle in the County of Dorset.
Lord Wynford later served as a Deputy Speaker of the House of Lords. Despite his earlier affiliation with the Whigs, he became known as an ardent Tory, and vigorously opposed the Reform Act 1832 (2 & 3 Will. 4. c. 45). Lord Wynford suffered from gout for many years, and was carried into the House of Lords in an arm-chair, in which he was also allowed to address the rest of the house. However, he was later forced to retire from public life due to his illness.
Family
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "William Best, 1st Baron Wynford" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
In 1794, Lord Wynford married Mary Anne, daughter of Jerome Knapp Jr. of Chilton in Berkshire (now Oxfordshire), Clerk of the Haberdashers' Company, by his second wife, Sarah, daughter and eventual heiress of George Noyes of Southcote, Berkshire, and Andover, Hampshire. They lived at Wynford House at Wynford Eagle, Dorset where they raised ten children. He died in March 1845, aged 77, and was succeeded in the barony by his eldest son, William Samuel Best. Lord Wynford's daughter, Grace Anne Best, married Philip Lake Godsal, the grandfather of Philip Thomas Godsal.
Arms
Coat of arms of William Best, 1st Baron Wynford
Crest
Out of a Ducal Coronet Or a Demi-Ostrich rising Argent in its beak a Cross Crosslet fitchée Gold gorged with a Plain Collar and pendent therefrom a Portcullis Sable
Escutcheon
Sable a Cinquefoil within an Orle of Cross Crosslets Or on a Canton of the last a Portcullis of the first
Supporters
On either side an Eagle reguardant wings elevated standing on a Roman Fasces all proper
Motto
Libertas In Legibus (Liberty in the laws)
References
^ "Crewkerne" in John Marius Wilson, Imperial Gazetteer of England and Wales (1870): "The grammar school was founded in 1499; has an endowed income of £320, with four exhibitions; and had for a pupil Mr. Justice Best, afterwards Lord Wyndford."
^ "No. 18582". The London Gazette. 5 June 1829. p. 1030.
Stephen, Leslie, ed. (1885). "Best, William Draper" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 4. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990,
External links
Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Lord Wynford
Hutchinson, John (1902). "Best, William Draper" . A catalogue of notable Middle Templars, with brief biographical notices (1 ed.). Canterbury: the Honourable Society of the Middle Temple. p. 20.
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Preceded bySir Samuel Hood, BtSir Evan Nepean, Bt
Member of Parliament for Bridport 1808–1816 With: Sir Horace St Paul, Bt
Succeeded byHenry Charles SturtSir Horace St Paul, Bt
Preceded byThomas Cranley OnslowArthur Onslow
Member of Parliament for Guildford 1818–1819 With: Arthur Onslow
Succeeded byCharles Baring WallArthur Onslow
Legal offices
Preceded byThe Lord Gifford
Chief Justice of the Common Pleas 1824–1828
Succeeded bySir Nicholas Conyngham Tindal
Peerage of the United Kingdom
New creation
Baron Wynford 1829–1845
Succeeded byWilliam Samuel Best
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
United States
People
Deutsche Biographie
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1stLordWynford.jpg"},{"link_name":"PC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_Council_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Chief Justice of the Common Pleas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_Common_Pleas"}],"text":"Lord Wynford.William Draper Best, 1st Baron Wynford, PC (13 December 1767 – 3 March 1845), was a British politician and judge. He served as Chief Justice of the Common Pleas from 1824 to 1829.","title":"William Best, 1st Baron Wynford"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Haselbury Plucknett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haselbury_Plucknett"},{"link_name":"Somerset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset"},{"link_name":"Crewkerne Grammar School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crewkerne_Grammar_School"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Wadham College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadham_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Middle Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Temple"}],"text":"Best was the third son of Thomas Best of Haselbury Plucknett in Somerset. He was educated at Crewkerne Grammar School[1] and became a student at Wadham College, Oxford at the age of 15, but left at 17 without a degree. Originally destined for a career in the Church, he instead chose to study law, and entered the Middle Temple on 9 October 1784.","title":"Background and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Called to the Bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Called_to_the_Bar"},{"link_name":"Petersfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petersfield_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Whig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whig_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Tories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tory"},{"link_name":"Bridport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridport_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Guildford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guildford_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Prince of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_IV"},{"link_name":"Chief Justice of Chester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Chester"},{"link_name":"knighted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Bachelor"},{"link_name":"Privy Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_Council_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Chief Justice of the Common Pleas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_Common_Pleas"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"House of Lords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords"},{"link_name":"Tory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tory"},{"link_name":"Reform Act 1832","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_Act_1832"},{"link_name":"2 & 3 Will. 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_%26_3_Will._4"},{"link_name":"gout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gout"},{"link_name":"House of Lords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords"}],"text":"Best was Called to the Bar on 6 November 1789, and established a successful legal practice. In 1802, he was elected to parliament for Petersfield as a Whig, a seat he held until 1806. After joining the Tories, he sat for Bridport from 1812 to 1817 and then represented Guildford from 1818 to 1819.In 1813, Best was appointed Solicitor-General to the Prince of Wales, which he remained until 1816, and was then Attorney-General to the Prince of Wales from 1816 to 1818 and Chief Justice of Chester in 1818. The following year he was made a Judge of the Common Pleas and knighted. Best was admitted to the Privy Council in 1824 and appointed Chief Justice of the Common Pleas, in which post he remained until 1829.The latter year Best was raised to the peerage as Baron Wynford, of Wynford Eagle in the County of Dorset.[2]Lord Wynford later served as a Deputy Speaker of the House of Lords. Despite his earlier affiliation with the Whigs, he became known as an ardent Tory, and vigorously opposed the Reform Act 1832 (2 & 3 Will. 4. c. 45). Lord Wynford suffered from gout for many years, and was carried into the House of Lords in an arm-chair, in which he was also allowed to address the rest of the house. However, he was later forced to retire from public life due to his illness.","title":"Legal career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jerome Knapp Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Knapp_Jr."},{"link_name":"Chilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilton,_Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"Berkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkshire"},{"link_name":"Oxfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"Haberdashers' Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Haberdashers"},{"link_name":"Southcote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southcote,_Berkshire"},{"link_name":"Berkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkshire"},{"link_name":"Andover, Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andover,_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Wynford Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wynford_Eagle"},{"link_name":"Dorset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorset"},{"link_name":"William Samuel Best","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Samuel_Best,_2nd_Baron_Wynford"},{"link_name":"Philip Thomas Godsal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Thomas_Godsal"}],"text":"In 1794, Lord Wynford married Mary Anne, daughter of Jerome Knapp Jr. of Chilton in Berkshire (now Oxfordshire), Clerk of the Haberdashers' Company, by his second wife, Sarah, daughter and eventual heiress of George Noyes of Southcote, Berkshire, and Andover, Hampshire. They lived at Wynford House at Wynford Eagle, Dorset where they raised ten children. He died in March 1845, aged 77, and was succeeded in the barony by his eldest son, William Samuel Best. Lord Wynford's daughter, Grace Anne Best, married Philip Lake Godsal, the grandfather of Philip Thomas Godsal.","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Arms"}]
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[{"image_text":"Lord Wynford.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/1stLordWynford.jpg/200px-1stLordWynford.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Coronet_of_a_British_Baron.svg/150px-Coronet_of_a_British_Baron.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Wynford_Escutcheon.png/200px-Wynford_Escutcheon.png"}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantages_Theater_(Tacoma,_Washington)
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Pantages Theater (Tacoma, Washington)
|
["1 Exterior","2 Interior","3 Bibliography","4 References","5 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 47°15′19″N 122°26′22″W / 47.25528°N 122.43944°W / 47.25528; -122.43944United States historic placePantages TheatreU.S. National Register of Historic Places
The Pantages Theater in Tacoma, WashingtonLocation901 and 909 Broadway, Tacoma, WashingtonCoordinates47°15′19″N 122°26′22″W / 47.25528°N 122.43944°W / 47.25528; -122.43944Arealess than one acreBuilt1916 (1916)ArchitectB. Marcus PritecaArchitectural styleLate 19th And 20th Century Revivals, Second Renaissance RevivalNRHP reference No.76001902Added to NRHPNovember 7, 1976
The Pantages Theatre or Jones Building in Tacoma, Washington was designed by the architect B. Marcus Priteca. The unusual structure opened in January 1918. It was designed to be an office building and a vaudeville theatre. The theater's Second Renaissance Revival style is juxtaposed with the Commercial style. The exterior above the ground floor is largely unaltered. The building still houses entertainment and commercial activities (Tacoma City Theaters)
Exterior
It stands at the end of a block formed by Commerce Street, Ninth Street, and Broadway Plaza. The setting is characterized of downtown commercial activities and remains faithful to late 19th and early 20th century streetscapes. The theatre-office building measures 100 feet (30 m) on the north (Ninth Street) by 115 feet (35 m) along the west (Broadway). The building uses a steel framed with reinforced concrete walls. The Ninth Street and Broadway facades are white, glazed terra cotta in a matt finish. The Commerce Street façade is yellowish-toned brick.
The Ninth Street facade of the Theater is divided horizontally into three major sections, and vertically into five bays. The lower level of the facade, which conforms to the steep Ninth Street grade, has received a minimum of elaboration - typical of a Renaissance, palazzo base. The central level of this elevation, equivalent to three stories in height, features a triple-arched blind arcade set within the three central bays. Each individual archway: is punctuated by a pedimented, structural opening with a large ornamental cartouche above. These central bays are each framed by imposing, pseudo-Corinthian pilasters and half pilasters, full three stories, in height. The blind arcade is solidly flanked by sparsely-decorated outermost bays. Structural openings on the same level as those of the central bays are capped with segmental-arched pediments. Five bracketed balconettes underline these openings, creating a strong horizontal course, which firmly ties the variant bays together. A heavily proportioned entablature repeats the-horizontal movement across the full five bays on this facade. The entablature has a simple architrave, festooned frieze, and cornice with a boldly projecting dentil course. A substantial parapet above the cornice is simply ornamented with raised terra cotta rosettes, and rectangles.
Interior
The auditorium is elliptical, the proscenium arch and stage located on the south wall. The small orchestra pit can be entered through the greenroom below the stage. Dressing rooms flank the greenroom at that level. Because of the very steep grade on Ninth Street, large spaces below the auditorium level were available for rehearsals and storage. At the lowest level on Commerce Street, the heating and electrical systems were installed.
Decorative features of the auditorium rely upon the lavish use of. The proscenium arch is covered with classical motifs executed in plaster by European craftsmen. At the center is an elaborate floral cartouche. Projecting from the cartouche is a torch. Fluted, engaged columns flank the proscenium. The auditorium's entablature has a dentil led cornice with shell finials. Above the entablature is the coved ceiling with gutter lighting. At the center of the ceiling is an art glass sunburst, instead of a traditional crystal chandelier. Boxes are located on either side in the ante-proscenium area. Each is an arch-shaped niche ornamented on its interior by rosettes and a large shell motif. The box entrance is enframed by a complex arrangement of pilasters, entablature, and broken pediment.
Jones Building Entrance, West side
North Front
Triple-arched blind arcade on the Ninth Street facade
Stage Front and Proscenium Arch
Pantages Theater
Pantages Theater, North facade
Bibliography
Richard F. McCann, A.I.A. - Adaptation of Tacoma Pantages Theatre - to serve the Existing Need for a City Center Performance Facility. M.H. Co. P.S. - Seattle and Hollywood, March, 1976, unpublished. (File Copy - City Clerk's Office)
Bonney, W.P. A History of Pierce County. 3 vols. Chicago. Pioneer Historical Publishing Company. 1927
Harvey, Paul W. Tacoma Headlines. Tacoma, Washington; The News Tribune, 1962
Hunt, Herbert (1916). Tacoma Its History and Its Builders, A Half Century of Activity. Chicago, Illinois: S. J. Clarke Publishing Company. (Volume 2)
Scully Jr., Vincent (1961). Modern Architecture. N.Y.: George Braziller. LCCN 61-13689. OCLC 710751.
McCann, Richard F., A.I.A.: a series of conversations, personal interviews during January and February and March 1976
Priteca, B. Marcus A.R.C.A., F.A.I.A.; Specifications for the Pantages/Jones Building, Tacoma, Washington dated September 1, 1916
Seattle Post-Intelligencer, October 3, 1975, page A 7
References
^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
^ Theaters, Tacoma City. "Tacoma City Theaters - Pantages, Rialto, Theater on the Square, Where Everything Happens | Tacoma City Theaters". www.tacomacitytheaters.org. Retrieved January 26, 2024.
^ a b c d Sias, Patricia A., Pantages Theatre, Jones Building, 76001902; United States Department off the Interior, National Park Service; National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form; Washington D.C., November 2, 1976
External links
Media related to Pantages Theater, Tacoma, Washington at Wikimedia Commons
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tacoma, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacoma,_Washington"},{"link_name":"B. Marcus Priteca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._Marcus_Priteca"},{"link_name":"vaudeville theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaudeville_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Second Renaissance Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nomination-3"}],"text":"United States historic placeThe Pantages Theatre or Jones Building in Tacoma, Washington was designed by the architect B. Marcus Priteca. The unusual structure opened in January 1918. It was designed to be an office building and a vaudeville theatre. The theater's Second Renaissance Revival style is juxtaposed with the Commercial style. The exterior above the ground floor is largely unaltered. The building still houses entertainment and commercial activities (Tacoma City Theaters)[2][3]","title":"Pantages Theater (Tacoma, Washington)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"glazed terra cotta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glazed_architectural_terra-cotta"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nomination-3"},{"link_name":"pedimented","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediment"},{"link_name":"cartouche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartouche"},{"link_name":"pilasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilaster"},{"link_name":"entablature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entablature"},{"link_name":"architrave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architrave"},{"link_name":"frieze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frieze"},{"link_name":"dentil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentil"},{"link_name":"parapet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parapet"},{"link_name":"cornice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornice"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nomination-3"}],"text":"It stands at the end of a block formed by Commerce Street, Ninth Street, and Broadway Plaza. The setting is characterized of downtown commercial activities and remains faithful to late 19th and early 20th century streetscapes. The theatre-office building measures 100 feet (30 m) on the north (Ninth Street) by 115 feet (35 m) along the west (Broadway). The building uses a steel framed with reinforced concrete walls. The Ninth Street and Broadway facades are white, glazed terra cotta in a matt finish. The Commerce Street façade is yellowish-toned brick.[3]\nThe Ninth Street facade of the Theater is divided horizontally into three major sections, and vertically into five bays. The lower level of the facade, which conforms to the steep Ninth Street grade, has received a minimum of elaboration - typical of a Renaissance, palazzo base. The central level of this elevation, equivalent to three stories in height, features a triple-arched blind arcade set within the three central bays. Each individual archway: is punctuated by a pedimented, structural opening with a large ornamental cartouche above. These central bays are each framed by imposing, pseudo-Corinthian pilasters and half pilasters, full three stories, in height. The blind arcade is solidly flanked by sparsely-decorated outermost bays. Structural openings on the same level as those of the central bays are capped with segmental-arched pediments. Five bracketed balconettes underline these openings, creating a strong horizontal course, which firmly ties the variant bays together. A heavily proportioned entablature repeats the-horizontal movement across the full five bays on this facade. The entablature has a simple architrave, festooned frieze, and cornice with a boldly projecting dentil course. A substantial parapet above the cornice is simply ornamented with raised terra cotta rosettes, and rectangles.[3]","title":"Exterior"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"proscenium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proscenium"},{"link_name":"cartouche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartouche"},{"link_name":"finials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finial"},{"link_name":"chandelier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandelier"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nomination-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JONES_BUILDING,_WEST_(ENTRANCE)_SIDE_-_Pantages_Theatre_and_Jones_Building,_901-909_Broadway,_Tacoma,_Pierce_County,_WA_HABS_WASH,27-TACO,5-2.tif"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:THEATRE,_NORTH_FRONT_-_Pantages_Theatre_and_Jones_Building,_901-909_Broadway,_Tacoma,_Pierce_County,_WA_HABS_WASH,27-TACO,5-1.tif"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pantages_3_(Tacoma,_Washington).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:STAGE_FRONT_AND_PROSCENIUM_ARCH,_INTERIOR_-_Pantages_Theatre_and_Jones_Building,_901-909_Broadway,_Tacoma,_Pierce_County,_WA_HABS_WASH,27-TACO,5-5.tif"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Broadway_Center_2015-06_442.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Broadway_Center_2015-06_451.jpg"}],"text":"The auditorium is elliptical, the proscenium arch and stage located on the south wall. The small orchestra pit can be entered through the greenroom below the stage. Dressing rooms flank the greenroom at that level. Because of the very steep grade on Ninth Street, large spaces below the auditorium level were available for rehearsals and storage. At the lowest level on Commerce Street, the heating and electrical systems were installed.Decorative features of the auditorium rely upon the lavish use of. The proscenium arch is covered with classical motifs executed in plaster by European craftsmen. At the center is an elaborate floral cartouche. Projecting from the cartouche is a torch. Fluted, engaged columns flank the proscenium. The auditorium's entablature has a dentil led cornice with shell finials. Above the entablature is the coved ceiling with gutter lighting. At the center of the ceiling is an art glass sunburst, instead of a traditional crystal chandelier. Boxes are located on either side in the ante-proscenium area. Each is an arch-shaped niche ornamented on its interior by rosettes and a large shell motif. The box entrance is enframed by a complex arrangement of pilasters, entablature, and broken pediment.[3]Jones Building Entrance, West side\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNorth Front\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTriple-arched blind arcade on the Ninth Street facade\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tStage Front and Proscenium Arch\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPantages Theater\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPantages Theater, North facade","title":"Interior"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tacoma Its History and Its Builders, A Half Century of Activity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/tacomaitshistory01hunt"},{"link_name":"Volume 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/tacomaitshistory02hunt"},{"link_name":"Modern Architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/modernarchitectu00sculrich"},{"link_name":"LCCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"61-13689","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//lccn.loc.gov/61-13689"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"710751","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/710751"}],"text":"Richard F. McCann, A.I.A. - Adaptation of Tacoma Pantages Theatre - to serve the Existing Need for a City Center Performance Facility. M.H. Co. P.S. - Seattle and Hollywood, March, 1976, unpublished. (File Copy - City Clerk's Office)\nBonney, W.P. A History of Pierce County. 3 vols. Chicago. Pioneer Historical Publishing Company. 1927\nHarvey, Paul W. Tacoma Headlines. Tacoma, Washington; The News Tribune, 1962\nHunt, Herbert (1916). Tacoma Its History and Its Builders, A Half Century of Activity. Chicago, Illinois: S. J. Clarke Publishing Company. (Volume 2)\nScully Jr., Vincent (1961). Modern Architecture. N.Y.: George Braziller. LCCN 61-13689. OCLC 710751.\nMcCann, Richard F., A.I.A.: a series of conversations, personal interviews during January and February and March 1976\nPriteca, B. Marcus A.R.C.A., F.A.I.A.; Specifications for the Pantages/Jones Building, Tacoma, Washington dated September 1, 1916\nSeattle Post-Intelligencer, October 3, 1975, page A 7","title":"Bibliography"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Hunt, Herbert (1916). Tacoma Its History and Its Builders, A Half Century of Activity. Chicago, Illinois: S. J. Clarke Publishing Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/tacomaitshistory01hunt","url_text":"Tacoma Its History and Its Builders, A Half Century of Activity"}]},{"reference":"Scully Jr., Vincent (1961). Modern Architecture. N.Y.: George Braziller. LCCN 61-13689. OCLC 710751.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/modernarchitectu00sculrich","url_text":"Modern Architecture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/61-13689","url_text":"61-13689"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/710751","url_text":"710751"}]},{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"Theaters, Tacoma City. \"Tacoma City Theaters - Pantages, Rialto, Theater on the Square, Where Everything Happens | Tacoma City Theaters\". www.tacomacitytheaters.org. Retrieved January 26, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tacomacitytheaters.org/","url_text":"\"Tacoma City Theaters - Pantages, Rialto, Theater on the Square, Where Everything Happens | Tacoma City Theaters\""}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmingville,_New_York
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Farmingville, New York
|
["1 History","2 Demographics","3 Arts and culture","4 Government","5 Education","6 Transportation","7 Notable people","8 References"]
|
Coordinates: 40°50′33″N 73°2′37″W / 40.84250°N 73.04361°W / 40.84250; -73.04361Not to be confused with Farmingdale, New York.
Hamlet and census-designated place in New York, United StatesFarmingville, New YorkHamlet and census-designated placeVietnam Memorial on Bald HillU.S. Census mapFarmingvilleLocation within the state of New YorkCoordinates: 40°50′33″N 73°2′37″W / 40.84250°N 73.04361°W / 40.84250; -73.04361CountryUnited StatesStateNew YorkCountySuffolkArea • Total4.19 sq mi (10.85 km2) • Land4.19 sq mi (10.85 km2) • Water0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2)Elevation105 ft (32 m)Population (2020) • Total14,983 • Density3,577.60/sq mi (1,381.41/km2)Time zoneUTC−05:00 (Eastern Time Zone) • Summer (DST)UTC−04:00ZIP Code11738Area code(s)631, 934FIPS code36-25417GNIS feature ID0949921
Farmingville is a hamlet and census-designated place (CDP) in the Suffolk County town of Brookhaven, New York, United States. The population was 15,481 at the 2010 census.
History
The first settlement in what is now called Farmingville occurred in the late 18th century, and was called Bald Hills and Mooney Ponds, before it eventually was called Farmingville (though the soil and hills are not good for agriculture). The Keibel Family had a 72-acre fruit and vegetable farm from 1950 till 1982. It did not have its own post office until 1950.
The home of Elijah Terry, the first teacher in the local school, was built in 1823 and sits next to the Bald Hill Schoolhouse, built in 1850. The schoolhouse is in the National Register of Historic Places.
Bald Hill, one of the highest points on Long Island, is located on the Ronkonkoma Moraine, where the glacier which formed Long Island stopped its advance. At the top of Bald Hill is Vietnam Memorial Park, which includes an obelisk-shaped monument painted red, white, and blue, which was dedicated on Nov. 11, 1991. The Bald Hill Cultural Center features the outdoor Long Island Community Hospital Amphitheater and was previously the location of a ski area from 1965 to 1980.
Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
202014,983—U.S. Decennial Census
Farmingville is located in central Long Island and has low crime rates. As of the census of 2000, there were 16,458 people, 5,041 households, and 4,229 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 3,642.8 inhabitants per square mile (1,406.5/km2). There were 5,170 housing units at an average density of 1,144.3 per square mile (441.8/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 79.9% White, 2.2% African American, 0.1% Native American, 3.7% Asian, 0.2% from other races, and 1.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 12.5% of the population.
There were 5,041 households, out of which 44.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 69.6% were married couples living together, 9.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 16.1% were non-families. 11.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.26 and the average family size was 3.51.
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 28.3% under the age of 18, 8.1% from 18 to 24, 34.3% from 25 to 44, 22.5% from 45 to 64, and 6.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.2 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $69,148, and the median income for a family was $72,750. Males had a median income of $50,075 versus $31,434 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $23,755. About 2.1% of families and 3.0% of the population were below the poverty threshold, including 3.3% of those under age 18 and 3.9% of those age 65 or over.
Arts and culture
The Bald Hill Cultural Center features the outdoor Long Island Community Hospital Amphitheater.
The community has a residents association involved in such activities as planting trees and plants.
Government
Brookhaven Town Hall is located on the east side of Bald Hill in the community.
Education
The area is home to several public and private schools. The Sachem School District serves the residents of Farmingville, and Sachem High School East is located next to Brookhaven Town Hall on the east side of Bald Hill.
Transportation
Farmingville is close to the major transportation hubs, Long Island MacArthur Airport and the Ronkonkoma Long Island Rail Road station. The LIRR Medford station is also nearby. The hamlet is accessible from the Long Island Expressway, exit 63.
Notable people
Keith Kinkaid, ice hockey goaltender
Jill Nicolini, reporter and former model, actress, and reality TV show participant
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Farmingville, New York.
^ "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 20, 2022.
^ "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Farmingville CDP, New York". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved December 28, 2012.
^ a b "Newsday: Farmingville: An Obelisk Honors Vietnam Veterans". Archived from the original on September 13, 2005. Retrieved August 7, 2009.
^ New England Lost Ski Areas Project, Bald Hill
^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2016.
^ "Neighborhood Scout: Crime rates for Farmingville, NY".
^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
^ "Farmingville, New York".
^ "Farmingville Residents Association, Inc".
^ "Brookhaven, NY | Official Website". www.brookhavenny.gov. Retrieved August 3, 2021.
^ "Sachem Online". www.sachem.edu. Retrieved May 23, 2016.
vteTown of Brookhaven, New YorkCounty
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Farmingdale, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmingdale,_New_York"},{"link_name":"hamlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"census-designated place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census-designated_place"},{"link_name":"Suffolk County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_New_York#Town"},{"link_name":"Brookhaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookhaven,_New_York"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010-2"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Farmingdale, New York.Hamlet and census-designated place in New York, United StatesFarmingville is a hamlet and census-designated place (CDP) in the Suffolk County town of Brookhaven, New York, United States. The population was 15,481 at the 2010 census.[2]","title":"Farmingville, New York"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newsdayfarmingville-3"},{"link_name":"Bald Hill Schoolhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bald_Hill_Schoolhouse"},{"link_name":"Bald Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bald_Hill_(Farmingville,_New_York)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newsdayfarmingville-3"},{"link_name":"Long Island Community Hospital Amphitheater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island_Community_Hospital_Amphitheater"},{"link_name":"ski area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bald_Hill_Ski_Bowl"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The first settlement in what is now called Farmingville occurred in the late 18th century, and was called Bald Hills and Mooney Ponds, before it eventually was called Farmingville (though the soil and hills are not good for agriculture). The Keibel Family had a 72-acre fruit and vegetable farm from 1950 till 1982. It did not have its own post office until 1950.[3]The home of Elijah Terry, the first teacher in the local school, was built in 1823 and sits next to the Bald Hill Schoolhouse, built in 1850. The schoolhouse is in the National Register of Historic Places.Bald Hill, one of the highest points on Long Island, is located on the Ronkonkoma Moraine, where the glacier which formed Long Island stopped its advance. At the top of Bald Hill is Vietnam Memorial Park, which includes an obelisk-shaped monument painted red, white, and blue, which was dedicated on Nov. 11, 1991.[3] The Bald Hill Cultural Center features the outdoor Long Island Community Hospital Amphitheater and was previously the location of a ski area from 1965 to 1980.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-7"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty threshold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_threshold"}],"text":"Farmingville is located in central Long Island and has low crime rates.[6] As of the census[7] of 2000, there were 16,458 people, 5,041 households, and 4,229 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 3,642.8 inhabitants per square mile (1,406.5/km2). There were 5,170 housing units at an average density of 1,144.3 per square mile (441.8/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 79.9% White, 2.2% African American, 0.1% Native American, 3.7% Asian, 0.2% from other races, and 1.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 12.5% of the population.[8]There were 5,041 households, out of which 44.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 69.6% were married couples living together, 9.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 16.1% were non-families. 11.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.26 and the average family size was 3.51.In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 28.3% under the age of 18, 8.1% from 18 to 24, 34.3% from 25 to 44, 22.5% from 45 to 64, and 6.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.2 males.The median income for a household in the CDP was $69,148, and the median income for a family was $72,750. Males had a median income of $50,075 versus $31,434 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $23,755. About 2.1% of families and 3.0% of the population were below the poverty threshold, including 3.3% of those under age 18 and 3.9% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Long Island Community Hospital Amphitheater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island_Community_Hospital_Amphitheater"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The Bald Hill Cultural Center features the outdoor Long Island Community Hospital Amphitheater.\nThe community has a residents association involved in such activities as planting trees and plants.[9]","title":"Arts and culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bald Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bald_Hill_(Farmingville,_New_York)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Brookhaven Town Hall is located on the east side of Bald Hill in the community.[10]","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Sachem School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachem_School_District"},{"link_name":"Sachem High School East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachem_High_School_East"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The area is home to several public and private schools.[citation needed] The Sachem School District serves the residents of Farmingville, and Sachem High School East is located next to Brookhaven Town Hall on the east side of Bald Hill.[11]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Long Island MacArthur Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island_MacArthur_Airport"},{"link_name":"Ronkonkoma Long Island Rail Road station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronkonkoma_station"},{"link_name":"Medford station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medford_station"},{"link_name":"Long Island Expressway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_495_(New_York)"}],"text":"Farmingville is close to the major transportation hubs, Long Island MacArthur Airport and the Ronkonkoma Long Island Rail Road station. The LIRR Medford station is also nearby. The hamlet is accessible from the Long Island Expressway, exit 63.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Keith Kinkaid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Kinkaid"},{"link_name":"Jill Nicolini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jill_Nicolini"}],"text":"Keith Kinkaid, ice hockey goaltender\nJill Nicolini, reporter and former model, actress, and reality TV show participant","title":"Notable people"}]
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[]
| null |
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenville,_New_York
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Glenville, New York
|
["1 History","2 Geography","3 Demographics","4 Communities and locations in Glenville","5 Economy","6 Education and recreation","7 Transportation","8 References","9 External links"]
|
Town in New York, United StatesGlenville, New YorkTownLocation in Schenectady County and the state of New York.Coordinates: 42°55′45″N 74°3′7″W / 42.92917°N 74.05194°W / 42.92917; -74.05194CountryUnited StatesStateNew YorkCountySchenectadyGovernment • TypeTown board • Town SupervisorChris KoetzleArea • Total50.73 sq mi (131.40 km2) • Land49.24 sq mi (127.54 km2) • Water1.49 sq mi (3.85 km2)Elevation715 ft (218 m)Population (2020) • Total29,326 • Density596/sq mi (230/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)ZIP code12302, 12325Area code518FIPS code36-093-29366Websitewww.townofglenville.org
Glenville is a town in Schenectady County, New York, United States. It was incorporated in 1821 from Schenectady. As of the 2020 census, the town population was 29,326.
Including the village of Scotia, the town of Glenville encompasses the part of Schenectady County north of the Mohawk River.
History
Glenville is named after Alexander Lindsay Glen. Glen, who was a native of Scotland, acquired a large tract of land in the area in the 1650s. He named his manor at Scotia after his native country (Glen Sanders Mansion).
The Seeley Farmhouse was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978, the Swart House and Tavern in 2007, and the Bishop Family Lustron House was listed the following year. The Glenville District No. 5 Schoolhouse was listed in 2013.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 50.7 square miles (131.3 km2), of which 49.2 square miles (127.4 km2) is land and 1.5 square miles (3.9 km2), or 2.94%, is water.
Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
18202,514—18302,494−0.8%18403,06823.0%18503,40911.1%18603,192−6.4%18702,973−6.9%18802,746−7.6%18902,468−10.1%19003,01022.0%19105,20172.8%19207,03635.3%193012,06971.5%194013,34310.6%195017,91234.2%196025,70743.5%197028,96912.7%198028,519−1.6%199028,7710.9%200028,183−2.0%201029,4804.6%202029,326−0.5%U.S. Decennial Census
At the 2000 census, 28,183 people, 11,150 households, and 7,827 families living in the town. The population density was 565.0 inhabitants per square mile (218.1/km2). There were 11,582 housing units at an average density of 232.2 per square mile (89.7/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 97.35% White, 0.72% African American, 0.12% Native American, 0.89% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.14% from other races, and 0.75% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.20% of the population.
Of the 11,150 households, 30.9% had children under 18 living with them, 59.0% were married and living together, 8.4% had a female householder with no husband, and 29.8% were non-families. 26.0% of households were one person and 12.5% were 1 person 65 or older. The average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 2.95.
The age distribution was 23.7% under 18, 5.0% from 18 to 24, 26.3% from 25 to 44, 26.1% from 45 to 64, and 18.9% 65 or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.9 males. For every 100 females 18 or older, there were 86.8 males.
The median household income was $52,373 and the median family income was $62,599. Males had a median income of $42,992 versus $29,228 for females. The per capita income for the town was $24,795. 4.1% of the population and 2.5% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the people living in poverty, 5.2% were under 18 and 4.2% were 65 or older.
Communities and locations in Glenville
Alplaus – A hamlet in the eastern part of the town.
Hoffmans – A small settlement along Route 5, in the western portion of Glenville, marking the spot of the first ferry crossing of the Mohawk River in Glenville.
East Glenville – A cluster of dense development along NY-50 in the northeastern section of town. It is a Census-designated place which extends from NY-50 eastward to Glenville's bounds with Clifton Park & Ballston.
Scotia – The Village of Scotia lies in the south part of the town.
Stoodley Corners – More commonly referred to as the "Town Center," marking Glenville's commercial core around the intersection of Route 50 and Glenridge Road.
West Glenville – A small hamlet in the northwestern portion of town that dates to the early 19th century.
Economy
The town of Glenville is regarded as a bedroom community, with many residents finding employment at General Electric in adjacent Schenectady, various New York state offices in nearby Albany, and numerous Capital District corporations, educational institutions, and health care industries.
Education and recreation
The town is split among four public school districts; Scotia-Glenville, Burnt Hills-Ballston Lake, Amsterdam and Niskayuna. Glenville is also home to several parks and preserves.
Transportation
Mohawk Valley Airport is located three nautical miles (6 km) northwest of the central business district of Scotia. Schenectady County Airport is a joint civil-military airport located two nautical miles (3 km) north-northeast of Scotia.
References
^ "2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 5, 2017.
^ "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved June 9, 2017.
^ "Vital Information About the Town of Glenville". Retrieved March 6, 2023.
^ "Chapter V: The Township of Glenville". History of the City and County of Schenectady, New York. Schenectady County Public Library. 1913.
^ Village of Scotia History
^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.
^ "National Register of Historic Places Listings". Weekly List of Actions Taken on Properties: 05/19/13 through 05/23/13. National Park Service. May 30, 2014.
^ "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Glenville town, Schenectady County, New York". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
^ "FAA Airport Master Record" (PDF). Federal Aviation Administration. May 7, 2009.
^ "Mohawk Valley Airpark (K13)" (PDF). New York State Department of Transportation.
External links
Town of Glenville official website
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YES
Defunct stations
TW3
WEDG-TV (UPN, cable-only)
WCDC-TV 19 (CBS/ABC, Adams, MA)
WCDB 29 (CBS, Hagaman)
WBAX-LD 47 Glens Falls)
W52DF 52 (TBN, Albany)
RadiovteRadio stations in Albany–Schenectady–Troy, New York (Capital District)By AM frequency
590
8101
900
930
980
1160
1190
1230
1240
1300
1330
1340
1400
1440
1460
1490
1570
By FM frequency
88.3
89.1
89.7
89.9
90.3
90.7
WGXC
WPGL
90.9
91.1
91.5
92.3
93.5
93.7
94.5
95.5
96.3
96.7
97.3
97.5
97.7
97.9
98.3
99.5
100.9
101.1
101.3
101.9
102.3
102.72
103.1
103.5
103.9
104.5
104.9
105.7
106.5
107.7
LPFM
92.7
98.9
105.3
106.9
107.3
Translators
93.1
93.9
94.3
94.9
95.9
97.1
97.5
98.7
99.1
99.9
100.1
100.5
102.9
104.3
W282BI
W282CU
104.7
NOAA Weather Radiofrequency
162.55
Digital radioby frequency & subchannel
810
980
89.1-1
89.1-2
90.3-1
90.3-2
98.3-1
98.3-2
99.5-1
99.5-2
102.3-1
102.3-2
103.1-1
103.1-2
105.7-1
105.7-2
106.5-1
106.5-2
107.7-1
107.7-2
107.7-3
By call sign
W226AC
W230DK
W232CE
W235AY
W240EC
W246DS
W248AX
W254DA
W256BU
W260CH
W261DP
W263CG
W275BS
W282BI
W282CU
W284BZ
WABY
WAJZ
WAMC
WAMC-FM
HD2
WBUG-FM
WCAA-LP
WCDB
WCSS
WENT
WEQX2
WEXT
WFLY
WFNY
WGDJ
WGNA-FM
HD2
HD3
WGXC
WGY1
WGY-FM
HD2
WHAZ
WHAZ-FM
WHUC
WHVP
WINU
WIZR
WJIV
WJKE
WKKF
HD2
WKLI-FM
WMHH
WMHT-FM
HD2
WMYY
WOFX
WOOA-LP
WOOC-LP
WOOG-LP
WOOS-LP
WOPG
WOPG-FM
WPBZ-FM
WPGL
WPTR
WPYX
HD2
WQBK-FM
HD2
WQSH
WRIP
WROW
WRPI
WRUC
WRVE
HD2
WSDE
WSSV
WTMM-FM
WTRY-FM
HD2
WVCR-FM
WVTL
WXL34
WYAI
WYJB
WYKV
WZCR
Defunct
W47A/WBCA (101.1 FM)
WCKL (560 AM)
WCSQ-LP (105.9 FM)
WDCD (1540 AM)
WGEO (shortwave)
WTRI (102.7 FM)
WXKW (850 AM, 1600 AM)
----
Notes
1. Clear-channel stations with extended nighttime coverage.
2. Transmits from Equinox Mountain in Manchester, Vermont.
vteMunicipalities and communities of Schenectady County, New York, United StatesCounty seat: SchenectadyCity
Schenectady
Towns
Duanesburg
Glenville
Niskayuna
Princetown
Rotterdam
Villages
Delanson
Scotia
CDPs
Duanesburg
Duane Lake
East Glenville
Mariaville Lake
Niskayuna
Rotterdam
Otherhamlets
Alplaus
Aqueduct
Gifford
Hoffmans
Quaker Street
New York portal
United States portal
vteHudson River watershedTributaries
Batavia Kill
Batten Kill
Birch Creek
Black Meadow Creek
Boreas River
Bowery Creek
Bowmans Creek
Breakneck Brook
Brimstone Creek
Canajoharie Creek
Caroga Creek
Casperkill
Catskill Creek
Cayadutta Creek
Cedar River
Claverack Creek
Clove Brook
Cobleskill Creek
Coeymans Creek
Coxsackie Creek
Cross River
Croton River
East Branch Croton River
East Branch Sacandaga River
East Canada Creek
East Kill
Eightmile Creek
Esopus Creek
Fall Kill
Fishkill Creek
Fonteyn Kill
Fulmer Creek
Hannacrois Creek
Honnedaga Brook
Hoosic River
Indian River
Jackson Creek
Jan De Bakkers Kill
Kaaterskill Creek
Kayaderosseras
Kinderhook Creek
Kisco River
Lake Creek
Little Shawangunk Kill
Maritje Kill
Miami River
Mill Creek
Mohawk River
Moodna Creek
Moordener Kill
Moyer Creek
Muddy Kill
Neepaulakating Creek
Normans Kill
Nowadaga Creek
Ohisa Creek
Onesquethaw Creek
Opalescent River
Oriskany Creek
Otsquago Creek
Otter Kill
Papakating Creek
Peekskill Hollow Creek
Plattekill Creek
Platter Kill
Pocantico River
Pochuck Creek
Poesten Kill
Potic Creek
Quassaick Creek
Roeliff Jansen Kill
Rondout Creek
Sacandaga River
Sauquoit Creek
Saw Kill
Saw Mill River
Sawyer Kill
Schoharie Creek
Schroon River
Shawangunk Kill
Sparkill Creek
Sprout Creek
Steele Creek
Stockport Creek
Stony Clove Creek
Taghkanic Creek
Tenmile Creek
Tin Brook
Titicus River
Verkeerder Kill
Vloman Kill
Wallkill River
Walloomsac River
Wappinger Creek
Wawayanda Creek
West Branch Papakating Creek
West Branch Sacandaga River
West Canada Creek
West Kill
Wynants Kill
Lakes
Alcove Reservoir
Ashokan Reservoir
Basic Creek Reservoir
Beacon Reservoir
Bog Brook Reservoir
Cedar Lake
Chadwick Lake
Chub Lake
Cross River Reservoir
Croton Falls Reservoir
Dyken Pond
East Branch Reservoir
East Caroga Lake
Fall Lake
Franklinton Vlaie
Garnet Lake
Glenmere Lake
Great Sacandaga Lake
Great Vlaie
Henderson Lake
Honnedaga Lake
Indian Lake
Lizard Pond
Lake Maratanza
Muscoot Reservoir
Lake Neepaulin
New Croton Reservoir
Notch Lake
Piseco Lake
Lake Pleasant
Queechy Lake
Rondout Reservoir
Sacandaga Lake
Saratoga Lake
Sturgeon Pool
Surprise Lake
Sylvan Lake
Lake Tear of the Clouds
Thompson Pond
Titicus Reservoir
Trout Lake
West Caroga Lake
Whaley Lake
Winnisook Lake
TownsNew York
Albany
Amsterdam
Beacon
Bedford
Beekman
Bennington
Bethlehem
Blooming Grove
Briarcliff Manor
Carmel
Catskill
Clifton Park
Cohoes
Colonie
Cortlandt
East Fishkill
East Greenbush
Fishkill
Glenville
Gloversville
Greenburgh
Guilderland
Halfmoon
Herkimer
Haverstraw
Hyde Park
Kingston
Kirkland
LaGrange
Lloyd
Malta
Middletown
Milton
Monroe
Montgomery
Moreau
Mount Pleasant
New Castle
New Hartford
New Paltz
New Windsor
New York City
Newburgh
Niskayuna
North Adams
Nyack
Ossining
Peekskill
Plattekill
Poughkeepsie
Queensbury
Rome
Rotterdam
Saugerties
Schenectady
Shawangunk
Sleepy Hollow
Somers
Southeast
Troy
Utica
Wallkill
Wappinger
Warwick
West Point
Whitestown
Wilton
Yonkers
Yorktown
New Jersey
Alpine
Bayonne
Cliffside Park
Edgewater
Englewood Cliffs
Fort Lee
Hoboken
Jersey City
North Bergen
Sparta
Tenafly
Weehawken
West New York
Landmarks
Adirondack Mountains
Adirondack Park
Ashokan Bridge
Blenheim Bridge
Buskirk Bridge
Catskill Mountains
Champlain Canal
Cohoes Falls
Copeland Bridge
Delaware and Hudson Canal
Eagleville Bridge
East River
Erie Canal
George Washington Bridge
Harlem River
Helderberg Escarpment
Holland Tunnel
Hudson Highlands State Park
Kaaterskill Clove
Kaaterskill Falls
Kill Van Kull
Kingston–Rhinecliff Bridge
Lincoln Tunnel
Mid-Hudson Bridge
Newburgh–Beacon Bridge
Tappan Zee Bridge (2017–present)
The Palisades
Perrine's Bridge
Plotter Kill Preserve
Pollepel Island
Popolopen
Rexleigh Bridge
Rip Van Winkle Bridge
Salisbury Center Bridge
Schoharie Bridge
Shushan Bridge
Statue of Liberty
Taconic Mountains
Verkeerder Kill Falls
Walkway over the Hudson
Wallkill River National Wildlife Refuge
West Canada Lake Wilderness Area
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_New_York#Town"},{"link_name":"Schenectady County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schenectady_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"Schenectady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schenectady,_New_York"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VitalInformation-3"},{"link_name":"Scotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotia,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Mohawk River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohawk_River"}],"text":"Town in New York, United StatesGlenville is a town in Schenectady County, New York, United States. It was incorporated in 1821 from Schenectady. As of the 2020 census, the town population was 29,326.[3]Including the village of Scotia, the town of Glenville encompasses the part of Schenectady County north of the Mohawk River.","title":"Glenville, New York"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alexander Lindsay Glen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Lindsay_Glen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GlenvilleHist-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ScotiaHist-5"},{"link_name":"Scotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotia,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Seeley Farmhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seeley_Farmhouse"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"Swart House and Tavern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swart_House_and_Tavern"},{"link_name":"Bishop Family Lustron House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_Family_Lustron_House"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-6"},{"link_name":"Glenville District No. 5 Schoolhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenville_District_No._5_Schoolhouse"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nps-7"}],"text":"Glenville is named after Alexander Lindsay Glen. Glen, who was a native of Scotland, acquired a large tract of land in the area in the 1650s.[4][5] He named his manor at Scotia after his native country (Glen Sanders Mansion).The Seeley Farmhouse was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978, the Swart House and Tavern in 2007, and the Bishop Family Lustron House was listed the following year.[6] The Glenville District No. 5 Schoolhouse was listed in 2013.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 50.7 square miles (131.3 km2), of which 49.2 square miles (127.4 km2) is land and 1.5 square miles (3.9 km2), or 2.94%, is water.[8]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2000 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"racial makeup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census#2010_census"}],"text":"At the 2000 census, 28,183 people, 11,150 households, and 7,827 families living in the town. The population density was 565.0 inhabitants per square mile (218.1/km2). There were 11,582 housing units at an average density of 232.2 per square mile (89.7/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 97.35% White, 0.72% African American, 0.12% Native American, 0.89% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.14% from other races, and 0.75% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.20% of the population.Of the 11,150 households, 30.9% had children under 18 living with them, 59.0% were married and living together, 8.4% had a female householder with no husband, and 29.8% were non-families. 26.0% of households were one person and 12.5% were 1 person 65 or older. The average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 2.95.The age distribution was 23.7% under 18, 5.0% from 18 to 24, 26.3% from 25 to 44, 26.1% from 45 to 64, and 18.9% 65 or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.9 males. For every 100 females 18 or older, there were 86.8 males.The median household income was $52,373 and the median family income was $62,599. Males had a median income of $42,992 versus $29,228 for females. The per capita income for the town was $24,795. 4.1% of the population and 2.5% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the people living in poverty, 5.2% were under 18 and 4.2% were 65 or older.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alplaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alplaus,_New_York"},{"link_name":"hamlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_subdivisions_of_New_York_State#Hamlet"},{"link_name":"Hoffmans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoffmans,_New_York"},{"link_name":"ferry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferry"},{"link_name":"Mohawk River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohawk_River"},{"link_name":"East Glenville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Glenville,_New_York"},{"link_name":"NY-50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_50"},{"link_name":"Census-designated place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census-designated_place"},{"link_name":"Scotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotia,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_subdivisions_of_New_York_State#Village"}],"text":"Alplaus – A hamlet in the eastern part of the town.\nHoffmans – A small settlement along Route 5, in the western portion of Glenville, marking the spot of the first ferry crossing of the Mohawk River in Glenville.\nEast Glenville – A cluster of dense development along NY-50 in the northeastern section of town. It is a Census-designated place which extends from NY-50 eastward to Glenville's bounds with Clifton Park & Ballston.\nScotia – The Village of Scotia lies in the south part of the town.\nStoodley Corners – More commonly referred to as the \"Town Center,\" marking Glenville's commercial core around the intersection of Route 50 and Glenridge Road.\nWest Glenville – A small hamlet in the northwestern portion of town that dates to the early 19th century.","title":"Communities and locations in Glenville"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bedroom community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedroom_community"},{"link_name":"General Electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Electric"},{"link_name":"Schenectady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schenectady,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Albany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany,_New_York"}],"text":"The town of Glenville is regarded as a bedroom community, with many residents finding employment at General Electric in adjacent Schenectady, various New York state offices in nearby Albany, and numerous Capital District corporations, educational institutions, and health care industries.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scotia-Glenville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotia-Glenville_High_School"},{"link_name":"Burnt Hills-Ballston Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnt_Hills-Ballston_Lake_Central_School_District"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Amsterdam_School_District"},{"link_name":"Niskayuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niskayuna_Central_School_District"}],"text":"The town is split among four public school districts; Scotia-Glenville, Burnt Hills-Ballston Lake, Amsterdam and Niskayuna. Glenville is also home to several parks and preserves.","title":"Education and recreation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mohawk Valley Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohawk_Valley_Airport"},{"link_name":"central business district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_business_district"},{"link_name":"Scotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotia,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Schenectady County Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schenectady_County_Airport"}],"text":"Mohawk Valley Airport is located three nautical miles (6 km) northwest of the central business district of Scotia.[10][11] Schenectady County Airport is a joint civil-military airport located two nautical miles (3 km) north-northeast of Scotia.","title":"Transportation"}]
|
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Map_of_New_York_highlighting_Schenectady_County.svg/180px-Map_of_New_York_highlighting_Schenectady_County.svg.png"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 5, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2016_Gazetteer/2016_gaz_place_36.txt","url_text":"\"2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"Population and Housing Unit Estimates\". Retrieved June 9, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2016.html","url_text":"\"Population and Housing Unit Estimates\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vital Information About the Town of Glenville\". Retrieved March 6, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.townofglenville.org/general-information-about-glenville","url_text":"\"Vital Information About the Town of Glenville\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chapter V: The Township of Glenville\". History of the City and County of Schenectady, New York. Schenectady County Public Library. 1913.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.schenectadyhistory.org/resources/citycounty.html#gle","url_text":"\"Chapter V: The Township of Glenville\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"National Register of Historic Places Listings\". Weekly List of Actions Taken on Properties: 05/19/13 through 05/23/13. National Park Service. May 30, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/listings/20140530.htm","url_text":"\"National Register of Historic Places Listings\""}]},{"reference":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Glenville town, Schenectady County, New York\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 3, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Glenville town, Schenectady County, New York\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"FAA Airport Master Record\" (PDF). Federal Aviation Administration. May 7, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gcr1.com/5010web/Rpt_5010.asp?au=PU&o=PR&faasite=16133.*A&fn=K13","url_text":"\"FAA Airport Master Record\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF","url_text":"PDF"}]},{"reference":"\"Mohawk Valley Airpark (K13)\" (PDF). New York State Department of Transportation.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.ny.gov/divisions/operating/opdm/aviation/repository/air_dir/k13.pdf","url_text":"\"Mohawk Valley Airpark (K13)\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Glenville,_New_York¶ms=42_55_45_N_74_3_7_W_region:US-NY_type:city(29326)","external_links_name":"42°55′45″N 74°3′7″W / 42.92917°N 74.05194°W / 42.92917; -74.05194"},{"Link":"http://www.townofglenville.org/","external_links_name":"www.townofglenville.org"},{"Link":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2016_Gazetteer/2016_gaz_place_36.txt","external_links_name":"\"2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2016.html","external_links_name":"\"Population and Housing Unit Estimates\""},{"Link":"https://www.townofglenville.org/general-information-about-glenville","external_links_name":"\"Vital Information About the Town of Glenville\""},{"Link":"http://www.schenectadyhistory.org/resources/citycounty.html#gle","external_links_name":"\"Chapter V: The Township of Glenville\""},{"Link":"http://www.visitscotia.com/history.html","external_links_name":"Village of Scotia History"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","external_links_name":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"Link":"http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/listings/20140530.htm","external_links_name":"\"National Register of Historic Places Listings\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Glenville town, Schenectady County, New York\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","external_links_name":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""},{"Link":"http://www.gcr1.com/5010web/Rpt_5010.asp?au=PU&o=PR&faasite=16133.*A&fn=K13","external_links_name":"\"FAA Airport Master Record\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.ny.gov/divisions/operating/opdm/aviation/repository/air_dir/k13.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Mohawk Valley Airpark (K13)\""},{"Link":"http://www.townofglenville.org/","external_links_name":"Town of Glenville official website"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makkah_Masjid,_Chennai
|
Makkah Mosque, Chennai
|
["1 References"]
|
Coordinates: 13°03′30″N 80°09′06″E / 13.0583187°N 80.1517654°E / 13.0583187; 80.1517654Mosque in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Makkah MosqueReligionAffiliationIslamLocationLocationChennaiCountryIndiaGeographic coordinates13°03′30″N 80°09′06″E / 13.0583187°N 80.1517654°E / 13.0583187; 80.1517654ArchitectureTypeIslamic architecture
Makkah Mosque is a mosque in the city of Chennai, India. The dargah of Syed Musa Sha Khaderi is located near the masjid.
The masjid is located on Anna Salai. The five-storeyed mosque is one of the largest in India and can house 5,000 worshippers at a time.
References
India portalIslam portal
"Chennai imam leads funeral prayers for Osama". The New Indian Express. 10 May 2011. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.
Muthiah, S. (2004). Madras Rediscovered. East West Books (Madras) Pvt Ltd. pp. 80–81. ISBN 81-88661-24-4.
vteChennaiHistoryEarly history (pre-1500)
Sangam period
Thomas the Apostle
Pallava Dynasty
Chola Dynasty
Vijayanagar Empire
Colonial period (1500–1900)
São Tomé de Meliapore
Raja of Chandragiri
Agency of Fort St George
1721 Madras cyclone
Carnatic Wars (Madras Adyar Chingleput)
Anglo-Mysore Wars
Governors
Modern period (1900–present)
Arbuthnot Bank Crash
Besant v. Narayaniah
Bombardment of Madras by SMS Emden
de La Haye scandal
1921 Buckingham and Carnatic Mills Strike
Neil Statue Satyagraha
1928 South Indian Railway Strike
1932 Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway Strike
1943 Chennai floods
Madras Manade
Anti-Hindi agitations
R. S. S. Chennai bombing
2004 Indian Ocean earthquake
2013 Anti-Sri Lanka protests
2015 South India floods
Writers and historians
S. Muthiah
Randor Guy
S. Theodore Baskaran
V. Sriram
A. R. Venkatachalapathy
Geography and wildlifeRegions
Chennai Metropolitan Area
Central Chennai
North Chennai
South Chennai
Waterways
Adyar River
Buckingham Canal
Coovum River
Kosasthalaiyar River
Otteri Nullah
Lakes
Chembarambakkam Lake
Chetput Lake
Long Tank
Manali Lake
Porur Lake
Red Hills Lake
Retteri
Veeranam
Islands
Kattupalli Island
Quibble Island
The Island
Zoological parks
Arignar Anna Zoological Park
Chennai Snake Park
Guindy National Park
Madras Crocodile Bank
Reserve Forests
Nanmangalam Reserve Forest
Vandalur Reserve Forest
Marshlands
Adyar Creek
Ennore Creek
Pallikaranai Wetland
Heritage monuments
Amir Mahal
Bharat Insurance Building
Brodie Castle
Chennai Central Prison
Chepauk Palace
LIC Building
Lighthouse
Police headquarters
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vtePlaces of worship in ChennaiTemples
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Makkah Masjid (Hyderabad)
Mian Mishk Mosque
Masjid E Qutub Shahi (Langer Houz)
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Spanish Mosque
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Categories: Mosques in India Mosques by country
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This article about a mosque or other Islamic place of worship in India is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque"},{"link_name":"Chennai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"dargah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dargah"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Mosque in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, IndiaMakkah Mosque is a mosque in the city of Chennai, India. The dargah of Syed Musa Sha Khaderi is located near the masjid.The masjid is located on Anna Salai. The five-storeyed mosque is one of the largest in India and can house 5,000 worshippers at a time.[citation needed]","title":"Makkah Mosque, Chennai"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Chennai imam leads funeral prayers for Osama\". The New Indian Express. 10 May 2011. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304100209/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article467383.ece","url_text":"\"Chennai imam leads funeral prayers for Osama\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Indian_Express","url_text":"The New Indian Express"},{"url":"http://newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article467383.ece","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Muthiah, S. (2004). Madras Rediscovered. East West Books (Madras) Pvt Ltd. pp. 80–81. ISBN 81-88661-24-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._Muthiah","url_text":"Muthiah, S."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-88661-24-4","url_text":"81-88661-24-4"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Nanak_Dev_Engineering_College,_Ludhiana
|
Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana
|
["1 Campus","1.1 Central facilities","2 Academics","2.1 Courses offered","2.2 Reputation and rankings","2.3 Admissions","2.4 Campus placements and industrial interaction","3 Student activities","3.1 Festivals","3.2 Professional societies","3.3 NSS/NCC","4 Academic extension","5 Notable people","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 30°51′41″N 75°51′43″E / 30.86139°N 75.86194°E / 30.86139; 75.86194Autonomous college in Ludhiana, Punjab
Not to be confused with Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Bidar.
Guru Nanak Dev Engineering CollegeMotto in EnglishContemplate and reflect upon knowledge, and you will become a benefactor to others.TypePunjab Govt. aided collegeEstablished1956Parent institutionNankana Sahib Education TrustAcademic affiliationsIKGPTU (earlier Panjab University), Autonomous College under UGC-1956 Act 2(f) & 12(B), NAAC A Grade, IEIPrincipalSehijpal SinghLocationGill Park, Ludhiana, Punjab, India30°51′41″N 75°51′43″E / 30.86139°N 75.86194°E / 30.86139; 75.86194CampusUrban, 88 acres (35.6 ha)NicknameGNEWebsitewww.gndec.ac.in
Admin block
Green GNDEC campus
Central Library
Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College (GNDEC or GNE Ludhiana) is one of the oldest engineering institutions of the northern region situated at Gill Park, Ludhiana, Punjab, India. The foundation stone of the college was laid on 8 April 1956 by Hon'ble Dr. Rajendra Prasad, the first President of India. The college has been named after 1st Sikh Guru Guru Nanak Dev Ji.
Campus
College campus is spread over 86 acres (35 ha) about 5 km (3.1 mi) from bus stand and 8 km (5.0 mi) from Ludhiana Railway Station on Ludhiana–Malerkotla Road. Campus has various amenities such as college building, auditorium, girls and boys hostels, swimming pool, sports and gymnasium hall complex, Gurudwara Sahib, bank branch, dispensary, post office and open air theatre.
Central facilities
Central library
Mechanical workshop block
Computer center
Genco alumni home
Day scholar club
Academics
The college was earlier affiliated with Panjab University, Chandigarh since beginning. But after establishment of Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar in 1997 as a single affiliating university for all technical colleges of Punjab, college became affiliated with Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar. GNE is the first Engineering College of Punjab, which was conferred Autonomous Status by University Grants Commission in 2012. The college is one of the few technical institutions of Punjab selected for World Bank financial assistance under Technical Education Quality Improvement Programme (TEQIP).
Courses offered
Bachelor of Technology
Civil engineering
Mechanical engineering
Computer Science & Engineering
Electrical engineering
Electronics & Communication Engineering
Information technology
Production engineering
Master of Technology
Computer Science and Engineering
Industrial engineering
Production engineering
Power engineering
Structural engineering
Geotechnical engineering
Electronics & Communication Engineering
Environmental engineering
B.Arch
Master of Business Administration
Master in Computer Applications
Ph.D. under QIP
Reputation and rankings
University and college rankingsEngineering – IndiaIndia Today (2020)70
GNE was ranked at place 70 among engineering colleges in India by India Today in 2020.
Admissions
LEET for diploma holder
Common Management Admission Test (CMAT) for admissions to postgraduate degree program in Management (MBA)
Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering (GATE) as well as through B.Tech merit, as per Punjab Technical University guidelines for admissions in M.Tech
Campus placements and industrial interaction
The college has an impeccable placement record of students in reputed companies since its inception. The college has tie-ups and signed MoUs with many industrial and research institutes. The college also runs very active testing and industrial consultancy cell, which provides consultation to a large number of Govt. and industrial houses.
Student activities
The foundation stone of the college
Postgraduate block
Festivals
GENESIS is the annual cultural and arts festival held in February or March
ATHARVA is the annual Technical festival held in September or October and invites participants from various renowned colleges of North India.
Professional societies
Chapters of the following professional bodies have been established at the college.
Association of Civil Engineering Students(ACES)
Society of Automotive Engineers
Indian Society for Technical Education
Computer Society of India (CSI)
Linux User Group
Helps welfare society
NSS/NCC
An NSS wing and an NCC wing has been established.
Academic extension
Guru Nanak Dev Polytechnic College, Ludhiana
Science & Technology Entrepreneurs’ Park (STEP-GNDEC)
Centre for Development of Rural Technology (CDRT)
Nankana Sahib Public School, Gill Road, Ludhiana
Notable people
List of Principals
Tara Singh Randhawa
Ajmer Singh
Hari Singh
Pritpal Singh Grewal
Randhir Singh Seehra (M-1961)
Rupinderpal Singh Sukerchakia (M-1967)
Dilbagh Singh Hira (M-1966)
Surinder Bir Singh (M-1967)
Dalvinder Singh Grewal
Harkirat Kaur Grewal (E-1968)
H.K.Buttar
Manohar Singh Saini
Sehijpal Singh, Present (M-1991)
GNE graduates (Genconians) have found success in a variety of diverse fields including cultural, political, public and private sectors in India and abroad. Various Alumni chapters of college are active around the world. The list contains many people including faculty members and Alumni.
Sukh Dhaliwal (CE-1983)
Nazar Singh Manshahia, MLA (Mansa), Aam Aadmi Party (CE-1982)
Sidhu Moose Wala alias Shubdeep Singh Sidhu (EE-2016)
Gurpartap Singh Wadala (EE-1985)
Baldev Singh Sra, CMD, PSPCL (EE-1982)
See also
India portalPunjab portal
List of places named after Guru Nanak Dev
Centre of Excellence for Farm Machinery (erstwhile MERADO)
Punjab Engineering College, Chandigarh
Birla Institute of Technology – Science and Technology Entrepreneurs' Park
Village Gill
References
^ "Campus |". gndec.ac.in.
^ "TEQIP-III". Teqip.in.
^ "TEQIP Project". Gndec.ac.in.
^ "Courses Offered at GNDEC |". gndec.ac.in.
^ "Nod to architecture course in city college". Tribuneindia.com.
^ a b "Best ENGINEERING Colleges 2020: List of Top ENGINEERING Colleges 2020 in India". indiatoday.in. Retrieved 13 July 2020.
^ "Admission Criteria". Gndec.ax.in. Retrieved 10 November 2021.
^ "250 students get jobs during first phase of placement drive". Tribuneindia.com.
^ "300 GNDEC students placed in first phase". Tribuneindia.com.
^ "GNDEC sets benchmark with 290 placements". 4 April 2011.
^ "Placement Record". Gndec.ac.in.
^
^ "Punjab govt inks MoU with Industrial associations, GNDEC Ludhiana to promote research". Business Standard India. 24 October 2019 – via Business Standard.
^
^ "List of MOUs" (PDF). Gndec.ac.in. Retrieved 10 November 2021.
^ "About Us | Testing and Consultancy Cell". Tcc.gndec.ac.in.
^ "GNDPC HOME". Gndpoly.org.
^ "Home - Science and Technology Entrepreneurs' Park". Archived from the original on 24 January 2020. Retrieved 7 January 2020.
^ "WELCOME TO GNDEC ONLINE ALUMNI CLUB". Gndec.ac.in.
^ "Full Composition of Board of Governors in the Institution" (PDF). Gndec.ac.in. Retrieved 10 November 2021.
^ "ABOUT | GNDEC ALUMNI PORTAL". Alumni.gndec.ac.in. Retrieved 10 November 2021.
^ "Genco Alumni". Archived from the original on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 5 January 2020.
^ "GENCO BAY AREA California, USA". Archived from the original on 22 September 2020. Retrieved 5 January 2020.
^ "Center For Excellence In Farm Machinery, Ludhiana". Cmeri.res.in. Retrieved 10 November 2021.
External links
Official website
GENCO alumni website Archived 26 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine
T&P Cell, GNE
Punjab Technical University website
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana.
vteUniversities and Colleges in Punjab, IndiaAutonomous Institutions
Dr. B. R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology Jalandhar
Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali
Indian Institute of Technology Ropar
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda
Central Universities
Central University of Punjab
State Universities
Baba Farid University of Health Sciences
Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University
Guru Nanak Dev University
Guru Ravidas Ayurved University
I. K. Gujral Punjab Technical University
Jagat Guru Nanak Dev Punjab State Open University
Punjab Sports University
Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University
Panjab University
Punjab Agricultural University
Punjabi University
Rajiv Gandhi National University of Law
Sardar Beant Singh State University
Shaheed Bhagat Singh State University
Sri Guru Teg Bahadur State University of Law
Private Universities
Adesh University
Akal University
Chandigarh University
Chitkara University, Punjab
CT University
DAV (Dayanand Anglo Vedic) University
Desh Bhagat University
GNA University
Guru Kashi University
Lovely Professional University
Plaksha University
Sant Baba Bhag Singh University
Sri Guru Granth Sahib World University
Rayat-Bahra University
Deemed Universities
Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering and Technology
Engineering Colleges & Institutions
Bhutta College of Engineering & Technology
Baba Banda Singh Bahadur Engineering College
Baba Hira Singh Bhattal Institute of Engineering and Technology
Bhai Gurdas Institute of Engineering & Technology
Chandigarh College of Engineering and Technology
Chandigarh Engineering College
Chitkara University Institute of Engineering & Technology
DAV Institute of Engineering & Technology
Desh Bhagat Institute of Engineering and Management
Guru Gobind Singh College of Modern Technology
Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana
Guru Teg Bahadur Khalsa Institute of Engineering & Technology, Chhapianwali, Malout
Indo Global College of Engineering
Institute of Engineering and Technology, Bhaddal
Lala Lajpat Rai Institute of Engineering and Technology
Malout Institute of Management and Information Technology
Panjab University Swami Sarvanand Giri Regional Centre, Hoshiarpur
Punjab Engineering College
Rayat Institute of Engineering & Information Technology
Regional Institute of Management and Technology
Sri Sai Group of Institutes (Pathankot, Amritsar, Palampur)
Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology
University Institute of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Panjab University
Medical Colleges
Adesh Institute of Medical Sciences & Research
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda
Christian Medical College, Ludhiana
Dayanand Medical College & Hospital
Government Medical College, Amritsar
Government Medical College, Patiala
Guru Gobind Singh Medical College
Law Colleges
Army Institute of Law
Aryans College of Law
Baba Farid Law College
Baba Kundan Singh Memorial Law College
Bathinda College of Law
Bhai Gurdas College of Law
Khalsa College of Law
Rayat College of Law
St. Soldier Law College
Universal Law College
Management Institutions
Desh Bhagat Institute of Engineering and Management
Indian School of Business
Regional Institute of Management and Technology
Sri Sai Group of Institutes (Pathankot, Amritsar, Palampur)
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
United States
|
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But after establishment of Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar in 1997 as a single affiliating university for all technical colleges of Punjab, college became affiliated with Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar. GNE is the first Engineering College of Punjab, which was conferred Autonomous Status by University Grants Commission in 2012. The college is one of the few technical institutions of Punjab selected for World Bank financial assistance under Technical Education Quality Improvement Programme (TEQIP).[2][3]","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bachelor of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Civil engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_engineering"},{"link_name":"Mechanical engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_engineering"},{"link_name":"Computer Science & Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Science_%26_Engineering"},{"link_name":"Electrical engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_engineering"},{"link_name":"Electronics & Communication Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics_%26_Communication_Engineering"},{"link_name":"Information 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research institutes.[13][14][15] The college also runs very active testing and industrial consultancy cell, which provides consultation to a large number of Govt. and industrial houses.[16]","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gndec_foundation_stone.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gndec13.jpg"}],"text":"The foundation stone of the collegePostgraduate block","title":"Student activities"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Festivals","text":"GENESIS is the annual cultural and arts festival held in February or March\nATHARVA is the annual Technical festival held in September or October and invites participants from various renowned colleges of North India.","title":"Student activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Society of Automotive Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Automotive_Engineers"},{"link_name":"Indian Society for Technical 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activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Ludhiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludhiana"}],"text":"Guru Nanak Dev Polytechnic College, Ludhiana[17]\nScience & Technology Entrepreneurs’ Park (STEP-GNDEC)[18]\nCentre for Development of Rural Technology (CDRT)\nNankana Sahib Public School, Gill Road, Ludhiana","title":"Academic extension"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Sukh Dhaliwal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukh_Dhaliwal"},{"link_name":"MLA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Mansa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansa,_Punjab"},{"link_name":"Aam Aadmi Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aam_Aadmi_Party"},{"link_name":"Sidhu Moose Wala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidhu_Moose_Wala"},{"link_name":"alias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliases"},{"link_name":"Gurpartap Singh Wadala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurpartap_Singh_Wadala"},{"link_name":"PSPCL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_State_Power_Corporation"}],"text":"GNE graduates (Genconians) have found success in a variety of diverse fields including cultural, political, public and private sectors in India and abroad. Various Alumni chapters of college are active around the world.[21][22][23] The list contains many people including faculty members and Alumni.Sukh Dhaliwal (CE-1983)\nNazar Singh Manshahia, MLA (Mansa), Aam Aadmi Party (CE-1982)\nSidhu Moose Wala alias Shubdeep Singh Sidhu (EE-2016)\nGurpartap Singh Wadala (EE-1985)\nBaldev Singh Sra, CMD, PSPCL (EE-1982)","title":"Notable people"}]
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[{"image_text":"Admin block","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Gndec4.jpg/220px-Gndec4.jpg"},{"image_text":"Green GNDEC campus","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Gndec11.jpg/220px-Gndec11.jpg"},{"image_text":"Central Library","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Gndec5.jpg/220px-Gndec5.jpg"},{"image_text":"The foundation stone of the college","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Gndec_foundation_stone.jpg/250px-Gndec_foundation_stone.jpg"},{"image_text":"Postgraduate block","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Gndec13.jpg/220px-Gndec13.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"India portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:India"},{"title":"Punjab portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Punjab"},{"title":"List of places named after Guru Nanak Dev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_places_named_after_Guru_Nanak_Dev"},{"title":"Centre of Excellence for Farm Machinery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Mechanical_Engineering_Research_Institute#Extension_Centre"},{"title":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"title":"Punjab Engineering College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_Engineering_College"},{"title":"Chandigarh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandigarh"},{"title":"Birla Institute of Technology – Science and Technology Entrepreneurs' Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birla_Institute_of_Technology_%E2%80%93_Science_and_Technology_Entrepreneurs%27_Park"},{"title":"Village Gill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gill,_Ludhiana"}]
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Tribuneindia.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/ludhiana/300-gndec-students-placed-in-first-phase-738877","url_text":"\"300 GNDEC students placed in first phase\""}]},{"reference":"\"GNDEC sets benchmark with 290 placements\". 4 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ludhiana/gndec-sets-benchmark-with-290-placements/","url_text":"\"GNDEC sets benchmark with 290 placements\""}]},{"reference":"\"Placement Record\". Gndec.ac.in.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gndec.ac.in/?q=node/63","url_text":"\"Placement Record\""}]},{"reference":"\"Punjab govt inks MoU with Industrial associations, GNDEC Ludhiana to promote research\". Business Standard India. 24 October 2019 – via Business Standard.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/punjab-govt-inks-mou-with-industrial-associations-gndec-ludhiana-to-promote-research-119102401549_1.html","url_text":"\"Punjab govt inks MoU with Industrial associations, GNDEC Ludhiana to promote research\""}]},{"reference":"\"List of MOUs\" (PDF). Gndec.ac.in. Retrieved 10 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gndec.ac.in/sites/default/files/List%20of%20MOUs.pdf","url_text":"\"List of MOUs\""}]},{"reference":"\"About Us | Testing and Consultancy Cell\". Tcc.gndec.ac.in.","urls":[{"url":"https://tcc.gndec.ac.in/","url_text":"\"About Us | Testing and Consultancy Cell\""}]},{"reference":"\"GNDPC HOME\". Gndpoly.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gndpoly.org/","url_text":"\"GNDPC HOME\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home - Science and Technology Entrepreneurs' Park\". Archived from the original on 24 January 2020. Retrieved 7 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200124091637/http://stepgndec.com/","url_text":"\"Home - Science and Technology Entrepreneurs' Park\""},{"url":"https://stepgndec.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"WELCOME TO GNDEC ONLINE ALUMNI CLUB\". Gndec.ac.in.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gndec.ac.in/alumni/members.html","url_text":"\"WELCOME TO GNDEC ONLINE ALUMNI CLUB\""}]},{"reference":"\"Full Composition of Board of Governors in the Institution\" (PDF). Gndec.ac.in. Retrieved 10 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gndec.ac.in/sites/default/files/Members%20of%20Governing%20Body%20of%20GNDEC%20pertaining%20to%20Academic%20Autonomy_1.pdf","url_text":"\"Full Composition of Board of Governors in the Institution\""}]},{"reference":"\"ABOUT | GNDEC ALUMNI PORTAL\". Alumni.gndec.ac.in. Retrieved 10 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://alumni.gndec.ac.in/","url_text":"\"ABOUT | GNDEC ALUMNI PORTAL\""}]},{"reference":"\"Genco Alumni\". Archived from the original on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 5 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210226091607/http://www.gencoalumni.org/","url_text":"\"Genco Alumni\""},{"url":"http://www.gencoalumni.org/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"GENCO BAY AREA California, USA\". Archived from the original on 22 September 2020. Retrieved 5 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200922115805/http://www.gencobayarea.com/","url_text":"\"GENCO BAY AREA California, USA\""},{"url":"http://www.gencobayarea.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Center For Excellence In Farm Machinery, Ludhiana\". Cmeri.res.in. Retrieved 10 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cmeri.res.in/CMERI-Ludhiana","url_text":"\"Center For Excellence In Farm Machinery, Ludhiana\""}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockingham,_Northamptonshire
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Rockingham, Northamptonshire
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["1 History","2 References","3 External links"]
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Coordinates: 52°30′42″N 0°43′37″W / 52.5117°N 0.7269°W / 52.5117; -0.7269
Human settlement in EnglandRockinghamSt Leonard's Church, RockinghamRockinghamLocation within NorthamptonshirePopulation113 (2011)OS grid referenceSP8691Unitary authorityNorth NorthamptonshireCeremonial countyNorthamptonshireRegionEast MidlandsCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townMarket HarboroughPostcode districtLE16Dialling code01536PoliceNorthamptonshireFireNorthamptonshireAmbulanceEast Midlands
UK ParliamentCorby
List of places
UK
England
Northamptonshire
52°30′42″N 0°43′37″W / 52.5117°N 0.7269°W / 52.5117; -0.7269
Rockingham is a village and civil parish in North Northamptonshire, England. Close to the border of Leicestershire and Rutland, the village is largely connected to the town of Corby where various local organisations utilise the Rockingham name. Other nearby villages include Cottingham, Great Easton and Caldecott. During the 2001 census, the parish's population was 115 people, falling marginally to 113 at the 2011 Census.
The village is the site of Rockingham Castle and gives its name to Rockingham Forest; the title Marquess of Rockingham; Rockingham Primary School in Corby; as well as Rockingham Motor Speedway which is located in North Northamptonshire.
History
See also: Rockingham Castle
The village's name means 'Homestead/village of the people of Hroc(a)'.
Rockingham was the site of a council convened by William II on 25 February 1095, intended to depose Anselm as Archbishop of Canterbury. The Lords Spiritual, led by the Bishop of Durham, fell in line with the king, arguing that Anselm's support of the French-backed pope Urban II against the imperial pope Clement III made him a traitor to the realm. The Lords Temporal demurred and supported Anselm, in the absence of any proof of felony.
References
^ Companies House Search Results
^ Office for National Statistics: Rockingham CP: Parish headcounts. Retrieved 19 November 2009
^ "Civil Parish population 2011". Neighbourhood Statistics. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 9 July 2016.
^ Rockingham Motor Speedway: Getting to Rockingham Archived 3 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 19 November 2009
^ "Key to English Place-names".
External links
Media related to Rockingham, Northamptonshire at Wikimedia Commons
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Israel
United States
This Northamptonshire location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No,_Ma%27am,_That%27s_Not_History
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No, Ma'am, That's Not History
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["1 Background","2 Summary","3 Reception","4 References","5 Works cited"]
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1946 book on Mormonism by Hugh Nibley
First edition coverAuthorHugh NibleyCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishSubjectMormon studiesGenreApologeticsPublisherBookcraftPublication date1946Media typePrintPages62OCLC4388256LC ClassBX8670.2 .B76 N42
No, Ma'am, That's Not History is a short work written by Hugh Nibley to criticize Fawn M. Brodie's biography of Joseph Smith, No Man Knows My History. Nibley accuses Brodie of inconsistency and improper historical methodology. Scholars have criticized No, Ma'am for using the same kind of hyperbole that Nibley critiques in Brodie. Nibley's defenders explain that his acerbic satire does use similar rhetorical tools as Brodie does, which is part of its attention-grabbing intent. In 1999, The Salt Lake Tribune said the book "was wildly popular in Utah".
Background
Fawn Brodie's No Man Knows My History: The Life of Joseph Smith (1945) had a mixed reception when it was first published. Contemporary newspapers praised it as a definitive biography. In 1971, Marvin S. Hill wrote that the biography had long been considered "the standard work on the life of Joseph Smith." Former Latter-day Saint and novelist Vardis Fisher wrote in 1945 that her work was an "excellent analysis" but her proposal that Smith was a self-interested fraud was pursued overzealously. Latter-day Saint scholars, including Nibley, severely criticized the book. No, Ma'am, That's Not History: A Brief Review of Mrs. Brodie's Reluctant Vindication of a Prophet She Seeks to Expose was published as a 62-page monograph published in 1946. Nibley wrote No, Ma'am as a personal project. The work was reissued in 1959 as a pamphlet. Nibley was highly educated in classical history and rhetoric. He did not specialize in American or Mormon history. Nibley later wrote extensively about the "oriental" parallels of the Book of Mormon that he mentioned as an aside in No, Ma'am.
Summary
Nibley accused Brodie of cherry-picking her arguments. In the case of the testimonies of Smith's neighbors, Nibley wrote that Brodie accepts their courtroom testimonies only when it suits her argument. Nibley described Brodie as misusing historical parallels and claimed that there were far better parallels to the Book of Mormon in "Oriental literature".
Nibley criticized Brodie's description of Joseph Smith. He wrote that in her view, "Joseph Smith was a complete imposter... but he meant well." This was worse than a blatantly anti-Mormon view that Joseph Smith was totally depraved, because it was "more plausible". Nibley wrote that "no blundering, dreaming, undisciplined, shallow and opportunistic fakir could have left behind what Joseph Smith did, both in men's hearts and on paper." The proof that Brodie claimed for Joseph Smith's purported later fabrication of the first vision relied on an "argument of silence" – that newspapers had not mentioned Smith's first vision. Nibley argued that since Joseph Smith was an obscure farm boy, that it was unconvincing to expect newspapers to mention his experience at the time. He also wrote that things "of a transcendent and 'soul-shattering nature'" are not typically reported to the press. He presented many counter-arguments to Brodie's arguments, using logic to show inconsistency or casting doubt on her sources. He also criticized her psychohistorical method, stating that historians cannot know what hidden emotions Joseph or Emma Smith felt unless they have a source that says so.
Reception
No, Ma'am positioned Nibley as a defender of the historicity of the Book of Mormon, impressing general authorities in the LDS Church. The Salt Lake Tribune reports that it became "wildly popular" in Utah. Outside the church, historians were not impressed with No, Ma'am. Dale Morgan, a historian who helped Brodie while she wrote the biography, found Nibley "intoxicated with his own language". Stanley S. Ivins, a critic of the Church's polygamy practices, criticized No, Ma'am for misrepresenting Brodie and Church history. Juanita Brooks stated that Nibley's zeal caused him to "make some statements almost as far fetched as ." In a letter to her parents, Brodie wrote that Nibley's critique was "a flippant and shallow piece". She further stated "If that is the best a young Mormon historian can offer, then I am all the certain that the death of B. H. Roberts meant the end of all that was truly scholarly and honest in orthodox Mormon historiography."
Later scholars expressed both criticism and admiration for No, Ma'am. Writing in 1989, Mormon historian Newell G. Bringhurst states that Nibley "made some rather extreme statements of his own"; for example: "The gospel as the Mormons know it sprang full-grown from the words of Joseph Smith. It has never been worked over or touched up in any way, and is free of revisions and alterations." In his analysis of Nibley's treatment of Joseph Smith, Richard Bushman notices that No, Ma'am does not defend Joseph Smith's character, but rather, attacks Brodie's "scholarship and reasoning". Bushman said that the tract, oft-criticized for its sarcasm, was "a pleasure for me to discover on rereading it how on the mark it was." In David J. Whittaker's 1991 forward to Nibley's collected apologetic works, he described Nibley's approach in his apologetic work as "biting satire" which "invokes some of the critics' own rhetorical standbys, such as ridicule and caricature" that is sometimes "dismissed as flippant". Whittaker explained that Nibley focused on published criticism, and that many manuscript sources have since become available from the Church History Library and correct Nibley's arguments. These manuscript sources show the various accounts of Joseph Smith's first vision, and his involvement in money digging, including his trial in 1826.
According to Ronald Helfrich, author of Mormon Studies: A Critical History, No, Ma'am was "a turning point in the history of Mormon apologetics and polemics" because it used academic language in its arguments. Nibley's patronizing language, Helfrich posited, could be a reflection of Nibley's own "patriarchalism and paternalism". Nibley's rhetorical style became popular with defenders of the church. In 1979, Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies (FARMS) was founded and published "Nibley-style apologetics and polemics". The organization published FARMS Review from 1989 until 2011. FARMS Review describes itself as helping readers to "make informed choices and judgements" about books in Mormon studies. Daniel Peterson, a BYU professor of Islamic studies, a former chairman of the board at FARMS, and a writer who followed in Nibley's apologetic tradition, called Nibley "the foremost apologist for Mormonism" during the latter half of the 20th century. Peterson described Nibley's approach to apologetics as an attitude that "the best defense is a good offense." FARMS Review contained a review that Ron Priddis, who was the managing editor of Signature Books, an independent Mormon publishing house, called "tabloid scholarship". Signature Books published An Insider's View of Mormon Origins by Grant Palmer, a former LDS institute director; FARMS Review published five negative reviews of the book. In the book, Palmer discussed naturalistic explanations for Joseph Smith's production of scripture, including the Book of Mormon, as well as issues surrounding genetics and the Book of Mormon. In Davis Bitton's review in FARMS Review, he wondered how often Palmer attended church. Priddis called this "innuendo and character assassination" inappropriate for the venue of a scholarly review.
References
^ a b Wolfson, Hannah (September 7, 1999). "Biographer Brodie Is the Subject Of a New Book". The Salt Lake Tribune. p. B4. In 1946, Brigham Young University rofessor Hugh Nibley wrote a pamphlet called, No Ma'am, That's Not History, which picked apart Brodie's thesis and was wildly popular in Utah. Continued from Wolfson, Hannah (September 7, 1999). "Now We Know Her History". The Salt Lake Tribune. p. B1.
^ a b Shipps 2007, pp. 499–500.
^ Fisher 1945, p. 5.
^ Shipps 2007, pp. 500.
^ Petersen 2002, p. 225; Spencer 2021, p. 94
^ Whittaker 1991, p. xv.
^ Whittaker 1991, pp. xiii, xv.
^ Spencer 2021, p. 95.
^ Nibley 1946, p. 14.
^ a b Nibley 1946, p. 8.
^ Nibley 1946, pp. 21–24; Turner 2021, p. 100
^ Spencer 2021, p. 95; Turner 2021, p. 101
^ "Since he betrayed nothing by look, word, or gesture of his inner feelings, we take the liberty to report that he was really thinking of a fishing trip made on his seventh birthday; there is no evidence for this, but of course his thoughts were perfectly concealed, you know." Nibley 1946, p. 40; "When Joseph Smith faced Emma for the last time, 'he knew that she thought him a coward.' So Brodie knows that Emma knew that Joseph knew what Emma thought! Is this history?" Nibley 1946, p. 54
^ a b Petersen 2002, pp. 225–227.
^ a b c d Helfrich 2021, p. 30.
^ Turner 2021, p. 101; Bringhurst 1996, p. 56
^ Nibley 1946, pp. 61–62; interpretation and quote from Bringhurst 1996, p. 56
^ Bushman 2010, p. 9.
^ Whittaker 1991, p. xiv.
^ Whittaker 1991, p. xvi.
^ "Mormon Studies Review". scholarsarchive.byu.edu. Brigham Young University. Retrieved February 7, 2023.
^ Peterson, Daniel C. (February 4, 2010). "The need for apologetics; Hugh Nibley was foremost". Deseret News. Retrieved February 7, 2023.
^ Peterson, Daniel (2021). "Nibley as an Apologist". Hugh Nibley Observed. The Interpreter Foundation in collaboration with Book of Mormon Central and FAIR. p. 170. ISBN 978-1-890718-93-0.
^ De Groote, Michael (February 5, 2010). "Hugh Nibley's defense of truth". Deseret News. Retrieved February 7, 2023.
^ "About Signature Books". signaturebooks.org. Signature Books. October 31, 2010. Archived from the original on October 31, 2010.
^ a b Priddis, Ron. "A Reply to FARMS and the Joseph Fielding Smith Institute". Signature Books. Archived from the original on January 29, 2007.
^ "An Insider's View of Mormon Origins". Signature Books.
^ Allen, James B. (2002). "An Insider's View of Mormon Origins". BYU Studies. 43 (2).
Works cited
Bringhurst, Newell G. (1996). "Applause, Attack, and Ambivalence: Varied Responses to No Man Knows My History". In Bringhurst, Newell G. (ed.). Reconsidering No Man Knows My History: Fawn M. Brodie and Joseph Smith in Retrospect. Logan: Utah State University Press. pp. 39–59. doi:10.2307/j.ctt46nwv5. ISBN 0-585-03120-7.
Bushman, Richard Lyman (2010). "Hugh Nibley and Joseph Smith". Journal of Book of Mormon Studies. 19 (1): 4–13. doi:10.5406/jbookmormotheres.19.1.0004. S2CID 254364342. Retrieved January 3, 2023.
Fisher, Vardis (November 25, 1945). "Mormonism and Its Yankee Prophet". Book Review. New York Times. p. 5.
Helfrich, Ronald (2021). Mormon Studies: A Critical History. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. ISBN 978-1-4766-8261-7.
Nibley, Hugh (1946). No, Ma'am, That's Not History: A brief review of Mrs. Brodie's reluctant vindication of a prophet she seeks to expose. Salt Lake City: Bookcraft.
Petersen, Boyd (2002). Hugh Nibley: A Consecrated Life. Salt Lake City: Greg Kofford Books. ISBN 1-58958-020-6.
Shipps, Jan (September 2007). "Richard Lyman Bushman, the Story of Joseph Smith and Mormonism, and the New Mormon History". Journal of American History. 94 (2): 499–500. doi:10.2307/25094962. JSTOR 25094962 – via JSTOR.
Spencer, Joseph M. (2021). "Standing on the (Shrugging) Shoulders of a Giant: Notes on Hugh Nibley's Contribution to Book of Mormon Studies". Journal of Book of Mormon Studies. 30: 90–110. doi:10.5406/jbookmormstud2.30.2021.0090. S2CID 254346180. Retrieved January 4, 2023.
Turner, John G. (2021). "Sincerity, Imagination, and Mythmaking: Fawn Brodie and the First Vision". Journal of Mormon History. 47 (4): 95–109. doi:10.5406/jmormhist.47.4.0095. S2CID 246615613. Retrieved January 3, 2023.
Whittaker, David J. (1991). "Forward". Tinkling Cymbals and Sounding Brass: The Art of Telling Tales about Joseph Smith and Brigham Young. Vol. 11. Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Company and Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies. ISBN 0-87579-516-1.
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Nibley's defenders explain that his acerbic satire does use similar rhetorical tools as Brodie does, which is part of its attention-grabbing intent. In 1999, The Salt Lake Tribune said the book \"was wildly popular in Utah\".[1]","title":"No, Ma'am, That's Not History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipps2007499%E2%80%93500-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipps2007499%E2%80%93500-2"},{"link_name":"Latter-day Saint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormons"},{"link_name":"Vardis Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vardis_Fisher"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher19455-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipps2007500-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhittaker1991xv-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhittaker1991xiii,_xv-7"},{"link_name":"Book of Mormon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Mormon"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpencer202195-8"}],"text":"Fawn Brodie's No Man Knows My History: The Life of Joseph Smith (1945) had a mixed reception when it was first published.[2] Contemporary newspapers praised it as a definitive biography. In 1971, Marvin S. Hill wrote that the biography had long been considered \"the standard work on the life of Joseph Smith.\"[2] Former Latter-day Saint and novelist Vardis Fisher wrote in 1945 that her work was an \"excellent analysis\" but her proposal that Smith was a self-interested fraud was pursued overzealously.[3] Latter-day Saint scholars, including Nibley, severely criticized the book.[4] No, Ma'am, That's Not History: A Brief Review of Mrs. Brodie's Reluctant Vindication of a Prophet She Seeks to Expose was published as a 62-page monograph published in 1946. Nibley wrote No, Ma'am as a personal project.[5] The work was reissued in 1959 as a pamphlet.[6] Nibley was highly educated in classical history and rhetoric. He did not specialize in American or Mormon history.[7] Nibley later wrote extensively about the \"oriental\" parallels of the Book of Mormon that he mentioned as an aside in No, Ma'am.[8]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENibley194614-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENibley19468-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENibley19468-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"psychohistorical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychohistorical"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Nibley accused Brodie of cherry-picking her arguments. In the case of the testimonies of Smith's neighbors, Nibley wrote that Brodie accepts their courtroom testimonies only when it suits her argument. Nibley described Brodie as misusing historical parallels and claimed that there were far better parallels to the Book of Mormon in \"Oriental literature\".[9]Nibley criticized Brodie's description of Joseph Smith. He wrote that in her view, \"Joseph Smith was a complete imposter... but he meant well.\" This was worse than a blatantly anti-Mormon view that Joseph Smith was totally depraved, because it was \"more plausible\".[10] Nibley wrote that \"no blundering, dreaming, undisciplined, shallow and opportunistic fakir could have left behind what Joseph Smith did, both in men's hearts and on paper.\"[10] The proof that Brodie claimed for Joseph Smith's purported later fabrication of the first vision relied on an \"argument of silence\" – that newspapers had not mentioned Smith's first vision. Nibley argued that since Joseph Smith was an obscure farm boy, that it was unconvincing to expect newspapers to mention his experience at the time. He also wrote that things \"of a transcendent and 'soul-shattering nature'\" are not typically reported to the press.[11] He presented many counter-arguments to Brodie's arguments, using logic to show inconsistency or casting doubt on her sources.[12] He also criticized her psychohistorical method, stating that historians cannot know what hidden emotions Joseph or Emma Smith felt unless they have a source that says so.[13]","title":"Summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen2002225%E2%80%93227-14"},{"link_name":"Salt Lake Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Salt_Lake_Tribune"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Dale Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Morgan"},{"link_name":"Juanita Brooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juanita_Brooks"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen2002225%E2%80%93227-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelfrich202130-15"},{"link_name":"B. H. Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._H._Roberts"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Newell G. Bringhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newell_G._Bringhurst"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Richard Bushman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bushman"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBushman20109-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhittaker1991xiv-19"},{"link_name":"Joseph Smith's first vision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Vision"},{"link_name":"involvement in money digging, including his trial in 1826","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_life_of_Joseph_Smith#Treasure_hunting"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhittaker1991xvi-20"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelfrich202130-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelfrich202130-15"},{"link_name":"Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_for_Ancient_Research_and_Mormon_Studies"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelfrich202130-15"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Priddis-26"},{"link_name":"An Insider's View of Mormon Origins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Insider%27s_View_of_Mormon_Origins"},{"link_name":"institute director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Religion#Administration"},{"link_name":"genetics and the Book of Mormon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics_and_the_Book_of_Mormon"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Priddis-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"No, Ma'am positioned Nibley as a defender of the historicity of the Book of Mormon, impressing general authorities in the LDS Church.[14] The Salt Lake Tribune reports that it became \"wildly popular\" in Utah.[1] Outside the church, historians were not impressed with No, Ma'am. Dale Morgan, a historian who helped Brodie while she wrote the biography, found Nibley \"intoxicated with his own language\". Stanley S. Ivins, a critic of the Church's polygamy practices, criticized No, Ma'am for misrepresenting Brodie and Church history. Juanita Brooks stated that Nibley's zeal caused him to \"make some statements almost as far fetched as [Brodie's].\"[14][15] In a letter to her parents, Brodie wrote that Nibley's critique was \"a flippant and shallow piece\". She further stated \"If that [Nibley's critique] is the best a young Mormon historian can offer, then I am all the certain that the death of B. H. Roberts meant the end of all that was truly scholarly and honest in orthodox Mormon historiography.\"[16]Later scholars expressed both criticism and admiration for No, Ma'am. Writing in 1989, Mormon historian Newell G. Bringhurst states that Nibley \"made some rather extreme statements of his own\"; for example: \"The gospel as the Mormons know it sprang full-grown from the words of Joseph Smith. It has never been worked over or touched up in any way, and is free of revisions and alterations.\"[17] In his analysis of Nibley's treatment of Joseph Smith, Richard Bushman notices that No, Ma'am does not defend Joseph Smith's character, but rather, attacks Brodie's \"scholarship and reasoning\". Bushman said that the tract, oft-criticized for its sarcasm, was \"a pleasure for me to discover on rereading it how on the mark it was.\"[18] In David J. Whittaker's 1991 forward to Nibley's collected apologetic works, he described Nibley's approach in his apologetic work as \"biting satire\" which \"invokes some of the critics' own rhetorical standbys, such as ridicule and caricature\" that is sometimes \"dismissed as flippant\".[19] Whittaker explained that Nibley focused on published criticism, and that many manuscript sources have since become available from the Church History Library and correct Nibley's arguments. These manuscript sources show the various accounts of Joseph Smith's first vision, and his involvement in money digging, including his trial in 1826.[20]According to Ronald Helfrich, author of Mormon Studies: A Critical History, No, Ma'am was \"a turning point in the history of Mormon apologetics and polemics\" because it used academic language in its arguments. Nibley's patronizing language, Helfrich posited, could be a reflection of Nibley's own \"patriarchalism and paternalism\".[15] Nibley's rhetorical style became popular with defenders of the church.[15] In 1979, Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies (FARMS) was founded and published \"Nibley-style apologetics and polemics\".[15] The organization published FARMS Review from 1989 until 2011. FARMS Review describes itself as helping readers to \"make informed choices and judgements\" about books in Mormon studies.[21] Daniel Peterson, a BYU professor of Islamic studies, a former chairman of the board at FARMS, and a writer who followed in Nibley's apologetic tradition, called Nibley \"the foremost apologist for Mormonism\" during the latter half of the 20th century.[22][23] Peterson described Nibley's approach to apologetics as an attitude that \"the best defense is a good offense.\"[24] FARMS Review contained a review that Ron Priddis, who was the managing editor of Signature Books,[25] an independent Mormon publishing house, called \"tabloid scholarship\".[26] Signature Books published An Insider's View of Mormon Origins by Grant Palmer, a former LDS institute director; FARMS Review published five negative reviews of the book. In the book, Palmer discussed naturalistic explanations for Joseph Smith's production of scripture, including the Book of Mormon, as well as issues surrounding genetics and the Book of Mormon. In Davis Bitton's review in FARMS Review, he wondered how often Palmer attended church. Priddis called this \"innuendo and character assassination\" inappropriate for the venue of a scholarly review.[26][27][28]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/j.ctt46nwv5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctt46nwv5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-585-03120-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-585-03120-7"},{"link_name":"\"Hugh Nibley and Joseph Smith\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//scholarsarchive.byu.edu/jbms/vol19/iss1/3/"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.5406/jbookmormotheres.19.1.0004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.5406%2Fjbookmormotheres.19.1.0004"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"254364342","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:254364342"},{"link_name":"Fisher, Vardis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vardis_Fisher"},{"link_name":"Book Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Book_Review"},{"link_name":"New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4766-8261-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-8261-7"},{"link_name":"Petersen, Boyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyd_Petersen"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-58958-020-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58958-020-6"},{"link_name":"Shipps, Jan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Shipps"},{"link_name":"\"Richard Lyman Bushman, the Story of Joseph Smith and Mormonism, and the New Mormon History\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/25094962"},{"link_name":"Journal of American History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_American_History"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/25094962","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F25094962"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"25094962","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/25094962"},{"link_name":"\"Standing on the (Shrugging) Shoulders of a Giant: Notes on Hugh Nibley's Contribution to Book of Mormon Studies\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//scholarlypublishingcollective.org/uip/jbms/article/doi/10.5406/jbookmormstud2.30.2021.0090/283560/Standing-on-the-Shrugging-Shoulders-of-a-Giant"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.5406/jbookmormstud2.30.2021.0090","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.5406%2Fjbookmormstud2.30.2021.0090"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"254346180","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:254346180"},{"link_name":"\"Sincerity, Imagination, and Mythmaking: Fawn Brodie and the First Vision\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//scholarlypublishingcollective.org/uip/jmh/article/47/4/95/287627/Sincerity-Imagination-and-Mythmaking-Fawn-Brodie"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.5406/jmormhist.47.4.0095","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.5406%2Fjmormhist.47.4.0095"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"246615613","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246615613"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-87579-516-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87579-516-1"}],"text":"Bringhurst, Newell G. (1996). \"Applause, Attack, and Ambivalence: Varied Responses to No Man Knows My History\". In Bringhurst, Newell G. (ed.). Reconsidering No Man Knows My History: Fawn M. Brodie and Joseph Smith in Retrospect. Logan: Utah State University Press. pp. 39–59. doi:10.2307/j.ctt46nwv5. ISBN 0-585-03120-7.\nBushman, Richard Lyman (2010). \"Hugh Nibley and Joseph Smith\". Journal of Book of Mormon Studies. 19 (1): 4–13. doi:10.5406/jbookmormotheres.19.1.0004. S2CID 254364342. Retrieved January 3, 2023.\nFisher, Vardis (November 25, 1945). \"Mormonism and Its Yankee Prophet\". Book Review. New York Times. p. 5.\nHelfrich, Ronald (2021). Mormon Studies: A Critical History. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. ISBN 978-1-4766-8261-7.\nNibley, Hugh (1946). No, Ma'am, That's Not History: A brief review of Mrs. Brodie's reluctant vindication of a prophet she seeks to expose. Salt Lake City: Bookcraft.\nPetersen, Boyd (2002). Hugh Nibley: A Consecrated Life. Salt Lake City: Greg Kofford Books. ISBN 1-58958-020-6.\nShipps, Jan (September 2007). \"Richard Lyman Bushman, the Story of Joseph Smith and Mormonism, and the New Mormon History\". Journal of American History. 94 (2): 499–500. doi:10.2307/25094962. JSTOR 25094962 – via JSTOR.\nSpencer, Joseph M. (2021). \"Standing on the (Shrugging) Shoulders of a Giant: Notes on Hugh Nibley's Contribution to Book of Mormon Studies\". Journal of Book of Mormon Studies. 30: 90–110. doi:10.5406/jbookmormstud2.30.2021.0090. S2CID 254346180. Retrieved January 4, 2023.\nTurner, John G. (2021). \"Sincerity, Imagination, and Mythmaking: Fawn Brodie and the First Vision\". Journal of Mormon History. 47 (4): 95–109. doi:10.5406/jmormhist.47.4.0095. S2CID 246615613. Retrieved January 3, 2023.\nWhittaker, David J. (1991). \"Forward\". Tinkling Cymbals and Sounding Brass: The Art of Telling Tales about Joseph Smith and Brigham Young. Vol. 11. Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Company and Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies. ISBN 0-87579-516-1.","title":"Works cited"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Wolfson, Hannah (September 7, 1999). \"Biographer Brodie Is the Subject Of a New Book\". The Salt Lake Tribune. p. B4. In 1946, Brigham Young University [p]rofessor Hugh Nibley wrote a pamphlet called, No Ma'am, That's Not History, which picked apart [Fawn] Brodie's thesis and was wildly popular in Utah.","urls":[{"url":"https://newspapers.lib.utah.edu/ark:/87278/s6v74sb6/27784037","url_text":"\"Biographer Brodie Is the Subject Of a New Book\""}]},{"reference":"Wolfson, Hannah (September 7, 1999). \"Now We Know Her History\". The Salt Lake Tribune. p. B1.","urls":[{"url":"https://newspapers.lib.utah.edu/ark:/87278/s6v74sb6/27784034","url_text":"\"Now We Know Her History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mormon Studies Review\". scholarsarchive.byu.edu. Brigham Young University. Retrieved February 7, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/msr/","url_text":"\"Mormon Studies Review\""}]},{"reference":"Peterson, Daniel C. (February 4, 2010). \"The need for apologetics; Hugh Nibley was foremost\". Deseret News. Retrieved February 7, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.deseret.com/2010/2/4/20374726/the-need-for-apologetics-hugh-nibley-was-foremost","url_text":"\"The need for apologetics; Hugh Nibley was foremost\""}]},{"reference":"Peterson, Daniel (2021). \"Nibley as an Apologist\". Hugh Nibley Observed. The Interpreter Foundation in collaboration with Book of Mormon Central and FAIR. p. 170. ISBN 978-1-890718-93-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-890718-93-0","url_text":"978-1-890718-93-0"}]},{"reference":"De Groote, Michael (February 5, 2010). \"Hugh Nibley's defense of truth\". Deseret News. Retrieved February 7, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.deseret.com/2010/2/5/20374762/hugh-nibley-s-defense-of-truth","url_text":"\"Hugh Nibley's defense of truth\""}]},{"reference":"\"About Signature Books\". signaturebooks.org. Signature Books. October 31, 2010. Archived from the original on October 31, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101031170014/http://signaturebooks.com/about/","url_text":"\"About Signature Books\""},{"url":"http://signaturebooks.com/about/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Priddis, Ron. \"A Reply to FARMS and the Joseph Fielding Smith Institute\". Signature Books. Archived from the original on January 29, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070129053628/http://www.signaturebooks.com/excerpts/insider%27s4.htm","url_text":"\"A Reply to FARMS and the Joseph Fielding Smith Institute\""},{"url":"http://www.signaturebooks.com/excerpts/insider%27s4.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"An Insider's View of Mormon Origins\". Signature Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.signaturebooks.com/books/p/an-insiders-view-of-mormon-origins?rq=insider%27s%20view","url_text":"\"An Insider's View of Mormon Origins\""}]},{"reference":"Allen, James B. (2002). \"An Insider's View of Mormon Origins\". BYU Studies. 43 (2).","urls":[{"url":"https://byustudies.byu.edu/article/an-insiders-view-of-mormon-origins/","url_text":"\"An Insider's View of Mormon Origins\""}]},{"reference":"Bringhurst, Newell G. (1996). \"Applause, Attack, and Ambivalence: Varied Responses to No Man Knows My History\". In Bringhurst, Newell G. (ed.). Reconsidering No Man Knows My History: Fawn M. Brodie and Joseph Smith in Retrospect. Logan: Utah State University Press. pp. 39–59. doi:10.2307/j.ctt46nwv5. ISBN 0-585-03120-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctt46nwv5","url_text":"10.2307/j.ctt46nwv5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-585-03120-7","url_text":"0-585-03120-7"}]},{"reference":"Bushman, Richard Lyman (2010). \"Hugh Nibley and Joseph Smith\". Journal of Book of Mormon Studies. 19 (1): 4–13. doi:10.5406/jbookmormotheres.19.1.0004. S2CID 254364342. Retrieved January 3, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/jbms/vol19/iss1/3/","url_text":"\"Hugh Nibley and Joseph Smith\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5406%2Fjbookmormotheres.19.1.0004","url_text":"10.5406/jbookmormotheres.19.1.0004"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:254364342","url_text":"254364342"}]},{"reference":"Fisher, Vardis (November 25, 1945). \"Mormonism and Its Yankee Prophet\". Book Review. New York Times. p. 5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vardis_Fisher","url_text":"Fisher, Vardis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Book_Review","url_text":"Book Review"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times","url_text":"New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Helfrich, Ronald (2021). Mormon Studies: A Critical History. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. ISBN 978-1-4766-8261-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-8261-7","url_text":"978-1-4766-8261-7"}]},{"reference":"Nibley, Hugh (1946). No, Ma'am, That's Not History: A brief review of Mrs. Brodie's reluctant vindication of a prophet she seeks to expose. Salt Lake City: Bookcraft.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Petersen, Boyd (2002). Hugh Nibley: A Consecrated Life. Salt Lake City: Greg Kofford Books. ISBN 1-58958-020-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyd_Petersen","url_text":"Petersen, Boyd"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58958-020-6","url_text":"1-58958-020-6"}]},{"reference":"Shipps, Jan (September 2007). \"Richard Lyman Bushman, the Story of Joseph Smith and Mormonism, and the New Mormon History\". Journal of American History. 94 (2): 499–500. doi:10.2307/25094962. JSTOR 25094962 – via JSTOR.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Shipps","url_text":"Shipps, Jan"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25094962","url_text":"\"Richard Lyman Bushman, the Story of Joseph Smith and Mormonism, and the New Mormon History\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_American_History","url_text":"Journal of American History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25094962","url_text":"10.2307/25094962"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25094962","url_text":"25094962"}]},{"reference":"Spencer, Joseph M. (2021). \"Standing on the (Shrugging) Shoulders of a Giant: Notes on Hugh Nibley's Contribution to Book of Mormon Studies\". Journal of Book of Mormon Studies. 30: 90–110. doi:10.5406/jbookmormstud2.30.2021.0090. S2CID 254346180. Retrieved January 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://scholarlypublishingcollective.org/uip/jbms/article/doi/10.5406/jbookmormstud2.30.2021.0090/283560/Standing-on-the-Shrugging-Shoulders-of-a-Giant","url_text":"\"Standing on the (Shrugging) Shoulders of a Giant: Notes on Hugh Nibley's Contribution to Book of Mormon Studies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5406%2Fjbookmormstud2.30.2021.0090","url_text":"10.5406/jbookmormstud2.30.2021.0090"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:254346180","url_text":"254346180"}]},{"reference":"Turner, John G. (2021). \"Sincerity, Imagination, and Mythmaking: Fawn Brodie and the First Vision\". Journal of Mormon History. 47 (4): 95–109. doi:10.5406/jmormhist.47.4.0095. S2CID 246615613. Retrieved January 3, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://scholarlypublishingcollective.org/uip/jmh/article/47/4/95/287627/Sincerity-Imagination-and-Mythmaking-Fawn-Brodie","url_text":"\"Sincerity, Imagination, and Mythmaking: Fawn Brodie and the First Vision\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5406%2Fjmormhist.47.4.0095","url_text":"10.5406/jmormhist.47.4.0095"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246615613","url_text":"246615613"}]},{"reference":"Whittaker, David J. (1991). \"Forward\". Tinkling Cymbals and Sounding Brass: The Art of Telling Tales about Joseph Smith and Brigham Young. Vol. 11. Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Company and Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies. ISBN 0-87579-516-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87579-516-1","url_text":"0-87579-516-1"}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Father_Brown,_Detective
|
Father Brown, Detective
|
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 References","4 External links"]
|
1934 film by Edward Sedgwick
For the 1954 film starring Alec Guinness, see Father Brown (film).
Father Brown, DetectiveDirected byEdward SedgwickScreenplay byHenry MyersC. Gardner SullivanProduced byEdward SedgwickBayard VeillerStarringWalter Connolly Paul Lukas Gertrude MichaelCinematographyTheodor SparkuhlEdited byJames SmithMusic byComposer: title music (uncredited):Heinz RoemheldProductioncompanyParamount ProductionsDistributed byParamount PicturesRelease date
December 14, 1934 (1934-12-14) (USA)
Running time68 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish
Father Brown, Detective is a 1934 American mystery film directed by Edward Sedgwick and starring Walter Connolly, Paul Lukas and Gertrude Michael. It is based on the 1910 Father Brown story "The Blue Cross" by G. K. Chesterton.
Plot
When infamous jewel thief Flambeau announces his intention to steal stones from a diamond cross in Father Brown's church, the crime-solving cleric fights to retain the cross, and also to save the soul of the elusive Flambeau.
Cast
Walter Connolly as Father Brown
Paul Lukas as Flambeau
Gertrude Michael as Evelyn Fischer
Robert Loraine as Inspector Valentine
Halliwell Hobbes as Sir Leopold Fischer
Una O'Connor as Mrs. Boggs
E.E. Clive as Sergeant
Donald Gray as Don
Bunny Beatty as Jenny
Peter Hobbes as Peter
King Baggot as Priest
Douglas Gerrard as Constable
Robert Adair as Policeman
Gwenllian Gill as Flowershop Girl
Fred Walton as Waiter
Alyce Ardell as Maid
References
^ "Father Brown, Detective (1934)". Archived from the original on 2009-02-06.
^ Brunsdale, Mitzi M. (26 July 2010). Icons of Mystery and Crime Detection: From Sleuths to Superheroes. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9780313345319 – via Google Books.
^ "Father Brown (1954)". Archived from the original on April 7, 2016.
External links
Father Brown, Detective at IMDb
vteFilms directed by Edward Sedgwick
Fantômas (1920)
Bar Nothin' (1921)
The Rough Diamond (1921)
Live Wires (1921)
Boomerang Justice (1922)
Chasing the Moon (1922)
The Bearcat (1922)
The Flaming Hour (1922)
Do and Dare (1922)
Out of Luck (1923)
Romance Land (1923)
Single Handed (1923)
The Gentleman from America (1923)
Dead Game (1923)
Shootin' for Love (1923)
The First Degree (1923)
Blinky (1923)
The Ramblin' Kid (1923)
The Thrill Chaser (1923)
Hook and Ladder (1924)
Ride for Your Life (1924)
40-Horse Hawkins (1924)
Broadway or Bust (1924)
The Sawdust Trail (1924)
Hit and Run (1924)
The Ridin' Kid from Powder River (1924)
The Hurricane Kid (1925)
The Saddle Hawk (1925)
Let 'er Buck (1925)
Lorraine of the Lions (1925)
The Phantom of the Opera (1925)
Two-Fisted Jones (1925)
The Runaway Express (1926)
The Flaming Frontier (1926)
There You Are! (1926)
Tin Hats (1926)
Under Western Skies (1926)
Slide, Kelly, Slide (1927)
The Bugle Call (1927)
Spring Fever (1927)
West Point (1927)
Circus Rookies (1928)
The Cameraman (1928)
Spite Marriage (1929)
Free and Easy (1930)
Estrellados (1930)
Doughboys (1930)
Remote Control (1930)
Parlor, Bedroom and Bath (1931)
Maker of Men (1931)
A Dangerous Affair (1931)
The Big Shot (1931)
The Passionate Plumber (1932)
Speak Easily (1932)
What! No Beer? (1933)
Horse Play (1933)
Saturday's Millions (1933)
The Poor Rich (1934)
I'll Tell the World (1934)
Here Comes the Groom (1934)
Father Brown, Detective (1934)
Death on the Diamond (1934)
Murder in the Fleet (1935)
The Virginia Judge (1935)
Mr. Cinderella (1936)
Pick a Star (1937)
Riding on Air (1937)
Fit for a King (1937)
The Gladiator (1938)
Beware Spooks! (1939)
Burn 'Em Up O'Connor (1939)
So You Won't Talk (1940)
Air Raid Wardens (1943)
Easy to Wed (1946)
A Southern Yankee (1948)
Excuse My Dust (1951)
Ma and Pa Kettle Back on the Farm (1951)
I Love Lucy: The Movie (1953)
vteG. K. ChestertonBibliographyPoetry
The Ballad of the White Horse (1911)
"The Rolling English Road" (1913)
"A Ballade of Suicide" (1915)
"Lepanto" (1915)
Novels
The Napoleon of Notting Hill (1904)
The Man Who Was Thursday (1908)
The Ball and the Cross (1909)
Manalive (1912)
The Flying Inn (1914)
Short stories
The Club of Queer Trades (1905)
"The Blue Cross" (1910)
"The Hammer of God" (1911)
The Man Who Knew Too Much (1922)
The Incredulity of Father Brown (1926)
The Poet and the Lunatics (1929)
The Paradoxes of Mr. Pond (1936)
Non-fiction
Heretics (1905)
Orthodoxy (1908)
The New Jerusalem (1920)
Fancies Versus Fads (1923)
The Everlasting Man (1925)
Adaptations
Father Brown, Detective (1934)
The Adventures of Father Brown (1945)
Father Brown (1954)
The Black Sheep (1960)
He Can't Stop Doing It (1962)
Father Brown (1966–1972)
Father Brown (1974)
Pfarrer Braun (2003–2014)
Father Brown (2013–present)
list of episodes
Sister Boniface Mysteries (2022–present)
Others
Father Brown
Flambeau
G. K.'s Weekly
Magic
Related
Frances Blogg (wife)
Cecil Chesterton (brother)
The Chesterton Review
Chesterton Academy
This article about a mystery film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Father Brown (film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Father_Brown_(film)"},{"link_name":"mystery film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystery_film"},{"link_name":"Edward Sedgwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Sedgwick"},{"link_name":"Walter Connolly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Connolly"},{"link_name":"Paul Lukas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Lukas"},{"link_name":"Gertrude Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrude_Michael"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Father Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Father_Brown"},{"link_name":"The Blue Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blue_Cross_(short_story)"},{"link_name":"G. K. Chesterton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._K._Chesterton"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"For the 1954 film starring Alec Guinness, see Father Brown (film).Father Brown, Detective is a 1934 American mystery film directed by Edward Sedgwick and starring Walter Connolly, Paul Lukas and Gertrude Michael.[1] It is based on the 1910 Father Brown story \"The Blue Cross\" by G. K. Chesterton.[2][3]","title":"Father Brown, Detective"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"When infamous jewel thief Flambeau announces his intention to steal stones from a diamond cross in Father Brown's church, the crime-solving cleric fights to retain the cross, and also to save the soul of the elusive Flambeau.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Walter Connolly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Connolly"},{"link_name":"Father Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Father_Brown"},{"link_name":"Paul Lukas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Lukas"},{"link_name":"Flambeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flambeau_(character)"},{"link_name":"Gertrude Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrude_Michael"},{"link_name":"Robert Loraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Loraine"},{"link_name":"Halliwell Hobbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halliwell_Hobbes"},{"link_name":"Una O'Connor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Una_O%27Connor_(actress)"},{"link_name":"E.E. Clive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E.E._Clive"},{"link_name":"Donald Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Gray"},{"link_name":"King Baggot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Baggot"},{"link_name":"Douglas Gerrard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Gerrard"},{"link_name":"Robert Adair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Adair_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Gwenllian Gill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwenllian_Gill"},{"link_name":"Fred Walton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Walton_(actor)"}],"text":"Walter Connolly as Father Brown\nPaul Lukas as Flambeau\nGertrude Michael as Evelyn Fischer\nRobert Loraine as Inspector Valentine\nHalliwell Hobbes as Sir Leopold Fischer\nUna O'Connor as Mrs. Boggs\nE.E. Clive as Sergeant\nDonald Gray as Don\nBunny Beatty as\tJenny\nPeter Hobbes as\tPeter\nKing Baggot as \tPriest\nDouglas Gerrard as Constable\nRobert Adair as Policeman\nGwenllian Gill as\tFlowershop Girl\nFred Walton as Waiter\nAlyce Ardell as \tMaid","title":"Cast"}]
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Father Brown, Detective (1934)\". Archived from the original on 2009-02-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090206200909/http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/32935","url_text":"\"Father Brown, Detective (1934)\""},{"url":"http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/32935","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Brunsdale, Mitzi M. (26 July 2010). Icons of Mystery and Crime Detection: From Sleuths to Superheroes. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9780313345319 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=p2zTtMxkExgC&q=father+brown+detective+1934&pg=PA90","url_text":"Icons of Mystery and Crime Detection: From Sleuths to Superheroes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313345319","url_text":"9780313345319"}]},{"reference":"\"Father Brown (1954)\". Archived from the original on April 7, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160407092024/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b6a9e61c1","url_text":"\"Father Brown (1954)\""},{"url":"http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b6a9e61c1","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090206200909/http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/32935","external_links_name":"\"Father Brown, Detective (1934)\""},{"Link":"http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/32935","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=p2zTtMxkExgC&q=father+brown+detective+1934&pg=PA90","external_links_name":"Icons of Mystery and Crime Detection: From Sleuths to Superheroes"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160407092024/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b6a9e61c1","external_links_name":"\"Father Brown (1954)\""},{"Link":"http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b6a9e61c1","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0026341/","external_links_name":"Father Brown, Detective"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Father_Brown,_Detective&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonkatch,_Bhopal
|
Sonkatch, Bhopal
|
["1 Demographics","2 References"]
|
Coordinates: 23°33′08″N 77°25′07″E / 23.5523129°N 77.4185584°E / 23.5523129; 77.4185584
Village in Madhya Pradesh, IndiaSonkatchvillageSonkatchShow map of Madhya PradeshSonkatchShow map of IndiaCoordinates: 23°33′08″N 77°25′07″E / 23.5523129°N 77.4185584°E / 23.5523129; 77.4185584CountryIndiaStateMadhya PradeshDistrictBhopalTehsilBerasiaElevation496 m (1,627 ft)Population (2011) • Total1,001Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)ISO 3166 codeMP-IN2011 census code482277
Sonkatch is a village in the Bhopal district of Madhya Pradesh, India. It is located in the Berasia tehsil.
Demographics
According to the 2011 census of India, Sonkatch has 218 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 68.42%.
Demographics (2011 Census)
Total
Male
Female
Population
1001
496
505
Children aged below 6 years
165
72
93
Scheduled caste
370
178
192
Scheduled tribe
147
73
74
Literates
572
316
256
Workers (all)
373
279
94
Main workers (total)
231
196
35
Main workers: Cultivators
84
76
8
Main workers: Agricultural labourers
101
81
20
Main workers: Household industry workers
13
12
1
Main workers: Other
33
27
6
Marginal workers (total)
142
83
59
Marginal workers: Cultivators
2
0
2
Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers
129
78
51
Marginal workers: Household industry workers
3
0
3
Marginal workers: Others
8
5
3
Non-workers
628
217
411
References
^ Lok Seva Kendra, Berasia
^ a b "District Census Handbook - Bhopal" (PDF). 2011 Census of India. Directorate of Census Operations, Madhya Pradesh. Retrieved 20 July 2015.
vteVillages in Berasia tehsil of Bhopal district
Agra
Ajabpura
Ajampur
Amalya
Amarpur
Ankia
Arjunkhedi
Arrai Rai Singh
Arrai Sardar Singh
Arrawati
Babachiya
Babdi Khar
Babukhedi
Badbeli Khurd
Badli
Bagapura
Bagraj
Bagsi
Bahrawal
Bairagarh
Bamhora
Bamhori
Bandikhedi (482082)
Bandikhedi (482303)
Bandrua
Barbeli Kalan
Barela Kheda
Barkheda Baramad
Barkheda Baramad Gunga
Barkheda Kalan
Barkheda Khurd
Barkheda Moji
Barkheda Yakub
Barkhedi
Barodi
Barrai
Barri Gujar
Barri Mustsil Bagraj
Barrichheer Kheda
Beelkhoh
Berkhedi
Berkhedi Kalan
Bhainsana
Bhakwaha
Bhatni
Bhaupura
Bhens Kheda
Bhesoda
Bhojapura
Bhonrasa
Bhujpura Kalan
Bhujpura Khurd
Bhungiyai
Bijapur
Bijawan Kalan
Bijawan Khurd
Bineka
Birha Shyam Khedi
Birhai
Borpura
Budhor Kalan
Chakkheda
Chanda Saloi
Chandan Khedi
Chandbad Kadim
Chandpura
Chapadiya
Charpahadi Bazyaft
Charpahari
Chatahedi
Chataua
Chhapryai
Daknai
Dam Kheda
Damila
Danderi
Dangroli
Dariyapur
Darwaji
Dewalkheda
Dhamantori
Dhamarra
Dhaturiya
Dhekpur
Dhokapura
Dhonoura
Dhoot Khedi
Dillod
Dohaya
Dojyai
Dolatpura
Dongargaon
Dungariya
Gana Khedi
Ganga Khedi
Ganga Pipaliya
Ganyari
Garenthiya Bazyft
Garentiyadangi
Garha Brahman
Garha Kalan
Garha Khurd
Ghogalpur
Gonda Khedi
Gondipura
Goria
Goria Sankheda
Gujartodi
Gunga
Habibganj
Hamid Khedi
Haripur
Harrakheda
Hingoni
Hinoti Sadak
Hinotiya Ghat
Hinotiya Jagir, Berasia
Hinotiya Piran
Hiran Khedi
Ijagiri
Imalia Narendra
Imaliya Swaroop
Indarpura
Jafrabad
Jagmeri
Jajankhedi
Jamusar Kalan
Jamusar Khurd
Jangaliya Pura
Jetpura
Jhikariya Kalan
Jhikariya Khurd
Jhirniya
Jhironiya Kankad
Junapani (482215)
Junapani (482243)
Kachnariya
Kadaia Brahman
Kadaiya Kalan
Kadaiya Khurd
Kadaiya Kota
Kadia Chabar
Kadia Khoh
Kalapatha
Kalapipal
Kalara
Kalayanpura
Kandi Khedi
Kanera, Berasia
Karanpura
Karariya
Karhaiya Shah
Karondiya
Keetai Dewapura
Keetgarh
Keetkhedi
Keshokhedi
Khadampur
Khai Kheda
Khajuria Ramdas
Khajuria Ranku
Khajuriya Kalan
Khandariya
Khata Khedi
Khedi
Khedli
Khejra Babbar
Khejra Ghat (482058)
Khejra Ghat (482172)
Khejra Gopi
Khejra Kalyanpur
Khejra Kamal
Khejra Misar
Khejra Padhar
Kher Kheda
Kherkhedi
Khitwas
Khuja Khedi
Khukaria
Kolu Khedi (482219)
Kolu Khedi (482280)
Kolu Khedi Kalan
Kolu Khedi Khurd
Kotra
Kotra Chopra
Kulhor
Kutkipura
Laharpur
Lalariya
Laloi
Langarpur
Latifpur
Madnai
Maholi
Mahua Kheda
Mahuwa Kheda
Mainapura
Majheda Majhedi
Majidgarh
Malkari
Manakund
Mangalgarh
Manikhedi (482098)
Mani Khedi (482297)
Mankhiyai
Manpur
Manpura
Megra Kalan
Mengra
Mithi Chhapri
Moondla Chattan
Mudia Kheda
Mundla Chand
Nalkheda
Namdarpura
Narela Bazyaft
Narela Damodar
Nay Samand
Nazirabad
Neem Khedi
Nekli
Netapura
Nidanpur
Padli
Parason
Pardi
Parsora
Parsoriya
Parwaria
Pasaiya
Patalpani
Patalpur (482201)
Patalpur (482334)
Pathariya
Pipakhedi
Pipal Khedi
Pipalia Hasnabad
Pipaliya Junnardar
Pipaliya Kadim
Pipalkheda
Pipalkhedi
Pura Khana
Ramaha
Ramgarha
Rampura Balachon
Rampura Khurd
Ramtek
Rani Khajuri
Ratua Ratanpur
Rawatpura
Rehtai
Richhai
Rondia
Ronjia Bazaft
Runaha
Rusalli
Sagoni Jora
Sagoni Kalan
Sagoni Khurd
Saloi Sangraj
Sapaua
Semra
Semra Bheropura
Semra Kalan
Semri Kalan
Semri Khurd
Shahodra
Shahpur
Sheshapura
Shukla
Sindhora
Sonkatch
Suhaya
Sukaliya
Sumer
Sunga
Surajpura
Surana
Syar Kalan
Tanda
Tarawli Kalan
Tarawli Khurd
Thikariya Banramda
Thikariya Laxmanpur
Tinoniya
Umaraya
Umariya
Undrai
Unida
Untkheda
Vichhnai
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bhopal district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhopal_district"},{"link_name":"Madhya Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Berasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berasia"},{"link_name":"tehsil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehsil"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Village in Madhya Pradesh, IndiaSonkatch is a village in the Bhopal district of Madhya Pradesh, India. It is located in the Berasia tehsil.[1]","title":"Sonkatch, Bhopal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2011 census of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_census_of_India"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census_2011-2"}],"text":"According to the 2011 census of India, Sonkatch has 218 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 68.42%.[2]","title":"Demographics"}]
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"District Census Handbook - Bhopal\" (PDF). 2011 Census of India. Directorate of Census Operations, Madhya Pradesh. Retrieved 20 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2327_PART_B_DCHB_BHOPAL.pdf","url_text":"\"District Census Handbook - Bhopal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Census_of_India","url_text":"2011 Census of India"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sonkatch,_Bhopal¶ms=23.5523129_N_77.4185584_E_type:city(1001)_region:IN-MP","external_links_name":"23°33′08″N 77°25′07″E / 23.5523129°N 77.4185584°E / 23.5523129; 77.4185584"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sonkatch,_Bhopal¶ms=23.5523129_N_77.4185584_E_type:city(1001)_region:IN-MP","external_links_name":"23°33′08″N 77°25′07″E / 23.5523129°N 77.4185584°E / 23.5523129; 77.4185584"},{"Link":"http://bhopal.nic.in/rfplokseva/berasia.pdf","external_links_name":"Lok Seva Kendra, Berasia"},{"Link":"http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2327_PART_B_DCHB_BHOPAL.pdf","external_links_name":"\"District Census Handbook - Bhopal\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Washington,_Pittsburgh
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Mount Washington, Pittsburgh (neighborhood)
|
["1 Chatham Village","2 Services","3 Surrounding Pittsburgh neighborhoods","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
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Coordinates: 40°25′41″N 80°00′40″W / 40.428°N 80.011°W / 40.428; -80.011This article is about the neighborhood. For the mountain, see Mount Washington, Pittsburgh (mountain).
Place in Pennsylvania, United StatesMount WashingtonNeighborhood of Pittsburgh Former BoroughMount Washington and the Duquesne InclineCoordinates: 40°25′41″N 80°00′40″W / 40.428°N 80.011°W / 40.428; -80.011CountryUnited StatesStatePennsylvaniaCountyAllegheny CountyCityPittsburghArea • Total1.139 sq mi (2.95 km2)Population (2010) • Total8,799 • Density7,700/sq mi (3,000/km2)
Mount Washington is a neighborhood in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania's south city area. It has a Zip Code of 15211 and has representation on Pittsburgh City Council by both the council members for District 3 (Central South Neighborhoods) and District 2 (West Neighborhoods).
It is known for its steep hill overlooking the Pittsburgh skyline, which was rated the most beautiful vista in America by USA Weekend (and the best urban vista); its funiculars, the Duquesne and Monongahela Inclines, which are the oldest continuous inclines in the world; and for the row of upscale restaurants paralleling the crest of Mount Washington, the hill upon which the community sits.
Chatham Village
One of the most famous examples of the early-twentieth century Garden City Movement communities is on Mount Washington. Chatham Village is a compact neighborhood of townhomes and gardens on the far south end of Mount Washington.
Services
The area is served by the Pittsburgh Bureau of Fire house number 27, equipped with a new 75-foot (23 m) Pierce Quint engine.
Surrounding Pittsburgh neighborhoods
Mount Washington has six Pittsburgh neighborhood borders, including the South Shore at the bottom of the hillside to the north, Allentown to the east, Beltzhoover to the south, Bon Air to the southeast, Beechview to the west and southwest, and Duquesne Heights to the west and northwest.
See also
List of Pittsburgh neighborhoods
References
^ a b "PGHSNAP 2010 Raw Census Data by Neighborhood". Pittsburgh Department of City Planning PGHSNAP Utility. 2012. Retrieved 24 June 2013. {{cite news}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
^ "The 10 Most Beautiful Places in America". USA Weekend. May 18, 2003. Archived from the original on July 5, 2013. Retrieved 2009-08-01.
^ "Firehouse No. 27 - Mt. Washington – Zone 4 – 27 Engine (Quint)/XQ27". Archived from the original on December 9, 2009. Retrieved December 8, 2009.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mount Washington, Pittsburgh (neighborhood).
The MWCDC - Mount Washington Community Development Corporation
Interactive Pittsburgh neighborhoods map
15211.org - A community blog about Mount Washington
vteMunicipalities and communities of Pittsburgh in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, United StatesSections andneighborhoodsDowntown
Central Business District
Chinatown (historic)
Cultural District
Strip District
Uptown
North Side / North Hills
Allegheny Center
Allegheny West
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FormermunicipalitiesCities
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United States
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mount Washington, Pittsburgh (mountain)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Washington,_Pittsburgh_(mountain)"},{"link_name":"neighborhood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighborhood"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"its steep hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Washington,_Pittsburgh_(mountain)"},{"link_name":"USA Weekend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Weekend"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"funiculars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funicular"},{"link_name":"Duquesne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duquesne_Incline"},{"link_name":"Monongahela Inclines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monongahela_Incline"},{"link_name":"Mount Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Washington,_Pittsburgh_(mountain)"}],"text":"This article is about the neighborhood. For the mountain, see Mount Washington, Pittsburgh (mountain).Place in Pennsylvania, United StatesMount Washington is a neighborhood in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania's south city area. It has a Zip Code of 15211 and has representation on Pittsburgh City Council by both the council members for District 3 (Central South Neighborhoods) and District 2 (West Neighborhoods).It is known for its steep hill overlooking the Pittsburgh skyline, which was rated the most beautiful vista in America by USA Weekend (and the best urban vista);[2] its funiculars, the Duquesne and Monongahela Inclines, which are the oldest continuous inclines in the world; and for the row of upscale restaurants paralleling the crest of Mount Washington, the hill upon which the community sits.","title":"Mount Washington, Pittsburgh (neighborhood)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Garden City Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_city_movement"},{"link_name":"Chatham Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatham_Village"}],"text":"One of the most famous examples of the early-twentieth century Garden City Movement communities is on Mount Washington. Chatham Village is a compact neighborhood of townhomes and gardens on the far south end of Mount Washington.","title":"Chatham Village"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The area is served by the Pittsburgh Bureau of Fire house number 27, equipped with a new 75-foot (23 m) Pierce Quint engine.[3]","title":"Services"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Shore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Shore_(Pittsburgh)"},{"link_name":"Allentown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allentown_(Pittsburgh)"},{"link_name":"Beltzhoover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beltzhoover_(Pittsburgh)"},{"link_name":"Bon Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bon_Air_(Pittsburgh)"},{"link_name":"Beechview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beechview_(Pittsburgh)"},{"link_name":"Duquesne Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duquesne_Heights_(Pittsburgh)"}],"text":"Mount Washington has six Pittsburgh neighborhood borders, including the South Shore at the bottom of the hillside to the north, Allentown to the east, Beltzhoover to the south, Bon Air to the southeast, Beechview to the west and southwest, and Duquesne Heights to the west and northwest.","title":"Surrounding Pittsburgh neighborhoods"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"List of Pittsburgh neighborhoods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Pittsburgh_neighborhoods"}]
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[{"reference":"\"PGHSNAP 2010 Raw Census Data by Neighborhood\". Pittsburgh Department of City Planning PGHSNAP Utility. 2012. Retrieved 24 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://docs.google.com/open?id=0Ag0xdSSLPcUHdEo0STlkRVBpcVZEcUtwTG9wWjJTd2c","url_text":"\"PGHSNAP 2010 Raw Census Data by Neighborhood\""},{"url":"http://www.pittsburghpa.gov/dcp/snap/raw_data","url_text":"PGHSNAP Utility"}]},{"reference":"\"The 10 Most Beautiful Places in America\". USA Weekend. May 18, 2003. Archived from the original on July 5, 2013. Retrieved 2009-08-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20130705063209/http://www.usaweekend.com/article/99999999/LIVING01/91015001","url_text":"\"The 10 Most Beautiful Places in America\""},{"url":"http://www.usaweekend.com/article/99999999/LIVING01/91015001","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Firehouse No. 27 - Mt. Washington – Zone 4 – 27 Engine (Quint)/XQ27\". Archived from the original on December 9, 2009. Retrieved December 8, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091209165924/http://www.pittsburghfire.net/news/?page_id=177","url_text":"\"Firehouse No. 27 - Mt. Washington – Zone 4 – 27 Engine (Quint)/XQ27\""},{"url":"http://www.pittsburghfire.net/news/?page_id=177","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Washington,_Pittsburgh_(neighborhood)¶ms=40.428_N_80.011_W_type:city(8799)_region:US-PA","external_links_name":"40°25′41″N 80°00′40″W / 40.428°N 80.011°W / 40.428; -80.011"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Washington,_Pittsburgh_(neighborhood)¶ms=40.428_N_80.011_W_type:city(8799)_region:US-PA","external_links_name":"40°25′41″N 80°00′40″W / 40.428°N 80.011°W / 40.428; -80.011"},{"Link":"https://docs.google.com/open?id=0Ag0xdSSLPcUHdEo0STlkRVBpcVZEcUtwTG9wWjJTd2c","external_links_name":"\"PGHSNAP 2010 Raw Census Data by Neighborhood\""},{"Link":"http://www.pittsburghpa.gov/dcp/snap/raw_data","external_links_name":"PGHSNAP Utility"},{"Link":"https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20130705063209/http://www.usaweekend.com/article/99999999/LIVING01/91015001","external_links_name":"\"The 10 Most Beautiful Places in America\""},{"Link":"http://www.usaweekend.com/article/99999999/LIVING01/91015001","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091209165924/http://www.pittsburghfire.net/news/?page_id=177","external_links_name":"\"Firehouse No. 27 - Mt. Washington – Zone 4 – 27 Engine (Quint)/XQ27\""},{"Link":"http://www.pittsburghfire.net/news/?page_id=177","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.mwcdc.org/","external_links_name":"The MWCDC - Mount Washington Community Development Corporation"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090401083953/http://www.city.pittsburgh.pa.us/cp/maps/flash.html","external_links_name":"Interactive Pittsburgh neighborhoods map"},{"Link":"http://www.15211.org/","external_links_name":"15211.org - A community blog about Mount Washington"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/157218780","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007562507805171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n88295758","external_links_name":"United States"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matvei_Usenko
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Matvei Usenko
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["1 Biography","2 References","3 External links"]
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Matvei Alekseevich UsenkoBorn(1898-08-09)9 August 1898Died12 May 1943(1943-05-12) (aged 44)Bobrov, Voronezh Oblast, Soviet UnionAllegiance Soviet UnionService/branchRed ArmyYears of service1918–1943RankMajor GeneralCommands held31st Cavalry Division1st Airborne Corps2nd Cavalry Corps226th Rifle Division343rd Rifle Division97th Guards Rifle DivisionBattles/warsRussian Civil WarWorld War IIAwardsOrder of the Red Banner (2)
Matvei Alekseevich Usenko (Russian: Матвей Алексеевич Усенко; August 9 1898, – May 12 1943) was a major general of the Red Army during the Second World War.
Biography
In 1918 he joined the Red Army, and during the Civil War served with enough distinction to be awarded both the Order of the Red Banner and the Order of the Red Star. During the interwar years he commanded the 63rd Cavalry Regiment for more than two years in 1933-35, then was transferred to serve two years as the assistant commanding officer of the prestigious Special Cavalry Division named for I.V. Stalin. He went on to the position of acting commander of that division for the following year. In 1938 he spent three months as Inspector of Cavalry for the Far Eastern Separate Red Banner Army, during which time he was promoted to the rank of Kombrig. He went on to take command of the 31st Cavalry Division for over a year. From December, 1939, until the outbreak of the Great Patriotic War he attended the Military Academy of the General Staff. On June 4, 1940, he was promoted to the rank of major general.
At the outbreak of war, Usenko was given command of the 1st Airborne Corps (a division-sized unit) in Southwestern Front. He bravely and skilfully led this unit through July and August, participating in the defense of Kiev. He escaped from the Kiev encirclement with a portion of his troops, and, after a brief assignment as deputy commanding officer of 26th Army in December he was assigned to command of the 2nd Cavalry Corps in Southern Front.
On April 9, 1942, Southern Front headquarters sent a telegram to the Soviet High Command stating that, in accordance with the Ukrainian SSR criminal code, Usenko had been sentenced to 'deprivation of his freedom' for 10 years for commission of a military crime. However, given the shortage of experienced senior officers, Usenko's sentence was delayed until after the war. After examining the legal process, the USSR People's Commissariat for Defence annulled the sentence, but reduced Usenko to the rank of colonel. It further recommended that Southwestern Front, at its own discretion, appoint Usenko to command of a rifle division.
On May 16 Usenko was reduced in rank, and on June 22 he was appointed to command of the 226th Rifle Division. During the following two months he led the division through the trials of the German summer offensive, once again with considerable skill. The remnants of the 226th (later the 95th Guards Rifle Division) went back to be reformed on August 14, and Usenko was sidelined until he was given command of the 343rd Rifle Division on December 23.
Usenko led this division through the later stages of Operation Koltso, the reduction of the encircled German 6th Army at Stalingrad, as part of 66th Army. During the course of the operation the much-depleted division was officially credited with capturing 6,647 enemy officers and men, and seizing 67 artillery pieces, 297 machine guns, 30 tanks, 521 other vehicles, and 5,253 rifles.
Following the German defeat, Usenko regained his rank of major general on May 2, 1943, and on May 4 his division became the 97th Guards Rifle Division. General Usenko continued in command of the 97th Guards for just a few days; on May 12 he died near Voronezh after being blown up by a mine while his vehicle was crossing a road.
References
^ Aleksander A. Maslov, Fallen Soviet Generals, ed. & trans. D. M. Glantz, Frank Cass Publishers, London, UK, 1998, p. 216
^ "Biography of Major-General Matvei Alekseevich Usenko - (Матвей Алексеевич Усенко) (1898 – 1943), Soviet Union". www.generals.dk. Retrieved June 29, 2017.
^ Maslov, Fallen Soviet Generals, p. 213
^ Maslov, Fallen Soviet Generals, p. 213-14
^ "Biography of Major-General Matvei Alekseevich Usenko - (Матвей Алексеевич Усенко) (1898 – 1943), Soviet Union". www.generals.dk. Retrieved June 29, 2017.
^ Maslov, Fallen Soviet Generals, p. 215
^ Charles C. Sharp, "Red Tide", Soviet Rifle Divisions Formed From June to December 1941, Soviet Order of Battle World War II, Vol. IX, Nafziger, 1996, p. 84
^ Maslov, Fallen Soviet Generals, p. 95
External links
Maj. Gen. M.A. Usenko at Generals.dk
|
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July 28] 1898, – May 12 1943) was a major general of the Red Army during the Second World War.","title":"Matvei Usenko"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Order of the Red Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Red_Star"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Kombrig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kombrig"},{"link_name":"31st Cavalry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=31st_Cavalry_Division_(Soviet_Union)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Military Academy of the General Staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Academy_of_the_General_Staff_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"1st Airborne Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Airborne_Corps_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"Southwestern Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwestern_Front_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"defense of Kiev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)"},{"link_name":"26th Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/26th_Army_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"2nd Cavalry Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Cavalry_Corps_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"Southern Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Front_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"People's Commissariat for Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Commissariat_for_Defence"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"226th Rifle Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/226th_Rifle_Division"},{"link_name":"German summer offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Blue"},{"link_name":"95th Guards Rifle Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/95th_Guards_Rifle_Division"},{"link_name":"343rd Rifle Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/343rd_Rifle_Division_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Operation Koltso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Koltso"},{"link_name":"German 6th Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_Army_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"66th Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/66th_Army_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"97th Guards Rifle Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/97th_Guards_Mechanized_Brigade_(Ukraine)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Voronezh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voronezh"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"In 1918 he joined the Red Army, and during the Civil War served with enough distinction to be awarded both the Order of the Red Banner and the Order of the Red Star.[1] During the interwar years he commanded the 63rd Cavalry Regiment for more than two years in 1933-35, then was transferred to serve two years as the assistant commanding officer of the prestigious Special Cavalry Division named for I.V. Stalin. He went on to the position of acting commander of that division for the following year. In 1938 he spent three months as Inspector of Cavalry for the Far Eastern Separate Red Banner Army, during which time he was promoted to the rank of Kombrig. He went on to take command of the 31st Cavalry Division for over a year. From December, 1939, until the outbreak of the Great Patriotic War he attended the Military Academy of the General Staff. On June 4, 1940, he was promoted to the rank of major general.[2]At the outbreak of war, Usenko was given command of the 1st Airborne Corps (a division-sized unit) in Southwestern Front. He bravely and skilfully led this unit through July and August, participating in the defense of Kiev. He escaped from the Kiev encirclement with a portion of his troops, and, after a brief assignment as deputy commanding officer of 26th Army in December he was assigned to command of the 2nd Cavalry Corps in Southern Front.[3]On April 9, 1942, Southern Front headquarters sent a telegram to the Soviet High Command stating that, in accordance with the Ukrainian SSR criminal code, Usenko had been sentenced to 'deprivation of his freedom' for 10 years for commission of a military crime. However, given the shortage of experienced senior officers, Usenko's sentence was delayed until after the war. After examining the legal process, the USSR People's Commissariat for Defence annulled the sentence, but reduced Usenko to the rank of colonel. It further recommended that Southwestern Front, at its own discretion, appoint Usenko to command of a rifle division.[4]On May 16 Usenko was reduced in rank, and on June 22 he was appointed to command of the 226th Rifle Division. During the following two months he led the division through the trials of the German summer offensive, once again with considerable skill. The remnants of the 226th (later the 95th Guards Rifle Division) went back to be reformed on August 14, and Usenko was sidelined until he was given command of the 343rd Rifle Division on December 23.[5]Usenko led this division through the later stages of Operation Koltso, the reduction of the encircled German 6th Army at Stalingrad, as part of 66th Army. During the course of the operation the much-depleted division was officially credited with capturing 6,647 enemy officers and men, and seizing 67 artillery pieces, 297 machine guns, 30 tanks, 521 other vehicles, and 5,253 rifles.[6]Following the German defeat, Usenko regained his rank of major general on May 2, 1943, and on May 4 his division became the 97th Guards Rifle Division.[7] General Usenko continued in command of the 97th Guards for just a few days; on May 12 he died near Voronezh after being blown up by a mine while his vehicle was crossing a road.[8]","title":"Biography"}]
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[]
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|
[{"Link":"http://www.generals.dk/general/Usenko/Matvei_Alekseevich/Soviet_Union.html","external_links_name":"\"Biography of Major-General Matvei Alekseevich Usenko - (Матвей Алексеевич Усенко) (1898 – 1943), Soviet Union\""},{"Link":"http://www.generals.dk/general/Usenko/Matvei_Alekseevich/Soviet_Union.html","external_links_name":"\"Biography of Major-General Matvei Alekseevich Usenko - (Матвей Алексеевич Усенко) (1898 – 1943), Soviet Union\""},{"Link":"http://www.generals.dk/general/Usenko/Matvei_Alekseevich/Soviet_Union.html","external_links_name":"Maj. Gen. M.A. Usenko at Generals.dk"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arriviste
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Parvenu
|
["1 Origin","2 Social climber","3 Examples","3.1 Royalty","3.2 In the United States","3.3 In France","3.4 In literature","4 Philosophy","5 Film and television","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
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Relative newcomer to a socioeconomic class
A parvenu is a person who is a relative newcomer to a high-ranking socioeconomic class. The word is borrowed from the French language; it is the past participle of the verb parvenir (to reach, to arrive, to manage to do something).
Origin
The word parvenu typically describes a person who recently ascended the social ladder, especially a nouveau riche or "new money" individual. The famous Margaret Brown, who survived the sinking of the Titanic in 1912, was portrayed as a "new money" individual, most notably in the "climbing social classes" musical The Unsinkable Molly Brown, because of her impoverished Irish immigrant roots and lack of social pedigree.
The Oxford English Dictionary defines a parvenu as: "A person from a humble background who has rapidly gained wealth or an influential social position; a nouveau riche; an upstart, a social climber. Also in extended use. Generally used with the implication that the person concerned is unsuited to the new social position, esp. through lacking the necessary manners or accomplishments."
The term designates individuals not socially accepted by individuals already established in their new class. It expresses a form of classism.
Social climber
A social climber is a derogatory term that denotes someone who seeks social prominence through aggressive, fawning, or obsequious behavior. The term is sometimes used as synonymous with parvenu, and may be used as an insult, suggesting a poor work ethic or disloyalty to roots.
Examples
Several examples might include athletic and entertainment professionals born and raised in poverty and suddenly finding themselves with significantly higher income due to their new-found celebrity status.
Royalty
Established royal families of Europe regarded the Bonaparte family as parvenu royalty. Napoleon III tried to marry into Swedish and German royalty, but was unsuccessful because he was a parvenu. For instance, his plan to marry Anna Pavlovna, one of the sisters of the Emperor Alexander, did not push through because the Empress Mother objected to the union on account of Napoleon's status as a parvenu. The reason given for the misalliance was difference of religion.
This was also said to be the case with the marriage of Egyptian Princess Fawzia to the future Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. One of the reasons speculated for their divorce is that Fawzia's family, including King Farouk I, viewed the Pahlavis as parvenus. Though the Muhammad Ali dynasty of Egypt and Sudan, to which Fawzia belonged, had humble beginnings, it had solidified its status in Egypt and the Arab World since 1805. In contrast, the Pahlavis were a far more recent dynasty, owing their position entirely to the coup d'état of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi's father, Reza Khan, in 1921.
In the United States
Many parvenus in the United States arrived there as poor immigrants, then worked their way up the social ladder. Beginning as laborers, they took advantage of better economic opportunities in the U.S., moving on to become civil servants, "white collar" (business/office) workers and finally members of respectable society.
In France
In the 19th century, the French aristocracy viewed Jewish women who converted to Christianity upon marriage as parvenus. Professor Catherine Nicault of the University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne has argued that this exemplified the way in which the French aristocracy was hostile toward Jews.
In literature
Vanity Fair's Becky Sharp is considered an archetype of the social climber, having flirted her way up the British upper class. The character was not born to affluence or the aristocracy, but climbed the social ladder through opportunism and her personal ambition.
In the novel Enigma Otiliei by Romanian writer George Călinescu, Stănică Rațiu represents the newly rich. He obtains his wealth by stealing money from a rich old man and by marrying into the elite.
In the novel The Great Gatsby, Gatsby represents the newly rich. He obtains his wealth through bootlegging, spends it lavishly, and struggles to gain the acceptance of older money.
In the novel The Red and the Black, the provincial protagonist Julien Sorel thinks of himself as a parvenu after establishing himself in the service of the Marquis de la Mole.
In The Cherry Orchard, Gayev regards Lophakhin as a parvenu, as many critics interpret his remarks.
Pip, from Dickens's Great Expectations, would be considered a parvenu by many.
Edmond Dantès as The Count of Monte Cristo in Alexandre Dumas' work.
John and Alisoun in "The Miller's Tale" by Geoffrey Chaucer.
The Franklin in "The Franklin's Tale" by Geoffrey Chaucer.
Mrs. Bennet, and the Bingleys, in Jane Austen's novel Pride and Prejudice.
Philip Elton in Jane Austen's novel Emma.
Jane Wilson in Anne Brontë's novel The Tenant of Wildfell Hall.
Barry Lyndon, the protagonist of the novel The Luck of Barry Lyndon by William Makepeace Thackeray.
The Necklace by Guy de Maupassant tells the story of Madame Mathilde Loisel and her husband. Mathilde always imagined herself in a high social position with wonderful jewels. However, she has nothing and marries a low-paid clerk who tries his best to make her happy.
"William Wilson", a short story by Edgar Allan Poe.
Philosophy
Friedrich Nietzsche in The Gay Science section 176 on Compassion "les souverains rangent aux parvenus" translated "the sovereign put themselves before the parvenu".
Film and television
In Miss Potter, Beatrix Potter refers to her parents as "Parvenus...social climbers" after they attempt to prevent her from marrying her publisher Norman Warne since he is a tradesman, despite them coming from a trading background.
In Downfall, Adolf Hitler furiously accuses Hermann Göring of being a parvenu.
In The Crown, Queen Mary says Prince Philip "represents a royal family of carpetbaggers and parvenus".
Hyacinth Bucket, the protagonist of the British sitcom Keeping Up Appearances
In Stan & Ollie, Stan Laurel calls Hal Roach a parvenu when he refuses to give them a raise.
See also
Nouveau riche
Social mobility
Snobbery
Hypergamy
Covetousness
Novus homo
Yuppie
References
^ Weir, Robert E. (2007). Class in America: An Encyclopedia : An Encyclopedia. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 789. ISBN 9780313337192.
^ a b MacFarlane, Charles; Haweis, Hugh Reginald (1880). Life of Napoleon Bonaparte. New York: George Routledge and Sons. p. 280.
^ a b Nicault, Catherine (2009). "Comment " en être " ? Les Juifs et la Haute Société dans la seconde moitié du xixe siècle". Archives Juives. 1 (42): 8–32. doi:10.3917/aj.421.0008. Retrieved June 7, 2016 – via Cairn.info.
^ Heffelfinger, Elizabeth; Wright, Laura (2011). Visual Difference: Postcolonial Studies and Intercultural Cinema. New York: Peter Lang. p. 136. ISBN 9781433105951.
External links
The dictionary definition of parvenu at Wiktionary
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"socioeconomic class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_class"},{"link_name":"French language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"}],"text":"A parvenu is a person who is a relative newcomer to a high-ranking socioeconomic class. The word is borrowed from the French language; it is the past participle of the verb parvenir (to reach, to arrive, to manage to do something).","title":"Parvenu"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ascended the social ladder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_mobility"},{"link_name":"nouveau riche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouveau_riche"},{"link_name":"Margaret Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Brown"},{"link_name":"sinking of the Titanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinking_of_the_Titanic"},{"link_name":"The Unsinkable Molly Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Unsinkable_Molly_Brown_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_people"},{"link_name":"immigrant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigrant"},{"link_name":"pedigree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedigree_chart"},{"link_name":"Oxford English Dictionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary"},{"link_name":"classism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classism"}],"text":"The word parvenu typically describes a person who recently ascended the social ladder, especially a nouveau riche or \"new money\" individual. The famous Margaret Brown, who survived the sinking of the Titanic in 1912, was portrayed as a \"new money\" individual, most notably in the \"climbing social classes\" musical The Unsinkable Molly Brown, because of her impoverished Irish immigrant roots and lack of social pedigree.The Oxford English Dictionary defines a parvenu as: \"A person from a humble background who has rapidly gained wealth or an influential social position; a nouveau riche; an upstart, a social climber. Also in extended use. Generally used with the implication that the person concerned is unsuited to the new social position, esp. through lacking the necessary manners or accomplishments.\"The term designates individuals not socially accepted by individuals already established in their new class. It expresses a form of classism.","title":"Origin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"work ethic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work_ethic"}],"text":"A social climber is a derogatory term that denotes someone who seeks social prominence through aggressive, fawning, or obsequious behavior.[1] The term is sometimes used as synonymous with parvenu, and may be used as an insult, suggesting a poor work ethic or disloyalty to roots.","title":"Social climber"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"poverty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty"}],"text":"Several examples might include athletic and entertainment professionals born and raised in poverty and suddenly finding themselves with significantly higher income due to their new-found celebrity status.","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bonaparte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Bonaparte"},{"link_name":"Napoleon III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_III"},{"link_name":"Anna Pavlovna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Pavlovna_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Emperor Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Empress Mother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Feodorovna_(Sophie_Dorothea_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Princess Fawzia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Fawzia_Fuad_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Shah of Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Mohammad Reza Pahlavi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"King Farouk I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Farouk_I"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Ali dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan"},{"link_name":"Arab World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_World"},{"link_name":"coup d'état","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_coup_of_1921"},{"link_name":"Reza Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reza_Shah"}],"sub_title":"Royalty","text":"Established royal families of Europe regarded the Bonaparte family as parvenu royalty. Napoleon III tried to marry into Swedish and German royalty, but was unsuccessful because he was a parvenu. For instance, his plan to marry Anna Pavlovna, one of the sisters of the Emperor Alexander, did not push through because the Empress Mother objected to the union on account of Napoleon's status as a parvenu.[2] The reason given for the misalliance was difference of religion.[2]This was also said to be the case with the marriage of Egyptian Princess Fawzia to the future Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.[citation needed] One of the reasons speculated for their divorce is that Fawzia's family, including King Farouk I, viewed the Pahlavis as parvenus.[citation needed] Though the Muhammad Ali dynasty of Egypt and Sudan, to which Fawzia belonged, had humble beginnings, it had solidified its status in Egypt and the Arab World since 1805. In contrast, the Pahlavis were a far more recent dynasty, owing their position entirely to the coup d'état of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi's father, Reza Khan, in 1921.","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"white collar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-collar_worker"}],"sub_title":"In the United States","text":"Many parvenus in the United States arrived there as poor immigrants, then worked their way up the social ladder. Beginning as laborers, they took advantage of better economic opportunities in the U.S., moving on to become civil servants, \"white collar\" (business/office) workers and finally members of respectable society.","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archivescommentenetre-3"},{"link_name":"University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Reims_Champagne-Ardenne"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archivescommentenetre-3"}],"sub_title":"In France","text":"In the 19th century, the French aristocracy viewed Jewish women who converted to Christianity upon marriage as parvenus.[3] Professor Catherine Nicault of the University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne has argued that this exemplified the way in which the French aristocracy was hostile toward Jews.[3]","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vanity Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Becky Sharp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Becky_Sharp"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Enigma Otiliei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enigma_Otiliei&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"George Călinescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_C%C4%83linescu"},{"link_name":"The Great Gatsby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Gatsby"},{"link_name":"bootlegging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum-running"},{"link_name":"The Red and the Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Red_and_the_Black"},{"link_name":"The Cherry Orchard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cherry_Orchard"},{"link_name":"Great Expectations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Expectations"},{"link_name":"The Count of Monte Cristo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Dant%C3%A8s"},{"link_name":"Alexandre Dumas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas"},{"link_name":"work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Count_of_Monte_Cristo"},{"link_name":"The Miller's Tale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Miller%27s_Tale"},{"link_name":"The Franklin's Tale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Franklin%27s_Tale"},{"link_name":"Mrs. Bennet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bennet_family#Mrs._Bennet"},{"link_name":"the Bingleys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pride_and_Prejudice#Charles_Bingley"},{"link_name":"Jane Austen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Austen"},{"link_name":"Pride and Prejudice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pride_and_Prejudice"},{"link_name":"Jane Austen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Austen"},{"link_name":"Emma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Anne Brontë","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Bront%C3%AB"},{"link_name":"The Tenant of Wildfell Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tenant_of_Wildfell_Hall"},{"link_name":"The Luck of Barry Lyndon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Luck_of_Barry_Lyndon"},{"link_name":"William Makepeace Thackeray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Makepeace_Thackeray"},{"link_name":"The Necklace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Necklace"},{"link_name":"Guy de Maupassant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_de_Maupassant"},{"link_name":"William Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wilson_(short_story)"}],"sub_title":"In literature","text":"Vanity Fair's Becky Sharp is considered an archetype of the social climber, having flirted her way up the British upper class. The character was not born to affluence or the aristocracy, but climbed the social ladder through opportunism and her personal ambition.[4]In the novel Enigma Otiliei by Romanian writer George Călinescu, Stănică Rațiu represents the newly rich. He obtains his wealth by stealing money from a rich old man and by marrying into the elite.\nIn the novel The Great Gatsby, Gatsby represents the newly rich. He obtains his wealth through bootlegging, spends it lavishly, and struggles to gain the acceptance of older money.\nIn the novel The Red and the Black, the provincial protagonist Julien Sorel thinks of himself as a parvenu after establishing himself in the service of the Marquis de la Mole.\nIn The Cherry Orchard, Gayev regards Lophakhin as a parvenu, as many critics interpret his remarks.\nPip, from Dickens's Great Expectations, would be considered a parvenu by many.\nEdmond Dantès as The Count of Monte Cristo in Alexandre Dumas' work.\nJohn and Alisoun in \"The Miller's Tale\" by Geoffrey Chaucer.\nThe Franklin in \"The Franklin's Tale\" by Geoffrey Chaucer.\nMrs. Bennet, and the Bingleys, in Jane Austen's novel Pride and Prejudice.\nPhilip Elton in Jane Austen's novel Emma.\nJane Wilson in Anne Brontë's novel The Tenant of Wildfell Hall.\nBarry Lyndon, the protagonist of the novel The Luck of Barry Lyndon by William Makepeace Thackeray.\nThe Necklace by Guy de Maupassant tells the story of Madame Mathilde Loisel and her husband. Mathilde always imagined herself in a high social position with wonderful jewels. However, she has nothing and marries a low-paid clerk who tries his best to make her happy.\n\"William Wilson\", a short story by Edgar Allan Poe.","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Friedrich Nietzsche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche"},{"link_name":"The Gay Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gay_Science"}],"text":"Friedrich Nietzsche in The Gay Science section 176 on Compassion \"les souverains rangent aux parvenus\" translated \"the sovereign put themselves before the parvenu\".","title":"Philosophy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Miss Potter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Potter"},{"link_name":"Beatrix Potter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatrix_Potter"},{"link_name":"Downfall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downfall_(2004_film)"},{"link_name":"Adolf Hitler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler"},{"link_name":"Hermann Göring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring"},{"link_name":"The Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crown_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Queen Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_of_Teck"},{"link_name":"Prince Philip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Philip"},{"link_name":"carpetbaggers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpetbagger"},{"link_name":"Hyacinth Bucket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyacinth_Bucket"},{"link_name":"Keeping Up Appearances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keeping_Up_Appearances"},{"link_name":"Stan & Ollie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_%26_Ollie"},{"link_name":"Stan Laurel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Laurel"},{"link_name":"Hal Roach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Roach"}],"text":"In Miss Potter, Beatrix Potter refers to her parents as \"Parvenus...social climbers\" after they attempt to prevent her from marrying her publisher Norman Warne since he is a tradesman, despite them coming from a trading background.\nIn Downfall, Adolf Hitler furiously accuses Hermann Göring of being a parvenu.\nIn The Crown, Queen Mary says Prince Philip \"represents a royal family of carpetbaggers and parvenus\".\nHyacinth Bucket, the protagonist of the British sitcom Keeping Up Appearances\nIn Stan & Ollie, Stan Laurel calls Hal Roach a parvenu when he refuses to give them a raise.","title":"Film and television"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Nouveau riche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouveau_riche"},{"title":"Social mobility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_mobility"},{"title":"Snobbery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snobbery"},{"title":"Hypergamy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypergamy"},{"title":"Covetousness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covetousness"},{"title":"Novus homo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novus_homo"},{"title":"Yuppie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuppie"}]
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[{"reference":"Weir, Robert E. (2007). Class in America: An Encyclopedia [3 volumes]: An Encyclopedia. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 789. ISBN 9780313337192.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313337192","url_text":"9780313337192"}]},{"reference":"MacFarlane, Charles; Haweis, Hugh Reginald (1880). Life of Napoleon Bonaparte. New York: George Routledge and Sons. p. 280.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Nicault, Catherine (2009). \"Comment \" en être \" ? Les Juifs et la Haute Société dans la seconde moitié du xixe siècle\". Archives Juives. 1 (42): 8–32. doi:10.3917/aj.421.0008. Retrieved June 7, 2016 – via Cairn.info.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cairn.info/revue-archives-juives-2009-1-page-8.htm","url_text":"\"Comment \" en être \" ? Les Juifs et la Haute Société dans la seconde moitié du xixe siècle\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3917%2Faj.421.0008","url_text":"10.3917/aj.421.0008"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairn.info","url_text":"Cairn.info"}]},{"reference":"Heffelfinger, Elizabeth; Wright, Laura (2011). Visual Difference: Postcolonial Studies and Intercultural Cinema. New York: Peter Lang. p. 136. ISBN 9781433105951.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781433105951","url_text":"9781433105951"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claw_game
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Claw machine
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["1 Early history","2 Global popularity","2.1 In Asia","2.2 United States","2.3 Online and in popular culture","3 Legality","3.1 North America","3.2 Asia","4 Chances of winning","5 References"]
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Type of arcade game
"Claw game" redirects here. Not to be confused with Claw (video game).
A claw machine in Ustroń, Poland
A claw machine is a type of arcade game. Modern claw machines are upright cabinets with glass boxes that are lit from the inside and have a joystick-controlled claw at the top, which is coin-operated and positioned over a pile of prizes, dropped into the pile, and picked up to unload the prize or lack thereof into a chute. They typically contain stuffed toys or other cheap prizes, and sometimes contain more expensive items like electronic devices and fashion accessories. Claw machines are also known as skill cranes, claw cranes, and crane games, and are known as UFO catchers in Japan due to the claws' resemblance to UFOs.
The earliest claw machines are believed to have been created in the late 19th century and inspired by the machines used to build the Panama Canal, while the first patented claw machine, the Erie Digger, was inspired by the creation of the Erie Canal and invented in 1926. It and its successor, the Miami Digger, were popular throughout the United States during the 1930s, specifically during the Great Depression, as carnival attractions and as furniture in public places. By the 1980s, claw machines were ubiquitous in both the United States and Japan; the success of Sega's UFO Catcher machines in the 1980s and 1990s inspired a claw machine craze in the latter country. Claw machines have made appearances in numerous video games, music videos, films, and television shows since at least the 1990s.
In the late 2010s, claw machines became immensely popular in South Korea and Taiwan as cheap entertainment due to their slowing economies at the time, with the number of claw machine arcades in both places rising into the thousands. Also in the 2010s, claw machines that could be remotely controlled via mobile applications or websites began turning up online.
Claw machines are often rigged to modify the claw's strength on each turn, and are consequently considered gambling devices in some jurisdictions.
Early history
Illustration of an Erie Digger in a 1927 issue of The Billboard
Claw machines are believed to have originated in the United States in the 1890s, when they were made to resemble the machines that built the Panama Canal. The first patented claw machine, the Erie Digger, was a glass box containing candy and other small objects, a chute, and a coin-operated miniature steam shovel that moved in an arc, could be moved with a handle, and could be lifted and dropped into the chute using a hand crank. It was invented in 1926, manufactured by the Erie Manufacturing Company, and named after the construction of the Erie Canal. It found success at carnivals, partially because it did not require electricity like other carnival attractions. Throughout the 1930s, it saw use as furniture in train stations, hotels, drugstores, cigar stores, and bus stations, where it was used to keep customers entertained. During the Great Depression, designing intricate, Art Deco claw machines for hotels and stores became a lucrative endeavor.
The Miami Digger, invented by American carnival operator William Bartlett of Miami and patented by him in 1932, improved upon the design of the Erie Digger by using an electric motor and allowing the crane to move around the entire box. It was also known as the Nickel Digger, as it contained money, such as nickels and silver dollars, as prizes; premium versions of the diggers had watches and cigarette lighters as prizes for adults. Bartlett became rich from the popularity of the machines and died in 1948.
Global popularity
In Asia
A row of UFO catchers in Akihabara, Tokyo
Japanese companies Sega and Taito began designing trolley-style claw machines in the 1960s. They gained popularity in Japan during the late 1970s, with crane games ranking among Japan's top ten highest-grossing electro-mechanical (EM) arcade games of 1977 and 1978. Sega released their UFO Catcher claw machine in 1985 and made their first shipment of it in 1986. It had sold 10,000 cabinets by 1991, its popularity inspiring Sega's creation of the Dream Catcher in 1989 and the New UFO Catcher in 1991 while making the UFO Catcher series responsible for 90 percent of stuffed toy claw machine sales. By 1994, its claw could be changed to fit the sizes and shapes of different prizes, and it had become a craze across Japan: arcades started dedicating entire floors to UFO Catcher cabinets—of which Sega had sold over 40,000, making it Sega's best-selling game at the time—and the term "UFO catcher" became synonymous with crane games in Japan.
Sega Shinjuku Kabukicho, a two-story Sega arcade in Shinjuku, Tokyo containing 477 claw machines, received the Guinness World Record for having the most claw machines in a single venue in 2021, a record previously held by the Taito Station in Fuchū, Tokyo for having 454 machines. As of 2023, Yuka Nakajima of Japan holds the Guinness World Record for being the most successful claw machine player due to winning more than 3,500 Rilakkuma teddy bears from claw machines. In 2021, claw machines accounted for more than half of the revenue at Japanese arcades, according to the Japan Amusement Industry Association. Japanese claw machines can also contain cakes as prizes.
The number of claw machine arcades and the popularity of claw machines both experienced a sharp increase in South Korea in 2016 and 2017, specifically in Seoul neighborhoods with universities like Hongdae and Sinchon. From 2015 to 2017, the number of South Korean claw arcades increased from 20 to 1,900, while mentions of claw machines on Korean social networks also increased during that time. Korea JoongAng Daily and The Korea Herald attributed the increased interest to South Korea's harsh economy at the time leading to a desire for cheap entertainment, while U.S. News & World Report associated it with the country's increasing youth unemployment.
A claw machine arcade in Hsinchu, Taiwan
In Taiwan, where claw machine arcades are usually open all day and owners sublet their machines to different operators, claw machines became especially popular as inexpensive entertainment starting in 2017, due to their costing NT$10 to use. The number of claw machine arcades in Taiwan increased from 920 in 2016 to 3,353 in 2018 and, as of 2019, there are more than 10,000. A 2018 survey of children aged seven to 18 reported 32.7 percent of them using claw machines one to three days a week and over four percent using them every day. The Central Bank of the Republic of China increased their budget in 2019 to produce more NT$10 coins to accommodate the increasing popularity of claw machines in Taiwan. By 2018, the average monthly revenue for operating a claw machine was around NT$5,000.
The largest claw machine arcade in China, LJJ Station in Beijing, has more than 60 machines with stuffed toy versions of characters from WeChat animations. Before 2020, claw machines were popular in Thai shopping malls; a 2020 survey conducted by the advocacy group No Gambling Youth Club stated that 75 of the 92 shopping malls surveyed contained 1,300 claw machines collectively.
United States
A girl using a claw machine at the Lake of the Ozarks State Park in Missouri, U.S.
In the United States, claw machines became ubiquitous in the 1980s. They are common at carnivals, grocery stores, shopping malls, arcades, amusement parks, and bowling alleys. The world's largest claw machine, according to Guinness World Records, is a 17 by 8 by 12 feet machine designed by the Dayton, Ohio-based creative agency Real Art and opened in 2014.
There were many instances of children getting stuck inside of claw machines in the United States throughout the 2010s, including in Tennessee, New York, Kentucky, Nebraska, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, and Texas.
Online and in popular culture
Online claw machines are claw machines controlled remotely online, with prizes that get shipped to users' homes upon being won. Since the 2010s, mobile apps, such as Clawee in Israel and Sega Catcher Online in Japan, and websites, such as Netch in Japan and the Santa Claw in the United States, have allowed users to remotely use claw machines stored in warehouses in their respective countries.
The 1993 Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) video game Kirby's Adventure includes a minigame based on the UFO Catcher, while the 1998 PlayStation game Bomberman World has a UFO catcher-themed battle stage. Sega's 2005 video game Yakuza and its sequels Yakuza 0 and Yakuza Kiwami also feature UFO Catcher machines. The 2019 video game Link's Awakening includes a claw machine as a side activity. In the 1995 film Toy Story, Buzz Lightyear and Sheriff Woody climb into a claw vending machine filled with claw-worshipping aliens. In the SpongeBob SquarePants episode "Skill Crane" from its fourth season, Squidward becomes addicted to trying to win a prize from a claw machine. Claw machines have also been featured in the music videos for Delta Heavy's 2019 song "Take Me Home", Corpsegrinder's 2022 song "Bottom Dweller", and the City Girls' 2022 song "Good Love".
Legality
North America
The passing of the Johnson Act by Congress in 1951, which prohibited the transfer of electronic gambling devices across state lines, led to Miami Diggers at carnivals being destroyed by operators or seized by government officials. Carnival owner Lee Moss organized other carnival owners together to protest against the classification of the diggers as gambling machines. Because of this, a compromise was soon reached that allowed carnival owners to keep the diggers but required them to be manually operated with no coin slot and prizes that were not money and worth one dollar or less, while the government would tax each machine US$10. Regulations loosened in 1973 due to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) abandoning the Johnson Act. As of 2015, state regulations generally require that claw machines contain less valuable prizes. Most states exempt claw machines from their gambling laws.
In New Jersey, claw machines are regulated by the Legalized Games of Chance Control Commission. In 2016, New Jersey Senator Nicholas Scutari proposed legislation that would add specifications to prevent claw machines from being unwinnable. Some attorneys have advised claw machine owners to avoid using the word "skill" in the game description decal present on most machines.
In other jurisdictions, such as Alberta, Canada, skill cranes are illegal unless the player is allowed to make repeated attempts (on a single credit) until he or she wins a prize. Skill cranes in single-play mode (where the player has only one chance per credit to try for a prize) were found by the Ontario Court of Appeal to be essentially games of chance, and therefore prohibited except at fairs or exhibitions, where they are covered by an exemption.
Asia
Claw machines were outlawed in Thailand after being classified as gambling devices by the Supreme Court of Thailand in 2004, though, until 2019, laws prohibiting their use were rarely enforced. In 2020, the Ministry of Interior in Thailand ordered a nationwide ban on claw machines after activists protested against their widespread availability. However, the public prosecutor of Chiang Mai ruled in 2022 that claw machines were vending machines rather than gambling machines and were therefore legal. South Korean law dictates that claw machines cannot carry prizes worth over ₩5,000 to prevent addiction. An investigation by South Korea's Game Rating and Administration Committee in 2017 found that the majority of claw machines they randomly inspected broke Korean law. The Consumer Protection Committee of the Executive Yuan stated in 2019 that their investigation of claw machines in Taoyuan, New Taipei City, Kaohsiung, Taipei City, Tainan, and Taichung found that 70 percent of them contained illegal adult products such as vibrators and e-cigarettes. In 2021, the Ministry of Home Affairs in Singapore proposed capping the value of prizes in claw machines at S$100 in order to, according to them, "address the inducement effect of high-value prizes, without increasing the regulatory burden on operators". On March 2024, Brunei has banned claw machines as they have been deemed haram due to its gambling elements.
Chances of winning
A pair of E-Claw, claw machines created by Belgian manufacturer Elaut
Since the 1920s, advertising for claw machines has suggested that they are able to be won completely through strategy and skill. Claw machines can be set to give players a chance of winning during every paid turn if they use a "Play Till Win" setting. Settings like claw strength—which is controlled by the amount of voltage sent to a claw—and "dropping skill"—the ability of a claw to drop a prize back into the machine after picking it up—are frequently modified by arcade owners to control the odds of a player winning and are often based on how much money the machine has earned. Claw machine rigging has been reported in the United States, South Africa, South Korea, and Singapore.
On social media platforms such as TikTok and YouTube, videos of people using claw machines and offering modifications for how to get prizes from them were popular in the 2010s and 2020s. A 2015 report by Vox's Phil Edwards describing how claw machines were often rigged went viral online and became controversial among claw machine enthusiasts. A 2016 report by Jeff Rossen for the American TV program Today showing the same thing prompted the American Amusement Machine Association, which represents arcade game manufacturers across the United States, to make their members sign a "Fair Play Pledge" in 2017 that required their machines to be winnable through skill alone. The 2021 book How to Beat the Claw Machine: Tips and Tricks to Help You Win Big, written by American arcade owner Brian McKanna, offers tips on how to win prizes at claw machines, which he described as "absolutely rigged".
According to a 2023 report by News24, most claw machines in South Africa are rigged to only allow players to win if the machine has earned a certain amount of money. A manual for the Intelligrab operating system, made by Chinese manufacturer Elaut, encourages claw machine owners to create the illusion that the player has a chance of winning if they keep trying, and owners can adjust machines' claw strength per turn.
References
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^ a b c d e f Rossen, Jake (7 July 2016). "Dime After Dime: A Gripping History of Claw Machines". Mental Floss. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
^ a b c d e Thompson, Andrew (6 February 2023). "Most claw machines in SA arcades can be rigged – and manuals show winning isn't about player skill". News24. Retrieved 1 May 2023.
^ a b Chang, Sean (14 December 2018). "Time for a lucky dip: claw crane game craze takes off in Taiwan". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
^ Kubersky, Seth (8 February 2011). "Video: Brian Feldman's "Skill Crane Kid" at Stardust Video and Coffee". Orlando Weekly. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
^ a b Kubersky, Seth (29 November 2012). "Lazy People Can Play Real Arcade And Win Real Prizes In Real Time". Kotaku Australia. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
^ a b c Yoon, Dasl (29 September 2017). "Grasping for Hope". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved 8 May 2023.
^ Commonwealth v. Ward, 281 Mass. 119 183, N.E. 271 (Mass. 1932).
^ a b Ernest, Alec (10 June 2011). "The secret history of the claw machine - Lifestyle Features". The Boston Phoenix. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
^ 結果ベスト3 (PDF). Game Machine (in Japanese). No. 90. Amusement Press, Inc. 15 February 1978. pp. 2–3.
^ 人気マシン・ベスト3 (PDF). Game Machine (in Japanese). No. 113. Amusement Press, Inc. February 1979. pp. 2–3.
^ "UFO Catcher". Sega (in Japanese). Retrieved 18 May 2021.
^ Akagi, Masumi (1 September 1991). "Sega's 'Hologram' Game ls Coming To Japan". Game Machine. Amusement Press, Inc. p. 26.
^ Sega '94 Amusement Machine Guide. Sega. 1994. p. 12.
^ a b Nakamura, Eric (July 1994). "Win Big With UFO Catcher". VideoGames. No. 66. LFP, Inc. p. 92. ISSN 1059-2938.
^ Swan, Gus (August 1994). "OutRun". Mean Machines Sega. No. 22. EMAP. pp. 92–3. ISSN 0967-9014.
^ Hooper, Ben (21 January 2021). "Japanese arcade gets Guinness record for most claw crane machines - UPI.com". United Press International. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
^ "Most successful claw game player". Retrieved 6 May 2023 – via Guinness World Records.
^ Ashcraft, Brian; Snow, Jean (2008). "Chapter 1: Crane Games". Arcade Mania!: The Turbo-Charged World of Japan's Game Centers (1st ed.). Tokyo: Kodansha International. ISBN 978-4770030788.
^ "Virus threatens 'game over' for Japan's arcades". France 24. 10 February 2021. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
^ Feit, Daniel (11 November 2009). "Japan's New 'UFO Catcher' Prize: Fresh-Baked Cakes". Wired. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
^ McNaught, Shannon (13 December 2019). "Japanese crane game serves up actual slices of cake". Japan Today. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
^ "Slowing economy lures young Koreans to claw machines". The Korea Herald. 3 February 2017. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
^ a b c Min-ji, Jin (10 January 2017). "Claw machines offer low cost, high reward thrill : As the arcade game makes a return, many question its longevity". Korea JoongAng Daily. Retrieved 8 May 2023.
^ Yang, Sophia; Everington, Keoni (4 February 2019). "Taiwan claw crane craze". Taiwan News. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
^ Maxon, Ann (27 June 2018). "Survey shows claw machine issues". Taipei Times. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
^ Li, Lea (18 July 2019). "The Claw! China's 'biggest' crane game centre". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
^ a b Boonbandit, Tappanai (26 June 2019). "Decade-Old Ban on Claw Machines". Khaosod English. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
^ a b "Interior ministry orders ban on 'claw crane' machines nationwide". Bangkok Post. 23 February 2020. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
^ a b Rossen, Jeff; Bomnin, Lindsey (13 July 2016). "Claw machine secrets revealed: Are they rigged?". Today. Retrieved 1 May 2023.
^ a b c Edwards, Phil (3 April 2015). "Claw machines are rigged — here's why it's so hard to grab that stuffed animal". Vox. Retrieved 1 May 2023.
^ a b Kim, Susanna (22 October 2014). "Why Kids Keep Getting Stuck in Claw Toy Machines". ABC News. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
^ "Boy trapped inside claw machine after climbing in to get prize at North Carolina amusement park". Today. 18 April 2023. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
^ Hawatmeh, Rachel (10 September 2015). "Girl Gets Trapped Inside a Claw Machine After a Double Dog Dare". ABC News. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
^ Serrano, Jody (7 April 2022). "Play IRL Arcade Claw Games in Japan With Google's New Apps". Gizmodo. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
^ Melendez, Steven (20 October 2021). "Now you can remote-control a real claw game from your smartphone". Fast Company. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
^ Good, Owen S. (23 January 2020). "Sega app lets you play a real claw game in Japan remotely, win prizes". Polygon. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
^ Chapman, Paul (17 February 2015). "Internet-Operated Claw Machines Invade Japanese Arcades". Retrieved 11 May 2023 – via Crunchyroll.
^ "PlayStation Previews". Electronic Gaming Monthly. No. 101. EGM Media, LLC. December 1997. p. 108.
^ "Misiones Secundarias". Playmania (in Spanish). No. 58. Grupo V. p. 18.
^ McGreevy, Neil (10 February 2017). "Yakuza 0: Mafia mullarkey in gloriously absurd world of Japanese pop-culture". The Irish News. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
^ Altano, Brian; Scoville, Max (18 September 2017). "Yakuza Kiwami Has Sexy Bug-Fights and Claw Machines". IGN. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
^ Plagge, Kallie (23 September 2019). "The Claw Machine In Zelda: Link's Awakening Is Kind Of Evil". GameSpot. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
^ "Every Reference in Toy Story". Vanity Fair. 19 June 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
^ Whitney, Oliver (17 July 2019). "SpongeBob SquarePants' 100 Best Episodes Ranked". TV Guide. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
^ Kennelty, Greg (7 September 2022). "Corpsegrinder's New "Bottom Dweller" Video Is Strangely Adorable". Metal Injection. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
^ Bein, Kat (20 November 2019). "Delta Heavy's 'Take Me Home' Video Is an Animated Toy Love Story: Exclusive". Billboard. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
^ Guy, Zoe (1 July 2022). "City Girls and Usher Invite Us to Cascade and the Cookout". Vulture. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
^ a b "Should arcade claw machines be regulated like gambling?". WAGM-TV. 18 August 2016. Retrieved 7 May 2023.
^ Snyder, Bob. "Skill Crane Operators Can Defend Against 'Unfair Practices' Lawsuits". Archived from the original on 2009-05-11. Retrieved 2008-07-04.
^ "Mere 'dash of skill' makes crane game illegal: court". National Post. January 29, 2002. p. A1, 10. Archived from the original on August 10, 2007. Retrieved July 10, 2008.
^ Lipton, Michael D.; Lazarus, Morden C.; Weber, Kevin J. (2005). "Games of Skill and Chance in Canada". Gaming Law Review. 9: 10–18. doi:10.1089/glr.2005.9.10.
^ "Chiang Mai rules 'crane-claw' machines are legal, 2 years after govt ban". The Nation. 27 February 2022. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
^ Everington, Keoni (4 April 2019). "70% of claw machine stores surveyed in major Taiwanese cities are illegal". Taiwan News. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
^ Meah, Natasha (12 July 2021). "Laws to regulate claw machines, arcade games and loot boxes mooted as MHA looks to update gambling rules". Today. Retrieved 7 May 2023.
^ Rokiah Mahmud (10 March 2024). "Brunei bans claw machines". Borneo Bulletin. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
^ Ewe, Koh (21 April 2021). "Arcade Experts Tell Us Why We Never Win Toys in Claw Machines". Vice. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
^ "Did a TikToker tell the world how to win a prize in claw machine games?". The Jerusalem Post. 12 September 2022. Retrieved 8 May 2023.
^ Rath, Arun (5 September 2015). "Conspiracy Of The Claw: Inside The Long Odds Of An Arcade Favorite". All Things Considered. NPR. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
^ Orland, Kyle (May 6, 2017). "Arcade group promises ticket and claw games will no longer be "rigged"". Ars Technica. Retrieved April 28, 2023.
^ Millitzer, Joe (13 December 2021). "St. Louis man writes the book on how to beat arcade claw machines". KTVI. Retrieved 28 April 2023.
^ Le Roux, Cornelia (6 February 2023). "It's a 'fluffing' rip-off! Claw machines in SA arcades CAN be rigged". The South African. Retrieved 1 May 2023.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Claw (video game)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claw_(video_game)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Claw_crane_in_Ustro%C5%84,_Poland_2017.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ustroń","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ustro%C5%84"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"arcade game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcade_game"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-atlobs-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mf-2"},{"link_name":"stuffed toys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuffed_toy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-n24-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scmp-4"},{"link_name":"UFOs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFO"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kotakuaus-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usnwr-7"},{"link_name":"Panama Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Canal"},{"link_name":"Erie Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erie_Canal"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"Sega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sega"},{"link_name":"gambling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambling"}],"text":"\"Claw game\" redirects here. Not to be confused with Claw (video game).A claw machine in Ustroń, PolandA claw machine is a type of arcade game. Modern claw machines are upright cabinets with glass boxes that are lit from the inside and have a joystick-controlled claw at the top, which is coin-operated and positioned over a pile of prizes, dropped into the pile, and picked up to unload the prize or lack thereof into a chute.[1][2] They typically contain stuffed toys or other cheap prizes, and sometimes contain more expensive items like electronic devices and fashion accessories.[3][4] Claw machines are also known as skill cranes, claw cranes, and crane games, and are known as UFO catchers in Japan due to the claws' resemblance to UFOs.[5][6][7]The earliest claw machines are believed to have been created in the late 19th century and inspired by the machines used to build the Panama Canal, while the first patented claw machine, the Erie Digger, was inspired by the creation of the Erie Canal and invented in 1926. It and its successor, the Miami Digger, were popular throughout the United States during the 1930s, specifically during the Great Depression, as carnival attractions and as furniture in public places. By the 1980s, claw machines were ubiquitous in both the United States and Japan; the success of Sega's UFO Catcher machines in the 1980s and 1990s inspired a claw machine craze in the latter country. Claw machines have made appearances in numerous video games, music videos, films, and television shows since at least the 1990s.In the late 2010s, claw machines became immensely popular in South Korea and Taiwan as cheap entertainment due to their slowing economies at the time, with the number of claw machine arcades in both places rising into the thousands. Also in the 2010s, claw machines that could be remotely controlled via mobile applications or websites began turning up online.Claw machines are often rigged to modify the claw's strength on each turn, and are consequently considered gambling devices in some jurisdictions.","title":"Claw machine"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Erie_Digger_ad_illustration.png"},{"link_name":"The Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Panama Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Canal"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usnwr-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Erie Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erie_Canal"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mf-2"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"Art Deco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Deco"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-phoenix-9"},{"link_name":"Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-phoenix-9"},{"link_name":"nickels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel_(United_States_coin)"},{"link_name":"silver dollars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dollar_coin_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mf-2"}],"text":"Illustration of an Erie Digger in a 1927 issue of The BillboardClaw machines are believed to have originated in the United States in the 1890s, when they were made to resemble the machines that built the Panama Canal.[7] The first patented claw machine, the Erie Digger, was a glass box containing candy and other small objects, a chute, and a coin-operated miniature steam shovel that moved in an arc, could be moved with a handle, and could be lifted and dropped into the chute using a hand crank.[8] It was invented in 1926, manufactured by the Erie Manufacturing Company, and named after the construction of the Erie Canal. It found success at carnivals, partially because it did not require electricity like other carnival attractions. Throughout the 1930s, it saw use as furniture in train stations, hotels, drugstores, cigar stores, and bus stations, where it was used to keep customers entertained.[2] During the Great Depression, designing intricate, Art Deco claw machines for hotels and stores became a lucrative endeavor.[9]The Miami Digger, invented by American carnival operator William Bartlett of Miami and patented by him in 1932, improved upon the design of the Erie Digger by using an electric motor and allowing the crane to move around the entire box.[9] It was also known as the Nickel Digger, as it contained money, such as nickels and silver dollars, as prizes; premium versions of the diggers had watches and cigarette lighters as prizes for adults. Bartlett became rich from the popularity of the machines and died in 1948.[2]","title":"Early history"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Global popularity"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Claw_cranes_with_kawaii_stuffed_mascots_and_a_woman_playing,_Akihabara,_Chiyoda,_Tokyo,_Japan.jpg"},{"link_name":"Akihabara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akihabara"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Sega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sega"},{"link_name":"Taito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taito"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mf-2"},{"link_name":"electro-mechanical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electro-mechanical_game"},{"link_name":"arcade games of 1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_in_video_games"},{"link_name":"1978","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_in_video_games"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GM90-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GM113-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vgce-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Shinjuku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinjuku"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Guinness World Record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_World_Record"},{"link_name":"Fuchū, Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuch%C5%AB,_Tokyo"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Claw_machine&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Rilakkuma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rilakkuma"},{"link_name":"teddy bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teddy_bear"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Japan Amusement Industry 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Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-korherald-23"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usnwr-7"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kjd-24"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_Claw_Crane_Shop_on_Shuitian_St._in_Hsinchu_City.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hsinchu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hsinchu"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"NT$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Taiwan_dollar"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Claw_machine&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tptimes-26"},{"link_name":"Central Bank of the Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bank_of_the_Republic_of_China_(Taiwan)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scmp-4"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"WeChat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WeChat"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-khaosod-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bkokpost-29"}],"sub_title":"In Asia","text":"A row of UFO catchers in Akihabara, TokyoJapanese companies Sega and Taito began designing trolley-style claw machines in the 1960s.[2] They gained popularity in Japan during the late 1970s, with crane games ranking among Japan's top ten highest-grossing electro-mechanical (EM) arcade games of 1977 and 1978.[10][11] Sega released their UFO Catcher claw machine in 1985 and made their first shipment of it in 1986.[12] It had sold 10,000 cabinets by 1991, its popularity inspiring Sega's creation of the Dream Catcher in 1989 and the New UFO Catcher in 1991 while making the UFO Catcher series responsible for 90 percent of stuffed toy claw machine sales.[13] By 1994, its claw could be changed to fit the sizes and shapes of different prizes, and it had become a craze across Japan: arcades started dedicating entire floors to UFO Catcher cabinets—of which Sega had sold over 40,000, making it Sega's best-selling game at the time—and the term \"UFO catcher\" became synonymous with crane games in Japan.[14][15][16]Sega Shinjuku Kabukicho, a two-story Sega arcade in Shinjuku, Tokyo containing 477 claw machines, received the Guinness World Record for having the most claw machines in a single venue in 2021, a record previously held by the Taito Station in Fuchū, Tokyo for having 454 machines.[17] As of 2023[update], Yuka Nakajima of Japan holds the Guinness World Record for being the most successful claw machine player due to winning more than 3,500 Rilakkuma teddy bears from claw machines.[18][19] In 2021, claw machines accounted for more than half of the revenue at Japanese arcades, according to the Japan Amusement Industry Association.[20] Japanese claw machines can also contain cakes as prizes.[21][22]The number of claw machine arcades and the popularity of claw machines both experienced a sharp increase in South Korea in 2016 and 2017, specifically in Seoul neighborhoods with universities like Hongdae and Sinchon. From 2015 to 2017, the number of South Korean claw arcades increased from 20 to 1,900, while mentions of claw machines on Korean social networks also increased during that time. Korea JoongAng Daily and The Korea Herald attributed the increased interest to South Korea's harsh economy at the time leading to a desire for cheap entertainment, while U.S. News & World Report associated it with the country's increasing youth unemployment.[23][7][24]A claw machine arcade in Hsinchu, TaiwanIn Taiwan, where claw machine arcades are usually open all day and owners sublet their machines to different operators, claw machines became especially popular as inexpensive entertainment starting in 2017, due to their costing NT$10 to use. The number of claw machine arcades in Taiwan increased from 920 in 2016 to 3,353 in 2018 and, as of 2019[update], there are more than 10,000.[25] A 2018 survey of children aged seven to 18 reported 32.7 percent of them using claw machines one to three days a week and over four percent using them every day.[26] The Central Bank of the Republic of China increased their budget in 2019 to produce more NT$10 coins to accommodate the increasing popularity of claw machines in Taiwan. By 2018, the average monthly revenue for operating a claw machine was around NT$5,000.[4]The largest claw machine arcade in China, LJJ Station in Beijing, has more than 60 machines with stuffed toy versions of characters from WeChat animations.[27] Before 2020, claw machines were popular in Thai shopping malls; a 2020 survey conducted by the advocacy group No Gambling Youth Club stated that 75 of the 92 shopping malls surveyed contained 1,300 claw machines collectively.[28][29]","title":"Global popularity"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GIRL_TRIES_TO_PICK_UP_PRIZE_WITH_A_MINIATURE_CRANE_AT_%22FUN_CITY%22_RECENTLY_OPENED_ESTABLISHMENT_ON_%22THE_STRIP.%22_%22THE..._-_NARA_-_551294.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lake of the Ozarks State 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amusement parks, and bowling alleys.[30][31] The world's largest claw machine, according to Guinness World Records, is a 17 by 8 by 12 feet machine designed by the Dayton, Ohio-based creative agency Real Art and opened in 2014.[32]There were many instances of children getting stuck inside of claw machines in the United States throughout the 2010s, including in Tennessee, New York, Kentucky, Nebraska, Pennsylvania,[32] North Carolina,[33] and Texas.[34]","title":"Global popularity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Clawee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clawee"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kotakuaus-6"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Nintendo Entertainment System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System"},{"link_name":"Kirby's Adventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirby%27s_Adventure"},{"link_name":"PlayStation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation"},{"link_name":"Bomberman World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomberman_World"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vgce-15"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Yakuza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakuza_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Yakuza 0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakuza_0"},{"link_name":"Yakuza Kiwami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakuza_Kiwami"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Link's Awakening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Link%27s_Awakening_(2019_video_game)"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Toy Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toy_Story"},{"link_name":"Buzz Lightyear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzz_Lightyear"},{"link_name":"Sheriff Woody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheriff_Woody"},{"link_name":"claw-worshipping aliens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Toy_Story_characters#Aliens_/_Little_Green_Men"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"SpongeBob SquarePants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpongeBob_SquarePants"},{"link_name":"fourth season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpongeBob_SquarePants_(season_4)"},{"link_name":"Squidward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squidward_Tentacles"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Delta Heavy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Heavy"},{"link_name":"Corpsegrinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Fisher_(musician)"},{"link_name":"City Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Girls"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"sub_title":"Online and in popular culture","text":"Online claw machines are claw machines controlled remotely online, with prizes that get shipped to users' homes upon being won.[35] Since the 2010s, mobile apps, such as Clawee in Israel and Sega Catcher Online in Japan, and websites, such as Netch in Japan and the Santa Claw in the United States, have allowed users to remotely use claw machines stored in warehouses in their respective countries.[36][37][6][38]The 1993 Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) video game Kirby's Adventure includes a minigame based on the UFO Catcher, while the 1998 PlayStation game Bomberman World has a UFO catcher-themed battle stage.[15][39] Sega's 2005 video game Yakuza and its sequels Yakuza 0 and Yakuza Kiwami also feature UFO Catcher machines.[40][41][42] The 2019 video game Link's Awakening includes a claw machine as a side activity.[43] In the 1995 film Toy Story, Buzz Lightyear and Sheriff Woody climb into a claw vending machine filled with claw-worshipping aliens.[44] In the SpongeBob SquarePants episode \"Skill Crane\" from its fourth season, Squidward becomes addicted to trying to win a prize from a claw machine.[45] Claw machines have also been featured in the music videos for Delta Heavy's 2019 song \"Take Me Home\", Corpsegrinder's 2022 song \"Bottom Dweller\", and the City Girls' 2022 song \"Good Love\".[46][47][48]","title":"Global popularity"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Legality"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"US$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar"},{"link_name":"Federal Bureau of Investigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mf-2"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Claw_machine&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vox-31"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wagm-49"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Scutari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Scutari"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wagm-49"},{"link_name":"where?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lawsuits-50"},{"link_name":"Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alberta-law-51"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"Court of Appeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appellate_court"},{"link_name":"fairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair"},{"link_name":"exhibitions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_exhibition"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ontario-law-52"}],"sub_title":"North America","text":"The passing of the Johnson Act by Congress in 1951, which prohibited the transfer of electronic gambling devices across state lines, led to Miami Diggers at carnivals being destroyed by operators or seized by government officials. Carnival owner Lee Moss organized other carnival owners together to protest against the classification of the diggers as gambling machines. Because of this, a compromise was soon reached that allowed carnival owners to keep the diggers but required them to be manually operated with no coin slot and prizes that were not money and worth one dollar or less, while the government would tax each machine US$10. Regulations loosened in 1973 due to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) abandoning the Johnson Act.[2] As of 2015[update], state regulations generally require that claw machines contain less valuable prizes.[31] Most states exempt claw machines from their gambling laws.[49]In New Jersey, claw machines are regulated by the Legalized Games of Chance Control Commission. In 2016, New Jersey Senator Nicholas Scutari proposed legislation that would add specifications to prevent claw machines from being unwinnable.[49] Some attorneys[where?] have advised claw machine owners to avoid using the word \"skill\" in the game description decal present on most machines.[50]In other jurisdictions, such as Alberta, Canada, skill cranes are illegal unless the player is allowed to make repeated attempts (on a single credit) until he or she wins a prize.[51] Skill cranes in single-play mode (where the player has only one chance per credit to try for a prize) were found by the Ontario Court of Appeal to be essentially games of chance, and therefore prohibited except at fairs or exhibitions, where they are covered by an exemption.[52]","title":"Legality"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Supreme Court of Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Thailand"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-khaosod-28"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Interior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior_(Thailand)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bkokpost-29"},{"link_name":"Chiang Mai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Mai"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"₩","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korean_won"},{"link_name":"Game Rating and Administration Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Rating_and_Administration_Committee"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kjd-24"},{"link_name":"Consumer Protection Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_Protection_Committee"},{"link_name":"Executive Yuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Yuan"},{"link_name":"Taoyuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoyuan,_Taiwan"},{"link_name":"New Taipei City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Taipei_City"},{"link_name":"Kaohsiung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaohsiung"},{"link_name":"Taipei City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei_City"},{"link_name":"Tainan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tainan"},{"link_name":"Taichung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taichung"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tnews-54"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Home Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Home_Affairs_(Singapore)"},{"link_name":"S$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_dollar"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Brunei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei"},{"link_name":"haram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haram"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"}],"sub_title":"Asia","text":"Claw machines were outlawed in Thailand after being classified as gambling devices by the Supreme Court of Thailand in 2004, though, until 2019, laws prohibiting their use were rarely enforced.[28] In 2020, the Ministry of Interior in Thailand ordered a nationwide ban on claw machines after activists protested against their widespread availability.[29] However, the public prosecutor of Chiang Mai ruled in 2022 that claw machines were vending machines rather than gambling machines and were therefore legal.[53] South Korean law dictates that claw machines cannot carry prizes worth over ₩5,000 to prevent addiction. An investigation by South Korea's Game Rating and Administration Committee in 2017 found that the majority of claw machines they randomly inspected broke Korean law.[24] The Consumer Protection Committee of the Executive Yuan stated in 2019 that their investigation of claw machines in Taoyuan, New Taipei City, Kaohsiung, Taipei City, Tainan, and Taichung found that 70 percent of them contained illegal adult products such as vibrators and e-cigarettes.[54] In 2021, the Ministry of Home Affairs in Singapore proposed capping the value of prizes in claw machines at S$100 in order to, according to them, \"address the inducement effect of high-value prizes, without increasing the regulatory burden on operators\".[55] On March 2024, Brunei has banned claw machines as they have been deemed haram due to its gambling elements.[56]","title":"Legality"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elaut_E-Claw_in_Pier_Amusements_20180804.jpg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-n24-3"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vox-31"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-today-30"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-n24-3"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kjd-24"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"TikTok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TikTok"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-n24-3"},{"link_name":"Vox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_Media"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-npr-59"},{"link_name":"Jeff Rossen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Rossen"},{"link_name":"Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Today_(American_TV_program)"},{"link_name":"American Amusement Machine Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Amusement_Machine_Association"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"News24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News24_(website)"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-n24-3"}],"text":"A pair of E-Claw, claw machines created by Belgian manufacturer ElautSince the 1920s, advertising for claw machines has suggested that they are able to be won completely through strategy and skill. Claw machines can be set to give players a chance of winning during every paid turn if they use a \"Play Till Win\" setting.[3] Settings like claw strength—which is controlled by the amount of voltage sent to a claw—and \"dropping skill\"—the ability of a claw to drop a prize back into the machine after picking it up—are frequently modified by arcade owners to control the odds of a player winning and are often based on how much money the machine has earned.[31] Claw machine rigging has been reported in the United States, South Africa, South Korea, and Singapore.[30][3][24][57]On social media platforms such as TikTok and YouTube, videos of people using claw machines and offering modifications for how to get prizes from them were popular in the 2010s and 2020s.[58][3] A 2015 report by Vox's Phil Edwards describing how claw machines were often rigged went viral online and became controversial among claw machine enthusiasts.[59] A 2016 report by Jeff Rossen for the American TV program Today showing the same thing prompted the American Amusement Machine Association, which represents arcade game manufacturers across the United States, to make their members sign a \"Fair Play Pledge\" in 2017 that required their machines to be winnable through skill alone.[60] The 2021 book How to Beat the Claw Machine: Tips and Tricks to Help You Win Big, written by American arcade owner Brian McKanna, offers tips on how to win prizes at claw machines, which he described as \"absolutely rigged\".[61]According to a 2023 report by News24, most claw machines in South Africa are rigged to only allow players to win if the machine has earned a certain amount of money.[62] A manual for the Intelligrab operating system, made by Chinese manufacturer Elaut, encourages claw machine owners to create the illusion that the player has a chance of winning if they keep trying, and owners can adjust machines' claw strength per turn.[3]","title":"Chances of winning"}]
|
[{"image_text":"A claw machine in Ustroń, Poland","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Claw_crane_in_Ustro%C5%84%2C_Poland_2017.jpg/220px-Claw_crane_in_Ustro%C5%84%2C_Poland_2017.jpg"},{"image_text":"Illustration of an Erie Digger in a 1927 issue of The Billboard","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Erie_Digger_ad_illustration.png/220px-Erie_Digger_ad_illustration.png"},{"image_text":"A row of UFO catchers in Akihabara, Tokyo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Claw_cranes_with_kawaii_stuffed_mascots_and_a_woman_playing%2C_Akihabara%2C_Chiyoda%2C_Tokyo%2C_Japan.jpg/220px-Claw_cranes_with_kawaii_stuffed_mascots_and_a_woman_playing%2C_Akihabara%2C_Chiyoda%2C_Tokyo%2C_Japan.jpg"},{"image_text":"A claw machine arcade in Hsinchu, Taiwan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/A_Claw_Crane_Shop_on_Shuitian_St._in_Hsinchu_City.jpg/220px-A_Claw_Crane_Shop_on_Shuitian_St._in_Hsinchu_City.jpg"},{"image_text":"A girl using a claw machine at the Lake of the Ozarks State Park in Missouri, U.S.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/GIRL_TRIES_TO_PICK_UP_PRIZE_WITH_A_MINIATURE_CRANE_AT_%22FUN_CITY%22_RECENTLY_OPENED_ESTABLISHMENT_ON_%22THE_STRIP.%22_%22THE..._-_NARA_-_551294.jpg/220px-GIRL_TRIES_TO_PICK_UP_PRIZE_WITH_A_MINIATURE_CRANE_AT_%22FUN_CITY%22_RECENTLY_OPENED_ESTABLISHMENT_ON_%22THE_STRIP.%22_%22THE..._-_NARA_-_551294.jpg"},{"image_text":"A pair of E-Claw, claw machines created by Belgian manufacturer Elaut","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Elaut_E-Claw_in_Pier_Amusements_20180804.jpg/220px-Elaut_E-Claw_in_Pier_Amusements_20180804.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Lin, Kat (17 June 2019). \"Taiwan Is in the Clutches of a Claw Machine Craze\". Atlas Obscura. Retrieved 11 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/taiwanese-claw-machines","url_text":"\"Taiwan Is in the Clutches of a Claw Machine Craze\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_Obscura","url_text":"Atlas Obscura"}]},{"reference":"Rossen, Jake (7 July 2016). \"Dime After Dime: A Gripping History of Claw Machines\". Mental Floss. Retrieved 2 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/82524/dime-after-dime-gripping-history-claw-machines","url_text":"\"Dime After Dime: A Gripping History of Claw Machines\""}]},{"reference":"Thompson, Andrew (6 February 2023). \"Most claw machines in SA arcades can be rigged – and manuals show winning isn't about player skill\". News24. Retrieved 1 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.news24.com/news24/tech-and-trends/claw-machines-in-south-africa-rigged-2023-2","url_text":"\"Most claw machines in SA arcades can be rigged – and manuals show winning isn't about player skill\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News24_(website)","url_text":"News24"}]},{"reference":"Chang, Sean (14 December 2018). \"Time for a lucky dip: claw crane game craze takes off in Taiwan\". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 11 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/travel-leisure/article/2177851/taiwans-claw-crane-game-craze-leaves-players-and-shop","url_text":"\"Time for a lucky dip: claw crane game craze takes off in Taiwan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post","url_text":"South China Morning Post"}]},{"reference":"Kubersky, Seth (8 February 2011). \"Video: Brian Feldman's \"Skill Crane Kid\" at Stardust Video and Coffee\". Orlando Weekly. Retrieved 6 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.orlandoweekly.com/arts/video-brian-feldmans-skill-crane-kid-at-stardust-video-and-coffee-2265672","url_text":"\"Video: Brian Feldman's \"Skill Crane Kid\" at Stardust Video and Coffee\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Weekly","url_text":"Orlando Weekly"}]},{"reference":"Kubersky, Seth (29 November 2012). \"Lazy People Can Play Real Arcade And Win Real Prizes In Real Time\". Kotaku Australia. Retrieved 11 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kotaku.com.au/2012/11/lazy-people-can-play-real-arcade-and-win-real-prizes-in-real-time/","url_text":"\"Lazy People Can Play Real Arcade And Win Real Prizes In Real Time\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotaku","url_text":"Kotaku Australia"}]},{"reference":"Yoon, Dasl (29 September 2017). \"Grasping for Hope\". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved 8 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usnews.com/news/best-countries/articles/2017-09-29/south-koreas-claw-arcades-explode-in-popularity","url_text":"\"Grasping for Hope\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report","url_text":"U.S. News & World Report"}]},{"reference":"Commonwealth v. Ward","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ernest, Alec (10 June 2011). \"The secret history of the claw machine - Lifestyle Features\". The Boston Phoenix. Retrieved 2 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://thephoenix.com/boston/life/121907-secret-history-of-the-claw-machine/","url_text":"\"The secret history of the claw machine - Lifestyle Features\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Phoenix_(newspaper)","url_text":"The Boston Phoenix"}]},{"reference":"結果ベスト3 [Best 3 Results] (PDF). Game Machine (in Japanese). No. 90. Amusement Press, Inc. 15 February 1978. pp. 2–3.","urls":[{"url":"https://onitama.tv/gamemachine/pdf/19780215p.pdf#page=2","url_text":"結果ベスト3"},{"url":"https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3","url_text":"Game Machine"},{"url":"https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%9F%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A1%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1%E7%A4%BE","url_text":"Amusement Press, Inc."}]},{"reference":"人気マシン・ベスト3 [Popular Machines: Best 3] (PDF). Game Machine (in Japanese). No. 113. Amusement Press, Inc. February 1979. pp. 2–3.","urls":[{"url":"https://onitama.tv/gamemachine/pdf/19790201p.pdf#page=2","url_text":"人気マシン・ベスト3"},{"url":"https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3","url_text":"Game Machine"},{"url":"https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%9F%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A1%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1%E7%A4%BE","url_text":"Amusement Press, Inc."}]},{"reference":"\"UFO Catcher\". Sega (in Japanese). Retrieved 18 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://sega.jp/history/arcade/product/9370/","url_text":"\"UFO Catcher\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sega","url_text":"Sega"}]},{"reference":"Akagi, Masumi (1 September 1991). \"Sega's 'Hologram' Game ls Coming To Japan\". Game Machine. Amusement Press, Inc. p. 26.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/game-machine-magazine-19910901p/page/n13/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Sega's 'Hologram' Game ls Coming To Japan\""},{"url":"https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3","url_text":"Game Machine"},{"url":"https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%9F%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A1%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1%E7%A4%BE","url_text":"Amusement Press, Inc."}]},{"reference":"Sega '94 Amusement Machine Guide. Sega. 1994. p. 12.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sega-94-amusement-machine-guide/page/n12/mode/1up","url_text":"Sega '94 Amusement Machine Guide"}]},{"reference":"Nakamura, Eric (July 1994). \"Win Big With UFO Catcher\". VideoGames. No. 66. LFP, Inc. p. 92. ISSN 1059-2938.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/Video_Games_The_Ultimate_Gaming_Magazine_Issue_66_July_1994/page/n91/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Win Big With UFO Catcher\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VideoGames_%26_Computer_Entertainment","url_text":"VideoGames"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Flynt_Publications","url_text":"LFP, Inc."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1059-2938","url_text":"1059-2938"}]},{"reference":"Swan, Gus (August 1994). \"OutRun\". Mean Machines Sega. No. 22. EMAP. pp. 92–3. 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China's 'biggest' crane game centre\""},{"Link":"https://www.khaosodenglish.com/news/2019/06/26/decade-old-ban-on-claw-machines-finally-enforced/","external_links_name":"\"Decade-Old Ban on Claw Machines\""},{"Link":"https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/1863574/interior-ministry-orders-ban-on-claw-crane-machines-nationwide","external_links_name":"\"Interior ministry orders ban on 'claw crane' machines nationwide\""},{"Link":"https://www.today.com/money/claw-machine-secrets-revealed-are-they-rigged-t100351","external_links_name":"\"Claw machine secrets revealed: Are they rigged?\""},{"Link":"https://www.vox.com/2015/4/3/8339999/claw-machines-rigged","external_links_name":"\"Claw machines are rigged — here's why it's so hard to grab that stuffed animal\""},{"Link":"https://abcnews.go.com/Business/kids-stuck-claw-toy-machines/story?id=26381639","external_links_name":"\"Why Kids Keep Getting Stuck in Claw Toy 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machines\""},{"Link":"https://www.thesouthafrican.com/lifestyle/claw-machines-south-africa-arcade-games-sa-owners-rigging-how-scam-6-february-2023/","external_links_name":"\"It's a 'fluffing' rip-off! 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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westport_Records
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Westport Records
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["1 See also"]
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Westport Records" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Westport Records was a record label founded 1955 in Kansas City by the Ruf Brothers. It lasted until 1962, just releasing about 20 singles.
See also
List of record labels
This article about a United States record label is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
|
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[]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Aubrey-Fletcher
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John Aubrey-Fletcher
|
["1 References"]
|
British baronet, cricketer, and soldier
Lieutenant-Colonel Sir John Henry Lancelot Aubrey-Fletcher, 7th Baronet (22 August 1912 – 19 June 1992) was a British baronet, who played first-class cricket for Oxford and was a British Army soldier.
Born in Kensington, Aubrey-Fletcher was the eldest son of Sir Henry Lancelot Aubrey-Fletcher, 6th Baronet and his wife Mary Augusta Chilton.
He was educated at Eton College and at New College, Oxford. While at Oxford in 1933 he played cricket for the university team. In 1937 he was accepted at Inner Temple entitled to practice as Barrister-at-Law. He played Minor counties cricket between 1931 and 1948 for Buckinghamshire.
In 1939 he married Diana Mary Fynvola Egerton (the great-granddaughter of the second Baron Harlech) and they had two children:
Susan Mary Fynvola Aubrey-Fletcher (1940–1976), who was married, without issue, to Hon. Richard Stanley, brother and heir presumptive of the Earl of Derby
Henry Egerton Aubrey-Fletcher, born 1945
During the Second World War he fought in the Grenadier Guards, attaining the rank of lieutenant colonel.
From 1961 to 1962 he held the office of High Sheriff of Buckinghamshire. He died in 1992 at Oxford.
References
^ a b England cricket record
^ a b c d e f g Biography of Sir John Aubrey-Fletcher at thePeerage.com
^ "Player profile: John Aubrey-Fletcher". CricketArchive. Retrieved 6 May 2011.
Honorary titles
Preceded byJohn Darling Young
High Sheriff of Buckinghamshire 1961–1962
Succeeded byGerald Aubrey Mobbs
Baronetage of Great Britain
Preceded byHenry Aubrey-Fletcher
Baronet(of Clea) 1969–1992
Succeeded byHenry Aubrey-Fletcher
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
This biography of a baronet in the baronetage of Great Britain is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[]
| null |
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Daintree
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Richard Daintree
|
["1 Early career to 1864","2 Queensland work","3 Return to England","4 List of works","5 References","6 External links"]
|
Australian geologist and photographer
Richard DaintreeRichard Daintree, Australian geologist and photographer, from albumen printBorn(1832-12-13)13 December 1832Hemingford Abbots, Huntingdonshire, EnglandDied20 June 1878(1878-06-20) (aged 45)Beckenham, EnglandNationalityEnglishCitizenshipUnited KingdomEducationChrist's College, CambridgeKnown forgeology, photographs of the Victorian goldfields exhibited at the 1862 International Exhibition in LondonScientific careerInstitutionsAustralian Geological Survey Office, Queensland Agent-GeneralAcademic advisorsAlfred Selwyn
Richard Daintree CMG (13 December 1832 – 20 June 1878) was a pioneering Australian geologist and photographer. In particular, Daintree was the first Government geologist for North Queensland discovering gold fields and coal seams for future exploitation. Daintree was a pioneer in the use of photography during field trips and his photographs formed the basis of Queensland's contribution to the Exhibition of Arts and Industry in 1871. Following the success of the display, he was appointed as Queensland's Agent-General in London in 1872 but was forced to resign in 1876 due to ill-health and malpractice by some of his staff although not Daintree himself. A number of features in North Queensland have been named after Daintree including the town of Daintree, Queensland, the Daintree National Park, the Daintree River, the Daintree Rainforest which has been nominated for the World Heritage List and the Daintree Reef.
Early career to 1864
Richard Daintree was born in Hemingford Abbots, Huntingdonshire in England, the son of Richard Daintree, a farmer, and his wife Elizabeth. He was educated at Bedford School, and started a degree at Christ's College, Cambridge in 1851, but left after a year due to ill health. Migrating to Australia for a warmer climate, he was briefly a prospector in the Victorian gold rush in 1852.
In 1854, Daintree accepted an appointment as assistant geologist to Alfred Selwyn in the Victorian Geological Survey. Daintree returned to London to study assaying and metallurgy at the Royal School of Mines. During his studies in 1857, Daintree became interested in photography. On return to Australia he joined Antoine Fauchery's studio in Collins Street Melbourne.
Group of diggers, Castlemaine, from Fauchery and Daintree, Sun pictures of Victoria
Together they produced the album Sun pictures of Victoria which comprised photographic prints of Melbourne as well as some of the only existing images of the Victorian goldfields and Australian Aboriginal Peoples from this time. The Argus advertised in 1858 the publication in ten instalments under this title to a total of;"50 large photographs, in illustration of our colonial celebrities, our landscape and marine scenery, and our private and public architecture. The invention of the stereomonoscope, by means of which the objects exhibited in a sun picture, of any size, assume solidity and relief to the eye of the spectator, gives an additional value to photographic transcripts of nature."Jack Cato in his The Story of the Camera in Australia in his inspection of a copy of Sun Pictures sold by a relative of John Pascoe Fawkner to the State Library of Victoria, deciphered what was meant by the misleading term 'stereomonoscope;' these were not stereograms but "proved to be taken with a Petvzal lens (designed by Viennese scientist) which gave sharp focus to the subject and a diffused focus to the background from which the subject appeared to stand forward, in relief. This lens had been used only for groups and simple figures. city views were sharp all over."
Daintree rejoined the Geological Survey Office in January 1859 and pioneered the use of photography in geological field work. His photographs of the Victorian goldfields were exhibited at the 1862 International Exhibition in London.
Richard Daintree married Lettice Agnes Foot, the daughter of surveyor Henry Foot on 1 December 1857. They would go on to have a family of two sons and six daughters.
Queensland work
Gold washing cradles for sale, probably near Rockhampton. Photo taken by Richard Daintree.Daintree left the Geological Survey Office to become a resident partner with William Hann in pastoral properties on the Burdekin River in 1864. This enabled him to pursue his interests in prospecting and photography.
He made a number of discoveries over the next few years including several goldfields at Cape River in 1867, Gilbert in 1869 and Etheridge in 1869–70. Daintree was the first person to systematically examine the coal seams near the Bowen River at Collinsville in Queensland and discovered a copper deposit on the Einasleigh River.
During his time in Queensland, Daintree advocated a government geological survey office and his lobbying bore fruit when it was established in 1868. He was named as the geologist in charge of north Queensland between 1868 and 1870. During that time, he carried out a geological survey of North Queensland and his photographs of the Cape River goldfields are a valuable record of life on the Queensland goldfields. He was succeeded as government geologist by Robert Logan Jack.
Richard Daintree was also collecting botanical specimens in his travels. Queensland herbarium records show that he collected botanical specimens from Rockhampton, Queensland and the ranges of Central Queensland. These included Acacia excelsa Benth. which was once named Acacia daintreeana by Ferdinand von Mueller.
The goldfields discovered by Daintree played an important part in tiding North Queensland over the collapse of the pastoral boom in the late 1860s although only the Etheridge deposit proved viable in the longer term. However, his work proved crucial to attracting prospectors to North Queensland which led to other discoveries and the early development of the area's gold resources.
Return to England
Richard Daintree was appointed as commissioner in charge of Queensland's display at the 1871 Exhibition of Art and Industry in London. His collections of photographs and geological specimens formed the basis of Queensland's stand at the Exhibition despite the fact that much of his work was lost when the ship carrying Daintree, his family and the display was wrecked in South Africa.
Despite this significant setback, the display made a favourable impression due to his photographs. The Australian colonies were all keen to make a good impression as the Exhibitions were well attended by both potential investors and prospective migrants. Daintree soon established himself as an effective representative of Queensland at the Exhibition.
The success of the display led to Richard Daintree being appointed as Queensland's Agent-General in early 1872 replacing Archibald Archer in that position. In this position, Daintree was asked to organise participation in another six exhibitions. As Agent-General, Daintree worked with great energy stimulating assisted immigration to Queensland, travelling widely to give speeches on the colony and producing attractive handbooks featuring his photography.
However, Queensland premier Arthur Macalister was disturbed about the quality of some of the new immigrants and evidence of inefficiency and possibly worse in the office. Eventually, Macalister's concerns prompted him to travel to London personally in 1875–76 to investigate the office. Daintree was found to be personally honest and hardworking, and he was made a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George in May 1876. However, the clerks responsible for routine administration were found to have conducted various malpractices, leading to their dismissal. Daintree's health had deteriorated as well contributing to his resignation from the position.
He spent two winters in the south of France trying to recover from his illnesses. However, he died of tuberculosis in Beckenham then in Kent on 20 June 1878.
Daintree's photographs are one of few surviving records of early settler life in north Queensland. Ten glass plates are now in the collection of the National Museum of Australia in Canberra.
It is likely that the ten glass plates in the National Museum's collection were part of Daintree's efforts to promote Queensland. Their subject matter, mainly that of miners and their living and working conditions, suggest that they may have been used to illustrate the lectures that Daintree gave across Britain to attract immigrants. The bulk of Daintree's glass plates remained in the collection of the Daintree family in England until the 1940s when most of the negatives were donated to the Royal Historical Society of Queensland, though the ten plates remained in the Daintree family collection until they were auctioned in 1982. The successful bidders at that auction then sold the plates to the National Museum in 2007.
List of works
Daintree, R. (1863). Report on the geology of the district from Bacchus Marsh to Bass's straits / by R. Daintree. Melbourne: John Ferres, Govt. Print.
Daintree, R. (1873). Queensland, Australia : Its territory, climate and products, agricultural, pastoral and mineral &c., &c. with emigration regulations / Richard Daintree. London]: G. Street.
Daintree, R. (1878). Note on certain modes of occurrence of gold in Australia / by Richard Daintree. S.l.: Geological Society.
Daintree, R., Carruthers, W., & Etheridge, R. (1872). Notes on the geology of the colony of Queensland / by R. Daintree ; with an appendix containing descriptions of the fossils, by R. Etheridge and W. Carruthers. London: Geological Society.
References
^ "Richard Daintree". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/7006. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ "Daintree, Richard (DNTY851R)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
^ Fauchery, Antoine; Daintree, Richard; Reilly, Dianne; Carew, Jennifer; Library Council of Victoria (1982). Sun pictures of Victoria : the Fauchery-Daintree collection. Melbourne: Currey O'Neil : Library Council of Victoria. ISBN 9780859023528. OCLC 223198075.
^ Newton, Gael; Ennis, Helen; Long, Chris; Australian National Gallery (1988). Shades of Light : Photography and Australia 1839-1988. Canberra: Australian National Gallery : Collins Australia. pp. 28–30, 42, 46.
^ "SUN PICTURES OF VICTORIA". Argus. 13 August 1858. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
^ Cato, Jack (1955). The Story of the Camera in Australia (Deluxe ed.). Melbourne: Georgian House. ISBN 978-91-20-06965-4. OCLC 1058112248.
^ "Plants of the World Online". 27 May 2022. Retrieved 27 May 2022.
^ a b c Bolton, G. C., "Richard Daintree (1832–1878)", Australian Dictionary of Biography, Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, retrieved 17 May 2023
^ "The Edinburgh Gazette". The Gazette. 5 May 1876. Retrieved 18 September 2022.
^ "Richard Daintree's glass plates, National Museum of Australia". Archived from the original on 17 March 2011. Retrieved 6 April 2011.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Richard Daintree (geologist).
Australian National Botanical Gardens biography
SBS Television page on Daintree's contribution to the development of Australia's goldfields
University of Melbourne article on Richard Daintree
Australian Science Festival 1997 biography of Richard Daintree
Photographs of the Victorian gold rush by Daintree and Fauchery
Photographs of Indigenous Victorians by Daintree and Fauchery
Photographs of the Victorian landscape and Melbourne by Daintree and Fauchery
Richard Daintree's glass plates, National Museum of Australia
Richard Daintree Photographs 1858-1870, State Library of Queensland
Authority control databases International
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George"},{"link_name":"North Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Agent-General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agent-General"},{"link_name":"Daintree, Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daintree,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Daintree National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daintree_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Daintree River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daintree_River"},{"link_name":"Daintree Rainforest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daintree_Rainforest"},{"link_name":"Daintree Reef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daintree_Reef"}],"text":"Richard Daintree CMG (13 December 1832 – 20 June 1878) was a pioneering Australian geologist and photographer. In particular, Daintree was the first Government geologist for North Queensland discovering gold fields and coal seams for future exploitation. Daintree was a pioneer in the use of photography during field trips and his photographs formed the basis of Queensland's contribution to the Exhibition of Arts and Industry in 1871. Following the success of the display, he was appointed as Queensland's Agent-General in London in 1872 but was forced to resign in 1876 due to ill-health and malpractice by some of his staff although not Daintree himself. A number of features in North Queensland have been named after Daintree including the town of Daintree, Queensland, the Daintree National Park, the Daintree River, the Daintree Rainforest which has been nominated for the World Heritage List and the Daintree Reef.","title":"Richard Daintree"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hemingford Abbots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemingford_Abbots"},{"link_name":"Huntingdonshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntingdonshire"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Bedford School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedford_School"},{"link_name":"Christ's College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ%27s_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Victorian gold rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_gold_rush"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Alfred Selwyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Selwyn"},{"link_name":"Royal School of Mines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_School_of_Mines"},{"link_name":"Antoine Fauchery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Fauchery"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Group_of_diggers.jpg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Australian Aboriginal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Jack Cato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Cato"},{"link_name":"John Pascoe Fawkner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Pascoe_Fawkner"},{"link_name":"State Library of Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Library_Victoria"},{"link_name":"stereograms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereoscopy"},{"link_name":"Petvzal lens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petzval_lens"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Richard Daintree was born in Hemingford Abbots, Huntingdonshire in England, the son of Richard Daintree, a farmer, and his wife Elizabeth. He was educated at Bedford School, and started a degree at Christ's College, Cambridge in 1851, but left after a year due to ill health. Migrating to Australia for a warmer climate, he was briefly a prospector in the Victorian gold rush in 1852.[1][2]In 1854, Daintree accepted an appointment as assistant geologist to Alfred Selwyn in the Victorian Geological Survey. Daintree returned to London to study assaying and metallurgy at the Royal School of Mines. During his studies in 1857, Daintree became interested in photography. On return to Australia he joined Antoine Fauchery's studio in Collins Street Melbourne.Group of diggers, Castlemaine, from Fauchery and Daintree, Sun pictures of VictoriaTogether they produced the album Sun pictures of Victoria[3] which comprised photographic prints of Melbourne as well as some of the only existing images of the Victorian goldfields and Australian Aboriginal Peoples from this time.[4] The Argus advertised in 1858 the publication in ten instalments under this title to a total of;\"50 large photographs, in illustration of our colonial celebrities, our landscape and marine scenery, and our private and public architecture. The invention of the stereomonoscope, by means of which the objects exhibited in a sun picture, of any size, assume solidity and relief to the eye of the spectator, gives an additional value to photographic transcripts of nature.\"[5]Jack Cato in his The Story of the Camera in Australia in his inspection of a copy of Sun Pictures sold by a relative of John Pascoe Fawkner to the State Library of Victoria, deciphered what was meant by the misleading term 'stereomonoscope;' these were not stereograms but \"proved to be taken with a Petvzal lens (designed by Viennese scientist) which gave sharp focus to the subject and a diffused focus to the background from which the subject appeared to stand forward, in relief. This lens had been used only for groups and simple figures. [Fauchery's] city views were sharp all over.\"[6]Daintree rejoined the Geological Survey Office in January 1859 and pioneered the use of photography in geological field work. His photographs of the Victorian goldfields were exhibited at the 1862 International Exhibition in London.Richard Daintree married Lettice Agnes Foot, the daughter of surveyor Henry Foot on 1 December 1857. They would go on to have a family of two sons and six daughters.","title":"Early career to 1864"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Richard_Daintree_coloured_photography.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rockhampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockhampton,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"William Hann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hann"},{"link_name":"Burdekin River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burdekin_River"},{"link_name":"Cape River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_River"},{"link_name":"Bowen River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowen_River_(Queensland)"},{"link_name":"Collinsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collinsville,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Einasleigh River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einasleigh_River"},{"link_name":"Robert Logan Jack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Logan_Jack"},{"link_name":"Rockhampton, Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockhampton,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Acacia excelsa Benth.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//bie.ala.org.au/species/http://id.biodiversity.org.au/node/apni/2895212#"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand von Mueller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_von_Mueller"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Gold washing cradles for sale, probably near Rockhampton. Photo taken by Richard Daintree.Daintree left the Geological Survey Office to become a resident partner with William Hann in pastoral properties on the Burdekin River in 1864. This enabled him to pursue his interests in prospecting and photography.He made a number of discoveries over the next few years including several goldfields at Cape River in 1867, Gilbert in 1869 and Etheridge in 1869–70. Daintree was the first person to systematically examine the coal seams near the Bowen River at Collinsville in Queensland and discovered a copper deposit on the Einasleigh River.During his time in Queensland, Daintree advocated a government geological survey office and his lobbying bore fruit when it was established in 1868. He was named as the geologist in charge of north Queensland between 1868 and 1870. During that time, he carried out a geological survey of North Queensland and his photographs of the Cape River goldfields are a valuable record of life on the Queensland goldfields. He was succeeded as government geologist by Robert Logan Jack.Richard Daintree was also collecting botanical specimens in his travels. Queensland herbarium records show that he collected botanical specimens from Rockhampton, Queensland and the ranges of Central Queensland. These included Acacia excelsa Benth. which was once named Acacia daintreeana by Ferdinand von Mueller.[7]The goldfields discovered by Daintree played an important part in tiding North Queensland over the collapse of the pastoral boom in the late 1860s although only the Etheridge deposit proved viable in the longer term. However, his work proved crucial to attracting prospectors to North Queensland which led to other discoveries and the early development of the area's gold resources.","title":"Queensland work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BOLTON-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BOLTON-8"},{"link_name":"Archibald Archer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Archer_brothers"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BOLTON-8"},{"link_name":"Arthur Macalister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Macalister"},{"link_name":"Order of St Michael and St George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Beckenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beckenham"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent"},{"link_name":"National Museum of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Canberra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Richard Daintree was appointed as commissioner in charge of Queensland's display at the 1871 Exhibition of Art and Industry in London. His collections of photographs and geological specimens formed the basis of Queensland's stand at the Exhibition despite the fact that much of his work was lost when the ship carrying Daintree, his family and the display was wrecked in South Africa.[8]Despite this significant setback, the display made a favourable impression due to his photographs. The Australian colonies were all keen to make a good impression as the Exhibitions were well attended by both potential investors and prospective migrants. Daintree soon established himself as an effective representative of Queensland at the Exhibition.[8]The success of the display led to Richard Daintree being appointed as Queensland's Agent-General in early 1872 replacing Archibald Archer in that position. In this position, Daintree was asked to organise participation in another six exhibitions. As Agent-General, Daintree worked with great energy stimulating assisted immigration to Queensland, travelling widely to give speeches on the colony and producing attractive handbooks featuring his photography.[8]However, Queensland premier Arthur Macalister was disturbed about the quality of some of the new immigrants and evidence of inefficiency and possibly worse in the office. Eventually, Macalister's concerns prompted him to travel to London personally in 1875–76 to investigate the office. Daintree was found to be personally honest and hardworking, and he was made a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George in May 1876.[9] However, the clerks responsible for routine administration were found to have conducted various malpractices, leading to their dismissal. Daintree's health had deteriorated as well contributing to his resignation from the position.He spent two winters in the south of France trying to recover from his illnesses. However, he died of tuberculosis in Beckenham then in Kent on 20 June 1878.Daintree's photographs are one of few surviving records of early settler life in north Queensland. Ten glass plates are now in the collection of the National Museum of Australia in Canberra.It is likely that the ten glass plates in the National Museum's collection were part of Daintree's efforts to promote Queensland. Their subject matter, mainly that of miners and their living and working conditions, suggest that they may have been used to illustrate the lectures that Daintree gave across Britain to attract immigrants. The bulk of Daintree's glass plates remained in the collection of the Daintree family in England until the 1940s when most of the negatives were donated to the Royal Historical Society of Queensland, though the ten plates remained in the Daintree family collection until they were auctioned in 1982. The successful bidders at that auction then sold the plates to the National Museum in 2007.[10]","title":"Return to England"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Daintree, R. (1863). Report on the geology of the district from Bacchus Marsh to Bass's straits / by R. Daintree. Melbourne: John Ferres, Govt. Print.\nDaintree, R. (1873). Queensland, Australia : Its territory, climate and products, agricultural, pastoral and mineral &c., &c. with emigration regulations / Richard Daintree. London]: G. Street.\nDaintree, R. (1878). Note on certain modes of occurrence of gold in Australia / by Richard Daintree. S.l.: Geological Society.\nDaintree, R., Carruthers, W., & Etheridge, R. (1872). Notes on the geology of the colony of Queensland / by R. Daintree ; with an appendix containing descriptions of the fossils, by R. Etheridge and W. Carruthers. London: Geological Society.","title":"List of works"}]
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[{"image_text":"Group of diggers, Castlemaine, from Fauchery and Daintree, Sun pictures of Victoria","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Group_of_diggers.jpg/220px-Group_of_diggers.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gold washing cradles for sale, probably near Rockhampton. Photo taken by Richard Daintree.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Richard_Daintree_coloured_photography.jpg/220px-Richard_Daintree_coloured_photography.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Richard Daintree\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/7006.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/7006","url_text":"\"Richard Daintree\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F7006","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/7006"}]},{"reference":"\"Daintree, Richard (DNTY851R)\". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.","urls":[{"url":"http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=DNTY851R&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50","url_text":"\"Daintree, Richard (DNTY851R)\""}]},{"reference":"Fauchery, Antoine; Daintree, Richard; Reilly, Dianne; Carew, Jennifer; Library Council of Victoria (1982). Sun pictures of Victoria : the Fauchery-Daintree collection. Melbourne: Currey O'Neil : Library Council of Victoria. ISBN 9780859023528. OCLC 223198075.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780859023528","url_text":"9780859023528"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/223198075","url_text":"223198075"}]},{"reference":"Newton, Gael; Ennis, Helen; Long, Chris; Australian National Gallery (1988). Shades of Light : Photography and Australia 1839-1988. Canberra: Australian National Gallery : Collins Australia. pp. 28–30, 42, 46.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"SUN PICTURES OF VICTORIA\". Argus. 13 August 1858. Retrieved 26 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article7299206","url_text":"\"SUN PICTURES OF VICTORIA\""}]},{"reference":"Cato, Jack (1955). The Story of the Camera in Australia (Deluxe ed.). Melbourne: Georgian House. ISBN 978-91-20-06965-4. OCLC 1058112248.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1058112248","url_text":"The Story of the Camera in Australia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-20-06965-4","url_text":"978-91-20-06965-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1058112248","url_text":"1058112248"}]},{"reference":"\"Plants of the World Online\". 27 May 2022. Retrieved 27 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:470119-1","url_text":"\"Plants of the World Online\""}]},{"reference":"Bolton, G. C., \"Richard Daintree (1832–1878)\", Australian Dictionary of Biography, Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, retrieved 17 May 2023","urls":[{"url":"https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/daintree-richard-3350","url_text":"\"Richard Daintree (1832–1878)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Edinburgh Gazette\". The Gazette. 5 May 1876. Retrieved 18 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/idurl/1/11481","url_text":"\"The Edinburgh Gazette\""}]},{"reference":"\"Richard Daintree's glass plates, National Museum of Australia\". Archived from the original on 17 March 2011. Retrieved 6 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110317135132/http://www.nma.gov.au/collections/richard_daintrees_glass_plates/","url_text":"\"Richard Daintree's glass plates, National Museum of Australia\""},{"url":"http://www.nma.gov.au/collections/richard_daintrees_glass_plates","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shams_al-Din_Lu%27lu%27_al-Amini
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Shams al-Din Lu'lu' al-Amini
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["1 Early life and regency","2 Commander-in-chief and chief advisor","3 Notes","4 Bibliography"]
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Regent and chief advisor of al-Nasir Yusuf
Shams al-Dīn Luʾluʾ al-Amīnī (died 3 February 1251) was one of the regents of Aleppo for the Ayyūbid ruler al-Nāṣir Yūsuf and later his chief advisor and the commander-in-chief of his armies. He dominated the government of al-Nāṣir from 1242 until his death.
Early life and regency
Shams al-Dīn Luʾluʾ was a native of Mosul of Armenian origin. He was a freedman (ʿatīq) of Amīn al-Dīn Yumn, who was in turn a freedman of Nūr al-Dīn Arslān Shāh ibn Masʿūd, ruler of Mosul. In 1225 or 1226, he invited his fellow Mosul native, Ibn Bāṭīsh, back to Aleppo, where the latter had previously lived in 1205–1206 and 1223. According to Ibn al-ʿAdīm's biographical dictionary of Aleppo, Ibn Bāṭīsh lived with Shams al-Dīn, who relied on his advice in conducting his affairs. According to ʿIzz al-Dīn ibn Shaddād, Shams al-Dīn founded a school in Aleppo.
By 1236, Shams al-Dīn held the rank of emir. In that year, he was one of two emirs appointed to the four-man regency council for the seven-year-old al-Nāṣir, the other being ʿIzz al-Dīn ʿUmar ibn Mujallī. The vizier Ibn al-Qifṭī also sat on the council, while actual power was exercised by the child's grandmother, Ḍayfa Khātūn, who was represented on the council by Jamāl al-Dawla Iqbāl al-Khātūnī. The regency formally ended with her death in 1242, but, as the ruler was still a child, Shams al-Dīn was the de facto head of government in Aleppo. He remained throughout his life the commander-in-chief of the Aleppan army. Towards the end, however, he was distrusted by the Turkic mamlūks (slave soldiers) of the elite ʿAzīziyya and Nāṣiriyya contingents.
Commander-in-chief and chief advisor
In May 1246, Shams al-Dīn, in alliance with Emir al-Manṣūr of Homs, led the army of Aleppo against the Khwarāzmians. Because of his greater experience with the Khwarāzmians, al-Manṣūr took command of the combined army and on 18 May crushed the Khwarāzmian power in Syria permanently in a battle near the Lake of Homs. The head of the Khwarāzmian leader, Baraka Ḵhān, was given to Shams al-Dīn, who had it hung from the gate of the citadel in Aleppo.
In 1248, Shams al-Dīn convinced al-Nāṣir Yūsuf to annex Homs, then ruled by al-Ashraf Mūsā, to prevent it from forming a potent alliance with al-Ṣāliḥ Najm al-Dīn Ayyūb of Egypt. He led the army himself that successfully besieged Homs from May to August 1248. The Egyptian siege that soon followed, led by Fakhr al-Dīn ibn al-Shaykh, was broken off at the insistence of the ʿAbbāsid caliph, al-Mustaʿṣim, and because of the impending Seventh Crusade. As a result, Egypt recognized al-Nāṣir as ruler of Homs.
Shams al-Dīn moved with al-Nāṣir to Damascus after its conquest in 1250. He urged al-Nāṣir to send an embassy to Karakorum to make formal submission to Mongke, Great Khan of the Mongols. Ultimately, Zayn al-Dīn al-Ḥāfiẓī was sent in 1250 and returned with formal recognition of al-Nāṣir's position from the Great Khan.
Following the mamlūk uprising in Egypt, Shams al-Dīn urged al-Nāṣir to re-conquer Egypt for the dynasty. Ibn Wāṣil records that his own mamlūks had begun to favour their Turkic co-ethnics in Egypt. During the invasion of Egypt, he was captured at the battle of Kurāʿ on 3 February 1251. Despite the entreaties of Ḥusām al-Dīn ibn Abī ʿĀlī, who believed the captive was a valuable hostage, the Mamlūk ruler, Quṭb al-Dīn Aybak, ordered Shams al-Dīn executed. Ibn Wāṣil blames his defeat and capture on his own "mismanagement", but admits that had he "not been killed ... he would have entered Cairo" at the head of the other commanders such as al-Muʿaẓẓam Tūrānshāh ibn Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn, who were actually brought to Cairo as captives.
The death of his "guiding spirit" and "chief advisor" was a major blow to al-Nāṣir, whose reign never again saw the succession of triumphs that had characterized it under Shams al-Dīn.
Notes
^ Arabic: شمس الدين لؤلؤ.
^ a b Morray 1994, p. 64.
^ Eddé 1997, p. 235.
^ Humphreys 1977, p. 229.
^ Humphreys 1977, pp. 286–287 and 459 n67.
^ a b Humphreys 1977, p. 313.
^ Humphreys 1977, p. 317.
^ Humphreys 1977, pp. 286–287.
^ Humphreys 1977, pp. 294–296.
^ Humphreys 1977, pp. 334–335.
^ Humphreys 1977, p. 314.
^ Jackson 2007, p. 220.
^ a b Humphreys 1977, pp. 317–319.
^ Jackson 2007, pp. 221–222.
^ Humphreys 1977, pp. 320–321.
Bibliography
Eddé, Anne-Marie (1997). "Kurdes et Tures dans l'armee ayyoubide de Syrie du Nord". In Ya'acov Lev (ed.). War and Society in the Eastern Mediterranean, 7th–15th Centuries. E. J. Brill. pp. 225–236.
Humphreys, R. Stephen (1977). From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus, 1193–1260. State University of New York Press.
Jackson, Peter, ed. (2007). The Seventh Crusade, 1244–1254: Sources and Documents. Ashgate.
Morray, David W. (1994). An Ayyubid Notable and his World: Ibn al-ʿAdīm and Aleppo as Portrayed in his Biographical Dictionary of People Associated with the City. E. J. Brill.
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In 1225 or 1226, he invited his fellow Mosul native, Ibn Bāṭīsh, back to Aleppo, where the latter had previously lived in 1205–1206 and 1223. According to Ibn al-ʿAdīm's biographical dictionary of Aleppo, Ibn Bāṭīsh lived with Shams al-Dīn, who relied on his advice in conducting his affairs. According to ʿIzz al-Dīn ibn Shaddād, Shams al-Dīn founded a school in Aleppo.[2]By 1236, Shams al-Dīn held the rank of emir. In that year, he was one of two emirs appointed to the four-man regency council for the seven-year-old al-Nāṣir, the other being ʿIzz al-Dīn ʿUmar ibn Mujallī. The vizier Ibn al-Qifṭī also sat on the council, while actual power was exercised by the child's grandmother, Ḍayfa Khātūn, who was represented on the council by Jamāl al-Dawla Iqbāl al-Khātūnī.[4] The regency formally ended with her death in 1242, but, as the ruler was still a child, Shams al-Dīn was the de facto head of government in Aleppo.[5] He remained throughout his life the commander-in-chief of the Aleppan army.[6] Towards the end, however, he was distrusted by the Turkic mamlūks (slave soldiers) of the elite ʿAzīziyya and Nāṣiriyya contingents.[7]","title":"Early life and regency"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"al-Manṣūr of Homs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mansur_Ibrahim"},{"link_name":"Khwarāzmians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khwarazmian_army_between_1231_and_1246"},{"link_name":"Lake of Homs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_of_Homs"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys1977286%E2%80%93287-8"},{"link_name":"al-Ashraf Mūsā","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ashraf_Musa,_Emir_of_Homs"},{"link_name":"al-Ṣāliḥ Najm al-Dīn Ayyūb of Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Salih_Ayyub"},{"link_name":"Fakhr al-Dīn ibn al-Shaykh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fakhr_al-D%C4%ABn_ibn_al-Shaykh"},{"link_name":"ʿAbbāsid caliph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid_caliph"},{"link_name":"al-Mustaʿṣim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Musta%27sim"},{"link_name":"Seventh Crusade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh_Crusade"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys1977294%E2%80%93296-9"},{"link_name":"Damascus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys1977313-6"},{"link_name":"Karakorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakorum"},{"link_name":"Mongke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongke"},{"link_name":"Mongols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_Empire"},{"link_name":"Zayn al-Dīn al-Ḥāfiẓī","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zayn_al-D%C4%ABn_al-%E1%B8%A4%C4%81fi%E1%BA%93%C4%AB&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys1977334%E2%80%93335-10"},{"link_name":"mamlūk uprising in Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys1977314-11"},{"link_name":"Ibn Wāṣil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_W%C4%81%E1%B9%A3il"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2007220-12"},{"link_name":"battle of Kurāʿ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kur%C4%81%CA%BF"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys1977317%E2%80%93319-13"},{"link_name":"Ḥusām al-Dīn ibn Abī ʿĀlī","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E1%B8%A4us%C4%81m_al-D%C4%ABn_ibn_Ab%C4%AB_%CA%BF%C4%80l%C4%AB&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Quṭb al-Dīn Aybak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aybak"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys1977317%E2%80%93319-13"},{"link_name":"al-Muʿaẓẓam Tūrānshāh ibn Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mu%27azzam_Turanshah_ibn_Salah_al-Din"},{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2007221%E2%80%93222-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys1977320%E2%80%93321-15"}],"text":"In May 1246, Shams al-Dīn, in alliance with Emir al-Manṣūr of Homs, led the army of Aleppo against the Khwarāzmians. Because of his greater experience with the Khwarāzmians, al-Manṣūr took command of the combined army and on 18 May crushed the Khwarāzmian power in Syria permanently in a battle near the Lake of Homs. The head of the Khwarāzmian leader, Baraka Ḵhān, was given to Shams al-Dīn, who had it hung from the gate of the citadel in Aleppo.[8]In 1248, Shams al-Dīn convinced al-Nāṣir Yūsuf to annex Homs, then ruled by al-Ashraf Mūsā, to prevent it from forming a potent alliance with al-Ṣāliḥ Najm al-Dīn Ayyūb of Egypt. He led the army himself that successfully besieged Homs from May to August 1248. The Egyptian siege that soon followed, led by Fakhr al-Dīn ibn al-Shaykh, was broken off at the insistence of the ʿAbbāsid caliph, al-Mustaʿṣim, and because of the impending Seventh Crusade. As a result, Egypt recognized al-Nāṣir as ruler of Homs.[9]Shams al-Dīn moved with al-Nāṣir to Damascus after its conquest in 1250.[6] He urged al-Nāṣir to send an embassy to Karakorum to make formal submission to Mongke, Great Khan of the Mongols. Ultimately, Zayn al-Dīn al-Ḥāfiẓī was sent in 1250 and returned with formal recognition of al-Nāṣir's position from the Great Khan.[10]Following the mamlūk uprising in Egypt, Shams al-Dīn urged al-Nāṣir to re-conquer Egypt for the dynasty.[11] Ibn Wāṣil records that his own mamlūks had begun to favour their Turkic co-ethnics in Egypt.[12] During the invasion of Egypt, he was captured at the battle of Kurāʿ on 3 February 1251.[13] Despite the entreaties of Ḥusām al-Dīn ibn Abī ʿĀlī, who believed the captive was a valuable hostage, the Mamlūk ruler, Quṭb al-Dīn Aybak, ordered Shams al-Dīn executed.[13] Ibn Wāṣil blames his defeat and capture on his own \"mismanagement\", but admits that had he \"not been killed ... he would have entered Cairo\" at the head of the other commanders such as al-Muʿaẓẓam Tūrānshāh ibn Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn, who were actually brought to Cairo as captives.[14]The death of his \"guiding spirit\" and \"chief advisor\" was a major blow to al-Nāṣir, whose reign never again saw the succession of triumphs that had characterized it under Shams al-Dīn.[15]","title":"Commander-in-chief and chief advisor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorray199464_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorray199464_2-1"},{"link_name":"Morray 1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMorray1994"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdd%C3%A91997235_3-0"},{"link_name":"Eddé 1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFEdd%C3%A91997"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphreys1977229_4-0"},{"link_name":"Humphreys 1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHumphreys1977"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphreys1977286%E2%80%93287_and_459_n67_5-0"},{"link_name":"Humphreys 1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHumphreys1977"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphreys1977313_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphreys1977313_6-1"},{"link_name":"Humphreys 1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHumphreys1977"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphreys1977317_7-0"},{"link_name":"Humphreys 1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHumphreys1977"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphreys1977286%E2%80%93287_8-0"},{"link_name":"Humphreys 1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHumphreys1977"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphreys1977294%E2%80%93296_9-0"},{"link_name":"Humphreys 1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHumphreys1977"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphreys1977334%E2%80%93335_10-0"},{"link_name":"Humphreys 1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHumphreys1977"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphreys1977314_11-0"},{"link_name":"Humphreys 1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHumphreys1977"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2007220_12-0"},{"link_name":"Jackson 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFJackson2007"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphreys1977317%E2%80%93319_13-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphreys1977317%E2%80%93319_13-1"},{"link_name":"Humphreys 1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHumphreys1977"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2007221%E2%80%93222_14-0"},{"link_name":"Jackson 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFJackson2007"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphreys1977320%E2%80%93321_15-0"},{"link_name":"Humphreys 1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHumphreys1977"}],"text":"^ Arabic: شمس الدين لؤلؤ.\n\n^ a b Morray 1994, p. 64.\n\n^ Eddé 1997, p. 235.\n\n^ Humphreys 1977, p. 229.\n\n^ Humphreys 1977, pp. 286–287 and 459 n67.\n\n^ a b Humphreys 1977, p. 313.\n\n^ Humphreys 1977, p. 317.\n\n^ Humphreys 1977, pp. 286–287.\n\n^ Humphreys 1977, pp. 294–296.\n\n^ Humphreys 1977, pp. 334–335.\n\n^ Humphreys 1977, p. 314.\n\n^ Jackson 2007, p. 220.\n\n^ a b Humphreys 1977, pp. 317–319.\n\n^ Jackson 2007, pp. 221–222.\n\n^ Humphreys 1977, pp. 320–321.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Eddé, Anne-Marie (1997). \"Kurdes et Tures dans l'armee ayyoubide de Syrie du Nord\". In Ya'acov Lev (ed.). War and Society in the Eastern Mediterranean, 7th–15th Centuries. E. J. Brill. pp. 225–236.\nHumphreys, R. Stephen (1977). From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus, 1193–1260. State University of New York Press.\nJackson, Peter, ed. (2007). The Seventh Crusade, 1244–1254: Sources and Documents. Ashgate.\nMorray, David W. (1994). An Ayyubid Notable and his World: Ibn al-ʿAdīm and Aleppo as Portrayed in his Biographical Dictionary of People Associated with the City. E. J. Brill.","title":"Bibliography"}]
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[{"reference":"Eddé, Anne-Marie (1997). \"Kurdes et Tures dans l'armee ayyoubide de Syrie du Nord\". In Ya'acov Lev (ed.). War and Society in the Eastern Mediterranean, 7th–15th Centuries. E. J. Brill. pp. 225–236.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Humphreys, R. Stephen (1977). From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus, 1193–1260. State University of New York Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Jackson, Peter, ed. (2007). The Seventh Crusade, 1244–1254: Sources and Documents. Ashgate.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Morray, David W. (1994). An Ayyubid Notable and his World: Ibn al-ʿAdīm and Aleppo as Portrayed in his Biographical Dictionary of People Associated with the City. E. J. Brill.","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaz%27s_Underworld
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Underworld (comic strip)
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["1 See also"]
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American comic strip by Kaz
This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (March 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Q: "Billy, what life form does God take the most delight in?"
Underworld is an adult-themed comic strip written and drawn by the artist Kaz since 1992. It runs in many American alternative weeklies such as the New York Press and the SF Bay Guardian. It features regular characters such as Smoking Cat, Sam Snuff, Creep Rat, Nuzzle, Petit Mort, and others, interacting within an archetypal inner-city environment. The strip's humor is often abstract, with observations such as that God's favorite form of life is the doofus.
Six book collections of Underworld strips have been published by Fantagraphics Books:
Underworld: Cruel and Unusual Comics
Bare Bulbs: Underworld Two
Ink Punk: Underworld Three
Duh: Underworld 4
Underworld 5: My Little Funny
Underworld 6: We Are Not Saints
Underworld: From Hoboken to Hollywood - omnibus collection.
See also
Official site
This comic strip–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Herbert_(writer)
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Mary Sidney
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["1 Biography","1.1 Early life","1.2 Marriage and children","1.3 Later life","2 Literary career","2.1 Wilton House","2.2 Sidney psalter","2.3 Other works","3 In popular culture","4 Ancestry","5 Related pages","6 Notes","7 References","8 Sources","9 Further reading","10 External links"]
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English poet, playwright and patron (1561–1621)
For other people named Mary Sidney, see Mary Sidney (disambiguation).
Mary HerbertPortrait of Mary Herbert (née Sidney), by Nicholas Hilliard, c. 1590.Countess of PembrokeTenure19 January 1601 - 19 January 1601 Known forLiterary patron, authorBorn27 October 1561Tickenhill Palace, Bewdley, EnglandDied25 September 1621 (aged 59)London, EnglandBuriedSalisbury CathedralNoble familySidneySpouse(s)Henry Herbert, 2nd Earl of PembrokeIssueWilliam Herbert, 3rd Earl of PembrokeKatherine HerbertAnne HerbertPhilip Herbert, 4th Earl of PembrokeFatherHenry SidneyMotherMary Dudley
Mary Herbert, Countess of Pembroke (née Sidney, 27 October 1561 – 25 September 1621) was among the first Englishwomen to gain notice for her poetry and her literary patronage. By the age of 39, she was listed with her brother Philip Sidney and with Edmund Spenser and William Shakespeare among the notable authors of the day in John Bodenham's verse miscellany Belvidere. Her play Antonius is widely seen as reviving interest in soliloquy based on classical models and as a likely source of Samuel Daniel's closet drama Cleopatra (1594) and of Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra (1607). She was also known for translating Petrarch's "Triumph of Death", for the poetry anthology Triumphs, and above all for a lyrical, metrical translation of the Psalms.
Biography
Early life
Mary Sidney was born on 27 October 1561 at Tickenhill Palace in the parish of Bewdley, Worcestershire. She was one of the seven children – three sons and four daughters – of Sir Henry Sidney and wife Mary Dudley. Their eldest son was Sir Philip Sidney (1554–1586), and their second son Robert Sidney (1563–1626), who later became Earl of Leicester. As a child, she spent much time at court where her mother was a gentlewoman of the Privy Chamber and a close confidante of Queen Elizabeth I. Like her brother Philip, she received a humanist education which included music, needlework, and Latin, French and Italian. After the death of Sidney's youngest sister, Ambrosia, in 1575, the Queen requested that Mary return to court to join the royal entourage.
Marriage and children
Arms of Herbert: Per pale azure and gules, three lions rampant argent
In 1577, Mary Sidney married Henry Herbert, 2nd Earl of Pembroke (1538–1601), a close ally of the family. The marriage was arranged by her father in concert with her uncle, Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester. After her marriage, Mary became responsible with her husband for the management of a number of estates which he owned including Ramsbury, Ivychurch, Wilton House, and Baynard's Castle in London, where it is known that they entertained Queen Elizabeth to dinner. She had four children by her husband:
William Herbert, 3rd Earl of Pembroke (1580–1630), was the eldest son and heir.
Katherine Herbert (1581–1584) died as an infant.
Anne Herbert (born 1583 – after 1603) was thought also to have been a writer and a storyteller.
Philip Herbert, 4th Earl of Pembroke (1584–1650), succeeded his brother in 1630. Philip and his older brother William were the "incomparable pair of brethren" to whom the First Folio of Shakespeare's collected works was dedicated in 1623.
Mary Sidney was an aunt to the poet Mary Wroth, daughter of her brother Robert.
Later life
The death of Sidney's husband in 1601 left her with less financial support than she might have expected, though views on its adequacy vary; at the time the majority of an estate was left to the eldest son.
In addition to the arts, Sidney had a range of interests. She had a chemistry laboratory at Wilton House, where she developed medicines and invisible ink. From 1609 to 1615, Mary Sidney probably spent most of her time at Crosby Hall in London.
She travelled with her doctor, Matthew Lister, to Spa, Belgium in 1616. Dudley Carleton met her in the company of Helene de Melun, "Countess of Berlaymont", wife of Florent de Berlaymont the governor of Luxembourg. The two women amused themselves with pistol shooting. Sir John Throckmorton heard she went on to Amiens. There is conjecture that she married Lister, but no evidence of this.
She died of smallpox on 25 September 1621, aged 59, at her townhouse in Aldersgate Street in London, shortly after King James I had visited her at the newly completed Houghton House in Bedfordshire. After a grand funeral in St Paul's Cathedral, her body was buried in Salisbury Cathedral, next to that of her late husband in the Herbert family vault, under the steps leading to the choir stalls, where the mural monument still stands.
Literary career
Wilton House
The title page of Sidney's The Tragedy of Antony, her interpretation of the story of Mark Antony and Cleopatra.
Mary Sidney turned Wilton House into a "paradise for poets", known as the "Wilton Circle," a salon-type literary group sustained by her hospitality, which included Edmund Spenser, Samuel Daniel, Michael Drayton, Ben Jonson, and Sir John Davies. John Aubrey wrote, "Wilton House was like a college, there were so many learned and ingenious persons. She was the greatest patroness of wit and learning of any lady in her time." It has been suggested that the premiere of Shakespeare's As You Like It was at Wilton during her life.
First page of As You Like It from the First Folio of Shakespeare's plays; the first performance of the play may have been at Mary Sidney's house at Wilton
Sidney received more dedications than any other woman of non-royal status. By some accounts, King James I visited Wilton on his way to his coronation in 1603 and stayed again at Wilton following the coronation to avoid the plague. She was regarded as a muse by Daniel in his sonnet cycle "Delia", an anagram for ideal.
Her brother, Philip Sidney, wrote much of his Arcadia in her presence, at Wilton House. He also probably began preparing his English lyric version of the Book of Psalms at Wilton as well.
Sidney psalter
Philip Sidney had completed translating 43 of the 150 Psalms at the time of his death on a military campaign against the Spanish in the Netherlands in 1586. She finished his translation, composing Psalms 44 through to 150 in a dazzling array of verse forms, using the 1560 Geneva Bible and commentaries by John Calvin and Theodore Beza. Hallett Smith has called the psalter a "School of English Versification" Smith (1946), of 171 poems (Psalm 119 is a gathering of 22 separate ones). A copy of the completed psalter was prepared for Queen Elizabeth I in 1599, in anticipation of a royal visit to Wilton, but Elizabeth cancelled her planned visit. This work is usually referred to as The Sidney Psalms or The Sidney-Pembroke Psalter and regarded as a major influence on the development of English religious lyric poetry in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. John Donne wrote a poem celebrating the verse psalter and claiming he could "scarce" call the English Church reformed until its psalter had been modelled after the poetic transcriptions of Philip Sidney and Mary Herbert.
Although the psalms were not printed in her lifetime, they were extensively distributed in manuscript. There are 17 manuscripts extant today. A later engraving of Herbert shows her holding them. Her literary influence can be seen in literary patronage, in publishing her brother's works and in her own verse forms, dramas, and translations. Contemporary poets who commended Herbert's psalms include Samuel Daniel, Sir John Davies, John Donne, Michael Drayton, Sir John Harington, Ben Jonson, Emilia Lanier and Thomas Moffet. The importance of these is evident in the devotional lyrics of Barnabe Barnes, Nicholas Breton, Henry Constable, Francis Davison, Giles Fletcher, and Abraham Fraunce. Their influence on the later religious poetry of Donne, George Herbert, Henry Vaughan, and John Milton has been critically recognized since Louis Martz placed it at the start of a developing tradition of 17th-century devotional lyricism.
Sidney was instrumental in bringing her brother's An Apology for Poetry or Defence of Poesy into print. She circulated the Sidney–Pembroke Psalter in manuscript at about the same time. This suggests a common purpose in their design. Both argued, in formally different ways, for the ethical recuperation of poetry as an instrument for moral instruction — particularly religious instruction. Sidney also took on editing and publishing her brother's Arcadia, which he claimed to have written in her presence as The Countesse of Pembroke's Arcadia.
Other works
Sidney's closet drama Antonius is a translation of a French play, Marc-Antoine (1578) by Robert Garnier. Mary is known to have translated two other works: A Discourse of Life and Death by Philippe de Mornay, published with Antonius in 1592, and Petrarch's The Triumph of Death, circulated in manuscript. Her original poems include the pastoral "A Dialogue betweene Two Shepheards, Thenot and Piers, in praise of Astrea," and two dedicatory addresses, one to Elizabeth I and one to her own brother Philip, contained in the Tixall manuscript copy of her verse psalter. An elegy for Philip, "The dolefull lay of Clorinda", was published in Colin Clouts Come Home Againe (1595) and attributed to Spenser and to Mary Herbert, but Pamela Coren attributes it to Spenser, though also saying that Mary's poetic reputation does not suffer from loss of the attribution.
By at least 1591, the Pembrokes were providing patronage to a playing company, Pembroke's Men, one of the early companies to perform works of Shakespeare. According to one account, Shakespeare's company "The King's Men" performed at Wilton at this time.
June and Paul Schlueter published an article in The Times Literary Supplement of 23 July 2010 describing a manuscript of newly discovered works by Mary Sidney Herbert.
Her poetic epitaph, ascribed to Ben Jonson but more likely to have been written in an earlier form by the poets William Browne and her son William, summarizes how she was regarded in her own day:
Underneath this sable hearse,
Lies the subject of all verse,
Sidney's sister, Pembroke's mother.
Death, ere thou hast slain another
Fair and learned and good as she,
Time shall throw a dart at thee.
Her literary talents and aforementioned family connections to Shakespeare has caused her to be nominated as one of the many claimants named as the true author of the works of William Shakespeare in the Shakespeare authorship question.
In popular culture
Mary Sidney appears as a character in Deborah Harkness's novel Shadow of Night, which is the second instalment of her All Souls trilogy. Sidney is portrayed by Amanda Hale in the second season of the television adaptation of the book.
Ancestry
Ancestors of Mary Sidney 8. Nicholas Sidney 4. Sir William Sidney 9. Anne Brandon 2. Henry Sidney 10. Sir Hugh Pakenham 5. Anne Pakenham 1. Mary Sidney 12. Edmund Dudley 6. John Dudley 13. Elizabeth Grey 3. Mary Dudley 14. Edward Guildford 7. Jane Guildford 15. Eleanor West
Related pages
Philip Sidney
Isabella Whitney
Sidney Psalms
Edmund Spenser
Samuel Daniel
Notes
^ Each portrays the lovers as "heroic victims of their own passionate excesses and remorseless destiny".Shakespeare (1990, p. 7)
References
^ Bodenham 1911.
^ a b c d e f ODNB 2008.
^ ODNB 2014.
^ ODNB 2008b.
^ Pugh & Crittall 1956, pp. 289–295.
^ a b Hannay, Kinnamon & Brennan 1998, pp. 1–93.
^ Williams 2006.
^ Margaret Hannay, 'Reconstructing the Lives of Aristocratic Englishwomen', Betty Travitsky & Adele Seef, Attending to Women in Early Modern England (University of Delaware Press, 1994), p. 49: Maurice Lee, Dudley Carleton to John Chamberlain, 1603-1624 (Rutgers UP, 1972), p. 209.
^ William Shaw & G. Dyfnallt Owen, HMC 77 Viscount De L'Isle, Penshurst, vol. 5 (London, 1961), p. 245.
^ Britain Magazine 2017.
^ Aubrey & Barber 1982.
^ F. E. Halliday (1964). A Shakespeare Companion 1564–1964, Baltimore: Penguin, p. 531.
^ a b Williams 1962.
^ Daniel 1592.
^ Martz 1954.
^ Donne 1599, contained in Chambers (1896).
^ Walpole 1806.
^ Mary Herbert as illustrated in Horace Walpole, A Catalogue of the Royal and Noble Authors of England, Scotland, and Ireland.
^ Coles 2012.
^ Sidney 2003.
^ Herbert 2014.
^ Coren 2002.
^ Halliday 1977, p. 531.
^ Schlueter & Schlueter 2010.
^ Underwood, Anne. “Was the Bard a Woman?” Newsweek 28 June 2004.
^ Williams, Robin P. Sweet Swan of Avon: Did a Woman Write Shakespeare? Wilton Circle Press, 2006.
Sources
Adams, Simon (2008b) , "Sidney , Mary, Lady Sidney", ODNB, OUP, doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/69749 (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
Aubrey, John; Barber, Richard W (1982). Brief Lives. Boydell. ISBN 9780851152066.
Bodenham, John (1911) . Hoops, Johannes; Crawford, Charles (eds.). Belvidere, or the Garden of the Muses. Liepzig. pp. 198–228.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Britain Magazine, Natasha Foges (2017). "Mary Sidney: Countess of Pembroke and literary trailblazer". Britain Magazine | the Official Magazine of Visit Britain | Best of British History, Royal Family,Travel and Culture.
Chambers, Edmund Kerchever, ed. (1896). The Poems of John Donne. Introduction by George Saintsbury. Lawrence & Bullen/Routledge. pp. 188–190.
Coles, Kimberly Anne (2012). "Mary (Sidney) Herbert, countess of Pembroke". In Sullivan, Garrett A; Stewart, Alan; Lemon, Rebecca; McDowell, Nicholas; Richard, Jennifer (eds.). The Encyclopedia of English Renaissance Literature. Blackwell. ISBN 978-1405194495.
Coren, Pamela (2002). "Colin Clouts come home againe | Edmund Spenser, Mary Sidney, and the doleful lay". SEL: Studies in English Literature 1500–1900. 42 (1): 25–41. doi:10.1353/sel.2002.0003. ISSN 1522-9270. S2CID 162410376.
Daniel, Samuel (1592). "Delia".
Donne, John (1599) . "Upon the translation of the Psalmes by Sir Philip Sidney, and the Countesse of Pembroke his Sister". In Gardner, Helen (ed.). Divine Poems | Occassional Poems (subscription required). doi:10.1093/actrade/9780198118367.book.1. ISBN 978-0198118367.
Halliday, Frank Ernest (1977). A Shakespeare Companion 1564–1964. Penguin/Duckworth. ISBN 978-0715603093.
Hannay, Margaret; Kinnamon, Noel J; Brennan, Michael, eds. (1998). The Collected Works of Mary Sidney Herbert, Countess of Pembroke. Vol. I: Poems, Translations, and Correspondence. Clarendon. ISBN 978-0198112808. OCLC 37213729.
Hannay, Margaret Patterson (2008) , "Herbert , Mary, countess of Pembroke", ODNB, OUP, doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/13040 (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
Herbert, Mary (2014) . "A dialogue betweene two shepheards, Thenot and Piers, in praise of Astrea". In Goldring, Elizabeth; Eales, Faith; Clarke, Elizabeth; Archer, Jayne Elisabeth; Heaton, Gabriel; Knight, Sarah (eds.). John Nichols's The Progresses and Public Processions of Queen Elizabeth I: A New Edition of the Early Modern Sources. Vol. 4: 1596–1603. Produced by John Nichols and Richard Gough (1788). OUP. doi:10.1093/oseo/instance.00058002. ISBN 978-0199551415.
"June and Paul Schlueter Discover Unknown Poems by Mary Sidney Herbert, Countess of Pembroke". Lafayette News. Lafayette College. 23 Sep 2010.
Martz, Louis L (1954). The poetry of meditation: a study in English religious literature of the seventeenth century (2nd ed.). Yale UP. ISBN 978-0300001655. OCLC 17701003.
Pugh, R B; Crittall, E, eds. (1956). "Houses of Augustinian canons: Priory of Ivychurch". A History of the County of Wiltshire | British History Online. A History of the County of Wiltshire. Vol. III.
Shakespeare, William (1990) . Bevington, David M (ed.). Antony and Cleopatra. CUP. ISBN 978-0521272506.
Sidney, Philip (2003) . The Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia. Transcriptions: Heinrich Oskar Sommer (1891); Risa Stephanie Bear (2003). Renascence Editions, Oregon U.
Smith, Hallett (1946). "English Metrical Psalms in the Sixteenth Century and Their Literary Significance". Huntington Library Quarterly. 9 (3): 249–271. doi:10.2307/3816008. JSTOR 3816008.
Walpole, Horatio (1806). "Mary, Countess of Pembroke". A Catalogue of the Royal and Noble Authors of England, Scotland and Ireland; with Lists of Their Works. Vol. II. Enlarged and continued — Thomas Park. J Scott. pp. 198–207.
Williams, Franklin B (1962). The literary patronesses of Renaissance England. Vol. 9. pp. 364–366. doi:10.1093/nq/9-10-364b. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
Williams, Robin P (2006). Sweet Swan of Avon: Did a woman write Shakespeare?. Peachpit. ISBN 978-0321426406.
Woudhuysen, H R (2014) , "Sidney, Sir Philip", ODNB, OUP, doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/25522 (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
Further reading
Clarke, Danielle (1997). "'Lover's songs shall turne to holy psalmes': Mary Sidney and the transformation of Petrarch". Modern Language Review. 92 (2). MHRA: 282–294. doi:10.2307/3734802. JSTOR 3734802.
Coles, Kimberly Anne (2008). Religion, reform, and women's writing in early modern England. CUP. ISBN 978-0521880671.
Goodrich, Jaime (2013). Faithful Translators: Authorship, Gender, and Religion in Early Modern England. Northwestern UP. ISBN 978-0810129696.
Hamlin, Hannibal (2004). Psalm culture and early modern English literature. CUP. ISBN 978-0521037068.
Hannay, Margaret P (1990). Philip's phoenix: Mary Sidney, countess of Pembroke. OUP. ISBN 978-0195057799.
Lamb, Mary Ellen (1990). Gender and authorship in the Sidney circle. Wisconsin UP. ISBN 978-0299126940.
Prescott, Anne Lake (2002). "Mary Sidney's Antonius and the ambiguities of French history". Yearbook of English Studies. 38 (1–2). MHRA: 216–233. doi:10.1353/yes.2008.0021. S2CID 151238607.
Quitslund, Beth (2005). "Teaching us how to sing? The peculiarity of the Sidney psalter". Sidney Journal. 23 (1–2). Faculty of English, U Cambridge: 83–110.
Rathmell, J C A, ed. (1963). The psalms of Sir Philip Sidney and the countess of Pembroke. New York UP. ISBN 978-0814703861.
Rienstra, Debra; Kinnamon, Noel (2002). "Circulating the Sidney–Pembroke psalter". In Justice, George L; Tinker, Nathan (eds.). Women's writing and the circulation of ideas: manuscript publication in England, 1550–1800. CUP. pp. 50–72. ISBN 978-0521808569.
Trill, Suzanne (2010). "'In poesie the mirrois of our age': the countess of Pembroke's 'Sydnean' poetics". In Cartwright, Kent (ed.). A companion to Tudor literature. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 428–443. ISBN 978-1405154772.
White, Micheline (2005). "Protestant Women's Writing and Congregational Psalm Singing: from the Song of the Exiled "Handmaid" (1555) to the Countess of Pembroke's Psalmes (1599)". Sidney Journal. 23 (1–2). Faculty of English, U Cambridge: 61–82.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mary Sidney Herbert.
Works by Mary Sidney at Project Gutenberg
Works by Mary Sidney at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
Works by or about Mary Sidney at Internet Archive
"The Works of Mary (Sidney) Herbert" (for some of the original texts and Psalms), luminarium.org; accessed 27 March 2014.
Project Continua: Biography of Mary Sidney
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mary Sidney (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Sidney_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"née","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names"},{"link_name":"Philip Sidney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Sidney"},{"link_name":"Edmund Spenser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Spenser"},{"link_name":"William Shakespeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare"},{"link_name":"John Bodenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bodenham"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodenham1911-1"},{"link_name":"Samuel Daniel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Daniel"},{"link_name":"closet drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closet_drama"},{"link_name":"[A]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Petrarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrarch"},{"link_name":"Triumphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triumphs"},{"link_name":"metrical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrical_Psalms"}],"text":"For other people named Mary Sidney, see Mary Sidney (disambiguation).Mary Herbert, Countess of Pembroke (née Sidney, 27 October 1561 – 25 September 1621) was among the first Englishwomen to gain notice for her poetry and her literary patronage. By the age of 39, she was listed with her brother Philip Sidney and with Edmund Spenser and William Shakespeare among the notable authors of the day in John Bodenham's verse miscellany Belvidere.[1] Her play Antonius is widely seen as reviving interest in soliloquy based on classical models and as a likely source of Samuel Daniel's closet drama Cleopatra (1594) and of Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra (1607).[A] She was also known for translating Petrarch's \"Triumph of Death\", for the poetry anthology Triumphs, and above all for a lyrical, metrical translation of the Psalms.","title":"Mary Sidney"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tickenhill Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tickenhill_Palace"},{"link_name":"Bewdley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bewdley"},{"link_name":"Worcestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcestershire"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODNB2008-3"},{"link_name":"Henry Sidney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Sidney"},{"link_name":"Mary Dudley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Dudley,_Lady_Sidney"},{"link_name":"Philip Sidney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Sidney"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODNB2014-4"},{"link_name":"Robert Sidney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Sidney,_1st_Earl_of_Leicester"},{"link_name":"gentlewoman of the Privy Chamber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_chamber"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_I"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODNB2008b-5"},{"link_name":"humanist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanist"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODNB2008-3"}],"sub_title":"Early life","text":"Mary Sidney was born on 27 October 1561 at Tickenhill Palace in the parish of Bewdley, Worcestershire.[2] She was one of the seven children – three sons and four daughters – of Sir Henry Sidney and wife Mary Dudley. Their eldest son was Sir Philip Sidney (1554–1586),[3] and their second son Robert Sidney (1563–1626), who later became Earl of Leicester. As a child, she spent much time at court where her mother was a gentlewoman of the Privy Chamber and a close confidante of Queen Elizabeth I.[4] Like her brother Philip, she received a humanist education which included music, needlework, and Latin, French and Italian. After the death of Sidney's youngest sister, Ambrosia, in 1575, the Queen requested that Mary return to court to join the royal entourage.[2]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Herbert_arms.svg"},{"link_name":"Henry Herbert, 2nd Earl of Pembroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Herbert,_2nd_Earl_of_Pembroke"},{"link_name":"Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Dudley,_Earl_of_Leicester"},{"link_name":"Ivychurch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivychurch_Priory"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPughCrittall1956289%E2%80%93295-6"},{"link_name":"Wilton House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilton_House"},{"link_name":"Baynard's Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baynard%27s_Castle"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_London"},{"link_name":"William Herbert, 3rd Earl of Pembroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Herbert,_3rd_Earl_of_Pembroke"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannayKinnamonBrennan19981%E2%80%9393-7"},{"link_name":"Anne Herbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anne_Herbert_(courtier)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannayKinnamonBrennan19981%E2%80%9393-7"},{"link_name":"Philip Herbert, 4th Earl of Pembroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Herbert,_4th_Earl_of_Pembroke"},{"link_name":"First Folio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Folio"},{"link_name":"Mary Wroth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Mary_Wroth"}],"sub_title":"Marriage and children","text":"Arms of Herbert: Per pale azure and gules, three lions rampant argentIn 1577, Mary Sidney married Henry Herbert, 2nd Earl of Pembroke (1538–1601), a close ally of the family. The marriage was arranged by her father in concert with her uncle, Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester. After her marriage, Mary became responsible with her husband for the management of a number of estates which he owned including Ramsbury, Ivychurch,[5] Wilton House, and Baynard's Castle in London, where it is known that they entertained Queen Elizabeth to dinner. She had four children by her husband:William Herbert, 3rd Earl of Pembroke (1580–1630), was the eldest son and heir.\nKatherine Herbert (1581–1584)[6] died as an infant.\nAnne Herbert (born 1583 – after 1603) was thought also to have been a writer and a storyteller.[6]\nPhilip Herbert, 4th Earl of Pembroke (1584–1650), succeeded his brother in 1630. Philip and his older brother William were the \"incomparable pair of brethren\" to whom the First Folio of Shakespeare's collected works was dedicated in 1623.Mary Sidney was an aunt to the poet Mary Wroth, daughter of her brother Robert.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2006-8"},{"link_name":"Crosby Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosby_Hall,_London"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_London"},{"link_name":"Matthew Lister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Lister_(died_1657)"},{"link_name":"Spa, Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spa,_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Dudley Carleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dudley_Carleton,_1st_Viscount_Dorchester"},{"link_name":"Florent de Berlaymont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florent_de_Berlaymont"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Sir John Throckmorton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Throckmorton_(died_1624)"},{"link_name":"Amiens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiens"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBritain_Magazine2017-11"},{"link_name":"smallpox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox"},{"link_name":"townhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townhouse_(Great_Britain)"},{"link_name":"Aldersgate Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldersgate_Street"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_London"},{"link_name":"Houghton House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_House"},{"link_name":"Bedfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedfordshire"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODNB2008-3"},{"link_name":"St Paul's Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Salisbury Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salisbury_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODNB2008-3"}],"sub_title":"Later life","text":"The death of Sidney's husband in 1601 left her with less financial support than she might have expected, though views on its adequacy vary; at the time the majority of an estate was left to the eldest son.In addition to the arts, Sidney had a range of interests. She had a chemistry laboratory at Wilton House, where she developed medicines and invisible ink.[7] From 1609 to 1615, Mary Sidney probably spent most of her time at Crosby Hall in London.She travelled with her doctor, Matthew Lister, to Spa, Belgium in 1616. Dudley Carleton met her in the company of Helene de Melun, \"Countess of Berlaymont\", wife of Florent de Berlaymont the governor of Luxembourg. The two women amused themselves with pistol shooting.[8] Sir John Throckmorton heard she went on to Amiens.[9] There is conjecture that she married Lister, but no evidence of this.[10]She died of smallpox on 25 September 1621, aged 59, at her townhouse in Aldersgate Street in London, shortly after King James I had visited her at the newly completed Houghton House in Bedfordshire.[2] After a grand funeral in St Paul's Cathedral, her body was buried in Salisbury Cathedral, next to that of her late husband in the Herbert family vault, under the steps leading to the choir stalls, where the mural monument still stands.[2]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Literary career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1595_Tragedy_of_Antony.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mark Antony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Antony"},{"link_name":"Cleopatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra"},{"link_name":"Wilton Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilton_Circle"},{"link_name":"Edmund Spenser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Spenser"},{"link_name":"Samuel Daniel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Daniel"},{"link_name":"Michael Drayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Drayton"},{"link_name":"Ben Jonson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Jonson"},{"link_name":"Sir John Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_John_Davies"},{"link_name":"John Aubrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Aubrey"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAubreyBarber1982-12"},{"link_name":"Shakespeare's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare"},{"link_name":"As You Like It","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As_You_Like_It"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:First_Folio,_Shakespeare_-_0203.jpg"},{"link_name":"First Folio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Folio"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1962-14"},{"link_name":"sonnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonnet"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniel1592-15"},{"link_name":"Philip Sidney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Sidney"},{"link_name":"Arcadia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Countess_of_Pembroke%27s_Arcadia"},{"link_name":"Book of Psalms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Psalms"}],"sub_title":"Wilton House","text":"The title page of Sidney's The Tragedy of Antony, her interpretation of the story of Mark Antony and Cleopatra.Mary Sidney turned Wilton House into a \"paradise for poets\", known as the \"Wilton Circle,\" a salon-type literary group sustained by her hospitality, which included Edmund Spenser, Samuel Daniel, Michael Drayton, Ben Jonson, and Sir John Davies. John Aubrey wrote, \"Wilton House was like a college, there were so many learned and ingenious persons. She was the greatest patroness of wit and learning of any lady in her time.\"[11] It has been suggested that the premiere of Shakespeare's As You Like It was at Wilton during her life.[12]First page of As You Like It from the First Folio of Shakespeare's plays; the first performance of the play may have been at Mary Sidney's house at WiltonSidney received more dedications than any other woman of non-royal status.[13] By some accounts, King James I visited Wilton on his way to his coronation in 1603 and stayed again at Wilton following the coronation to avoid the plague. She was regarded as a muse by Daniel in his sonnet cycle \"Delia\", an anagram for ideal.[14]Her brother, Philip Sidney, wrote much of his Arcadia in her presence, at Wilton House. He also probably began preparing his English lyric version of the Book of Psalms at Wilton as well.","title":"Literary career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Geneva Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_Bible"},{"link_name":"John Calvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Calvin"},{"link_name":"Theodore Beza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Beza"},{"link_name":"Smith (1946)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSmith1946"},{"link_name":"psalter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psalter"},{"link_name":"The Sidney Psalms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sidney_Psalms"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartz1954-16"},{"link_name":"John Donne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Donne"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonne1599contained_in_[[#CITEREFChambers1896|Chambers_(1896)]]-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Michael Drayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Drayton"},{"link_name":"Sir John Harington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Harington_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Ben Jonson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Jonson"},{"link_name":"Emilia Lanier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilia_Lanier"},{"link_name":"Thomas Moffet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Moffet"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1962-14"},{"link_name":"Barnabe Barnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnabe_Barnes"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Breton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Breton"},{"link_name":"Henry Constable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Constable"},{"link_name":"Giles Fletcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giles_Fletcher"},{"link_name":"Abraham Fraunce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Fraunce"},{"link_name":"George Herbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Herbert"},{"link_name":"Henry Vaughan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Vaughan"},{"link_name":"John Milton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milton"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODNB2008-3"},{"link_name":"An Apology for Poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Apology_for_Poetry"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColes2012-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESidney2003-21"}],"sub_title":"Sidney psalter","text":"Philip Sidney had completed translating 43 of the 150 Psalms at the time of his death on a military campaign against the Spanish in the Netherlands in 1586. She finished his translation, composing Psalms 44 through to 150 in a dazzling array of verse forms, using the 1560 Geneva Bible and commentaries by John Calvin and Theodore Beza. Hallett Smith has called the psalter a \"School of English Versification\" Smith (1946), of 171 poems (Psalm 119 is a gathering of 22 separate ones). A copy of the completed psalter was prepared for Queen Elizabeth I in 1599, in anticipation of a royal visit to Wilton, but Elizabeth cancelled her planned visit. This work is usually referred to as The Sidney Psalms or The Sidney-Pembroke Psalter and regarded as a major influence on the development of English religious lyric poetry in the late 16th and early 17th centuries.[15] John Donne wrote a poem celebrating the verse psalter and claiming he could \"scarce\" call the English Church reformed until its psalter had been modelled after the poetic transcriptions of Philip Sidney and Mary Herbert.[16]Although the psalms were not printed in her lifetime, they were extensively distributed in manuscript. There are 17 manuscripts extant today. A later engraving of Herbert shows her holding them.[18] Her literary influence can be seen in literary patronage, in publishing her brother's works and in her own verse forms, dramas, and translations. Contemporary poets who commended Herbert's psalms include Samuel Daniel, Sir John Davies, John Donne, Michael Drayton, Sir John Harington, Ben Jonson, Emilia Lanier and Thomas Moffet.[13] The importance of these is evident in the devotional lyrics of Barnabe Barnes, Nicholas Breton, Henry Constable, Francis Davison, Giles Fletcher, and Abraham Fraunce. Their influence on the later religious poetry of Donne, George Herbert, Henry Vaughan, and John Milton has been critically recognized since Louis Martz placed it at the start of a developing tradition of 17th-century devotional lyricism.[2]Sidney was instrumental in bringing her brother's An Apology for Poetry or Defence of Poesy into print. She circulated the Sidney–Pembroke Psalter in manuscript at about the same time. This suggests a common purpose in their design. Both argued, in formally different ways, for the ethical recuperation of poetry as an instrument for moral instruction — particularly religious instruction.[19] Sidney also took on editing and publishing her brother's Arcadia, which he claimed to have written in her presence as The Countesse of Pembroke's Arcadia.[20]","title":"Literary career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Garnier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Garnier"},{"link_name":"Philippe de Mornay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_de_Mornay"},{"link_name":"Petrarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrarch"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerbert2014-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoren2002-23"},{"link_name":"playing company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playing_company"},{"link_name":"Pembroke's Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembroke%27s_Men"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalliday1977531-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlueterSchlueter2010-25"},{"link_name":"epitaph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epitaph"},{"link_name":"Ben Jonson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Jonson"},{"link_name":"William Browne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Browne_(poet)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODNB2008-3"},{"link_name":"Shakespeare authorship question","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare_authorship_question"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Other works","text":"Sidney's closet drama Antonius is a translation of a French play, Marc-Antoine (1578) by Robert Garnier. Mary is known to have translated two other works: A Discourse of Life and Death by Philippe de Mornay, published with Antonius in 1592, and Petrarch's The Triumph of Death, circulated in manuscript. Her original poems include the pastoral \"A Dialogue betweene Two Shepheards, Thenot and Piers, in praise of Astrea,\"[21] and two dedicatory addresses, one to Elizabeth I and one to her own brother Philip, contained in the Tixall manuscript copy of her verse psalter. An elegy for Philip, \"The dolefull lay of Clorinda\", was published in Colin Clouts Come Home Againe (1595) and attributed to Spenser and to Mary Herbert, but Pamela Coren attributes it to Spenser, though also saying that Mary's poetic reputation does not suffer from loss of the attribution.[22]By at least 1591, the Pembrokes were providing patronage to a playing company, Pembroke's Men, one of the early companies to perform works of Shakespeare. According to one account, Shakespeare's company \"The King's Men\" performed at Wilton at this time.[23]June and Paul Schlueter published an article in The Times Literary Supplement of 23 July 2010 describing a manuscript of newly discovered works by Mary Sidney Herbert.[24]Her poetic epitaph, ascribed to Ben Jonson but more likely to have been written in an earlier form by the poets William Browne and her son William, summarizes how she was regarded in her own day:[2]Underneath this sable hearse,\nLies the subject of all verse,\nSidney's sister, Pembroke's mother.\nDeath, ere thou hast slain another\nFair and learned and good as she,\nTime shall throw a dart at thee.Her literary talents and aforementioned family connections to Shakespeare has caused her to be nominated as one of the many claimants named as the true author of the works of William Shakespeare in the Shakespeare authorship question.[25][26]","title":"Literary career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Deborah Harkness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deborah_Harkness"},{"link_name":"Shadow of Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_of_Night"},{"link_name":"Amanda Hale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanda_Hale"},{"link_name":"television adaptation of the book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Discovery_of_Witches_(TV_series)"}],"text":"Mary Sidney appears as a character in Deborah Harkness's novel Shadow of Night, which is the second instalment of her All Souls trilogy. Sidney is portrayed by Amanda Hale in the second season of the television adaptation of the book.","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sir William Sidney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_William_Sidney"},{"link_name":"Henry Sidney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Sidney"},{"link_name":"Edmund Dudley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Dudley"},{"link_name":"John Dudley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dudley,_1st_Duke_of_Northumberland"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Grey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Grey,_6th_Baroness_Lisle"},{"link_name":"Mary Dudley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Dudley"},{"link_name":"Edward Guildford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Guildford"},{"link_name":"Jane Guildford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Dudley,_Duchess_of_Northumberland"}],"text":"Ancestors of Mary Sidney 8. Nicholas Sidney 4. Sir William Sidney 9. Anne Brandon 2. Henry Sidney 10. Sir Hugh Pakenham 5. Anne Pakenham 1. Mary Sidney 12. Edmund Dudley 6. John Dudley 13. Elizabeth Grey 3. Mary Dudley 14. Edward Guildford 7. Jane Guildford 15. Eleanor West","title":"Ancestry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philip Sidney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Sidney"},{"link_name":"Isabella Whitney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_Whitney"},{"link_name":"Sidney Psalms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Psalms"},{"link_name":"Edmund Spenser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Spenser"},{"link_name":"Samuel Daniel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Daniel"}],"text":"Philip Sidney\nIsabella Whitney\nSidney Psalms\nEdmund Spenser\nSamuel Daniel","title":"Related pages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Shakespeare (1990","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFShakespeare1990"}],"text":"^ Each portrays the lovers as \"heroic victims of their own passionate excesses and remorseless destiny\".Shakespeare (1990, p. 7)","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ODNB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/69749","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F69749"},{"link_name":"UK public library membership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public"},{"link_name":"Aubrey, John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Aubrey"},{"link_name":"Barber, Richard W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Barber"},{"link_name":"Brief Lives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=J57Irdoky70C&q=Brief+lives+%3A+a+modern+English+version"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780851152066","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780851152066"},{"link_name":"Bodenham, John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bodenham"},{"link_name":"Belvidere, or the Garden of the Muses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/englischestudien43leipuoft/page/198"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"},{"link_name":"\"Mary Sidney: Countess of Pembroke and literary trailblazer\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.britain-magazine.com/features/history/tudors/mary-sidney-tudor/"},{"link_name":"Chambers, Edmund Kerchever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._K._Chambers"},{"link_name":"The Poems of John Donne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bartleby.com/357/112.html"},{"link_name":"George Saintsbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Saintsbury"},{"link_name":"\"Mary (Sidney) Herbert, countess of Pembroke\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.literatureencyclopedia.com/subscriber/tocnode.html?id=g9781405194495_chunk_g978140519449511_ss1-24"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1405194495","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1405194495"},{"link_name":"SEL: Studies in English Literature 1500–1900","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEL:_Studies_in_English_Literature_1500%E2%80%931900"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1353/sel.2002.0003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1353%2Fsel.2002.0003"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1522-9270","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1522-9270"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"162410376","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162410376"},{"link_name":"Daniel, Samuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Daniel"},{"link_name":"\"Delia\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.theotherpages.org/poems/daniel02.html"},{"link_name":"Donne, John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Donne"},{"link_name":"\"Upon the translation of the Psalmes by Sir Philip Sidney, and the Countesse of Pembroke his Sister\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.oxfordscholarlyeditions.com/view/10.1093/actrade/9780198118367.book.1/actrade-9780198118367-div2-25"},{"link_name":"Gardner, Helen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Gardner_(critic)"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/actrade/9780198118367.book.1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Factrade%2F9780198118367.book.1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0198118367","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198118367"},{"link_name":"Halliday, Frank Ernest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._E._Halliday"},{"link_name":"A Shakespeare Companion 1564–1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/shakespearecompa0000hall_r2k8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0715603093","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0715603093"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0198112808","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198112808"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"37213729","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/37213729"},{"link_name":"ODNB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/13040","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F13040"},{"link_name":"UK public library membership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public"},{"link_name":"Herbert, Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"John Nichols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Nichols_(printer)"},{"link_name":"Richard Gough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Gough_(antiquarian)"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/oseo/instance.00058002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Foseo%2Finstance.00058002"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0199551415","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199551415"},{"link_name":"\"June and Paul Schlueter Discover Unknown Poems by Mary Sidney Herbert, Countess of 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of Wiltshire | British History Online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/wilts/vol3"},{"link_name":"Bevington, David M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bevington"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0521272506","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521272506"},{"link_name":"Sidney, Philip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Sidney"},{"link_name":"William Ponsonby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ponsonby_(publisher)"},{"link_name":"The Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.luminarium.org/renascence-editions/arcadia1.html"},{"link_name":"Huntington Library Quarterly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington_Library_Quarterly"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/3816008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F3816008"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3816008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/3816008"},{"link_name":"Walpole, Horatio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Walpole"},{"link_name":"\"Mary, Countess of Pembroke\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/acatalogueroyal02parkgoog/page/n233"},{"link_name":"The literary patronesses of Renaissance England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//academic.oup.com/nq/article-abstract/9/10/364-b/4623798?redirectedFrom=fulltext"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/nq/9-10-364b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fnq%2F9-10-364b"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored"},{"link_name":"Sweet Swan of Avon: Did a woman write Shakespeare?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/sweetswanofavond0000will"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0321426406","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0321426406"},{"link_name":"ODNB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/25522","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F25522"},{"link_name":"UK public library membership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public"}],"text":"Adams, Simon (2008b) [2004], \"Sidney [née Dudley], Mary, Lady Sidney\", ODNB, OUP, doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/69749 (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)\nAubrey, John; Barber, Richard W (1982). Brief Lives. Boydell. ISBN 9780851152066.\nBodenham, John (1911) [1600]. Hoops, Johannes; Crawford, Charles (eds.). Belvidere, or the Garden of the Muses. Liepzig. pp. 198–228.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\nBritain Magazine, Natasha Foges (2017). \"Mary Sidney: Countess of Pembroke and literary trailblazer\". Britain Magazine | the Official Magazine of Visit Britain | Best of British History, Royal Family,Travel and Culture.\nChambers, Edmund Kerchever, ed. (1896). The Poems of John Donne. Introduction by George Saintsbury. Lawrence & Bullen/Routledge. pp. 188–190.\nColes, Kimberly Anne (2012). \"Mary (Sidney) Herbert, countess of Pembroke\". In Sullivan, Garrett A; Stewart, Alan; Lemon, Rebecca; McDowell, Nicholas; Richard, Jennifer (eds.). The Encyclopedia of English Renaissance Literature. Blackwell. ISBN 978-1405194495.\nCoren, Pamela (2002). \"Colin Clouts come home againe | Edmund Spenser, Mary Sidney, and the doleful lay\". SEL: Studies in English Literature 1500–1900. 42 (1): 25–41. doi:10.1353/sel.2002.0003. ISSN 1522-9270. S2CID 162410376.\nDaniel, Samuel (1592). \"Delia\".\nDonne, John (1599) [1952]. \"Upon the translation of the Psalmes by Sir Philip Sidney, and the Countesse of Pembroke his Sister\". In Gardner, Helen (ed.). Divine Poems | Occassional [sic] Poems (subscription required). doi:10.1093/actrade/9780198118367.book.1. ISBN 978-0198118367.\nHalliday, Frank Ernest (1977). A Shakespeare Companion 1564–1964. Penguin/Duckworth. ISBN 978-0715603093.\nHannay, Margaret; Kinnamon, Noel J; Brennan, Michael, eds. (1998). The Collected Works of Mary Sidney Herbert, Countess of Pembroke. Vol. I: Poems, Translations, and Correspondence. Clarendon. ISBN 978-0198112808. OCLC 37213729.\nHannay, Margaret Patterson (2008) [2004], \"Herbert [née Sidney], Mary, countess of Pembroke\", ODNB, OUP, doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/13040 (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)\nHerbert, Mary (2014) [1599]. \"A dialogue betweene two shepheards, Thenot and Piers, in praise of Astrea\". In Goldring, Elizabeth; Eales, Faith; Clarke, Elizabeth; Archer, Jayne Elisabeth; Heaton, Gabriel; Knight, Sarah (eds.). John Nichols's The Progresses and Public Processions of Queen Elizabeth I: A New Edition of the Early Modern Sources. Vol. 4: 1596–1603. Produced by John Nichols and Richard Gough (1788). OUP. doi:10.1093/oseo/instance.00058002. ISBN 978-0199551415.\n\"June and Paul Schlueter Discover Unknown Poems by Mary Sidney Herbert, Countess of Pembroke\". Lafayette News. Lafayette College. 23 Sep 2010.\nMartz, Louis L (1954). The poetry of meditation: a study in English religious literature of the seventeenth century (2nd ed.). Yale UP. ISBN 978-0300001655. OCLC 17701003.\nPugh, R B; Crittall, E, eds. (1956). \"Houses of Augustinian canons: Priory of Ivychurch\". A History of the County of Wiltshire | British History Online. A History of the County of Wiltshire. Vol. III.\nShakespeare, William (1990) [1607]. Bevington, David M (ed.). Antony and Cleopatra. CUP. ISBN 978-0521272506.\nSidney, Philip (2003) [1590 published by William Ponsonby]. The Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia. Transcriptions: Heinrich Oskar Sommer (1891); Risa Stephanie Bear (2003). Renascence Editions, Oregon U.\nSmith, Hallett (1946). \"English Metrical Psalms in the Sixteenth Century and Their Literary Significance\". Huntington Library Quarterly. 9 (3): 249–271. doi:10.2307/3816008. JSTOR 3816008.\nWalpole, Horatio (1806). \"Mary, Countess of Pembroke\". A Catalogue of the Royal and Noble Authors of England, Scotland and Ireland; with Lists of Their Works. Vol. II. Enlarged and continued — Thomas Park. J Scott. pp. 198–207.\nWilliams, Franklin B (1962). The literary patronesses of Renaissance England. Vol. 9. pp. 364–366. doi:10.1093/nq/9-10-364b. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)\nWilliams, Robin P (2006). Sweet Swan of Avon: Did a woman write Shakespeare?. Peachpit. ISBN 978-0321426406.\nWoudhuysen, H R (2014) [2004], \"Sidney, Sir Philip\", ODNB, OUP, doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/25522 (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MHRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Humanities_Research_Association"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/3734802","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F3734802"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3734802","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/3734802"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0521880671","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521880671"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0810129696","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810129696"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0521037068","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521037068"},{"link_name":"Philip's phoenix: Mary Sidney, countess of Pembroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/philipsphoenixma0000hann"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0195057799","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195057799"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0299126940","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0299126940"},{"link_name":"MHRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Humanities_Research_Association"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1353/yes.2008.0021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1353%2Fyes.2008.0021"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"151238607","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151238607"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0814703861","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0814703861"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0521808569","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521808569"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1405154772","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1405154772"},{"link_name":"\"Protestant Women's Writing and Congregational Psalm Singing: from the Song of the Exiled \"Handmaid\" (1555) to the Countess of Pembroke's Psalmes (1599)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//go.galegroup.com/ps/anonymous?id=GALE%7CA282068860&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=14800926&p=AONE&sw=w"}],"text":"Clarke, Danielle (1997). \"'Lover's songs shall turne to holy psalmes': Mary Sidney and the transformation of Petrarch\". Modern Language Review. 92 (2). MHRA: 282–294. doi:10.2307/3734802. JSTOR 3734802.\nColes, Kimberly Anne (2008). Religion, reform, and women's writing in early modern England. CUP. ISBN 978-0521880671.\nGoodrich, Jaime (2013). Faithful Translators: Authorship, Gender, and Religion in Early Modern England. Northwestern UP. ISBN 978-0810129696.\nHamlin, Hannibal (2004). Psalm culture and early modern English literature. CUP. ISBN 978-0521037068.\nHannay, Margaret P (1990). Philip's phoenix: Mary Sidney, countess of Pembroke. OUP. ISBN 978-0195057799.\nLamb, Mary Ellen (1990). Gender and authorship in the Sidney circle. Wisconsin UP. ISBN 978-0299126940.\nPrescott, Anne Lake (2002). \"Mary Sidney's Antonius and the ambiguities of French history\". Yearbook of English Studies. 38 (1–2). MHRA: 216–233. doi:10.1353/yes.2008.0021. S2CID 151238607.\nQuitslund, Beth (2005). \"Teaching us how to sing? The peculiarity of the Sidney psalter\". Sidney Journal. 23 (1–2). Faculty of English, U Cambridge: 83–110.\nRathmell, J C A, ed. (1963). The psalms of Sir Philip Sidney and the countess of Pembroke. New York UP. ISBN 978-0814703861.\nRienstra, Debra; Kinnamon, Noel (2002). \"Circulating the Sidney–Pembroke psalter\". In Justice, George L; Tinker, Nathan (eds.). Women's writing and the circulation of ideas: manuscript publication in England, 1550–1800. CUP. pp. 50–72. ISBN 978-0521808569.\nTrill, Suzanne (2010). \"'In poesie the mirrois of our age': the countess of Pembroke's 'Sydnean' poetics\". In Cartwright, Kent (ed.). A companion to Tudor literature. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 428–443. ISBN 978-1405154772.\nWhite, Micheline (2005). \"Protestant Women's Writing and Congregational Psalm Singing: from the Song of the Exiled \"Handmaid\" (1555) to the Countess of Pembroke's Psalmes (1599)\". Sidney Journal. 23 (1–2). Faculty of English, U Cambridge: 61–82.","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Arms of Herbert: Per pale azure and gules, three lions rampant argent","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Herbert_arms.svg/200px-Herbert_arms.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The title page of Sidney's The Tragedy of Antony, her interpretation of the story of Mark Antony and Cleopatra.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/1595_Tragedy_of_Antony.jpg/220px-1595_Tragedy_of_Antony.jpg"},{"image_text":"First page of As You Like It from the First Folio of Shakespeare's plays; the first performance of the play may have been at Mary Sidney's house at Wilton","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/First_Folio%2C_Shakespeare_-_0203.jpg/220px-First_Folio%2C_Shakespeare_-_0203.jpg"}]
| null |
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Britain Magazine | the Official Magazine of Visit Britain | Best of British History, Royal Family,Travel and Culture.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britain-magazine.com/features/history/tudors/mary-sidney-tudor/","url_text":"\"Mary Sidney: Countess of Pembroke and literary trailblazer\""}]},{"reference":"Chambers, Edmund Kerchever, ed. (1896). The Poems of John Donne. Introduction by George Saintsbury. Lawrence & Bullen/Routledge. pp. 188–190.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._K._Chambers","url_text":"Chambers, Edmund Kerchever"},{"url":"https://www.bartleby.com/357/112.html","url_text":"The Poems of John Donne"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Saintsbury","url_text":"George Saintsbury"}]},{"reference":"Coles, Kimberly Anne (2012). \"Mary (Sidney) Herbert, countess of Pembroke\". In Sullivan, Garrett A; Stewart, Alan; Lemon, Rebecca; McDowell, Nicholas; Richard, Jennifer (eds.). The Encyclopedia of English Renaissance Literature. Blackwell. ISBN 978-1405194495.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.literatureencyclopedia.com/subscriber/tocnode.html?id=g9781405194495_chunk_g978140519449511_ss1-24","url_text":"\"Mary (Sidney) Herbert, countess of Pembroke\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1405194495","url_text":"978-1405194495"}]},{"reference":"Coren, Pamela (2002). \"Colin Clouts come home againe | Edmund Spenser, Mary Sidney, and the doleful lay\". SEL: Studies in English Literature 1500–1900. 42 (1): 25–41. doi:10.1353/sel.2002.0003. ISSN 1522-9270. 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In Gardner, Helen (ed.). Divine Poems | Occassional [sic] Poems (subscription required). doi:10.1093/actrade/9780198118367.book.1. ISBN 978-0198118367.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Donne","url_text":"Donne, John"},{"url":"https://www.oxfordscholarlyeditions.com/view/10.1093/actrade/9780198118367.book.1/actrade-9780198118367-div2-25","url_text":"\"Upon the translation of the Psalmes by Sir Philip Sidney, and the Countesse of Pembroke his Sister\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Gardner_(critic)","url_text":"Gardner, Helen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Factrade%2F9780198118367.book.1","url_text":"10.1093/actrade/9780198118367.book.1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198118367","url_text":"978-0198118367"}]},{"reference":"Halliday, Frank Ernest (1977). 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In Goldring, Elizabeth; Eales, Faith; Clarke, Elizabeth; Archer, Jayne Elisabeth; Heaton, Gabriel; Knight, Sarah (eds.). John Nichols's The Progresses and Public Processions of Queen Elizabeth I: A New Edition of the Early Modern Sources. Vol. 4: 1596–1603. Produced by John Nichols and Richard Gough (1788). OUP. doi:10.1093/oseo/instance.00058002. 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Lafayette College. 23 Sep 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.lafayette.edu/2010/09/13/june-and-paul-schlueter-discover-unknown-poems-by-mary-sidney-herbert-countess-of-pembroke/","url_text":"\"June and Paul Schlueter Discover Unknown Poems by Mary Sidney Herbert, Countess of Pembroke\""}]},{"reference":"Martz, Louis L (1954). The poetry of meditation: a study in English religious literature of the seventeenth century (2nd ed.). Yale UP. ISBN 978-0300001655. OCLC 17701003.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_L._Martz","url_text":"Martz, Louis L"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/poetryofmeditati0000mart","url_text":"The poetry of meditation: a study in English religious literature of the seventeenth century"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300001655","url_text":"978-0300001655"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/17701003","url_text":"17701003"}]},{"reference":"Pugh, R B; Crittall, E, eds. (1956). \"Houses of Augustinian canons: Priory of Ivychurch\". A History of the County of Wiltshire | British History Online. A History of the County of Wiltshire. Vol. III.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/wilts/vol3/pp289-295","url_text":"\"Houses of Augustinian canons: Priory of Ivychurch\""},{"url":"https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/wilts/vol3","url_text":"A History of the County of Wiltshire | British History Online"}]},{"reference":"Shakespeare, William (1990) [1607]. Bevington, David M (ed.). Antony and Cleopatra. CUP. ISBN 978-0521272506.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bevington","url_text":"Bevington, David M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521272506","url_text":"978-0521272506"}]},{"reference":"Sidney, Philip (2003) [1590 published by William Ponsonby]. The Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia. Transcriptions: Heinrich Oskar Sommer (1891); Risa Stephanie Bear (2003). Renascence Editions, Oregon U.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Sidney","url_text":"Sidney, Philip"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ponsonby_(publisher)","url_text":"William Ponsonby"},{"url":"http://www.luminarium.org/renascence-editions/arcadia1.html","url_text":"The Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Hallett (1946). \"English Metrical Psalms in the Sixteenth Century and Their Literary Significance\". Huntington Library Quarterly. 9 (3): 249–271. doi:10.2307/3816008. JSTOR 3816008.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington_Library_Quarterly","url_text":"Huntington Library Quarterly"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3816008","url_text":"10.2307/3816008"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3816008","url_text":"3816008"}]},{"reference":"Walpole, Horatio (1806). \"Mary, Countess of Pembroke\". A Catalogue of the Royal and Noble Authors of England, Scotland and Ireland; with Lists of Their Works. Vol. II. Enlarged and continued — Thomas Park. J Scott. pp. 198–207.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Walpole","url_text":"Walpole, Horatio"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/acatalogueroyal02parkgoog/page/n233","url_text":"\"Mary, Countess of Pembroke\""}]},{"reference":"Williams, Franklin B (1962). The literary patronesses of Renaissance England. Vol. 9. pp. 364–366. doi:10.1093/nq/9-10-364b.","urls":[{"url":"https://academic.oup.com/nq/article-abstract/9/10/364-b/4623798?redirectedFrom=fulltext","url_text":"The literary patronesses of Renaissance England"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnq%2F9-10-364b","url_text":"10.1093/nq/9-10-364b"}]},{"reference":"Williams, Robin P (2006). Sweet Swan of Avon: Did a woman write Shakespeare?. Peachpit. ISBN 978-0321426406.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sweetswanofavond0000will","url_text":"Sweet Swan of Avon: Did a woman write Shakespeare?"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0321426406","url_text":"978-0321426406"}]},{"reference":"Woudhuysen, H R (2014) [2004], \"Sidney, Sir Philip\", ODNB, OUP, doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/25522","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"ODNB"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F25522","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/25522"}]},{"reference":"Clarke, Danielle (1997). \"'Lover's songs shall turne to holy psalmes': Mary Sidney and the transformation of Petrarch\". Modern Language Review. 92 (2). MHRA: 282–294. doi:10.2307/3734802. JSTOR 3734802.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Humanities_Research_Association","url_text":"MHRA"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3734802","url_text":"10.2307/3734802"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3734802","url_text":"3734802"}]},{"reference":"Coles, Kimberly Anne (2008). Religion, reform, and women's writing in early modern England. CUP. ISBN 978-0521880671.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521880671","url_text":"978-0521880671"}]},{"reference":"Goodrich, Jaime (2013). Faithful Translators: Authorship, Gender, and Religion in Early Modern England. Northwestern UP. ISBN 978-0810129696.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810129696","url_text":"978-0810129696"}]},{"reference":"Hamlin, Hannibal (2004). Psalm culture and early modern English literature. CUP. ISBN 978-0521037068.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521037068","url_text":"978-0521037068"}]},{"reference":"Hannay, Margaret P (1990). Philip's phoenix: Mary Sidney, countess of Pembroke. OUP. ISBN 978-0195057799.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/philipsphoenixma0000hann","url_text":"Philip's phoenix: Mary Sidney, countess of Pembroke"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195057799","url_text":"978-0195057799"}]},{"reference":"Lamb, Mary Ellen (1990). Gender and authorship in the Sidney circle. Wisconsin UP. ISBN 978-0299126940.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0299126940","url_text":"978-0299126940"}]},{"reference":"Prescott, Anne Lake (2002). \"Mary Sidney's Antonius and the ambiguities of French history\". Yearbook of English Studies. 38 (1–2). MHRA: 216–233. doi:10.1353/yes.2008.0021. S2CID 151238607.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Humanities_Research_Association","url_text":"MHRA"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fyes.2008.0021","url_text":"10.1353/yes.2008.0021"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151238607","url_text":"151238607"}]},{"reference":"Quitslund, Beth (2005). \"Teaching us how to sing? The peculiarity of the Sidney psalter\". Sidney Journal. 23 (1–2). Faculty of English, U Cambridge: 83–110.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Rathmell, J C A, ed. (1963). The psalms of Sir Philip Sidney and the countess of Pembroke. New York UP. ISBN 978-0814703861.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0814703861","url_text":"978-0814703861"}]},{"reference":"Rienstra, Debra; Kinnamon, Noel (2002). \"Circulating the Sidney–Pembroke psalter\". In Justice, George L; Tinker, Nathan (eds.). Women's writing and the circulation of ideas: manuscript publication in England, 1550–1800. CUP. pp. 50–72. ISBN 978-0521808569.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521808569","url_text":"978-0521808569"}]},{"reference":"Trill, Suzanne (2010). \"'In poesie the mirrois of our age': the countess of Pembroke's 'Sydnean' poetics\". In Cartwright, Kent (ed.). A companion to Tudor literature. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 428–443. ISBN 978-1405154772.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1405154772","url_text":"978-1405154772"}]},{"reference":"White, Micheline (2005). \"Protestant Women's Writing and Congregational Psalm Singing: from the Song of the Exiled \"Handmaid\" (1555) to the Countess of Pembroke's Psalmes (1599)\". Sidney Journal. 23 (1–2). Faculty of English, U Cambridge: 61–82.","urls":[{"url":"https://go.galegroup.com/ps/anonymous?id=GALE%7CA282068860&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=14800926&p=AONE&sw=w","url_text":"\"Protestant Women's Writing and Congregational Psalm Singing: from the Song of the Exiled \"Handmaid\" (1555) to the Countess of Pembroke's Psalmes (1599)\""}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfio_Basile
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Alfio Basile
|
["1 Playing career","2 Managerial career","3 Honours","3.1 Player","3.2 Manager","4 References","5 External links"]
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Argentine footballer and manager (born 1943)
Alfio Basile
Basile in 2013Personal informationDate of birth
(1943-11-01) 1 November 1943 (age 80)Place of birth
Bahía Blanca, ArgentinaPosition(s)
Centre-backYouth career
Bella Vista de Bahía BlancaSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)1964–1970
Racing Club
163
(19)1971–1975
Huracán
97
(4)International career1968–1973
Argentina
8
(1)Managerial career1975–1976
Chacarita Juniors1976
Rosario Central1978
Racing Club1979
Racing de Córdoba1980
Instituto de Córdoba1981
Racing de Córdoba1982
Huracán1982
Nacional1983
Racing de Córdoba1983
Talleres de Córdoba1984–1986
Vélez Sársfield1986–1989
Racing Club1989–1990
Vélez Sársfield1991–1994
Argentina1995
Atlético de Madrid1996–1997
Racing Club1998
San Lorenzo2000–2001
América2004
Colón de Santa Fe2005–2006
Boca Juniors2006–2008
Argentina2009–2010
Boca Juniors2012
Racing Club
Medal record
Men's football
Representing Argentina (as manager)
Copa América
Winner
1991 Chile
Winner
1993 Ecuador
FIFA Confederations Cup
Winner
1992 Saudi Arabia
CONMEBOL–UEFA Cup of Champions
Winner
1993 Argentina
*Club domestic league appearances and goals
Alfredo Rubén "Alfio" Basile (born 1 November 1943), nicknamed Coco, is an Argentine football manager and former player. He played for Racing Club de Avellaneda and Huracán before becoming a manager. He coached many teams during his career, being most notable Racing Club de Avellaneda (where he won the Supercopa Libertadores, the first international title for the club since 1967), the Argentina national team (with 4 titles won) and Boca Juniors, where he won five titles in two years.
The last team managed by Basile was Racing Club de Avellaneda, which he left in 2012.
Playing career
Basile during his tenure on Racing Club, 1966
Born in Bahía Blanca, Basile started his playing career at Club Bella Vista in his home city. From 1964 to 1970 he played for Racing Club, where he played as midfielder until the arrival of coach Juan José Pizutti, who moved him to the defensive line to play as centre-back. In that position, Basile formed a remembered defensive pair with Roberto Perfumo, winning three titles with the club, which reached its peak with the Intercontinental Cup won in 1967 to Celtic FC, the first intercontinental title for an Argentine team.
Basile totalized 186 matches with Racing Club before moving to Huracán, where he was a mainstay of the 1973 Metropolitano champions under coach César Luis Menotti. He also played for the Argentina national team. Basile retired as a player in 1975.
A Racing Club member took me to the club to try there. Carlos Peucelle was the coach by then. (After passing the test) I started to play at the 7th division, then promoted to higher ones, always playing as "number 5" (central midfielder). Last year, Dellatorre hanging me debut in Primera División, in the last round of the championship v. Huracán. I played as "number 6" (centre-back)— Basile in an interview with El Gráfico, 1965
Managerial career
After retirement as a player, Basile coached a number of Argentine teams, most notably Rosario Central, Racing Club, Huracán, Vélez Sársfield, Uruguayan Nacional, and Atlético Madrid.
Basile in 1991 when he was coaching the Argentina national team that won the Copa America
His career as a coach reached its first peak in the early 1990s, when he led the Argentina national football team to two Copa América, one FIFA Confederations Cup and one CONMEBOL–UEFA Cup of Champions victories. The run-up to the 1994 FIFA World Cup looked smooth until a 5–0 defeat at home to Colombia. Following that traumatic event, Diego Maradona was brought back from retirement to take part in the play-off against Australia.
In the World Cup itself, Argentina opened with two impressive victories over Greece and Nigeria. However, controversy was soon to appear. Maradona was tested for doping after the Nigeria match, and was suspended after ephedrine was found in his sample. Argentina still progressed to the last 16 despite a 2–0 defeat by Bulgaria, but morale was shattered and the team was eliminated after losing to Romania.
After resigning over the World Cup disappointment, Basile went on to coach San Lorenzo de Almagro, Club América of México and Colón de Santa Fe with varying degrees of success. In July 2005 he assumed the post of coach at Boca Juniors, winning the Recopa Sudamericana 2005 just a month later. He then won his first Argentine league title in the 2005 Apertura tournament. Four days later, Boca won the Copa Sudamericana 2005 against UNAM Pumas of Mexico.
In July 2006, he was once again offered the position of Argentina national football team coach and accepted the job taking over from José Pekerman. Before starting his new job, Basile stayed with Boca Juniors until 14 September 2006, when the team won a second consecutive Recopa Sudamericana 2006 with a victory over São Paulo FC of Brazil.
Vocal about his preference for the Italian Serie A and the Spanish La Liga over the English league, he made waves in England when he called for Carlos Tevez and Javier Mascherano to transfer to Italy, claiming the switch would be better for the latter "even if he would have to play in the second division" with Juventus.
Basile as coach of Racing Club talking with then vice-president of Argentina, Amado Boudou in Mar del Plata, January 2012
On 16 October 2008, amidst the controversy over the historic defeat that Argentina suffered against Chile in the World Cup qualifiers, Basile tendered his resignation. This eventually paved the road to the appointment of Diego Maradona as national team coach.
As a coach, Basile had in total two tenures at the helm of the Argentina national football team, 1991–1994 and 2006–2008.
On 1 July 2009, Basile returned to Boca Juniors after three years, replacing Carlos Ischia. But after a series of bad results, especially the failure to qualify for the Copa Libertadores 2010 and a crushing 3–1 defeat to archrivals River Plate during a summer tournament at Mar del Plata, he resigned on 21 January 2010.
On 26 December 2011, Basile returned to Racing Club for his fourth spell as their coach, taking over from Diego Simeone. One year later, he resigned after a confusing incident in the Estadio Libertadores de América's change room, with Racing forward Teo Gutiérrez being accused of pointing a gun at a teammate.
Since his departure from Racing, Basile has not managed any team, stating he is "retired" from the activity. Basile has occasionally appeared in some interviews and the TV show Buenos Muchachos (Good Guys) where he participated along with fellow Héctor Veira and singer Cacho Castaña.
In 2019, Basile offered to manage Flat Earth FC, a Spanish amateur team based around the idea that the Earth is flat. He said that he agreed with club president Javi Poves's views on the subject.
Honours
Player
Racing Club
Primera División: 1966
Copa Libertadores: 1967
Intercontinental Cup: 1967
Intercontinental Champions' Supercup runner-up: 1969
Huracán
Primera División: 1973 Metropolitano
Manager
Racing Club
Supercopa Sudamericana: 1988
Recopa Sudamericana runner-up: 1989
Racing de Córdoba
Liga Cordobesa de Fútbol: 1981
Torneo Neder Nicola: 1981
Copa Córdoba: 1981
Vélez Sarsfield
Argentine Primera División runner-up: 1985 Nacional
Club América
CONCACAF Giants Cup: 2001
Boca Juniors
Primera División: 2005 Apertura, 2006 Clausura
Copa Sudamericana: 2005
Recopa Sudamericana: 2005, 2006
Argentina
Copa América: 1991, 1993; runner-up: 2007
FIFA Confederations Cup: 1992
CONMEBOL–UEFA Cup of Champions: 1993
References
^ https://www.lanueva.com/nota/2008-12-24-9-0-0-el-coco-basile
^ a b Basile, un rebelde en "la cueva" by Héctor Onésime on El Gráfico, 1965
^ "The NYTimes - WORLD CUP '94: Argentine Coach Set To Resign"
^ "CNN -Basile Unhappy About West Ham Pair"
^ "BBC - Basile resigns as Argentina coach"
^ "BBC - Maradona named as Argentina coach"
^ Alfio Basile could replace Carlos Ischia at Boca Juniors
^ Boca Juniors coach Basile quits, replaced by Alves USA Today, accessed on 22 January 2010
^ Racing Club appoint Alfio Basile as new coach goal.com, accessed on 26 December 2011
^ Basile: "Cuando Teo sacó la máquina, no quedó nadie", Clarín, 25 July 2013
^ Las confesiones del Coco Basile: qué pasó en el Mundial 94 y su salida de la selección en 2008 Archived 1 May 2018 at the Wayback Machine, La Nación, 23 January 2015
^ Llegan los "Buenos Muchachos" a la pantalla de C5N, MinutoUno, 19 April 2013
^ "Flat Earth FC, el club español que defiende que la tierra es plana". El País (in Spanish). 3 September 2019. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
^ García, Domingo (2 July 2019). "Coco Basile se ofrece como mánager del equipo terraplanista de Javi Poves". La Razón (in Spanish). Retrieved 14 December 2022.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alfio Basile.
"Futbol Factory profile" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 20 October 2007. Retrieved 29 November 2017.
Terra.com profile
Awards
vteKing Fahd Cup and FIFA Confederations Cup winning managers
1992: Basile
1995: Nielsen
1997: Zagallo
1999: Lapuente
2001: Lemerre
2003: Santini
2005: Parreira
2009: Dunga
2013: Scolari
2017: Löw
vteCONMEBOL–UEFA Cup of Champions winning managers
1985: Michel
1993: Basile
2022: Scaloni
vteSouth American Championship and Copa América winning managersSouth American Championship era
1916: Foglino
1917: Platero
1919: Haroldo
1920: Fígoli
1921: Calomino
1922: Laís
1923: De Lucca
1924: Meliante
1925: Tesoriere
1926: Fígoli
1927: Lago Millán
1929: Olazar & Tramutola
1935: Blanco
1937: Seoane
1939: Greenwell
1941: Stábile
1942: Cea
1945: Stábile
1946: Stábile
1947: Stábile
1949: Costa
1953: Fleitas Solich
1955: Stábile
1956: Bagnulo
1957: Stábile
1959 (Argentina): Barreiro, Della Torre & Spinetto
1959 (Ecuador): Corazzo
1963: Danilo
1967: Corazzo
Copa América era
1975: Calderón
1979: Miranda
1983: Borrás
1987: Fleitas
1989: Lazaroni
1991: Basile
1993: Basile
1995: Núñez
1997: Zagallo
1999: Luxemburgo
2001: Maturana
2004: Parreira
2007: Dunga
2011: Tabárez
2015: Sampaoli
2016: Pizzi
2019: Tite
2021: Scaloni
vteSupercopa Libertadores winning managers
1988: Basile
1989: Aimar
1990: Cubilla
1991: Andrade
1992: Pereira
1993: Telê Santana
1994: Brindisi
1995: López
1996: Piazza
1997: Díaz
vteCopa Sudamericana winning managers
2002: Insúa
2003: Ternero
2004: Benítez
2005: Basile
2006: Meza
2007: Alfaro
2008: Tite
2009: Fossati
2010: Mohamed
2011: Sampaoli
2012: Franco
2013: Barros Schelotto
2014: Gallardo
2015: Pelusso
2016: Caio Júnior
2017: Holan
2018: Nunes
2019: Ramírez
2020: Crespo
2021: Valentim
2022: Anselmi
2023: Zubeldía
vteRecopa Sudamericana winning managers
1989: Núñez
1990: Aimar
1991: Cubilla
1992: Jozić
1993: Telê Santana
1994: Telê Santana
1995: Brindisi
1996: Scolari
1997: Piazza
1998: Levir
2003: Cubilla
2004: Ternero
2005: Basile
2006: Basile
2007: Gallo
2008: Ischia
2009: Fossati
2010: Bauza
2011: Dorival
2012: Muricy
2013: Tite
2014: Levir
2015: Gallardo
2016: Gallardo
2017: Rueda
2018: Renato
2019: Gallardo
2020: Jesus
2021: Beccacece
2022: Ferreira
2023: Anselmi
2024: Diniz
vteArgentine Primera División winning managers
1931: Fortunato
1932: Caamaño
1933: Giuliano
1934: Fortunato
1935: Fortunato
1936 (Copa de Honor): Fossa
1936 (Copa Campeonato): Hirschl
1936 (Copa de Oro): Hirschl
1937: Hirschl
1938: Ronzoni
1939: Ronzoni
1940: Sobral
1941: Cesarini
1942: Cesarini
1943: Garasini
1944: Garasini
1945: Peucelle
1946: García
1947: Minella
1948: Bello
1949: Stábile
1950: Stábile
1951: Stábile
1952: Minella
1953: Minella
1954: Lazzatti
1955: Minella
1956: Minella
1957: Minella
1958: Della Torre
1959: Barreiro
1960: Sbarra
1961: Ongaro
1962: D'Amico
1963: Giúdice
1964: Pedernera
1965: Rossi
1966: Pizzuti
1967 (Metropolitano): Zubeldía
1967 (Nacional): Brandão
1968 (Metropolitano): Tim
1968 (Nacional): Giúdice
1969 (Metropolitano): Geronazzo
1969 (Nacional): Di Stéfano
1970 (Metropolitano): Giúdice
1970 (Nacional): Silvero
1971 (Metropolitano): Cap
1971 (Nacional): Labruna
1972 (Metropolitano): Lorenzo
1972 (Nacional): Lorenzo
1973 (Metropolitano): Menotti
1973 (Nacional): Griguol
1974 (Metropolitano): Montes
1974 (Nacional): Zubeldía
1975 (Metropolitano): Labruna
1975 (Nacional): Labruna
1976 (Metropolitano): Lorenzo
1976 (Nacional): Lorenzo
1977 (Metropolitano): Labruna
1977 (Nacional): Pastoriza
1978 (Metropolitano): Yudica
1978 (Nacional): Pastoriza
1979 (Metropolitano): Labruna
1979 (Nacional): Labruna
1980 (Metropolitano): Labruna
1980 (Nacional): Zof
1981 (Metropolitano): Marzolini
1981 (Nacional): Di Stéfano
1982 (Metropolitano): Bilardo
1982 (Nacional): Griguol
1983 (Metropolitano): Pastoriza
1983 (Nacional): Manera
1984 (Metropolitano): Saporiti
1984 (Nacional): Griguol
1985: Yudica
1985–86: Veira
1986–87: Zof
1987–88: Yudica
1988–89: Solari
1989–90: Passarella
1990–91: Bielsa
1991–92 (Apertura): Passarella
1991–92 (Clausura): Bielsa
1992–93 (Apertura): Tabárez
1992–93 (Clausura): Bianchi
1993–94 (Apertura): Passarella
1993–94 (Clausura): Brindisi
1994–95 (Apertura): Gallego
1994–95 (Clausura): Veira
1995–96 (Apertura): Bianchi
1995–96 (Clausura): Bianchi & Piazza
1996–97 (Apertura): Díaz
1996–97 (Clausura): Díaz
1997–98 (Apertura): Díaz
1997–98 (Clausura): Bielsa
1998–99 (Apertura): Bianchi
1998–99 (Clausura): Bianchi
1999–2000 (Apertura): Díaz
1999–2000 (Clausura): Gallego
2000–01 (Apertura): Bianchi
2000–01 (Clausura): Pellegrini
2001–02 (Apertura): Merlo
2001–02 (Clausura): Díaz
2002–03 (Apertura): Gallego
2002–03 (Clausura): Pellegrini
2003–04 (Apertura): Bianchi
2003–04 (Clausura): Astrada
2004–05 (Apertura): Gallego
2004–05 (Clausura): Russo
2005–06 (Apertura): Basile
2005–06 (Clausura): Basile
2006–07 (Apertura): Simeone
2006–07 (Clausura): Díaz
2007–08 (Apertura): Cabrero
2007–08 (Clausura): Simeone
2008–09 (Apertura): Ischia
2008–09 (Clausura): Gareca
2009–10 (Apertura): Falcioni
2009–10 (Clausura): Borghi
2010–11 (Apertura): Sabella
2010–11 (Clausura): Gareca
2011–12 (Apertura): Falcioni
2011–12 (Clausura): Alfaro
2012–13 (Inicial): Gareca
2012–13 (Final): Martino
2012–13 (Superfinal): Gareca
2013–14 (Inicial): Pizzi
2013–14 (Final): Díaz
2014: Cocca
2015: Arruabarrena
2016: Almirón
2016–17: Barros Schelotto
2017–18: Barros Schelotto
2018–19: Coudet
2019–20: Russo
2021: Gallardo
2022: Ibarra
2023: Demichelis
vteSouth American Coach of the Year
1986: Bilardo
1987: Bilardo
1988: Fleitas
1989: Lazaroni
1990: Cubilla
1991: Basile
1992: Telê Santana
1993: Maturana
1994: Bianchi
1995: Núñez
1996: Gómez
1997: Passarella
1998: Bianchi
1999: Scolari
2000: Bianchi
2001: Bianchi
2002: Scolari
2003: Bianchi
2004: Montoya
2005: Ruiz
2006: Borghi
2007: Martino
2008: Bauza
2009: Bielsa
2010: Tabárez
2011: Tabárez
2012: Pékerman
2013: Pékerman
2014: Pékerman
2015: Sampaoli
2016: Rueda
2017: Tite
2018: Gallardo
2019: Gallardo
2020: Gallardo
2021: Ferreira
2022: Scaloni
2023: Diniz
Argentina squads
vteArgentina squad – 1991 Copa América winners (13th title)
1 Goycochea
2 Vázquez
3 Enrique
4 Basualdo
5 Astrada
6 Ruggeri (c)
7 Caniggia
8 Franco
9 Batistuta
10 Simeone
11 Latorre
12 Lanari
13 Gamboa
14 Craviotto
15 Altamirano
16 García
17 Zapata
18 Medina Bello
19 Mohamed
20 Rodríguez
21 Giunta
22 Cancelarich
Coach: Basile
vteArgentina squad – 1992 King Fahd Cup winners (1st title)
1 Goycochea
2 Vázquez
3 Altamirano
4 Basualdo
5 Redondo
6 Ruggeri (c)
7 Caniggia
8 Villarreal
9 Batistuta
10 Simeone
11 Cagna
12 Islas
14 Acosta
15 Borelli
16 García
18 Craviotto
20 Rodríguez
21 Cancelarich
Coach: Basile
vteArgentina squad – 1993 Copa América winners (14th title)
1 Goycochea
2 Vázquez
3 Altamirano
4 F. Basualdo
5 Redondo
6 Ruggeri (c)
7 Medina Bello
8 Franco/J. Basualdo
9 Batistuta
10 Simeone
11 Gorosito
12 Islas
13 Cáceres
14 Craviotto
15 Borelli
16 García
17 Zapata
18 Acosta
19 Zamora
20 Rodríguez
21 Scoponi
22 Mancuso
Coach: Basile
vteArgentina squad – 1994 FIFA World Cup
1 Goycochea
2 Vázquez
3 Chamot
4 Sensini
5 Redondo
6 Ruggeri
7 Caniggia
8 Basualdo
9 Batistuta
10 Maradona (c)
11 Medina Bello
12 Islas
13 Cáceres
14 Simeone
15 Borelli
16 Díaz
17 Ortega
18 Pérez
19 Balbo
20 Rodríguez
21 Mancuso
22 Scoponi
Coach: Basile
vteArgentina squad – 2007 Copa América runners-up
1 Abbondanzieri
2 Ayala (c)
3 Díaz
4 Ibarra
5 Gago
6 Heinze
7 Palacio
8 Zanetti
9 Crespo
10 Riquelme
11 Tevez
12 Carrizo
13 González
14 Mascherano
15 G. Milito
16 Aimar
17 Burdisso
18 Messi
19 Cambiasso
20 Verón
21 D. Milito
22 Orión
Coach: Basile
Managerial positions
vteChacarita Juniors – managers
Duchini (1939–43)
Basile (1975–76)
Cavagnaro (1988)
Guerra (1993–94)
Rivoira (1997–98)
Merlo (1998–99)
Rivoira (1999–2000)
Córdoba (2000)
Sosa (2000–02)
Craviotto (2003)
Clausen (2004–05)
Rivoira (2005–07)
Giovagnoli (2008)
Zielinski (2008–09)
Gamboa (2009–10)
Navas (2010)
Zuccarelli (2010–11)
Rivoira (2011)
De La Riva (2011–12)
Navarro Montoya (2013)
Leeb (2013–14)
Biggeri (2015)
Gamboa (2015–16)
Coyette (2016–17)
Marabottoc (2017)
Pena (2018)
Vivaldo (2018)
Pisano (2019)
Bianco (2019–20)
Biaggio (2020)
Aldirico (2021)
Arias (2021–22)
Venturellic (2022)
Centrone (2022)
Venturellic (2022)
Biggeri (2022–)
(c) = caretaker manager
vteRosario Central – managers
Hirschl (1939–40)
Palomini (1941–45)
Orth (1945)
Rivas (1945)
Roca (1946)
Rivas (1946)
Indaco (1946)
Palomini (1947)
Rivas (1947–48)
Lecea (1948–54)
Fogel (1955–56)
Diaz (1957)
Piotto (1958–59)
Mas (1959)
Fonda (1960)
Lúpiz (1960–61)
Piotto (1961)
Lúpiz (1961)
López (1962–63)
D'Amico (1964–65)
Bagnulo (1965)
Casullo (1965)
Giúdice (1966)
Minni (1966–67)
Ignomiriello (1967–69)
Erauzquin (1969)
Sívori (1969–70)
Zof (1970–71)
Griguol (1971)
Labruna (1971)
Griguol (1971)
Labruna (1971–72)
Zof (1972–73)
Griguol (1973–75)
Erauzquin (1975)
De León (1975)
Erauzquin (1975)
De León (1975)
Silvero (1976)
Erauzquin (1976)
Basile (1976)
Griguol (1977–78)
Zof (1979)
Saporiti (1980)
Zof (1980)
Manfredi (1980)
Zof (1980–82)
Pascuttini (1982)
Zof (1982)
Pascuttini (1982)
Palma (1982)
Cayetano Rodríguez (1983)
Palma (1983)
Pascuttini (1984)
Volken (1984)
Malleo (1984)
López (1984)
Marchetta (1985)
Zof (1986–87)
Manfredi (1987)
Zof (1987–90)
Aimar (1991)
Zof (1991)
Solari (1992)
Aimar (1992)
Malleo (1992)
Cantatore (1993)
Marchetta (1993–95)
E. Fernández (1995)
Manfredi (1995)
Zof (1995)
Manfredi (1995)
Zof (1996–97)
Russo (1997–98)
Bauza (1998–2001)
López (2001)
Teglia (2001–02)
Menotti (2002)
Russo (2002–04)
Galloni (2004)
Púa (2004)
Zof (2004)
Cuffaro Russo (2004)
Zof (2005)
Cuffaro Russo (2005)
Zof (2005–06)
Galloni (2006)
Astrada (2006)
Gorosito (2006–07)
Riquelme (2007)
Ischia (2007)
Galloni (2007)
Madelón (2007–08)
Vitamina (2008)
Alfaro (2008–09)
Merlo (2009)
Russo (2009)
Cuffaro Russo (2009–10)
Madelón (2010)
Merlo (2010)
Rivoira (2010–11)
Palma (2011)
Lanzidei (2011)
Pizzi (2011–12)
Russo (2012–14)
Galloni (2014)
Coudet (2015–16)
Montero (2017)
L. Fernández (2017–18)
Chamotc (2018)
Bauza (2018–19)
Ferrari (2019)
Cocca (2019–20)
González (2020–22)
Somoza (2022)
Rivarolac (2022)
Tevez (2022)
Russo (2023–)
vteRacing Club de Avellaneda – managers
Stábile (1946–53)
Della Torre (1954)
D'Amico (1954)
Ongaro (1955–57)
Della Torre (1958–60)
Ongaro (1961)
Verdeal (1962)
Rossi (1963)
Anido (1964)
Giménez (1964)
Della Torre (1964)
Garczía Pérez (1965)
Pizuti (1965–69)
Santiago (1970)
Sánchez (1970)
Urriolabeitía (1970)
Spinetto (1970)
Maschio (1971)
D'Amico (1971)
Spinetto (1971)
Rodríguez (1972)
Rulli (1973)
Griguol (1973)
Labruna (1973)
Pizzuti (1974)
Santiago (1975)
Zubeldía (1975)
Giménez (1976)
Iturrieta (1976)
Dellacha (1976)
Basile (1977)
Giménez (1977)
Cejas (1977)
Rodríguez (1978)
Cejas (1978)
Urriolabeitía (1978)
Sívori (1979)
Hernández (1979)
Cavagnaro (1979)
Lorenzo (1980)
Cejas (1980)
V.Rodríguez (1980)
Pastoriza (1981)
Collazo (1982)
Cavagnaro (1982)
Domínguez (1982)
Salguiero (1983)
Pizzutti (1983)
Cejas (1984)
Castelli (1984)
Rodríguez (1985)
Giménez (1985)
Basile (1985)
Domínguez (1986)
Rocchia (1986)
Basile (1986–89)
Martínez (1989)
Marchetta (1989–90)
Chabay (1990)
Oleniak (1990)
Perfumo (1991)
Sosa (1991)
Grondona (1992)
Solari (1993)
Pizzuti-Della Pica (1993)
Babington (1993–94)
Della Pica (1994)
Cubilla (1994)
Martínez (1994)
Maradona-Fren (1995)
Martínez (1995)
Marchetta (1995)
Domínguez (1995)
Brindisi (1995–96)
Basile (1996–97)
Babington (1997–98)
Cappa (1998)
Zapata (1998)
Costas-Maschio (1999–2000)
Jorge (2000)
O. López-Cavallero (2000–01)
Merlo (2001–02)
Ardiles (2002–03)
Comisso (2003)
Cappa (2003)
Colombattic (2003)
Fillol (2004)
Rivarola (2004–05)
Quiroz (2005–06)
Fanesi (2005–06)
Simeone (2006)
Merlo (2006–07)
Costas (2007)
Micó (2007–08)
Llop (2008–09)
Caruso Lombardi (2009)
Barbasc (2009)
Vivas (2009–10)
Russo (2010–11)
Simeone (2011)
Basile (2012)
Zubeldía (2012–13)
Ischia (2013)
Merlo (2013–14)
Radaellic (2014)
Cocca (2014–15)
Sava (2016)
Úbedac (2016)
Zielinski (2016)
Cocca (2017)
Fleitac (2017)
Coudet (2018–19)
Beccacece (2020–21)
Pizzi (2021)
Úbedac (2021)
Gago (2021–23)
Grazzini-Videlac (2023)
Costas (2024–)
(c) = caretaker manager
vteClub Atlético Huracán – managers
Laguna (1931)
Casanovas (1934)
Bartoluci (1935)
De Los Santos (1935)
Bartolucci (1936)
Stábile (1939)
De los Santos (1940)
Bartolucci (1941)
Stábile (1941–43)
Bartolucci (1943)
Laguna (1944)
De los Santos (1945)
Monti (1947–48)
Baldonedo (1948)
Bartolucci (1949)
Stábile (1949)
Pedernera (1952)
Spinetto (1953)
Pedernera (1954–56)
Sbarra (1956)
Pedernera (1957)
Imbelloni (1958)
Rossi (1959)
Moreno (1960)
Peña (1961)
Rossi (1962)
Giúdice (1963)
Cucchiaroni (1964)
Moreno (1966)
Spinetto (1967)
Cesarini (1968)
Yebra (1968–69)
Rossi (1969)
Vigo (1970)
Pedernera (1970)
Faraone (1970)
Rendo (1970)
Zubeldía (1971)
Menotti (1971–73)
Imbelloni (1975)
Crosta (1975)
Delém (1975)
Juárez (1976)
Chabay (1977)
de Dios Frutos (1977)
Rendo (1978)
Moure (1978)
Rodríguez (1978)
Vigo (1979)
Janín (1980)
Rossi (1981)
Celoria (1981)
Diz (1981–82)
Basile (1982)
Varacka (1982)
Sosa (1983)
Crosta (1983)
Diz (1984)
Silveira (1984)
Guerra (1985)
Varacka (1985)
Yazaldec (1986)
Dellacha (1986)
Cappa (1986)
Leonec (1987)
Tardivo (1987)
D'Acorso (1987)
Cantúc (1987)
Viberti (1987)
Babington (1988)
Fanesi (1991–92)
Trossero (1992–93)
Cúper (1993–95)
Morresi (1995)
Habegger (1995)
Chabay (1995)
Crosta (1996)
Brandoni (1996)
Babington (1997)
Crosta (1997)
Ferraro (1997)
Larrosa (1998)
López-Cavallero (1998)
Babington (1999–00)
Piazza (2001)
Carrizo & Morresi (2001)
Brindisi (2001–02)
Célicoc (2002)
Babington (2002)
Célico (2002)
Roldán (2003)
Quiroz (2003)
Labruna (2005)
Quiroz (2005)
Apuzzoc (2005)
Mohamed (2005–06)
Sosa (2006)
Amodeoc (2006)
Mohamed (2006–07)
Ardiles (2007)
Úbeda (2008)
H. Martínezc (2008)
Cappa (2008–09)
H. Martínezc (2009)
Rivoira (2009–10)
Brindisi (2010–11)
Pompei (2011)
Sánchez (2011)
Apuzzoc (2011)
Cocca (2011–12)
Apuzzoc (2012)
Rivoira (2012)
Rinaldic (2012)
Llop (2012)
Rinaldic (2013)
Mohamed (2013)
Apuzzoc (2013)
Kudelka (2013)
Apuzzo (2014–15)
Domínguez (2015–16)
Caruso Lombardi (2016)
Apuzzo (2016)
Azconzábal (2017)
Alfaro (2017–18)
Mohamed (2019)
Vojvoda (2019)
Apuzzoc (2019)
Damonte (2020–21)
Casas & Rinaldic (2021)
Kudelka (2021–22)
Cabrerac (2022)
Dabove (2022–23)
Battaglia (2023)
Cabrerac (2023)
D. Martínez (2023)
Sava (2024)
Coyettec (2024)
Kudelka (2024–)
vteClub Nacional de Football – managers
Mitre (1927)
Viera (1930–33)
Scarone (1932–??)
Szigeti (1933–34)
Reaside (1938–39)
Castro (1939–43)
E.Fernández (1946)
Faccio (1947)
E.Fernández (1950–52)
Castro (1952)
Scarone (1954)
Pedernera (1955)
Viera (1955–60)
Bagnulo (1962)
Zezé Moreira (1963)
Riera (1966)
Scarone (1966–67)
Zezé Moreira (1968–69)
W. Etchamendi (1970–72)
Hohberg (1976)
Dellacha (1977)
Mujica (1980–81)
Basile (1982)
Masnik (1982)
Espárrago (1983)
Espárrago (1985)
Markarián (1987)
Rivero (1987–88)
Fleitas (1988)
Núñez (1989)
Basile (1990–91)
Fleitas (1991–93)
Piazza (1993)
Salvác (1993)
Manera (1994)
H.Fernández (1994–95)
Salvá (1995–96)
Puppo (1996–97)
Fleitas (1997)
de León (1998–01)
Carreño (2002–03)
Ostolaza (2004)
Lasarte (2005–06)
Carreño (2007)
Pelusso (2007–09)
L. Gonzálezc (2009)
Acevedo (2009–10)
L. González (2010)
Carrasco (2010–11)
Gallardo (2011–12)
Díaz (2012–13)
Blancoc (2013)
Arruabarrena (2013)
Pelusso (2013–14)
Gutiérrez (2014–15)
Munúa (2015–16)
Lasarte (2016–17)
Medina (2018)
Domínguez (2019)
Gutiérrez (2019)
Munúa (2020)
Giordano (2020–21)
Ligüerac (2021)
Cappuccio (2021)
Ligüera (2021)
Repetto (2022)
Zielinski (2023)
Gutiérrez (2023)
Recoba (2023–24)
Garcíac (2024)
Lasarte (2024–)
(c) = caretaker manager
vteVélez Sarsfield – managers
Boffi (1932–40)
Giúdice (1968)
Cavagnaro (1969)
López (1969)
Prieto (1971)
Cavagnaro (1977–78)
Volken (1981)
Montaño (1981–82)
Lorenzo (1982–83)
Rogel (1983)
Veira (1984)
Basile (1984–86)
Yudica (1986–87)
Willington (1987–88)
Vásquez (1988)
Zanabria (1989)
Basile (1989–90)
Rogel (1990–91)
Veira (1991)
Manera (1992)
Bianchi (1993–96)
Piazza (1996–97)
Bielsa (1997–98)
Solari (1998)
Manera (1999)
Falcioni (1999–00)
Calvanese (2000)
Tabárez (2000–01)
Compagnucci (2001)
Fanesi c (2001)
Bauza (2001–02)
Fanesi c (2002)
Ischia (2002–04)
Zanabria (2004)
Fanesi (2004)
Russo (2005–06)
La Volpe (2007)
Larraquy (2007)
Tocalli (2008)
Larraquy (2008)
Gareca (2009–13)
Flores (2014)
Russo (2015)
Bassedas (2016)
Fanesi c (2016)
De Felippe (2016–17)
Gómez c (2017)
Heinze (2018–20)
Morigi c (2020)
Pellegrino (2020–22)
Vaccari c (2022)
Medina (2022–23)
Bravo & Manrique c (2023)
Gareca (2023)
Bravo c (2023)
Méndez (2023)
Quinteros (2024–)
(c) = caretaker manager
vteClub América – managers
Garza Gutiérez & Cenoz (1917–19)
Garza Gutiérrez (1920–26)
Clifford (1926–29)
Garza Gutiérrez (1929–31)
Salvador Briseño (1931–33)
Garza Gutiérrez (1933–35)
Sota & Pradillo (1935)
Garza Gutiérrez (1935–36)
Pedro Barra (1936–37)
Garza Gutiérrez (1937–42)
Regueiro (1942–46)
Garza Gutiérrez (1946–49)
Vial (1949–50)
Alfredo Sánchez (1950)
Orth (1950–51)
Borbolla (1951–52)
Alonso (1952)
Vial (1952–55)
Iacono (1955–56)
M. Gutiérrez (1956–57)
Felipe Gutiérrez (1957)
Rubio (1957)
Marcos (1958–61)
Trelles (1961–64)
Moncebáezc (1962)
Scopelli (1964–65)
Moncebáezc (1965)
Scarone (1965–66)
Papadoupolos (1966–67)
Prietoc (1967)
Nájera (1967)
Barinaga (1968)
Ormeño (1968–70)
Scopelli (1970)
Grill (1970–71)
Roca (1971–75)
Hernándezc (1975)
Cárdenas (1975–78)
Scopelli (1978–79)
Roca (1979–81)
Reinoso (1981–84)
Pérezc (1985)
López (1985–87)
Rodríguez (1987–88)
R. Rodríguezc (1987)
Vieira (1988–90)
Šekularac (1990–91)
R. Rodríguezc (1991)
Miloc (1991)
R. Rodríguezc (1991)
Falcão (1991–1992)
López (1992–94)
Beenhakker (1994–95)
Ferrerac (1995)
Jozić (1995)
Bielsa (1995–96)
Castellic (1996)
La Volpe (1996)
de los Cobos (1996)
J. Solari (1996–97)
Farfánc (1997)
Reinoso (1998)
Kiese (1999)
Aldrete (1999)
A. Tena (1999–2000)
Farfánc (2000)
Basile (2000–01)
Lapuente (2001–02)
Carrilloc (2002)
Lapuente (2002–03)
Beenhakker (2003–04)
Ruggeri (2004)
Carrillo (2004–05)
Aguado (2006)
Lapuente (2006)
L. F. Tena (2006–07)
Brailovsky (2007–2008)
Romano (2008)
Lunac (2008)
R. Díaz (2008–2009)
Ramírez (2009–2010)
Lapuente (2010–2011)
Reinoso (2011)
A. Tena (2011)
Herrera (2012–13)
Mohamed (2014)
Matosas (2015)
Ambríz (2015–16)
La Volpe (2016–17)
Herrera (2017–20)
S. Solari (2020–22)
Ortiz (2022–23)
Jardine (2023–)
(c) = caretaker manager
vteAtlético Madrid – managers
Ansoleaga (1921–22)
Iturbe (1922–23)
Hayes (1923–24)
Olalquiaga (1924–25)
Pentland (1925–26)
de Miguel (1926–27)
Ruete (1927)
Pentland (1927–29)
Romo (1929–30)
Jeny (1930–32)
Barroso (1932)
Harris (1932–33)
Anatol (1933)
Arteaga (1933)
Pentland (1933–35)
Marculetac (1935)
Samitier (1935–36)
Navarro (1938)
Quirante (1939)
Zamora (1939–40)
Lafuente (1940)
Zamora (1940–46)
Vidal (1946–47)
Taioli (1948–49)
Herrera (1949–53)
Colón (1953)
Díaz (1953–54)
Quincoces (1954–55)
Barrios (1955–57)
Daučík (1957–59)
Villalonga (1959–61)
Tinte (1961–63)
Escudero (1963)
Barinaga (1963–64)
Bumbel (1964–65)
Balmanya (1965–66)
Glória (1966–68)
González Pérez (1968–69)
Domingo (1969–72)
Merkel (1972–73)
Lorenzo (1973–74)
Aragonés (1974–78)
Núñez (1978)
Aragonés (1978)
Szusza (1978–79)
Aragonés (1979–80)
Jayo (1980)
Domingo (1980)
García Traid (1980–81)
Carriega (1981)
García Traid (1981–82)
Aragonés (1982–86)
Miera (1986)
Jayo (1986–87)
Aragonés (1987)
Menotti (1987–88)
Ufarte (1988)
Briones (1988)
Maguregui (1988)
Briones (1988)
Atkinson (1988–89)
Addison (1989)
Briones (1989)
Clemente (1989–90)
Briones (1990)
Peiró (1990)
Ovejeroc (1990)
Ivić (1990–91)
Aragonés (1991–93)
Ovejeroc (1992)
Pastoriza (1992–93)
Heredia (1993)
J. Pereira (1993)
Heredia (1993)
Cruz (1993)
Romero (1994)
Ovejero (1994)
D'Alessandro (1994)
Maturana (1994)
D'Alessandro (1994–95)
Basile (1995)
Aguiarc (1995)
Antić (1995–98)
Sacchi (1998–99)
Aguiarc (1999)
Antić (1999)
Ranieri (1999–00)
Antić (2000)
Zambrano (2000)
Alonso (2000–01)
Cantarero (2001)
Aragonés (2001–03)
Manzano (2003–04)
Ferrando (2004–05)
Bianchi (2005)
Murcia (2006)
Aguirre (2006–09)
Resino (2009)
Deniac (2009)
Flores (2009–11)
Manzano (2011)
Simeone (2011–)
(c) = caretaker manager
vteSan Lorenzo – managers
Malvassi (1931–32)
Medgyessy (1933)
Giuliano (1933–34)
Malvassi (1935)
Fossa (1936)
Malvassi (1937)
Garay (1938)
Celli (1939)
Giuliano (1939)
Stábile (1939–40)
Giuliano (1940)
Tarrio (1940)
Hirschl (1941)
García (1942–43)
Orth (1944)
García (1945–46)
Omar (1946–47)
Corsetti (1947)
Giuliano (1948)
Cuesta Silva (1949–50)
Fossa (1951)
Corsetti (1955)
Pérez (1953)
Pontoni (1954)
Pérez (1954)
Giuliano (1954)
Peucelle (1954)
G. Díaz (1954)
Lángara (1955)
Pontoni (1955)
Fernández Roca (1956)
Giuliano (1956)
Barreiro (1957–60)
Doval (1961)
Lorenzo (1961–62)
Ramos (1962)
Pontoni (1962)
Amándola (1963)
Mogilevsky (1963)
Barreiro (1963–64)
Palma (1965)
Resquin (1965)
Lorenzo (1965)
García (1966)
Barreiro (1966–67)
García (1967)
Tim (1967–68)
Giúdice (1969)
García (1969)
Dellacha (1969–70)
Domínguez (1971)
Prieto (1972)
Ignominiello (1972)
Lorenzo (1972–73)
Castelli (1973)
Carniglia (1973)
Diez (1973)
Zubeldía (1974)
Bettinotti (1974)
Zubeldia (1975)
Bettinotti (1975)
Scarone (1975)
Rendo (1975–76)
Montes (1976)
D'Acorso (1976)
Domínguez (1977)
Calics (1977)
Resquin (1977–78)
Pedernera (1978)
Romero (1978)
Bilardo (1979)
Delem (1980)
Faraone (1980)
Veira (1980)
Cocco (1981)
Roman (1981)
Lorenzo (1981–82)
Yudica (1982)
Veira (1983–84)
Rogel (1984)
López-Caballero (1985)
Lorenzo (1985)
Magliolo (1985)
Veiga (1985–86)
Cousillas (1986)
Carotti (1986–87)
Milutinović (1987)
Veira (1987–89)
Paolino (1989)
Quiroga (1989)
Saporiti (1989–90)
Rezza (1990–91)
Arean (1991–92)
Carotti (1992)
Calabria (1992)
Castelli (1992)
Veira (1992–96)
Mariani (1996)
Aimar (1996)
Castelli (1997–98)
Basile (1998)
Ruggeri (1998–2001)
Doria (2001)
Pellegrini (2001–02)
Insúa (2002–03)
Gorosito (2003–04)
Rodríguezc (2004)
Veira (2004–05)
Rodríguezc (2005)
Alfaro (2005–06)
Ruggeri (2006)
Díaz (2007–08)
Batista (2008)
Russo (2008–09)
Fanesic (2009)
Simeone (2009–10)
Méndezc (2010)
Díaz (2010–11)
Asad (2011)
Madelón (2011–12)
Caruso Lombardi (2012)
Pizzi (2012–13)
Bauza (2014–15)
Guede (2016)
Aguirre (2016–17)
Biaggio (2017–18)
Monarrizc (2018)
Almirón (2018–19)
Monarrizc (2019)
Pizzi (2019)
Monarriz (2019–20)
Tocallic (2020)
Soso (2020–21)
Dabove (2021)
Romagnolic (2021)
Montero (2021)
Di Leo & Monarrizc (2021)
Troglio (2022)
Berónc (2022)
Insúa (2022–24)
Romagnoli (2024–)
(c) = caretaker manager
vteColón de Santa Fe – managers
Rota (1948)
Chividini (1950)
Menutti (1956–57)
Fernández Roca (1959)
Etchegoyen (1965)
Aráuz (1965–66)
Allegri (1966)
Etchegoyen (1966–67)
Campos (1967)
Díaz (1967)
Etchegoyen (1968)
J. López (1968)
Viera (1969)
Morales (1969)
Acosta (1970)
J. López (1970)
Urriolabeitía (1971–72)
Chevés c (1972)
Silvero (1972–73)
Pizzuti (1973)
Chevés c (1973)
Urriolabeitía (1974)
Chevés (1974)
M. Juárez (1975)
Chevés (1975)
Yudica (1976)
Chevés c (1976)
Pizzuti (1976–77)
Urriolabeitía (1977–78)
M. Juárez (1980)
Hurtado c (1980)
Rossi (1980)
Iglesias (1981)
Fernández (1981)
R. Juárez (1981)
Etchegoyen (1982)
Veiga (1983)
Sosa (1984)
Trigilli (1986–87)
Cocco (1987)
Aguirre (1987)
Medina (1989)
Trigilli (1989)
Cabrero (1990–91)
García (1992–93)
Ginarte (1993)
Chabay (1993–95)
Medina c (1995)
Trossero (1995–96)
Medina c (1996)
Rezza (1996)
Ferraro (1996–97)
Olguín (1997)
Medina c (1997)
Córdoba (1998)
Ferraro (1998–99)
Mantaras c (1999)
Russo (1999)
Piazza (1999–2000)
Mantaras (2000)
Gareca (2001)
Fossati (2001–02)
Bauza (2002–03)
Morant c (2003)
Maturana (2004)
Basile (2004)
Pizzi & del Solar (2005)
Sciacqua c (2005)
Martino (2005)
Sciacqua c (2005)
Bauza (2005–06)
Sciacqua c (2006)
Toresani (2006)
Mantaras c (2006)
Falcioni (2006–07)
Mantaras c (2007)
Astrada (2007–08)
Mantaras c (2008)
Mohamed (2008–10)
Gamboa (2010–11)
Sciacqua (2011–12)
Sensini (2012–13)
Morant c (2013)
Forestello (2013)
Sciacqua (2013)
Osella (2014)
Merlo (2014–15)
J.O. López (2015)
Franco (2015–16)
Johansen c (2016)
Montero (2016)
Domínguez (2017–18)
Fuertes c (2018)
Comesaña (2019)
Goux c (2019)
Lavallén (2019)
Osella (2020)
Domínguez (2020–21)
Falcioni (2022)
Marini c (2022)
Rondina (2022)
Marini c (2022)
Saralegui (2022–23)
Gorosito (2023)
Damonte (2023)
Delfino (2024–)
(c) = caretaker manager
vteBoca Juniors – managers
Fortunato (1930–32)
Lago Millán (1932)
Bidoglio (1933)
Fortunato (1934–36)
Tramutola (1937–38)
Sobral (1938)
de Belvecony (1939)
Cherro (1939)
Fernández Roca (1939–40)
Sobral (1940–41)
Calocero (1941)
Fortunato (1942)
Tarrío (1942–43)
Garasini (1943–45)
Fortunato (1946)
González Pinto (1947)
Benavídez (1948)
Cesarini (1949)
Plattko (1949–50)
Lazzatti (1950)
Baldonedo (1951–52)
Díaz (1953)
Orth (1953)
Lazzatti (1954)
Sarlanga (1955)
Fortunato (1956)
Gandulla (1957–58)
Moreno (1958–59)
Vacca (1959)
Sosa (1960)
D'Amico (1960)
Feola (1961)
D'Amico (1962–63)
Pedernera (1963–65)
Rossi (1965–66)
Silveira (1967–68)
D'Amico (1968)
Di Stéfano (1969)
Silvero (1970–71)
Riera (1971–72)
Varacka (1972)
Domínguez (1973–75)
Lorenzo (1976–79)
Rattín (1980)
Marzolini (1981)
Cap (1982)
Faraone (1982–83)
Seoanei (1983)
Grilloi (1983)
López (1983–84)
Dino Sani (1984)
Grilloi (1984)
Zanabriai (1984)
Di Stéfano (1985)
Zanabria (1985–86)
Menotti (1987)
Saporiti (1987)
Lorenzo (1987)
Pastoriza (1988–89)
Aimar (1989–90)
Potentei (1990)
Tabárez (1991–93)
Potentei (1993)
Habegger (1993)
Hrabinai (1993)
Menotti (1993–94)
Hrabinai (1994)
Marzolini (1995)
Bilardo (1996)
Sái (1996)
Veira (1997–98)
García Cambóni (1998)
Bianchi (1998–2001)
Tabárez (2002)
Bianchi (2003–04)
Brindisi (2004)
Benítez (2004–05)
Alvesi (2005)
Basile (2005–06)
La Volpe (2006)
Russo (2007)
Ischia (2008–09)
Alvesi (2009)
Basile (2009–10)
Alves (2010)
Pompeii (2010)
Borghi (2010)
Pompeii (2010)
Falcioni (2011–12)
Bianchi (2013–14)
Arruabarrena (2014–16)
Barros Schelotto (2016–18)
Alfaro (2019)
Russo (2020–21)
Battaglia (2021–22)
Ibarra (2022–23)
Herróni (2023)
Almirón (2023)
Herróni (2023)
Martínez (2024–)
(i) = Interim manager
vteArgentina national football team – managers
Vázquez (1924–25)
Lago Millán (1927–28)
Olazar (1928–29)
Olazar & Tramutola (1929–30)
Pascucci (1934)
Seoane (1934–37)
Fernández Roca (1937–39)
Stábile (1939–58)
Barreiro, Della Torre & Spinetto (1959)
Stábile (1960)
Spinetto (1960–61)
D'Amico (1961)
Lorenzo (1962)
Rossi (1962)
López (1962)
D'Amico (1963)
Minella (1964–65)
Zubeldía (1965)
Lorenzo (1966)
López (1967)
Faraone (1967)
Cesarini (1967–68)
Minella (1968)
Maschio (1969)
Pedernera (1969)
Pizzuti (1970–72)
Sívori (1972–73)
Cap (1974)
Menotti (1974–82)
Bilardo (1982–90)
Basile (1990–94)
Passarella (1994–98)
Bielsa (1998–2004)
Pékerman (2004–06)
Basile (2006–08)
Maradona (2008–10)
Batista (2010–11)
Sabella (2011–14)
Martino (2014–16)
Bauza (2016–17)
Sampaoli (2017–18)
Scaloni (2018–)
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Racing Club de Avellaneda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing_Club_de_Avellaneda"},{"link_name":"Huracán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Atl%C3%A9tico_Hurac%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Racing Club de Avellaneda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing_Club_de_Avellaneda"},{"link_name":"Supercopa Libertadores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercopa_Libertadores"},{"link_name":"Argentina national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Boca Juniors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boca_Juniors"},{"link_name":"Racing Club de Avellaneda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing_Club_de_Avellaneda"}],"text":"Alfredo Rubén \"Alfio\" Basile[1] (born 1 November 1943), nicknamed Coco, is an Argentine football manager and former player. He played for Racing Club de Avellaneda and Huracán before becoming a manager. He coached many teams during his career, being most notable Racing Club de Avellaneda (where he won the Supercopa Libertadores, the first international title for the club since 1967), the Argentina national team (with 4 titles won) and Boca Juniors, where he won five titles in two years.The last team managed by Basile was Racing Club de Avellaneda, which he left in 2012.","title":"Alfio Basile"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Basile_1966rac.jpg"},{"link_name":"Racing Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing_Club_de_Avellaneda"},{"link_name":"Bahía Blanca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%ADa_Blanca"},{"link_name":"Club Bella Vista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bella_Vista_de_Bah%C3%ADa_Blanca"},{"link_name":"Racing Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing_Club_de_Avellaneda"},{"link_name":"Juan José Pizutti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Pizutti"},{"link_name":"centre-back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defender_(association_football)#Centre-back"},{"link_name":"Roberto Perfumo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Perfumo"},{"link_name":"Intercontinental Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercontinental_Cup_(football)"},{"link_name":"1967","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967_Intercontinental_Cup"},{"link_name":"Celtic FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_FC"},{"link_name":"Huracán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Atl%C3%A9tico_Hurac%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"1973 Metropolitano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_Argentine_Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n#Metropolitano_Championship"},{"link_name":"César Luis Menotti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Luis_Menotti"},{"link_name":"Argentina national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lacueva-2"},{"link_name":"Carlos Peucelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Peucelle"},{"link_name":"central midfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midfielder#Central_midfielder"},{"link_name":"Primera División","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Huracán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Atl%C3%A9tico_Hurac%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"El Gráfico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Gr%C3%A1fico_(Argentina)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lacueva-2"}],"text":"Basile during his tenure on Racing Club, 1966Born in Bahía Blanca, Basile started his playing career at Club Bella Vista in his home city. From 1964 to 1970 he played for Racing Club, where he played as midfielder until the arrival of coach Juan José Pizutti, who moved him to the defensive line to play as centre-back. In that position, Basile formed a remembered defensive pair with Roberto Perfumo, winning three titles with the club, which reached its peak with the Intercontinental Cup won in 1967 to Celtic FC, the first intercontinental title for an Argentine team.Basile totalized 186 matches with Racing Club before moving to Huracán, where he was a mainstay of the 1973 Metropolitano champions under coach César Luis Menotti. He also played for the Argentina national team. Basile retired as a player in 1975.[2]A Racing Club member took me to the club to try there. Carlos Peucelle was the coach by then. (After passing the test) I started to play at the 7th division, then promoted to higher ones, always playing as \"number 5\" (central midfielder). Last year, Dellatorre hanging me debut in Primera División, in the last round of the championship v. Huracán. I played as \"number 6\" (centre-back)— Basile in an interview with El Gráfico, 1965[2]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rosario Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosario_Central"},{"link_name":"Vélez Sársfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Atl%C3%A9tico_V%C3%A9lez_S%C3%A1rsfield"},{"link_name":"Nacional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Nacional_de_F%C3%BAtbol"},{"link_name":"Atlético Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atl%C3%A9tico_Madrid"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Basile1991.jpg"},{"link_name":"Argentina national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Copa America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_America"},{"link_name":"Argentina national football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Copa América","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_Am%C3%A9rica"},{"link_name":"FIFA Confederations Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_Confederations_Cup"},{"link_name":"CONMEBOL–UEFA Cup of Champions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CONMEBOL%E2%80%93UEFA_Cup_of_Champions"},{"link_name":"1994 FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Diego Maradona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Maradona"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_men%27s_national_soccer_team"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"ephedrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephedrine"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"San Lorenzo de Almagro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Lorenzo_de_Almagro"},{"link_name":"Club América","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Am%C3%A9rica"},{"link_name":"Colón de Santa Fe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Col%C3%B3n_de_Santa_Fe"},{"link_name":"Boca Juniors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boca_Juniors"},{"link_name":"Recopa Sudamericana 2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recopa_Sudamericana_2005"},{"link_name":"Argentine league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n_Argentina"},{"link_name":"2005 Apertura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%E2%80%932006_in_Argentine_football"},{"link_name":"Copa Sudamericana 2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_Sudamericana_2005"},{"link_name":"UNAM Pumas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Universidad_Nacional"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Argentina national football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"José Pekerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Pekerman"},{"link_name":"Boca Juniors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boca_Juniors"},{"link_name":"Recopa Sudamericana 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recopa_Sudamericana_2006"},{"link_name":"São Paulo FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_FC"},{"link_name":"Serie A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_A"},{"link_name":"La Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Liga"},{"link_name":"Carlos Tevez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Tevez"},{"link_name":"Javier Mascherano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javier_Mascherano"},{"link_name":"Juventus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juventus_FC"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alfio_Basile_con_Amado_Boudou.jpg"},{"link_name":"Amado Boudou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amado_Boudou"},{"link_name":"Mar del Plata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_del_Plata"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"World Cup qualifiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup_qualification_(CONMEBOL)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Diego Maradona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Maradona"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Argentina national football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Carlos Ischia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Ischia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Copa Libertadores 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_Libertadores_2010"},{"link_name":"River Plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Atl%C3%A9tico_River_Plate"},{"link_name":"Mar del Plata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_del_Plata"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Diego Simeone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Simeone"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Estadio Libertadores de América","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estadio_Libertadores_de_Am%C3%A9rica"},{"link_name":"Teo Gutiérrez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teo_Guti%C3%A9rrez"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Héctor Veira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9ctor_Veira"},{"link_name":"Cacho Castaña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cacho_Casta%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Flat Earth FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_Earth_FC"},{"link_name":"idea that the Earth is flat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_flat_Earth_beliefs"},{"link_name":"Javi Poves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javi_Poves"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"After retirement as a player, Basile coached a number of Argentine teams, most notably Rosario Central, Racing Club, Huracán, Vélez Sársfield, Uruguayan Nacional, and Atlético Madrid.Basile in 1991 when he was coaching the Argentina national team that won the Copa AmericaHis career as a coach reached its first peak in the early 1990s, when he led the Argentina national football team to two Copa América, one FIFA Confederations Cup and one CONMEBOL–UEFA Cup of Champions victories. The run-up to the 1994 FIFA World Cup looked smooth until a 5–0 defeat at home to Colombia. Following that traumatic event, Diego Maradona was brought back from retirement to take part in the play-off against Australia.In the World Cup itself, Argentina opened with two impressive victories over Greece and Nigeria. However, controversy was soon to appear. Maradona was tested for doping after the Nigeria match, and was suspended after ephedrine was found in his sample. Argentina still progressed to the last 16 despite a 2–0 defeat by Bulgaria, but morale was shattered and the team was eliminated after losing to Romania.After resigning over the World Cup disappointment,[3] Basile went on to coach San Lorenzo de Almagro, Club América of México and Colón de Santa Fe with varying degrees of success. In July 2005 he assumed the post of coach at Boca Juniors, winning the Recopa Sudamericana 2005 just a month later. He then won his first Argentine league title in the 2005 Apertura tournament. Four days later, Boca won the Copa Sudamericana 2005 against UNAM Pumas of Mexico.In July 2006, he was once again offered the position of Argentina national football team coach and accepted the job taking over from José Pekerman. Before starting his new job, Basile stayed with Boca Juniors until 14 September 2006, when the team won a second consecutive Recopa Sudamericana 2006 with a victory over São Paulo FC of Brazil.Vocal about his preference for the Italian Serie A and the Spanish La Liga over the English league, he made waves in England when he called for Carlos Tevez and Javier Mascherano to transfer to Italy, claiming the switch would be better for the latter \"even if he would have to play in the second division\" with Juventus.[4]Basile as coach of Racing Club talking with then vice-president of Argentina, Amado Boudou in Mar del Plata, January 2012On 16 October 2008, amidst the controversy over the historic defeat that Argentina suffered against Chile in the World Cup qualifiers, Basile tendered his resignation.[5] This eventually paved the road to the appointment of Diego Maradona as national team coach.[6]\nAs a coach, Basile had in total two tenures at the helm of the Argentina national football team, 1991–1994 and 2006–2008.On 1 July 2009, Basile returned to Boca Juniors after three years, replacing Carlos Ischia.[7] But after a series of bad results, especially the failure to qualify for the Copa Libertadores 2010 and a crushing 3–1 defeat to archrivals River Plate during a summer tournament at Mar del Plata, he resigned on 21 January 2010.[8]On 26 December 2011, Basile returned to Racing Club for his fourth spell as their coach, taking over from Diego Simeone.[9] One year later, he resigned after a confusing incident in the Estadio Libertadores de América's change room, with Racing forward Teo Gutiérrez being accused of pointing a gun at a teammate.[10]Since his departure from Racing, Basile has not managed any team, stating he is \"retired\" from the activity.[11] Basile has occasionally appeared in some interviews and the TV show Buenos Muchachos (Good Guys) where he participated along with fellow Héctor Veira and singer Cacho Castaña.[12]In 2019, Basile offered to manage Flat Earth FC, a Spanish amateur team based around the idea that the Earth is flat. He said that he agreed with club president Javi Poves's views on the subject.[13][14]","title":"Managerial career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Primera División","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"1966","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966_Argentine_Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Copa Libertadores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_Libertadores"},{"link_name":"1967","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967_Copa_Libertadores"},{"link_name":"Intercontinental Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercontinental_Cup_(football)"},{"link_name":"1967","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967_Intercontinental_Cup"},{"link_name":"Intercontinental Champions' Supercup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercontinental_Champions%27_Supercup"},{"link_name":"1973 Metropolitano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_Argentine_Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n#Metropolitano_Championship"}],"sub_title":"Player","text":"Racing ClubPrimera División: 1966\nCopa Libertadores: 1967\nIntercontinental Cup: 1967\nIntercontinental Champions' Supercup runner-up: 1969HuracánPrimera División: 1973 Metropolitano","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Supercopa Sudamericana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercopa_Libertadores"},{"link_name":"1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Supercopa_Libertadores"},{"link_name":"Recopa Sudamericana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recopa_Sudamericana"},{"link_name":"1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Recopa_Sudamericana"},{"link_name":"Argentine Primera División","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"1985 Nacional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985_Argentine_Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"CONCACAF Giants Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CONCACAF_Giants_Cup"},{"link_name":"2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CONCACAF_Giants_Cup"},{"link_name":"2005 Apertura, 2006 Clausura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_Argentine_Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Copa Sudamericana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_Sudamericana"},{"link_name":"2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Copa_Sudamericana"},{"link_name":"Recopa Sudamericana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recopa_Sudamericana"},{"link_name":"2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Recopa_Sudamericana"},{"link_name":"2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Recopa_Sudamericana"},{"link_name":"Copa América","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_Am%C3%A9rica"},{"link_name":"1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Copa_Am%C3%A9rica"},{"link_name":"1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Copa_Am%C3%A9rica"},{"link_name":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Copa_Am%C3%A9rica"},{"link_name":"FIFA Confederations Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_Confederations_Cup"},{"link_name":"1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_King_Fahd_Cup"},{"link_name":"CONMEBOL–UEFA Cup of Champions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CONMEBOL%E2%80%93UEFA_Cup_of_Champions"},{"link_name":"1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Artemio_Franchi_Cup"}],"sub_title":"Manager","text":"Racing ClubSupercopa Sudamericana: 1988\nRecopa Sudamericana runner-up: 1989Racing de CórdobaLiga Cordobesa de Fútbol: 1981\nTorneo Neder Nicola: 1981\nCopa Córdoba: 1981Vélez SarsfieldArgentine Primera División runner-up: 1985 NacionalClub AméricaCONCACAF Giants Cup: 2001Boca JuniorsPrimera División: 2005 Apertura, 2006 Clausura\nCopa Sudamericana: 2005\nRecopa Sudamericana: 2005, 2006ArgentinaCopa América: 1991, 1993; runner-up: 2007\nFIFA Confederations Cup: 1992\nCONMEBOL–UEFA Cup of Champions: 1993","title":"Honours"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Basile during his tenure on Racing Club, 1966","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Basile_1966rac.jpg/150px-Basile_1966rac.jpg"},{"image_text":"Basile in 1991 when he was coaching the Argentina national team that won the Copa America","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Basile1991.jpg/150px-Basile1991.jpg"},{"image_text":"Basile as coach of Racing Club talking with then vice-president of Argentina, Amado Boudou in Mar del Plata, January 2012","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Alfio_Basile_con_Amado_Boudou.jpg/260px-Alfio_Basile_con_Amado_Boudou.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Flat Earth FC, el club español que defiende que la tierra es plana\". El País (in Spanish). 3 September 2019. Retrieved 14 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elpais.com.uy/ovacion/futbol/flat-earth-fc-club-espanol-defiende-tierra-plana.html","url_text":"\"Flat Earth FC, el club español que defiende que la tierra es plana\""}]},{"reference":"García, Domingo (2 July 2019). \"Coco Basile se ofrece como mánager del equipo terraplanista de Javi Poves\". La Razón (in Spanish). Retrieved 14 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.larazon.es/deportes/basile-se-ofrece-como-manager-del-equipo-terraplanista-DE24022199/","url_text":"\"Coco Basile se ofrece como mánager del equipo terraplanista de Javi Poves\""}]},{"reference":"\"Futbol Factory profile\" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 20 October 2007. Retrieved 29 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071020025322/http://futbolfactory.futbolweb.net/index.php?ff=historicos&f2=00001&idjugador=415","url_text":"\"Futbol Factory profile\""},{"url":"http://futbolfactory.futbolweb.net/index.php?ff=historicos&f2=00001&idjugador=415","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.lanueva.com/nota/2008-12-24-9-0-0-el-coco-basile","external_links_name":"https://www.lanueva.com/nota/2008-12-24-9-0-0-el-coco-basile"},{"Link":"http://www.elgrafico.com.ar/2018/04/23/C-31722-1965-basile-un-rebelde-en-la-cueva.php","external_links_name":"Basile, un rebelde en \"la cueva\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1994/07/08/sports/world-cup-94-argentine-coach-set-to-resign.html?scp=3&sq=world%20cup%20%2794%20argentina%20rumania&st=cse","external_links_name":"\"The NYTimes - WORLD CUP '94: Argentine Coach Set To Resign\""},{"Link":"http://edition.cnn.com/2006/SPORT/football/10/06/argentina.basile","external_links_name":"\"CNN -Basile Unhappy About West Ham Pair\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/internationals/7675491.stm","external_links_name":"\"BBC - Basile resigns as Argentina coach\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/internationals/7701071.stm","external_links_name":"\"BBC - Maradona named as Argentina coach\""},{"Link":"http://www.goal.com/en/news/585/argentina/2009/05/25/1285885/alfio-basile-could-replace-carlos-ischia-at-boca-juniors","external_links_name":"Alfio Basile could replace Carlos Ischia at Boca Juniors"},{"Link":"https://www.usatoday.com/sports/soccer/2010-01-22-4128080833_x.htm","external_links_name":"Boca Juniors coach Basile quits, replaced by Alves"},{"Link":"http://www.goal.com/en/news/585/argentina/2011/12/26/2819343/racing-club-appoint-alfio-basile-as-new-coach","external_links_name":"Racing Club appoint Alfio Basile as new coach"},{"Link":"https://www.clarin.com/deportes/basile-teo-maquina-quedo-nadie_0_HyIxeJ8jPXx.html","external_links_name":"Basile: \"Cuando Teo sacó la máquina, no quedó nadie\""},{"Link":"https://www.lanacion.com.ar/1762573-las-confesiones-del-coco-basile-que-paso-en-el-mundial-94-y-su-salida-de-la-seleccion-en-2008","external_links_name":"Las confesiones del Coco Basile: qué pasó en el Mundial 94 y su salida de la selección en 2008"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180501094527/https://www.lanacion.com.ar/1762573-las-confesiones-del-coco-basile-que-paso-en-el-mundial-94-y-su-salida-de-la-seleccion-en-2008","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.minutouno.com/notas/284729-llegan-los-buenos-muchachos-la-pantalla-c5n","external_links_name":"Llegan los \"Buenos Muchachos\" a la pantalla de C5N"},{"Link":"https://www.elpais.com.uy/ovacion/futbol/flat-earth-fc-club-espanol-defiende-tierra-plana.html","external_links_name":"\"Flat Earth FC, el club español que defiende que la tierra es plana\""},{"Link":"https://www.larazon.es/deportes/basile-se-ofrece-como-manager-del-equipo-terraplanista-DE24022199/","external_links_name":"\"Coco Basile se ofrece como mánager del equipo terraplanista de Javi Poves\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071020025322/http://futbolfactory.futbolweb.net/index.php?ff=historicos&f2=00001&idjugador=415","external_links_name":"\"Futbol Factory profile\""},{"Link":"http://futbolfactory.futbolweb.net/index.php?ff=historicos&f2=00001&idjugador=415","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110531171904/http://www.terra.com.ar/canales/futbol/142/142763.html","external_links_name":"Terra.com profile"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles%27s_2nd_City_Council_district
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Los Angeles's 2nd City Council district
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["1 Geography","1.1 Historical boundaries","2 List of members representing the district","2.1 1889–1909","2.2 1925–present","3 References","4 External links"]
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American legislative district
Los Angeles's 2ndCity Council districtCouncilmember
Paul KrekorianD–Toluca Lake
Demographics42.9% White4.6% Black43% Hispanic6.7% Asian0.3% OtherPopulation (2020)250,481Registered voters (2017)136,205Websitecouncildistrict2.lacity.gov
Los Angeles's 2nd City Council district is one of the fifteen districts in the Los Angeles City Council. It is currently represented by Democrat Paul Krekorian since 2009, after he won the special election to finish Wendy Greuel's term.
The district was created in 1925 after a new city charter was passed, which replaced the former "at large" voting system for a nine-member council with a district system with a 15-member council. Between 1923 and 1987, District 1 represented all, then parts, of the San Fernando Valley. Beginning its existence in the Hollywood area, it now covers much of the far eastern and southeastern portions of the San Fernando Valley and parts of the Crescenta Valley.
Geography
The 2nd district stretches from the hills of Studio City to the edge of Verdugo Mountains Park in Sun Valley. It includes North Hollywood, Studio City, Sun Valley, Valley Village, Van Nuys and Valley Glen.
Historical boundaries
The district was preceded by the second ward, first established in 1870 when the city was first incorporated. During the ward system in place from 1870 to 1889, it elected three (four from 1874 to 1878) to the Los Angeles Common Council. The second ward included the northern part of Los Angeles that wasn't included in the 1st ward. The district was obsolete when the at-large district was first established in 1889.
From 1889 to 1909, the ward was re-established, with the boundaries at the Los Angeles River, Downey Avenue, and San Fernando Road. It included the neighborhoods of Elysian Park, Angelino Heights, and Echo Park. It elected one member through a plurality vote before the ward became obsolete when the at-large district was re-established again in 1909.
In 1925, the district was created and was situated at Hollywood south of Franklin Avenue or Hollywood Boulevard and north of Santa Monica Boulevard, and Los Feliz. The district headquarters was at 2495 Glendower Avenue. In 1928, the boundaries were at Vermont Avenue. South boundary: Melrose Avenue to Seward Street, Fountain Avenue, north of Beverly Hills. West boundary: Beverly Glen By 1937, it was bounded on the north by the Hollywood Hills, south by Melrose Avenue, east by the 1st district and west by Beverly Glen Boulevard. In 1940, it was extended to include Griffith Park before extending again to include Riverside Drive and Studio City.
By 1955, it had Hollywood and a "sizable portion" of the San Fernando Valley, generally west of Ventura Boulevard and extending north to Encino. In 1960, the district was divested of its Hollywood area, which was instead attached to the 13th District. Its boundaries moved north and west, taking over Encino and parts of Van Nuys and North Hollywood. By 1975, the district was no longer representing Hollywood, but instead Sherman Oaks, Studio City, the Los Feliz district and Atwater Village. In 1979, the district was described as a "mixture of wealth and earthier life-styles that reaches from the San Diego Freeway through the Santa Monica Mountains to Griffith Park and beyond." The communities of Atwater Village, North Hollywood and Los Feliz were included in it, as well as the more affluent part of Studio City and Hollywood Hills. In 1982, the district straddled the Santa Monica Mountains east of the San Diego Freeway, taking in Sherman Oaks, Studio City, North Hollywood and the canyons north of Beverly Hills between Beverly Drive and Laurel Canyon Boulevard. Atwater, Glassell Park, Highland Park and Mount Washington were added while Benedict Canyon, Los Feliz and Hollywood were removed.
In 1986, with the death of Howard Finn in the 1st district, the district was moved to near Downtown to provide for election of a Hispanic, with the 2nd and 7th districts taking over the old area. Since then, the district has been situated in San Fernando Valley, extending from Studio City on the south, through Van Nuys to Sunland-Tujunga. In 2001, it extended to include La Tuna Canyon, with parts of Sun Valley, North Hollywood, Arleta, Lake View Terrace, Panorama City, Mission Hills, North Hills, Valley Village, Studio City and Van Nuys. In 2003, it had parts of Sherman Oaks, Valley Glen, North Hollywood, Lake View Terrace, Shadow Hills, La Tuna Canyon, and Van Nuys. In 2012, it no longer included Sunland-Tujunga, La Tuna Canyon, Lakeview Terrace, Shadow Hills and Sherman Oaks. It picked up nearly all of North Hollywood, Studio City and Valley Village, in addition to the NoHo Arts District, and portions of Campo de Cahuenga and the Universal City Metro station.
List of members representing the district
1889–1909
Councilmember
Party
Years
Electoral history
Single-member ward created 1889.
George P. McLain(Civic Center)
Republican
February 25, 1889 – December 5, 1890
Elected in 1889.
Daniel Innes(Angelino Heights)
Democratic
December 5, 1890 – December 12, 1894
Elected in 1890. Re-elected in 1892. Lost re-election.
Meredith P. Snyder(Downtown)
Democratic
December 12, 1894 – December 16, 1896
Elected in 1894. Retired to run for Mayor of Los Angeles.
Fred L. Baker (Wilshire Center)
Republican
December 16, 1896 – December 12, 1900
Elected in 1896. Re-elected in 1898. Retired.
George P. McLain(Civic Center)
Republican
December 12, 1900 – December 5, 1902
Elected in 1900.
Chauncey F. Skilling(Mid City)
Republican
December 5, 1902 – December 8, 1904
Elected in 1902.
Percy V. Hammon (Victor Heights)
Republican
December 8, 1904 – December 13, 1906
Elected in 1904. Retired to run for California State Assembly.
Edward A. Clampitt (Wilshire Center)
Republican
December 13, 1906 – December 10, 1909
Elected in 1906. Retired.
Single-member ward eliminated in 1909.
1925–present
Councilmember
Party
Dates
Electoral history
District created July 1, 1925
Robert M. Allan (Hollywood)
Republican
July 1, 1925 – June 30, 1927
Redistricted from the at-large district and re-elected in 1925. Lost re-election.
Arthur Alber (Hollywood)
Republican
July 1, 1927 – June 30, 1929
Elected in 1927. Retired.
Thomas F. Cooke (Hollywood Hills)
Republican
July 1, 1929 – June 30, 1931
Elected in 1929. Lost re-election.
James M. Hyde (Hollywood)
Republican
July 1, 1931 – June 30, 1939
Elected in 1931. Re-elected in 1935. Lost re-election.
Norris J. Nelson (Hollywood)
Republican
July 1, 1939 – June 30, 1943
Elected in 1939. Re-elected in 1943. Retired to join the United States Army.
Lloyd G. Davies (Hollywood)
Republican
July 1, 1943 – June 30, 1951
Elected in 1943. Re-elected in 1945. Re-elected in 197. Re-elected in 1949. Lost re-election.
Earle D. Baker (Hollywood Hills)
Republican
July 1, 1951 – June 30, 1959
Elected in 1951. Re-elected in 1954. Re-elected in 1955. Lost re-election.
Lemoine Blanchard (North Hollywood)
Republican
July 1, 1959 – June 30, 1963
Elected in 1959. Re-elected in 1963. Re-elected in 1967. Lost re-election.
James B. Potter Jr. (North Hollywood)
Republican
July 1, 1963 – June 30, 1971
Elected in 1963. Re-elected in 1967. Lost re-election.
Joel Wachs (Studio City)
Republican
July 1, 1971 – October 1, 2001
Elected in 1971. Re-elected in 1975. Re-elected in 1979. Re-elected in 1981. Re-elected in 1985. Re-elected in 1987. Re-elected in 1991. Changed parties in 1993. Re-elected in 1995. Re-elected in 1999. Resigned.
Independent
Vacant
October 1, 2001 – March 5, 2002
Wendy Greuel (Studio City)
Democratic
March 5, 2002 – June 30, 2009
Elected to finish Wach's term. Re-elected in 2003. Re-elected in 2007. Retired to run for City Controller.
Vacant
June 30, 2009 – December 8, 2009
Chief Legislative Analyst Gerry F. Miller appointed as caretaker until next election.
Paul Krekorian (Toluca Lake)
Democratic
December 8, 2009 –present
Elected to finish Greuel's term. Re-elected in 2011. Re-elected in 2015. Termed out.
References
^ "The Ward Boundaries". Los Angeles Herald. November 12, 1878.
^ "The Black Pioneers of Los Angeles County: The Counting of African Americans in the 1880 Federal Census". Homestead Museum. February 22, 2021. In the city's First Ward including the northern part of downtown, .
^ Stevens, Mark H. (May 8, 2024). "The Road to Reform: Los Angeles' Municipal Elections of 1909: Part II". Southern California Quarterly. 86 (4). University of California Press: 325–368. doi:10.2307/41172235. JSTOR 41172235.
^ "First Map Showing City Council's Districts," Los Angeles Times, January 16, 1925, page 1
^ "Here Are the Hundred and Twelve Aspirants for the City's Fifteen Councilmanic Seats," Los Angeles Times, May 3, 1925, page 7 Includes a map.
^ "Who's Who in Council Race," Los Angeles Times, May 3, 1925, page A-1
^ "To the Citizens of Los Angeles," Los Angeles Times, February 14, 1926, page B-5
^ "Council Areas' Lines Changed," Los Angeles Times, December 29, 1928, page A-1
^ "New Council Zones Defined," Los Angeles Times, January 7, 1937, page A-18
^ "Proposed New Alignment for City Voting Precincts," Los Angeles Times, November 30, 1940, page A-3 Includes a map.
^ "Council Votes Ordinance Altering District Lines," Los Angeles Times, December 29, 1944, page A-1
^ "Council Contests in Seven Districts," Los Angeles Times, April 3, 1955, page B-1
^ "Redistrict Ordinance Now Law," Los Angeles Times, November 15, 1960, page 1
^ "Council OKs Changes in Its Districts," Los Angeles Times, November 1, 1960, page B-1
^ Doug Shuit, "5 Council Members Coasting Through Campaigns," Los Angeles Times, March 23, 1975, page E-1
^ Kevin Roderick, "Hot Council Campaign," Los Angeles Times, March 4, 1979, page SF-A-1
^ Richard Simon, "Wachs Heavy Favorite in 6-Way City Council Race," Los Angeles Times, April 7, 1983, page V-1 With map.
^ "Los Angeles' Realigned Council Districts," Los Angeles Times," September 21, 1986, page B-3
^ Patrick McGreevy, "After 30 Years, 2nd District Seat Up for Grabs," Los Angeles Times, December 9, 2001
^ Patrick McGreevey, "2nd District's 'Queen of Potholes,' Gruel Is Unopposed," Los Angeles Times, February 23, 2003, image 95
^ "New Council Districts in Place," "CD2 News," July 2, 2012
^ Patrick McGreevy, "City Council Gives Wachs a Big Send-Off," Los Angeles Times, September 29, 2001
External links
Official City Council District 2 website
vteMembers of the Los Angeles City Council
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District 6 Imelda PadillaDistrict 14 Kevin de León
District 7 Monica Rodriguez District 15 Tim McOsker
District 8 Marqueece Harris-Dawson
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Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventura_Boulevard"},{"link_name":"Encino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encino,_California"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"13th District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_City_Council_District_13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Encino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encino,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Van Nuys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Nuys,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"North Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Hollywood"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Sherman Oaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherman_Oaks"},{"link_name":"Los Feliz district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Feliz,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Atwater Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atwater_Village,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"San Diego Freeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Freeway"},{"link_name":"Santa Monica Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Monica_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Griffith Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griffith_Park"},{"link_name":"Studio City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_City"},{"link_name":"Hollywood Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Hills"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Sherman Oaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherman_Oaks"},{"link_name":"Beverly Drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly_Drive"},{"link_name":"Laurel Canyon Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurel_Canyon_Boulevard"},{"link_name":"Atwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atwater_Village,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Glassell Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glassell_Park"},{"link_name":"Highland Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highland_Park,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Mount Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Washington,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Benedict Canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedict_Canyon"},{"link_name":"Los Feliz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Feliz,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Howard Finn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Finn"},{"link_name":"1st district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles%27s_1st_City_Council_district"},{"link_name":"Downtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans"},{"link_name":"7th districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles%27s_7th_City_Council_district"},{"link_name":"San Fernando Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Fernando_Valley"},{"link_name":"Studio City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_City"},{"link_name":"Van Nuys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Nuys"},{"link_name":"Sunland-Tujunga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunland-Tujunga,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Sun Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Valley,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"North Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Hollywood"},{"link_name":"Arleta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arleta"},{"link_name":"Lake View Terrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_View_Terrace"},{"link_name":"Panorama City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panorama_City"},{"link_name":"Mission Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_Hills,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"North Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Hills,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Valley Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_Village"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Sherman Oaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherman_Oaks,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Valley Glen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_Glen,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"North Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Hollywood"},{"link_name":"Lake View Terrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_View_Terrace"},{"link_name":"Shadow Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_Hills,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Van Nuys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Nuys,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Campo de Cahuenga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campo_de_Cahuenga"},{"link_name":"Universal City Metro station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_City_(Los_Angeles_Metro_station)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Historical boundaries","text":"The district was preceded by the second ward, first established in 1870 when the city was first incorporated. During the ward system in place from 1870 to 1889, it elected three (four from 1874 to 1878) to the Los Angeles Common Council. The second ward included the northern part of Los Angeles that wasn't included in the 1st ward.[1][2] The district was obsolete when the at-large district was first established in 1889.From 1889 to 1909, the ward was re-established, with the boundaries at the Los Angeles River, Downey Avenue, and San Fernando Road. It included the neighborhoods of Elysian Park, Angelino Heights, and Echo Park. It elected one member through a plurality vote before the ward became obsolete when the at-large district was re-established again in 1909.[3]In 1925, the district was created and was situated at Hollywood south of Franklin Avenue or Hollywood Boulevard and north of Santa Monica Boulevard, and Los Feliz.[4][5][6] The district headquarters was at 2495 Glendower Avenue.[7] In 1928, the boundaries were at Vermont Avenue. South boundary: Melrose Avenue to Seward Street, Fountain Avenue, north of Beverly Hills. West boundary: Beverly Glen[8] By 1937, it was bounded on the north by the Hollywood Hills, south by Melrose Avenue, east by the 1st district and west by Beverly Glen Boulevard.[9] In 1940, it was extended to include Griffith Park before extending again to include Riverside Drive and Studio City.[10][11]By 1955, it had Hollywood and a \"sizable portion\" of the San Fernando Valley, generally west of Ventura Boulevard and extending north to Encino.[12] In 1960, the district was divested of its Hollywood area, which was instead attached to the 13th District.[13] Its boundaries moved north and west, taking over Encino and parts of Van Nuys and North Hollywood.[14] By 1975, the district was no longer representing Hollywood, but instead Sherman Oaks, Studio City, the Los Feliz district and Atwater Village.[15] In 1979, the district was described as a \"mixture of wealth and earthier life-styles that reaches from the San Diego Freeway through the Santa Monica Mountains to Griffith Park and beyond.\" The communities of Atwater Village, North Hollywood and Los Feliz were included in it, as well as the more affluent part of Studio City and Hollywood Hills.[16] In 1982, the district straddled the Santa Monica Mountains east of the San Diego Freeway, taking in Sherman Oaks, Studio City, North Hollywood and the canyons north of Beverly Hills between Beverly Drive and Laurel Canyon Boulevard. Atwater, Glassell Park, Highland Park and Mount Washington were added while Benedict Canyon, Los Feliz and Hollywood were removed.[17]In 1986, with the death of Howard Finn in the 1st district, the district was moved to near Downtown to provide for election of a Hispanic, with the 2nd and 7th districts taking over the old area. Since then, the district has been situated in San Fernando Valley, extending from Studio City on the south, through Van Nuys to Sunland-Tujunga.[18] In 2001, it extended to include La Tuna Canyon, with parts of Sun Valley, North Hollywood, Arleta, Lake View Terrace, Panorama City, Mission Hills, North Hills, Valley Village, Studio City and Van Nuys.[19] In 2003, it had parts of Sherman Oaks, Valley Glen, North Hollywood, Lake View Terrace, Shadow Hills, La Tuna Canyon, and Van Nuys.[20] In 2012, it no longer included Sunland-Tujunga, La Tuna Canyon, Lakeview Terrace, Shadow Hills and Sherman Oaks. It picked up nearly all of North Hollywood, Studio City and Valley Village, in addition to the NoHo Arts District, and portions of Campo de Cahuenga and the Universal City Metro station.[21]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of members representing the district"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1889–1909","title":"List of members representing the district"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1925–present","title":"List of members representing the district"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"The Ward Boundaries\". Los Angeles Herald. November 12, 1878.","urls":[{"url":"https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=LAH18781112.2.19&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN--------","url_text":"\"The Ward Boundaries\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Herald","url_text":"Los Angeles Herald"}]},{"reference":"\"The Black Pioneers of Los Angeles County: The Counting of African Americans in the 1880 Federal Census\". Homestead Museum. February 22, 2021. In the city's First Ward including the northern part of downtown, [...].","urls":[{"url":"https://homesteadmuseum.blog/2021/02/22/the-black-pioneers-of-los-angeles-county-the-counting-of-african-americans-in-the-1880-federal-census/","url_text":"\"The Black Pioneers of Los Angeles County: The Counting of African Americans in the 1880 Federal Census\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homestead_Museum","url_text":"Homestead Museum"}]},{"reference":"Stevens, Mark H. (May 8, 2024). \"The Road to Reform: Los Angeles' Municipal Elections of 1909: Part II\". Southern California Quarterly. 86 (4). University of California Press: 325–368. doi:10.2307/41172235. JSTOR 41172235.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41172235","url_text":"\"The Road to Reform: Los Angeles' Municipal Elections of 1909: Part II\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_Press","url_text":"University of California Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F41172235","url_text":"10.2307/41172235"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41172235","url_text":"41172235"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://councildistrict2.lacity.gov/","external_links_name":"councildistrict2.lacity.gov"},{"Link":"https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=LAH18781112.2.19&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN--------","external_links_name":"\"The Ward Boundaries\""},{"Link":"https://homesteadmuseum.blog/2021/02/22/the-black-pioneers-of-los-angeles-county-the-counting-of-african-americans-in-the-1880-federal-census/","external_links_name":"\"The Black Pioneers of Los Angeles County: The Counting of African Americans in the 1880 Federal Census\""},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41172235","external_links_name":"\"The Road to Reform: Los Angeles' Municipal Elections of 1909: Part II\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F41172235","external_links_name":"10.2307/41172235"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41172235","external_links_name":"41172235"},{"Link":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/161720218","external_links_name":"\"First Map Showing City Council's Districts,\" Los Angeles Times, January 16, 1925, page 1"},{"Link":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/161759966","external_links_name":"\"Here Are the Hundred and Twelve Aspirants for the City's Fifteen Councilmanic Seats,\" Los Angeles Times, May 3, 1925, page 7"},{"Link":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/161759966","external_links_name":"\"Who's Who in Council Race,\" Los Angeles Times, May 3, 1925, page A-1"},{"Link":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/161847961","external_links_name":"\"To the Citizens of Los Angeles,\" Los Angeles Times, February 14, 1926, page B-5"},{"Link":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/162132736","external_links_name":"\"Council Areas' Lines Changed,\" Los Angeles Times, December 29, 1928, page A-1"},{"Link":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/164642106","external_links_name":"\"New Council Zones Defined,\" Los Angeles Times, January 7, 1937, page A-18"},{"Link":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/165123125","external_links_name":"\"Proposed New Alignment for City Voting Precincts,\" Los Angeles Times, November 30, 1940, page A-3"},{"Link":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/165555124","external_links_name":"\"Council Votes Ordinance Altering District Lines,\" Los Angeles Times, December 29, 1944, page A-1"},{"Link":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/166760849","external_links_name":"\"Council Contests in Seven Districts,\" Los Angeles Times, April 3, 1955, page B-1"},{"Link":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/167779737","external_links_name":"\"Council OKs Changes in Its Districts,\" Los Angeles Times, November 1, 1960, page B-1"},{"Link":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/157818259","external_links_name":"Doug Shuit, \"5 Council Members Coasting Through Campaigns,\" Los Angeles Times, March 23, 1975, page E-1"},{"Link":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/158849703","external_links_name":"Kevin Roderick, \"Hot Council Campaign,\" Los Angeles Times, March 4, 1979, page SF-A-1"},{"Link":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/153419623","external_links_name":"Richard Simon, \"Wachs Heavy Favorite in 6-Way City Council Race,\" Los Angeles Times, April 7, 1983, page V-1"},{"Link":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/154826193","external_links_name":"\"Los Angeles' Realigned Council Districts,\" Los Angeles Times,\" September 21, 1986, page B-3"},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/2001/dec/09/local/me-13135","external_links_name":"Patrick McGreevy, \"After 30 Years, 2nd District Seat Up for Grabs,\" Los Angeles Times, December 9, 2001"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/190495829","external_links_name":"Patrick McGreevey, \"2nd District's 'Queen of Potholes,' Gruel Is Unopposed,\" Los Angeles Times, February 23, 2003, image 95"},{"Link":"http://myemail.constantcontact.com/CD2-News-Vol--3--Issue-6.html?soid=1105979720716&aid=W9nvo1M68y8#LETTER.BLOCK31","external_links_name":"\"New Council Districts in Place,\" \"CD2 News,\" July 2, 2012"},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/2001/sep/29/local/me-51317","external_links_name":"Patrick McGreevy, \"City Council Gives Wachs a Big Send-Off,\" Los Angeles Times, September 29, 2001"},{"Link":"https://councildistrict2.lacity.gov/","external_links_name":"Official City Council District 2 website"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yani_Gellman
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Yani Gellman
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["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Filmography","3.1 Film","3.2 Television","3.3 Web","4 References","5 External links"]
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Canadian actor
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Yani Gellman" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Yani GellmanBorn (1985-09-02) September 2, 1985 (age 38)Miami, Florida, U.S.OccupationActorYears active1998–present
Yani Gellman (born September 2, 1985) is a Canadian film and television actor, known for playing Paolo Valisari in The Lizzie McGuire Movie, Garrett Reynolds in Pretty Little Liars and Diego Flores in 90210.
Early life
Gellman was born in Miami, Florida, to a Canadian father and an Australian mother, and lived in North York, Canada. He is of Jewish Russian, English, and Spanish descent. He was named after a family friend, writer Jan Yoors. His father was a reporter, and the family frequently moved during Gellman's childhood, living in Australia, Spain, and Texas before settling in Toronto. Gellman speaks Spanish, having learned it during his time living in Spain. He has a university degree in political science.
Career
Gellman's acting debut was in a 1998 episode of the television series, Animorphs. After appearing in several more television productions, he was cast in supporting roles in the 2000 film, Urban Legends: Final Cut and in 2001's Jason X. In both films, his characters eventually became victims of serial killers. He appeared in 2002's The Matthew Shepard Story as Pablo, the love interest of the title character. Gellman became known among teenage audiences after playing the part of Paolo Valisari, an Italian pop singer and the main antagonist of 2003's The Lizzie McGuire Movie.
He has been cast in the Canadian series Monster Warriors. From 2008 to 2012 he played Rafe Torres in the long-running soap opera, The Young and the Restless. Gellman has also appeared as a model in numerous print ads, including Omega watches. He made a cameo in Degrassi Goes Hollywood, as well as playing Pete in multiple episodes of "Greek". He has recently played the role of police officer, Garrett Reynolds in hit TV show Pretty Little Liars. He has also starred as Diego in the hit TV show 90210.
In 2017, Gellman appeared in the underwater survival thriller film 47 Meters Down which was released in theaters on 16 June 2017.
Filmography
Film
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2000
Urban Legends: Final Cut
Rob
2001
Jason X
Stoney
2003
The Lizzie McGuire Movie
Paolo Valisari
2013
Crystal Lake Memories: The Complete History of Friday the 13th
Himself
Documentary film
2017
47 Meters Down
Louis
Television
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1998
Goosebumps
Young Man
2 episodes
Animorphs
Brad
Episode: "The Forgotten"
2000
The Famous Jett Jackson
JB Follower
Episode: "What You Wish For"
2001
Blue Murder
Patrick Lee
Episode: "All Saints"
Sex, Lies & Obsession
Romeo
Television film
Boss of Bosses
Young Paul Castellano
2002
The Matthew Shepard Story
Pablo
Mentors
King Tutankhamen
Episode: "Cursed"
Tru Confessions
Billy
Television film
Guinevere Jones
Michael Medina
Lead role (26 episodes)
2003–2004
Wild Card
Ryder
Recurring role, 8 episodes
2006–2007
Monster Warriors
Antonio
Lead role
2007
Trapped
Carlitos
Documentary series
2008–2012
The Young and the Restless
Rafe Torres
86 episodes
2009
Degrassi Goes Hollywood
The Shores Boy
Television film
Lincoln Heights
Marco Gutierrez
2 episodes
2010
Greek
Pete / Omega Chi
3 episodes
2011–2012
Pretty Little Liars
Officer Garrett Reynolds
Recurring role (23 episodes)
2012
90210
Diego Flores
7 episodes
The Mentalist
Julian Gallego
Episode: "Devil's Cherry"
Beauty & the Beast
Sam
Episode: "All In"
2013
Criminal Minds
Mitchell Ruiz
Episode: "Broken"
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation
Doug Lasky
Episode: "Ghosts of the Past"
The Client List
Diego Shankman
Episode: "I Miss Back Then"
Category 5
Pete Keller
Television film
2014
Castle
Manny Castro
Episode: "Law & Boarder"
Major Crimes
Dante
Episode: "Major Crimes"
2015
Trigger Point
Jared Church
Television film
Blood & Oil
A.J. Menendez
Episode: "Pilot"
iZombie
Gabriel
2 episodes
CSI: Cyber
Jackson Richmond
Episode: "Shades of Grey"
2017
The Psycho She Met Online
Tyler Hexley
Television film
The Saint
Doyle Cosentino
2018
Dynasty
Manuel
3 episodes
2019
Bosch
Jose Esquivel Jr.
4 episodes
Web
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2012
Pretty Dirty Secrets
Garrett Reynolds
Episode: "I'm a Free Man"
References
^ "Yani Gellman on working with Burt Reynolds and growing up in North York - Do - June 2014 - Toronto". Postcity.com. 10 June 2014. Retrieved 2015-01-14.
^ Alachua Today Archived September 29, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
^ Solzman, Danielle (June 18, 2015). "47 Meters Down: A Shark-Thrilling Tale of Survival". solzyatthemovies. Retrieved December 15, 2017.
^ "Acting up in Canada" at playbackonline.ca
External links
Yani Gellman at IMDb
"The Young and the Sexless", interview in Out Magazine
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadians"},{"link_name":"The Lizzie McGuire Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lizzie_McGuire_Movie"},{"link_name":"Pretty Little Liars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretty_Little_Liars_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"90210","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/90210_(TV_series)"}],"text":"Yani Gellman (born September 2, 1985) is a Canadian film and television actor, known for playing Paolo Valisari in The Lizzie McGuire Movie, Garrett Reynolds in Pretty Little Liars and Diego Flores in 90210.","title":"Yani Gellman"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Miami, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian"},{"link_name":"Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australians"},{"link_name":"North York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_York"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_people"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"political science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_science"}],"text":"Gellman was born in Miami, Florida, to a Canadian father and an Australian mother, and lived in North York, Canada. He is of Jewish Russian, English, and Spanish descent.[1] He was named after a family friend, writer Jan Yoors. His father was a reporter, and the family frequently moved during Gellman's childhood, living in Australia, Spain, and Texas before settling in Toronto.[2] Gellman speaks Spanish, having learned it during his time living in Spain. He has a university degree in political science.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Animorphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animorphs_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Urban Legends: Final Cut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_Legends:_Final_Cut"},{"link_name":"Jason X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_X"},{"link_name":"serial killers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_killer"},{"link_name":"The Matthew Shepard Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Matthew_Shepard_Story"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_music"},{"link_name":"The Lizzie McGuire Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lizzie_McGuire_Movie"},{"link_name":"Monster Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monster_Warriors"},{"link_name":"Rafe Torres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafe_Torres"},{"link_name":"soap opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_opera"},{"link_name":"The Young and the Restless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Young_and_the_Restless"},{"link_name":"Degrassi Goes Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degrassi_Goes_Hollywood"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Pretty Little Liars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretty_Little_Liars_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"90210","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/90210_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"47 Meters Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/47_Meters_Down"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Gellman's acting debut was in a 1998 episode of the television series, Animorphs. After appearing in several more television productions, he was cast in supporting roles in the 2000 film, Urban Legends: Final Cut and in 2001's Jason X. In both films, his characters eventually became victims of serial killers. He appeared in 2002's The Matthew Shepard Story as Pablo, the love interest of the title character. Gellman became known among teenage audiences after playing the part of Paolo Valisari, an Italian pop singer and the main antagonist of 2003's The Lizzie McGuire Movie.He has been cast in the Canadian series Monster Warriors. From 2008 to 2012 he played Rafe Torres in the long-running soap opera, The Young and the Restless. Gellman has also appeared as a model in numerous print ads, including Omega watches. He made a cameo in Degrassi Goes Hollywood, as well as playing Pete in multiple episodes of \"Greek\". He has recently played the role of police officer, Garrett Reynolds in hit TV show Pretty Little Liars. He has also starred as Diego in the hit TV show 90210.In 2017, Gellman appeared in the underwater survival thriller film 47 Meters Down which was released in theaters on 16 June 2017.[3]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Web","title":"Filmography"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbulut_cork
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Akbulut cork
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["1 Notes","2 References"]
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In topology, an Akbulut cork is a structure that is frequently used to show that in 4-dimensions, the smooth h-cobordism theorem fails. It was named after Turkish mathematician Selman Akbulut.
A compact contractible Stein 4-manifold
C
{\displaystyle C}
with involution
F
{\displaystyle F}
on its boundary is called an Akbulut cork, if
F
{\displaystyle F}
extends to a self-homeomorphism but cannot extend to a self-diffeomorphism inside (hence a cork is an exotic copy of itself relative to its boundary). A cork
(
C
,
F
)
{\displaystyle (C,F)}
is called a cork of a smooth 4-manifold
X
{\displaystyle X}
, if removing
C
{\displaystyle C}
from
X
{\displaystyle X}
and re-gluing it via
F
{\displaystyle F}
changes the smooth structure of
X
{\displaystyle X}
(this operation is called "cork twisting"). Any exotic copy
X
′
{\displaystyle X'}
of a closed simply connected 4-manifold
X
{\displaystyle X}
differs from
X
{\displaystyle X}
by a single cork twist.
The basic idea of the Akbulut cork is that when attempting to use the h-cobodism theorem in four dimensions, the cork is the sub-cobordism that contains all the exotic properties of the spaces connected with the cobordism, and when removed the two spaces become trivially h-cobordant and smooth. This shows that in four dimensions, although the theorem does not tell us that two manifolds are diffeomorphic (only homeomorphic), they are "not far" from being diffeomorphic.
To illustrate this (without proof), consider a smooth h-cobordism
W
5
{\displaystyle W^{5}}
between two 4-manifolds
M
{\displaystyle M}
and
N
{\displaystyle N}
. Then within
W
{\displaystyle W}
there is a sub-cobordism
K
5
{\displaystyle K^{5}}
between
A
4
⊂
M
{\displaystyle A^{4}\subset M}
and
B
4
⊂
N
{\displaystyle B^{4}\subset N}
and there is a diffeomorphism
W
∖
int
K
≅
(
M
∖
int
A
)
×
[
0
,
1
]
,
{\displaystyle W\setminus \operatorname {int} \,K\cong \left(M\setminus \operatorname {int} \,A\right)\times \left,}
which is the content of the h-cobordism theorem for n ≥ 5 (here int X refers to the interior of a manifold X). In addition, A and B are diffeomorphic with a diffeomorphism that is an involution on the boundary ∂A = ∂B. Therefore, it can be seen that the h-corbordism K connects A with its "inverted" image B. This submanifold A is the Akbulut cork.
Notes
^ Gompf, Robert E.; Stipsicz, András I. (1999). 4-manifolds and Kirby calculus. Graduate Studies in Mathematics. Vol. 20. Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society. p. 357. doi:10.1090/gsm/020. ISBN 0-8218-0994-6. MR 1707327.
^ A.Scorpan, The wild world of 4-manifolds (p.90), AMS Pub. ISBN 0-8218-3749-4
^ Akbulut, Selman (1991). "A fake compact contractible 4-manifold". Journal of Differential Geometry. 33 (2): 335–356. doi:10.4310/jdg/1214446320. MR 1094459.
^ Matveyev, Rostislav (1996). "A decomposition of smooth simply-connected h-cobordant 4-manifolds". Journal of Differential Geometry. 44 (3): 571–582. arXiv:dg-ga/9505001. doi:10.4310/jdg/1214459222. MR 1431006. S2CID 15994704.
^ Curtis, Cynthia L.; Freedman, Michael H.; Hsiang, Wu Chung; Stong, Richard (1996). "A decomposition theorem for h-cobordant smooth simply-connected compact 4-manifolds". Inventiones Mathematicae. 123 (2): 343–348. doi:10.1007/s002220050031. MR 1374205. S2CID 189819783.
^ Akbulut, Selman; Matveyev, Rostislav (1998). "A convex decomposition theorem for 4-manifolds". International Mathematics Research Notices. 1998 (7): 371–381. doi:10.1155/S1073792898000245. MR 1623402.
^ Akbulut, Selman; Yasui, Kouichi (2008). "Corks, plugs and exotic structures" (PDF). Journal of Gökova Geometry Topology. 2: 40–82. arXiv:0806.3010. MR 2466001.
^ Asselmeyer-Maluga and Brans, 2007, Exotic Smoothness and Physics
^ Scorpan, A., 2005 The Wild World of 4-Manifolds
References
Scorpan, Alexandru (2005), The Wild World of 4-Manifolds, Providence, Rhode Island: American Mathematical Society
Asselmeyer-Maluga, Torsten; Brans, Carl H (2007), Exotic Smoothness and Physics: Differential Topology and Spacetime Models, New Jersey, London: World Scientific
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"compact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_space"},{"link_name":"contractible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contractible_space"},{"link_name":"Stein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stein_manifold"},{"link_name":"4-manifold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-manifold"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"manifolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifold"},{"link_name":"diffeomorphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffeomorphic"},{"link_name":"homeomorphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeomorphic"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMB-8"},{"link_name":"involution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Involute"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scorpan-9"}],"text":"A compact contractible Stein 4-manifold \n \n \n \n C\n \n \n {\\displaystyle C}\n \n with involution \n \n \n \n F\n \n \n {\\displaystyle F}\n \n on its boundary is called an Akbulut cork, if \n \n \n \n F\n \n \n {\\displaystyle F}\n \n extends to a self-homeomorphism but cannot extend to a self-diffeomorphism inside (hence a cork is an exotic copy of itself relative to its boundary). A cork \n \n \n \n (\n C\n ,\n F\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (C,F)}\n \n is called a cork of a smooth 4-manifold \n \n \n \n X\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X}\n \n, if removing \n \n \n \n C\n \n \n {\\displaystyle C}\n \n from \n \n \n \n X\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X}\n \n and re-gluing it via \n \n \n \n F\n \n \n {\\displaystyle F}\n \n changes the smooth structure of \n \n \n \n X\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X}\n \n (this operation is called \"cork twisting\"). Any exotic copy \n \n \n \n \n X\n ′\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle X'}\n \n of a closed simply connected 4-manifold \n \n \n \n X\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X}\n \n differs from \n \n \n \n X\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X}\n \n by a single cork twist.[3][4][5][6][7]The basic idea of the Akbulut cork is that when attempting to use the h-cobodism theorem in four dimensions, the cork is the sub-cobordism that contains all the exotic properties of the spaces connected with the cobordism, and when removed the two spaces become trivially h-cobordant and smooth. This shows that in four dimensions, although the theorem does not tell us that two manifolds are diffeomorphic (only homeomorphic), they are \"not far\" from being diffeomorphic.[8]To illustrate this (without proof), consider a smooth h-cobordism \n \n \n \n \n W\n \n 5\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle W^{5}}\n \n between two 4-manifolds \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n and \n \n \n \n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle N}\n \n. Then within \n \n \n \n W\n \n \n {\\displaystyle W}\n \n there is a sub-cobordism \n \n \n \n \n K\n \n 5\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle K^{5}}\n \n between \n \n \n \n \n A\n \n 4\n \n \n ⊂\n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A^{4}\\subset M}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n B\n \n 4\n \n \n ⊂\n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B^{4}\\subset N}\n \n and there is a diffeomorphismW\n ∖\n int\n \n K\n ≅\n \n (\n \n M\n ∖\n int\n \n A\n \n )\n \n ×\n \n [\n \n 0\n ,\n 1\n \n ]\n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle W\\setminus \\operatorname {int} \\,K\\cong \\left(M\\setminus \\operatorname {int} \\,A\\right)\\times \\left[0,1\\right],}which is the content of the h-cobordism theorem for n ≥ 5 (here int X refers to the interior of a manifold X). In addition, A and B are diffeomorphic with a diffeomorphism that is an involution on the boundary ∂A = ∂B.[9] Therefore, it can be seen that the h-corbordism K connects A with its \"inverted\" image B. This submanifold A is the Akbulut cork.","title":"Akbulut cork"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Gompf, Robert E.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gompf"},{"link_name":"American Mathematical 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structures\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//gokovagt.org/journal/2008/jggt08-akbulutyasui.pdf"},{"link_name":"arXiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0806.3010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//arxiv.org/abs/0806.3010"},{"link_name":"MR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2466001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=2466001"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-AMB_8-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Scorpan_9-0"}],"text":"^ Gompf, Robert E.; Stipsicz, András I. (1999). 4-manifolds and Kirby calculus. Graduate Studies in Mathematics. Vol. 20. Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society. p. 357. doi:10.1090/gsm/020. ISBN 0-8218-0994-6. MR 1707327.\n\n^ A.Scorpan, The wild world of 4-manifolds (p.90), AMS Pub. ISBN 0-8218-3749-4\n\n^ Akbulut, Selman (1991). \"A fake compact contractible 4-manifold\". Journal of Differential Geometry. 33 (2): 335–356. doi:10.4310/jdg/1214446320. MR 1094459.\n\n^ Matveyev, Rostislav (1996). \"A decomposition of smooth simply-connected h-cobordant 4-manifolds\". Journal of Differential Geometry. 44 (3): 571–582. arXiv:dg-ga/9505001. doi:10.4310/jdg/1214459222. MR 1431006. S2CID 15994704.\n\n^ Curtis, Cynthia L.; Freedman, Michael H.; Hsiang, Wu Chung; Stong, Richard (1996). \"A decomposition theorem for h-cobordant smooth simply-connected compact 4-manifolds\". Inventiones Mathematicae. 123 (2): 343–348. doi:10.1007/s002220050031. MR 1374205. S2CID 189819783.\n\n^ Akbulut, Selman; Matveyev, Rostislav (1998). \"A convex decomposition theorem for 4-manifolds\". International Mathematics Research Notices. 1998 (7): 371–381. doi:10.1155/S1073792898000245. MR 1623402.\n\n^ Akbulut, Selman; Yasui, Kouichi (2008). \"Corks, plugs and exotic structures\" (PDF). Journal of Gökova Geometry Topology. 2: 40–82. arXiv:0806.3010. MR 2466001.\n\n^ Asselmeyer-Maluga and Brans, 2007, Exotic Smoothness and Physics\n\n^ Scorpan, A., 2005 The Wild World of 4-Manifolds","title":"Notes"}]
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Inventiones Mathematicae. 123 (2): 343–348. doi:10.1007/s002220050031. MR 1374205. S2CID 189819783.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Freedman","url_text":"Freedman, Michael H."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu-Chung_Hsiang","url_text":"Hsiang, Wu Chung"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inventiones_Mathematicae","url_text":"Inventiones Mathematicae"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs002220050031","url_text":"10.1007/s002220050031"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1374205","url_text":"1374205"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:189819783","url_text":"189819783"}]},{"reference":"Akbulut, Selman; Matveyev, Rostislav (1998). \"A convex decomposition theorem for 4-manifolds\". International Mathematics Research Notices. 1998 (7): 371–381. doi:10.1155/S1073792898000245. MR 1623402.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selman_Akbulut","url_text":"Akbulut, Selman"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1155%2FS1073792898000245","url_text":"\"A convex decomposition theorem for 4-manifolds\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Mathematics_Research_Notices","url_text":"International Mathematics Research Notices"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1155%2FS1073792898000245","url_text":"10.1155/S1073792898000245"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1623402","url_text":"1623402"}]},{"reference":"Akbulut, Selman; Yasui, Kouichi (2008). \"Corks, plugs and exotic structures\" (PDF). Journal of Gökova Geometry Topology. 2: 40–82. arXiv:0806.3010. MR 2466001.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selman_Akbulut","url_text":"Akbulut, Selman"},{"url":"http://gokovagt.org/journal/2008/jggt08-akbulutyasui.pdf","url_text":"\"Corks, plugs and exotic structures\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/0806.3010","url_text":"0806.3010"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=2466001","url_text":"2466001"}]},{"reference":"Scorpan, Alexandru (2005), The Wild World of 4-Manifolds, Providence, Rhode Island: American Mathematical Society","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Mathematical_Society","url_text":"American Mathematical Society"}]},{"reference":"Asselmeyer-Maluga, Torsten; Brans, Carl H (2007), Exotic Smoothness and Physics: Differential Topology and Spacetime Models, New Jersey, London: World Scientific","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Scientific","url_text":"World Scientific"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1090%2Fgsm%2F020","external_links_name":"10.1090/gsm/020"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1707327","external_links_name":"1707327"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.4310%2Fjdg%2F1214446320","external_links_name":"\"A fake compact contractible 4-manifold\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.4310%2Fjdg%2F1214446320","external_links_name":"10.4310/jdg/1214446320"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1094459","external_links_name":"1094459"},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/dg-ga/9505001","external_links_name":"dg-ga/9505001"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.4310%2Fjdg%2F1214459222","external_links_name":"10.4310/jdg/1214459222"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1431006","external_links_name":"1431006"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15994704","external_links_name":"15994704"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs002220050031","external_links_name":"10.1007/s002220050031"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1374205","external_links_name":"1374205"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:189819783","external_links_name":"189819783"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1155%2FS1073792898000245","external_links_name":"\"A convex decomposition theorem for 4-manifolds\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1155%2FS1073792898000245","external_links_name":"10.1155/S1073792898000245"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1623402","external_links_name":"1623402"},{"Link":"http://gokovagt.org/journal/2008/jggt08-akbulutyasui.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Corks, plugs and exotic structures\""},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/0806.3010","external_links_name":"0806.3010"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=2466001","external_links_name":"2466001"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Akbulut_cork&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigantohyrax
|
Gigantohyrax
|
["1 Description","2 See also","3 References"]
|
Extinct genus of hyrax
GigantohyraxTemporal range: Late Pliocene 3.6–2.6 Ma
PreꞒ
Ꞓ
O
S
D
C
P
T
J
K
Pg
N
↓
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Mammalia
Order:
Hyracoidea
Family:
Procaviidae
Genus:
†GigantohyraxKitching, 1965
Species:
†G. maguirei
Binomial name
†Gigantohyrax maguireiKitching, 1965
Gigantohyrax was a genus of herbivorous hyrax-grouped mammals from the Pliocene Shungura Formation of Ethiopia. Fossils have also been found in Makapansgat of South Africa.
Description
Rock Hyrax (Procavia capensis), a living relative of Gigantohyrax
Gigantohyrax maguirei is a type and only species. Holotype BPI M8230 is two thirds of an anterior part of the skull with complete upper dentition. The second and third incisors are lost, making it more similar to latest hyraxes than the earlier species. Despite its name, Gigantohyrax did not reach such gigantic sizes as Megalohyrax and Titanohyrax from the Early Tertiary, although it was three times as large as the extant Procavia capensis from the same family.
It has many features in common with the extinct Dendrohyrax, although Gigantohyrax has less difference between the parameters of the
molars and premolars.
See also
Largest prehistoric animals
References
^ "Fossilworks: Gigantohyrax". fossilworks.org. Retrieved 2021-03-04.
^ a b Rubidge, Bruce S (January 2005). "Annals of the Bernard Price Institute for Palaeontological Research". Palaeontologia Africana.
^ a b c Skinner, J. D.; Chimimba, Christian T. (2005). The Mammals of the Southern African Sub-region. Cambridge University Press. p. 41. ISBN 9781107394056. Retrieved 20 September 2022.
^ a b Werdelin, Lars; Sanders, William Joseph (2010). Cenozoic Mammals of Africa. University of California Press. p. 143. ISBN 9780520257214. Retrieved 20 September 2022.
vtePaenungulatomorpha
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Infraclass: Placentalia
Superorder: Afrotheria
Paenungulatomorpha
†Abdounodus
†Hadrogeneios
†Ocepeia
Hyracoidea
†Dimaitherium
†Helioseus
†Megalohyrax
†Microhyrax
†Namahyrax
†Regubahyrax
†Rukwalorax
†Saghatherium
†Seggeurius
†Selenohyrax
†Thyrohyrax
†Geniohyidae
Brachyhyrax
Bunohyrax
Geniohyus
Pachyhyrax
†Titanohyracidae
Afrohyrax
Antilohyrax
Rupestrohyrax
Titanohyrax
†Pliohyracidae
Hengduanshanhyrax
Kvabebihyrax
Meroehyrax
Parapliohyrax
Pliohyrax
Postschizotherium
Prohyrax
Procaviidae
Dendrohyrax
†Gigantohyrax
Heterohyrax
Procavia
Tethytheria†Desmostylia?Paleoparadoxiidae
Ashoroa
Paleoparadoxia
Neoparadoxia
Desmostylidae
Behemotops
Cornwallius
Desmostylus
Kronokotherium
Ounalashkastylus
†Embrithopoda
Stylolophus
Arsinoitheriidae
Arsinoitherium
Namatherium
Palaeoamasiidae
Crivadiatherium
Hypsamasia
Palaeoamasia
Proboscidea
see Proboscidea
includes elephants
Sirenia
see Sirenia
includes dugongs and manatees
Taxon identifiersGigantohyrax
Wikidata: Q11002369
Wikispecies: Gigantohyrax
GBIF: 4826666
IRMNG: 1025234
Paleobiology Database: 43294
This article about prehistoric Afrotheria is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[{"image_text":"Rock Hyrax (Procavia capensis), a living relative of Gigantohyrax","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Hyrax_on_the_Rocks.JPG/220px-Hyrax_on_the_Rocks.JPG"}]
|
[{"title":"Largest prehistoric animals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Largest_prehistoric_animals"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Fossilworks: Gigantohyrax\". fossilworks.org. Retrieved 2021-03-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=43294","url_text":"\"Fossilworks: Gigantohyrax\""}]},{"reference":"Rubidge, Bruce S (January 2005). \"Annals of the Bernard Price Institute for Palaeontological Research\". Palaeontologia Africana.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/239521270","url_text":"\"Annals of the Bernard Price Institute for Palaeontological Research\""}]},{"reference":"Skinner, J. D.; Chimimba, Christian T. (2005). The Mammals of the Southern African Sub-region. Cambridge University Press. p. 41. ISBN 9781107394056. Retrieved 20 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=F23lAgAAQBAJ&dq=Gigantohyrax+size&pg=PA41","url_text":"The Mammals of the Southern African Sub-region"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107394056","url_text":"9781107394056"}]},{"reference":"Werdelin, Lars; Sanders, William Joseph (2010). Cenozoic Mammals of Africa. University of California Press. p. 143. ISBN 9780520257214. Retrieved 20 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6c8lDQAAQBAJ&dq=Gigantohyrax+size&pg=PA143","url_text":"Cenozoic Mammals of Africa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520257214","url_text":"9780520257214"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=43294","external_links_name":"\"Fossilworks: Gigantohyrax\""},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/239521270","external_links_name":"\"Annals of the Bernard Price Institute for Palaeontological Research\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=F23lAgAAQBAJ&dq=Gigantohyrax+size&pg=PA41","external_links_name":"The Mammals of the Southern African Sub-region"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6c8lDQAAQBAJ&dq=Gigantohyrax+size&pg=PA143","external_links_name":"Cenozoic Mammals of Africa"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/4826666","external_links_name":"4826666"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1025234","external_links_name":"1025234"},{"Link":"https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=43294","external_links_name":"43294"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gigantohyrax&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Fitzgerald
|
Andy Fitzgerald
|
["1 Career","2 Personal life and death","3 Career statistics","4 Honours","5 References"]
|
Irish hurler
Andy FitzgeraldPersonal informationSport
HurlingPosition
GoalkeeperBorn
(1885-12-03)3 December 1885Ballintemple, Cork, IrelandDied
24 November 1969(1969-11-24) (aged 83)Ballintemple, Cork, IrelandOccupation
Mechanical engineerClub(s)Years
Club
BlackrockClub titlesCork titles
3Inter-county(ies)Years
County
Apps (scores)1909-1914
Cork
10 (0-00)Inter-county titlesMunster titles
1All-Irelands
0
Andrew Fitzgerald (3 December 1885 - 24 November 1969) was an Irish hurler. At club level he played with Blackrock and was also a member of the Cork senior hurling team. He usually lined out as a goalkeeper.
Career
Fitzgerald first came to prominence at club level with Blackrock. After establishing himself as goalkeeper on the club's senior team, he went on to win three County Championship titles in four years. Fitzgerald's performances at club level saw him being selected for the Cork senior hurling team and he made his first appearance in the 1909 Munster final defeat by Tipperary. He also lined out in the 1912 All-Ireland final defeat by Kilkenny, having earlier claimed his only senior silverware when Cork won the Munster Championship title. Fitzgerald's last game for Cork was an All-Ireland semi-final defeat of Galway in 1914.
Personal life and death
Kelleher was born in Geraldine Place, Ballintemple in December 1885, the fifth of eight surviving children of Edward and Anne Fitzgerald (née Donoghue). The family were reasonably well-off and he trained as a mechanical engineer. Fitzgerald married Margaret Barry-Murphy in Cloughduv in 1916. Her elder brother, Barry Murphy, was a contemporary of Fitzgerald on the Cork team while her other brothers, John Barry-Murphy and Dinny Barry-Murphy, also lined out with Cork.
Fitzgerald died at his home in Victoria Road, Cork after a period of ill health on 24 November 1969.
Career statistics
Team
Year
Munster
All-Ireland
Total
Apps
Score
Apps
Score
Apps
Score
Cork
1909
1
0-00
—
1
0-00
1910
1
0-00
1
0-00
2
0-00
1911
—
—
—
1912
2
0-00
1
0-00
3
0-00
1913
2
0-00
—
2
0-00
1914
1
0-00
1
0-00
2
0-00
Career total
7
0-00
3
0-00
10
0-00
Honours
Blackrock
Cork Senior Hurling Championship: 1910, 1912, 1913
Cork
Munster Senior Hurling Championship: 1912
References
^ "Cork SHC results: 1900-1909" (PDF). Cork GAA website. Retrieved 20 August 2021.
^ "Senior hurling". Munster GAA website. Retrieved 20 August 2021.
^ "Kilkenny's search for three-in-a-rows". Hogan Stand. 1 September 2008. Retrieved 20 August 2021.
Andy Fitzgerald navigation boxes
vteCork – 1912 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship runners-up
A. Fitzgerald
D. Barry
B. Murphy (c)
B. Mackesy
M. Dorney
M. Kidney
L. Flaherty
P. O'Brien
P. O'Mahony
D. Kennefick
T. Nagle
C. Sheehan
J. Murphy
J. Ronayne
M. Byrne
W. Walsh
J. Kennedy
Subs not used
S. Óg Murphy
A. Buckley
W. Dorney
S. Riordan
Unable to play due to injury
J. Kelleher
Partial Reference: Cork GAA website Inter-County SHC Results and Teams. 1910-1919 Information from Peter Devine. Accessed 17 July 2010.
|
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|
[]
| null |
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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_Danish_general_election
|
1975 Danish general election
|
["1 Political parties","2 Results","3 References"]
|
1975 Danish general election
← 1973
9 January 1975
1977 →
All 179 seats in the Folketing90 seats needed for a majorityTurnout88.23%
Party
Leader
%
Seats
+/–
Social Democrats
Anker Jørgensen
29.94
53
+7
Venstre
Poul Hartling
23.33
42
+20
Progress
Mogens Glistrup
13.58
24
−4
Social Liberals
Svend Haugaard
7.10
13
−7
Conservatives
Poul Schlüter
5.51
10
−6
KrF
Jens Møller
5.34
9
+2
SF
Gert Petersen
4.95
9
−2
Communists
Knud Jespersen
4.19
7
+1
Centre Democrats
Erhard Jakobsen
2.17
4
−10
Left Socialists
Collective leadership
2.08
4
+4
Elected in the Faroe Islands
Social Democratic
Atli Dam
29.69
1
0
Republican
Signar Hansen
25.72
1
0
Elected in Greenland
Independents
–
100
2
0
This lists parties that won seats. See the complete results below.
Largest party within each nomination district and constituency.
Distribution of constituency and levelling seats.
Prime Minister before
Prime Minister-elect
Poul HartlingVenstre
Anker JørgensenSocial Democrats
General elections were held in Denmark on 9 January 1975. The result was a victory for the Social Democratic Party, who won 53 of the 179 seats. Voter turnout was 88% in Denmark proper, 56% in the Faroe Islands and 69% in Greenland.
Political parties
The Soviet Union covertly funded the Communist Party of Denmark.
Results
PartyVotes%Seats+/–Denmark properSocial Democrats913,15529.9453+7Venstre711,29823.3342+20Progress Party414,21913.5824–4Danish Social Liberal Party216,5537.1013–7Conservative People's Party168,1645.5110–6Christian People's Party162,7345.349+2Socialist People's Party150,9634.959–2Communist Party of Denmark127,8374.197+1Centre Democrats66,3162.174–10Left Socialists63,5792.084+4Justice Party of Denmark54,0951.770–5Independents5390.0200Total3,049,452100.001750Valid votes3,049,45299.39Invalid/blank votes18,8500.61Total votes3,068,302100.00Registered voters/turnout3,477,62188.23Faroe IslandsSocial Democratic Party4,11229.6910Republican Party3,56325.7210Union Party3,21923.2400People's Party2,95721.3500Total13,851100.0020Valid votes13,85199.79Invalid/blank votes290.21Total votes13,880100.00Registered voters/turnout24,63056.35GreenlandIndependents16,649100.0020Total16,649100.0020Valid votes16,64997.53Invalid/blank votes4212.47Total votes17,070100.00Registered voters/turnout24,83868.73Source: Nohlen & Stöver, Danmarks Statistik
References
^ Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, p524 ISBN 978-3-8329-5609-7
^ Nohlen & Stöver, p544
^ Levin, Dov H. (2016-09-19). "Partisan electoral interventions by the great powers: Introducing the PEIG Dataset". Conflict Management and Peace Science. 36 (1): 88–106. doi:10.1177/0738894216661190. ISSN 0738-8942. S2CID 157114479.
vte Elections and referendums in DenmarkFolketing elections
1849
1852
1853 (Feb)
1853 (May)
1854
1855
1858
1861
1864
1866 (Jun)
1866 (Oct)
1869
1872
1873
1876
1879
1881 (May)
1881 (Jul)
1884
1887
1890
1892
1895
1898
1901
1903
1906
1909
1910
1913
1915
1918
1920 (Apr)
1920 (Jul)
1920 (Sep)
1924
1926
1929
1932
1935
1939
1943
1945
1947
1950
1953 (Apr)
1953 (Sep)
1957
1960
1964
1966
1968
1971
1973
1975
1977
1979
1981
1984
1987
1988
1990
1994
1998
2001
2005
2007
2011
2015
2019
2022
Next
Landsting elections
1849
1853
1855
1859
1863
1866 (Jun)
1866 (Oct)
1870
1874
1878
1882
1886
1890
1894
1898
1902
1906
1910
1914
1915
1918
1920 (Aug)
1920 (Oct)
1924
1928
1932
1936
1939
1943
(1945)
1947
1951
1953
European elections
1979
1984
1989
1994
1999
2004
2009
2014
2019
2024
Local elections
1900
1901
1902
1903
1906
1909
1913
1917
1921
1925
1929
1933
1935
1937
1943
1946
1950
1954
1958
1962
1966
1970
1974
1978
1981
1985
1989
1993
1997
2001
2005
2009
2013
2017
2021
2025
Other elections
Constituent Assembly 1848
Rigsraadet: 1856
1864
1865
Referendums
1916
1920
1939
1953
1961
1963
1969
1971
1972
1978
1986
1992
1993
1998
2000
2009
2014
2015
2022
See also: Elections and referendums in Greenland
Faroe Islands
|
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|
[]
| null |
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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanda_Adams
|
Amanda Adams
|
["1 Biography","2 Publications","3 References","4 Further reading","5 External links"]
|
American author, archaeologist, and former fashion model
Amanda AdamsAdams during a book signing event, 2010Born (1976-09-12) September 12, 1976 (age 47)EducationUniversity of California, Berkeley, University of British ColumbiaScientific careerFieldsArchaeologyThesis Visions Cast on Stone
Amanda Adams (born September 12, 1976) is an American author and archaeologist. She is also a former fashion model and was featured in the 1996 Buffalo Jeans campaign.
Biography
She attended University of California, Berkeley, Department of Anthropology in the late 1990s and completed her degree with the Kroeber prize. She then obtained a master's degree in archaeology from the University of British Columbia, Vancouver. Her thesis was titled Visions Cast on Stone, abstracts were published in the journal The Midden.
Adams' first book. A Mermaid's Tale, was about the mermaid legends from around the world. It received a starred review in Booklist. Her second book, Ladies of the Field, details the adventurous lives of early, female archaeologists.
Publications
Adams, Amanda (2006), A mermaid's tale: a personal search for love and lore, Greystone Books, ISBN 978-1-55365-117-8
Adams, Amanda (2010), Ladies of the Field: Early Women Archaeologists and Their Search for Adventure, Douglas & McIntyre, ISBN 978-1-55365-433-9
References
^ a b c Shulman, Polly (December 22, 2006). "A Model Archaeologist". AAAS. Science News. Archived from the original on April 13, 2015. Retrieved April 13, 2015.
^ Adams, Amanda Shea (2003), Visions cast on stone: a stylistic analysis of the petroglyphs of Gabriola Island, BC (dissertation), University of British Columbia. Dept. of Anthropology and Sociology (thesis), University of British Columbia, OCLC 606458277
^ "A Mermaid's Tale". Booklist. ALA. September 15, 2006. Archived from the original on November 2, 2016. Retrieved April 13, 2015.
^ a b Arrieta, Julio (May 25, 2014). "La reina del desierto". El Correo. Archived from the original on April 26, 2014. Retrieved April 13, 2015.
^ a b Arrieta, Julio (May 24, 2013). "La arqueóloga peligrosa". El Correo. Archived from the original on June 7, 2013. Retrieved April 13, 2015.
^ "Ladies of the Field: Women Archaeologists and Their Search for Adventure". Publishers Weekly. August 9, 2010. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved April 13, 2015.
Further reading
Booklist STARRED review; September 15, 2006
Visions Cast in Stone: The Petroglyphs of Gabriola Island, B.C. The Midden 216(2):2-9. Publication of the Archaeological Society of British Columbia
External links
"Hot 20 Under 40" for San Francisco
Dmpibooks.com
Globe and Mail Review of Books; September 2, 2006
Sciencecareers.sciencemag.org
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Other
IdRef
|
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[]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nickel_Ride
|
The Nickel Ride
|
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Development","4 Filming","5 Release and box office","6 Awards","7 Reception","8 References","9 External links"]
|
1974 film
For the police practice sometimes called a nickel ride, see rough ride (police brutality).
The Nickel RideFilm posterDirected byRobert MulliganWritten byEric RothProduced byRobert MulliganStarringJason MillerLinda HaynesVictor FrenchJohn HillermanBo HopkinsCinematographyJordan CronenwethEdited byO. Nicholas BrownMusic byDave GrusinDistributed by20th Century FoxRelease date
May 1974 (1974-05)
Running time99 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget$1.4 million
The Nickel Ride is a 1974 American neo-noir crime film directed and produced by Robert Mulligan and starring Jason Miller, Linda Haynes, Victor French, Bo Hopkins, and John Hillerman. It is the debut film of screenwriter Eric Roth. It was entered into the 1974 Cannes Film Festival, where it was nominated for the Palme d'Or. On December 13, 2011, Shout! Factory released the film on DVD as part of a double feature with 99 and 44/100% Dead.
Plot
This article's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (April 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
In Los Angeles, Cooper is a "key-man" (fence) for a local crime boss, operating a series of warehouses used as storage facilities for stolen and illicit goods. Cooper hopes to close a deal for a new block of storage units, bribing local realtor Elias O'Neil to broker a deal with city officials to sell him the warehouses. Elias tells Cooper that he needs more time, so Cooper gives him a week with an implicit threat of violent retaliation should he fail. Cooper is ordered by his boss Carl to fix a boxing match, after their resident fixer Paulie failed to get the fighters to take a dive. Carl meets with Paulie, who tells the former that he's lost his touch and wants out of the criminal underworld. Cooper volunteers to fix the fight on his behalf, and informs the boxer Tonozzi that if he doesn't take a dive, Paulie will be hurt. Tonozzi reluctantly agrees.
After a surprise birthday party, Cooper is taken by Carl and his bodyguard Bobby to one of the prospective warehouses, where he is ordered to finish the deal by Saturday. Carl introduces Cooper to Turner, a young punk dressed like a cowboy who is to be his protege in the underworld. A disgruntled Cooper returns to his birthday party, but is interrupted by Paulie's arrival, announcing Tonozzi won the fight. Begging Cooper to help him, Paulie is advised to leave town until Cooper can smooth things over with Carl. Cooper visits Elias at a barbershop to close the warehouse deal, but Elias demands another $15,000 for bribes. Cooper agrees to pay out another $10,000, but Elias questions his authority to do so as he heard rumors that Cooper is on the way out. Cooper meets Carl and gives him the weekly pay offs. As he gets in the elevator to leave, Bobby joins him and brags that he killed Paulie. Angered, he brutally beats Bobby and breaks two of his ribs in the process.
Cooper is driven to Carl's office by Turner, who is now Carl's driver following Bobby's hospitalization. At the office, Turner goes to the bathroom, allowing Cooper to slide a gun from his desk and hide it under his coat. Turner returns and asks questions about Cooper's days as a carnival barker, but Cooper does not answer and goes outside just as Carl drives up. Carl authorizes the extra $10,000 for the warehouse, but warns Cooper that he better have a "yes" by Saturday. He chastises Cooper for beating Bobby, stating that Cooper is the syndicate's "computer" and they cannot afford for him to break down.
Hoping to relax, Cooper and his girlfriend travel to a cabin in the woods. Things seem fine, until Sarah notices wet footprints inside the cabin and Cooper discovers his gun missing from a drawer. After searching the cabin and finding no one, Cooper buys new locks and a shotgun. That afternoon, Cooper drives to Elias's hotel, only to find he is not registered there. He telephones Elias, but gets no answer. Returning to the cabin, Cooper finds Turner waiting for the warehouse answer. Cooper responds that when he gets the answer, he will call Carl himself, and sends Turner away. After Turner leaves, Sarah demands to know what is going on, but Cooper will only say it is "business." Enraged, Sarah slaps Cooper, who then punches her in the face. Embarrassed, Cooper puts her on the bed, explaining that there are new people that want to take his job away, and without his work he is nothing.
As there is no telephone in the cabin, Cooper goes to a nearby bait shop and calls the hotel. Upon learning Elias never arrived, Cooper drives back to the cabin and falls asleep holding his shotgun. He dreams Turner is there, holding a rifle; Cooper aims his shotgun, causing Turner to drop the rifle, and scream that he only wants the "message." Cooper slugs him with the gun and, just as he is about to pull the trigger, Sarah appears, distracting Cooper long enough for Turner to grab the rifle and shoot Sarah. Cooper awakens and tells Sarah they have to return to the city. After dropping Sarah off, Cooper goes to Elias' house and learns that the deal has fallen through and that Carl already knows. Cooper puts Sarah on a train for Las Vegas, promising to join her later. He then finds Carl at a restaurant and threatens to kill him if he doesn't take the contract off his head. Carl insists that the mob cannot lose their "key man" and that they will find other warehouses.
At his home, Cooper is attacked by Turner with a gun. Cooper is shot multiple times, but manages to charge Turner, then beats him and strangles him to death. He collapses to the floor in exhaustion, and dies of his wounds.
Cast
Jason Miller as Cooper
Linda Haynes as Sarah
Victor French as Paddie
John Hillerman as Carl
Bo Hopkins as Turner
Richard Evans as Bobby
Bart Burns as Elias
Lou Frizzell as Paulie
Mark Gordon as Tonozzi
Harvey Gold as Chester
Lee de Broux as Harry
Nelson Leigh (uncredited)
Development
The project began with a screenplay written by Eric Roth called Fifty-Fifty which concerned a low-level crime boss who grows paranoid on the verge of his fiftieth birthday. The script was purchased by Chartoff-Winkler Productions with George C. Scott originally attached as the lead. The project then changed hands to producer/director Robert Mulligan, with 20th Century Fox committed as distributor. Mulligan selected the project as his follow-up to The Other after he had briefly been considered to direct Taxi Driver with Jeff Bridges in the starring role of Travis Bickle.
At the last minute, Scott dropped out of the project, and the role of Cooper was filled by Jason Miller, fresh off his acclaim for The Exorcist. Although considerably younger than the envisioned character, Miller's casting pleased Roth, who considered the actor "the new John Garfield."
Linda Haynes recalled being intrigued by the prospect of getting to work with Mulligan, whom she considered to be among the "crème de la crème" of Hollywood directors.
Mulligan regulars Victor French and Lou Frizzell were cast in supporting roles.
Filming
Filming took place from September 17 to November 13, 1973. The film was predominantly shot on location in downtown Los Angeles, with Big Bear used for the scenes set at the lakeside cabin and the Rosslyn Hotel used as Cooper's office and apartment.
Bo Hopkins recalled the difficulties of filming a driving scene with Jason Miller because the scene had been rewritten the night beforehand, giving him little time to memorize his lines. He "loved" Robert Mulligan as a director, and gave him credit for the handling of the climactic strangulation sequence, although Hopkins also admitted that it was tough scene to shoot and that the whole film was difficult to work on.
Release and box office
The film premiered at Cannes to positive reception, being nominated for the Palme d'Or. It then was previewed in France, but poor box office there and in other European markets led to concerns about the project's commercial viability. Director Robert Mulligan cut the movie down, eliminating in the process the character of Cooper's younger brother Larry, played by Brendan Burns. (The actor's father, Bart Burns, played the role of Elias in the film.) According to Eric Roth, Burns attended the domestic premiere with surrounding family having not been informed that his character was cut out of the film. Despite his excision, Burns’ name still appears in some credits listings.
In January 1975, the film debuted domestically on the east coast, where it performed poorly despite the efforts to tighten the picture. In response, the marketing campaign was retooled before the film's gradual release to the rest of the U.S., but The Nickel Ride ultimately disappeared without finding a sizable audience. Due to the delayed and staggered release, the film did not arrive in some markets for a full year or more – Los Angeles received the film at the end of 1975, and one Seattle critic noted in a review published in January 1976 that the film was presented in his city as a "first-run second feature" in a double-bill with Robert Aldrich’s Hustle.
The film ultimately grossed less than $2 million domestically.
Awards
Nominee Palme d'Or - 1974 Cannes Film Festival (Robert Mulligan)
Reception
Nora Sayre of The New York Times was not impressed:
The movie appears to be a drama of real estate. Jason Miller plays a neighborhood fixer who is attempting to lease a warehouse for the storage of stolen goods; however, the deal is delayed, and he's threatened by the minor hoods who are his clients. His role is a study in worry: the angst rarely leaves his deep-set lemur's eyes. We watch him worrying in profile, in full and three-quarter face, standing or sitting or lying down, in daylight and darkness, on the phone, in his office and out of doors. All in all, he seems more vulnerable to an anxiety attack than to an assailant's bullet...The Nickel Ride is handsomely filmed in bleak pastels, but the numerous close-ups manage to stress the slowness of the action, and quick cuts can't dispel the tedium.
Nick Pinkerton of The Village Voice was slightly more forgiving: "The Nickel Ride is a seldom-seen drama of white-collar workaday criminal drudgery to make you believe the best of '70s cinema will never fully be quarried out...The atmosphere is one of musty hallways, sour stomach, and looming late middle age with no retirement plan in sight."
Despite its elusiveness and initially mixed reaction, the film has attained a following, and it sometimes is compared favorably to The Friends of Eddie Coyle. Among its more prominent fans is director Quentin Tarantino, who included it in the line-up of his first annual QT Fest in 1997.
References
^ Aubrey Solomon, Twentieth Century Fox: A Corporate and Financial History, Scarecrow Press, 1989 p258
^ Silver, Alain; Ward, Elizabeth; eds. (1992). Film Noir: An Encyclopedic Reference to the American Style (3rd ed.). Woodstock, New York: The Overlook Press. ISBN 0-87951-479-5
^ "Festival de Cannes: The Nickel Ride". festival-cannes.com. Retrieved April 26, 2009.
^ a b c d "The Nickel Ride QA - Academy Award winner Eric Roth interviewed by David Moninger". Vimeo. Retrieved April 12, 2018.
^ Brode, Douglas (1993). The Films of Robert DeNiro. Citadel. p. 99. ISBN 978-0806513058.
^ "The Making of THE NICKEL RIDE (1974) - memories relayed by Linda Haynes"
^ a b "AFI Catalog - The Nickel Ride". American Film Institute. Retrieved April 12, 2018.
^ "The Making of THE NICKEL RIDE (1974) - memories relayed by Bo Hopkins"
^ Jameson, Richard T. (April 22, 2013). "Review: The Nickel Ride". Parallax View. Retrieved April 12, 2018.
^ Clement, Nick (May 27, 2017). "Robert Mulligan's The Nickel Ride - A Review by Nick Clement". Podcasting Them Softly. Retrieved April 12, 2018.
^ "Movie Reviews". The New York Times. February 10, 2023. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 10, 2023.
^ Nick Pinkerton, "Films of Robert Mulligan at Walter Reade" March 18, 2009 http://www.villagevoice.com/2009-03-18/film/the-films-of-robert-mulligan-at-walter-reade/
^ "The Nickel Ride". Pulp Curry. Retrieved April 12, 2018.
External links
The Nickel Ride at IMDb
The Nickel Ride at Rotten Tomatoes
The Making of The Nickel Ride (1974)
vteFilms directed by Robert Mulligan
Fear Strikes Out (1957)
The Rat Race (1960)
The Great Impostor (1961)
Come September (1961)
The Spiral Road (1962)
To Kill a Mockingbird (1962)
Love with the Proper Stranger (1963)
Baby the Rain Must Fall (1965)
Inside Daisy Clover (1965)
Up the Down Staircase (1967)
The Stalking Moon (1968)
The Pursuit of Happiness (1971)
Summer of '42 (1971)
The Other (1972)
The Nickel Ride (1974)
Bloodbrothers (1978)
Same Time, Next Year (1978)
Kiss Me Goodbye (1982)
Clara's Heart (1988)
The Man in the Moon (1991)
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rough ride (police brutality)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rough_ride_(police_brutality)"},{"link_name":"neo-noir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-noir"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"crime film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_film"},{"link_name":"Robert Mulligan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mulligan"},{"link_name":"Jason Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Miller_(playwright)"},{"link_name":"Linda Haynes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Haynes"},{"link_name":"Victor French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_French"},{"link_name":"Bo Hopkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo_Hopkins"},{"link_name":"John Hillerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hillerman"},{"link_name":"Eric Roth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Roth"},{"link_name":"1974 Cannes Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_Cannes_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Palme d'Or","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palme_d%27Or"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-festival-cannes.com-3"},{"link_name":"Shout! Factory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shout!_Factory"},{"link_name":"99 and 44/100% Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/99_and_44/100%25_Dead"}],"text":"For the police practice sometimes called a nickel ride, see rough ride (police brutality).The Nickel Ride is a 1974 American neo-noir[2] crime film directed and produced by Robert Mulligan and starring Jason Miller, Linda Haynes, Victor French, Bo Hopkins, and John Hillerman. It is the debut film of screenwriter Eric Roth. It was entered into the 1974 Cannes Film Festival, where it was nominated for the Palme d'Or.[3] On December 13, 2011, Shout! Factory released the film on DVD as part of a double feature with 99 and 44/100% Dead.","title":"The Nickel Ride"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"\"key-man\" (fence)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fence_(criminal)"},{"link_name":"crime boss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_boss"}],"text":"In Los Angeles, Cooper is a \"key-man\" (fence) for a local crime boss, operating a series of warehouses used as storage facilities for stolen and illicit goods. Cooper hopes to close a deal for a new block of storage units, bribing local realtor Elias O'Neil to broker a deal with city officials to sell him the warehouses. Elias tells Cooper that he needs more time, so Cooper gives him a week with an implicit threat of violent retaliation should he fail. Cooper is ordered by his boss Carl to fix a boxing match, after their resident fixer Paulie failed to get the fighters to take a dive. Carl meets with Paulie, who tells the former that he's lost his touch and wants out of the criminal underworld. Cooper volunteers to fix the fight on his behalf, and informs the boxer Tonozzi that if he doesn't take a dive, Paulie will be hurt. Tonozzi reluctantly agrees.After a surprise birthday party, Cooper is taken by Carl and his bodyguard Bobby to one of the prospective warehouses, where he is ordered to finish the deal by Saturday. Carl introduces Cooper to Turner, a young punk dressed like a cowboy who is to be his protege in the underworld. A disgruntled Cooper returns to his birthday party, but is interrupted by Paulie's arrival, announcing Tonozzi won the fight. Begging Cooper to help him, Paulie is advised to leave town until Cooper can smooth things over with Carl. Cooper visits Elias at a barbershop to close the warehouse deal, but Elias demands another $15,000 for bribes. Cooper agrees to pay out another $10,000, but Elias questions his authority to do so as he heard rumors that Cooper is on the way out. Cooper meets Carl and gives him the weekly pay offs. As he gets in the elevator to leave, Bobby joins him and brags that he killed Paulie. Angered, he brutally beats Bobby and breaks two of his ribs in the process.Cooper is driven to Carl's office by Turner, who is now Carl's driver following Bobby's hospitalization. At the office, Turner goes to the bathroom, allowing Cooper to slide a gun from his desk and hide it under his coat. Turner returns and asks questions about Cooper's days as a carnival barker, but Cooper does not answer and goes outside just as Carl drives up. Carl authorizes the extra $10,000 for the warehouse, but warns Cooper that he better have a \"yes\" by Saturday. He chastises Cooper for beating Bobby, stating that Cooper is the syndicate's \"computer\" and they cannot afford for him to break down.Hoping to relax, Cooper and his girlfriend travel to a cabin in the woods. Things seem fine, until Sarah notices wet footprints inside the cabin and Cooper discovers his gun missing from a drawer. After searching the cabin and finding no one, Cooper buys new locks and a shotgun. That afternoon, Cooper drives to Elias's hotel, only to find he is not registered there. He telephones Elias, but gets no answer. Returning to the cabin, Cooper finds Turner waiting for the warehouse answer. Cooper responds that when he gets the answer, he will call Carl himself, and sends Turner away. After Turner leaves, Sarah demands to know what is going on, but Cooper will only say it is \"business.\" Enraged, Sarah slaps Cooper, who then punches her in the face. Embarrassed, Cooper puts her on the bed, explaining that there are new people that want to take his job away, and without his work he is nothing.As there is no telephone in the cabin, Cooper goes to a nearby bait shop and calls the hotel. Upon learning Elias never arrived, Cooper drives back to the cabin and falls asleep holding his shotgun. He dreams Turner is there, holding a rifle; Cooper aims his shotgun, causing Turner to drop the rifle, and scream that he only wants the \"message.\" Cooper slugs him with the gun and, just as he is about to pull the trigger, Sarah appears, distracting Cooper long enough for Turner to grab the rifle and shoot Sarah. Cooper awakens and tells Sarah they have to return to the city. After dropping Sarah off, Cooper goes to Elias' house and learns that the deal has fallen through and that Carl already knows. Cooper puts Sarah on a train for Las Vegas, promising to join her later. He then finds Carl at a restaurant and threatens to kill him if he doesn't take the contract off his head. Carl insists that the mob cannot lose their \"key man\" and that they will find other warehouses.At his home, Cooper is attacked by Turner with a gun. Cooper is shot multiple times, but manages to charge Turner, then beats him and strangles him to death. He collapses to the floor in exhaustion, and dies of his wounds.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jason Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Miller_(playwright)"},{"link_name":"Linda Haynes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Haynes"},{"link_name":"Victor French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_French"},{"link_name":"John Hillerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hillerman"},{"link_name":"Bo Hopkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo_Hopkins"},{"link_name":"Richard Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Evans_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Bart Burns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bart_Burns"},{"link_name":"Lou Frizzell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Frizzell"},{"link_name":"Mark Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Gordon_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Harvey Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Gold"},{"link_name":"Lee de Broux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_de_Broux"},{"link_name":"Nelson Leigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Leigh"}],"text":"Jason Miller as Cooper\nLinda Haynes as Sarah\nVictor French as Paddie\nJohn Hillerman as Carl\nBo Hopkins as Turner\nRichard Evans as Bobby\nBart Burns as Elias\nLou Frizzell as Paulie\nMark Gordon as Tonozzi\nHarvey Gold as Chester\nLee de Broux as Harry\nNelson Leigh (uncredited)","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George C. Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_C._Scott"},{"link_name":"Robert Mulligan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mulligan"},{"link_name":"20th Century Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Century_Fox"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rothinterview-4"},{"link_name":"The Other","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Other_(1972_film)"},{"link_name":"Taxi Driver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxi_Driver"},{"link_name":"Jeff Bridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Bridges"},{"link_name":"Travis Bickle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travis_Bickle"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"The Exorcist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Exorcist_(film)"},{"link_name":"John Garfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Garfield"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rothinterview-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Victor French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_French"},{"link_name":"Lou Frizzell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Frizzell"}],"text":"The project began with a screenplay written by Eric Roth called Fifty-Fifty which concerned a low-level crime boss who grows paranoid on the verge of his fiftieth birthday. The script was purchased by Chartoff-Winkler Productions with George C. Scott originally attached as the lead. The project then changed hands to producer/director Robert Mulligan, with 20th Century Fox committed as distributor.[4] Mulligan selected the project as his follow-up to The Other after he had briefly been considered to direct Taxi Driver with Jeff Bridges in the starring role of Travis Bickle.[5]At the last minute, Scott dropped out of the project, and the role of Cooper was filled by Jason Miller, fresh off his acclaim for The Exorcist. Although considerably younger than the envisioned character, Miller's casting pleased Roth, who considered the actor \"the new John Garfield.\"[4]Linda Haynes recalled being intrigued by the prospect of getting to work with Mulligan, whom she considered to be among the \"crème de la crème\" of Hollywood directors.[6]\nMulligan regulars Victor French and Lou Frizzell were cast in supporting roles.","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"downtown Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Big Bear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bear_Lake,_California"},{"link_name":"Rosslyn Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosslyn_Hotel"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-afi-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Filming took place from September 17 to November 13, 1973. The film was predominantly shot on location in downtown Los Angeles, with Big Bear used for the scenes set at the lakeside cabin and the Rosslyn Hotel used as Cooper's office and apartment.[7]Bo Hopkins recalled the difficulties of filming a driving scene with Jason Miller because the scene had been rewritten the night beforehand, giving him little time to memorize his lines. He \"loved\" Robert Mulligan as a director, and gave him credit for the handling of the climactic strangulation sequence, although Hopkins also admitted that it was tough scene to shoot and that the whole film was difficult to work on.[8]","title":"Filming"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-afi-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rothinterview-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rothinterview-4"},{"link_name":"Robert Aldrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Aldrich"},{"link_name":"Hustle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hustle_(1975_film)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-seattlereview-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clementreview-10"}],"text":"The film premiered at Cannes to positive reception, being nominated for the Palme d'Or. It then was previewed in France, but poor box office there and in other European markets led to concerns about the project's commercial viability. Director Robert Mulligan cut the movie down, eliminating in the process the character of Cooper's younger brother Larry, played by Brendan Burns. (The actor's father, Bart Burns, played the role of Elias in the film.)[7] According to Eric Roth, Burns attended the domestic premiere with surrounding family having not been informed that his character was cut out of the film. Despite his excision, Burns’ name still appears in some credits listings.[4]In January 1975, the film debuted domestically on the east coast, where it performed poorly despite the efforts to tighten the picture. In response, the marketing campaign was retooled before the film's gradual release to the rest of the U.S., but The Nickel Ride ultimately disappeared without finding a sizable audience.[4] Due to the delayed and staggered release, the film did not arrive in some markets for a full year or more – Los Angeles received the film at the end of 1975, and one Seattle critic noted in a review published in January 1976 that the film was presented in his city as a \"first-run second feature\" in a double-bill with Robert Aldrich’s Hustle.[9]The film ultimately grossed less than $2 million domestically.[10]","title":"Release and box office"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1974 Cannes Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_Cannes_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Robert Mulligan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mulligan"}],"text":"Nominee Palme d'Or - 1974 Cannes Film Festival (Robert Mulligan)","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nora Sayre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nora_Sayre"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"The Village Voice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Village_Voice"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"The Friends of Eddie Coyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Friends_of_Eddie_Coyle"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pulpcurryreview-13"},{"link_name":"Quentin Tarantino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quentin_Tarantino"}],"text":"Nora Sayre of The New York Times was not impressed:The movie appears to be a drama of real estate. Jason Miller plays a neighborhood fixer who is attempting to lease a warehouse for the storage of stolen goods; however, the deal is delayed, and he's threatened by the minor hoods who are his clients. His role is a study in worry: the angst rarely leaves his deep-set lemur's eyes. We watch him worrying in profile, in full and three-quarter face, standing or sitting or lying down, in daylight and darkness, on the phone, in his office and out of doors. All in all, he seems more vulnerable to an anxiety attack than to an assailant's bullet...The Nickel Ride is handsomely filmed in bleak pastels, but the numerous close-ups manage to stress the slowness of the action, and quick cuts can't dispel the tedium.[11]Nick Pinkerton of The Village Voice was slightly more forgiving: \"The Nickel Ride is a seldom-seen drama of white-collar workaday criminal drudgery to make you believe the best of '70s cinema will never fully be quarried out...The atmosphere is one of musty hallways, sour stomach, and looming late middle age with no retirement plan in sight.\"[12]Despite its elusiveness and initially mixed reaction, the film has attained a following, and it sometimes is compared favorably to The Friends of Eddie Coyle.[13] Among its more prominent fans is director Quentin Tarantino, who included it in the line-up of his first annual QT Fest in 1997.","title":"Reception"}]
|
[]
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[{"reference":"\"Festival de Cannes: The Nickel Ride\". festival-cannes.com. Retrieved April 26, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/2228/year/1974.html","url_text":"\"Festival de Cannes: The Nickel Ride\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Nickel Ride QA - Academy Award winner Eric Roth interviewed by David Moninger\". Vimeo. Retrieved April 12, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://vimeo.com/164641565","url_text":"\"The Nickel Ride QA - Academy Award winner Eric Roth interviewed by David Moninger\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vimeo","url_text":"Vimeo"}]},{"reference":"Brode, Douglas (1993). The Films of Robert DeNiro. Citadel. p. 99. ISBN 978-0806513058.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0806513058","url_text":"978-0806513058"}]},{"reference":"\"AFI Catalog - The Nickel Ride\". American Film Institute. Retrieved April 12, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/MovieDetails/55604","url_text":"\"AFI Catalog - The Nickel Ride\""}]},{"reference":"Jameson, Richard T. (April 22, 2013). \"Review: The Nickel Ride\". Parallax View. Retrieved April 12, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://parallax-view.org/2013/04/22/review-the-nickel-ride/","url_text":"\"Review: The Nickel Ride\""}]},{"reference":"Clement, Nick (May 27, 2017). \"Robert Mulligan's The Nickel Ride - A Review by Nick Clement\". Podcasting Them Softly. Retrieved April 12, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://podcastingthemsoftly.com/2017/05/27/robert-mulligans-the-nickel-ride-a-review-by-nick-clement/","url_text":"\"Robert Mulligan's The Nickel Ride - A Review by Nick Clement\""}]},{"reference":"\"Movie Reviews\". The New York Times. February 10, 2023. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 10, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/reviews/movies","url_text":"\"Movie Reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"The Nickel Ride\". Pulp Curry. Retrieved April 12, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pulpcurry.com/2015/04/the-nickel-ride/","url_text":"\"The Nickel Ride\""}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yannima_Tommy_Watson
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Yannima Tommy Watson
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["1 Early life","2 Art career","3 Style","4 Collections","5 Artwork","6 Notes","7 External links"]
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Pitjantjatjara-speaking Indigenous Australian artist (1935–2017)
For other people named Thomas Watson, see Thomas Watson (disambiguation).
Yannima Tommy WatsonTommy Watson 2013BornYannima Pikarli1930sAnamarapiti, Western AustraliaDiedNovember 2017Alice SpringsKnown forPaintingMovementContemporary Indigenous Australian art
Yannima Tommy Watson (1930s – November 2017), known as Tommy Watson, was an Indigenous Australian artist, of the Pitjantjatjara people from Australia's central western desert. He was described by one critic as "the greatest living painter of the Western Desert".
Early life
Tommy Yannima Pikarli Watson was a senior Pitjantjatara elder and law man of the Karima skin group. He was born around 1935 in Anumarapiti, 75 kilometres (47 mi) west of Irrunytju, also known as Wingellina, in Western Australia, near the junction of its border with the Northern Territory and South Australia. His given names of Yannima and Pikarli relate to specific sites near Anumarapiti.
Watson's mother died during his infancy, and his father when he was about eight years old. He subsequently went to live with his father's brother, who himself died two years later. Tommy was then adopted by Nicodemus Watson, his father's first cousin. It was at this point that he went to live at Ernabella Mission, and adopted the surname Watson in addition to his Aboriginal birth name, thus becoming Tommy Yannima Pikarli Watson.
Nicodemus Watson became a strong father figure. Together they travelled widely, and Watson learned the traditional skills required to lead a nomadic existence in the desert, including the fashioning of tools and weapons from trees using burning coals, how and what to hunt, and how and where to find water. Under Nicodemus Watson's guidance, Watson learned about nature and his people's ancestral stories, collectively known to the Aboriginal peoples of Australia as Tjukurrpa.
Watson's first contact with white Australians was at the Ernabella Mission in South Australia, which opened in 1940. After a short time at Ernabella, he returned to his community to be initiated. Tommy Watson's upbringing is similar to that of many Indigenous people born around the same time, from that point forward living a traditional nomadic existence until his early teens and then working as a stockman and labourer. During his time working at Papunya he met the school teacher Geoffrey Bardon, who was pivotal in supporting the developing Aboriginal art movement at the Papunya Tula art centre.
Art career
Tommy Watson began painting in 2001, and was one of a handful of painters establishing the Irrunytju community art centre in 2001.
Watson's work has received critical acclaim, both within Australia and internationally, with art critics drawing parallels between Watson and Western Abstract painters such as Wassily Kandinsky, Piet Mondrian, Kasimir Malevich, Mark Rothko and Barnett Newman. John MacDonald wrote in the Sydney Morning Herald that Watson "is a master of invention and arguably the outstanding painter of the Western Desert", going on to compare his use of colour to Henri Matisse.
In 2003 Watson was one of eight Indigenous artists, alongside Paddy Bedford, John Mawurndjul, Ningura Napurrula, Lena Nyadbi, Michael Riley, Judy Watson and Gulumbu Yunupingu, who collaborated on a commission to provide works that decorate one of the Musée du quai Branly's four buildings completed in 2006.
In early 2013, Watson moved to live with family in Alice Springs in the Northern Territory. Following an improvement in his health he resumed painting, producing large works up to five meters long. Until the end of his life he was represented commercially by Yanda Aboriginal Art and Piermarq, with large canvases produced at Yanda Aboriginal Art in 2013 selling over $800,000 each. One work, entitled Ngayuku Ngura - Anumara Piti, sold for around $500,000 through Sydney's Piermarq gallery to prominent Sydney businessman Andrew Wise.
In 2014, a major work of 160 x 485 cm by Tommy Watson was exhibited at The European Fine Art Fair (TEFAF), one of the world's most prestigious art fairs. Watson's work was also on display as part of a group exhibition of First Contact Western Desert Masters also featuring Naata Nungurrayi, Esther Giles Nampitjinpa, and George Hairbrush Tjungurrayi at the Piermarq gallery in Sydney in June–July 2014.
In 2014 the Art Series Hotel Group named Watson as the first Indigenous artist to feature in the collection. Located in Adelaide, his namesake hotel The Watson features a collection of high-quality reproduction prints.
Style
Tommy Watson was known for his use of strong vibrant colours, that symbolically represented the ancestral stories of his country. Judith Ryan, Senior Curator of Indigenous Art at the National Gallery of Victoria, has described Watson's colour as "incandescent". Watson's understanding of Australia's physical environment and its relationship with the ancestral stories came to form the central element of his paintings. Watson created his works on premium Belgian linen and favoured Ara Acrylic paint, created by the Gerrit Rietveld Academie. Tommy has been associated with the 'Colour Power' movement that developed within the Indigenous art scene between 1984 and 2004.
Watson himself stated that his art is an exploration of traditional Aboriginal culture, in which the land and spirituality are intertwined and communicated through stories passed on from generation to generation. He said, "I want to paint these stories so that others can learn and understand about our culture and country."
Collections
Art Gallery of New South Wales
National Gallery of Australia
National Gallery of Victoria
Musee du Quai Branly, Paris
Art Gallery of Western Australia
South Australian Art Gallery
Museum and Art Gallery of the Northern Territory
Bega Valley Regional Gallery
Colin Laverty, Collection
Patrick Corrigan, Collection
Auscorp Collection
Kerry Stokes Collection
Artwork
Tommy Watson, painting at Yanda 2013
Notes
^ "The Watson, Walkerville: The Artist". www.artserieshotels.com.au. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
^ a b c d e "Agathon Galleries". Archived from the original (pdf) on 14 September 2007. Retrieved 21 November 2007. Born: c1935 at Anamarapiti
^ Jeremy, Eccles. "TOMMY WATSON at News Aboriginal Art Directory. View information about TOMMY WATSON". news.aboriginalartdirectory.com. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
^ John McDonald (24 November 2005). "The Australian Way - December - Art" (PDF). Qantas. Retrieved 21 November 2007. BORN C1930-32. WARAKURNA, WA. Since emerging in 2002, Tommy Watson has arguably become the greatest living painter of the Western Desert page 56
^ Grishin, Sasha (18 December 2020). "ANU collection lifts the spirits". The Canberra Times. Retrieved 29 September 2022.
^ a b c McCulloch, Alan; Susan McCulloch; Emily McCulloch Childs (2006). The new McCulloch's Encyclopedia of Australian Art. Fitzroy, VIC: Aus Art Editions in association with The Miegunyah Press. p. 179. ISBN 0-522-85317-X.
^ https://www.daao.org.au/bio/tommy-watson/
^ "Anumarapiti by Yannima Tommy Watson". Gallery Gondwana. Retrieved 29 September 2022.
^ McGregor, Ken; Geissler, Marie (2010). Yannima Pikarli Tommy Watson (Bilingual ed.). Macmillan Art Publishing. p. 7. ISBN 9781921394430.
^ McGregor, Ken; Geissler, Marie (2010). Yannima Pikarli Tommy Watson (Bilingual ed.). Macmillan Art Publishing. p. 74. ISBN 9781921394430.
^ Maurcice Tuchman 'Hidden Meaning in Abstract Art ' in Edward Weisberger The Spiritual in Abstract Art , Los Angeles County Museum California and Abbeville Press inc New York 1987 pp34-35
^ Marie, Geissler. "'Kutju Wara' (The Last One): Yannima Tommy Watson at Agathon Galleries at News Aboriginal Art Directory. View information about 'Kutju Wara' (The Last One): Yannima Tommy Watson at Agathon Galleries". news.aboriginalartdirectory.com. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
^ a b Claire Armstrong, ed. (2006). Australian Indigenous Art Commission: Musee du quai Branly. Eleonora Triguboff, Art & Australia, and Australia Council for the Arts. ISBN 0-646-46045-5.
^ "tommy watson register | PIERMARQ: Aboriginal Art, Contemporary Art, Art Investment". www.piermarq.com.au. Archived from the original on 16 September 2013.
^ "Three-way battle over Western Desert artist Tommy Watson not a pretty picture | The Australian". Archived from the original on 18 November 2013.
^ Newstead, Adrian (2014). The Dealer is the Devil: An Insiders History of the Aboriginal Art Trade. Brandl & Schlesinger. p. 496. ISBN 9781921556449. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
^ Kumurdian, Dijana. "Art Series Hotels to open The Watson in Adelaide". www.vogue.com.au/vogue+living/. Vogue Living Australia. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
^ "The Watson, Walkerville: The Watson, Walkerville".
^ Judith Ryan Colour Power:Aboriginal Art Post 1984, in the collection of the National Gallery of Victoria, National Gallery of Victoria Melbourne Vic 2005 p 112
^ Patrick Corrigan (businessman)
External links
Example of Tommy Watson's work, National Gallery of Australia
Wulpa 2004, Art Gallery of NSW
Walpa 2002, National Gallery of Australia
Awilyulu 2003, National Gallery of Victoria
vteCentral and Western Desert artInstitutions
Araluen Cultural Precinct
Contemporary Indigenous Australian art
Hermannsburg School
List of Indigenous Australian art movements and cooperatives
National Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Art Award
Papunya Tula
Significant places
Alice Springs, Northern Territory
Balgo, Western Australia
Haasts Bluff, Northern Territory
Kintore, Northern Territory
Papunya, Northern Territory
Pukatja (Ernabella), South Australia
Utopia, Northern Territory
Yuendumu, Northern Territory
Artists: women
Wawiriya Burton
Josepha Petrick Kemarre
Tjungkara Ken
Lucy Napaljarri Kennedy
Emily Kame Kngwarreye
Barbara Mbitjana Moore
Betty Muffler
Doreen Reid Nakamarra
Narputta Nangala
Ada Andy Napaltjarri
Biddy Rockman Napaljarri
Daisy Jugadai Napaltjarri
Eileen Napaltjarri
Helen Nelson Napaljarri
Kitty Pultara Napaljarri
Linda Syddick Napaltjarri
Louisa Napaljarri
Molly Jugadai Napaltjarri
Mona Rockman Napaljarri
Ngoia Pollard Napaltjarri
Nora Andy Napaltjarri
Norah Nelson Napaljarri
Parara Napaltjarri
Peggy Rockman Napaljarri
Sheila Brown Napaljarri
Susie Bootja Bootja Napaltjarri
Takariya Napaltjarri
Tjunkiya Napaltjarri
Topsy Gibson Napaltjarri
Valerie Lynch Napaltjarri
Wintjiya Napaltjarri
Makinti Napanangka
Dorothy Napangardi
Pansy Napangardi
Naata Nungurrayi
Gloria Petyarre
Kathleen Petyarre
Nancy Petyarre
Minnie Pwerle
Maggie Napaljarri Ross
Margaret Scobie
Barbara Weir
Ruby Tjangawa Williamson
Yaritji Young
Artists: men
Hector Burton
Albert Namatjira
Tiger Palpatja
Wenten Rubuntja
Paddy Japaljarri Stewart
Anatjari Tjakamarra
Long Jack Phillipus Tjakamarra
Kaapa Tjampitjinpa
Yala Yala Gibbs Tjungurrayi
Turkey Tolson Tjupurrula
Billy Stockman Tjapaltjarri
Clifford Possum Tjapaltjarri
Mick Namarari Tjapaltjarri
Timmy Payungka Tjapangati
Yannima Tommy Watson
Major works
Earth's Creation
Gulgardi
Warlugulong
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
United States
Artists
Australian Artists
Victoria
People
Trove
2
Other
SNAC
IdRef
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He was described by one critic as \"the greatest living painter of the Western Desert\".[4]","title":"Yannima Tommy Watson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"skin group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_group"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Irrunytju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrunytju"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McCulloch179-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Northern Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Territory"},{"link_name":"South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Tjukurrpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreaming_(story)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ag-2"},{"link_name":"white Australians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Australians"},{"link_name":"Ernabella Mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernabella"},{"link_name":"Papunya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papunya"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey Bardon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Bardon"},{"link_name":"Aboriginal art movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_Indigenous_Australian_art"},{"link_name":"Papunya Tula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papunya_Tula"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Tommy Yannima Pikarli Watson was a senior Pitjantjatara elder and law man of the Karima skin group.[5] He was born around 1935 in Anumarapiti, 75 kilometres (47 mi) west of Irrunytju,[6][7] also known as Wingellina, in Western Australia, near the junction of its border with the Northern Territory and South Australia. His given names of Yannima and Pikarli relate to specific sites near Anumarapiti.[8]Watson's mother died during his infancy, and his father when he was about eight years old. He subsequently went to live with his father's brother, who himself died two years later. Tommy was then adopted by Nicodemus Watson, his father's first cousin. It was at this point that he went to live at Ernabella Mission, and adopted the surname Watson in addition to his Aboriginal birth name, thus becoming Tommy Yannima Pikarli Watson.[9]Nicodemus Watson became a strong father figure. Together they travelled widely, and Watson learned the traditional skills required to lead a nomadic existence in the desert, including the fashioning of tools and weapons from trees using burning coals, how and what to hunt, and how and where to find water. Under Nicodemus Watson's guidance, Watson learned about nature and his people's ancestral stories, collectively known to the Aboriginal peoples of Australia as Tjukurrpa.[2]Watson's first contact with white Australians was at the Ernabella Mission in South Australia, which opened in 1940. After a short time at Ernabella, he returned to his community to be initiated. Tommy Watson's upbringing is similar to that of many Indigenous people born around the same time, from that point forward living a traditional nomadic existence until his early teens and then working as a stockman and labourer. During his time working at Papunya he met the school teacher Geoffrey Bardon, who was pivotal in supporting the developing Aboriginal art movement at the Papunya Tula art centre.[10]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Irrunytju community art centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrunytju_Arts_Centre"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ag-2"},{"link_name":"Wassily Kandinsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wassily_Kandinsky"},{"link_name":"Piet Mondrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piet_Mondrian"},{"link_name":"Kasimir Malevich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasimir_Malevich"},{"link_name":"Mark Rothko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Rothko"},{"link_name":"Barnett Newman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnett_Newman"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Sydney Morning Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Morning_Herald"},{"link_name":"Henri Matisse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Matisse"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Paddy Bedford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddy_Bedford"},{"link_name":"John Mawurndjul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mawurndjul"},{"link_name":"Ningura Napurrula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ningura_Napurrula"},{"link_name":"Lena Nyadbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lena_Nyadbi"},{"link_name":"Michael Riley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Riley"},{"link_name":"Judy Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judy_Watson"},{"link_name":"Musée du quai Branly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_du_quai_Branly"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-13"},{"link_name":"Alice Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Springs"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"The European Fine Art Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_European_Fine_Art_Fair"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Tommy Watson began painting in 2001, and was one of a handful of painters establishing the Irrunytju community art centre in 2001.[2]Watson's work has received critical acclaim, both within Australia and internationally, with art critics drawing parallels between Watson and Western Abstract painters such as Wassily Kandinsky, Piet Mondrian, Kasimir Malevich, Mark Rothko and Barnett Newman.[11] John MacDonald wrote in the Sydney Morning Herald that Watson \"is a master of invention and arguably the outstanding painter of the Western Desert\", going on to compare his use of colour to Henri Matisse.[12]In 2003 Watson was one of eight Indigenous artists, alongside Paddy Bedford, John Mawurndjul, Ningura Napurrula, Lena Nyadbi, Michael Riley, Judy Watson and Gulumbu Yunupingu, who collaborated on a commission to provide works that decorate one of the Musée du quai Branly's four buildings completed in 2006.[13]In early 2013, Watson moved to live with family in Alice Springs in the Northern Territory. Following an improvement in his health he resumed painting, producing large works up to five meters long. Until the end of his life he was represented commercially by Yanda Aboriginal Art and Piermarq,[14] with large canvases produced at Yanda Aboriginal Art in 2013 selling over $800,000 each. One work, entitled Ngayuku Ngura - Anumara Piti, sold for around $500,000 through Sydney's Piermarq gallery to prominent Sydney businessman Andrew Wise.[15]In 2014, a major work of 160 x 485 cm by Tommy Watson was exhibited at The European Fine Art Fair (TEFAF), one of the world's most prestigious art fairs. Watson's work was also on display as part of a group exhibition of First Contact Western Desert Masters also featuring Naata Nungurrayi, Esther Giles Nampitjinpa, and George Hairbrush Tjungurrayi at the Piermarq gallery in Sydney in June–July 2014.[16]In 2014 the Art Series Hotel Group named Watson as the first Indigenous artist to feature in the collection.[17] Located in Adelaide, his namesake hotel The Watson features a collection of high-quality reproduction prints.[18]","title":"Art career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Gallery of Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Victoria"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ag-2"},{"link_name":"Gerrit Rietveld Academie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerrit_Rietveld_Academie"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ag-2"}],"text":"Tommy Watson was known for his use of strong vibrant colours, that symbolically represented the ancestral stories of his country. Judith Ryan, Senior Curator of Indigenous Art at the National Gallery of Victoria, has described Watson's colour as \"incandescent\". Watson's understanding of Australia's physical environment and its relationship with the ancestral stories came to form the central element of his paintings.[2] Watson created his works on premium Belgian linen and favoured Ara Acrylic paint, created by the Gerrit Rietveld Academie. Tommy has been associated with the 'Colour Power' movement that developed within the Indigenous art scene between 1984 and 2004.[19]Watson himself stated that his art is an exploration of traditional Aboriginal culture, in which the land and spirituality are intertwined and communicated through stories passed on from generation to generation. He said, \"I want to paint these stories so that others can learn and understand about our culture and country.\"[2]","title":"Style"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Art Gallery of New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Gallery_of_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"National Gallery of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McCulloch179-6"},{"link_name":"National Gallery of Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Victoria"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McCulloch179-6"},{"link_name":"Musee du Quai Branly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musee_du_Quai_Branly"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-13"},{"link_name":"Art Gallery of Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Gallery_of_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"South Australian Art Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australian_Art_Gallery"},{"link_name":"Museum and Art Gallery of the Northern Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_and_Art_Gallery_of_the_Northern_Territory"},{"link_name":"Bega Valley Regional Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bega_Valley_Regional_Gallery"},{"link_name":"Colin Laverty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Laverty"},{"link_name":"Patrick Corrigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Corrigan_(businessman)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Kerry Stokes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerry_Stokes"}],"text":"Art Gallery of New South Wales\nNational Gallery of Australia[6]\nNational Gallery of Victoria[6]\nMusee du Quai Branly, Paris[13]\nArt Gallery of Western Australia\nSouth Australian Art Gallery\nMuseum and Art Gallery of the Northern Territory\nBega Valley Regional Gallery\nColin Laverty, Collection\nPatrick Corrigan, Collection[20]\nAuscorp Collection\nKerry Stokes Collection","title":"Collections"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yannima_Tommy_Watson,_painting.jpg"}],"text":"Tommy Watson, painting at Yanda 2013","title":"Artwork"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-jm_1-0"},{"link_name":"\"The Watson, Walkerville: The Artist\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.artserieshotels.com.au/watson/tommy-watson/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ag_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ag_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ag_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ag_2-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ag_2-4"},{"link_name":"\"Agathon Galleries\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070914202626/http://www.agathon.com.au/agathon/artistsbio/artist_bio.php?id=31"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.agathon.com.au/agathon/artistsbio/artist_bio.php?id=31"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"TOMMY WATSON at News Aboriginal Art Directory. View information about TOMMY WATSON\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//news.aboriginalartdirectory.com/2017/12/tommy-watson.php"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-unc_4-0"},{"link_name":"\"The Australian Way - December - Art\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.unc.edu/home/owen/downloads/QANTAS%201205.pdf"},{"link_name":"WARAKURNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warakurna"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"ANU collection lifts the spirits\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.canberratimes.com.au/story/7054707/anu-collection-lifts-the-spirits/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-McCulloch179_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-McCulloch179_6-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-McCulloch179_6-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-522-85317-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-522-85317-X"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"https://www.daao.org.au/bio/tommy-watson/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.daao.org.au/bio/tommy-watson/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"Anumarapiti by Yannima Tommy Watson\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//gallerygondwana.com.au/stockroom/tommy-watson-collector-portfolio"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781921394430","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781921394430"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781921394430","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781921394430"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"\"'Kutju Wara' (The Last One): Yannima Tommy Watson at Agathon Galleries at News Aboriginal Art Directory. View information about 'Kutju Wara' (The Last One): Yannima Tommy Watson at Agathon Galleries\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//news.aboriginalartdirectory.com/2009/08/kutju-wara-the-last-one-yannima-tommy-watson-at-agathon-galleries.php"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ReferenceA_13-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ReferenceA_13-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-646-46045-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-646-46045-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"\"tommy watson register | PIERMARQ: Aboriginal Art, Contemporary Art, Art Investment\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130916143413/http://www.piermarq.com.au/tommy-watson-register/"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.piermarq.com.au/tommy-Watson-register/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"\"Three-way battle over Western Desert artist Tommy Watson not a pretty picture | The Australian\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20131118044105/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/arts/visual-arts/three-way-battle-over-western-desert-artist-tommy-watson-not-a-pretty-picture/story-fn9d3avm-1226762144842"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.theaustralian.com.au/arts/visual-arts/three-way-battle-over-western-desert-artist-tommy-watson-not-a-pretty-picture/story-fn9d3avm-1226762144842#"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"The Dealer is the Devil: An Insiders History of the Aboriginal Art Trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=yDnAAgAAQBAJ&q=watson"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781921556449","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781921556449"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"\"Art Series Hotels to open The Watson in Adelaide\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.vogue.com.au/vogue+living/travel/art+series+hotels+to+open+the+watson+in+adelaide,32055"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"\"The Watson, Walkerville: The Watson, Walkerville\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.artserieshotels.com.au/watson/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"Patrick Corrigan (businessman)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Corrigan_(businessman)"}],"text":"^ \"The Watson, Walkerville: The Artist\". www.artserieshotels.com.au. Retrieved 18 August 2018.\n\n^ a b c d e \"Agathon Galleries\". Archived from the original (pdf) on 14 September 2007. Retrieved 21 November 2007. Born: c1935 at Anamarapiti\n\n^ Jeremy, Eccles. \"TOMMY WATSON at News Aboriginal Art Directory. View information about TOMMY WATSON\". news.aboriginalartdirectory.com. Retrieved 18 August 2018.\n\n^ John McDonald (24 November 2005). \"The Australian Way - December - Art\" (PDF). Qantas. Retrieved 21 November 2007. BORN C1930-32. WARAKURNA, WA. Since emerging in 2002, Tommy Watson has arguably become the greatest living painter of the Western Desert page 56\n\n^ Grishin, Sasha (18 December 2020). \"ANU collection lifts the spirits\". The Canberra Times. Retrieved 29 September 2022.\n\n^ a b c McCulloch, Alan; Susan McCulloch; Emily McCulloch Childs (2006). The new McCulloch's Encyclopedia of Australian Art. Fitzroy, VIC: Aus Art Editions in association with The Miegunyah Press. p. 179. ISBN 0-522-85317-X.\n\n^ https://www.daao.org.au/bio/tommy-watson/\n\n^ \"Anumarapiti by Yannima Tommy Watson\". Gallery Gondwana. Retrieved 29 September 2022.\n\n^ McGregor, Ken; Geissler, Marie (2010). Yannima Pikarli Tommy Watson (Bilingual ed.). Macmillan Art Publishing. p. 7. ISBN 9781921394430.\n\n^ McGregor, Ken; Geissler, Marie (2010). Yannima Pikarli Tommy Watson (Bilingual ed.). Macmillan Art Publishing. p. 74. ISBN 9781921394430.\n\n^ Maurcice Tuchman 'Hidden Meaning in Abstract Art ' in Edward Weisberger The Spiritual in Abstract Art , Los Angeles County Museum California and Abbeville Press inc New York 1987 pp34-35\n\n^ Marie, Geissler. \"'Kutju Wara' (The Last One): Yannima Tommy Watson at Agathon Galleries at News Aboriginal Art Directory. View information about 'Kutju Wara' (The Last One): Yannima Tommy Watson at Agathon Galleries\". news.aboriginalartdirectory.com. Retrieved 18 August 2018.\n\n^ a b Claire Armstrong, ed. (2006). Australian Indigenous Art Commission: Musee du quai Branly. Eleonora Triguboff, Art & Australia, and Australia Council for the Arts. ISBN 0-646-46045-5.\n\n^ \"tommy watson register | PIERMARQ: Aboriginal Art, Contemporary Art, Art Investment\". www.piermarq.com.au. Archived from the original on 16 September 2013.\n\n^ \"Three-way battle over Western Desert artist Tommy Watson not a pretty picture | The Australian\". Archived from the original on 18 November 2013.\n\n^ Newstead, Adrian (2014). The Dealer is the Devil: An Insiders History of the Aboriginal Art Trade. Brandl & Schlesinger. p. 496. ISBN 9781921556449. Retrieved 18 August 2018.\n\n^ Kumurdian, Dijana. \"Art Series Hotels to open The Watson in Adelaide\". www.vogue.com.au/vogue+living/. Vogue Living Australia. Retrieved 30 January 2015.\n\n^ \"The Watson, Walkerville: The Watson, Walkerville\".\n\n^ Judith Ryan Colour Power:Aboriginal Art Post 1984, in the collection of the National Gallery of Victoria, National Gallery of Victoria Melbourne Vic 2005 p 112\n\n^ Patrick Corrigan (businessman)","title":"Notes"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"The Watson, Walkerville: The Artist\". www.artserieshotels.com.au. Retrieved 18 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artserieshotels.com.au/watson/tommy-watson/","url_text":"\"The Watson, Walkerville: The Artist\""}]},{"reference":"\"Agathon Galleries\". Archived from the original (pdf) on 14 September 2007. Retrieved 21 November 2007. Born: c1935 at Anamarapiti","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070914202626/http://www.agathon.com.au/agathon/artistsbio/artist_bio.php?id=31","url_text":"\"Agathon Galleries\""},{"url":"http://www.agathon.com.au/agathon/artistsbio/artist_bio.php?id=31","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jeremy, Eccles. \"TOMMY WATSON at News Aboriginal Art Directory. View information about TOMMY WATSON\". news.aboriginalartdirectory.com. Retrieved 18 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.aboriginalartdirectory.com/2017/12/tommy-watson.php","url_text":"\"TOMMY WATSON at News Aboriginal Art Directory. View information about TOMMY WATSON\""}]},{"reference":"John McDonald (24 November 2005). \"The Australian Way - December - Art\" (PDF). Qantas. Retrieved 21 November 2007. BORN C1930-32. WARAKURNA, WA. Since emerging in 2002, Tommy Watson has arguably become the greatest living painter of the Western Desert","urls":[{"url":"http://www.unc.edu/home/owen/downloads/QANTAS%201205.pdf","url_text":"\"The Australian Way - December - Art\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warakurna","url_text":"WARAKURNA"}]},{"reference":"Grishin, Sasha (18 December 2020). \"ANU collection lifts the spirits\". The Canberra Times. Retrieved 29 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/7054707/anu-collection-lifts-the-spirits/","url_text":"\"ANU collection lifts the spirits\""}]},{"reference":"McCulloch, Alan; Susan McCulloch; Emily McCulloch Childs (2006). The new McCulloch's Encyclopedia of Australian Art. Fitzroy, VIC: Aus Art Editions in association with The Miegunyah Press. p. 179. ISBN 0-522-85317-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-522-85317-X","url_text":"0-522-85317-X"}]},{"reference":"\"Anumarapiti by Yannima Tommy Watson\". Gallery Gondwana. Retrieved 29 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://gallerygondwana.com.au/stockroom/tommy-watson-collector-portfolio","url_text":"\"Anumarapiti by Yannima Tommy Watson\""}]},{"reference":"McGregor, Ken; Geissler, Marie (2010). Yannima Pikarli Tommy Watson (Bilingual ed.). Macmillan Art Publishing. p. 7. ISBN 9781921394430.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781921394430","url_text":"9781921394430"}]},{"reference":"McGregor, Ken; Geissler, Marie (2010). Yannima Pikarli Tommy Watson (Bilingual ed.). Macmillan Art Publishing. p. 74. ISBN 9781921394430.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781921394430","url_text":"9781921394430"}]},{"reference":"Marie, Geissler. \"'Kutju Wara' (The Last One): Yannima Tommy Watson at Agathon Galleries at News Aboriginal Art Directory. View information about 'Kutju Wara' (The Last One): Yannima Tommy Watson at Agathon Galleries\". news.aboriginalartdirectory.com. Retrieved 18 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.aboriginalartdirectory.com/2009/08/kutju-wara-the-last-one-yannima-tommy-watson-at-agathon-galleries.php","url_text":"\"'Kutju Wara' (The Last One): Yannima Tommy Watson at Agathon Galleries at News Aboriginal Art Directory. View information about 'Kutju Wara' (The Last One): Yannima Tommy Watson at Agathon Galleries\""}]},{"reference":"Claire Armstrong, ed. (2006). Australian Indigenous Art Commission: Musee du quai Branly. 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Archived from the original on 18 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131118044105/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/arts/visual-arts/three-way-battle-over-western-desert-artist-tommy-watson-not-a-pretty-picture/story-fn9d3avm-1226762144842","url_text":"\"Three-way battle over Western Desert artist Tommy Watson not a pretty picture | The Australian\""},{"url":"http://www.theaustralian.com.au/arts/visual-arts/three-way-battle-over-western-desert-artist-tommy-watson-not-a-pretty-picture/story-fn9d3avm-1226762144842#","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Newstead, Adrian (2014). The Dealer is the Devil: An Insiders History of the Aboriginal Art Trade. Brandl & Schlesinger. p. 496. ISBN 9781921556449. Retrieved 18 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yDnAAgAAQBAJ&q=watson","url_text":"The Dealer is the Devil: An Insiders History of the Aboriginal Art Trade"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781921556449","url_text":"9781921556449"}]},{"reference":"Kumurdian, Dijana. \"Art Series Hotels to open The Watson in Adelaide\". www.vogue.com.au/vogue+living/. Vogue Living Australia. Retrieved 30 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vogue.com.au/vogue+living/travel/art+series+hotels+to+open+the+watson+in+adelaide,32055","url_text":"\"Art Series Hotels to open The Watson in Adelaide\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Watson, Walkerville: The Watson, Walkerville\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.artserieshotels.com.au/watson/","url_text":"\"The Watson, Walkerville: The Watson, Walkerville\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristin_Mays
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Tristin Mays
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["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Filmography","4 References","5 External links"]
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American actress
Tristin MaysMays on the show Victorious in 2011Born (1990-06-10) June 10, 1990 (age 34)New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.EducationVista del Lago High SchoolOccupationActressYears active1996–present
Tristin Mays (born June 10, 1990) is an American actress. Mays portrayed Riley Davis in the reboot of the MacGyver series on CBS who works as a covert operative for the Phoenix Foundation.
Early life and education
Mays' parents, Viveca and Michael Mays, worked as an artist and in the military, respectively. She grew up in New York City until 2003 when her family moved to Moreno Valley, California, where she graduated from Vista del Lago High School. Her older brother Jeryn is also an actor.
Career
While best known for her role as Riley Davis on the 2016 TV series MacGyver, Mays has played in television series including as Shaina in the Nickelodeon series Gullah Gullah Island and as Robin Dixon, the daughter of Marcus Dixon, Carl Lumbly's character in Alias.
Her other television credits include Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide, Everybody Hates Chris, True Jackson, VP, Zeke and Luther, Big Time Rush, Victorious and The Vampire Diaries.
As a seven-year-old in 1997, she joined the cast of Gullah Gullah Island, replacing Shaina M. Freeman as Shaina. That same year, she was cast as Nala in The Lion King on Broadway. She subsequently played Fan in Dickens' A Christmas Carol. In 2009, she was a series regular in the web series Private based on the novels of the same name. In 2011, she starred in the internet sitcom FAIL with fellow Gullah Gullah Island co-star Vanessa Baden. She also appeared in the TV show Impractical Jokers season 8 episode 5.
Filmography
Film roles
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2011
Hot Dog Water
Julia
Short film
2012
Thunderstruck
Isabela Sanchez
She is Not My Sister
Megan
2013
House Party: Tonight's the Night
Autumn Rose
Direct-to-video film
2015
The Wedding Ringer
Cute bridesmaid
2020
The Christmas Sitters
Nora
Direct-to-TV film
Television roles
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1996
Harambee!
Angel
Television film
1997
Gullah Gullah Island
Shaina
Series regular
2001–2004
Alias
Robin Dixon
3 episodes
2006
Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide
Bernice
Episode: "Substitute Teachers and the New Kid"
2008
Everybody Hates Chris
Jenise Huckstable
Episode: "Everybody Hates Homecoming"
2009
Private
Taylor Bell
Web series; series regular
2010
True Jackson, VP
Hailey
Episode: "My Boss Ate My Homework"
2010–2011
Zeke and Luther
Monica Lopez
3 episodes
2010
Big Time Rush
Stephanie King
2 episodes
Kelly Brook's Cameltoe Shows
Herself
Funny or Die skit
2011
Victorious
Sherry
Episode: "Prom Wrecker"
FAIL
Alicia
Web series; series regular
Kickin' It
Vanessa / M.C.
Episode: "All the Wrong Moves"
2012
The Newsroom
Karaoke Girl
Episode: "The 112th Congress"
2015–2016
The Vampire Diaries
Sarah Nelson/Salvatore
Recurring role (season 6), Guest (season 8) 7 episodes
2015
Supergirl
Maxwell Lord's Assistant
Episode: "Childish Things"
Night of the Wild
Rosalyn
Television film
2016–2018
T@gged
Brie
2016–2021
MacGyver
Riley Davis
Main role
2017
Switched at Birth
Ally
3 episodes
2019
Impractical Jokers
Herself
Season 8 Episode 5: "Full Mental Jacket"
References
^ "Celebrity birthdays for the week of June 6–12". ABC News.
^ a b c d Laurie Lucas, "Former Moreno Valley resident stars in the rebooted ‘MacGyver’ TV show", The Press-Enterprise, January 5, 2017.
^ Tristin Mays at the Internet Broadway Database
^ "Alloy Entertainment". www.alloyentertainment.com.
External links
Tristin Mays at IMDb
Tristin Mays on X
Tristin Mays on Instagram
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Spain
United States
|
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[]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/There%27s_No_One_as_Irish_as_Barack_O%27Bama
|
There's No One as Irish as Barack O'Bama
|
["1 Production and themes","2 Conflicts","3 Welcome Home President Barack O'Bama","4 St. Patrick's Day 2024","5 References","6 External links"]
|
2008 single by Hardy Drew & The Nancy Boys"There's No One as Irish as Barack O'Bama"Single by Hardy Drew & The Nancy BoysReleased2008GenreFolk, novelty, comedySongwriter(s)Ger, Brian and Donnacha Corrigan
"There's No One as Irish as Barack O'Bama" is a humorous folk song written in 2008 by the Irish band Hardy Drew and the Nancy Boys (later known as the Corrigan Brothers), and set to a tune derived from a traditional air. The song celebrates the Irish ancestry of the then Democratic candidate for President of the United States, Barack Obama. The song was a minor hit in the Irish charts, peaking at number 24 in November 2008.
Production and themes
Main Street, Moneygall where in Ollie Hayes' pub the song was first performed.
Obama's maternal roots have been traced back to Moneygall in County Offaly, Ireland in the 19th century. Moneygall has a population of 298 people. Obama had previously remarked, "There's a little village in Ireland where my great-great-great grandfather came from and I'm looking forward to going there and having a pint," prompting the Irish Taoiseach Brian Cowen - also a native of County Offaly - to invite him to do so.
The village of Moneygall (population 298) from which one of Obama's great-great-great grandfathers came
Hardy Drew and the Nancy Boys consists of brothers Ger, Brian and Donnacha Corrigan from Castletroy, County Limerick. The song was performed by the band's lead singer Ger Corrigan, with Aedhmar Flaherty, Róisín O'Brien and Aodhán Ryan, in Ollie Hayes's pub in Moneygall. It was originally written by the established group in February 2008, and the group have since appeared on several Irish television and radio shows. It has since been featured on MSNBC show Hardball with Chris Matthews.
The song, which received huge publicity in America and was described as a "web hit" by the BBC, became popular after being released on YouTube, and as of 6 November 2008 it had over 50,000 hits, (80,000 by 10 November, 300,000 by 15 November, whilst Black's version had 700,000) and the band reported that they had been invited to perform in the anticipated victory celebrations for Obama, and at the Irish-American Democrats inauguration party in Washington in January 2009.
Conflicts
Ger Corrigan alleged that Shay Black, brother of Irish musician Mary Black, "hijacked" the song and claimed a co-writing credit while failing to acknowledge Hardy Drew and the Nancy Boys' authorship of the original version, a charge Black denied.
It is very simple, he sent me an email in June asking if he could add some verses for a band camp he was holding … It was then posted on YouTube as if it had been written entirely by him - a claim repeated on his own website and by bloggers and national media. He never gave us any credit.... We demanded he take it down but he refused. This is a complete hijacking; if I add two verses to "Hey Jude" it doesn't mean I wrote it. To say we are not impressed is an understatement - this is pure opportunism. — Band member Ger Corrigan in reference to Shay Black, as reported by the Limerick Leader.
Both sides sought legal advice; the band contacted YouTube's solicitors as well as a copyright solicitor before announcing in a press release that the dispute had been resolved.
Journalist Fintan O'Toole criticized the song in The Irish Times for "its ignorance of cultural history", claiming that it was inappropriate given Irish Americans' history of racism against African Americans, and that emphasizing Obama's Irish heritage would be "muscling in on his parade". Canon Stephen Neill, the rector of Moneygall who accompanied the band on their American trip, responded that it was only a pop song, and that African Americans had universally welcomed them.
Ger Corrigan later reported that the Corrigan Brothers had signed a deal with Universal for two singles and one album, with an option on a second album.
Welcome Home President Barack O'Bama
Main article: List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama during 2011 § May
In March 2011, the Corrigan Brothers released a new version of their song for radio play to celebrate Barack Obama's visit to Ireland the following May. Entitled Welcome Home President Barack O'Bama, the song focused on Obama's visit to his ancestral home in Moneygall.
St. Patrick's Day 2024
The song was later used in a humorous Instagram post by Obama celebrating St. Patrick's Day for 2024.
References
^ Moore, Matt (5 November 2008). "Obama's Kenyan kin rejoice in race that riveted world". Toronto Star. Retrieved 2008-11-10.
^ a b c "'Irish Obama' song is web hit". BBC News. 9 November 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-10.
^ CSO Ireland, Census 2006 - Volume 1 Population Classified by Area (Page 32)
^ a b "Village rejoices in presidential status with more verses of 'Barack Obama'". The Irish Times. 6 November 2008. Archived from the original on 2011-05-20. Retrieved 2008-11-10.
^ a b c d e f Owens, Alan (30 October 2008). "Limerick band's fury as Obama song is 'hijacked'". Limerick Leader. Retrieved 2008-11-10.
^ a b c Duggan, Barry (31 October 2008). "Row over O'Bama song". Irish Independent. Retrieved 2008-11-10.
^ a b "Barack O'Bama Song Dispute". IrishVoice. 22 October 2008. Archived from the original on 2008-12-10. Retrieved 2008-11-10.
^ "Obama support night in Moneygall". The Nenagh Guardian. 6 November 2008. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 2008-11-10.
^ Hardy Drew and the Nancy Boys. "Press Release". hardydrew.com. Archived from the original on 2012-01-29. Retrieved 2008-11-10.
^
O'Toole, Fintan (2009-01-24). "What the Moneygall Obama song really says about the Irish". The Irish Times. Retrieved 2009-03-27.
^ Neill, Stephen (2009-01-27). "Obama's Moneygall connection". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 2012-03-21. Retrieved 2009-03-27.
^ Owens, Alan (29 November 2008). "Brothers hit big time, thanks to O'Bama". Limerick Leader. Archived from the original on 2 December 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-28.
^ "'Irish Obama' band hits big time". BBC (21 December). 2008-12-21. Retrieved 2008-12-21.
^ Ni Bhraonain, Eimear (28 March 2011). "Musical brothers back on the Barack bandwagon". Irish Independent.
^ "Instagram". www.instagram.com. Retrieved 2024-03-17.
External links
Corrigan Brothers website
Song lyrics on the website
HardyDrew's YouTube listing (official)
Shay Black version YouTube listing (official)
CorriganBrothers verstion YouTube listing (official)
Interview with Ger Corrigan by Ryan Tubridy; RTÉ Radio One on 30 September 2008.
vteBarack Obama
44th President of the United States (2009–2017)
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"President of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"}],"text":"\"There's No One as Irish as Barack O'Bama\" is a humorous folk song written in 2008 by the Irish band Hardy Drew and the Nancy Boys[1] (later known as the Corrigan Brothers), and set to a tune derived from a traditional air.[clarification needed] The song celebrates the Irish ancestry of the then Democratic candidate for President of the United States, Barack Obama. The song was a minor hit in the Irish charts, peaking at number 24 in November 2008.","title":"There's No One as Irish as Barack O'Bama"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:O%27bamaville.JPG"},{"link_name":"Moneygall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moneygall"},{"link_name":"Moneygall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moneygall"},{"link_name":"County Offaly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Offaly"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Taoiseach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoiseach"},{"link_name":"Brian Cowen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Cowen"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rejoices-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Monrygall4577.jpg"},{"link_name":"Moneygall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moneygall"},{"link_name":"Castletroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castletroy"},{"link_name":"County Limerick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Limerick"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leader-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rejoices-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-independent-6"},{"link_name":"MSNBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSNBC"},{"link_name":"Hardball with Chris Matthews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardball_with_Chris_Matthews"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leader-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-voice-7"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leader-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-2"},{"link_name":"Irish-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish-American"},{"link_name":"Democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nenagh-8"}],"text":"Main Street, Moneygall where in Ollie Hayes' pub the song was first performed.Obama's maternal roots have been traced back to Moneygall in County Offaly, Ireland in the 19th century.[2] Moneygall has a population of 298 people.[3] Obama had previously remarked, \"There's a little village in Ireland where my great-great-great grandfather came from and I'm looking forward to going there and having a pint,\" prompting the Irish Taoiseach Brian Cowen - also a native of County Offaly - to invite him to do so.[4]The village of Moneygall (population 298) from which one of Obama's great-great-great grandfathers cameHardy Drew and the Nancy Boys consists of brothers Ger, Brian and Donnacha Corrigan from Castletroy, County Limerick.[5] The song was performed by the band's lead singer Ger Corrigan, with Aedhmar Flaherty, Róisín O'Brien and Aodhán Ryan, in Ollie Hayes's pub in Moneygall.[4] It was originally written by the established group in February 2008, and the group have since appeared on several Irish television and radio shows.[6] It has since been featured on MSNBC show Hardball with Chris Matthews.[5][7]The song, which received huge publicity in America and was described as a \"web hit\" by the BBC,[2][5] became popular after being released on YouTube,[2] and as of 6 November 2008 it had over 50,000 hits, (80,000 by 10 November, 300,000 by 15 November, whilst Black's version had 700,000) and the band reported that they had been invited to perform in the anticipated victory celebrations for Obama, and at the Irish-American Democrats inauguration party in Washington in January 2009.[8]","title":"Production and themes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mary Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Black"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leader-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-independent-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-voice-7"},{"link_name":"band camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band_camp"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"Hey Jude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hey_Jude"},{"link_name":"Limerick Leader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limerick_Leader"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leader-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leader-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-independent-6"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Fintan O'Toole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fintan_O%27Toole"},{"link_name":"The Irish Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Irish_Times"},{"link_name":"Irish Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_American"},{"link_name":"African Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Ger Corrigan alleged that Shay Black, brother of Irish musician Mary Black, \"hijacked\" the song and claimed a co-writing credit while failing to acknowledge Hardy Drew and the Nancy Boys' authorship of the original version, a charge Black denied.[5][6][7]It is very simple, he sent me an email in June asking if he could add some verses for a band camp he was holding … It was then posted on YouTube as if it had been written entirely by him - a claim repeated on his own website and by bloggers and national media. He never gave us any credit.... We demanded he take it down but he refused. This is a complete hijacking; if I add two verses to \"Hey Jude\" it doesn't mean I wrote it. To say we are not impressed is an understatement - this is pure opportunism. — Band member Ger Corrigan in reference to Shay Black, as reported by the Limerick Leader.[5]Both sides sought legal advice; the band contacted YouTube's solicitors as well as a copyright solicitor before announcing in a press release that the dispute had been resolved.[5][6][9]Journalist Fintan O'Toole criticized the song in The Irish Times for \"its ignorance of cultural history\", claiming that it was inappropriate given Irish Americans' history of racism against African Americans, and that emphasizing Obama's Irish heritage would be \"muscling in on his parade\".[10] Canon Stephen Neill, the rector of Moneygall who accompanied the band on their American trip, responded that it was only a pop song, and that African Americans had universally welcomed them.[11]Ger Corrigan later reported that the Corrigan Brothers had signed a deal with Universal for two singles and one album, with an option on a second album.[12][13]","title":"Conflicts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"In March 2011, the Corrigan Brothers released a new version of their song for radio play to celebrate Barack Obama's visit to Ireland the following May. Entitled Welcome Home President Barack O'Bama, the song focused on Obama's visit to his ancestral home in Moneygall.[14]","title":"Welcome Home President Barack O'Bama"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"The song was later used in a humorous Instagram post by Obama celebrating St. Patrick's Day for 2024.[15]","title":"St. Patrick's Day 2024"}]
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[{"image_text":"Main Street, Moneygall where in Ollie Hayes' pub the song was first performed.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/O%27bamaville.JPG/220px-O%27bamaville.JPG"},{"image_text":"The village of Moneygall (population 298) from which one of Obama's great-great-great grandfathers came","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Monrygall4577.jpg/220px-Monrygall4577.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"Moore, Matt (5 November 2008). \"Obama's Kenyan kin rejoice in race that riveted world\". Toronto Star. Retrieved 2008-11-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thestar.com/News/USElection/article/530779","url_text":"\"Obama's Kenyan kin rejoice in race that riveted world\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Star","url_text":"Toronto Star"}]},{"reference":"\"'Irish Obama' song is web hit\". BBC News. 9 November 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/us_elections_2008/7718583.stm","url_text":"\"'Irish Obama' song is web hit\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"\"Village rejoices in presidential status with more verses of 'Barack Obama'\". The Irish Times. 6 November 2008. Archived from the original on 2011-05-20. Retrieved 2008-11-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110520112103/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/world/2008/1106/1225893547713.html?via=mr","url_text":"\"Village rejoices in presidential status with more verses of 'Barack Obama'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Irish_Times","url_text":"The Irish Times"},{"url":"http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/world/2008/1106/1225893547713.html?via=mr","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Owens, Alan (30 October 2008). \"Limerick band's fury as Obama song is 'hijacked'\". Limerick Leader. Retrieved 2008-11-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.limerickleader.ie/news/Limerick-bands-fury-as-Obama.4644219.jp","url_text":"\"Limerick band's fury as Obama song is 'hijacked'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limerick_Leader","url_text":"Limerick Leader"}]},{"reference":"Duggan, Barry (31 October 2008). \"Row over O'Bama song\". Irish Independent. Retrieved 2008-11-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.independent.ie/national-news/row-over-obama-song-1514648.html","url_text":"\"Row over O'Bama song\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Independent","url_text":"Irish Independent"}]},{"reference":"\"Barack O'Bama Song Dispute\". IrishVoice. 22 October 2008. Archived from the original on 2008-12-10. Retrieved 2008-11-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081210183013/http://www.irishabroad.com/news/irish-voice/news/Articles/barack-song-dispute221008.aspx","url_text":"\"Barack O'Bama Song Dispute\""},{"url":"http://www.irishabroad.com/news/irish-voice/news/Articles/barack-song-dispute221008.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Obama support night in Moneygall\". The Nenagh Guardian. 6 November 2008. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 2008-11-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303171235/http://www.nenaghguardian.ie/news/obama-support-night-in-moneygall-1525479.html","url_text":"\"Obama support night in Moneygall\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nenagh_Guardian","url_text":"The Nenagh Guardian"},{"url":"http://www.nenaghguardian.ie/news/obama-support-night-in-moneygall-1525479.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hardy Drew and the Nancy Boys. \"Press Release\". hardydrew.com. Archived from the original on 2012-01-29. Retrieved 2008-11-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120129181953/http://www.hardydrew.com/?Press_Release","url_text":"\"Press Release\""},{"url":"http://www.hardydrew.com/?Press_Release","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"O'Toole, Fintan (2009-01-24). \"What the Moneygall Obama song really says about the Irish\". The Irish Times. Retrieved 2009-03-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fintan_O%27Toole","url_text":"O'Toole, Fintan"},{"url":"http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/weekend/2009/0124/1232474677855.html","url_text":"\"What the Moneygall Obama song really says about the Irish\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Irish_Times","url_text":"The Irish Times"}]},{"reference":"Neill, Stephen (2009-01-27). \"Obama's Moneygall connection\". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 2012-03-21. Retrieved 2009-03-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120321215751/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/letters/2009/0127/1232923367413.html","url_text":"\"Obama's Moneygall connection\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Irish_Times","url_text":"The Irish Times"},{"url":"http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/letters/2009/0127/1232923367413.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Owens, Alan (29 November 2008). \"Brothers hit big time, thanks to O'Bama\". Limerick Leader. Archived from the original on 2 December 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081202091558/http://www.limerickleader.ie/news/Brothers-hit-big-time-thanks.4739866.jp","url_text":"\"Brothers hit big time, thanks to O'Bama\""},{"url":"http://www.limerickleader.ie/news/Brothers-hit-big-time-thanks.4739866.jp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"'Irish Obama' band hits big time\". BBC (21 December). 2008-12-21. Retrieved 2008-12-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7794385.stm","url_text":"\"'Irish Obama' band hits big time\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"}]},{"reference":"Ni Bhraonain, Eimear (28 March 2011). \"Musical brothers back on the Barack bandwagon\". Irish Independent.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.independent.ie/national-news/musical-brothers-back-on-the-barack-bandwagon-2597020.html","url_text":"\"Musical brothers back on the Barack bandwagon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Independent","url_text":"Irish Independent"}]},{"reference":"\"Instagram\". www.instagram.com. Retrieved 2024-03-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/barackobama/p/C4nminxu8XC/?hl=en","url_text":"\"Instagram\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.thestar.com/News/USElection/article/530779","external_links_name":"\"Obama's Kenyan kin rejoice in race that riveted world\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/us_elections_2008/7718583.stm","external_links_name":"\"'Irish Obama' song is web hit\""},{"Link":"http://www.cso.ie/census/documents/Amended%20census2006_%20Volume%201%20Pop%20Classified%20by%20Area.pdf","external_links_name":"CSO Ireland, Census 2006 - Volume 1 Population Classified by Area (Page 32)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110520112103/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/world/2008/1106/1225893547713.html?via=mr","external_links_name":"\"Village rejoices in presidential status with more verses of 'Barack Obama'\""},{"Link":"http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/world/2008/1106/1225893547713.html?via=mr","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.limerickleader.ie/news/Limerick-bands-fury-as-Obama.4644219.jp","external_links_name":"\"Limerick band's fury as Obama song is 'hijacked'\""},{"Link":"http://www.independent.ie/national-news/row-over-obama-song-1514648.html","external_links_name":"\"Row over O'Bama song\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081210183013/http://www.irishabroad.com/news/irish-voice/news/Articles/barack-song-dispute221008.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Barack O'Bama Song Dispute\""},{"Link":"http://www.irishabroad.com/news/irish-voice/news/Articles/barack-song-dispute221008.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303171235/http://www.nenaghguardian.ie/news/obama-support-night-in-moneygall-1525479.html","external_links_name":"\"Obama support night in Moneygall\""},{"Link":"http://www.nenaghguardian.ie/news/obama-support-night-in-moneygall-1525479.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120129181953/http://www.hardydrew.com/?Press_Release","external_links_name":"\"Press Release\""},{"Link":"http://www.hardydrew.com/?Press_Release","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/weekend/2009/0124/1232474677855.html","external_links_name":"\"What the Moneygall Obama song really says about the Irish\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120321215751/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/letters/2009/0127/1232923367413.html","external_links_name":"\"Obama's Moneygall connection\""},{"Link":"http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/letters/2009/0127/1232923367413.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081202091558/http://www.limerickleader.ie/news/Brothers-hit-big-time-thanks.4739866.jp","external_links_name":"\"Brothers hit big time, thanks to O'Bama\""},{"Link":"http://www.limerickleader.ie/news/Brothers-hit-big-time-thanks.4739866.jp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7794385.stm","external_links_name":"\"'Irish Obama' band hits big time\""},{"Link":"http://www.independent.ie/national-news/musical-brothers-back-on-the-barack-bandwagon-2597020.html","external_links_name":"\"Musical brothers back on the Barack bandwagon\""},{"Link":"https://www.instagram.com/barackobama/p/C4nminxu8XC/?hl=en","external_links_name":"\"Instagram\""},{"Link":"http://www.corriganbrothers.com/","external_links_name":"Corrigan Brothers website"},{"Link":"http://www.corriganbrothers.com/no_one_as_irish_as_barrack_obama.html","external_links_name":"Song lyrics on the website"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Xkw8ip43Vk","external_links_name":"HardyDrew's YouTube listing"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EADUQWKoVek","external_links_name":"Shay Black version YouTube listing"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HplZ_taHXLM","external_links_name":"CorriganBrothers verstion YouTube listing"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090325213853/http://dynamic.rte.ie/quickaxs/209-rte-tts-thetubridyshow-2008-09-30.smil","external_links_name":"Interview"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Schneider_(musician)
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Dave Schneider (musician)
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["1 Personal life","2 References"]
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Dave SchneiderBackground informationBirth nameDavid SchneiderBornTrumbull, ConnecticutGenres
rock music
indie rock
Hanukkah music
Instrument(s)guitar, vocalsYears active2005–presentMusical artist
Dave Schneider (born 23 April 1966) is a musician known for his work in the LeeVees and The Zambonis.
Schneider, who is Jewish, said he "grew up on the records of Allan Sherman, Woody Allen, and Mel Brooks and Carl Reiner" and wanted to create a Hannukah album that was funny as well as musically interesting. He and Adam Gardner created the album "Hanukkah Rocks" in 2005 and worked with Matisyahu on a collaboration in 2015.
Schneider was the on-ice MC for The Bridgeport Sound Tigers from 2001 to 2012.
Schneider plays a 1965 Gibson ES-335, a guitar that got seriously damaged by baggage handlers at an airport in Detroit in 2013. Delta Airlines initially refused to pay in full for the repairs but eventually relented, and Gibson offered to do the repairs for free, and also offered Schneider a brand-new 50th anniversary reissue of a 1963 Gibson ES-335.
Personal life
Schneider grew up in Trumbull, Connecticut. He is married and lives in Fairfield Connecticut and is the co-owner, with his father Robert, of Jimmy's Army-Navy in Bridgeport, Connecticut.
References
^ a b Orloff, Brian (2005-09-16). "LeeVees Rock Hanukkah". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2021-10-04.
^ "Musical Musings: The Leevees Get Serious". The Jewish Daily Forward. 2006-12-15. Retrieved 2021-10-04.
^ Danton, Eric R. (2015-12-07). "Matisyahu Teams With the LeeVees on 'Outside of December' (Exclusive)". WSJ. Retrieved 2021-10-04.
^ Saraceni, Dan (2014-03-19). "Interview: Dave Schneider of The Zambonis". Lighthouse Hockey. Retrieved 2021-10-04.
^ "'Musician's worst nightmare': Vintage Gibson guitar mangled by airline baggage handlers". Yahoo News. Retrieved 2021-10-04.
^ "Musician whose vintage guitar was smashed by Delta gets check from airline, new one from Gibson". Yahoo News. Retrieved 2021-10-04.
^ Trifilio, Salvatore (2014-12-16). "Fairfield Musician Embraces Roots In Hanukkah Band". Fairfield Daily Voice. Retrieved 2021-10-04.
^ Juliano, Frank; Cleary, Tom (2013-01-11). "Smashed guitar ends up playing happy note". Connecticut Post. Retrieved 2021-10-04.
^ Grice, Jordan; O’Neill, Tara (2019-12-13). "Rash of vandalism frustrates downtown Bridgeport business owners". Connecticut Post. Retrieved 2021-10-05.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"the LeeVees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_LeeVees"},{"link_name":"The Zambonis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Zambonis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Orloff-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Orloff-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Jewish_Daily_Forward_2006-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Danton_2015-3"},{"link_name":"Bridgeport Sound Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgeport_Sound_Tigers"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saraceni_2014-4"},{"link_name":"Gibson ES-335","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibson_ES-335"},{"link_name":"baggage handlers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baggage_handler"},{"link_name":"Detroit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yahoo_News-5"},{"link_name":"Delta Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Gibson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibson_(guitar_company)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yahoo2-6"}],"text":"Musical artistDave Schneider (born 23 April 1966) is a musician known for his work in the LeeVees and The Zambonis.Schneider, who is Jewish, said he \"grew up on the records of Allan Sherman, Woody Allen, and Mel Brooks and Carl Reiner\" and wanted to create a Hannukah album that was funny as well as musically interesting.[1] He and Adam Gardner created the album \"Hanukkah Rocks\" in 2005 and worked with Matisyahu on a collaboration in 2015.[1][2][3]Schneider was the on-ice MC for The Bridgeport Sound Tigers from 2001 to 2012.[4]Schneider plays a 1965 Gibson ES-335, a guitar that got seriously damaged by baggage handlers at an airport in Detroit in 2013.[5] Delta Airlines initially refused to pay in full for the repairs but eventually relented, and Gibson offered to do the repairs for free, and also offered Schneider a brand-new 50th anniversary reissue of a 1963 Gibson ES-335.[6]","title":"Dave Schneider (musician)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Trumbull, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumbull,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trifilio_2014-7"},{"link_name":"Fairfield Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfield,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Bridgeport, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgeport,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Juliano_Cleary_2013-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grice_O%E2%80%99Neill_2019-9"}],"text":"Schneider grew up in Trumbull, Connecticut.[7] He is married and lives in Fairfield Connecticut and is the co-owner, with his father Robert, of Jimmy's Army-Navy in Bridgeport, Connecticut.[8][9]","title":"Personal life"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Orloff, Brian (2005-09-16). \"LeeVees Rock Hanukkah\". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2021-10-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/leevees-rock-hanukkah-101467/","url_text":"\"LeeVees Rock Hanukkah\""}]},{"reference":"\"Musical Musings: The Leevees Get Serious\". The Jewish Daily Forward. 2006-12-15. Retrieved 2021-10-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://old.forward.com/articles/9640/musical-musings-the-leevees-get-serious/","url_text":"\"Musical Musings: The Leevees Get Serious\""}]},{"reference":"Danton, Eric R. (2015-12-07). \"Matisyahu Teams With the LeeVees on 'Outside of December' (Exclusive)\". WSJ. Retrieved 2021-10-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-SEB-92498","url_text":"\"Matisyahu Teams With the LeeVees on 'Outside of December' (Exclusive)\""}]},{"reference":"Saraceni, Dan (2014-03-19). \"Interview: Dave Schneider of The Zambonis\". Lighthouse Hockey. Retrieved 2021-10-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lighthousehockey.com/2014/3/19/5451856/interview-dave-zamboni-the-zambonis","url_text":"\"Interview: Dave Schneider of The Zambonis\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Musician's worst nightmare': Vintage Gibson guitar mangled by airline baggage handlers\". Yahoo News. Retrieved 2021-10-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.yahoo.com/blogs/sideshow/vintage-gibson-guitar-delta-baggage-leevees-214634001.html","url_text":"\"'Musician's worst nightmare': Vintage Gibson guitar mangled by airline baggage handlers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Musician whose vintage guitar was smashed by Delta gets check from airline, new one from Gibson\". Yahoo News. Retrieved 2021-10-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.yahoo.com/blogs/sideshow/delta-gibson-guitar-schneider-leevees-zambonis-203119266.html","url_text":"\"Musician whose vintage guitar was smashed by Delta gets check from airline, new one from Gibson\""}]},{"reference":"Trifilio, Salvatore (2014-12-16). \"Fairfield Musician Embraces Roots In Hanukkah Band\". Fairfield Daily Voice. Retrieved 2021-10-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://dailyvoice.com/connecticut/fairfield/neighbors/fairfield-musician-embraces-roots-in-hanukkah-band/512005/","url_text":"\"Fairfield Musician Embraces Roots In Hanukkah Band\""}]},{"reference":"Juliano, Frank; Cleary, Tom (2013-01-11). \"Smashed guitar ends up playing happy note\". Connecticut Post. Retrieved 2021-10-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ctpost.com/local/article/Smashed-guitar-ends-up-playing-happy-note-4186978.php","url_text":"\"Smashed guitar ends up playing happy note\""}]},{"reference":"Grice, Jordan; O’Neill, Tara (2019-12-13). \"Rash of vandalism frustrates downtown Bridgeport business owners\". Connecticut Post. Retrieved 2021-10-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ctpost.com/local/article/Rash-of-vandalism-frustrates-downtown-Bridgeport-14904364.php","url_text":"\"Rash of vandalism frustrates downtown Bridgeport business owners\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Birdienest81
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User talk:Birdienest81
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["1 TFL notification for November 2022","2 Promotion of List of accolades received by CODA (2021 film)","3 ArbCom 2022 Elections voter message","4 TFL notification for March 2023","5 May 2023","6 Promotion of 2022 Winter Olympics medal table","7 Promotion of List of accolades received by Dune (2021 film)","8 Possible source for 95th Academy Awards","9 Promotion of 95th Academy Awards","10 TFL notification for September 2023","11 Notice","12 TFL notification for October 2023","13 ArbCom 2023 Elections voter message","14 TFL notification for March 2024","15 Disambiguation link notification for February 23","16 Promotion of 54th Academy Awards"]
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TFL notification for November 2022
Hi, Birdienest81. I'm just posting to let you know that 2020 Summer Olympics medal table – a list that you have been heavily involved with – has been chosen to appear on the Main Page as Today's featured list for November 28. The TFL blurb can be seen here. If you have any thoughts on the selection, please post them on my talk page or at TFL talk. Regards, Giants2008 (Talk) 21:32, 4 November 2022 (UTC)
Promotion of List of accolades received by CODA (2021 film)
Congratulations, Birdienest81! The list you nominated, List of accolades received by CODA (2021 film), has been promoted to featured status, recognizing it as one of the best lists on Wikipedia. The nomination discussion has been archived.This is a rare accomplishment and you should be proud. If you would like, you may nominate it to appear on the Main page as Today's featured list. Keep up the great work! Cheers, PresN (talk) via FACBot (talk) 00:25, 24 November 2022 (UTC)
ArbCom 2022 Elections voter message
Hello! Voting in the 2022 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on Monday, 12 December 2022. All eligible users are allowed to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once.
The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail.
If you wish to participate in the 2022 election, please review the candidates and submit your choices on the voting page. If you no longer wish to receive these messages, you may add {{NoACEMM}} to your user talk page. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 00:43, 29 November 2022 (UTC)
TFL notification for March 2023
Hi, Birdienest81. I'm just posting to let you know that 75th Academy Awards – a list that you have been heavily involved with – has been chosen to appear on the Main Page as Today's featured list for March 13. The TFL blurb can be seen here. If you have any thoughts on the selection, please post them on my talk page or at TFL talk. Regards, Giants2008 (Talk) 22:24, 13 February 2023 (UTC)
May 2023
Thank you for your contributions to Wikipedia. Regarding your edits to List of accolades received by Dune (2021 film), please use the preview button before you save your edit; this helps you find any errors you have made and prevents clogging up recent changes and the page history, as well as helping prevent edit conflicts. Below the edit box is a Show preview button. Pressing this will show you what the article will look like without actually saving it.
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many edits in short space of time, making it harder for other editors to review Indagate (talk) 09:16, 14 May 2023 (UTC)
Promotion of 2022 Winter Olympics medal table
Congratulations, Birdienest81! The list you nominated, 2022 Winter Olympics medal table, has been promoted to featured status, recognizing it as one of the best lists on Wikipedia. The nomination discussion has been archived.This is a rare accomplishment and you should be proud. If you would like, you may nominate it to appear on the Main page as Today's featured list. Keep up the great work! Cheers, Giants2008 (talk) via FACBot (talk) 00:25, 15 May 2023 (UTC)
Promotion of List of accolades received by Dune (2021 film)
Congratulations, Birdienest81! The list you nominated, List of accolades received by Dune (2021 film), has been promoted to featured status, recognizing it as one of the best lists on Wikipedia. The nomination discussion has been archived.This is a rare accomplishment and you should be proud. If you would like, you may nominate it to appear on the Main page as Today's featured list. Keep up the great work! Cheers, Giants2008 (talk) via FACBot (talk) 00:25, 5 June 2023 (UTC)
Possible source for 95th Academy Awards
Hi, as you get ready for the FLC for the most recent Academy Awards, I found a link that might be useful for more ceremony information. Totally up to you as to whether to include it – just wanted to pass it along. RunningTiger123 (talk) 01:38, 18 June 2023 (UTC)
Hi, RunningTiger123,
Sorry about the delay. I always have something in my real life to attend to, but I read the article you provided and I incorporated it as citations to backup the fact the the stage design for the theater was inspired by facades of movie places of Hollywood's Golden Age. If you feel something is missing with the article, feel free to add something. I already nominated the article for FLC, and you may address any concerns or make any additions/corrections based on the comments accordingly. Thanks.
-- Birdienest81talk 02:13, 19 July 2023 (UTC)
Promotion of 95th Academy Awards
Congratulations, Birdienest81! The list you nominated, 95th Academy Awards, has been promoted to featured status, recognizing it as one of the best lists on Wikipedia. The nomination discussion has been archived.This is a rare accomplishment and you should be proud. If you would like, you may nominate it to appear on the Main page as Today's featured list. Keep up the great work! Cheers, PresN (talk) via FACBot (talk) 00:25, 12 August 2023 (UTC)
TFL notification for September 2023
Hi, Birdienest81. I'm just posting to let you know that 51st Academy Awards – a list that you have been heavily involved with – has been chosen to appear on the Main Page as Today's featured list for September 29. The TFL blurb can be seen here. If you have any thoughts on the selection, please post them on my talk page or at TFL talk. Regards, Giants2008 (Talk) 21:33, 8 September 2023 (UTC)
Notice
Hi, Birdienest81. I'm just posting to let you know that List of accolades received by Dune (2021 film) – a list that you have been heavily involved with – has been submitted as a candidate to be featured on the Main Page as Today's featured list. The proposed content can be seen here. You are more than welcome to post your thoughts on the nomination. Regards, Chompy Ace 01:48, 29 September 2023 (UTC)
TFL notification for October 2023
Hi, Birdienest81. I'm just posting to let you know that List of accolades received by Dune (2021 film) – a list that you have been heavily involved with – has been chosen to appear on the Main Page as Today's featured list for October 23. The TFL blurb can be seen here. If you have any thoughts on the selection, please post them on my talk page or at TFL talk. Regards, Giants2008 (Talk) 01:25, 3 October 2023 (UTC)
ArbCom 2023 Elections voter message
Hello! Voting in the 2023 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on Monday, 11 December 2023. All eligible users are allowed to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once.
The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail.
If you wish to participate in the 2023 election, please review the candidates and submit your choices on the voting page. If you no longer wish to receive these messages, you may add {{NoACEMM}} to your user talk page. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 00:32, 28 November 2023 (UTC)
TFL notification for March 2024
Hi, Birdienest81. I'm just posting to let you know that 76th Academy Awards – a list that you have been heavily involved with – has been chosen to appear on the Main Page as Today's featured list for March 11. The TFL blurb can be seen here. If you have any thoughts on the selection, please post them on my talk page or at TFL talk. Regards, Giants2008 (Talk) 22:19, 9 February 2024 (UTC)
Disambiguation link notification for February 23
An automated process has detected that when you recently edited 50th Academy Awards, you added a link pointing to the disambiguation page Robert Grossman.
(Opt-out instructions.) --DPL bot (talk) 18:02, 23 February 2024 (UTC)
Promotion of 54th Academy Awards
Congratulations, Birdienest81! The list you nominated, 54th Academy Awards, has been promoted to featured status, recognizing it as one of the best lists on Wikipedia. The nomination discussion has been archived.This is a rare accomplishment and you should be proud. If you would like, you may nominate it to appear on the Main page as Today's featured list. Keep up the great work! Cheers, PresN (talk) via FACBot (talk) 00:25, 6 March 2024 (UTC)
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bot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:DPL_bot"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:DPL_bot"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"54th Academy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/54th_Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Birdienest81&action=edit§ion=16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cscr-featured.svg"},{"link_name":"54th Academy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/54th_Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"nomination discussion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_list_candidates/54th_Academy_Awards/archive1"},{"link_name":"nominate it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Today%27s_featured_list/Submissions"},{"link_name":"PresN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:PresN"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:PresN"},{"link_name":"FACBot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:FACBot"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:FACBot"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"}],"text":"TFL notification for November 2022[edit]Hi, Birdienest81. I'm just posting to let you know that 2020 Summer Olympics medal table – a list that you have been heavily involved with – has been chosen to appear on the Main Page as Today's featured list for November 28. The TFL blurb can be seen here. If you have any thoughts on the selection, please post them on my talk page or at TFL talk. Regards, Giants2008 (Talk) 21:32, 4 November 2022 (UTC)[reply]Promotion of List of accolades received by CODA (2021 film)[edit]Congratulations, Birdienest81! The list you nominated, List of accolades received by CODA (2021 film), has been promoted to featured status, recognizing it as one of the best lists on Wikipedia. The nomination discussion has been archived.This is a rare accomplishment and you should be proud. If you would like, you may nominate it to appear on the Main page as Today's featured list. Keep up the great work! Cheers, PresN (talk) via FACBot (talk) 00:25, 24 November 2022 (UTC)[reply]ArbCom 2022 Elections voter message[edit]Hello! Voting in the 2022 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on Monday, 12 December 2022. All eligible users are allowed to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once.\nThe Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail.\nIf you wish to participate in the 2022 election, please review the candidates and submit your choices on the voting page. If you no longer wish to receive these messages, you may add {{NoACEMM}} to your user talk page. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 00:43, 29 November 2022 (UTC)[reply]TFL notification for March 2023[edit]Hi, Birdienest81. I'm just posting to let you know that 75th Academy Awards – a list that you have been heavily involved with – has been chosen to appear on the Main Page as Today's featured list for March 13. The TFL blurb can be seen here. If you have any thoughts on the selection, please post them on my talk page or at TFL talk. Regards, Giants2008 (Talk) 22:24, 13 February 2023 (UTC)[reply]May 2023[edit]Thank you for your contributions to Wikipedia. Regarding your edits to List of accolades received by Dune (2021 film), please use the preview button before you save your edit; this helps you find any errors you have made and prevents clogging up recent changes and the page history, as well as helping prevent edit conflicts. Below the edit box is a Show preview button. Pressing this will show you what the article will look like without actually saving it.The Show preview button is right next to the Publish changes button and below the edit summary field.It is strongly recommended that you use this before saving. If you have any questions, contact the help desk for assistance.\nmany edits in short space of time, making it harder for other editors to review Indagate (talk) 09:16, 14 May 2023 (UTC)[reply]Promotion of 2022 Winter Olympics medal table[edit]Congratulations, Birdienest81! The list you nominated, 2022 Winter Olympics medal table, has been promoted to featured status, recognizing it as one of the best lists on Wikipedia. The nomination discussion has been archived.This is a rare accomplishment and you should be proud. If you would like, you may nominate it to appear on the Main page as Today's featured list. Keep up the great work! Cheers, Giants2008 (talk) via FACBot (talk) 00:25, 15 May 2023 (UTC)[reply]Promotion of List of accolades received by Dune (2021 film)[edit]Congratulations, Birdienest81! The list you nominated, List of accolades received by Dune (2021 film), has been promoted to featured status, recognizing it as one of the best lists on Wikipedia. The nomination discussion has been archived.This is a rare accomplishment and you should be proud. If you would like, you may nominate it to appear on the Main page as Today's featured list. Keep up the great work! Cheers, Giants2008 (talk) via FACBot (talk) 00:25, 5 June 2023 (UTC)[reply]Possible source for 95th Academy Awards[edit]Hi, as you get ready for the FLC for the most recent Academy Awards, I found a link that might be useful for more ceremony information. Totally up to you as to whether to include it – just wanted to pass it along. RunningTiger123 (talk) 01:38, 18 June 2023 (UTC)[reply]Hi, RunningTiger123,\nSorry about the delay. I always have something in my real life to attend to, but I read the article you provided and I incorporated it as citations to backup the fact the the stage design for the theater was inspired by facades of movie places of Hollywood's Golden Age. If you feel something is missing with the article, feel free to add something. I already nominated the article for FLC, and you may address any concerns or make any additions/corrections based on the comments accordingly. Thanks.\n-- Birdienest81talk 02:13, 19 July 2023 (UTC)[reply]Promotion of 95th Academy Awards[edit]Congratulations, Birdienest81! The list you nominated, 95th Academy Awards, has been promoted to featured status, recognizing it as one of the best lists on Wikipedia. The nomination discussion has been archived.This is a rare accomplishment and you should be proud. If you would like, you may nominate it to appear on the Main page as Today's featured list. Keep up the great work! Cheers, PresN (talk) via FACBot (talk) 00:25, 12 August 2023 (UTC)[reply]TFL notification for September 2023[edit]Hi, Birdienest81. I'm just posting to let you know that 51st Academy Awards – a list that you have been heavily involved with – has been chosen to appear on the Main Page as Today's featured list for September 29. The TFL blurb can be seen here. If you have any thoughts on the selection, please post them on my talk page or at TFL talk. Regards, Giants2008 (Talk) 21:33, 8 September 2023 (UTC)[reply]Notice[edit]Hi, Birdienest81. I'm just posting to let you know that List of accolades received by Dune (2021 film) – a list that you have been heavily involved with – has been submitted as a candidate to be featured on the Main Page as Today's featured list. The proposed content can be seen here. You are more than welcome to post your thoughts on the nomination. Regards, Chompy Ace 01:48, 29 September 2023 (UTC)[reply]TFL notification for October 2023[edit]Hi, Birdienest81. I'm just posting to let you know that List of accolades received by Dune (2021 film) – a list that you have been heavily involved with – has been chosen to appear on the Main Page as Today's featured list for October 23. The TFL blurb can be seen here. If you have any thoughts on the selection, please post them on my talk page or at TFL talk. Regards, Giants2008 (Talk) 01:25, 3 October 2023 (UTC)[reply]ArbCom 2023 Elections voter message[edit]Hello! Voting in the 2023 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on Monday, 11 December 2023. All eligible users are allowed to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once.\nThe Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail.\nIf you wish to participate in the 2023 election, please review the candidates and submit your choices on the voting page. If you no longer wish to receive these messages, you may add {{NoACEMM}} to your user talk page. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 00:32, 28 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]TFL notification for March 2024[edit]Hi, Birdienest81. I'm just posting to let you know that 76th Academy Awards – a list that you have been heavily involved with – has been chosen to appear on the Main Page as Today's featured list for March 11. The TFL blurb can be seen here. If you have any thoughts on the selection, please post them on my talk page or at TFL talk. Regards, Giants2008 (Talk) 22:19, 9 February 2024 (UTC)[reply]Disambiguation link notification for February 23[edit]An automated process has detected that when you recently edited 50th Academy Awards, you added a link pointing to the disambiguation page Robert Grossman.(Opt-out instructions.) --DPL bot (talk) 18:02, 23 February 2024 (UTC)[reply]Promotion of 54th Academy Awards[edit]Congratulations, Birdienest81! The list you nominated, 54th Academy Awards, has been promoted to featured status, recognizing it as one of the best lists on Wikipedia. The nomination discussion has been archived.This is a rare accomplishment and you should be proud. If you would like, you may nominate it to appear on the Main page as Today's featured list. Keep up the great work! Cheers, PresN (talk) via FACBot (talk) 00:25, 6 March 2024 (UTC)[reply]","title":"User talk:Birdienest81"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Securitas_(Swiss_security_company)
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Securitas AG
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["1 Services","2 History","2.1 From Foundation to World War I","2.2 The 1930s","2.3 From World War II to the 1950s","2.4 From 1960 to 2000","2.5 The 21st century","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
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Swiss company
Not to be confused with Securitas AB.
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Securitas AGCompany typePrivate companyIndustrySecurityFounded1907; 117 years ago (1907)HeadquartersZollikofen (canton of Bern), SwitzerlandServicesSecurity services (security guarding and mobile patrolling), monitoring, consulting and investigation
Securitas AG is a Swiss company providing security services with head office in Zollikofen, regional offices in Basel, Bern, Geneva, Lausanne, Lugano, Lucerne, Neuchâtel, Olten, St. Gallen, Thun and Zürich as well as 25 other branches all over Switzerland.
Securitas AG is part of the Swiss Securitas Group.
Services
Area patrols
Bodyguards
Building-site guarding
Event security
Holiday guarding
Individual patrols
Intervention and control center services
Law enforcement
Object and valuables protection
Prisoner transports
Traffic services
History
From Foundation to World War I
Based on the insolvent company of the same name, Bernese Advocate and Colonel Jakob Spreng founded Securitas AG in 1907. One of the customers was the Swiss Federal Railways with a guarding contract for railway stations in Swiss cities. This was followed by public occasions such as the "Eidgenössisches Schützenfest", a Federal shooting match, in Bern in 1910, where Securitas formed a detachment with the local fire-brigade and police forces.
With the Schweizerische Landesausstellung, the Swiss National Exhibition in 1914 in Bern, the company was awarded a contract: 200 guards provide area surveillance and access control. Despite the outbreak of World War I, with its loss of manpower due to general conscription, Securitas AG was established throughout Switzerland by this time. In the years 1917 and 1919, contracts with the organisers of the Swiss trade fair in Basel and the Comptoir in Lausanne followed. These institutions remain regular customers. On. November 27, 1917, Jakob Spreng died age 54, and his successor Alfred Geiser took over as General Manager.
In 1919, the company was tasked with security of Swiss food deliveries to war-damaged eastern states.
In 1907, an accident insurance was introduced. From 1918, health insurance as well as widow's and orphan's pension followed. In 1925, a staff pension fund was established, and in 1934 all employees entered the unemployment insurance scheme.
The 1930s
In 1928, Jakob Spreng junior took over from Alfred Geiser as General Manager of Securitas AG. The newly founded League of Nations employed Securitas AG as security service in its headquarters, the Palais des Nations in Geneva, where the guards protected delegates, showed visitors around, monitored entrances and inspected journalists.
From World War II to the 1950s
In 1939, guarding contracts followed at the ice hockey world championships in Zürich and Basel as well as the National Exhibition in Zürich. The outbreak of World War II demanded flexibility: due to the rising counts of break-ins and thefts during the black-out, patrol areas saw a rise in staff and patrol frequencies were heightened. To bypass staff shortages due to general conscription, the guards' wives took over their husbands' nightly rounds. During the so-called "Anbauschlacht" or "cultivation battle" to ensure the nation's food supplies, the company was assigned a plot of land above Cademario in Ticino, where potatoes were cultivated.
In 1943, the first collective labour agreement was conceived between the trade-union VHTL and Securitas AG. That same year, an internal compensation fund was established, which paid child benefits until they were established by law.
In 1948, the affiliate Securiton AG was founded.
During the soccer World Championships in 1954, Securitas was present in large numbers along with military and police forces. Even at the so-called "Miracle of Bern", where Germany became world champion against its adversary Hungary, Securitas guards were on duty at the press center and other special access points.
On November 18, 1958, Jakob Spreng junior died at age 65 and his son Manuel Spreng became General Manager.
In 1959, the first actual service car, a Citroen, was purchased. During the 1950s, the nationwide distribution of security systems demanded more and more on-site interventions.
From 1960 to 2000
In 1963, Securitas Express AG was founded, which specialized in money and valuables transports. In 1964, the National Exhibition EXPO in Lausanne took place, where 300 male and, as a milestone in company history, also female employees provided security services.
In the 1960s, Swiss Federal councillor Moritz Leuenberger temporarily worked as a Securitas guard.
In addition to a busy Bee Gees concert in February 1968, the Interessengemeinschaft Telekommunikation und Systeme TUS was founded.
Based on the telecommunications system TUS35, Securitas established the first control center in Basel in 1969. This control center allowed numerous signals to be received differentiated and to be forwarded to the appropriate stations.
At the Rolling Stones concert in Bern in 1972, Securitas guards around the stage and at the emergency exits were wearing specially-made T-shirts, because the organisers wished no uniformed guards inside the concert hall. That same year, the business division money and valuables transports were sold to the internationally established MAT Transport AG. Although Securitas still offers escort duties, the company has ceased doing money and valuables transports.
For security and efficiency reasons, the management decided to create a private radio network in 1977. Two years later, Securitas owned the largest private radio network in Europe at the time.
The 1980s were characterized by official visits like the Queen Elizabeth II of Britain or the Pope John Paul II. Further, personal and object security specialists became responsible for all security measures concerning the Swiss embassy in the Lebanese capital Beirut. In 1989, one of the guard's main tools, the control watch, was replaced by an electronic reading device, which allowed for much easier data analysis.
In 1991, the Securitas uniform was refurbished: Along with new colours and cuts for uniform jacket and service pant or service skirt, the kepi was replaced by beret and combination cap.
During the 1990s, Securitas AG was certified by quality management norm ISO 9001 and introduced an intern diploma in 1993, which acted as a model for the Federal diploma for security specialists.
In 1996, Samuel Spreng was appointed as General Manager by the board of directors and took over the operational leadership of the Securitas Group on January 1, 1997. His brother Manuel presided the board of directors until his demise on February 9, 1999.
The 21st century
At the 6th Swiss National Exhibition Expo.02 in 2002, Securitas not only took part by means of services, but as an official partner and sponsor. In that year the uniforms as well as the corporate identity of the company were refurbished and modernized.
In 2003, according to Swiss public television, Securitas sent an agent to spy on the activist organization ATTAC on behalf of Nestlé, one of the largest multinationals in Switzerland. This went on for more than a year. A criminal case was dropped in 2009, but Securitas and Nestlé liable in a civil case in 2013 and ordered both to pay compensation to the activists.
In 2007, Securitas AG celebrated its centenary.
See also
Companies portal
References
^ "Protectas Sa". Archived from the original on 2009-07-14. Retrieved 2009-07-26.
^ Shotter, James; Lucas, Louise (2013-01-30). "Nestlé found liable over spying on NGO". CNN Business. Retrieved 2023-10-04.
External links
Securitas AG
Job site of Securitas AG
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
Other
Historical Dictionary of Switzerland
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November 27, 1917, Jakob Spreng died age 54, and his successor Alfred Geiser took over as General Manager.In 1919, the company was tasked with security of Swiss food deliveries to war-damaged eastern states.In 1907, an accident insurance was introduced. From 1918, health insurance as well as widow's and orphan's pension followed. In 1925, a staff pension fund was established, and in 1934 all employees entered the unemployment insurance scheme.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"League of Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"Palais des Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais_des_Nations"},{"link_name":"Geneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva"}],"sub_title":"The 1930s","text":"In 1928, Jakob Spreng junior took over from Alfred Geiser as General Manager of Securitas AG. The newly founded League of Nations employed Securitas AG as security service in its headquarters, the Palais des Nations in Geneva, where the guards protected delegates, showed visitors around, monitored entrances and inspected journalists.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zürich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Cademario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cademario"},{"link_name":"Ticino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticino"},{"link_name":"Securiton AG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Securiton_AG&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Citroen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citroen"}],"sub_title":"From World War II to the 1950s","text":"In 1939, guarding contracts followed at the ice hockey world championships in Zürich and Basel as well as the National Exhibition in Zürich. The outbreak of World War II demanded flexibility: due to the rising counts of break-ins and thefts during the black-out, patrol areas saw a rise in staff and patrol frequencies were heightened. To bypass staff shortages due to general conscription, the guards' wives took over their husbands' nightly rounds. During the so-called \"Anbauschlacht\" or \"cultivation battle\" to ensure the nation's food supplies, the company was assigned a plot of land above Cademario in Ticino, where potatoes were cultivated.In 1943, the first collective labour agreement was conceived between the trade-union VHTL and Securitas AG. That same year, an internal compensation fund was established, which paid child benefits until they were established by law.In 1948, the affiliate Securiton AG was founded.During the soccer World Championships in 1954, Securitas was present in large numbers along with military and police forces. Even at the so-called \"Miracle of Bern\", where Germany became world champion against its adversary Hungary, Securitas guards were on duty at the press center and other special access points.On November 18, 1958, Jakob Spreng junior died at age 65 and his son Manuel Spreng became General Manager.In 1959, the first actual service car, a Citroen, was purchased. During the 1950s, the nationwide distribution of security systems demanded more and more on-site interventions.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moritz Leuenberger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moritz_Leuenberger"},{"link_name":"Bee Gees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bee_Gees"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stones"},{"link_name":"MAT Transport AG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MAT_Transport_AG&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"John Paul II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Paul_II"},{"link_name":"Beirut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut"},{"link_name":"kepi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepi"},{"link_name":"beret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beret"},{"link_name":"combination cap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combination_cap"},{"link_name":"ISO 9001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_9001"}],"sub_title":"From 1960 to 2000","text":"In 1963, Securitas Express AG was founded, which specialized in money and valuables transports. In 1964, the National Exhibition EXPO in Lausanne took place, where 300 male and, as a milestone in company history, also female employees provided security services.In the 1960s, Swiss Federal councillor Moritz Leuenberger temporarily worked as a Securitas guard.In addition to a busy Bee Gees concert in February 1968, the Interessengemeinschaft Telekommunikation und Systeme TUS was founded.Based on the telecommunications system TUS35, Securitas established the first control center in Basel in 1969. This control center allowed numerous signals to be received differentiated and to be forwarded to the appropriate stations.At the Rolling Stones concert in Bern in 1972, Securitas guards around the stage and at the emergency exits were wearing specially-made T-shirts, because the organisers wished no uniformed guards inside the concert hall. That same year, the business division money and valuables transports were sold to the internationally established MAT Transport AG. Although Securitas still offers escort duties, the company has ceased doing money and valuables transports.For security and efficiency reasons, the management decided to create a private radio network in 1977. Two years later, Securitas owned the largest private radio network in Europe at the time.The 1980s were characterized by official visits like the Queen Elizabeth II of Britain or the Pope John Paul II. Further, personal and object security specialists became responsible for all security measures concerning the Swiss embassy in the Lebanese capital Beirut. In 1989, one of the guard's main tools, the control watch, was replaced by an electronic reading device, which allowed for much easier data analysis.In 1991, the Securitas uniform was refurbished: Along with new colours and cuts for uniform jacket and service pant or service skirt, the kepi was replaced by beret and combination cap.During the 1990s, Securitas AG was certified by quality management norm ISO 9001 and introduced an intern diploma in 1993, which acted as a model for the Federal diploma for security specialists.In 1996, Samuel Spreng was appointed as General Manager by the board of directors and took over the operational leadership of the Securitas Group on January 1, 1997. His brother Manuel presided the board of directors until his demise on February 9, 1999.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Expo.02","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expo.02"},{"link_name":"corporate identity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_identity"},{"link_name":"Swiss public television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Broadcasting_Corporation"},{"link_name":"ATTAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_the_Taxation_of_Financial_Transactions_and_for_Citizens%27_Action"},{"link_name":"Nestlé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestl%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"The 21st century","text":"At the 6th Swiss National Exhibition Expo.02 in 2002, Securitas not only took part by means of services, but as an official partner and sponsor. In that year the uniforms as well as the corporate identity of the company were refurbished and modernized.In 2003, according to Swiss public television, Securitas sent an agent to spy on the activist organization ATTAC on behalf of Nestlé, one of the largest multinationals in Switzerland. This went on for more than a year. A criminal case was dropped in 2009, but Securitas and Nestlé liable in a civil case in 2013 and ordered both to pay compensation to the activists.[2]In 2007, Securitas AG celebrated its centenary.","title":"History"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Companies portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Companies"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Protectas Sa\". Archived from the original on 2009-07-14. Retrieved 2009-07-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090714092121/http://www.protectas.ch/","url_text":"\"Protectas Sa\""},{"url":"http://www.protectas.ch/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Shotter, James; Lucas, Louise (2013-01-30). \"Nestlé found liable over spying on NGO\". CNN Business. Retrieved 2023-10-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnn.com/2013/01/30/business/swizterland-nestle-spying-civil-case/index.html","url_text":"\"Nestlé found liable over spying on NGO\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Securitas_AG&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Securitas+AG%22","external_links_name":"\"Securitas AG\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Securitas+AG%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Securitas+AG%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Securitas+AG%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Securitas+AG%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Securitas+AG%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090714092121/http://www.protectas.ch/","external_links_name":"\"Protectas Sa\""},{"Link":"http://www.protectas.ch/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.cnn.com/2013/01/30/business/swizterland-nestle-spying-civil-case/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Nestlé found liable over spying on NGO\""},{"Link":"http://www.securitas.ch/","external_links_name":"Securitas AG"},{"Link":"http://www.securijob.ch/","external_links_name":"Job site of Securitas AG"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000123589186","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/159178579","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/041982","external_links_name":"Historical Dictionary of Switzerland"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australomedusa
|
Australomedusa
|
["1 References"]
|
Genus of cnidarians
Australomedusa
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Cnidaria
Class:
Hydrozoa
Order:
Anthoathecata
Family:
Australomedusidae
Genus:
AustralomedusaRussell, 1970
Australomedusa is a genus of hydrozoans belonging to the family Australomedusidae.
The species of this genus are found in Southern Australia.
Species:
Australomedusa baylii Russell, 1970
Australomedusa thrombolites Zeidler & Gershwin, 2004
References
^ a b c "Australomedusa Russell, 1970". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
Taxon identifiersAustralomedusa
Wikidata: Q4002373
Wikispecies: Australomedusa
AFD: Australomedusa
CoL: 7NRZJ
GBIF: 2265817
iNaturalist: 568451
IRMNG: 1031682
Open Tree of Life: 4712913
WoRMS: 267250
This Anthoathecata-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hydrozoans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrozoa"},{"link_name":"Australomedusidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australomedusidae"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GBIF-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GBIF-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GBIF-1"},{"link_name":"Australomedusa baylii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australomedusa_baylii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Australomedusa thrombolites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australomedusa_thrombolites&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Australomedusa is a genus of hydrozoans belonging to the family Australomedusidae.[1]The species of this genus are found in Southern Australia.[1]Species:[1]Australomedusa baylii Russell, 1970\nAustralomedusa thrombolites Zeidler & Gershwin, 2004","title":"Australomedusa"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Australomedusa Russell, 1970\". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 8 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2265817","url_text":"\"Australomedusa Russell, 1970\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2265817","external_links_name":"\"Australomedusa Russell, 1970\""},{"Link":"https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Australomedusa","external_links_name":"Australomedusa"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/7NRZJ","external_links_name":"7NRZJ"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2265817","external_links_name":"2265817"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/568451","external_links_name":"568451"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1031682","external_links_name":"1031682"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=4712913","external_links_name":"4712913"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=267250","external_links_name":"267250"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australomedusa&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayly_(show)
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Bayly (talk show)
|
["1 History","2 References","3 External links"]
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This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "Bayly" talk show – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
American TV series or program
BaylyCreated bySpanish Broadcasting SystemDirected byJaime BaylyPresented byJaime BaylyCountry of originUnited StatesOriginal languageSpanishProductionProduction locationsKey West, MonroeRunning time60 min. (with commercials)Production companySpanish Broadcasting SystemOriginal releaseNetworkMega TVReleaseSeptember 6, 2006 (2006-09-06) –present
Bayly is a late-night talk show hosted by Jaime Bayly on Mega TV in the United States.
History
The show debuted on September 4, 2006 as a monologue in which Jaime Bayly discussed politics and interviewed international celebrities.
In 2008 the show won the Suncoast regional Emmy, in the category of "Talent camera commentator and editorialist".
In July 2009, the host did not renew his contract with Mega TV, and the program was cancelled.
In October 2010 Raul Alarcón called Jaime Bayly to return to WSBS-TV/Mega TV with the same show, but with a new concept: stage and celebrity interviews. He suggested that they set aside their political differences.
Since July 2011 the show has been distributed by NTN 24 in DirecTV for Colombia, Ecuador, Argentina, Uruguay, Chile and Peru by Cablevision for Costa Rica and Sky to Mexico.
References
External links
Official site
|
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[]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Bayly%22+talk+show","external_links_name":"\"Bayly\" talk show"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Bayly%22+talk+show+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Bayly%22+talk+show&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Bayly%22+talk+show+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Bayly%22+talk+show","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Bayly%22+talk+show&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110730161349/http://www.mega.tv/bayly.php","external_links_name":"Official site"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Ginther
|
Andrew Ginther
|
["1 Early life and education","2 Career","2.1 2001–2007: Columbus Board of Education","2.2 2007–2015: Columbus City Council","2.3 2016–present: Mayor of Columbus","3 Administration and cabinet","4 Personal life","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
|
53rd mayor of Columbus, Ohio, US
Andrew Ginther53rd Mayor of ColumbusIncumbentAssumed office January 1, 2016Preceded byMichael B. ColemanPresident of Columbus City CouncilIn officeJanuary 3, 2011 – December 31, 2015Preceded byMichael MentelSucceeded byZach Klein
Personal detailsBornAndrew James Ginther (1975-04-27) April 27, 1975 (age 49)Columbus, Ohio, U.S.Political partyDemocraticSpouseShannon GintherChildren1EducationEarlham College (BA)WebsiteOfficial website
Andrew James Ginther (born April 27, 1975) is an American Democratic politician, the 53rd mayor of Columbus, Ohio, and the 48th person to serve in that office. He previously served as President of Columbus City Council from 2011 until 2015.
Early life and education
Ginther was born at Riverside Methodist Hospital in Columbus, Ohio. Ginther's mother was a social worker and his father was an attorney specializing in adoption and foster law. His family lived in Tallmadge, Ohio, later moving to a house on Charleston Avenue in the Clintonville neighborhood of Columbus. Ginther is one of three biological children of the couple, who fostered about 50 children over many years.
After graduation from Whetstone High School, Ginther attended Earlham College in Richmond, Indiana, where he earned a BA in Political Science in 1997. As part of Earlham's foreign study program, Ginther traveled to Northern Ireland to study peace and conflict resolution at the University of Ulster and Queen's College. He also taught at public schools in Belfast and Derry. Ginther served internships at the Carter Center in Atlanta, where he taught nonviolence and dispute resolution to children.
Career
Ginther served as a legislative aide to Ohio state Senator Dan Brady. He then served as coordinator of violence prevention programs for the local nonprofit organization Strategies Against Violence Everywhere (SAVE).
2001–2007: Columbus Board of Education
In 1999, Ginther ran unsuccessfully for a seat on the Columbus Board of Education. In 2000, Ginther worked for then-City Councilmember Maryellen O'Shaughnessy's congressional campaign for Ohio's 12th congressional district. He worked as the chief fundraiser during her unsuccessful run for Congress. In 2001 his second campaign was successful, and he served as a member of the school board for six years, being reelected in 2005. Ginther also worked for 10 years as community outreach coordinator for Triumph Communications, a central Ohio company providing public relations and political campaign management services.
2007–2015: Columbus City Council
In February 2007, Ginther was appointed to the Columbus City Council to fill an unexpired term after the resignation of Matt Habash. He was elected to a new term as a member of City Council in November 2007, was reelected as a member in 2009, and on January 3, 2011, was selected to replace Michael C. Mentel as Council president, becoming the youngest City Council president in the history of Columbus at age 35. In 2011 Ginther accepted a new position as vice president of Community Affairs and Outreach for nonprofit Children's Hunger Alliance. He remained City Council president through the end of 2015.
2016–present: Mayor of Columbus
In March 2015, Ginther and fellow Democrat Zach Scott, the former Franklin County, Ohio Sheriff, were selected in a primary election by Columbus voters to compete in the November 2015 general election to replace retiring Columbus Mayor Michael B. Coleman (D). In the general election on November 3, 2015, Ginther defeated Scott with 59% of the vote.
In 2019, Ginther was re-elected unopposed as mayor of Columbus. During his State of the City address in February 2020, he announced initiatives to improve the city's Sullivant Avenue corridor in Franklinton and the Hilltop.
Ginther was re-elected for a third term in 2023, defeating independent candidate Joe Motil with 64% of the vote.
Administration and cabinet
The Ginther Cabinet
OFFICE
NAME
TERM
Mayor
Andrew Ginther
2016–present
Chief of Staff
Greg Davies
2016–2018
Ken Paul
2018–Present
Director of Development
Michael Stevens
2019–present
Director of Public Utilities
Tracie Davies
2016–present
Director of Public Service
Jennifer L. Gallagher, P.E.
2016–present
Director of Public Safety
Robert W. Clark
2021–present
Director of Public Health
Teresa Long
2016–2017
Mysheika Roberts
2017–present
Director of Finance & Management
Kathy Owens
2022–present
Director of Human Resources
Nichole Brandon
2016–present
Director of Technology
Sam Orth III
2016–present
Director of Education
Rhonda Johnson
2016–2019
Matt Smydo (Interim)
2019–Present
Director of Recreation & Parks
Tony Collins
2015–2019
Paul Rakowsky (Interim)
2019–Present
Director of Building & Zoning Services
Scott Messer
2016–present
Director of Civil Service
Amy DeLong
2016–present
Source:
Personal life
Since 2019, Ginther and his family have lived in The Knolls, a subdivision in the northwest side of Columbus.
See also
Columbus, Ohio mayoral election, 2015
List of mayors of the 50 largest cities in the United States
References
^ a b Parks, Kevin (January 18, 2011). "Ginther Cites Teacher as Inspiration". ThisWeek Community News. Retrieved November 5, 2015.
^ a b Sullivan, Lucas; Rouan, Rick (November 3, 2015). "Ginther Defeats Scott, Will Succeed Coleman as Columbus Mayor". The Columbus Dispatch. Retrieved November 4, 2015.
^ "Mayor Ginther' s Bio". www.columbus.gov. Retrieved February 4, 2022.
^ a b Lucas Sullivan. "Candidate profile: Ginther grew up in atmosphere of service". The Columbus Dispatch. Retrieved November 30, 2015.
^ "Profile: Mayor Andrew Ginther". Columbus CEO. January 16, 2017.
^ a b "City Council Election 2011: Interview with Andrew Ginther". ColumbusUnderground.com. October 20, 2011. Retrieved November 30, 2015.
^ "City Council president: Ginther noted as problem solver". The Columbus Dispatch. Retrieved September 26, 2020.
^ Clines, Francis X. (October 5, 2000). "THE 2000 CAMPAIGN: AN OHIO RACE; All Politics Are Local, but Look at These Stakes". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 26, 2020.
^ Sullivan, Lucas (May 7, 2015). "Zach Scott Pins Mayoral Hopes on Bigger General-election Turnout". The Columbus Dispatch. Retrieved November 4, 2015.
^ Zachariah, Holly. "Mayor pledges aid for Sullivant Avenue corridor in wake of Dispatch series". The Columbus Dispatch. Retrieved September 26, 2020.
^ "Columbus Mayor Andrew Ginther re-elected to third term". WOSU Public Media. November 7, 2023. Retrieved November 8, 2023.
^ Kurtzman, Lori; Zachariah, Holly (November 26, 2015). "Government Insider: Ginther Begins Assembling His Cabinet". The Columbus Dispatch. Retrieved December 30, 2015.
^ Sullivan, Lucas (December 29, 2015). "Ginther to Tour Columbus Neighborhoods as Mayor". The Columbus Dispatch. Retrieved December 30, 2015.
^ "Mayor Ginther Appoints Sam Orth III as Director of Technology". www.columbus.gov. Retrieved July 6, 2016.
^ "Retired Fire Chief Ned Pettus named Columbus safety director". Columbus Dispatch. July 14, 2016. Retrieved July 14, 2016.
^ "Cabinet". www.columbus.gov. Retrieved September 26, 2020.
^ Burger, Beth. "Protesters stage demonstration in front of Mayor Ginther's house". The Columbus Dispatch. Retrieved September 26, 2020.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Andrew Ginther.
Mayor's Office, City of Columbus Web site
Ginther's campaign website
Appearances on C-SPAN
Political offices
Preceded byMichael B. Coleman
Mayor of Columbus 2016–present
Incumbent
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Chokwe Antar Lumumba (D)Jackson, MS
Ron Fitzwater (R)Jefferson City, MO
Wilmot Collins (D)Helena, MT
Leirion Gaylor Baird (D)Lincoln, NE
Lori Bagwell (R)Carson City, NV
Byron Champlin (D)Concord, NH
Reed Gusciora (D)Trenton, NJ
Alan Webber (D)Santa Fe, NM
Kathy Sheehan (D)Albany, NY
Mary-Ann Baldwin (D)Raleigh, NC
Mike Schmitz (D)Bismarck, ND
Andrew Ginther (D)Columbus, OH
David Holt (R)Oklahoma City, OK
Chris Hoy (D)Salem, OR
Wanda Williams (D)Harrisburg, PA
Brett Smiley (D)Providence, RI
Daniel Rickenmann (R)Columbia, SC
Steve Harding (R)Pierre, SD
Freddie O'Connell (D)Nashville, TN
Kirk Watson (D)Austin, TX
Erin Mendenhall (D)Salt Lake City, UT
Jack McCullough (D)Montpelier, VT
Levar Stoney (D)Richmond, VA
Cheryl Selby (D)Olympia, WA
Amy Shuler Goodwin (D)Charleston, WV
Satya Rhodes-Conway (D)Madison, WI
Patrick Collins (R)Cheyenne, WY
Faleupolu Faavi (R)Pago Pago, AS
John A. Cruz (R)Hagåtña, GU
Ramon Camacho (I)Saipan, MP
Miguel Romero (NPP/D)San Juan, PR
Avery Lewis (D)Charlotte Amalie, VI
Federal capital
Muriel Bowser (D), Washington, DC
vteMayors of the 50 largest cities in the United States
Eric Adams (D)New York City, NY
Karen Bass (D)Los Angeles, CA
Brandon Johnson (D)Chicago, IL
John Whitmire (D)Houston, TX
Kate Gallego (D)Phoenix, AZ
Cherelle Parker (D)Philadelphia, PA
Ron Nirenberg (I)San Antonio, TX
Todd Gloria (D)San Diego, CA
Eric Johnson (R)Dallas, TX
Donna Deegan (D)Jacksonville, FL*
Rick Blangiardi (I)Honolulu, HI*
Kirk Watson (D)Austin, TX
Matt Mahan (D)San Jose, CA
Joe Hogsett (D)Indianapolis, IN*
Mattie Parker (R)Fort Worth, TX
Andrew Ginther (D)Columbus, OH
Vi Lyles (D)Charlotte, NC
London Breed (D)San Francisco, CA
Craig Greenberg (D)Louisville, KY*
Bruce Harrell (D)Seattle, WA
Mike Johnston (D)Denver, CO
Freddie O'Connell (D)Nashville, TN*
David Holt (R)Oklahoma City, OK
Oscar Leeser (D)El Paso, TX
Muriel Bowser (D)Washington, DC
Carolyn Goodman (I)Las Vegas, NV
Michelle Wu (D)Boston, MA
Ted Wheeler (D)Portland, OR
Paul Young (D)Memphis, TN
Mike Duggan (D)Detroit, MI
Brandon Scott (D)Baltimore, MD
Cavalier Johnson (D)Milwaukee, WI
Tim Keller (D)Albuquerque, NM
Regina Romero (D)Tucson, AZ
Jerry Dyer (R)Fresno, CA
Darrell Steinberg (D)Sacramento, CA
John Giles (R)Mesa, AZ
Quinton Lucas (D)Kansas City, MO
Andre Dickens (D)Atlanta, GA
Yemi Mobolade (I)Colorado Springs, CO
Jean Stothert (R)Omaha, NE
Mary-Ann Baldwin (D)Raleigh, NC
Bobby Dyer (R)Virginia Beach, VA
Rex Richardson (D)Long Beach, CA
Francis Suarez (R)Miami, FL
Sheng Thao (D)Oakland, CA
Jacob Frey (D)Minneapolis, MN
G. T. Bynum (R)Tulsa, OK
Karen Goh (R)Bakersfield, CA
Jane Castor (D)Tampa, FL
*Honolulu, Indianapolis, Jacksonville, Louisville, and Nashville have consolidated city-county governments where the mayor is elected by residents of the entire county, not just that of the main city; in these cases the population and respective rank are for the county.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Parks-1"},{"link_name":"Democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"53rd mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Columbus,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Columbus, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CD20151104-2"},{"link_name":"Columbus City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_City_Council"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Andrew James Ginther (born April 27, 1975)[1] is an American Democratic politician, the 53rd mayor of Columbus, Ohio, and the 48th person to serve in that office.[2] He previously served as President of Columbus City Council from 2011 until 2015.[3]","title":"Andrew Ginther"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Riverside Methodist Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverside_Methodist_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Tallmadge, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallmadge,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Clintonville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clintonville,_Columbus,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CDProfile-4"},{"link_name":"Whetstone High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whetstone_High_School_(Columbus,_Ohio)"},{"link_name":"Earlham College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earlham_College"},{"link_name":"Richmond, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"BA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"Political Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_Science"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"University of Ulster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Ulster"},{"link_name":"Queen's College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_College,_Belfast"},{"link_name":"Belfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast"},{"link_name":"Derry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derry"},{"link_name":"Carter Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carter_Center"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Parks-1"}],"text":"Ginther was born at Riverside Methodist Hospital in Columbus, Ohio. Ginther's mother was a social worker and his father was an attorney specializing in adoption and foster law. His family lived in Tallmadge, Ohio, later moving to a house on Charleston Avenue in the Clintonville neighborhood of Columbus. Ginther is one of three biological children of the couple, who fostered about 50 children over many years.[4]After graduation from Whetstone High School, Ginther attended Earlham College in Richmond, Indiana, where he earned a BA in Political Science in 1997. As part of Earlham's foreign study program, Ginther traveled to Northern Ireland to study peace and conflict resolution at the University of Ulster and Queen's College. He also taught at public schools in Belfast and Derry. Ginther served internships at the Carter Center in Atlanta, where he taught nonviolence and dispute resolution to children.[1]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dan Brady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Brady_(Ohio_politician)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CU102011-6"}],"text":"Ginther served as a legislative aide to Ohio state Senator Dan Brady.[5] He then served as coordinator of violence prevention programs for the local nonprofit organization Strategies Against Violence Everywhere (SAVE).[6]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Columbus Board of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_City_Schools"},{"link_name":"Maryellen O'Shaughnessy's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryellen_O%27Shaughnessy"},{"link_name":"Ohio's 12th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio%27s_12th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CDProfile-4"}],"sub_title":"2001–2007: Columbus Board of Education","text":"In 1999, Ginther ran unsuccessfully for a seat on the Columbus Board of Education. In 2000, Ginther worked for then-City Councilmember Maryellen O'Shaughnessy's congressional campaign for Ohio's 12th congressional district. He worked as the chief fundraiser during her unsuccessful run for Congress.[7][8] In 2001 his second campaign was successful, and he served as a member of the school board for six years, being reelected in 2005. Ginther also worked for 10 years as community outreach coordinator for Triumph Communications, a central Ohio company providing public relations and political campaign management services.[4]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CU102011-6"}],"sub_title":"2007–2015: Columbus City Council","text":"In February 2007, Ginther was appointed to the Columbus City Council to fill an unexpired term after the resignation of Matt Habash. He was elected to a new term as a member of City Council in November 2007, was reelected as a member in 2009, and on January 3, 2011, was selected to replace Michael C. Mentel as Council president, becoming the youngest City Council president in the history of Columbus at age 35. In 2011 Ginther accepted a new position as vice president of Community Affairs and Outreach for nonprofit Children's Hunger Alliance.[6] He remained City Council president through the end of 2015.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Franklin County, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Sheriff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheriffs_in_the_United_States#Ohio"},{"link_name":"primary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_election"},{"link_name":"general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_election"},{"link_name":"Michael B. Coleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_B._Coleman"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"on November 3, 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Columbus,_Ohio_mayoral_election"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CD20151104-2"},{"link_name":"In 2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Columbus,_Ohio_mayoral_election"},{"link_name":"State of the City address","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_the_City_address"},{"link_name":"Franklinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklinton,_Columbus,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Hilltop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilltop,_Columbus,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dispatch-10"},{"link_name":"2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Columbus,_Ohio_mayoral_election"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"2016–present: Mayor of Columbus","text":"In March 2015, Ginther and fellow Democrat Zach Scott, the former Franklin County, Ohio Sheriff, were selected in a primary election by Columbus voters to compete in the November 2015 general election to replace retiring Columbus Mayor Michael B. Coleman (D).[9] In the general election on November 3, 2015, Ginther defeated Scott with 59% of the vote.[2]In 2019, Ginther was re-elected unopposed as mayor of Columbus. During his State of the City address in February 2020, he announced initiatives to improve the city's Sullivant Avenue corridor in Franklinton and the Hilltop.[10]Ginther was re-elected for a third term in 2023, defeating independent candidate Joe Motil with 64% of the vote.[11]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Administration and cabinet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Since 2019, Ginther and his family have lived in The Knolls, a subdivision in the northwest side of Columbus.[17]","title":"Personal life"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Columbus, Ohio mayoral election, 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio_mayoral_election,_2015"},{"title":"List of mayors of the 50 largest cities in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_the_50_largest_cities_in_the_United_States"}]
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[{"reference":"Parks, Kevin (January 18, 2011). \"Ginther Cites Teacher as Inspiration\". ThisWeek Community News. Retrieved November 5, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thisweeknews.com/content/stories/clintonville/news/2011/01/18/rotator3.html","url_text":"\"Ginther Cites Teacher as Inspiration\""}]},{"reference":"Sullivan, Lucas; Rouan, Rick (November 3, 2015). \"Ginther Defeats Scott, Will Succeed Coleman as Columbus Mayor\". The Columbus Dispatch. Retrieved November 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/public/2015/election/columbus-mayor.html","url_text":"\"Ginther Defeats Scott, Will Succeed Coleman as Columbus Mayor\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mayor Ginther' s Bio\". www.columbus.gov. Retrieved February 4, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.columbus.gov/mayor/About-Mayor-Ginther/","url_text":"\"Mayor Ginther' s Bio\""}]},{"reference":"Lucas Sullivan. \"Candidate profile: Ginther grew up in atmosphere of service\". The Columbus Dispatch. Retrieved November 30, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/local/2015/10/18/ginther-grew-up-in-atmosphere-of-service.html","url_text":"\"Candidate profile: Ginther grew up in atmosphere of service\""}]},{"reference":"\"Profile: Mayor Andrew Ginther\". Columbus CEO. January 16, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.columbusceo.com/story/business/names-faces/2017/01/16/profile-mayor-andrew-ginther/14149459007/","url_text":"\"Profile: Mayor Andrew Ginther\""}]},{"reference":"\"City Council Election 2011: Interview with Andrew Ginther\". ColumbusUnderground.com. October 20, 2011. Retrieved November 30, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.columbusunderground.com/city-council-election-2011-interview-with-andrew-ginther","url_text":"\"City Council Election 2011: Interview with Andrew Ginther\""}]},{"reference":"\"City Council president: Ginther noted as problem solver\". The Columbus Dispatch. Retrieved September 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dispatch.com/article/20110206/NEWS/302069750","url_text":"\"City Council president: Ginther noted as problem solver\""}]},{"reference":"Clines, Francis X. (October 5, 2000). \"THE 2000 CAMPAIGN: AN OHIO RACE; All Politics Are Local, but Look at These Stakes\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2000/10/05/us/the-2000-campaign-an-ohio-race-all-politics-are-local-but-look-at-these-stakes.html","url_text":"\"THE 2000 CAMPAIGN: AN OHIO RACE; All Politics Are Local, but Look at These Stakes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Sullivan, Lucas (May 7, 2015). \"Zach Scott Pins Mayoral Hopes on Bigger General-election Turnout\". The Columbus Dispatch. Retrieved November 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/local/2015/05/06/Zach-Scott-turnout-general-election-Andrew-Ginther-mayor.html","url_text":"\"Zach Scott Pins Mayoral Hopes on Bigger General-election Turnout\""}]},{"reference":"Zachariah, Holly. \"Mayor pledges aid for Sullivant Avenue corridor in wake of Dispatch series\". The Columbus Dispatch. Retrieved September 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dispatch.com/news/20200213/mayor-pledges-aid-for-sullivant-avenue-corridor-in-wake-of-dispatch-series","url_text":"\"Mayor pledges aid for Sullivant Avenue corridor in wake of Dispatch series\""}]},{"reference":"\"Columbus Mayor Andrew Ginther re-elected to third term\". WOSU Public Media. November 7, 2023. Retrieved November 8, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.wosu.org/politics-government/2023-11-07/columbus-mayor-andrew-ginther-re-elected-to-third-term","url_text":"\"Columbus Mayor Andrew Ginther re-elected to third term\""}]},{"reference":"Kurtzman, Lori; Zachariah, Holly (November 26, 2015). \"Government Insider: Ginther Begins Assembling His Cabinet\". The Columbus Dispatch. Retrieved December 30, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/local/2015/11/26/ginther-begins-assembling-his-cabinet.html","url_text":"\"Government Insider: Ginther Begins Assembling His Cabinet\""}]},{"reference":"Sullivan, Lucas (December 29, 2015). \"Ginther to Tour Columbus Neighborhoods as Mayor\". The Columbus Dispatch. Retrieved December 30, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/local/2015/12/29/man-about-town.html","url_text":"\"Ginther to Tour Columbus Neighborhoods as Mayor\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mayor Ginther Appoints Sam Orth III as Director of Technology\". www.columbus.gov. Retrieved July 6, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.columbus.gov/Templates/Detail.aspx?id=2147488115","url_text":"\"Mayor Ginther Appoints Sam Orth III as Director of Technology\""}]},{"reference":"\"Retired Fire Chief Ned Pettus named Columbus safety director\". Columbus Dispatch. July 14, 2016. Retrieved July 14, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/local/2016/07/14/pettus_named_safety_director.html","url_text":"\"Retired Fire Chief Ned Pettus named Columbus safety director\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cabinet\". www.columbus.gov. Retrieved September 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.columbus.gov/mayor/Cabinet/","url_text":"\"Cabinet\""}]},{"reference":"Burger, Beth. \"Protesters stage demonstration in front of Mayor Ginther's house\". The Columbus Dispatch. Retrieved September 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dispatch.com/story/lifestyle/public-safety/2020/06/04/protesters-stage-demonstration-in-front-of-mayor-gintherrsquos-house/42142149/","url_text":"\"Protesters stage demonstration in front of Mayor Ginther's house\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://andrewginther.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.thisweeknews.com/content/stories/clintonville/news/2011/01/18/rotator3.html","external_links_name":"\"Ginther Cites Teacher as Inspiration\""},{"Link":"http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/public/2015/election/columbus-mayor.html","external_links_name":"\"Ginther Defeats Scott, Will Succeed Coleman as Columbus Mayor\""},{"Link":"https://www.columbus.gov/mayor/About-Mayor-Ginther/","external_links_name":"\"Mayor Ginther' s Bio\""},{"Link":"http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/local/2015/10/18/ginther-grew-up-in-atmosphere-of-service.html","external_links_name":"\"Candidate profile: Ginther grew up in atmosphere of service\""},{"Link":"https://www.columbusceo.com/story/business/names-faces/2017/01/16/profile-mayor-andrew-ginther/14149459007/","external_links_name":"\"Profile: Mayor Andrew Ginther\""},{"Link":"https://www.columbusunderground.com/city-council-election-2011-interview-with-andrew-ginther","external_links_name":"\"City Council Election 2011: Interview with Andrew Ginther\""},{"Link":"https://www.dispatch.com/article/20110206/NEWS/302069750","external_links_name":"\"City Council president: Ginther noted as problem solver\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2000/10/05/us/the-2000-campaign-an-ohio-race-all-politics-are-local-but-look-at-these-stakes.html","external_links_name":"\"THE 2000 CAMPAIGN: AN OHIO RACE; All Politics Are Local, but Look at These Stakes\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/local/2015/05/06/Zach-Scott-turnout-general-election-Andrew-Ginther-mayor.html","external_links_name":"\"Zach Scott Pins Mayoral Hopes on Bigger General-election Turnout\""},{"Link":"https://www.dispatch.com/news/20200213/mayor-pledges-aid-for-sullivant-avenue-corridor-in-wake-of-dispatch-series","external_links_name":"\"Mayor pledges aid for Sullivant Avenue corridor in wake of Dispatch series\""},{"Link":"https://news.wosu.org/politics-government/2023-11-07/columbus-mayor-andrew-ginther-re-elected-to-third-term","external_links_name":"\"Columbus Mayor Andrew Ginther re-elected to third term\""},{"Link":"http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/local/2015/11/26/ginther-begins-assembling-his-cabinet.html","external_links_name":"\"Government Insider: Ginther Begins Assembling His Cabinet\""},{"Link":"http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/local/2015/12/29/man-about-town.html","external_links_name":"\"Ginther to Tour Columbus Neighborhoods as Mayor\""},{"Link":"https://www.columbus.gov/Templates/Detail.aspx?id=2147488115","external_links_name":"\"Mayor Ginther Appoints Sam Orth III as Director of Technology\""},{"Link":"http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/local/2016/07/14/pettus_named_safety_director.html","external_links_name":"\"Retired Fire Chief Ned Pettus named Columbus safety director\""},{"Link":"https://www.columbus.gov/mayor/Cabinet/","external_links_name":"\"Cabinet\""},{"Link":"https://www.dispatch.com/story/lifestyle/public-safety/2020/06/04/protesters-stage-demonstration-in-front-of-mayor-gintherrsquos-house/42142149/","external_links_name":"\"Protesters stage demonstration in front of Mayor Ginther's house\""},{"Link":"https://www.columbus.gov/mayor/","external_links_name":"Mayor's Office, City of Columbus Web site"},{"Link":"http://www.andrewginther.com/","external_links_name":"Ginther's campaign website"},{"Link":"https://www.c-span.org/person/?128998","external_links_name":"Appearances"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mia_Syn
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Mia Syn
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["1 Selected publications","2 References"]
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American dietitian
Mia SynOccupationDietitian
Mia Syn is an American registered dietitian and writer who advocates evidence-based nutrition and plant-based dieting.
Syn was educated at University of California, Berkeley where she obtained a B.S. in Nutritional Science Physiology and Metabolism. She obtained a Master of Science in human nutrition from Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons. She studied clinical nutrition at the Medical University of South Carolina.
Syn is a Health Advisory Board Member of Forbes. She is the host of Good Food Friday on ABC News 4 and has over 600 television appearances. She is a scientific advisor for Goli Nutrition and Pantheryx. Syn has contributed to Cosmopolitan and Women’s Health.
Syn has written about the benefits of including limited amounts of animal-based protein in the context of a plant-based diet. She has argued that meat should be treated like a condiment, not as a main dish. In 2022, Syn authored Mostly Plant-Based which encourages people to eat more plant-based foods such as fruit, vegetables and whole grains and fewer animal foods but not ruling out entire food groups.
Selected publications
Mostly Plant-Based: 100 Delicious Plant-Forward Recipes Using 10 Ingredients or Less (Victory Belt Publishing, 2022)
References
^ a b c d "Mia Syn, M.S., R.D.N.". forbes.com. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
^ a b "Mia Syn, MS, RDN". health.com. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
^ "Mia Syn, MS, RDN". verywellfit.com. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
^ a b "The Surprising Benefits of a Mostly Plant-Based Diet with Mia Syn, MS, RDN, Author of Mostly Plant-Based". orlonutrition.com. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
^ "Mostly Plant-Based 100 Delicious Plant-Forward Recipes Using 10 Ingredients or Less". penguinbookshop.com. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
^ "Mostly Plant-Based 100 Delicious Plant-Forward Recipes Using 10 Ingredients or Less". victorybelt.com. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
vtePlant-based dietsDiets
Flexitarian
Fruitarian
Lacto vegetarian
Lacto-ovo vegetarian
Low-carbon diet
Mediterranean diet
Ovo vegetarian
Pescetarian
Planetary health diet
Pollotarian
Portfolio diet
Raw vegan
Sattvic diet
Sustainable diet
Vegan
Vegetarian
PeopleAcademics, dietitians, and physicians
Neal D. Barnard
Will Bulsiewicz
T. Colin Campbell
Brenda Davis
Garth Davis
Alan Desmond
Hans Diehl
Gidon Eshel
Caldwell Esselstyn
Joel Fuhrman
Kristi Funk
Christopher D. Gardner
Michael Greger
Julieanna Hever
Simon Hill
Shireen Kassam
David J. Jenkins
Joel Kahn
David L. Katz
Michael Klaper
Susan M. Levin
Valter Longo
Palaniappan Manickam
John A. McDougall
Tracye McQuirter
Gemma Newman
Jack Norris
Dean Ornish
Jane Plant
Nathan Pritikin
Megan Rossi
Terry Shintani
Sheil Shukla
Mia Syn
Ellsworth Wareham
Advocates and cookbook authors
Eric Adams
Clarence Bass
Mark Bittman
Dawn Jackson Blatner
Brendan Brazier
Dan Buettner
James Cameron
Suzy Amis Cameron
Hannah Che
Joe Cross
Rosanna Davison
Robert Downey Jr.
Marta Dymek
Rip Esselstyn
Kathy Freston
Matthew Kenney
Richa Hingle
Daniel Humm
Max La Manna
Mary McCartney
Joanne Lee Molinaro
Charity Morgan
David H. Murdock
Toni Okamoto
Steve Pilot
Ocean Robbins
Derek Sarno
Arnold Schwarzenegger
Jessica Seinfeld
Gene Stone
Hannah Sunderani
Jeeca Uy
Nisha Vora
Ella Woodward
Robert O. Young
Films
Forks Over Knives (2011)
PlantPure Nation (2015)
What the Health (2017)
The Game Changers (2018)
Books,studies
Adventist Health Studies
The China Study (2005)
How Not to Die: Discover the Foods Scientifically Proven to Prevent and Reverse Disease (2015)
The Longevity Diet (2018)
Organizations
Plant-Based Health Professionals UK
Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine
Pritikin Longevity Center
Key concepts
Dietary fiber
Fermented foods
Gut microbiota
Gut microbiome
Plant-based action plan
Nutrition
Vegan nutrition
Vegetarian nutrition
Food
Beans
Fruit
Herbs and spices
Legumes/Pulses
Nuts
Seeds
Vegetables
Whole grains
Drink
Cacao
Coffee
Plant milk
Tea
Category
Commons
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Knight_(footballer)
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Jason Knight (footballer)
|
["1 Club career","1.1 Early career","1.2 Derby County","1.3 Bristol City","2 International career","3 Personal life","4 Career statistics","4.1 Club","4.2 International","5 Honours","6 References"]
|
Irish footballer
For other people with the same name, see Jason Knight (disambiguation).
Jason KnightPersonal informationFull name
Jason Paul KnightDate of birth
(2001-02-13) 13 February 2001 (age 23)Place of birth
Dublin, IrelandPosition(s)
MidfielderTeam informationCurrent team
Bristol CityNumber
12Youth career2005–2017
Cabinteely2017–2019
Derby CountySenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)2019–2023
Derby County
150
(12)2023–
Bristol City
46
(4)International career‡2017–2018
Republic of Ireland U17
12
(0)2018
Republic of Ireland U18
3
(0)2018–2019
Republic of Ireland U19
6
(1)2019–
Republic of Ireland U21
7
(1)2020–
Republic of Ireland
30
(1)
*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 23:59, 4 May 2024 (UTC)‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 01:22, 12 June 2024 (UTC)
Jason Paul Knight (born 13 February 2001) is an Irish footballer who plays as a midfielder for EFL Championship club Bristol City and for the Republic of Ireland national team.
Club career
Early career
Knight began his career at Cabinteely, playing for the club from age 4. He was signed by Derby County at age 16.
Derby County
During the 2018–19 season, Knight was a part of Derby's U18 Premier League title success. He was an unused substitute in Derby's play-off second leg against Leeds United and the final against Aston Villa in which Derby missed out on promotion to the Premier League.
In the 2019–20 season under a new manager, Phillip Cocu, Knight was a regular in the first team squad and made his first team debut on 5 August 2019 in a 2–1 win away at Huddersfield Town. He scored twice in a 2–1 win over Charlton Athletic on 30 December 2019. On 22 January 2020, he signed a new contract with Derby running until June 2023. Knight made 35 appearances during the season, scoring six goals as Derby finished 10th in the table.
The 2020–21 season was a struggle for the club as Cocu was sacked in November 2020. Knight played 45 times scoring twice in the league against Millwall and Birmingham City both in December 2020. On 16 January 2021, Knight was handed his first captaincy for Derby County, in Wayne Rooney's first game as coach against Rotherham United. At the end of the season, Derby avoid relegation by one point.
In the 2021–22 pre-season, Knight received an ankle injury after a tackle by Rooney in training, which meant he missed the entire pre-season and opening month of the regular season. He returned just before Derby's season was brought into further turmoil when the club was placed into administration in September 2021, ensuring a deduction of 12 points, a further nine point deduction was imposed in November 2021. Knight made his 100th appearance for the club in 2–0 win over Sheffield United on 15 January 2022. He scored twice in 39 appearances during the season, but the club was not able to overcome the 21 point deduction and was relegated to EFL League One in April 2022.
In the 2022–23 season season, Knight was often deployed as a right wing back by the interim manager Liam Rosenior, showing his versatility as a player. After Paul Warne was appointed manager in September 2022, Knight returned to his regular midfield role and, after an impressive performance against Port Vale, Warne described Knight as a "joy to watch". Knight scored three times in 47 appearances during a season in which Derby missed the play-offs by one point; one of these goals was in his 150th appearance for Derby in a 5–0 win over Morecambe on 4 February 2023. At the end of the 2022–23 season, an option was activated on Knight's contract, triggering an extension until June 2024.
Bristol City
Knight joined Bristol City on 11 July 2023, signing a four-year contract as an undisclosed fee was agreed between the clubs. He scored his first goals for Bristol City when he scored twice in a 5-1 win over Oxford United in the EFL Cup on 9 August 2023. On the 1st September 2023, it was announced that Knight had been voted August's Player of the Month by season ticket holders and city members. Knight secured 50% of the votes.
International career
Knight has represented Ireland at every level from under-15 up to under-21 and made his debut for the senior team away to Finland on 14 October 2020. He made his full debut against Bulgaria in the UEFA Nations League on 18 November 2020. He scored his first senior international goal on 3 June 2021 in a 4–1 win over Andorra in a friendly at the Estadi Nacional.
Personal life
Knight was educated at Clonkeen College in Deansgrange, Dublin.
His brother, Kevin Knight, is also a footballer, a former Leicester City youth and Republic of Ireland under-19 international currently playing with the League of Ireland First Division club Bray Wanderers, having previously played for Cabinteely, Shamrock Rovers B, Athlone Town and Longford Town.
Career statistics
Club
As of match played 4 May 2024
Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
Club
Season
League
FA Cup
EFL Cup
Other
Total
Division
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Derby County
2019–20
Championship
31
6
3
0
1
0
—
35
6
2020–21
Championship
43
2
0
0
2
1
—
45
3
2021–22
Championship
38
2
1
0
0
0
—
39
2
2022–23
League One
38
2
3
1
3
0
3
0
47
3
Total
150
12
7
1
6
1
3
0
166
14
Bristol City
2023–24
Championship
46
4
4
1
2
2
—
52
7
Career total
196
16
11
2
8
3
3
0
218
21
^ Appearance(s) in EFL Trophy
International
As of match played 11 June 2024
Appearances and goals by national team and year
National team
Year
Apps
Goals
Republic of Ireland
2020
3
0
2021
6
1
2022
8
0
2023
9
0
2024
4
0
Total
30
1
Scores and results list Republic of Ireland's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Knight goal.
List of international goals scored by Jason Knight
No.
Date
Venue
Opponent
Score
Result
Competition
1
3 June 2021
Estadi Nacional, Andorra la Vella, Andorra
Andorra
3–1
4–1
Friendly
Honours
Individual
FAI Under-18 International Player of the Year: 2019
FAI Under-16 International Player of the Year: 2017
References
^ "Notification of shirt numbers: Derby County" (PDF). English Football League. p. 24. Retrieved 20 October 2019.
^ "Jason heading off to join the Rams". Cabinteely F.C. 10 September 2014. Retrieved 7 August 2019.
^ a b c d e Jason Knight at Soccerway
^ "Jason heading off to join the Rams". Cabinteely Football Club. 10 September 2014.
^ Watson, Chris (27 August 2019). "How Jason Knight became Derby County first-team prospect". Derby Telegraph.
^ "Derby County's Under-18 Premier League Champions: Where are they now?". Jobs4Football. 31 May 2022. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
^ "Leeds United 2–4 Derby County (3-4 agg)". BBC Sport. 15 May 2019. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
^ "Aston Villa 2–1 Derby County". BBC Sport. 27 May 2019. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
^ "Huddersfield 1–2 Derby". BBC Sport. Retrieved 7 August 2019.
^ "Derby County 2–1 Charlton Athtletic". BBC Sport. 30 December 2019. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
^ "Derby Duo Knight And Whittaker Pen New Contracts". Derby County. 22 January 2020. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
^ "Phillip Cocu: Derby part company with manager with club bottom of Championship". BBC Sport. 14 November 2020. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
^ "Millwall 0–1 Derby County". BBC Sport. 5 December 2020. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
^ "Birmingham City 0–4 Derby County". BBC Sport. 29 December 2020. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
^ "Knight captains Derby as Rooney begins with late defeat". RTÉ Sport. 16 January 2021.
^ "Wayne Rooney injures Derby's Jason Knight with training-ground challenge". The Guardian. 27 July 2021. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
^ "Derby County: Championship Club formally enter administration". BBC News. 22 September 2021. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
^ "Derby County: Championship bottom club docked nine more points for accounting rule breaches". BBC Sport. 16 November 2021. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
^ "RAM IN FOCUS: JASON KNIGHT". Derby County. 19 January 2022. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
^ "Queens Park Rangers 1-0 Derby County". BBC Sport. 18 April 2022. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
^ "Liam Rosenior reveals what he told Jason Knight with Derby County 'close' to transfers". Derbyshire Live. 31 July 2022. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
^ "Paul Warne: Derby County boss says Jason Knight 'a joy to watch' after Port Vale win". BBC Sport. 25 January 2023. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
^ "Birthday boy Jason Knight developing into the most exciting Irish midfielders of his generation". The Irish Independent. 13 February 2023. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
^ "Derby County Retained List - May 2023". Derby County. 10 May 2023. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
^ "KNIGHT LEAVES DERBY TO JOIN BRISTOL CITY". Derby County. 11 July 2023. Retrieved 11 July 2023.
^ "CITY SIGN KNIGHTpublisher=Bristol City". 11 July 2023. Retrieved 11 July 2023.
^ "Bristol City 5-1 Oxford United". BBC. 9 August 2023. Retrieved 10 August 2023.
^ Poole, Emily (1 September 2023). "Jason Knight voted August Player of the Month". Bristol City FC. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
^ "Ireland's miserable run continues with goalless draw against Bulgaria". The 42. 19 November 2020. Retrieved 20 November 2020.
^ "Troy Parrott brace rescues Ireland from humiliating defeat to Andorra". The 42. 3 June 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
^ "Kevin Knight". Extratime.
^ "Republic of Ireland - K. Knight - Profile". Soccerway.
^ a b "Jason Knight". Soccerbase.
^ "Jason Knight". eu-football.info/. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
^ "Jack Byrne and Celtic's Lee O'Connor among FAI Player of the Year Awards winners". The42. 4 August 2020. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
^ Malone, Emmet (18 March 2018). "Shane Duffy named FAI Player of the Year". The Irish Times. Under-16 Men Jason Knight.
vteBristol City F.C. – current squad
1 O'Leary
2 McCrorie
3 Pring
4 Naismith
5 Atkinson
6 James
7 Twine
8 Williams
9 Cornick
10 King
11 Mehmeti
12 Knight
13 Wiles-Richards
15 Conway
16 Dickie
17 Sykes
18 Benarous
19 Tanner
20 Bell
21 Wells
22 Gardner-Hickman
23 Bajic
24 Roberts
26 Vyner
27 Knight-Lebel
28 Araoye
29 Yeboah
32 Thomas
35 Taylor-Clarke
Mebude
Murphy
Head coach: Manning
vteFAI Under 18 International Player of the Year
2018: Maher
2019: Knight
2020: Not Awarded
2021: Murphy
2022: Curtis
vteFAI Under 16 International Player of the Year
1997: Partridge
1998: Byrne
1999: Reid
2000: Brennan
2001: Ennis
2002: Foley-Sheridan
2004: Treacy
2005: McDermott
2006: J.O'Brien
2007: Clifford
2008: M.O'Brien
2009: O'Sullivan
2010: Drennan
2011: Callan-McFadden
2012: Baba
2013: Duggan
2014: Masterson
2015: Molumby
2016: Doherty
2017: Knight
2018: Parrott
2019: McCormack
2020: Not Awarded
2021: Razi
2022: Moore
|
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in which Derby missed out on promotion to the Premier League.[8]In the 2019–20 season under a new manager, Phillip Cocu, Knight was a regular in the first team squad and made his first team debut on 5 August 2019 in a 2–1 win away at Huddersfield Town.[9] He scored twice in a 2–1 win over Charlton Athletic on 30 December 2019.[10] On 22 January 2020, he signed a new contract with Derby running until June 2023.[11] Knight made 35 appearances during the season, scoring six goals[3] as Derby finished 10th in the table.The 2020–21 season was a struggle for the club as Cocu was sacked in November 2020.[12] Knight played 45 times scoring twice in the league[3] against Millwall[13] and Birmingham City[14] both in December 2020. On 16 January 2021, Knight was handed his first captaincy for Derby County, in Wayne Rooney's first game as coach against Rotherham United.[15] At the end of the season, Derby avoid relegation by one point.In the 2021–22 pre-season, Knight received an ankle injury after a tackle by Rooney in training, which meant he missed the entire pre-season and opening month of the regular season.[16] He returned just before Derby's season was brought into further turmoil when the club was placed into administration in September 2021, ensuring a deduction of 12 points,[17] a further nine point deduction was imposed in November 2021.[18] Knight made his 100th appearance for the club in 2–0 win over Sheffield United on 15 January 2022.[19] He scored twice in 39 appearances during the season,[3] but the club was not able to overcome the 21 point deduction and was relegated to EFL League One in April 2022.[20]In the 2022–23 season season, Knight was often deployed as a right wing back by the interim manager Liam Rosenior, showing his versatility as a player.[21] After Paul Warne was appointed manager in September 2022, Knight returned to his regular midfield role and, after an impressive performance against Port Vale, Warne described Knight as a \"joy to watch\".[22] Knight scored three times in 47 appearances during a season[3] in which Derby missed the play-offs by one point; one of these goals was in his 150th appearance for Derby in a 5–0 win over Morecambe on 4 February 2023.[23] At the end of the 2022–23 season, an option was activated on Knight's contract, triggering an extension until June 2024.[24]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bristol City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Oxford United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_United"},{"link_name":"EFL Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_Cup"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Bristol City","text":"Knight joined Bristol City on 11 July 2023, signing a four-year contract as an undisclosed fee was agreed between the clubs.[25][26] He scored his first goals for Bristol City when he scored twice in a 5-1 win over Oxford United in the EFL Cup on 9 August 2023.[27] On the 1st September 2023, it was announced that Knight had been voted August's Player of the Month by season ticket holders and city members. Knight secured 50% of the votes.[28]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"under-15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland_national_under-15_football_team"},{"link_name":"under-21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland_national_under-21_football_team"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"UEFA Nations League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_UEFA_Nations_League"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Andorra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andorra_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"friendly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhibition_game"},{"link_name":"Estadi Nacional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estadi_Nacional"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"Knight has represented Ireland at every level from under-15 up to under-21 and made his debut for the senior team away to Finland on 14 October 2020. He made his full debut against Bulgaria in the UEFA Nations League on 18 November 2020.[29] He scored his first senior international goal on 3 June 2021 in a 4–1 win over Andorra in a friendly at the Estadi Nacional.[30]","title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Leicester City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Republic of Ireland under-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland_national_under-19_football_team"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"League of Ireland First Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Ireland_First_Division"},{"link_name":"Bray Wanderers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bray_Wanderers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Cabinteely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinteely_F.C."},{"link_name":"Shamrock Rovers B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamrock_Rovers_F.C._B"},{"link_name":"Athlone Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athlone_Town_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"Longford Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longford_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"Knight was educated at Clonkeen College in Deansgrange, Dublin.[31]His brother, Kevin Knight, is also a footballer, a former Leicester City youth and Republic of Ireland under-19 international currently[when?] playing with the League of Ireland First Division club Bray Wanderers, having previously played for Cabinteely, Shamrock Rovers B, Athlone Town and Longford Town.[32]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jason_Knight-33"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"},{"link_name":"EFL Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_Trophy"}],"sub_title":"Club","text":"As of match played 4 May 2024[33]^ Appearance(s) in EFL Trophy","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"International","text":"As of match played 11 June 2024[34]Scores and results list Republic of Ireland's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Knight goal.","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FAI Under-18 International Player of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAI_International_Football_Awards#Under-18_International_Player_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"FAI Under-16 International Player of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAI_International_Football_Awards#Under-16_International_Player_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"IndividualFAI Under-18 International Player of the Year: 2019[35]\nFAI Under-16 International Player of the Year: 2017[36]","title":"Honours"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Notification of shirt numbers: Derby County\" (PDF). English Football League. p. 24. Retrieved 20 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.efl.com/siteassets/image/201920/general-news/efl-squad-numbering-06.09.2019.pdf","url_text":"\"Notification of shirt numbers: Derby County\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jason heading off to join the Rams\". Cabinteely F.C. 10 September 2014. Retrieved 7 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://junior.cabinteelyfc.ie/2015/11/jason-heading-off-to-join-the-rams/","url_text":"\"Jason heading off to join the Rams\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinteely_F.C.","url_text":"Cabinteely F.C."}]},{"reference":"\"Jason heading off to join the Rams\". Cabinteely Football Club. 10 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://junior.cabinteelyfc.ie/2015/11/jason-heading-off-to-join-the-rams/","url_text":"\"Jason heading off to join the Rams\""}]},{"reference":"Watson, Chris (27 August 2019). \"How Jason Knight became Derby County first-team prospect\". Derby Telegraph.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.derbytelegraph.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/how-jason-knight-became-derby-3252268","url_text":"\"How Jason Knight became Derby County first-team prospect\""}]},{"reference":"\"Derby County's Under-18 Premier League Champions: Where are they now?\". Jobs4Football. 31 May 2022. Retrieved 14 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://jobs4football.com/derby-countys-under-18-premier-league-champions-where-are-they-now/","url_text":"\"Derby County's Under-18 Premier League Champions: Where are they now?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Leeds United 2–4 Derby County (3-4 agg)\". BBC Sport. 15 May 2019. Retrieved 14 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/48196167","url_text":"\"Leeds United 2–4 Derby County (3-4 agg)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aston Villa 2–1 Derby County\". BBC Sport. 27 May 2019. Retrieved 14 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/48331145","url_text":"\"Aston Villa 2–1 Derby County\""}]},{"reference":"\"Huddersfield 1–2 Derby\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 7 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/49147691","url_text":"\"Huddersfield 1–2 Derby\""}]},{"reference":"\"Derby County 2–1 Charlton Athtletic\". BBC Sport. 30 December 2019. Retrieved 14 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/50888379","url_text":"\"Derby County 2–1 Charlton Athtletic\""}]},{"reference":"\"Derby Duo Knight And Whittaker Pen New Contracts\". Derby County. 22 January 2020. Retrieved 22 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dcfc.co.uk/news/2020/01/derby-duo-knight-and-whittaker-pen-new-contracts","url_text":"\"Derby Duo Knight And Whittaker Pen New Contracts\""}]},{"reference":"\"Phillip Cocu: Derby part company with manager with club bottom of Championship\". BBC Sport. 14 November 2020. Retrieved 14 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/54945552","url_text":"\"Phillip Cocu: Derby part company with manager with club bottom of Championship\""}]},{"reference":"\"Millwall 0–1 Derby County\". BBC Sport. 5 December 2020. Retrieved 14 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/55111474","url_text":"\"Millwall 0–1 Derby County\""}]},{"reference":"\"Birmingham City 0–4 Derby County\". BBC Sport. 29 December 2020. Retrieved 14 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/55406582","url_text":"\"Birmingham City 0–4 Derby County\""}]},{"reference":"\"Knight captains Derby as Rooney begins with late defeat\". RTÉ Sport. 16 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rte.ie/sport/soccer/2021/0116/1190182-jason-knight-handed-derby-captaincy-by-wayne-rooney/","url_text":"\"Knight captains Derby as Rooney begins with late defeat\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wayne Rooney injures Derby's Jason Knight with training-ground challenge\". The Guardian. 27 July 2021. Retrieved 14 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/football/2021/jul/27/wayne-rooney-injures-derby-jason-knight-with-training-ground-challenge","url_text":"\"Wayne Rooney injures Derby's Jason Knight with training-ground challenge\""}]},{"reference":"\"Derby County: Championship Club formally enter administration\". BBC News. 22 September 2021. Retrieved 14 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/58649432","url_text":"\"Derby County: Championship Club formally enter administration\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"\"Derby County: Championship bottom club docked nine more points for accounting rule breaches\". BBC Sport. 16 November 2021. Retrieved 14 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/59288687","url_text":"\"Derby County: Championship bottom club docked nine more points for accounting rule breaches\""}]},{"reference":"\"RAM IN FOCUS: JASON KNIGHT\". Derby County. 19 January 2022. Retrieved 14 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dcfc.co.uk/news/2022/01/ram-in-focus-jason-knight","url_text":"\"RAM IN FOCUS: JASON KNIGHT\""}]},{"reference":"\"Queens Park Rangers 1-0 Derby County\". BBC Sport. 18 April 2022. Retrieved 14 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/61062993","url_text":"\"Queens Park Rangers 1-0 Derby County\""}]},{"reference":"\"Liam Rosenior reveals what he told Jason Knight with Derby County 'close' to transfers\". Derbyshire Live. 31 July 2022. Retrieved 14 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.derbytelegraph.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/derby-county-transfer-news-rosenior-7403021","url_text":"\"Liam Rosenior reveals what he told Jason Knight with Derby County 'close' to transfers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Paul Warne: Derby County boss says Jason Knight 'a joy to watch' after Port Vale win\". BBC Sport. 25 January 2023. Retrieved 14 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/64400673","url_text":"\"Paul Warne: Derby County boss says Jason Knight 'a joy to watch' after Port Vale win\""}]},{"reference":"\"Birthday boy Jason Knight developing into the most exciting Irish midfielders of his generation\". The Irish Independent. 13 February 2023. Retrieved 14 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.ie/sport/soccer/birthday-boy-jason-knight-developing-into-the-most-exciting-irish-midfielders-of-his-generation/42339483.html","url_text":"\"Birthday boy Jason Knight developing into the most exciting Irish midfielders of his generation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Derby County Retained List - May 2023\". Derby County. 10 May 2023. Retrieved 14 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dcfc.co.uk/news/2023/05/derby-county-retained-list-may-2023","url_text":"\"Derby County Retained List - May 2023\""}]},{"reference":"\"KNIGHT LEAVES DERBY TO JOIN BRISTOL CITY\". Derby County. 11 July 2023. Retrieved 11 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dcfc.co.uk/news/2023/07/knight-leaves-derby-to-join-bristol-city","url_text":"\"KNIGHT LEAVES DERBY TO JOIN BRISTOL CITY\""}]},{"reference":"\"CITY SIGN KNIGHTpublisher=Bristol City\". 11 July 2023. Retrieved 11 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bcfc.co.uk/news/city-sign-knight/","url_text":"\"CITY SIGN KNIGHTpublisher=Bristol City\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bristol City 5-1 Oxford United\". BBC. 9 August 2023. Retrieved 10 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/66379659","url_text":"\"Bristol City 5-1 Oxford United\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"}]},{"reference":"Poole, Emily (1 September 2023). \"Jason Knight voted August Player of the Month\". Bristol City FC. Retrieved 8 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bcfc.co.uk/news/jason-knight-has-been-voted-augusts-player-of-the-month/","url_text":"\"Jason Knight voted August Player of the Month\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ireland's miserable run continues with goalless draw against Bulgaria\". The 42. 19 November 2020. Retrieved 20 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.the42.ie/ireland-bulgaria-2-5271272-Nov2020/","url_text":"\"Ireland's miserable run continues with goalless draw against Bulgaria\""}]},{"reference":"\"Troy Parrott brace rescues Ireland from humiliating defeat to Andorra\". The 42. 3 June 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.the42.ie/ireland-andorra-2-5457011-Jun2021/","url_text":"\"Troy Parrott brace rescues Ireland from humiliating defeat to Andorra\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kevin Knight\". Extratime.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.extratime.ie/player/11112604/kevin_knight/","url_text":"\"Kevin Knight\""}]},{"reference":"\"Republic of Ireland - K. Knight - Profile\". Soccerway.","urls":[{"url":"https://ie.soccerway.com/players/kevin-knight/191640/","url_text":"\"Republic of Ireland - K. Knight - Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jason Knight\". Soccerbase.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=120175","url_text":"\"Jason Knight\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jason Knight\". eu-football.info/. Retrieved 21 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://eu-football.info/_player.php?id=31173","url_text":"\"Jason Knight\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jack Byrne and Celtic's Lee O'Connor among FAI Player of the Year Awards winners\". The42. 4 August 2020. Retrieved 30 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.the42.ie/fai-awards-jack-byrne-lee-oconnor-5167418-Aug2020/","url_text":"\"Jack Byrne and Celtic's Lee O'Connor among FAI Player of the Year Awards winners\""}]},{"reference":"Malone, Emmet (18 March 2018). \"Shane Duffy named FAI Player of the Year\". The Irish Times. Under-16 Men Jason Knight.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishtimes.com/sport/soccer/international/shane-duffy-named-fai-player-of-the-year-1.3431989","url_text":"\"Shane Duffy named FAI Player of the Year\""}]}]
|
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Knight - Profile\""},{"Link":"http://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=120175","external_links_name":"\"Jason Knight\""},{"Link":"https://eu-football.info/_player.php?id=31173","external_links_name":"\"Jason Knight\""},{"Link":"https://www.the42.ie/fai-awards-jack-byrne-lee-oconnor-5167418-Aug2020/","external_links_name":"\"Jack Byrne and Celtic's Lee O'Connor among FAI Player of the Year Awards winners\""},{"Link":"https://www.irishtimes.com/sport/soccer/international/shane-duffy-named-fai-player-of-the-year-1.3431989","external_links_name":"\"Shane Duffy named FAI Player of the Year\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahat_Regency
|
Lahat Regency
|
["1 Administrative districts","2 Megalithic sites","3 References","4 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 3°47′11″S 103°32′34″E / 3.78639°S 103.54278°E / -3.78639; 103.54278Regency in South Sumatra, IndonesiaLahat RegencyRegencyMegalithic statue located on the way from Pulauping village to Tinggihari village (photo taken in 1933)
Coat of armsMotto(s): Seganti Setungguan (Ready to take turns and loyal)Location in South SumatraCountryIndonesiaProvinceSouth SumatraRegency seatLahatArea • Total4,361.84 km2 (1,684.12 sq mi)Population (mid 2023 estimate) • Total438,238 • Density100/km2 (260/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+7 (WIB)
Lahat Regency is a regency of South Sumatra province, Indonesia. It originally included much of the southwestern part of the province, but on 21 June 2001 the town of Pagar Alam was removed from the regency to become an independent city, and on 2 January 2007 the western districts (except Tanjung Sakti Pumi and Tanjung Sakti Pumu) were split off to form the new Empat Lawang Regency. The reduced regency now covers a total area of 4,361.84 km2 and had a population of 369,974 at the 2010 Census and 430,071 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 438,238 (comprising 223,782 males and 214,456 females). The city of Pagar Alam remains an enclave within the regency, but is administratively separate.
The administrative centre of Lahat regency is the town of Lahat.
Administrative districts
This Regency as at 2010 was administratively composed of twenty-one districts (kecamatan). Since 2010 three additional districts have been created - Sukamerindu (from part of Pajar Bulan District), Lahat Selatan (from Lahat District) and Mulak Sebingkai (from Mulak Ulu District). Their areas (in km2) and their populations at the 2010 and 2020 Censuses are listed below, together with the official estimates as at mid 2023. The table also includes the locations of the district administrative centres, the number of administrative villages in each district (totaling 360 rural desa and 18 urban kelurahan - the latter - all but one - in Lahat town District), and its post codes.
Kode Wilayah
Name ofDistrict(kecamatan)
Area inkm2
Pop'nCensus2010
Pop'nCensus2020
Pop'nEstimatemid 2023
Admin centre
No.ofvillages
Postcode(s)
16.04.01
Tanjung Sakti Pumi (a)
271.00
15,032
16,820
16,640
Pajar Bulan
18
31581
16.04.24
Tanjung Sakti Pumu (a)
229.59
13,252
14,520
14,411
Simpang III Pumu
14
31582
16.04.07
Kota Agung
165.59
12,001
13,623
14,112
Kota Agung
22
31462
16.04.15
Mulak Ulu
108.43
16,539
12,572
12,977
Muara Tiga
16
31453
16.04.27
Tanjung Tebat
82.72
7,734
8,820
8,882
Tanjung Tebat
14
31455
16.04.30
Mulak Sebingkai
63.41
(b)
5,706
5,858
Keban Agung
10
31454
16.04.08
Pulau Pinang (Pinang Island)
111.67
10,994
9,867
10,479
Jati
10
31463
16.04.22
Pagar Guning
105.51
11,568
12,949
13,124
Karang Agung
20
31460
16.04.25
Gumay Ulu
87.01
4,993
5,583
5,932
Tinggi Hari
10
31461
16.04.06
Jarai
167.52
19,231
20,512
20,639
Jarai
21
31591
16.04.12
Pajar Bulan
146.11
18,938
12,853
12,899
Sumur
20
31356
16.04.28
Muara Payang
37.50
8,340
8,904
8,605
Lawang Agung Lama
7
31390
16.04.29
Sukamerindu
55.23
(c)
8,046
7,872
Sukamerindu
10
31350
16.04.19
Kikim Barat (West Kikim)
272.00
14,699
17,898
17,869
Saung Naga
19
31452
16.04.17
Kikim Timur (East Kikim)
564.45
26,014
31,994
32,471
Bungamas
32
31458
16.04.16
Kikim Selatan (South Kikim)
124.80
14,813
17,340
17,692
Pagar Jati
18
31451
16.04.18
Kikim Tengah (Central Kikim)
265.60
8,193
10,046
10,308
Tanjung Aur
9
31459
16.04.10
Lahat (district)
107.60
102,356
107,506
109,036
Lahat
30 (d)
31411 - 31419
16.04.21
Gumay Talang
249.61
9,804
12,938
13,438
Sukarame
15
31419
16.04.20
Pseksu
269.29
7,949
9,042
9,322
Lubuk Mabar
11
31417 - 31419
16.04.31
Lahat Selatan (South Lahat)
183.87
(e)
13,208
13,991
Tanjung Payang
10
31420 - 31429
16.04.09
Merapi Barat (West Merapi)
232.64
19,783
25,703
27,753
Merapi
19
31471
16.04.23
Merapi Timur (East Merapi)
260.66
20,413
25,232
25,124
Lebuay Bandung
14 (f)
31473
16.04.26
Merapi Selatan (South Merapi)
200.14
7,328
8,389
8,804
Sukamerindu
9
31472
Totals
4,361.84
369,974
430,071
438,238
Lahat
378
Notes: (a) The southwestern districts of Tanjung Sakti Pumu and Tanjung Sakti Pumi form nearly an exclave of the regency, from which they are physically almost completely separated by the city (kota) of Pagar Alam.
(b) The 2010 population of Mulak Sebingkai District is included in the figure for Mulak Ulu District from which it was cut out.
(c) The 2010 population of Sukamerindu District is included in the figure for Pajar Bulan District, from which it was cut out. (d) comprising 17 kelurahan (Bandar Agung, Bandar Jaya, Gunung Gajah, Kota Baru, Kota Jaya, Kota Negara, Lahat Tengah, Pagar Agung, Pasar Baru, Pasar Bawah, Pasar Lama, Raden PJKA, Raden PJKA Bandar Agung, Sari Bunga Mas, Talang Jawa, Talang Jawa Selatan and Talang Jawa Utara) and 13 desa.
(e) The 2010 population of Lahat Selatan District is included in the figure for Lahat District, from which it was cut out. (f) including one kelurahan - the town of Lebuay Bandung.
Megalithic sites
In Lahat Regency, near Pagar Alam city, there are 1,027 artifacts which spread over 40 sites in 12 communities. The megalithic sites in Lahat Regency may be the second largest such sites in Indonesia after Sangiran (Central Java) for fossils.
References
^ a b c Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2024, Kabupaten Lahat Dalam Angka 2024 (Katalog-BPS 1102001.1604)
^ a b Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011.
^ a b Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.
^ "Pemkab Lahat Gali Ribuan Megalit". October 12, 2012. Archived from the original on January 28, 2013. Retrieved October 17, 2012.
External links
Official website
Map of South Sumatra province
3°47′11″S 103°32′34″E / 3.78639°S 103.54278°E / -3.78639; 103.54278
vteRegencies and cities of South SumatraCapital: PalembangRegencies
Banyuasin
Empat Lawang
East Ogan Komering Ulu
Lahat
Muara Enim
Musi Banyuasin
Musi Rawas
North Musi Rawas
Ogan Ilir
Ogan Komering Ilir
Ogan Komering Ulu
Penukal Abab Lematang Ilir
South Ogan Komering Ulu
Cities
Lubuklinggau
Pagar Alam
Palembang
Prabumulih
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Israel
United States
This South Sumatra location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_Turkey
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Conocotocko II
|
["1 Notes","2 References","3 Bibliography","4 See also"]
|
Leader of the Cherokee"Standing Turkey" redirects here. For the Cherokee also known as Old Hop, see Conocotocko I.
Cunne Shote, Cherokee Chief, by Francis Parsons (English), 1762, oil on canvas, Gilcrease Museum
Conocotocko /ˌkʌnəkəˈtoʊkoʊ/ (Cherokee: ᎬᎾᎦᏙᎦ, romanized: Gvnagadoga, "Standing Turkey"), also known by the folk-etymologized name Cunne Shote, was First Beloved Man of the Cherokee from 1760. He succeeded his uncle Conocotocko I (or "Old Hop") upon the latter's death. Pro-French like his uncle, he steered the Cherokee into war with the British colonies of South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia in the aftermath of the execution of several Cherokee leaders who were being held hostage at Fort Prince George. He held his title until the end of the Anglo-Cherokee War in 1761, when he was deposed in favor of Attakullakulla.
Standing Turkey was one of three Cherokee leaders to go with Henry Timberlake to London in 1762-1763, the others being Ostenaco and Pouting Pigeon.
In 1782, he was one of a party of Cherokee which joined the Delaware, Shawnee, and Chickasaw in a diplomatic visit to the Spanish at Fort St. Louis in seeking a new avenue of obtaining arms and other assistance in the prosecution of their ongoing conflict with the Americans in the Ohio Valley. The group of Cherokee led by Standing Turkey sought and received permission to settle in Spanish Louisiana, in the region of the White River.
Notes
^ Conocotocko and his uncle Conocotocko I bore the same name. Conley's Cherokee Encyclopedia says the name "has suffered perhaps the worst indignities of any Cherokee name of this period" due to its many and sometimes aberrant spellings. Spelling variations include Canackte, Canacaught, Canacackte, Canacockte, Caneecatee, Cannacaughte, Conarcortuker, Concauchto, Connagatucheo, Connecocartee, Connecorte, Connecortee, Connecote, Connetarke, Connocotte, Connocte, Conocortee, Conocotocho, Conogotocke, Conocotocko, Conogotocho,
Conogotocka, Conogotocke, Conogotocko, Conogtoco, Cunigatogae, Cunnacatoque, Cunnicatoque, Guhna-gadoga, Kanagagot, Kanagagota, Kanagataucko, Kanagatoga, Kana-gatoga, Kanagatucko, Kanetekoka, and Kunagadoga.
^ Cunne Shote is a corruption of his Cherokee name mistakenly based on French Chote, "Chota" (the de facto capital of the Cherokee).
References
^ Conley 2007, p. 108.
^ American Scene 1977, p. 11: "The title, 'Cunne Shote,' is a misnomer. In Cherokee, his name is rendered 'Kanagagota .' Parsons relied on a colonial corruption, 'Cunnicatoque,' which he abbreviated to 'Cunne' and to which he added the word 'shote,' a corruption of Chote, a town in the Cherokee Nation, to get his title. In this way Kanagagota (Standing Turkey) became Cunne Shote (Turkey of Chote)"; Nies 1996, p. 188: "When he went to London in 1762 with other Cherokee leaders, and had his portrait painted, the artist misunderstood his name as Cunne Shote, a mispronunciation of the chief's name and the Cherokee capital, Echota."
^ Tanner 1978, pp. 95–103; Cherokee 1978, p. 99.
Bibliography
Brown, John P. (1938). Old Frontiers: The Story of the Cherokee Indians from Earliest Times to the Date of Their Removal to the West, 1838. Kingsport: Southern Publishers.
"Cherokee". Museum of the Cherokee Indian. 1978. {{cite magazine}}: Cite magazine requires |magazine= (help)
Conley, Robert J. (2007). "Guhna-gadoga". A Cherokee Encyclopedia. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 9780826339515.
"Francis Parsons (18th century): Cunne Shote, 1762, Oil (0176.1015)". American Scene. V. 18–19. Thomas Gilcrease Museum Association. 1977.
Nies, Judith (1996). Native American History: A Chronology of the Vast Achievements and a Culture and Their Links to World Events. New York: Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-0-307-81405-0.
Tanner, Helen Hornbeck (1978). "Cherokees in the Ohio Country". Journal of Cherokee Studies. 3 (2): 95–103.
See also
Anglo-Cherokee War
vteCherokeeTribes
Cherokee Nation
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United Keetoowah Band
Culture
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Calendar
Clans
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Gadugi
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History
History
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See also: Cherokee-language Wikipedia
This biographical article about an Indigenous person of North America is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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For the Cherokee also known as Old Hop, see Conocotocko I.Cunne Shote, Cherokee Chief, by Francis Parsons (English), 1762, oil on canvas, Gilcrease MuseumConocotocko[a] /ˌkʌnəkəˈtoʊkoʊ/ (Cherokee: ᎬᎾᎦᏙᎦ, romanized: Gvnagadoga, \"Standing Turkey\"), also known by the folk-etymologized name Cunne Shote,[b] was First Beloved Man of the Cherokee from 1760. He succeeded his uncle Conocotocko I (or \"Old Hop\") upon the latter's death. Pro-French like his uncle, he steered the Cherokee into war with the British colonies of South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia in the aftermath of the execution of several Cherokee leaders who were being held hostage at Fort Prince George. He held his title until the end of the Anglo-Cherokee War in 1761, when he was deposed in favor of Attakullakulla.Standing Turkey was one of three Cherokee leaders to go with Henry Timberlake to London in 1762-1763, the others being Ostenaco and Pouting Pigeon.In 1782, he was one of a party of Cherokee which joined the Delaware, Shawnee, and Chickasaw in a diplomatic visit to the Spanish at Fort St. Louis in seeking a new avenue of obtaining arms and other assistance in the prosecution of their ongoing conflict with the Americans in the Ohio Valley. The group of Cherokee led by Standing Turkey sought and received permission to settle in Spanish Louisiana, in the region of the White River.[3]","title":"Conocotocko II"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Conocotocko I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conocotocko_I"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConley2007108-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Chota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chota_(Cherokee_town)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''American_Scene''197711Nies1996188-3"}],"text":"^ Conocotocko and his uncle Conocotocko I bore the same name. Conley's Cherokee Encyclopedia says the name \"has suffered perhaps the worst indignities of any Cherokee name of this period\" due to its many and sometimes aberrant spellings.[1] Spelling variations include Canackte, Canacaught, Canacackte, Canacockte, Caneecatee, Cannacaughte, Conarcortuker, Concauchto, Connagatucheo, Connecocartee, Connecorte, Connecortee, Connecote, Connetarke, Connocotte, Connocte, Conocortee, Conocotocho, Conogotocke, Conocotocko, Conogotocho, \nConogotocka, Conogotocke, Conogotocko, Conogtoco, Cunigatogae, Cunnacatoque, Cunnicatoque, Guhna-gadoga, Kanagagot, Kanagagota, Kanagataucko, Kanagatoga, Kana-gatoga, Kanagatucko, Kanetekoka, and Kunagadoga.\n\n^ Cunne Shote is a corruption of his Cherokee name mistakenly based on French Chote, \"Chota\" (the de facto capital of the Cherokee).[2]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Old Frontiers: The Story of the Cherokee Indians from Earliest Times to the Date of Their Removal to the West, 1838","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/oldfrontiersstor0000brow"},{"link_name":"cite magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_magazine"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical"},{"link_name":"\"Guhna-gadoga\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Jjfu4rAAyU8C"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780826339515","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826339515"},{"link_name":"\"Francis Parsons (18th century): Cunne Shote, 1762, Oil (0176.1015)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=InUvAQAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"Native American History: A Chronology of the Vast Achievements and a Culture and Their Links to World Events","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=1k_7OqXfg1MC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-307-81405-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-81405-0"}],"text":"Brown, John P. (1938). Old Frontiers: The Story of the Cherokee Indians from Earliest Times to the Date of Their Removal to the West, 1838. Kingsport: Southern Publishers.\n\"Cherokee\". Museum of the Cherokee Indian. 1978. {{cite magazine}}: Cite magazine requires |magazine= (help)\nConley, Robert J. (2007). \"Guhna-gadoga\". A Cherokee Encyclopedia. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 9780826339515.\n\"Francis Parsons (18th century): Cunne Shote, 1762, Oil (0176.1015)\". American Scene. V. 18–19. Thomas Gilcrease Museum Association. 1977.\nNies, Judith (1996). Native American History: A Chronology of the Vast Achievements and a Culture and Their Links to World Events. New York: Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-0-307-81405-0.\nTanner, Helen Hornbeck (1978). \"Cherokees in the Ohio Country\". Journal of Cherokee Studies. 3 (2): 95–103.","title":"Bibliography"}]
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[{"image_text":"Cunne Shote, Cherokee Chief, by Francis Parsons (English), 1762, oil on canvas, Gilcrease Museum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Francis_Parsons_-_Cunne_Shote.jpg/300px-Francis_Parsons_-_Cunne_Shote.jpg"}]
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Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_Cherokee_Nation"},{"title":"Ani Hyuntikwalaski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ani_Hyuntikwalaski"},{"title":"Deer Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deer_Woman"},{"title":"Horned Serpent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horned_Serpent"},{"title":"Moon-eyed people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon-eyed_people"},{"title":"Nun'Yunu'Wi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nun%27Yunu%27Wi"},{"title":"Nûñnë'hï","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BB%C3%B1n%C3%AB%27h%C3%AF"},{"title":"Kâ'lanû Ahkyeli'skï","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raven_Mocker"},{"title":"U'tlun'ta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spearfinger"},{"title":"Tsul 'Kalu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsul_%27Kalu"},{"title":"History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee_history"},{"title":"timeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Cherokee_history"},{"title":"military","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee_military_history"},{"title":"Treaties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee_treaties"},{"title":"Kituwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kituwa"},{"title":"Ani-kutani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ani-kutani"},{"title":"skiagusta (rank)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skiagusta"},{"title":"outacite (rank)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utsidihi"},{"title":"Raven of Chota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raven_of_Chota"},{"title":"Battle of Taliwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Taliwa"},{"title":"Anglo-Cherokee War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Cherokee_War"},{"title":"Siege of Fort 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Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee_Nation_v._Georgia"},{"title":"Worcester v. Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcester_v._Georgia"},{"title":"The Cherokee Tobacco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cherokee_Tobacco"},{"title":"Cherokee Nation v. 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Clay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Clay,_Georgia"},{"title":"Settico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citico_(Cherokee_town)"},{"title":"Spike Bucktown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spikebuck_Town_Mound_and_Village_Site"},{"title":"Talisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallassee_(Cherokee_town)"},{"title":"Talulah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talulah_(Cherokee_town)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Tanasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanasi"},{"title":"Tellico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Tellico"},{"title":"Tomassee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tomassee_(Cherokee_town)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Tomotley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomotley"},{"title":"Toqua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toqua_(Tennessee)"},{"title":"Toxoway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toxoway_(Cherokee_town)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Tsatanugi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Elmo_Historic_District_(Chattanooga,_Tennessee)"},{"title":"Tuckasegee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuckasegee,_North_Carolina"},{"title":"Tugaloo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tugaloo"},{"title":"Turkeytown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkeytown_(Cherokee_town)"},{"title":"Turtletown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtletown,_Tennessee"},{"title":"Tuskegee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuskegee_(Cherokee_town)"},{"title":"Running Water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whiteside,_Tennessee"},{"title":"Titsohili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willstown_(Cherokee_town)"},{"title":"Cherokee Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee_Nation_(1794%E2%80%931907)"},{"title":"Cherokee Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee_Nation"},{"title":"Tahlequah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahlequah,_Oklahoma"},{"title":"Tahlonteeskee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahlonteeskee,_Oklahoma"},{"title":"Cherokee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee,_North_Carolina"},{"title":"Qualla Boundary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualla_Boundary"},{"title":"Cherokee National Capitol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee_National_Capitol"},{"title":"Cherokee Removal Memorial Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee_Removal_Memorial_Park"},{"title":"Chieftains Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chieftains_Museum"},{"title":"First Cherokee 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Historic Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Clay_State_Historic_Park"},{"title":"Hair Conrad Cabin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair_Conrad_Cabin"},{"title":"Nancy Ward Tomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Ward_Tomb"},{"title":"Blythe Ferry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blythe_Ferry"},{"title":"Bussell Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bussell_Island"},{"title":"Chief Vann House Historic Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Vann_House_Historic_Site"},{"title":"Mantle Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantle_Rock_Archeological_District"},{"title":"Museum of the Cherokee People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_the_Cherokee_People"},{"title":"Untokiasdiyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asheville,_North_Carolina"},{"title":"Standing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_Stone_State_Park"},{"title":"Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterey,_Tennessee"},{"title":"Stick Ball Grounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball_Ground,_Georgia"},{"title":"Cullasaja River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cullasaja_River"},{"title":"Tuckasegee River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuckasegee_River"},{"title":"Oconaluftee valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oconaluftee_(Great_Smoky_Mountains)"},{"title":"Oconaluftee River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oconaluftee_River"},{"title":"Abrams Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrams_Creek_(Tennessee)"},{"title":"Sycamore Shoals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sycamore_Shoals"},{"title":"The Great Trading Path","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trading_Path"},{"title":"The Great War Path","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Indian_Warpath"},{"title":"Hiwassee River Heritage Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiwassee_River_Heritage_Center"},{"title":"Chatata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatata"},{"title":"Tuckaleechee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townsend,_Tennessee"},{"title":"Fort Smith Historic Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Smith_National_Historic_Site"},{"title":"Port Royal State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Royal_State_Park"},{"title":"Five Civilized Tribes Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Civilized_Tribes_Museum"},{"title":"Tlanusiyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murphy,_North_Carolina"},{"title":"Cherokee Path","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee_Path"},{"title":"Moytoy of Tellico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moytoy_of_Tellico"},{"title":"Attakullakulla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attakullakulla"},{"title":"Amouskositte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amouskositte"},{"title":"Old 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Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_P._Ross"},{"title":"Utselata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Thompson_(Cherokee_chief)"},{"title":"Dennis Bushyhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Bushyhead"},{"title":"Joel B. Mayes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_B._Mayes"},{"title":"Johnson Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_Harris"},{"title":"Samuel Houston Mayes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Houston_Mayes"},{"title":"Thomas Buffington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Buffington"},{"title":"William Charles Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Charles_Rogers"},{"title":"J. B. Milam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._B._Milam"},{"title":"W. W. Keeler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._W._Keeler"},{"title":"Ross Swimmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Swimmer"},{"title":"Wilma Mankiller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilma_Mankiller"},{"title":"Joe Byrd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Byrd_(Cherokee_Nation_Principal_Chief)"},{"title":"Chadwick \"Corntassel\" Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad_Smith_(politician)"},{"title":"Bill John Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_John_Baker"},{"title":"Chuck Hoskin, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hoskin,_Jr."},{"title":"James L. Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_L._Gordon_(Cherokee_chief)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"John W. Hair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Hair_(Cherokee_chief)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Nancy Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Ward"},{"title":"Tsali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsali"},{"title":"Tahlonteeskee (warrior)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahlonteeskee_(Cherokee_warrior)"},{"title":"Turtle-at-Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtle-at-Home"},{"title":"Junaluska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junaluska"},{"title":"Goingsnake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goingsnake"},{"title":"Elias Boudinot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elias_Boudinot_(Cherokee)"},{"title":"Wauhatchie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wauhatchie"},{"title":"James Vann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Vann"},{"title":"David Vann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Vann_(Cherokee_leader)"},{"title":"Joseph Vann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Vann"},{"title":"Bob Benge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Benge"},{"title":"Nunnahitsunega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitepath"},{"title":"Ned Christie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ned_Christie"},{"title":"John Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Martin_(judge)"},{"title":"Markwayne Mullin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markwayne_Mullin"},{"title":"Yvette Herrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvette_Herrell"},{"title":"Sequoya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoyah"},{"title":"Major Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_Ridge"},{"title":"Jenny McIntosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenny_McIntosh"},{"title":"Sam Sixkiller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Sixkiller"},{"title":"Clement V. Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clement_V._Rogers"},{"title":"Redbird Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redbird_Smith"},{"title":"Durbin Feeling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durbin_Feeling"},{"title":"Hastings Shade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings_Shade"},{"title":"Kimberly Teehee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimberly_Teehee"},{"title":"Cherokee-language Wikipedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SittingBull.jpg"},{"title":"Indigenous person of North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_North_America"},{"title":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"title":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conocotocko_II&action=edit"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:NorthAm-native-bio-stub"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:NorthAm-native-bio-stub"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NorthAm-native-bio-stub"}]
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[{"reference":"Brown, John P. (1938). Old Frontiers: The Story of the Cherokee Indians from Earliest Times to the Date of Their Removal to the West, 1838. Kingsport: Southern Publishers.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/oldfrontiersstor0000brow","url_text":"Old Frontiers: The Story of the Cherokee Indians from Earliest Times to the Date of Their Removal to the West, 1838"}]},{"reference":"\"Cherokee\". Museum of the Cherokee Indian. 1978.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Conley, Robert J. (2007). \"Guhna-gadoga\". A Cherokee Encyclopedia. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 9780826339515.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Jjfu4rAAyU8C","url_text":"\"Guhna-gadoga\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826339515","url_text":"9780826339515"}]},{"reference":"\"Francis Parsons (18th century): Cunne Shote, 1762, Oil (0176.1015)\". American Scene. V. 18–19. Thomas Gilcrease Museum Association. 1977.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=InUvAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"\"Francis Parsons (18th century): Cunne Shote, 1762, Oil (0176.1015)\""}]},{"reference":"Nies, Judith (1996). Native American History: A Chronology of the Vast Achievements and a Culture and Their Links to World Events. New York: Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-0-307-81405-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1k_7OqXfg1MC","url_text":"Native American History: A Chronology of the Vast Achievements and a Culture and Their Links to World Events"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-81405-0","url_text":"978-0-307-81405-0"}]},{"reference":"Tanner, Helen Hornbeck (1978). \"Cherokees in the Ohio Country\". Journal of Cherokee Studies. 3 (2): 95–103.","urls":[]}]
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[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/oldfrontiersstor0000brow","external_links_name":"Old Frontiers: The Story of the Cherokee Indians from Earliest Times to the Date of Their Removal to the West, 1838"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Jjfu4rAAyU8C","external_links_name":"\"Guhna-gadoga\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=InUvAQAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"\"Francis Parsons (18th century): Cunne Shote, 1762, Oil (0176.1015)\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1k_7OqXfg1MC","external_links_name":"Native American History: A Chronology of the Vast Achievements and a Culture and Their Links to World Events"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conocotocko_II&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_The_Deputy_episodes
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List of The Deputy episodes
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["1 Series overview","2 Episodes","2.1 Season 1 (1959–60)","2.2 Season 2 (1960–61)","3 External links"]
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This is a list of all episodes of the western television series The Deputy.
Series overview
SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast aired139September 12, 1959 (1959-09-12)July 9, 1960 (1960-07-09)237September 24, 1960 (1960-09-24)July 1, 1961 (1961-07-01)
Episodes
(s) = Story
(t) = Teleplay
Season 1 (1959–60)
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air date11"Badge for a Day"Don MedfordRoland Kibbee, Norman LearSeptember 12, 1959 (1959-09-12)
Marshal Simon Fry uses Clay McCord to capture a gang of thieves. Featuring Robert J. Wilke.
22"The Wild Wind"David ButlerN.B. Stone, Jr.September 19, 1959 (1959-09-19)
Clay tries to rescue three young men from a gang of rustlers. Featuring John Ashley.
33"Back to Glory"Felix E. FeistCharles B. SmithSeptember 26, 1959 (1959-09-26)
Simon searches for a murderer who's abducted an actress, while Clay and Herk track down an escaped prisoner who molested another woman. Featuring Marie Windsor and Frank de Kova.
44"Shadow of the Noose"Robert B. SinclairRoland KibbeeOctober 3, 1959 (1959-10-03)
Simon is confronted by a lynch mob after he arrests a drifter for murdering a farmer and his wife. Featuring Clu Gulager and Denver Pyle.
55"Powder Keg"David ButlerWells Root, Ron BishopOctober 10, 1959 (1959-10-10)
Herk captures a renegade wanted for supplying gunpowder to the Indians, then finds himself in danger by his prisoner's Indian allies thanks to a telegrapher. Featuring Read Morgan.
66"Like Father, –"David ButlerJerry SackheimOctober 17, 1959 (1959-10-17)
A reformed ex-convict discovers that his son became a veterinarian while in prison, and a gunfighter with a grudge against the young man is looking for a showdown. Featuring James Westerfield.
77"Proof of Guilt"Arthur LubinMelvin LevyOctober 24, 1959 (1959-10-24)
An ex-convict takes the blame for his son's involvement in a series of robberies at smelting operations for gold bars. Featuring Lance Fuller and Roy Barcroft.
88"The Johnny Shanks Story"David ButlerN.B. Stone, Jr.October 31, 1959 (1959-10-31)
Three bounty hunters are after Johnny Shanks, who's being led to a new ranch by Clay. Featuring Skip Homeier and Don "Red" Barry.
99"Focus of Doom"Arthur LubinMichel Kraike (s), Sidney Michaels (t)November 7, 1959 (1959-11-07)
Simon sets a trap for the people who murdered three town marshals.
1010"The Big Four"David ButlerKay Lenard, Jess CarneolNovember 14, 1959 (1959-11-14)
Simon learns that four of the most notorious outlaws have joined forces. Featuring George Kennedy.
1111"The Next Bullet"David ButlerKay Lenard, Jess CarneolNovember 28, 1959 (1959-11-28)
Simon believes that the brother of a woman convicted of murdering her husband is plotting revenge on Herk. Featuring Walter Coy.
1212"The Deal"Herschel DaughertyMichel Kraike (s), Herbert Purdom (t)December 5, 1959 (1959-12-05)
An outlaw gang kidnaps Fran to force Clay to help them steal a $20,000 mine payroll.
1313"Land Greed"Robert B. SinclairDale Eunson, Katherine EunsonDecember 12, 1959 (1959-12-12)
Clay finds evidence of a widow's cattle being rustled. Featuring Vivian Vance.
1414"Man of Peace"Frank ArrigoRoland Kibbee (s), Herbert Purdom (t)December 19, 1959 (1959-12-19)
When Apaches steal two wagons full of rifles, Clay tries to resolve the issue peacefully before another Indian war begins. Featuring Edgar Buchanan.
1515"The Orphans"Frederick StephaniKatherine Eunson, Dale EunsonDecember 26, 1959 (1959-12-26)
Clay finds three children in a covered wagon and discovers their parents have been murdered.
1616"Backfire"James HoganWilton SchillerJanuary 2, 1960 (1960-01-02)
Herk shoots an escaped prisoner in the back, then two outlaws come to settle the score.
1717"Hang the Law"Robert B. SinclairHerbert PurdomJanuary 9, 1960 (1960-01-09)
Clay is sentenced to be hanged for the murder of the town drunk. Featuring Martha Hyer.
1818"The Silent Gun"Sidney LanfieldHendrik VollaertsJanuary 23, 1960 (1960-01-23)
A mute gunfighter causes trouble in Silver City.
1919"The Hidden Motive"Sidney LanfieldJess Carneol (t), Michel Kriake (s), Kay Lenard (t)January 30, 1960 (1960-01-30)
Clay shoots a childhood friend who comes up from behind, leading him to wonder if the man was with a gang of cattle rustlers Clay's pursuing or had just heard the shooting.
2020"Lawman's Blood"John BrahmCharles B. SmithFebruary 6, 1960 (1960-02-06)
The doctor of Silver City is abducted by an outlaw whose brother was shot during a holdup, and even though Clay kills the kidnapper, the doctor won't leave his patient to die.
2121"The Return of Simon Fry"Arthur LubinTerence MaplesFebruary 13, 1960 (1960-02-13)
Simon narrowly escapes an assassination attempt and uses his presumed death to trap his would-be killers. Featuring Stacy Keach Sr.
2222"Queen Bea"Herschel DaughertyHerbert PurdomFebruary 20, 1960 (1960-02-20)
Clay suspects that a woman is leading a gang of criminals that monopolizes general stores by forcing their competitors out of business. Featuring Phyllis Avery.
2323"The Two Faces of Bob Claxton"David ButlerCharles O'NealFebruary 27, 1960 (1960-02-27)
Bob Claxton, the youngest member of a gang of outlaw brothers, pretends to be willing to give up his life of crime.
2424"Lady With a Mission"Sidney LanfieldCharles B. SmithMarch 5, 1960 (1960-03-05)
A suffragette is injured at a rally in Prescott and asks for protection in Silver City.
2525"The Border Between"Frank ArrigoHal Biller, Austin KalishMarch 12, 1960 (1960-03-12)
Clay attempts to rescue a wealthy landowner's kidnapped daughter. Featuring Leo Gordon.
2626"Final Payment"Frank ArrigoCharles R. MarionMarch 19, 1960 (1960-03-19)
A businessman plots revenge on Clay and Fran for their father paralyzing him in a gunfight. Featuring Gerald Mohr and Mari Aldon.
2727"Dark Reward"Louis KingMarianna MosnerMarch 26, 1960 (1960-03-26)
A gang of criminals takes advantage of an offer to collect rewards for dead bank robbers by staging a robbery. Featuring Jean Willes.
2828"Marked for Bounty"Sidney LanfieldWilliam YagemannApril 2, 1960 (1960-04-02)
A notorious bounty hunter goes after a young man who was let out of prison to see his dying father. Featuring Vito Scotti.
2929"The Truly Yours"David ButlerMontgomery Pittman (s/t), Herbert Purdom (t)April 9, 1960 (1960-04-09)
A gang of outlaws burns down Clay's general store as a distraction so they can rob the bank with ease. Featuring James Coburn and Miriam Colon.
3030"A Time to Sow"Louis KingKay Lenard, Jess CarneolApril 23, 1960 (1960-04-23)
Clay tries to help a young couple find a place to settle while on the lookout for a gunman supposedly hired to settle a dispute over water rights. Featuring Frank Ferguson and Richard Crenna.
3131"The Last Gunfight"Sidney LanfieldRichard Carr (s), Charles B. Smith (t)April 30, 1960 (1960-04-30)
A famous gunfighter is forced into a showdown with two troublemakers looking to make their own reputation. Featuring Robert Redford.
3232"Chain of Action"Sidney LanfieldLester FullerMay 7, 1960 (1960-05-07)
Clay spends the night in jail hoping to convince a convicted outlaw to reveal the location of his stolen loot so that a boy's eyesight can be fixed.
3333"The Lucifer Urge"Sidney LanfieldEllis KadisonMay 14, 1960 (1960-05-14)
Clay seeks a legal way to fight the man who killed his father. Featuring George Tobias and Ralph Moody.
3434"Palace of Chance"Sidney LanfieldFrank Edmunds (s), Charles B. Smith (s/t)May 21, 1960 (1960-05-21)
Simon believes an escaped convict is headed for a casino to enlist his ex-girlfriend's help. Featuring Karen Steele, Steve Brodie and Lee Van Cleef.
3535"The X Game"David ButlerHerbert PurdomMay 28, 1960 (1960-05-28)
Clay pursues a pair of land-grabbers who are conning simple folk out of their property. Featuring John Hoyt and Don Gordon.
3636"The Stand-Off"David ButlerEllis Kadison (t), Louis Paul (s)June 11, 1960 (1960-06-11)
Clay engages in a standoff with an escaped prisoner who's shot Simon. Featuring Alan Hale Jr.
3737"Trail of Darkness"Sidney LanfieldRik VollaertsJune 18, 1960 (1960-06-18)
An outlaw gang abducts Simon to learn the whereabouts of their wounded associate, so Clay leads a posse to track down the bandits. Featuring Clu Gulager.
3838"The Choice"David ButlerLester Fuller (t), Saul Schwartz (s/t)June 25, 1960 (1960-06-25)
An ex-convict returns to Silver City and accepts a job as Doc Landy's apprentice. Featuring Vince Edwards and Chris Alcaide.
3939"Ma Mack"Robert B. SinclairRod PetersonJuly 9, 1960 (1960-07-09)
An acquaintance of Clay and Fran's father comes to Silver City in search of her stepson and both turn out to be outlaws. Featuring Douglas Kennedy.
Season 2 (1960–61)
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air date401"The Deadly Breed"Virgil W. VogelClark E. ReynoldsSeptember 24, 1960 (1960-09-24)
Clay discovers that one of two swindlers being investigated by Simon is the daughter of a woman who spurned his love. Featuring Lyle Bettger and Susan Oliver.
412"Meet Sergeant Tasker"Reginald Le BorgRichard N. MorganOctober 1, 1960 (1960-10-01)
Clay tries to help a gullible sergeant recover stolen Army funds from a blonde saloon hostess. Featuring Joan O'Brien.
423"The Jason Harris Story"Tay GarnettCharles B. SmithOctober 8, 1960 (1960-10-08)
Deputy Marshal Jason Harris is apparently involved with a gang robbing gold mines. Featuring Jeff Morrow and Myron Healey.
434"The Fatal Urge"Tay GarnettJoseph CarterOctober 15, 1960 (1960-10-15)
Clay wonders if the outlaw Simon is pursuing murdered a prominent businessman. Featuring Argentina Brunetti.
445"Mother and Son"Louis KingCharles R. MarionOctober 29, 1960 (1960-10-29)
Simon allows the leader of an outlaw gang to visit his mother. Featuring James Franciscus and Josephine Hutchinson.
456"Bitter Root"Louis KingKay Lenard, Jess CarneolNovember 5, 1960 (1960-11-05)
A woman hides an injured outlaw from Clay and Sarge. Featuring Virginia Gregg.
467"The Higher Law"Tay GarnettWilliam Nash (s), Charles B. Smith (t)November 12, 1960 (1960-11-12)
An Indian seeks vengeance for being beaten and robbed. Featuring John Larch and H.M. Wynant.
478"Passage to New Orleans"Louis KingRik VollaertsNovember 19, 1960 (1960-11-19)
Clay escorts a woman to New Orleans to testify in a murder trial, and Simon tags along when he receives word that the father of the accused has hired men to kill the star witness. Featuring Carl Benton Reid.
489"The World Against Me"David ButlerHal Biller, Austin KalishNovember 26, 1960 (1960-11-26)
Clay and Sarge help a boy track down the claim jumpers who murdered his grandfather for a gold mine.
4910"Sally Tornado""Lady for a Hanging"Louis KingCharles B. SmithDecember 3, 1960 (1960-12-03)
A group of bounty hunters takes a woman who's set to be hanged for murder as she's being escorted by Clay. Featuring Fay Spain.
5011"The Three Brothers"Sidney LanfieldPeggy Shaw, Lou ShawDecember 10, 1960 (1960-12-10)
Three brothers are suspected of murder, while Simon pursues a gang of bank robbers. Featuring Jack Ging and Lew Gallo.
5112"Day of Fear"Tay GarnettClark E. ReynoldsDecember 17, 1960 (1960-12-17)
Clay captures an outlaw with a fever. Featuring Mary Tyler Moore.
5213"Second Cousin to the Czar"Louis KingKay Lenard, Jess CarneolDecember 24, 1960 (1960-12-24)
A Russian duke is convinced to compete against Clay in a horse race.
5314"Judas Town"Frank ArrigoHal Biller, Austin KalishDecember 31, 1960 (1960-12-31)
Clay arrests the son of a prominent cattleman for shooting up Silver City. Featuring Ed Nelson and Roy Roberts.
5415"Duty Bound"Herschel DaughertyRod PetersonJanuary 7, 1961 (1961-01-07)
Simon, Clay, Sarge and their prisoners are attacked by Indians.
5516"The Lesson"Frank ArrigoKay Lenard, Jess CarneolJanuary 14, 1961 (1961-01-14)
The schoolteacher of Silver City is visited by her ex-convict husband. Featuring Wanda Hendrix and Harry Lauter.
5617"Past and Present"Tay GarnettRudy MakoulJanuary 21, 1961 (1961-01-21)
A bank clerk is suspected of being in cahoots with a gang of outlaws when he fails to shoot them for killing a miner. Featuring Arthur Franz.
5718"The Hard Decision"David ButlerPeggy Shaw, Lou ShawJanuary 28, 1961 (1961-01-28)
A criminal takes Clay hostage to save his brother from being hanged. Featuring Marc Lawrence and Olan Soule.
5819"The Dream"Tay GarnettEllis KadisonFebruary 4, 1961 (1961-02-04)
An engineer starts a chain of events when he diverts the flow of a river from its usual banks to mine for gold. Featuring Dick Foran.
5920"Shackled Town"Tay GarnettClark E. ReynoldsFebruary 11, 1961 (1961-02-11)
Clay and Sarge find a town near the Mexican border where a corrupt judge and lawman force the people to mine for pennies.
6021"The Lonely Road"Louis KingWilliam LeicesterFebruary 18, 1961 (1961-02-18)
A paroled man returns to Silver City hoping to reunite with his wife, but she's since moved on to a gun-happy mine foreman. Featuring Constance Ford, Edward Binns and Jim Davis.
6122"The Challenger"Frank ArrigoRichard N. MorganFebruary 25, 1961 (1961-02-25)
Sarge fights a heavyweight champion to earn money so Clay can pay for a relative's medical expenses. Featuring Stafford Repp.
6223"Edge of Doubt"Frank ArrigoPeggy Shaw, Lou ShawMarch 4, 1961 (1961-03-04)
An outlaw returns to Silver City and is suspected of robbing and murdering his girl's father. Featuring Richard Chamberlain and George Chandler.
6324"Two-Way Deal"Tay GarnettRoland Kibbee (s), William Yagemann (t)March 11, 1961 (1961-03-11)
Simon escorts a teenage criminal to trial when the teen's father wounds the marshal helping his son escape. Featuring Billy Gray.
6425"The Means and the End"Tay GarnettFinlay McDermidMarch 18, 1961 (1961-03-18)
Simon and Clay set a trap for an outlaw when his wife is sentenced to be hanged in a bench trial. Featuring Phyllis Love and DeForest Kelley.
6526"The Example"Otto LangRalph GoodmanMarch 25, 1961 (1961-03-25)
A wanted outlaw is persuaded to convince his son not to follow in his footsteps. Featuring Denver Pyle.
6627"Cherchez la Femme"David ButlerStuart JeromeApril 1, 1961 (1961-04-01)
Sarge goes on trial for accidentally killing a powerful rancher's son while protecting a woman from his unwanted advances. Featuring Lisa Montell and Edward Platt.
6728"Tension Point"Tay GarnettClark E. ReynoldsApril 8, 1961 (1961-04-08)
An outlaw gang invades the home of a deceased member. Featuring Virginia Christine and John Marley.
6829"Brother in Arms"David ButlerEdward LaskoApril 15, 1961 (1961-04-15)
A young man who learned to shoot from Clay's father returns to Silver City to face a man he believes murdered his father after cheating him out of his share of a mine. Featuring Lon Chaney Jr. and Denny Miller.
6930"The Return of Widow Brown"Otto LangNorman JacobApril 22, 1961 (1961-04-22)
The widow of an outlaw hanged by a lynch mob is accused of hiding his stolen loot. Featuring Norma Crane.
7031"Spoken in Silence"Tay GarnettKay Lenard, Jess CarneolApril 29, 1961 (1961-04-29)
A deaf woman puts herself and her father in danger when she informs Simon about her father agreeing to guide wanted outlaws around the marshal's posse so he can raise money for her surgery. Featuring Sydney Pollack.
7132"An Enemy of the Town"Frank ArrigoJerry Sackheim, Curtis KenyonMay 6, 1961 (1961-05-06)
The by-products of a large tannery in Silver Creek cause the people to get sick. Featuring Whit Bissell.
7233"The Legend of Dixie"Frank ArrigoMichel Kraike (t), Robert Sabaroff (s)May 20, 1961 (1961-05-20)
Dixie Miller is mistakenly credited for killing two bank robbers when they were actually killed by their own leader. Featuring Gregory Walcott, Stanley Adams and King Calder.
7334"The Deathly Quiet"Otto LangPaul FranklinMay 27, 1961 (1961-05-27)
A pair of Army deserters steals Gatling guns and terrorizes Southern Arizona. Featuring Chubby Johnson and Robert Foulk.
7435"Brand of Honesty"Tay GarnettHerbert PurdomJune 10, 1961 (1961-06-10)
A trio of ex-convicts is accused of a recent string of hold-ups and robberies. Featuring George Dolenz and Elisha Cook Jr.
7536"Lorinda Belle"Sherry ShourdsMichael Kraike (t), Rik Vollaerts (s/t)June 24, 1961 (1961-06-24)
A hated mine foreman is poisoned and becomes determined to kill the person responsible. Featuring Claude Akins and Frank Overton.
7637"Lawman's Conscience"Frederick StephaniMichael Kraike (t), Saul Schwartz (s)July 1, 1961 (1961-07-01)
A deathbed confession clears a ranch hand convicted of murder, but Clay is compelled to reexamine his case due to a series of robberies. Featuring Russell Johnson.
External links
The Deputy at IMDb
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[]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0052462/episodes","external_links_name":"The Deputy"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Solano
|
Chief Solano
|
["1 Childhood","2 Sonoma (1823–1846)","3 California statehood (1846–1850s)","4 Legends","4.1 Heir of Chief Malica (1817)","4.2 Gravesite","5 Recognition","6 Notes","7 Sources"]
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Native American chief
Chief SolanoSem-YetoSuisun leader
Personal detailsBornabout 1798Suisun Bay Area, California, USADiedabout 1851Yulyul village (near present-day Rockville), California, USAParentSulapy (father)
Sem-Yeto (c. 1798 – c. 1851) was a leader of the Suisunes, a Patwin people of the Suisun Bay region of northern California. Baptized as Francisco Solano and also known as Chief Solano, he was a notable Native American leader in Alta California because of his alliance, friendship, and eventually the support of his entire tribe to General Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo of Sonoma, in military and political excursions around Sonoma County and the San Francisco Bay Area. By allying with Vallejo and assisting him in quelling Native American uprisings north and west of Sonoma between 1836 and 1843, Sem-Yeto is regarded as a controversial historical figure. The California county of Solano is named for him.
Childhood
Sem-Yeto, an epithet meaning "brave or fierce hand," was born about 1798–1800 in the Suisun Bay region of California and lived there the first years of his life. On July 24, 1810, he was baptized at the San Francisco Mission and there adopted the baptismal name of the Spanish saint Francisco Solano. The recorder noted he was a Suisun, about 10 to 12 years old with the native name Sina, and that his father's native name was Sulapy, and his mother was deceased. It also records both his parents as gentiles (meaning not recruited or baptized). Notably, this baptism took place two months after the tragedy of his tribe losing their men in Moraga's 1810 raid on the Suisunes. Sem-Yeto was possibly captured as a child in Moraga's raid of 1810, or else his tribe brought him to the mission to live within two months of the battle due to losing so many adults in the raid. The raid had demoralized the tribe, and instead of fighting or moving inland, many chose to join the mission and stop fighting. Others believe it was more the next year that the move to the mission occurred, giving support to the view that Sina was among the approximately twelve children taken hostage in the battle.
He presumably grew to adulthood at the San Francisco Mission, where he lived for seven years. He learned Spanish at the mission. In the 1820s he reached manhood and became known as the leader of his people, "Sem-Yeto" or "Chief Solano."
Sonoma (1823–1846)
In 1823, Sem-Yeto moved to the present-day town of Sonoma, California, to help build and populate the Mission San Francisco de Solano, along with many of the Suisunes tribe who had grown up at the San Francisco Mission. Mission Solano was the final Franciscan mission north of the San Francisco Bay and built under Mexican rule. Traveling from the San Francisco Mission to the Sonoma Mission was a good move for Suisunes as they were much closer to their homeland at the second mission.
In 1835, however, the Mexican government began to close down and secularize the missions, dispersing the land and properties. General Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo was sent to Sonoma to become the comandante of the new pueblo project, to administer the secularization of the mission, and to keep military control in the region. Sem-Yeto and the Suisunes became allies of Vallejo. In addition, he became a very valuable patron and friend to Sem-Yeto.
According to the book Historica de California, their first meeting and treaty was remembered by General Vallejo as taking place in June 1835 on Vallejo's first day arriving into present-day Sonoma County: General Vallejo recounts sailing into Sonoma in 1835, just assigned by the Mexican military to extend Mexican domain in the North Bay to maintain a Mexican stronghold against the Russians at Fort Ross. Vallejo described coming to San Rafael, stopping to form an alliance with a Coast Miwok tribe there, then proceeding past Novato to the rancheria of Captain Pulpula near present-day Schellville where he found over 3,000 curious Native Americans amassed, led by Sem-Yeto. Vallejo pitched tents and dispatched messengers to ask all Native Americans in the region to make treaties with the Mexican government. Vallejo claims that within 48 hours a gathering of 11,000 natives had formed, and only a third of them seemed friendly to him. He remembers Sem-Yeto acted as his interpreter, and remembers how Sem-Yeto urged and harangued the gathering crowds to be friendly to the arriving Mexicans, persuading them that alliance meant Mexican military aid, and suggesting they could better punish enemy tribes. Thus Sem-Yeto not only formed an alliance with the Mexicans, he also gained a following, of many natives in the region in addition to his own tribe, the Suisunes.
Once the alliance with General Vallejo was formed, Sem-Yeto and the Suisunes led many expeditions with the object of quelling the other tribes of the region, the "Wappo, the Satisyomis , and the Cainameros " who were attempting to throw off Mexican domination. Sem-Yeto led both military expeditions against the other tribes and some peacemaking missions. His main reputation was a man of peace. Sem-Yeto eventually helped to keep the peace between the region's Native Americans and the Mexicans. A peace treaty was signed in 1836.
In order to impress the Mexican government, Vallejo arranged for and sent Sem-Yeto with 100 of his Suisun warriors down to Monterey, California to impress and seek military support from Juan Bautista Alvarado, governor of Alta California (1836–1837, 1838–1842). Sem-Yeto and his warriors traveled the distance but missed meeting Alvarado.
When the smallpox epidemic of 1837 decimated the Native American population of the Sonoma-Marin region, Sem-Yeto was one of the few natives to be vaccinated and thus survived.
Due to his friendship with and support of General Vallejo, Sem-Yeto was one of only two natives to receive a land grant rancho from the Mexican government. (The other native to be granted land was Camilo Ynitia.) In 1842 he received four square leagues known as Rancho Suisun. However, he was not able to retain it for his people after his death; most of the land went to Archibald A. Ritchie in 1857, another section to J.H. Fine. Rancho Suisun was recorded in California state records as follows:
"Suisun (Ritchie) #91-A, Solano Co., Grant of 4 sq. leagues (including Suisun , #91-B), made in 1842 by Gov. Alvarado to Francisco Solano. Patent for 17,754.73 acres (71.8508 km2) issued in 1857 to Archibald A. Ritchie. In T 5N, R 2W, MDM."
"Suisun (Fine) #91-B, Solano Co., Grant of 4 sq. leagues (including Suisun , #91-A), made in 1842 by Gov. Alvarado to Francisco Solano. Patent for 482.19 acres (1.9514 km2) issued in 1882 to J. H. Fine. In T 5N, R 2W, MDM."— California Ranchos: Patented Private Land Grants Listed by County, Shumway 1988:105
Sem-Yeto remained a leader of many regional banded tribes and an influential ally and friend of General Vallejo until the Mexicans lost control of the state in 1846.
California statehood (1846–1850s)
In 1846, at the end of the Bear Flag Revolt when California became part of the United States, General Vallejo was taken prisoner by Americans at Sutter's Fort and presumed dead. Sem-Yeto thought he had lost his closest ally, so fled north and found refuge with tribes as far north as Oregon, Washington and possibly Alaska. He returned to California in 1850 and died soon after of pneumonia at the old Yulyul village site in present-day Rockville.
Legends
The following legends exist about the popular chief:
Heir of Chief Malica (1817)
One legend (unconfirmed) that has been handed down is that Sem-Yeto was the heir of Chief Malica and was present as a child at the tribe's capture and mass suicide of 1817. In this legend, young Sem-Yeto was convinced by Chief Malica to flee the battleground suicide as the rightful leader of the remainder of the tribe, with the few that fled into the hills. For six years, from 1817–1823, Sem-Yeto's whereabouts are not recorded; possibly he lived freely in the hills, or lived with another tribe, or was captured and Christianized, then he turned up to bring the people to the Mission of Sonoma. However for this to be true, Sem-Yeto was not living at the San Francisco Mission all that time. (Note: the battles that Sem-Yeto is alleged to have survived, that of 1810 and 1817, have several similarities: both are a legend of a childhood leader being saved from a fiery battleground death to become the leader of the people. This legend might have conflated two battles into one and placed Sem-Yeto at the scene with Malica, in order to emphasize his leadership of the people.)
Gravesite
After dying of pneumonia, Chief Solano was reputedly buried under a buckeye tree in the area of Rockville, California; he was also supposedly 6 feet, 7 inches tall, but excavations of local Native American graves have not revealed any unusually tall remains. According to legend his gravesite is on the campus of Solano Community College, where sightings of a tall Native ghost have been reported.
Recognition
In a Fourth of July speech of 1876, General Vallejo describes a deep friendship and appreciation for Sem-Yeto whom he says should be called a prince. The speech was reprinted in The Sonoma Index of December 4, 1880.
A statue of Chief Solano was sculpted by Bill Huff in 1934. It was first mounted on a rock above Cordelia, and was later moved to a library in Fairfield.
Solano County is named directly after Chief (Sem-Yeto) Solano.
On March 27, 2024, Administrative Services Manager for Solano County, Desiree Bodiford has put forth a proposition to remove this beloved symbol of the county from the Sheriff's department badges. A heinous attempt to "cancel" an under-represented group of indigenous people, despite herself being a minority.
Notes
^ a b c d Early California Population Project Database: Baptism ID SFD:04024
^ Harris, Adrienne (November 28, 2013). "Preserving the past: Native heritage stands firm in county". Daily Republic. Fairfield, California. Retrieved January 4, 2019.
^ Milliken 1995:255.
^ The story of the alliance, per Historica de California, as retold by Lynch 1997:14-15.
^ Lewis & Co., 1891, mentions the Satisyomis were generally known as the Guapo. This would be the Wappo.
^ Fink 1972:74-75.
^ In addition to the references listed, mission records and mission registers will show genealogical details of his family, and Sem-Yeto's life was witnessed and described by his widow in her old age
^ History of Suisunes - "Tragic Demise of People of the West Wind"
^ a b Nancy Dingler, "Chief Solano’s grave site is shrouded in mystery", Fairfield Daily Republic, April 29, 2000, via Bella Vista Ranch.net.
^ Katie Dowd, "12 unsolved Bay Area mysteries you've never heard of", San Francisco Chronicle, March 29, 2017, Image 12.
^ Lynch, 1997:14-15.
^ Solano History Exploration Center - William Gordon Huff
Sources
Fink, Augusta. Monterey, The Presence of the Past. San Francisco, CA: Chronicle Books, 1972. ISBN 978-8770107204
The Huntington Library, Early California Population Project Database, 2006.
Lewis Pub. A Memorial and Biographical History of Northern California. Chicago, IL: Lewis Publishing Co., 1891. (For post-mission era, intertribal battles)
Lynch, Robert M. The Sonoma Valley Story. Sonoma, CA: Sonoma-Index Tribune, 1997. ISBN 0-9653857-0-1.
Milliken, Randall. A Time of Little Choice: The Disintegration of Tribal Culture in the San Francisco Bay Area 1769-1910. Menlo Park, CA: Ballena Press Publication, 1995. ISBN 0-87919-132-5 (alk. paper)
Shumway, Burgess M., California Ranchos: Patented Private Land Grants Listed by County. San Bernardino, CA: The Borgo Press, 1988. ISBN 0-89370-935-2.
History of Solano County, California
Sonoma State Historic Park
Interview with historian Clyde Low on Sem-Yeto and the Patwin Indian presence in Suisun Valley, produced by the City of Fairfield
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Suisunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suisunes"},{"link_name":"Patwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patwin"},{"link_name":"Suisun Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suisun_Bay"},{"link_name":"northern California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_California"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Alta California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alta_California"},{"link_name":"Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariano_Guadalupe_Vallejo"},{"link_name":"Sonoma County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonoma_County,_California"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Bay Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_California"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"California county","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_counties_in_California"},{"link_name":"Solano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solano_County,_California"}],"text":"Sem-Yeto (c. 1798 – c. 1851) was a leader of the Suisunes, a Patwin people of the Suisun Bay region of northern California. Baptized as Francisco Solano and also known as Chief Solano, he was a notable Native American leader in Alta California because of his alliance, friendship, and eventually the support of his entire tribe to General Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo of Sonoma, in military and political excursions around Sonoma County and the San Francisco Bay Area. By allying with Vallejo and assisting him in quelling Native American uprisings north and west of Sonoma between 1836 and 1843, Sem-Yeto is regarded as a controversial historical figure.[2] The California county of Solano is named for him.","title":"Chief Solano"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Francisco Mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_Dolores"},{"link_name":"baptismal name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptismal_name"},{"link_name":"Francisco Solano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Solanus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-missionrecord-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-missionrecord-1"},{"link_name":"Moraga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Moraga"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"who?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"}],"text":"Sem-Yeto, an epithet meaning \"brave or fierce hand,\" was born about 1798–1800 in the Suisun Bay region of California and lived there the first years of his life. On July 24, 1810, he was baptized at the San Francisco Mission and there adopted the baptismal name of the Spanish saint Francisco Solano.[1] The recorder noted he was a Suisun, about 10 to 12 years old with the native name Sina, and that his father's native name was Sulapy, and his mother was deceased.[1] It also records both his parents as gentiles (meaning not recruited or baptized). Notably, this baptism took place two months after the tragedy of his tribe losing their men in Moraga's 1810 raid on the Suisunes.[3] Sem-Yeto was possibly captured as a child in Moraga's raid of 1810, or else his tribe brought him to the mission to live within two months of the battle due to losing so many adults in the raid. The raid had demoralized the tribe, and instead of fighting or moving inland, many chose to join the mission and stop fighting. Others[who?] believe it was more the next year that the move to the mission occurred, giving support to the view that Sina was among the approximately twelve children taken hostage in the battle.He presumably grew to adulthood at the San Francisco Mission, where he lived for seven years. He learned Spanish at the mission. In the 1820s he reached manhood and became known as the leader of his people, \"Sem-Yeto\" or \"Chief Solano.\"","title":"Childhood"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sonoma, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonoma,_California"},{"link_name":"Mission San Francisco de Solano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_San_Francisco_Solano"},{"link_name":"secularize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_secularization_act_of_1833"},{"link_name":"Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariano_Guadalupe_Vallejo"},{"link_name":"Fort Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Ross,_California"},{"link_name":"San Rafael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Rafael,_California"},{"link_name":"Coast Miwok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast_Miwok"},{"link_name":"Novato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novato,_California"},{"link_name":"rancheria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancheria"},{"link_name":"Schellville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schellville,_California"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Wappo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wappo"},{"link_name":"Satisyomis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satisyomis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wappo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wappo"},{"link_name":"Cainameros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cainameros"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Monterey, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterey,_California"},{"link_name":"Juan Bautista Alvarado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Bautista_Alvarado"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"why?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"smallpox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox"},{"link_name":"vaccinated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox_vaccine"},{"link_name":"land grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_grant"},{"link_name":"rancho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranchos_of_California"},{"link_name":"Camilo Ynitia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camilo_Ynitia"},{"link_name":"Rancho Suisun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancho_Suisun"},{"link_name":"Archibald A. Ritchie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald_A._Ritchie"}],"text":"In 1823, Sem-Yeto moved to the present-day town of Sonoma, California, to help build and populate the Mission San Francisco de Solano, along with many of the Suisunes tribe who had grown up at the San Francisco Mission. Mission Solano was the final Franciscan mission north of the San Francisco Bay and built under Mexican rule. Traveling from the San Francisco Mission to the Sonoma Mission was a good move for Suisunes as they were much closer to their homeland at the second mission.In 1835, however, the Mexican government began to close down and secularize the missions, dispersing the land and properties. General Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo was sent to Sonoma to become the comandante of the new pueblo project, to administer the secularization of the mission, and to keep military control in the region. Sem-Yeto and the Suisunes became allies of Vallejo. In addition, he became a very valuable patron and friend to Sem-Yeto.According to the book Historica de California, their first meeting and treaty was remembered by General Vallejo as taking place in June 1835 on Vallejo's first day arriving into present-day Sonoma County: General Vallejo recounts sailing into Sonoma in 1835, just assigned by the Mexican military to extend Mexican domain in the North Bay to maintain a Mexican stronghold against the Russians at Fort Ross. Vallejo described coming to San Rafael, stopping to form an alliance with a Coast Miwok tribe there, then proceeding past Novato to the rancheria of Captain Pulpula near present-day Schellville where he found over 3,000 curious Native Americans amassed, led by Sem-Yeto. Vallejo pitched tents and dispatched messengers to ask all Native Americans in the region to make treaties with the Mexican government. Vallejo claims that within 48 hours a gathering of 11,000 natives had formed, and only a third of them seemed friendly to him. He remembers Sem-Yeto acted as his interpreter, and remembers how Sem-Yeto urged and harangued the gathering crowds to be friendly to the arriving Mexicans, persuading them that alliance meant Mexican military aid, and suggesting they could better punish enemy tribes. Thus Sem-Yeto not only formed an alliance with the Mexicans, he also gained a following, of many natives in the region in addition to his own tribe, the Suisunes.[4]Once the alliance with General Vallejo was formed, Sem-Yeto and the Suisunes led many expeditions with the object of quelling the other tribes of the region, the \"Wappo, the Satisyomis [aka Sotoyomes, a Wappo tribe], and the Cainameros [aka the South Pomo Indians of Cainama in the region toward Santa Rosa]\"[5] who were attempting to throw off Mexican domination. Sem-Yeto led both military expeditions against the other tribes and some peacemaking missions. His main reputation was a man of peace. Sem-Yeto eventually helped to keep the peace between the region's Native Americans and the Mexicans. A peace treaty was signed in 1836.In order to impress the Mexican government, Vallejo arranged for and sent Sem-Yeto with 100 of his Suisun warriors down to Monterey, California to impress and seek military support from Juan Bautista Alvarado, governor of Alta California (1836–1837, 1838–1842). Sem-Yeto and his warriors traveled the distance but missed meeting Alvarado.[6][why?]When the smallpox epidemic of 1837 decimated the Native American population of the Sonoma-Marin region, Sem-Yeto was one of the few natives to be vaccinated and thus survived.Due to his friendship with and support of General Vallejo, Sem-Yeto was one of only two natives to receive a land grant rancho from the Mexican government. (The other native to be granted land was Camilo Ynitia.) In 1842 he received four square leagues known as Rancho Suisun. However, he was not able to retain it for his people after his death; most of the land went to Archibald A. Ritchie in 1857, another section to J.H. Fine. Rancho Suisun was recorded in California state records as follows:\"Suisun (Ritchie) #91-A, Solano Co., Grant of 4 sq. leagues (including Suisun [Fine], #91-B), made in 1842 by Gov. Alvarado to Francisco Solano. Patent for 17,754.73 acres (71.8508 km2) issued in 1857 to Archibald A. Ritchie. In T 5N, R 2W, MDM.\" \n\"Suisun (Fine) #91-B, Solano Co., Grant of 4 sq. leagues (including Suisun [Ritchie], #91-A), made in 1842 by Gov. Alvarado to Francisco Solano. Patent for 482.19 acres (1.9514 km2) issued in 1882 to J. H. Fine. In T 5N, R 2W, MDM.\"— California Ranchos: Patented Private Land Grants Listed by County, Shumway 1988:105Sem-Yeto remained a leader of many regional banded tribes and an influential ally and friend of General Vallejo until the Mexicans lost control of the state in 1846.","title":"Sonoma (1823–1846)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bear Flag Revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear_Flag_Revolt"},{"link_name":"Sutter's Fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutter%27s_Fort"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"In 1846, at the end of the Bear Flag Revolt when California became part of the United States, General Vallejo was taken prisoner by Americans at Sutter's Fort and presumed dead. Sem-Yeto thought he had lost his closest ally, so fled north and found refuge with tribes as far north as Oregon, Washington and possibly Alaska. He returned to California in 1850 and died soon after of pneumonia at the old Yulyul village site in present-day Rockville.[7]","title":"California statehood (1846–1850s)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The following legends exist about the popular chief:","title":"Legends"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Heir of Chief Malica (1817)","text":"One legend (unconfirmed) that has been handed down is that Sem-Yeto was the heir of Chief Malica and was present as a child at the tribe's capture and mass suicide of 1817.[8] In this legend, young Sem-Yeto was convinced by Chief Malica to flee the battleground suicide as the rightful leader of the remainder of the tribe, with the few that fled into the hills. For six years, from 1817–1823, Sem-Yeto's whereabouts are not recorded; possibly he lived freely in the hills, or lived with another tribe, or was captured and Christianized, then he turned up to bring the people to the Mission of Sonoma. However for this to be true, Sem-Yeto was not living at the San Francisco Mission all that time. (Note: the battles that Sem-Yeto is alleged to have survived, that of 1810 and 1817, have several similarities: both are a legend of a childhood leader being saved from a fiery battleground death to become the leader of the people. This legend might have conflated two battles into one and placed Sem-Yeto at the scene with Malica, in order to emphasize his leadership of the people.)","title":"Legends"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pneumonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia"},{"link_name":"buckeye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesculus"},{"link_name":"Rockville, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockville,_California"},{"link_name":"Solano Community College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solano_Community_College"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fairfield-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Gravesite","text":"After dying of pneumonia, Chief Solano was reputedly buried under a buckeye tree in the area of Rockville, California; he was also supposedly 6 feet, 7 inches tall, but excavations of local Native American graves have not revealed any unusually tall remains. According to legend his gravesite is on the campus of Solano Community College,[9] where sightings of a tall Native ghost have been reported.[10]","title":"Legends"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Cordelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordelia,_California"},{"link_name":"Fairfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfield,_California"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fairfield-9"},{"link_name":"Solano County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solano_County"}],"text":"In a Fourth of July speech of 1876, General Vallejo describes a deep friendship and appreciation for Sem-Yeto whom he says should be called a prince. The speech was reprinted in The Sonoma Index of December 4, 1880.[11]A statue of Chief Solano was sculpted by Bill Huff in 1934.[12] It was first mounted on a rock above Cordelia, and was later moved to a library in Fairfield.[9]Solano County is named directly after Chief (Sem-Yeto) Solano.On March 27, 2024, Administrative Services Manager for Solano County, Desiree Bodiford has put forth a proposition to remove this beloved symbol of the county from the Sheriff's department badges. A heinous attempt to \"cancel\" an under-represented group of indigenous people, despite herself being a minority.","title":"Recognition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-missionrecord_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-missionrecord_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-missionrecord_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-missionrecord_1-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Preserving the past: Native heritage stands firm in county\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.dailyrepublic.com/all-dr-news/solano-news/solano-county/preserving-the-past-solano-full-of-american-indian-history/"},{"link_name":"Daily Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Republic"},{"link_name":"Fairfield, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfield,_California"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Wappo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wappo"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"History of Suisunes - \"Tragic Demise of People of the West Wind\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bellavistaranch.net/suisun_history/suisun_suicide-konti.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Fairfield_9-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Fairfield_9-1"},{"link_name":"\"Chief Solano’s grave site is shrouded in mystery\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bellavistaranch.net/suisun_history/solano_grave-dingler.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"12 unsolved Bay Area mysteries you've never heard of\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/12-unsolved-Bay-Area-San-Francisco-mysteries-11022886.php#photo-1892791"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"Solano History Exploration Center - William Gordon Huff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.solanohistorycenter.org/features/william-gordon-huff/"}],"text":"^ a b c d Early California Population Project Database: Baptism ID SFD:04024\n\n^ Harris, Adrienne (November 28, 2013). \"Preserving the past: Native heritage stands firm in county\". Daily Republic. Fairfield, California. Retrieved January 4, 2019.\n\n^ Milliken 1995:255.\n\n^ The story of the alliance, per Historica de California, as retold by Lynch 1997:14-15.\n\n^ Lewis & Co., 1891, mentions the Satisyomis were generally known as the Guapo. This would be the Wappo.\n\n^ Fink 1972:74-75.\n\n^ In addition to the references listed, mission records and mission registers will show genealogical details of his family, and Sem-Yeto's life was witnessed and described by his widow in her old age\n\n^ History of Suisunes - \"Tragic Demise of People of the West Wind\"\n\n^ a b Nancy Dingler, \"Chief Solano’s grave site is shrouded in mystery\", Fairfield Daily Republic, April 29, 2000, via Bella Vista Ranch.net.\n\n^ Katie Dowd, \"12 unsolved Bay Area mysteries you've never heard of\", San Francisco Chronicle, March 29, 2017, Image 12.\n\n^ Lynch, 1997:14-15.\n\n^ Solano History Exploration Center - William Gordon Huff","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-8770107204","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8770107204"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.huntington.org/Information/ECPPmain.htm"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ftp.rootsweb.com/pub/usgenweb/ca/statewide/history/1891/memorial/spanishc9nms.txt"},{"link_name":"A Memorial and Biographical History of Northern California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ftp.rootsweb.com/pub/usgenweb/ca/statewide/history/1891/memorial/spanishc9nms.txt"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-9653857-0-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9653857-0-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-87919-132-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87919-132-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-89370-935-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89370-935-2"},{"link_name":"History of Solano County, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cagenweb.com/solano/county_history.htm"},{"link_name":"Sonoma State Historic Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.parks.sonoma.net/sonoma.html"},{"link_name":"Interview with historian Clyde Low on Sem-Yeto and the Patwin Indian presence in Suisun Valley, produced by the City of Fairfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.solanohistorycenter.org/multimedia/videos/clyde-low-patwin-indian-interview/"}],"text":"Fink, Augusta. Monterey, The Presence of the Past. San Francisco, CA: Chronicle Books, 1972. ISBN 978-8770107204\nThe Huntington Library, Early California Population Project Database, 2006.[1]\nLewis Pub. A Memorial and Biographical History of Northern California. Chicago, IL: Lewis Publishing Co., 1891. (For post-mission era, intertribal battles)\nLynch, Robert M. The Sonoma Valley Story. Sonoma, CA: Sonoma-Index Tribune, 1997. ISBN 0-9653857-0-1.\nMilliken, Randall. A Time of Little Choice: The Disintegration of Tribal Culture in the San Francisco Bay Area 1769-1910. Menlo Park, CA: Ballena Press Publication, 1995. ISBN 0-87919-132-5 (alk. paper)\nShumway, Burgess M., California Ranchos: Patented Private Land Grants Listed by County. San Bernardino, CA: The Borgo Press, 1988. ISBN 0-89370-935-2.\nHistory of Solano County, California\nSonoma State Historic Park\nInterview with historian Clyde Low on Sem-Yeto and the Patwin Indian presence in Suisun Valley, produced by the City of Fairfield","title":"Sources"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Harris, Adrienne (November 28, 2013). \"Preserving the past: Native heritage stands firm in county\". Daily Republic. Fairfield, California. Retrieved January 4, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailyrepublic.com/all-dr-news/solano-news/solano-county/preserving-the-past-solano-full-of-american-indian-history/","url_text":"\"Preserving the past: Native heritage stands firm in county\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Republic","url_text":"Daily Republic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfield,_California","url_text":"Fairfield, California"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.dailyrepublic.com/all-dr-news/solano-news/solano-county/preserving-the-past-solano-full-of-american-indian-history/","external_links_name":"\"Preserving the past: Native heritage stands firm in county\""},{"Link":"http://www.bellavistaranch.net/suisun_history/suisun_suicide-konti.html","external_links_name":"History of Suisunes - \"Tragic Demise of People of the West Wind\""},{"Link":"http://www.bellavistaranch.net/suisun_history/solano_grave-dingler.html","external_links_name":"\"Chief Solano’s grave site is shrouded in mystery\""},{"Link":"https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/12-unsolved-Bay-Area-San-Francisco-mysteries-11022886.php#photo-1892791","external_links_name":"\"12 unsolved Bay Area mysteries you've never heard of\""},{"Link":"http://www.solanohistorycenter.org/features/william-gordon-huff/","external_links_name":"Solano History Exploration Center - William Gordon Huff"},{"Link":"http://www.huntington.org/Information/ECPPmain.htm","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://ftp.rootsweb.com/pub/usgenweb/ca/statewide/history/1891/memorial/spanishc9nms.txt"},{"Link":"https://ftp.rootsweb.com/pub/usgenweb/ca/statewide/history/1891/memorial/spanishc9nms.txt","external_links_name":"A Memorial and Biographical History of Northern California"},{"Link":"http://www.cagenweb.com/solano/county_history.htm","external_links_name":"History of Solano County, California"},{"Link":"http://www.parks.sonoma.net/sonoma.html","external_links_name":"Sonoma State Historic Park"},{"Link":"http://www.solanohistorycenter.org/multimedia/videos/clyde-low-patwin-indian-interview/","external_links_name":"Interview with historian Clyde Low on Sem-Yeto and the Patwin Indian presence in Suisun Valley, produced by the City of Fairfield"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niklas_Klingberg
|
Niklas Klingberg
|
["1 Career details","1.1 World Championships","1.2 European Championships","2 Family","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
|
Swedish motorcycle speedway rider (born 1973)
For the Swedish footballer, see Niklas Klingberg (footballer).
Niklas KlingbergBorn (1973-02-06) 6 February 1973 (age 51)NationalitySwedishCareer historySweden1989–2000Örnarna2002MasarnaPoland1998Wrocław1999, 2001, 2008Grudziądz2000Opole2002Leszno2003, 2006–2007Gorzów2004Ostrów2005RzeszówGreat Britain1994–1996, 1998Belle Vue2001King's Lynn2003OxfordDenmark2005Holsted
Individual honours1993Swedish U21 champion2000Intercontinental Champion2002Swedish Champion
Team honours1992, 1993, 1994, 1996Swedish Elitserien Winner
Niklas Klingberg (born 6 February 1973) is a former Swedish motorcycle speedway rider from Sweden, who was a member of Sweden team at Speedway World Cups. He was Swedish Champion in 2002.
Career details
World Championships
Individual World Championship and Speedway Grand Prix
2001 - 10th place (54 pts)
2002 - 18th place (37 pts)
Team World Championship (Speedway World Team Cup and Speedway World Cup)
1996 - 5th place - (14pts)
2001 - Wrocław - 3rd place (10 pts)
2002 - Peterborough - 3rd place (10 pts)
Individual U-21 World Championship
1991 - Coventry - 7th place (8 pts)
1992 - Pfaffenhofen - 7th place (9 pts)
1993 - Pardubice - 11th place (7 pts)
European Championships
Individual European Championship
2004 - Holsted - 9th place (6 pts)
Family
His father Börje Klingberg is also a former Swedish international speedway rider.
See also
Sweden national speedway team
List of Speedway Grand Prix riders
References
^ speedwaygp.republika.pl Archived 2009-04-22 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on 10 April 2009.
^ Świat Żużla, No 1 (77) / 2009, pages 42-43 ISSN 1429-3285
^ Montague, Trevor (2004). The A-Z of Sport. Little, Brown. p. 522. ISBN 0-316-72645-1.
^ "Fathers and sons abound in the speedway - but they have never ridden together". Sport Bladet. Retrieved 11 July 2021.
External links
(pl) Klingberg at www.GTZ.Grudziadz.net
|
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|
[]
|
[{"title":"Sweden national speedway team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_national_speedway_team"},{"title":"List of Speedway Grand Prix riders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Speedway_Grand_Prix_riders"}]
|
[{"reference":"Montague, Trevor (2004). The A-Z of Sport. Little, Brown. p. 522. ISBN 0-316-72645-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-316-72645-1","url_text":"0-316-72645-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Fathers and sons abound in the speedway - but they have never ridden together\". Sport Bladet. Retrieved 11 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aftonbladet.se/sportbladet/a/gP0l11/vi-ska-kora-i-samma-lag","url_text":"\"Fathers and sons abound in the speedway - but they have never ridden together\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://speedwaygp.republika.pl/","external_links_name":"speedwaygp.republika.pl"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090422155710/http://speedwaygp.republika.pl/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1429-3285","external_links_name":"1429-3285"},{"Link":"https://www.aftonbladet.se/sportbladet/a/gP0l11/vi-ska-kora-i-samma-lag","external_links_name":"\"Fathers and sons abound in the speedway - but they have never ridden together\""},{"Link":"http://www.gtz.grudziadz.net/z_klingberg.htm","external_links_name":"Klingberg at www.GTZ.Grudziadz.net"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko_Sung_Hyun
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Ko Sung-hyun
|
["1 Achievements","1.1 BWF World Championships","1.2 Asian Championships","1.3 Summer Universiade","1.4 BWF World Tour (7 titles, 3 runners-up)","1.5 BWF Superseries (11 titles, 16 runners-up)","1.6 BWF Grand Prix (18 titles, 7 runners-up)","1.7 BWF International Challenge/Series (5 titles, 2 runners-up)","2 References","3 External links"]
|
South Korean badminton player (born 1987)
In this Korean name, the family name is Ko.
Badminton player고성현Ko Sung-hyunPersonal informationCountrySouth KoreaBorn (1987-05-21) 21 May 1987 (age 37)Goesan-gun, Chungbuk, South KoreaHeight1.82 m (6 ft 0 in)Weight85 kg (187 lb)HandednessRightMen's & mixed doublesHighest ranking1 (MD with Lee Yong-Dae 30 May 2013)1 (XD with Kim Ha-na 22 September 2016)Current ranking76 (MD with Shin Baek-cheol),16 (XD with Eom Hye-won) (29 November 2022)
Medal record
Men's badminton
Representing South Korea
World Championships
2014 Copenhagen
Men's doubles
2011 London
Men's doubles
2010 Paris
Mixed doubles
Sudirman Cup
2013 Kuala Lumpur
Mixed team
2011 Qingdao
Mixed team
2015 Dongguan
Mixed team
Thomas Cup
2012 Wuhan
Men's team
2016 Kunshan
Men's team
Asian Games
2014 Incheon
Men's team
2010 Guangzhou
Men's team
Asian Championships
2013 Taipei
Men's doubles
2013 Taipei
Mixed doubles
2009 Suwon
Men's doubles
2016 Wuhan
Mixed doubles
Asia Team Championships
2016 Hyderabad
Men's team
Summer Universiade
2013 Kazan
Men's doubles
2013 Kazan
Mixed team
2015 Gwangju
Mixed team
BWF profile
Ko Sung-hyunHangul고성현Hanja高成炫Revised RomanizationGo Seong-hyeonMcCune–ReischauerKo Sŏng-hyŏn
Ko Sung-hyun (Korean: 고성현; Korean pronunciation: ; born 21 May 1987) is a South Korean badminton player affiliated with Gimcheon City Hall. He is a former world number 1 both in the men's and mixed doubles. Ko is a BWF World Champion, two time Badminton Asian Champion, and Asian Games gold medalist.
Ko started to get the attention of the World and Korean badminton when he won the bronze medal at the 2010 World Championships partnered with Ha Jung-eun. Competed in the men's doubles with Yoo Yeon-seong, Ko have achieved several milestones, including won the silver medals at the 2009 Asian and 2011 World Championships, reached a career high as world number 2 at the BWF world ranking. Ko and Yoo ended their partnerships after participating in 2012 London Olympics. Ko then topped the men's doubles BWF world ranking partnered with Lee Yong-dae in May 2013. Ko and Lee were a gold medalists at the 2013 Asian Championships and Summer Universiade.
Teamed-up with Shin Baek-cheol, Ko won the gold medal at the 2014 World Championships. Together with Kim Ha-na, Ko clinched the 2013 Asian Championships title and won his first Superseries title in the mixed doubles at the 2014 Australian Open. Ko and Kim participated at the 2016 Rio Olympics, reaching in to the quarter finals stage, and occupied the mixed doubles world number 1 in September 2016.
Achievements
BWF World Championships
Men's doubles
Year
Venue
Partner
Opponent
Score
Result
2011
Wembley Arena, London, England
Yoo Yeon-seong
Cai Yun Fu Haifeng
22–24, 16–21
Silver
2014
Ballerup Super Arena, Copenhagen, Denmark
Shin Baek-cheol
Lee Yong-dae Yoo Yeon-seong
22–20, 21–23, 21–18
Gold
Mixed doubles
Year
Venue
Partner
Opponent
Score
Result
2010
Stade Pierre de Coubertin, Paris, France
Ha Jung-eun
Zheng Bo Ma Jin
21–15, 11–21, 16–21
Bronze
Asian Championships
Men's doubles
Year
Venue
Partner
Opponent
Score
Result
2009
Suwon Indoor Stadium, Suwon, South Korea
Yoo Yeon-seong
Markis Kido Hendra Setiawan
18–21, 24–26
Silver
2013
Taipei Arena, Taipei, Taiwan
Lee Yong-dae
Kim Gi-jung Kim Sa-rang
21–13, 22–20
Gold
Mixed doubles
Year
Venue
Partner
Opponent
Score
Result
2013
Taipei Arena, Taipei, Taiwan
Kim Ha-na
Zhang Nan Zhao Yunlei
22–20, 21–17
Gold
2016
Wuhan Sports Center Gymnasium, Wuhan, China
Kim Ha-na
Zhang Nan Zhao Yunlei
19–21, 11–21
Bronze
Summer Universiade
Men's doubles
Year
Venue
Partner
Opponent
Score
Result
2013
Tennis Academy, Kazan, Russia
Lee Yong-dae
Vladimir Ivanov Ivan Sozonov
13–21, 21–13, 21–13
Gold
BWF World Tour (7 titles, 3 runners-up)
The BWF World Tour, which was announced on 19 March 2017 and implemented in 2018, is a series of elite badminton tournaments sanctioned by the Badminton World Federation (BWF). The BWF World Tour is divided into levels of World Tour Finals, Super 1000, Super 750, Super 500, Super 300 (part of the HSBC World Tour), and the BWF Tour Super 100.
Men's doubles
Year
Tournament
Level
Partner
Opponent
Score
Result
2018
Vietnam Open
Super 100
Shin Baek-cheol
Lee Sheng-mu Yang Po-hsuan
22–20, 21–18
Winner
2018
Indonesia Masters
Super 100
Shin Baek-cheol
Chang Ko-chi Lu Chia-pin
21–23, 13–21
Runner-up
2018
Macau Open
Super 300
Shin Baek-cheol
Kim Gi-jung Lee Yong-dae
21–17, 13–21, 19–21
Runner-up
2019
Australian Open
Super 300
Shin Baek-cheol
Takeshi Kamura Keigo Sonoda
21–11, 21–17
Winner
2019
U.S. Open
Super 300
Shin Baek-cheol
Lee Yang Wang Chi-lin
21–13, 17–21, 6–3 retired
Winner
2021
French Open
Super 750
Shin Baek-cheol
Marcus Fernaldi Gideon Kevin Sanjaya Sukamuljo
21–17, 22–20
Winner
Mixed doubles
Year
Tournament
Level
Partner
Opponent
Score
Result
2018
Korea Masters
Super 300
Eom Hye-won
Choi Sol-gyu Shin Seung-chan
21–12, 15–21, 21–18
Winner
2019
Canada Open
Super 100
Eom Hye-won
Guo Xinwa Zhang Shuxian
21–19, 21–19
Winner
2019
Akita Masters
Super 100
Eom Hye-won
Kyohei Yamashita Naru Shinoya
21–10, 21–17
Winner
2022
Korea Open
Super 500
Eom Hye-won
Tan Kian Meng Lai Pei Jing
15–21, 18–21
Runner-up
BWF Superseries (11 titles, 16 runners-up)
The BWF Superseries, which was launched on 14 December 2006 and implemented in 2007, was a series of elite badminton tournaments, sanctioned by the Badminton World Federation (BWF). BWF Superseries levels were Superseries and Superseries Premier. A season of Superseries consisted of twelve tournaments around the world that had been introduced since 2011. Successful players were invited to the Superseries Finals, which were held at the end of each year.
Ko (left) with his partner in the mixed doubles Kim Ha-na.
Men's doubles
Year
Tournament
Partner
Opponent
Score
Result
2010
Swiss Open
Yoo Yeon-seong
Koo Kien Keat Tan Boon Heong
21–18, 21–16
Winner
2010
China Masters
Yoo Yeon-seong
Cai Yun Fu Haifeng
14–21, 19–21
Runner-up
2010
Hong Kong Open
Yoo Yeon-seong
Markis Kido Hendra Setiawan
21–19, 14–21, 23–21
Winner
2011
China Open
Yoo Yeon-seong
Mathias Boe Carsten Mogensen
17–21, 13–21
Runner-up
2012
India Open
Yoo Yeon-seong
Bodin Isara Maneepong Jongjit
17–21, 21–14, 14–21
Runner-up
2012
Singapore Open
Yoo Yeon-seong
Markis Kido Hendra Setiawan
20–22, 21–11, 6–21
Runner-up
2012
French Open
Lee Yong-dae
Bodin Isara Maneepong Jongjit
22–24, 21–17, 21–11
Winner
2012
China Open
Lee Yong-dae
Mathias Boe Carsten Mogensen
15–21, 14–21
Runner-up
2013
Korea Open
Lee Yong-dae
Mathias Boe Carsten Mogensen
19–21, 21–13, 21–10
Winner
2013
India Open
Lee Yong-dae
Liu Xiaolong Qiu Zihan
20–22, 18–21
Runner-up
2013
Indonesia Open
Lee Yong-dae
Mohammad Ahsan Hendra Setiawan
14–21, 18–21
Runner-up
2013
Singapore Open
Lee Yong-dae
Mohammad Ahsan Hendra Setiawan
15–21, 18–21
Runner-up
2013
China Masters
Lee Yong-dae
Hiroyuki Endo Kenichi Hayakawa
25–23, 21–19
Winner
2015
Indonesia Open
Shin Baek-cheol
Fu Haifeng Zhang Nan
21–16, 16–21, 21–19
Winner
2016
Japan Open
Kim Gi-jung
Li Junhui Liu Yuchen
12–21, 12–21
Runner-up
Mixed doubles
Year
Tournament
Partner
Opponent
Score
Result
2009
All England Open
Ha Jung-eun
He Hanbin Yu Yang
21–13, 15–21, 9–21
Runner-up
2013
India Open
Kim Ha-na
Tontowi Ahmad Liliyana Natsir
16–21, 13–21
Runner-up
2014
India Open
Kim Ha-na
Joachim Fischer Nielsen Christinna Pedersen
16–21, 21–18, 18–21
Runner-up
2014
Australian Open
Kim Ha-na
Michael Fuchs Birgit Michels
21–16, 21–17
Winner
2015
Denmark Open
Kim Ha-na
Tontowi Ahmad Liliyana Natsir
20–22, 21–18, 21–9
Winner
2015
French Open
Kim Ha-na
Praveen Jordan Debby Susanto
21–10, 15–21, 21–19
Winner
2015
Dubai World Superseries Finals
Kim Ha-na
Chris Adcock Gabby Adcock
14–21, 17–21
Runner-up
2016
Singapore Open
Kim Ha-na
Xu Chen Ma Jin
21–17, 21–14
Winner
2016
Indonesia Open
Kim Ha-na
Xu Chen Ma Jin
15–21, 21–16, 13–21
Runner-up
2016
Japan Open
Kim Ha-na
Zheng Siwei Chen Qingchen
10–21, 15–21
Runner-up
2016
Korea Open
Kim Ha-na
Zheng Siwei Chen Qingchen
21–14, 21–19
Winner
2016
French Open
Kim Ha-na
Zheng Siwei Chen Qingchen
16–21, 15–21
Runner-up
BWF Superseries Finals tournament
BWF Superseries Premier tournament
BWF Superseries tournament
BWF Grand Prix (18 titles, 7 runners-up)
The BWF Grand Prix had two levels, the Grand Prix and Grand Prix Gold. It was a series of badminton tournaments sanctioned by the Badminton World Federation (BWF) and played between 2007 and 2017.
Men's doubles
Year
Tournament
Partner
Opponent
Score
Result
2007
Vietnam Open
Kwon Yi-goo
Cho Gun-woo Kang Myeong-won
21–17, 21–12
Winner
2010
Macau Open
Yoo Yeon-seong
Hendra Aprida Gunawan Alvent Yulianto
21–17, 21–15
Winner
2010
Korea Grand Prix
Yoo Yeon-seong
Jung Jae-sung Lee Yong-dae
21–18, 18–21, 25–27
Runner-up
2011
Swiss Open
Yoo Yeon-seong
Jung Jae-sung Lee Yong-dae
21–17, 21–16
Winner
2011
U.S. Open
Lee Yong-dae
Howard Bach Tony Gunawan
21–9, 21–19
Winner
2011
Canada Open
Lee Yong-dae
Liu Xiaolong Qiu Zihan
21–18, 21–16
Winner
2011
Chinese Taipei Open
Yoo Yeon-seong
Jung Jae-sung Lee Yong-dae
23–21, 21–17
Winner
2011
Macau Open
Yoo Yeon-seong
Chai Biao Guo Zhendong
19–21, 19–21
Runner-up
2011
Korea Grand Prix Gold
Yoo Yeon-seong
Jung Jae-sung Lee Yong-dae
21–15, 24–22
Winner
2012
Korea Grand Prix Gold
Lee Yong-dae
Kim Gi-jung Kim Sa-rang
21–12, 21–11
Winner
2012
India Grand Prix Gold
Lee Yong-dae
Kang Ji-wook Lee Sang-joon
21–13, 21–19
Winner
2013
Swiss Open
Lee Yong-dae
Chai Biao Hong Wei
14–21, 21–18, 14–21
Runner-up
2013
Korea Grand Prix Gold
Shin Baek-cheol
Kim Gi-jung Kim Sa-rang
15–21, 21–18, 23–25
Runner-up
2014
Korea Grand Prix
Shin Baek-cheol
Lee Yong-dae Yoo Yeon-seong
18–21, 19–21
Runner-up
2015
Korea Masters
Shin Baek-cheol
Kim Gi-jung Kim Sa-rang
21–16, 18–21, 19–21
Runner-up
2015
Macau Open
Shin Baek-cheol
Berry Angriawan Rian Agung Saputro
22–20, 21–14
Winner
2016
German Open
Shin Baek-cheol
Lee Yong-dae Yoo Yeon-seong
20–22, 21–18, 21–17
Winner
2016
New Zealand Open
Shin Baek-cheol
Angga Pratama Ricky Karanda Suwardi
21–18, 21–14
Winner
2016
Korea Masters
Kim Jae-hwan
Lee Jhe-huei Lee Yang
21–19, 21–18
Winner
Mixed doubles
Year
Tournament
Partner
Opponent
Score
Result
2011
Chinese Taipei Open
Eom Hye-won
Tontowi Ahmad Liliyana Natsir
24–22, 16–21, 21–17
Winner
2014
German Open
Kim Ha-na
Robert Blair Imogen Bankier
15–21, 18–21
Runner-up
2015
Chinese Taipei Open
Kim Ha-na
Shin Baek-cheol Chae Yoo-jung
21–16, 21–18
Winner
2015
Korea Masters
Kim Ha-na
Shin Baek-cheol Chae Yoo-jung
19–21, 21–17, 21–19
Winner
2016
German Open
Kim Ha-na
Shin Baek-cheol Chae Yoo-jung
21–19, 21–12
Winner
2016
Korea Masters
Kim Ha-na
Dechapol Puavaranukroh Sapsiree Taerattanachai
21–19, 21–16
Winner
BWF Grand Prix Gold tournament
BWF Grand Prix tournament
BWF International Challenge/Series (5 titles, 2 runners-up)
Men's doubles
Year
Tournament
Partner
Opponent
Score
Result
2007
Korea International
Kwon Yi-goo
Hong In-pyo Choi Min-ho
21–10, 21–13
Winner
2008
Osaka International
Kwon Yi-goo
Keishi Kawaguchi Naoki Kawamae
21–11, 21–16
Winner
2009
Korea International
Yoo Yeon-seong
Lee Yong-dae Jung Jae-sung
19–21, 21–15, 15–21
Runner-up
2012
India International
Lee Yong-dae
Cho Gun-woo Kim Dae-eun
21–11, 21–10
Winner
2018
Malaysia International
Shin Baek-cheol
Lin Shang-kai Tseng Min-hao
21–18, 30–29
Winner
2019
Osaka International
Shin Baek-cheol
Kang Min-hyuk Kim Jae-hwan
21–13, 21–16
Winner
Mixed doubles
Year
Tournament
Partner
Opponent
Score
Result
2009
Korea International
Ha Jung-eun
Lee Yong-dae Lee Hyo-jung
14–21, 21–15, 9–21
Runner-up
BWF International Challenge tournament
BWF International Series tournament
References
^ a b c d "세계선수권 우승 고성현·신백철…AG '金빛' 특명". Asia Business Daily (in Korean). 3 September 2014. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
^ "Ko Sung Hyun". Victor Sport. 15 August 2009. Archived from the original on 30 May 2012.
^ Hearn, Don (15 March 2015). "Ko Sung Hyun – This champion can win with anyone". Badzine. Archived from the original on 14 August 2020. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
^ "박성환, 배드민턴 세계선수권 결승행 실패". The Hankyoreh (in Korean). 29 August 2010. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
^ " 남복 고성현-유연성 2% 부족함 채워라". Badminton Times (in Korean). 12 July 2012. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
^ Choi, Song-ah (31 May 2013). "이용대-고성현, 배드민턴 男복식 세계 1위 등극(종합)". Yonhap News Agency (in Korean). Archived from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 27 November 2020.
^ "한국 배드민턴 기분좋은 경쟁바람 분다". The Chosun Ilbo (in Korean). 7 March 2016. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
^ "Li-Ning BWF World Championships 2014 – Review: Epic Battles in Ballerup". Badminton World Federation. Retrieved 5 April 2016.
^ "The Star Australian Badminton Open 2014 – Day 6: Superseries Hat-trick for Lee/Yoo". Badminton World Federation. Retrieved 5 April 2016.
^ "고성현·김하나, BWF 세계랭킹 '혼합복식 1위'". Korean Broadcasting System (in Korean). 30 September 2016. Archived from the original on 20 December 2020. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
^ Alleyne, Gayle (19 March 2017). "BWF Launches New Events Structure". Badminton World Federation. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 29 November 2017.
^ Sukumar, Dev (10 January 2018). "Action-Packed Season Ahead!". Badminton World Federation. Archived from the original on 13 January 2018. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
^ "BWF Launches Super Series". Badminton Australia. 15 December 2006. Archived from the original on 6 October 2007.
^ "Yonex All England Elevated To BWF Premier Super Series Event". IBadmintonstore. Archived from the original on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 29 September 2013.
External links
Ko Sung-hyun at BWF.tournamentsoftware.com
Ko Sung-hyun at Olympics at Sports-Reference.com (archived)
vteWorld badminton men's doubles champions
1977: Tjun Tjun & Johan Wahjudi (INA)
1978 (WBF): Hou Jiachang & Yu Yaodong (CHN)
1979 (WBF): Sun Zhian & Yao Ximing (CHN)
1980: Ade Chandra & Christian Hadinata (INA)
1983: Steen Fladberg & Jesper Helledie (DEN)
1985: Kim Moon-soo & Park Joo-bong (KOR)
1987: Li Yongbo & Tian Bingyi (CHN)
1989: Li Yongbo & Tian Bingyi (CHN)
1991: Kim Moon-soo & Park Joo-bong (KOR)
1993: Rudy Gunawan & Ricky Subagja (INA)
1995: Rexy Mainaky & Ricky Subagja (INA)
1997: Sigit Budiarto & Candra Wijaya (INA)
1999: Ha Tae-kwon & Kim Dong-moon (KOR)
2001: Tony Gunawan & Halim Haryanto (INA)
2003: Lars Paaske & Jonas Rasmussen (DEN)
2005: Howard Bach & Tony Gunawan (USA)
2006: Cai Yun & Fu Haifeng (CHN)
2007: Markis Kido & Hendra Setiawan (INA)
2009: Cai Yun & Fu Haifeng (CHN)
2010: Cai Yun & Fu Haifeng (CHN)
2011: Cai Yun & Fu Haifeng (CHN)
2013: Mohammad Ahsan & Hendra Setiawan (INA)
2014: Ko Sung-hyun & Shin Baek-cheol (KOR)
2015: Mohammad Ahsan & Hendra Setiawan (INA)
2017: Liu Cheng & Zhang Nan (CHN)
2018: Li Junhui & Liu Yuchen (CHN)
2019: Mohammad Ahsan & Hendra Setiawan (INA)
2021: Takuro Hoki & Yugo Kobayashi (JPN)
2022: Aaron Chia & Soh Wooi Yik (MAS)
2023: Kang Min-hyuk & Seo Seung-jae (KOR)
vteAsian Games badminton men's team champions
1962: Tutang Djamaluddin, Liem Tjeng Kiang, Ferry Sonneville, Tan Joe Hok, Abdul Patah Unang (INA)
1966: Narong Bhornchima, Chavalert Chumkum, Raphi Kanchanaraphi, Channarong Ratanaseangsuang, Sangob Rattanusorn, Tuly Ulao, Charoen Wattanasin (THA)
1970: Indra Gunawan, Rudy Hartono, Indratno, Mintarja, Muljadi (INA)
1974: Chen Tianxiang, Chen Xinhui, Fang Kaixiang, Hou Jiachang, Tang Xianhu, Yu Yaodong (CHN)
1978: Ade Chandra, Christian Hadinata, Rudy Heryanto, Liem Swie King, Iie Sumirat (INA)
1982: Chen Changjie, Han Jian, Lin Jiangli, Luan Jin, Sun Zhian, Yao Ximing (CHN)
1986: Choi Byung-hak, Kim Chang-kook, Kim Joong-soo, Kim Moon-soo, Lee Deuk-choon, Park Joo-bong, Park Sung-bae, Sung Han-kook (KOR)
1990: Huang Zhanzhong, Li Yongbo, Tian Bingyi, Wu Wenkai, Xiong Guobao, Yang Yang, Zhao Jianhua, Zheng Yumin (CHN)
1994: Hariyanto Arbi, Rudy Gunawan, Rexy Mainaky, Ricky Subagja, Bambang Suprianto, Joko Suprianto, Hermawan Susanto, Ardy Wiranata (INA)
1998: Tony Gunawan, Hendrawan, Taufik Hidayat, Tri Kusharjanto, Rexy Mainaky, Budi Santoso, Ricky Subagja, Candra Wijaya (INA)
2002: Ha Tae-kwon, Jang Young-soo, Kim Dong-moon, Lee Dong-soo, Lee Hyun-il, Lee Jae-jin, Park Tae-sang, Shon Seung-mo, Yim Bang-eun, Yoo Yong-sung (KOR)
2006: Bao Chunlai, Cai Yun, Chen Jin, Fu Haifeng, Guo Zhendong, Lin Dan, Xie Zhongbo, Zheng Bo (CHN)
2010: Bao Chunlai, Cai Yun, Chen Jin, Chen Long, Fu Haifeng, Guo Zhendong, He Hanbin, Lin Dan, Xu Chen, Zhang Nan (CHN)
2014: Jeon Hyeok-jin, Kim Gi-jung, Kim Sa-rang, Ko Sung-hyun, Lee Dong-keun, Lee Hyun-il, Lee Yong-dae, Shin Baek-cheol, Son Wan-ho, Yoo Yeon-seong (KOR)
2018: Chen Long, Li Junhui, Lin Dan, Liu Cheng, Liu Yuchen, Qiao Bin, Shi Yuqi, Wang Yilyu, Zhang Nan, Zheng Siwei (CHN)
2022: Feng Yanzhe, Li Shifeng, Liang Weikeng, Liu Yuchen, Lu Guangzu, Ou Xuanyi, Shi Yuqi, Wang Chang, Weng Hongyang, Zheng Siwei (CHN)
vteAsian badminton men's doubles champions
1962: Ng Boon Bee & Tan Yee Khan (MAL)
1965: Narong Bhornchima & Chavalert Chumkum (THA)
1969: Punch Gunalan & Ng Boon Bee (MAS)
1971: Indra Gunawan & Nara Sudjana (INA)
1976: Ade Chandra & Tjun Tjun (INA)
1983: He Shangquan & Jiang Guoliang (CHN)
1985: Kim Moon-soo & Park Joo-bong (KOR)
1991: Kim Moon-soo & Park Joo-bong (KOR)
1992: Jalani Sidek & Razif Sidek (MAS)
1994: Chen Hongyong & Chen Kang (CHN)
1995: Cheah Soon Kit & Yap Kim Hock (MAS)
1996: Ade Sutrisna & Candra Wijaya (INA)
1997: Antonius Ariantho & Denny Kantono (INA)
1998: Ha Tae-kwon & Kang Kyung-jin (KOR)
1999: Ha Tae-kwon & Kim Dong-moon (KOR)
2000: Tony Gunawan & Rexy Mainaky (INA)
2001: Tri Kusharjanto & Bambang Suprianto (INA)
2002: Ha Tae-kwon & Kim Dong-moon (KOR)
2003: Lee Dong-soo & Yoo Yong-sung (KOR)
2004: Sigit Budiarto & Tri Kusharjanto (INA)
2005: Markis Kido & Hendra Setiawan (INA)
2006: Choong Tan Fook & Lee Wan Wah (MAS)
2007: Choong Tan Fook & Lee Wan Wah (MAS)
2008: Jung Jae-sung & Lee Yong-dae (KOR)
2009: Markis Kido & Hendra Setiawan (INA)
2010: Cho Gun-woo & Yoo Yeon-seong (KOR)
2011: Cai Yun & Fu Haifeng (CHN)
2012: Kim Gi-jung & Kim Sa-rang (KOR)
2013: Ko Sung-hyun & Lee Yong-dae (KOR)
2014: Shin Baek-cheol & Yoo Yeon-seong (KOR)
2015: Lee Yong-dae & Yoo Yeon-seong (KOR)
2016: Lee Yong-dae & Yoo Yeon-seong (KOR)
2017: Li Junhui & Liu Yuchen (CHN)
2018: Li Junhui & Liu Yuchen (CHN)
2019: Hiroyuki Endo & Yuta Watanabe (JPN)
2022: Pramudya Kusumawardana & Yeremia Rambitan (INA)
2023: Satwiksairaj Rankireddy & Chirag Shetty (IND)
2024: Liang Weikeng & Wang Chang (CHN)
vteAsian badminton mixed doubles champions
1962: Lim Say Hup & Ng Mei Ling (MAL)
1965: Tan Yee Khan (MAS) & Angela Bairstow (ENG)
1971: Christian Hadinata & Retno Kustijah (INA)
1976: Fang Kaihsiang & He Cuiling (CHN)
1983: Park Joo-bong & Kim Yun-ja (KOR)
1991: Park Joo-bong & Chung Myung-hee (KOR)
1992: Joko Mardianto & Sri Untari (INA)
1994: Chen Xingdong & Sun Man (CHN)
1995: Liu Jianjun & Ge Fei (CHN)
1996: Tri Kusharjanto & Lili Tampi (INA)
1997: Zhang Jun & Liu Lu (CHN)
1998: Kim Dong-moon & Ra Kyung-min (KOR)
1999: Kim Dong-moon & Ra Kyung-min (KOR)
2000: Bambang Suprianto & Minarti Timur (INA)
2001: Kim Dong-moon & Ra Kyung-min (KOR)
2002: Zhang Jun & Gao Ling (CHN)
2003: Nova Widianto & Vita Marissa (INA)
2004: Kim Dong-moon & Ra Kyung-min (KOR)
2005: Sudket Prapakamol & Saralee Thungthongkam (THA)
2006: Nova Widianto & Liliyana Natsir (INA)
2007: He Hanbin & Yu Yang (CHN)
2008: Flandy Limpele & Vita Marissa (INA)
2009: Lee Yong-dae & Lee Hyo-jung (KOR)
2010: Chan Peng Soon & Goh Liu Ying (MAS)
2011: Zhang Nan & Zhao Yunlei (CHN)
2012: Zhang Nan & Zhao Yunlei (CHN)
2013: Ko Sung-hyun & Kim Ha-na (KOR)
2014: Lee Chun Hei & Chau Hoi Wah (HKG)
2015: Tontowi Ahmad & Liliyana Natsir (INA)
2016: Zhang Nan & Zhao Yunlei (CHN)
2017: Lu Kai & Huang Yaqiong (CHN)
2018: Wang Yilyu & Huang Dongping (CHN)
2019: Wang Yilyu & Huang Dongping (CHN)
2022: Zheng Siwei & Huang Yaqiong (CHN)
2023: Jiang Zhenbang & Wei Yaxin (CHN)
2024: Feng Yanzhe & Huang Dongping (CHN)
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Korean name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_name"},{"link_name":"Ko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko_(surname)"},{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language"},{"link_name":"[ko.sʌŋ.ɦjʌŋ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Korean"},{"link_name":"badminton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badminton"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"BWF World Champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BWF_World_Championships"},{"link_name":"Badminton Asian Champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badminton_Asia_Championships"},{"link_name":"Asian Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badminton_at_the_Asian_Games"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wc-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"2010 World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_BWF_World_Championships"},{"link_name":"Ha Jung-eun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha_Jung-eun"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Yoo Yeon-seong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoo_Yeon-seong"},{"link_name":"2009 Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Badminton_Asia_Championships"},{"link_name":"2011 World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_BWF_World_Championships"},{"link_name":"BWF world ranking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BWF_World_Ranking"},{"link_name":"2012 London Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badminton_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Lee Yong-dae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Yong-dae"},{"link_name":"2013 Asian Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Badminton_Asia_Championships"},{"link_name":"Summer Universiade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badminton_at_the_2013_Summer_Universiade"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Shin Baek-cheol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shin_Baek-cheol"},{"link_name":"2014 World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_BWF_World_Championships"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Kim Ha-na","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Ha-na"},{"link_name":"2014 Australian Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Australian_Super_Series"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"2016 Rio Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badminton_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"In this Korean name, the family name is Ko.Badminton playerKo Sung-hyun (Korean: 고성현; Korean pronunciation: [ko.sʌŋ.ɦjʌŋ]; born 21 May 1987) is a South Korean badminton player affiliated with Gimcheon City Hall.[2] He is a former world number 1 both in the men's and mixed doubles. Ko is a BWF World Champion, two time Badminton Asian Champion, and Asian Games gold medalist.[1][3]Ko started to get the attention of the World and Korean badminton when he won the bronze medal at the 2010 World Championships partnered with Ha Jung-eun.[4] Competed in the men's doubles with Yoo Yeon-seong, Ko have achieved several milestones, including won the silver medals at the 2009 Asian and 2011 World Championships, reached a career high as world number 2 at the BWF world ranking. Ko and Yoo ended their partnerships after participating in 2012 London Olympics.[5] Ko then topped the men's doubles BWF world ranking partnered with Lee Yong-dae in May 2013. Ko and Lee were a gold medalists at the 2013 Asian Championships and Summer Universiade.[6][7]Teamed-up with Shin Baek-cheol, Ko won the gold medal at the 2014 World Championships.[8] Together with Kim Ha-na, Ko clinched the 2013 Asian Championships title and won his first Superseries title in the mixed doubles at the 2014 Australian Open.[9] Ko and Kim participated at the 2016 Rio Olympics, reaching in to the quarter finals stage, and occupied the mixed doubles world number 1 in September 2016.[10]","title":"Ko Sung-hyun"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"BWF World Championships","text":"Men's doublesMixed doubles","title":"Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Asian Championships","text":"Men's doublesMixed doubles","title":"Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Summer Universiade","text":"Men's doubles","title":"Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Badminton World Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badminton_World_Federation"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"BWF World Tour (7 titles, 3 runners-up)","text":"The BWF World Tour, which was announced on 19 March 2017 and implemented in 2018,[11] is a series of elite badminton tournaments sanctioned by the Badminton World Federation (BWF). The BWF World Tour is divided into levels of World Tour Finals, Super 1000, Super 750, Super 500, Super 300 (part of the HSBC World Tour), and the BWF Tour Super 100.[12]Men's doublesMixed doubles","title":"Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Badminton World Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badminton_World_Federation"},{"link_name":"Superseries and Superseries Premier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BWF_Superseries"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ko_Sung-hyun_%26_Kim_Ha-na_Indonesia_Open_2016.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kim Ha-na","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Ha-na"},{"link_name":"BWF Superseries Finals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BWF_Superseries_Finals"},{"link_name":"BWF Superseries Premier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BWF_Superseries"},{"link_name":"BWF Superseries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BWF_Superseries"}],"sub_title":"BWF Superseries (11 titles, 16 runners-up)","text":"The BWF Superseries, which was launched on 14 December 2006 and implemented in 2007,[13] was a series of elite badminton tournaments, sanctioned by the Badminton World Federation (BWF). BWF Superseries levels were Superseries and Superseries Premier. A season of Superseries consisted of twelve tournaments around the world that had been introduced since 2011.[14] Successful players were invited to the Superseries Finals, which were held at the end of each year.Ko (left) with his partner in the mixed doubles Kim Ha-na.Men's doublesMixed doublesBWF Superseries Finals tournament\n BWF Superseries Premier tournament\n BWF Superseries tournament","title":"Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grand Prix and Grand Prix Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BWF_Grand_Prix_and_Grand_Prix_Gold"},{"link_name":"Badminton World Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badminton_World_Federation"},{"link_name":"BWF Grand Prix Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BWF_Grand_Prix_Gold_and_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"BWF Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BWF_Grand_Prix_Gold_and_Grand_Prix"}],"sub_title":"BWF Grand Prix (18 titles, 7 runners-up)","text":"The BWF Grand Prix had two levels, the Grand Prix and Grand Prix Gold. It was a series of badminton tournaments sanctioned by the Badminton World Federation (BWF) and played between 2007 and 2017.Men's doublesMixed doublesBWF Grand Prix Gold tournament\n BWF Grand Prix tournament","title":"Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BWF International Challenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BWF_International_Challenge"},{"link_name":"BWF International Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BWF_International_Series"}],"sub_title":"BWF International Challenge/Series (5 titles, 2 runners-up)","text":"Men's doublesMixed doublesBWF International Challenge tournament\n BWF International Series tournament","title":"Achievements"}]
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[{"image_text":"Ko (left) with his partner in the mixed doubles Kim Ha-na.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Ko_Sung-hyun_%26_Kim_Ha-na_Indonesia_Open_2016.jpg/250px-Ko_Sung-hyun_%26_Kim_Ha-na_Indonesia_Open_2016.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"\"세계선수권 우승 고성현·신백철…AG '金빛' 특명\". Asia Business Daily (in Korean). 3 September 2014. Retrieved 20 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.asiae.co.kr/article/2014090308391557142","url_text":"\"세계선수권 우승 고성현·신백철…AG '金빛' 특명\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ko Sung Hyun\". Victor Sport. 15 August 2009. Archived from the original on 30 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120530024554/http://www.victorsport.com/victor_number.php?id=6rw9OcLCRIN6zLQ9WOyhZwWk6hYnVj","url_text":"\"Ko Sung Hyun\""},{"url":"http://www.victorsport.com/victor_number.php?id=6rw9OcLCRIN6zLQ9WOyhZwWk6hYnVj","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hearn, Don (15 March 2015). \"Ko Sung Hyun – This champion can win with anyone\". Badzine. Archived from the original on 14 August 2020. Retrieved 22 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.badzine.net/2015/03/ko-sung-hyun-this-champion-can-win-with-anyone/","url_text":"\"Ko Sung Hyun – This champion can win with anyone\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200814045521/https://www.badzine.net/2015/03/ko-sung-hyun-this-champion-can-win-with-anyone/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"박성환, 배드민턴 세계선수권 결승행 실패\". The Hankyoreh (in Korean). 29 August 2010. Retrieved 20 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hani.co.kr/arti/sports/sports_general/437277.html","url_text":"\"박성환, 배드민턴 세계선수권 결승행 실패\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hankyoreh","url_text":"The Hankyoreh"}]},{"reference":"\"[올림픽④] 남복 고성현-유연성 2% 부족함 채워라\". Badminton Times (in Korean). 12 July 2012. Retrieved 20 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.badmintontimes.com/article2/articleRead.jsp?menunum=101&no=4516","url_text":"\"[올림픽④] 남복 고성현-유연성 2% 부족함 채워라\""}]},{"reference":"Choi, Song-ah (31 May 2013). \"이용대-고성현, 배드민턴 男복식 세계 1위 등극(종합)\". Yonhap News Agency (in Korean). Archived from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 27 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20130531029351007","url_text":"\"이용대-고성현, 배드민턴 男복식 세계 1위 등극(종합)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yonhap_News_Agency","url_text":"Yonhap News Agency"},{"url":"https://archive.today/20201127070335/https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20130531029351007","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"한국 배드민턴 기분좋은 경쟁바람 분다\". The Chosun Ilbo (in Korean). 7 March 2016. Retrieved 20 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2016/03/08/2016030800426.html","url_text":"\"한국 배드민턴 기분좋은 경쟁바람 분다\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chosun_Ilbo","url_text":"The Chosun Ilbo"}]},{"reference":"\"Li-Ning BWF World Championships 2014 – Review: Epic Battles in Ballerup\". Badminton World Federation. Retrieved 5 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bwfbadminton.org/news_item.aspx?id=87448","url_text":"\"Li-Ning BWF World Championships 2014 – Review: Epic Battles in Ballerup\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Star Australian Badminton Open 2014 – Day 6: Superseries Hat-trick for Lee/Yoo\". Badminton World Federation. Retrieved 5 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bwfbadminton.org/news_item.aspx?id=86113","url_text":"\"The Star Australian Badminton Open 2014 – Day 6: Superseries Hat-trick for Lee/Yoo\""}]},{"reference":"\"고성현·김하나, BWF 세계랭킹 '혼합복식 1위'\". Korean Broadcasting System (in Korean). 30 September 2016. Archived from the original on 20 December 2020. Retrieved 20 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://mn.kbs.co.kr/news/view.do?ncd=3353851","url_text":"\"고성현·김하나, BWF 세계랭킹 '혼합복식 1위'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Broadcasting_System","url_text":"Korean Broadcasting System"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201220221721/http://mn.kbs.co.kr/news/view.do?ncd=3353851","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Alleyne, Gayle (19 March 2017). \"BWF Launches New Events Structure\". Badminton World Federation. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 29 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171201164159/http://bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2017/03/19/bwf-launches-new-event-structure/","url_text":"\"BWF Launches New Events Structure\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badminton_World_Federation","url_text":"Badminton World Federation"},{"url":"http://bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2017/03/19/bwf-launches-new-event-structure/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sukumar, Dev (10 January 2018). \"Action-Packed Season Ahead!\". Badminton World Federation. Archived from the original on 13 January 2018. Retrieved 15 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://bwfworldtour.com/news-single/2018/01/10/action-packed-season-ahead/","url_text":"\"Action-Packed Season Ahead!\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180113162925/http://bwfworldtour.com/news-single/2018/01/10/action-packed-season-ahead/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"BWF Launches Super Series\". Badminton Australia. 15 December 2006. Archived from the original on 6 October 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071006123828/http://www.badminton.org.au/index.php?id=22&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=136&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=2&cHash=26fb36d8a5","url_text":"\"BWF Launches Super Series\""},{"url":"http://www.badminton.org.au/index.php?id=22&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=136&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=2&cHash=26fb36d8a5","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Yonex All England Elevated To BWF Premier Super Series Event\". IBadmintonstore. Archived from the original on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 29 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131002005757/http://www.ibadmintonstore.com/iBADMINTONstore-News/Yonex-All-England-Elevated-To-BWF-Premier-Super-Se.aspx","url_text":"\"Yonex All England Elevated To BWF Premier Super Series Event\""},{"url":"http://www.ibadmintonstore.com/iBADMINTONstore-News/Yonex-All-England-Elevated-To-BWF-Premier-Super-Se.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_from_Babylon
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Home from Babylon
|
["1 Cast","2 References","3 Bibliography","4 External links"]
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1941 film
Home from BabylonDirected byAlf SjöbergWritten bySigfrid SiwertzAlf SjöbergBased onHome from Babylon by Sigfrid SiwertzStarringGerd Hagman Arnold Sjöstrand Georg RydebergCinematographyKarl-Erik AlbertsEdited byTage HolmbergMusic byMiff Görling Arthur Österwall Seymour ÖsterwallProductioncompanyWivefilmDistributed byWivefilmRelease date
23 December 1941 (1941-12-23)
Running time106 minutesCountrySwedenLanguageSwedish
Home from Babylon (Swedish: Hem från Babylon) is a 1941 Swedish drama film directed by Alf Sjöberg and starring Gerd Hagman, Arnold Sjöstrand and Georg Rydeberg. It was based on a 1923 novel of the same title by Sigfrid Siwertz. It was shot at the Centrumateljéerna Studios in Stockholm and on location around the city. The film's sets were designed by the art director Bertil Duroj.
Cast
Gerd Hagman as Britta von Wendt
Arnold Sjöstrand as Linus Treffenberg
Georg Rydeberg as Cesar Lee
Anders Henrikson as Sergej Nabocof
Irma Christenson as Marcelle
Olof Widgren as John Bidencap
Rune Carlsten as Wigelius
Georg Funkquist as Hugo
Barbro Kollberg as Gunborg
Frank Sundström as Marabou
References
^ "Hem från Babylon". Swedish Film Database. Archived from the original on 19 September 2012. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
^ Gustafsson p.37
^ Qvist & Von Bagh p.131
^ Goble p. 431
Bibliography
Goble, Alan. The Complete Index to Literary Sources in Film. Walter de Gruyter, 1999.
Gustafsson, Fredrik. The Man from the Third Row: Hasse Ekman, Swedish Cinema and the Long Shadow of Ingmar Bergman. Berghahn Books, 2016.
Qvist, Per Olov & von Bagh, Peter. Guide to the Cinema of Sweden and Finland. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000.
External links
Home from Babylon at IMDb
vteFilms directed by Alf Sjöberg
The Strongest (1929)
They Staked Their Lives (1940)
Blossom Time (1940)
Home from Babylon (1941)
The Heavenly Play (1942)
Kungajakt (1944)
Torment (1944)
The Journey Away (1945)
Iris and the Lieutenant (1946)
Only a Mother (1949)
Miss Julie (1951)
Barabbas (1953)
Karin Månsdotter (1954)
Wild Birds (1955)
Last Pair Out (1956)
The Judge (1960)
Ön (1966)
This article related to a Swedish film of the 1940s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_language"},{"link_name":"drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_film"},{"link_name":"Alf Sjöberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alf_Sj%C3%B6berg"},{"link_name":"Gerd Hagman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Hagman"},{"link_name":"Arnold Sjöstrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Sj%C3%B6strand"},{"link_name":"Georg Rydeberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Rydeberg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sfdb-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Sigfrid Siwertz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigfrid_Siwertz"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"on location","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Location_shooting"},{"link_name":"art director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_director"},{"link_name":"Bertil Duroj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertil_Duroj"}],"text":"Home from Babylon (Swedish: Hem från Babylon) is a 1941 Swedish drama film directed by Alf Sjöberg and starring Gerd Hagman, Arnold Sjöstrand and Georg Rydeberg.[1][2][3] It was based on a 1923 novel of the same title by Sigfrid Siwertz.[4] It was shot at the Centrumateljéerna Studios in Stockholm and on location around the city. The film's sets were designed by the art director Bertil Duroj.","title":"Home from Babylon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gerd Hagman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Hagman"},{"link_name":"Arnold Sjöstrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Sj%C3%B6strand"},{"link_name":"Georg Rydeberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Rydeberg"},{"link_name":"Anders Henrikson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Henrikson"},{"link_name":"Irma Christenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irma_Christenson"},{"link_name":"Olof Widgren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olof_Widgren"},{"link_name":"Rune Carlsten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rune_Carlsten"},{"link_name":"Georg Funkquist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Funkquist"},{"link_name":"Barbro Kollberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbro_Kollberg"},{"link_name":"Frank Sundström","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Sundstr%C3%B6m"}],"text":"Gerd Hagman as Britta von Wendt\nArnold Sjöstrand as Linus Treffenberg\nGeorg Rydeberg as Cesar Lee\nAnders Henrikson as Sergej Nabocof\nIrma Christenson as Marcelle\nOlof Widgren as John Bidencap\nRune Carlsten as Wigelius\nGeorg Funkquist as Hugo\nBarbro Kollberg as Gunborg\nFrank Sundström as Marabou","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Goble, Alan. The Complete Index to Literary Sources in Film. Walter de Gruyter, 1999.\nGustafsson, Fredrik. The Man from the Third Row: Hasse Ekman, Swedish Cinema and the Long Shadow of Ingmar Bergman. Berghahn Books, 2016.\nQvist, Per Olov & von Bagh, Peter. Guide to the Cinema of Sweden and Finland. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000.","title":"Bibliography"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Hem från Babylon\". Swedish Film Database. Archived from the original on 19 September 2012. Retrieved 15 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120919162848/http://www.sfi.se/en-GB/Swedish-film-database/Item/?type=MOVIE&itemid=3967","url_text":"\"Hem från Babylon\""},{"url":"http://www.sfi.se/en-GB/Swedish-film-database/Item/?type=MOVIE&itemid=3967","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120919162848/http://www.sfi.se/en-GB/Swedish-film-database/Item/?type=MOVIE&itemid=3967","external_links_name":"\"Hem från Babylon\""},{"Link":"http://www.sfi.se/en-GB/Swedish-film-database/Item/?type=MOVIE&itemid=3967","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0033706/","external_links_name":"Home from Babylon"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Home_from_Babylon&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.P._Morgan_%26_Company
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J.P. Morgan & Co.
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["1 Early history","1.1 House of Morgan","1.2 Financing of Allied bonds during World War I","1.3 Glass–Steagall Act and Morgan Stanley","1.4 Morgan Guaranty Trust","1.5 Return of J.P. Morgan & Co.","1.6 JPMorgan Chase","2 List of Chairmen and CEOs of J.P. Morgan & Co.","2.1 Chairmen of the Board of Directors","2.2 Chairmen and CEOs","3 See also","4 References","5 Sources","6 External links"]
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U.S. commercial and investment banking company
"House of Morgan" redirects here. For the building, see 23 Wall Street. For the Welsh dynasty descended from Morgan Hen, see kings of Morgannwg.
J.P. Morgan & Co.Company typeSubsidiaryIndustryInvestment bankingAsset managementPrivate bankingFounded1871; 153 years ago (1871)FounderJ. P. MorganAnthony DrexelHeadquartersNew York City, U.S.Number of employees26,314 (2010)ParentJPMorgan ChaseWebsitewww.jpmorgan.com
J.P. Morgan & Co. is an American financial institution specialized in investment banking, asset management and private banking founded by financier J. P. Morgan in 1871. Through a series of mergers and acquisitions, the company is now a subsidiary of JPMorgan Chase, one of the largest banking institutions in the world. The company has been historically referred to as the "House of Morgan" or simply Morgan.
For 146 years, until 2000, J.P. Morgan specialized in commercial banking, before a merger with Chase Manhattan Bank led to the business line spinning off under the Chase brand.
Early history
23 Wall Street, former headquarters of J.P. Morgan & Co.
The origins of the firm date back to 1854 when Junius S. Morgan joined George Peabody & Co. (which became Peabody, Morgan & Co.), a London-based banking business headed by George Peabody. Junius took control of the firm, changing its name to J.S. Morgan & Co. in 1864 on Peabody's retirement. Junius's son, J. Pierpont Morgan, first apprenticed at Duncan, Sherman, and Company in New York City, then founded his own firm with a cousin, J. Pierpont Morgan & Company, in 1864. J. Pierpont Morgan & Company traded in government bonds and foreign exchange. It also acted as an agent for Peabody's. Junius, however, considered some of Pierpont's ventures to be highly speculative. Therefore, Pierpont took on Charles H. Dabney (a connection established when Pierpont was sent to the Azores as a child) as a senior partner, and the firm was known first as Dabney, Morgan, and Company (beginning in 1864) and then "Drexel, Morgan & Co." (in 1871). In those firms, Pierpont used his Peabody connection to bring British financial capital together with the rapidly-growing U.S. industrial firms, such as railroads, which needed capital. The Drexel of Drexel, Morgan & Co. was Philadelphia banker Anthony J. Drexel, founder of what is now Drexel University.
House of Morgan
On Junius's death in 1890, Pierpont Morgan took his place at J.S. Morgan and Company. After Drexel's death, Drexel, Morgan reorganized in 1895 and became J.P. Morgan and Company. It financed the formation of the United States Steel Corporation, which took over the business of Andrew Carnegie and others and was the world's first billion-dollar corporation. In 1895, it supplied the United States government with $62 million in gold to float a bond issue and restore the treasury surplus of $100 million. In 1892, the company began to finance the New York, New Haven, and Hartford Railroad and led it through a series of acquisitions, which made it the dominant railroad transporter in New England. In 1905 a close alliance was formed with the banking house of J. P. Morgan & Co., New York, for joint action in international finance and issue operations, particularly the absorption of American securities by German investors with the Dresdner Bank.
The Wall Street bombing September 16, 1920: a bomb exploded in front of the headquarters of J.P. Morgan Inc. at 23 Wall Street, injuring 400 and killing 38 people.
Built in 1914, 23 Wall Street was known as "The Corner" and "The House of Morgan". At noon, on September 16, 1920, an anarchist bomb exploded in front of the bank, killing 38 and injuring 400. Shortly before the bomb went off, an unknown person placed a warning note in a mailbox at the corner of Cedar Street and Broadway. The warning read: "Remember we will not tolerate any longer. Free the political prisoners or it will be sure death for all of you. American Anarchists Fighters." While theories abound about who was behind the Wall Street bombing and why they did it, after twenty years of investigation the FBI rendered the file inactive in 1940 without ever finding the perpetrators.
Financing of Allied bonds during World War I
In August 1914, Henry P. Davison, a Morgan partner, traveled to London and made a deal with the Bank of England to make J.P. Morgan & Co. the sole underwriter of war bonds for Great Britain and France. The Bank of England became a fiscal agent of J.P. Morgan & Co. and vice versa. Over the course of the war, J.P. Morgan loaned about $1.5 billion (approximately $45.63 billion in today's dollars) to the Allies to fight against the Germans.: 63 The company also invested in the suppliers of war equipment to Britain and France, thus profiting from the financing and purchasing activities of the two European governments.
During the early 1920s, J.P. Morgan & Co. was active in promoting banks in the southern hemisphere, including the Bank of Central and South America.
Glass–Steagall Act and Morgan Stanley
In 1933, the provisions of the Glass–Steagall Act forced J.P. Morgan & Co. to separate its investment banking from its commercial banking operations. J.P. Morgan & Co. chose to operate as a commercial bank because after the stock market crash of 1929, investment banking was in some disrepute and commercial lending was perceived to be the more profitable and prestigious business. Also, many within J.P. Morgan believed that a change in the political climate would allow the company to resume its securities businesses but that it would be nearly impossible to reconstitute the bank if it were disassembled.
In 1935, after being barred from the securities business for over a year, the heads of J.P. Morgan made the decision to spin off its investment banking operations. Two J.P. Morgan partners, Henry S. Morgan (son of Jack Morgan and grandson of J. Pierpont Morgan) and Harold Stanley, founded Morgan Stanley on September 16, 1935, with $6.6 million of nonvoting preferred stock from J.P. Morgan partners. At the beginning, Morgan Stanley's headquarters were at 2 Wall Street, just down the street from J.P. Morgan, and Morgan Stanley bankers routinely used 23 Wall Street in closing transactions.
Morgan Guaranty Trust
Morgan Guaranty logo c. 1976
In the years following the spin-off of Morgan Stanley, the securities business proved robust, while the parent firm, which was incorporated in 1940, was less profitable. By the 1950s, J.P. Morgan was only a mid-sized bank. To bolster its position, in 1959, J.P. Morgan merged with the Guaranty Trust Company of New York to form the Morgan Guaranty Trust Company. The two banks already had numerous relationships between them and had complementary characteristics as J.P. Morgan brought a prestigious name and high-quality clients and bankers while Guaranty Trust brought a significant amount of capital. Although Guaranty Trust was nearly four times the size of J.P. Morgan at the time of the merger in 1959, J.P. Morgan was considered the buyer and nominal survivor and former J.P. Morgan employees were the primary managers of the merged company.
Return of J.P. Morgan & Co.
J.P. Morgan & Co. logo prior to its merger with Chase Manhattan Bank in 2000
Ten years after the merger, Morgan Guaranty established a bank holding company called J.P. Morgan & Co. Incorporated, but continued to operate as Morgan Guaranty through the 1980s before beginning to migrate back to use of the J.P. Morgan brand. In 1988, the company once again began operating exclusively as J.P. Morgan & Co.
Also in the 1980s, J.P. Morgan along with other commercial banks pushed the envelope of product offerings toward investment banking, beginning with the issuance of commercial paper. In 1989, the Federal Reserve permitted J.P. Morgan to be the first commercial bank to underwrite a corporate debt offering. In the 1990s, J.P. Morgan moved quickly to rebuild its investment banking operations and by the late 1990s would emerge as a top-five player in securities underwriting.
JPMorgan Chase
Main article: JPMorgan Chase
JPMorgan logo prior to its 2008 rebranding
By the late 1990s, J.P. Morgan had emerged as a large but not dominant commercial and investment banking franchise with an attractive brand name and a strong presence in debt and equity securities underwriting.
Beginning in 1998, J.P. Morgan openly discussed the possibility of a merger, and speculation of a pairing with banks such as Goldman Sachs, Chase Manhattan Bank, Credit Suisse and Deutsche Bank AG was prevalent. Chase Manhattan had emerged as one of the largest and fastest-growing commercial banks in the United States through a series of mergers over the previous decade. In 2000, Chase, which was looking for yet another transformational merger to improve its position in investment banking, merged with J.P. Morgan to form JPMorgan Chase & Co.
The combined JPMorgan Chase would become one of the largest banks both in the United States and globally offering a full complement of investment banking, commercial banking, retail banking, asset management, private banking and private equity businesses.
In 2004, JPMorgan began a joint venture with Cazenove, which combined Cazenove's investment banking operations with JPMorgan's UK investment banking business. By 2010 JPMorgan bought the company out. J.P. Morgan Cazenove is a marketing name for the U.K. investment banking businesses and EMEA cash equities and equity research businesses of JPMorgan Chase & Co. and its subsidiaries.
In 2005, JPMorgan Chase acknowledged that its two predecessor banks had received ownership of thousands of slaves as collateral prior to the Civil War. The company apologized for contributing to the "brutal and unjust institution" of slavery. The bank paid $5 million in reparations in the form of a scholarship program for Black students.
J.P. Morgan, the company itself, is still active as the business and investment banking subsidiary of JPMorgan Chase; Chase Manhattan Bank is still active as the personal banking subsidiary of the company.
List of Chairmen and CEOs of J.P. Morgan & Co.
J.P.Morgan office in Sydney
Following J.P. Morgan & Co.'s formation in 1871, John Pierpont "J. P." Morgan was universally accepted as its highest executive authority (despite holding the mere title of "senior partner"). Upon Morgan's death in 1913, the bank's leadership passed to his son, John Pierpont "Jack" Morgan Jr. Once J.P. Morgan & Co. was incorporated in 1942, Jack emerged as its first chief executive within his capacity as chairman of the board of directors. Henceforth, the bank would be led by 12 executives (eight of whom chaired the board of directors while simultaneously holding the title of CEO) before merging with Chase Manhattan Bank to become JPMorgan Chase.
Chairmen of the Board of Directors
J.P. Morgan Jr. (1942–1943)
Thomas W. Lamont (1943–1948)
Russell C. Leffingwell (1948–1950)
George Whitney (1950–1955)
Chairmen and CEOs
Henry C. Alexander (1955–1965)
Thomas S. Gates Jr. (1965–1969)
John Meyer Jr. (1969–1971)
Ellmore C. Patterson (1971–1978)
Walter Hines Page II (1978-1979)
Lewis Thompson Preston (1979–1990)
Dennis Weatherstone (1990–1995)
Douglas A. Warner III (1995–2000)
Jamie Dimon (2005-present)
See also
Banks portal
James Hood Wright
History of banking in the United States
J.P. Morgan Reserve Card (Palladium Card)
References
^ Chernow, Ron (1991). The House of Morgan: An American Banking Dynasty and the Rise of Modern Finance. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-73400-8. Archived from the original on April 8, 2023. Retrieved February 22, 2023.
^ Chernow, Ron (January 19, 2010). The House of Morgan: An American Banking Dynasty and the Rise of Modern Finance. Grove/Atlantic, Inc. ISBN 978-0-8021-9813-6. Archived from the original on April 8, 2023. Retrieved February 22, 2023.
^ Norris, Floyd (September 13, 2000). "Banking's Big Deal; A Deal Built on Weakness, and Strength". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 14, 2023. Retrieved January 14, 2023.
^ Ross Sorkin, Andrew (September 14, 2000). "Chase Manhattan to Acquire J.P. Morgan for $30.9 Billion". archive.nytimes.com. Archived from the original on January 14, 2023. Retrieved January 14, 2023.
^ Moody, John (1919). The Masters of capitalism. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. pp. 12–13. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
^ a b Strouse, Jean (2000). Morgan: American financier. New York: Perennial. ISBN 978-0-06-095589-2. OCLC 43050112.
^ Drexel's father, Francis Martin Drexel, founded Drexel & Company, which was a predecessor of Drexel Burnham Lambert; DBL collapsed in 1990.
^ Geoffrey Wolff (2003). Black Sun: The Brief Transit and Violent Eclipse of Harry Crosby. New York Review of Books. ISBN 1-59017-066-0. Archived from the original on June 30, 2023. Retrieved May 14, 2016.
^ "New York Bank History". Scripophily.com. Archived from the original on May 10, 2006. Retrieved August 2, 2007.
^ On October 11, 1989 J.P. Morgan & Co. underwrote an offering for Savannah Electric & Power, per the L.A. Times article, the first corporate debt offering underwritten by a commercial bank in the United States since 1933. Morgan Underwrites Debt Issue: J.P. Morgan Archived January 16, 2022, at the Wayback Machine (L.A. Times, October 11, 1989)
^ J.P. Morgan Weighs Merger And Cuts Jobs Archived June 7, 2008, at the Wayback Machine (New York Times, 1998)
^ Banking's Big Deal: The Trend; A Deal Built on Weakness, and Strength Archived June 7, 2008, at the Wayback Machine (New York Times, September 13, 2000)
^ Banking's Big Deal: The Overview; Chase Is Reported On Verge of Deal to Obtain Morgan Archived June 7, 2008, at the Wayback Machine (New York Times, September 13, 2000)
^ Emily Glazer (December 12, 2011). "J.P. Morgan's Bet on Cazenove Still Bearing Fruit". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on August 2, 2020. Retrieved April 8, 2020.
^ "JPMorgan Apologizes for Links to Slavery". NPR. Archived from the original on May 21, 2022. Retrieved May 21, 2022.
^ Teather, David (January 22, 2005). "Bank admits it owned slaves". The Guardian. Archived from the original on May 21, 2022. Retrieved May 21, 2022.
^ "From J.P. Morgan Chase, an Apology And $5 Million in Slavery Reparations". The New York Sun. February 2005. Archived from the original on February 5, 2023. Retrieved May 21, 2022.
^ "George Whitney, Jr". geni_family_tree. October 9, 1885. Archived from the original on June 2, 2022. Retrieved February 8, 2021.
^ "Henry C. Alexander - Leadership - Harvard Business School". www.hbs.edu. Archived from the original on July 25, 2022. Retrieved July 25, 2022.
^ "JOHN M. MEYER JR., 89, EX-CEO OF J.P. MORGAN". Sun Sentinel. July 7, 1996. Archived from the original on May 28, 2022. Retrieved October 10, 2020.
^ "Hall of Fame / Patterson, Ellmore C." www.lths.net.
^ "Walter Hines Page". geni_family_tree. August 29, 2023. Archived from the original on June 2, 2022. Retrieved October 10, 2020.
Sources
Carosso, Vincent P. The Morgans: Private International Bankers, 1854–1913. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987.
Carosso, Vincent P. Investment Banking in America: A History. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1970.
Chernow, Ron. The House of Morgan: An American Banking Dynasty and the Rise of Modern Finance, (2001) ISBN 0-8021-3829-2
Fraser, Steve. Every Man a Speculator: A History of Wall Street in American Life. New York:HarperCollins, 2005.
Geisst, Charles R. Wall Street: A History from Its Beginnings to the Fall of Enron. Oxford University Press. 2004. online edition
Moody, John. The Masters of Capital: A Chronicle of Wall Street. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1921.
Morris, Charles R. The Tycoons: How Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, Jay Gould, and J. P. Morgan Invented the American Supereconomy (2005) ISBN 978-0-8050-8134-3
Pak, Susie J. Gentlemen Bankers: The World of J.P. Morgan. (Harvard University Press, 2013) excerpt, 1890s-1930s
Strouse, Jean. Morgan: American Financier. Random House, 1999. 796 pp. ISBN 978-0-679-46275-0
External links
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Morgan & Co. is an American financial institution specialized in investment banking, asset management and private banking founded by financier J. P. Morgan in 1871. Through a series of mergers and acquisitions, the company is now a subsidiary of JPMorgan Chase, one of the largest banking institutions in the world. The company has been historically referred to as the \"House of Morgan\" or simply Morgan.[1][2]For 146 years, until 2000, J.P. Morgan specialized in commercial banking, before a merger with Chase Manhattan Bank led to the business line spinning off under the Chase brand.[3][4]","title":"J.P. Morgan & Co."},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:23_Wall_Street_New_York.jpg"},{"link_name":"23 Wall Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/23_Wall_Street"},{"link_name":"Junius S. Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junius_S._Morgan"},{"link_name":"George Peabody & Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Peabody_%26_Co."},{"link_name":"Peabody, Morgan & Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peabody,_Morgan_%26_Co."},{"link_name":"George Peabody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Peabody"},{"link_name":"J.S. Morgan & Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.S._Morgan_%26_Co."},{"link_name":"J. Pierpont Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.P._Morgan"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"the Azores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azores"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-6"},{"link_name":"Anthony J. Drexel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_J._Drexel"},{"link_name":"Drexel University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drexel_University"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"23 Wall Street, former headquarters of J.P. Morgan & Co.The origins of the firm date back to 1854 when Junius S. Morgan joined George Peabody & Co. (which became Peabody, Morgan & Co.), a London-based banking business headed by George Peabody. Junius took control of the firm, changing its name to J.S. Morgan & Co. in 1864 on Peabody's retirement. Junius's son, J. Pierpont Morgan, first apprenticed at Duncan, Sherman, and Company in New York City, then founded his own firm with a cousin, J. Pierpont Morgan & Company, in 1864.[5] J. Pierpont Morgan & Company traded in government bonds and foreign exchange. It also acted as an agent for Peabody's. Junius, however, considered some of Pierpont's ventures to be highly speculative. Therefore, Pierpont took on Charles H. Dabney (a connection established when Pierpont was sent to the Azores as a child) as a senior partner, and the firm was known first as Dabney, Morgan, and Company (beginning in 1864) and then \"Drexel, Morgan & Co.\" (in 1871). In those firms, Pierpont used his Peabody connection to bring British financial capital together with the rapidly-growing U.S. industrial firms, such as railroads, which needed capital.[6] The Drexel of Drexel, Morgan & Co. was Philadelphia banker Anthony J. Drexel, founder of what is now Drexel University.[7]","title":"Early history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-6"},{"link_name":"United States Steel Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Steel_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Andrew Carnegie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie"},{"link_name":"gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold#Monetary_exchange"},{"link_name":"treasury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury"},{"link_name":"New York, New Haven, and Hartford Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York,_New_Haven,_and_Hartford_Railroad"},{"link_name":"New England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England"},{"link_name":"Dresdner Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresdner_Bank"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wallstreetbmb.jpg"},{"link_name":"Wall Street bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street_bombing"},{"link_name":"23 Wall Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/23_Wall_Street"},{"link_name":"23 Wall Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/23_Wall_Street"},{"link_name":"Wall Street bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street_bombing"},{"link_name":"FBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI"}],"sub_title":"House of Morgan","text":"On Junius's death in 1890, Pierpont Morgan took his place at J.S. Morgan and Company. After Drexel's death, Drexel, Morgan reorganized in 1895 and became J.P. Morgan and Company.[6] It financed the formation of the United States Steel Corporation, which took over the business of Andrew Carnegie and others and was the world's first billion-dollar corporation. In 1895, it supplied the United States government with $62 million in gold to float a bond issue and restore the treasury surplus of $100 million. In 1892, the company began to finance the New York, New Haven, and Hartford Railroad and led it through a series of acquisitions, which made it the dominant railroad transporter in New England. In 1905 a close alliance was formed with the banking house of J. P. Morgan & Co., New York, for joint action in international finance and issue operations, particularly the absorption of American securities by German investors with the Dresdner Bank.The Wall Street bombing September 16, 1920: a bomb exploded in front of the headquarters of J.P. Morgan Inc. at 23 Wall Street, injuring 400 and killing 38 people.Built in 1914, 23 Wall Street was known as \"The Corner\" and \"The House of Morgan\". At noon, on September 16, 1920, an anarchist bomb exploded in front of the bank, killing 38 and injuring 400. Shortly before the bomb went off, an unknown person placed a warning note in a mailbox at the corner of Cedar Street and Broadway. The warning read: \"Remember we will not tolerate any longer. Free the political prisoners or it will be sure death for all of you. American Anarchists Fighters.\" While theories abound about who was behind the Wall Street bombing and why they did it, after twenty years of investigation the FBI rendered the file inactive in 1940 without ever finding the perpetrators.","title":"Early history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry P. Davison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_P._Davison"},{"link_name":"Bank of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_England"},{"link_name":"war bonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_bonds"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wolff-8"},{"link_name":"southern hemisphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_hemisphere"},{"link_name":"Bank of Central and South America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Central_and_South_America"}],"sub_title":"Financing of Allied bonds during World War I","text":"In August 1914, Henry P. Davison, a Morgan partner, traveled to London and made a deal with the Bank of England to make J.P. Morgan & Co. the sole underwriter of war bonds for Great Britain and France. The Bank of England became a fiscal agent of J.P. Morgan & Co. and vice versa. Over the course of the war, J.P. Morgan loaned about $1.5 billion (approximately $45.63 billion in today's dollars) to the Allies to fight against the Germans.[8]: 63 The company also invested in the suppliers of war equipment to Britain and France, thus profiting from the financing and purchasing activities of the two European governments.During the early 1920s, J.P. Morgan & Co. was active in promoting banks in the southern hemisphere, including the Bank of Central and South America.","title":"Early history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Glass–Steagall Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass%E2%80%93Steagall_Act"},{"link_name":"investment banking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investment_banking"},{"link_name":"commercial banking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_banking"},{"link_name":"commercial bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_bank"},{"link_name":"Henry S. Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_S._Morgan"},{"link_name":"J. Pierpont Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Pierpont_Morgan"},{"link_name":"Harold Stanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Stanley"},{"link_name":"Morgan Stanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Stanley"},{"link_name":"Morgan Stanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Stanley"},{"link_name":"23 Wall Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/23_Wall_Street"}],"sub_title":"Glass–Steagall Act and Morgan Stanley","text":"In 1933, the provisions of the Glass–Steagall Act forced J.P. Morgan & Co. to separate its investment banking from its commercial banking operations. J.P. Morgan & Co. chose to operate as a commercial bank because after the stock market crash of 1929, investment banking was in some disrepute and commercial lending was perceived to be the more profitable and prestigious business. Also, many within J.P. Morgan believed that a change in the political climate would allow the company to resume its securities businesses but that it would be nearly impossible to reconstitute the bank if it were disassembled.In 1935, after being barred from the securities business for over a year, the heads of J.P. Morgan made the decision to spin off its investment banking operations. Two J.P. Morgan partners, Henry S. Morgan (son of Jack Morgan and grandson of J. Pierpont Morgan) and Harold Stanley, founded Morgan Stanley on September 16, 1935, with $6.6 million of nonvoting preferred stock from J.P. Morgan partners. At the beginning, Morgan Stanley's headquarters were at 2 Wall Street, just down the street from J.P. Morgan, and Morgan Stanley bankers routinely used 23 Wall Street in closing transactions.","title":"Early history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Morgan_Guaranty_1976_logo.png"},{"link_name":"spin-off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_spin-off"},{"link_name":"Morgan Stanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Stanley"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Morgan Guaranty Trust","text":"Morgan Guaranty logo c. 1976In the years following the spin-off of Morgan Stanley, the securities business proved robust, while the parent firm, which was incorporated in 1940,[9] was less profitable. By the 1950s, J.P. Morgan was only a mid-sized bank. To bolster its position, in 1959, J.P. Morgan merged with the Guaranty Trust Company of New York to form the Morgan Guaranty Trust Company. The two banks already had numerous relationships between them and had complementary characteristics as J.P. Morgan brought a prestigious name and high-quality clients and bankers while Guaranty Trust brought a significant amount of capital. Although Guaranty Trust was nearly four times the size of J.P. Morgan at the time of the merger in 1959, J.P. Morgan was considered the buyer and nominal survivor and former J.P. Morgan employees were the primary managers of the merged company.","title":"Early history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JP_Morgan_logo.jpg"},{"link_name":"bank holding company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_holding_company"},{"link_name":"commercial paper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_paper"},{"link_name":"Federal Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Return of J.P. Morgan & Co.","text":"J.P. Morgan & Co. logo prior to its merger with Chase Manhattan Bank in 2000Ten years after the merger, Morgan Guaranty established a bank holding company called J.P. Morgan & Co. Incorporated, but continued to operate as Morgan Guaranty through the 1980s before beginning to migrate back to use of the J.P. Morgan brand. In 1988, the company once again began operating exclusively as J.P. Morgan & Co.Also in the 1980s, J.P. Morgan along with other commercial banks pushed the envelope of product offerings toward investment banking, beginning with the issuance of commercial paper. In 1989, the Federal Reserve permitted J.P. Morgan to be the first commercial bank to underwrite a corporate debt offering.[10] In the 1990s, J.P. Morgan moved quickly to rebuild its investment banking operations and by the late 1990s would emerge as a top-five player in securities underwriting.","title":"Early history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JPMorgan_pre_rebranding.png"},{"link_name":"Goldman Sachs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldman_Sachs"},{"link_name":"Chase Manhattan Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chase_Manhattan_Bank"},{"link_name":"Credit Suisse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_Suisse"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Bank AG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Bank_AG"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"JPMorgan Chase & Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPMorgan_Chase"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"investment banking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investment_banking"},{"link_name":"commercial banking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_banking"},{"link_name":"retail banking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retail_banking"},{"link_name":"asset management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asset_management"},{"link_name":"private banking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_banking"},{"link_name":"private equity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_equity"},{"link_name":"Cazenove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cazenove_(stock_broker)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"JPMorgan Chase","text":"JPMorgan logo prior to its 2008 rebrandingBy the late 1990s, J.P. Morgan had emerged as a large but not dominant commercial and investment banking franchise with an attractive brand name and a strong presence in debt and equity securities underwriting.Beginning in 1998, J.P. Morgan openly discussed the possibility of a merger, and speculation of a pairing with banks such as Goldman Sachs, Chase Manhattan Bank, Credit Suisse and Deutsche Bank AG was prevalent.[11] Chase Manhattan had emerged as one of the largest and fastest-growing commercial banks in the United States through a series of mergers over the previous decade. In 2000, Chase, which was looking for yet another transformational merger to improve its position in investment banking, merged with J.P. Morgan to form JPMorgan Chase & Co.[12][13]The combined JPMorgan Chase would become one of the largest banks both in the United States and globally offering a full complement of investment banking, commercial banking, retail banking, asset management, private banking and private equity businesses.In 2004, JPMorgan began a joint venture with Cazenove, which combined Cazenove's investment banking operations with JPMorgan's UK investment banking business. By 2010 JPMorgan bought the company out.[14] J.P. Morgan Cazenove is a marketing name for the U.K. investment banking businesses and EMEA cash equities and equity research businesses of JPMorgan Chase & Co. and its subsidiaries.In 2005, JPMorgan Chase acknowledged that its two predecessor banks had received ownership of thousands of slaves as collateral prior to the Civil War. The company apologized for contributing to the \"brutal and unjust institution\" of slavery. The bank paid $5 million in reparations in the form of a scholarship program for Black students.[15][16][17]J.P. Morgan, the company itself, is still active as the business and investment banking subsidiary of JPMorgan Chase; Chase Manhattan Bank is still active as the personal banking subsidiary of the company.","title":"Early history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:J.P.Morgan,_Sydney.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"John Pierpont \"J. P.\" Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.P._Morgan"},{"link_name":"CEO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEO"},{"link_name":"Chase Manhattan Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chase_Manhattan_Bank"},{"link_name":"JPMorgan Chase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPMorgan_Chase"}],"text":"J.P.Morgan office in SydneyFollowing J.P. Morgan & Co.'s formation in 1871, John Pierpont \"J. P.\" Morgan was universally accepted as its highest executive authority (despite holding the mere title of \"senior partner\"). Upon Morgan's death in 1913, the bank's leadership passed to his son, John Pierpont \"Jack\" Morgan Jr. Once J.P. Morgan & Co. was incorporated in 1942, Jack emerged as its first chief executive within his capacity as chairman of the board of directors. Henceforth, the bank would be led by 12 executives (eight of whom chaired the board of directors while simultaneously holding the title of CEO) before merging with Chase Manhattan Bank to become JPMorgan Chase.","title":"List of Chairmen and CEOs of J.P. Morgan & Co."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"J.P. Morgan Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.P._Morgan_Jr."},{"link_name":"Thomas W. Lamont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_W._Lamont"},{"link_name":"Russell C. Leffingwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Cornell_Leffingwell"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Chairmen of the Board of Directors","text":"J.P. Morgan Jr. (1942–1943)\nThomas W. Lamont (1943–1948)\nRussell C. Leffingwell (1948–1950)\nGeorge Whitney[18] (1950–1955)","title":"List of Chairmen and CEOs of J.P. Morgan & Co."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry C. Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_C._Alexander"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Thomas S. Gates Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_S._Gates_Jr."},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Lewis Thompson Preston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Thompson_Preston"},{"link_name":"Dennis Weatherstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Weatherstone"},{"link_name":"Douglas A. Warner III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_A._Warner_III"},{"link_name":"Jamie Dimon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Dimon"}],"sub_title":"Chairmen and CEOs","text":"Henry C. Alexander[19] (1955–1965)\nThomas S. Gates Jr. (1965–1969)\nJohn Meyer Jr.[20] (1969–1971)\nEllmore C. Patterson[21] (1971–1978)\nWalter Hines Page II[22] (1978-1979)\nLewis Thompson Preston (1979–1990)\nDennis Weatherstone (1990–1995)\nDouglas A. Warner III (1995–2000)\nJamie Dimon (2005-present)","title":"List of Chairmen and CEOs of J.P. Morgan & Co."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chernow, Ron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Chernow"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8021-3829-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8021-3829-2"},{"link_name":"online edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=104746636"},{"link_name":"The Masters of Capital: A Chronicle of Wall Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/mastersofcapitaljohn00moodiala"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8050-8134-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-8134-3"},{"link_name":"excerpt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.com/Gentlemen-Bankers-Harvard-Studies-Business/dp/0674073037/"},{"link_name":"Strouse, Jean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Strouse"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-679-46275-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-46275-0"}],"text":"Carosso, Vincent P. The Morgans: Private International Bankers, 1854–1913. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987.\nCarosso, Vincent P. Investment Banking in America: A History. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1970.\nChernow, Ron. The House of Morgan: An American Banking Dynasty and the Rise of Modern Finance, (2001) ISBN 0-8021-3829-2\nFraser, Steve. Every Man a Speculator: A History of Wall Street in American Life. New York:HarperCollins, 2005.\nGeisst, Charles R. Wall Street: A History from Its Beginnings to the Fall of Enron. Oxford University Press. 2004. online edition\nMoody, John. The Masters of Capital: A Chronicle of Wall Street. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1921.\nMorris, Charles R. The Tycoons: How Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, Jay Gould, and J. P. Morgan Invented the American Supereconomy (2005) ISBN 978-0-8050-8134-3\nPak, Susie J. Gentlemen Bankers: The World of J.P. Morgan. (Harvard University Press, 2013) excerpt, 1890s-1930s\nStrouse, Jean. Morgan: American Financier. Random House, 1999. 796 pp. ISBN 978-0-679-46275-0","title":"Sources"}]
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[{"image_text":"23 Wall Street, former headquarters of J.P. Morgan & Co.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/23_Wall_Street_New_York.jpg/220px-23_Wall_Street_New_York.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Wall Street bombing September 16, 1920: a bomb exploded in front of the headquarters of J.P. Morgan Inc. at 23 Wall Street, injuring 400 and killing 38 people.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Wallstreetbmb.jpg/220px-Wallstreetbmb.jpg"},{"image_text":"Morgan Guaranty logo c. 1976","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6d/Morgan_Guaranty_1976_logo.png/220px-Morgan_Guaranty_1976_logo.png"},{"image_text":"J.P. Morgan & Co. logo prior to its merger with Chase Manhattan Bank in 2000","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/JP_Morgan_logo.jpg/175px-JP_Morgan_logo.jpg"},{"image_text":"JPMorgan logo prior to its 2008 rebranding","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/2d/JPMorgan_pre_rebranding.png"},{"image_text":"J.P.Morgan office in Sydney","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/J.P.Morgan%2C_Sydney.jpg/220px-J.P.Morgan%2C_Sydney.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"Chernow, Ron (1991). The House of Morgan: An American Banking Dynasty and the Rise of Modern Finance. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-73400-8. Archived from the original on April 8, 2023. Retrieved February 22, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XoUpAQAAMAAJ&q=house+of+morgan","url_text":"The House of Morgan: An American Banking Dynasty and the Rise of Modern Finance"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-73400-8","url_text":"978-0-671-73400-8"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230408113358/https://books.google.com/books?id=XoUpAQAAMAAJ&q=house+of+morgan","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Chernow, Ron (January 19, 2010). The House of Morgan: An American Banking Dynasty and the Rise of Modern Finance. Grove/Atlantic, Inc. ISBN 978-0-8021-9813-6. Archived from the original on April 8, 2023. Retrieved February 22, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sgNUEqkgctEC&q=house+of+morgan","url_text":"The House of Morgan: An American Banking Dynasty and the Rise of Modern Finance"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-9813-6","url_text":"978-0-8021-9813-6"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230408113359/https://books.google.com/books?id=sgNUEqkgctEC&q=house+of+morgan","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Norris, Floyd (September 13, 2000). \"Banking's Big Deal; A Deal Built on Weakness, and Strength\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 14, 2023. Retrieved January 14, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2000/09/13/business/banking-s-big-deal-the-trend-a-deal-built-on-weakness-and-strength.html","url_text":"\"Banking's Big Deal; A Deal Built on Weakness, and Strength\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230114042232/https://www.nytimes.com/2000/09/13/business/banking-s-big-deal-the-trend-a-deal-built-on-weakness-and-strength.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ross Sorkin, Andrew (September 14, 2000). \"Chase Manhattan to Acquire J.P. Morgan for $30.9 Billion\". archive.nytimes.com. Archived from the original on January 14, 2023. Retrieved January 14, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/learning/teachers/featured_articles/20000914thursday.html","url_text":"\"Chase Manhattan to Acquire J.P. Morgan for $30.9 Billion\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230114042230/https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/learning/teachers/featured_articles/20000914thursday.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Moody, John (1919). The Masters of capitalism. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. pp. 12–13. Retrieved May 5, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/mastersofcapitaljohn00moodiala","url_text":"The Masters of capitalism"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/mastersofcapitaljohn00moodiala/page/12","url_text":"12"}]},{"reference":"Strouse, Jean (2000). Morgan: American financier. New York: Perennial. ISBN 978-0-06-095589-2. OCLC 43050112.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-095589-2","url_text":"978-0-06-095589-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/43050112","url_text":"43050112"}]},{"reference":"Geoffrey Wolff (2003). Black Sun: The Brief Transit and Violent Eclipse of Harry Crosby. New York Review of Books. ISBN 1-59017-066-0. Archived from the original on June 30, 2023. Retrieved May 14, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RpVaAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Black Sun: The Brief Transit and Violent Eclipse of Harry Crosby"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59017-066-0","url_text":"1-59017-066-0"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230630152605/https://books.google.com/books?id=RpVaAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"New York Bank History\". Scripophily.com. Archived from the original on May 10, 2006. Retrieved August 2, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060510114057/http://www.scripophily.com/nybankhistoryj.htm","url_text":"\"New York Bank History\""},{"url":"http://www.scripophily.com/nybankhistoryj.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Emily Glazer (December 12, 2011). \"J.P. Morgan's Bet on Cazenove Still Bearing Fruit\". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on August 2, 2020. Retrieved April 8, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://blogs.wsj.com/moneybeat/2014/11/06/j-p-morgans-bet-on-cazenove-still-bearing-fruit/","url_text":"\"J.P. Morgan's Bet on Cazenove Still Bearing Fruit\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal","url_text":"The Wall Street Journal"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200802180915/https://blogs.wsj.com/moneybeat/2014/11/06/j-p-morgans-bet-on-cazenove-still-bearing-fruit/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"JPMorgan Apologizes for Links to Slavery\". NPR. Archived from the original on May 21, 2022. Retrieved May 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/2005/01/24/4463740/jpmorgan-apologizes-for-links-to-slavery","url_text":"\"JPMorgan Apologizes for Links to Slavery\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR","url_text":"NPR"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220521232808/https://www.npr.org/2005/01/24/4463740/jpmorgan-apologizes-for-links-to-slavery","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Teather, David (January 22, 2005). \"Bank admits it owned slaves\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on May 21, 2022. Retrieved May 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/jan/22/usa.davidteather","url_text":"\"Bank admits it owned slaves\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220521233447/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/jan/22/usa.davidteather","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"From J.P. Morgan Chase, an Apology And $5 Million in Slavery Reparations\". The New York Sun. February 2005. Archived from the original on February 5, 2023. Retrieved May 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nysun.com/article/business-from-jp-morgan-chase-an-apology-and-5-million","url_text":"\"From J.P. Morgan Chase, an Apology And $5 Million in Slavery Reparations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Sun","url_text":"The New York Sun"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230205193456/https://www.nysun.com/article/business-from-jp-morgan-chase-an-apology-and-5-million","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"George Whitney, Jr\". geni_family_tree. October 9, 1885. Archived from the original on June 2, 2022. Retrieved February 8, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.geni.com/people/George-Whitney-Jr/6000000033686132639","url_text":"\"George Whitney, Jr\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220602184416/https://www.geni.com/people/George-Whitney-Jr/6000000033686132639","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Henry C. Alexander - Leadership - Harvard Business School\". www.hbs.edu. Archived from the original on July 25, 2022. Retrieved July 25, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hbs.edu/leadership/20th-century-leaders/details?profile=henry_c_alexander","url_text":"\"Henry C. Alexander - Leadership - Harvard Business School\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220725191427/https://www.hbs.edu/leadership/20th-century-leaders/details?profile=henry_c_alexander","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"JOHN M. MEYER JR., 89, EX-CEO OF J.P. MORGAN\". Sun Sentinel. July 7, 1996. Archived from the original on May 28, 2022. Retrieved October 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/fl-xpm-1996-07-07-9607060177-story.html","url_text":"\"JOHN M. MEYER JR., 89, EX-CEO OF J.P. MORGAN\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220528163625/https://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/fl-xpm-1996-07-07-9607060177-story.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Hall of Fame / Patterson, Ellmore C.\" www.lths.net.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lths.net/Page/http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lths.net%2Fsite%2Fdefault.aspx%3FPageID%3D9764","url_text":"\"Hall of Fame / Patterson, Ellmore C.\""}]},{"reference":"\"Walter Hines Page\". geni_family_tree. August 29, 2023. Archived from the original on June 2, 2022. Retrieved October 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.geni.com/people/Walter-Page/6000000037750276856","url_text":"\"Walter Hines Page\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220602135646/https://www.geni.com/people/Walter-Page/6000000037750276856","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanopsidae
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Melanopsidae
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["1 Genera","2 References","3 Further reading","4 External links"]
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Family of gastropods
MelanopsidaeTemporal range: 90–recent Ma
PreꞒ
Ꞓ
O
S
D
C
P
T
J
K
Pg
N
A live Melanopsis praemorsa
A live Esperiana daudebartii thermalis
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Mollusca
Class:
Gastropoda
Subclass:
Caenogastropoda
Superfamily:
Cerithioidea
Family:
MelanopsidaeH. Adams & A. Adams, 1854
Diversity
about 25-50 extant freshwater species,
several hundreds of fossil species and subspecies
Synonyms
Stomatopsinae Stache, 1889
Amphimelaniinae P. Fischer & Crosse, 1891
Fagotiinae Starobogatov, 1992
Melanopsidae, common name melanopsids, is a family of freshwater gastropods in the clade Sorbeoconcha. Species in this family are native to southern and eastern Europe, northern Africa, parts of the Middle East, New Zealand, and freshwater streams of some large South Pacific islands.
These snails first appeared in the Late Cretaceous and are closely related to Potamididae. As well as unidirectional evolutionary change from one species to the next over time, the process of hybridization plays a major role in the appearance of new Melanopsidae species.
According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) the family Melanopsidae has no subfamilies.
Genera
Genera in the family Melanopsidae include:
Esperiana Bourguignat, 1877 - synonym: Fagotia Bourguignat, 1884
Holandriana Bourguignat, 1884 - synonym: Amphimelania P. Fischer, 1885
Holandriana holandrii (C. Pfeiffer, 1828) or Amphimelania holandrii (C. Pfeiffer, 1828)
† Megalonoda Kollmann, 1984
Melanopsis Férussac, 1807 - type genus of the family Melanopsidae
Microcolpia Bourguignat, 1884
† Pseudobellardia Cox, 1931
† Pseudofagotia Anistratenko, 1993
† Stomatopsis Stache, 1871
† Stilospirula Rovereto, 1899 - synonyms: Stylospirula Rovereto, 1899
† Turripontica Anistratenko, 1993
Zemelanopsis Finlay, 1927
Zemelanopsis trifasciata (Gray, 1843)
References
^ a b Bandel K. (2000). "Speciation among the Melanopsidae (Caenogastropoda). Special emphasis to the Melanopsidae of the Pannonian Lake at Pontian time (Late Miocene) and the Pleistocene and Recent of Jordan". Mitt. Geol.-Paläont. Inst. Univ. Hamburg, Heft 84.
^ Adams H. & Adams A. (1854). The genera of Recent Mollusca 1: 309.
^ Neubauer T. A., Harzhauser M., Mandic O., Georgopoulou E. & Kroh A. (2016). " Paleobiogeography and historical biogeography of the non-marine caenogastropod family Melanopsidae". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 444: 124–143. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.12.017.
^ Strong E. E., Gargominy O., Ponder W. F. & Bouchet P. (2008). "Global Diversity of Gastropods (Gastropoda; Mollusca) in Freshwater". Hydrobiologia 595: 149-166. hdl:10088/7390 doi:10.1007/s10750-007-9012-6.
^ Stache (1889). Abhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Königlichen Geologischen Reichsanstalt 13(1): 90.
^ Fischer P. & Crosse (1891). Mission scientifique au Mexique et dans l'Amérique Centrale. Recherches zoologiques (7)2(12): 312.
^ Starobogatov (1992). In: Starobogatov, Alexenko & Levina Biulleten' Moskovskogo Obshchestva Ispytatelei Prirody, Otdel Biologicheskii new ser. 97(3): 58.
^ a b c d e f Bouchet, Philippe; Rocroi, Jean-Pierre; Frýda, Jiri; Hausdorf, Bernard; Ponder, Winston; Valdés, Ángel & Warén, Anders (2005). "Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families". Malacologia. 47 (1–2). Hackenheim, Germany: ConchBooks: 1–397. ISBN 3-925919-72-4. ISSN 0076-2997.
^ Banarescu P. (1990). Zoogeography of Fresh Waters Vol. 1, General Distribution and Dispersal of Freshwater Animals. AULA-Verlag Wiesbaden.
^ a b c d Glöer P. (2002). Die Süßwassergastropoden Nord- und Mitteleuropas. Die Tierwelt Deutschlands, ConchBooks, Hackenheim, 326 pp., ISBN 3-925919-60-0, page 190-194.
^ a b c d e f "Melanopsidae". The Paleobiology Database, accessed 26 June 2011.
^ Neubauer, Thomas A.; Bouchet, P. (2017). Esperiana Bourguignat, 1877. In: MolluscaBase (2017). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://marinespecies.org/aphia.php/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=754674 on 2017-11-26
^ Neubauer, Thomas A.; Bank, R.; Bouchet, P. (2017). Holandriana Bourguignat, 1884. In: MolluscaBase (2017). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=738624 on 2017-11-26
^ "Species summary for Holandriana holandrii". AnimalBase, last modified 30 August 2010, accessed 26 June 2011.
^ "Amphimelania holandrii (C. Pfeiffer 1828)". Fauna Europaea, accessed 26 June 2011.
^ Neubauer, Thomas A. (2017). Megalonoda Kollmann, 1984 †. In: MolluscaBase (2017). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1035571 on 2017-11-26
^ Neubauer, Thomas A. (2016). Microcolpia Bourguignat, 1884. In: MolluscaBase (2017). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/traits/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=820468 on 2017-11-26
^ Neubauer, Thomas A. (2017). Pseudofagotia Anistratenko, 1993 †. In: MolluscaBase (2017). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=820489 on 2017-11-26
^ Neubauer, Thomas A.; Bouchet, P. (2017). Stilospirula Rovereto, 1899 †. In: MolluscaBase (2017). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=754681 on 2017-11-26
^ Neubauer, Thomas A. (2017). Turripontica Anistratenko, 1993 †. In: MolluscaBase (2017). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=820490 on 2017-11-26
^ a b Bandel K. (2006). "Families of the Cerithioidea and related superfamilies (Palaeo-Caenogastropoda; Mollusca) from the Triassic to the Recent characterized by protoconch morphology - including the description of new taxa". Freiberger Forschungshefte C 511: 59-138. PDF.
Further reading
(in German) Glaubrecht M. (1996). Evolutionsökologie und Systematik am Beispiel von Süß- und Brackwasserschnecken (Mollusca: Caenogastropoda: Cerithioidea): Ontogenese-Strategien, Paläontologische Befunde und Zoogeographie. Backhuys, Leiden.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Melanopsidae.
Thomas A. Neubauer - "A nomenclator of extant and fossil taxa of the Melanopsidae (Gastropoda, Cerithioidea)" ; 2016, ZooKeys
Taxon identifiersMelanopsidae
Wikidata: Q608015
Wikispecies: Melanopsidae
ADW: Melanopsidae
BioLib: 17900
BOLD: 212105
CoL: 7NJQP
Fauna Europaea: 11388
Fauna Europaea (new): 8364fd3f-612d-4472-a114-5741394a9184
GBIF: 2733
iNaturalist: 85890
IRMNG: 104284
ITIS: 71540
NCBI: 54127
NZOR: ba81cfe1-b787-4a32-978d-f7c5409a06b3
Open Tree of Life: 197874
Paleobiology Database: 120373
uBio: 5609366
WoRMS: 567913
Authority control databases: National
Israel
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"},{"link_name":"freshwater gastropods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater_gastropod"},{"link_name":"Sorbeoconcha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbeoconcha"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bouchet_2005-8"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"Middle East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"South Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceania"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Late Cretaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Cretaceous"},{"link_name":"Potamididae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potamididae"},{"link_name":"hybridization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bandel_2000-1"},{"link_name":"taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_of_the_Gastropoda_(Bouchet_%26_Rocroi,_2005)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bouchet_2005-8"}],"text":"Melanopsidae, common name melanopsids, is a family of freshwater gastropods in the clade Sorbeoconcha.[8] Species in this family are native to southern and eastern Europe, northern Africa, parts of the Middle East, New Zealand, and freshwater streams of some large South Pacific islands.[9]These snails first appeared in the Late Cretaceous and are closely related to Potamididae. As well as unidirectional evolutionary change from one species to the next over time, the process of hybridization plays a major role in the appearance of new Melanopsidae species.[1]According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) the family Melanopsidae has no subfamilies.[8]","title":"Melanopsidae"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Esperiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperiana"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gl%C3%B6er_2002-10"},{"link_name":"Fagotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fagotia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bouchet_2005-8"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PD-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Holandriana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holandriana"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gl%C3%B6er_2002-10"},{"link_name":"Amphimelania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amphimelania&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bouchet_2005-8"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PD-11"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Holandriana holandrii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holandriana_holandrii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gl%C3%B6er_2002-10"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Amphimelania holandrii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amphimelania_holandrii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Megalonoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Megalonoda&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Melanopsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanopsis"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bouchet_2005-8"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PD-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gl%C3%B6er_2002-10"},{"link_name":"Microcolpia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcolpia"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Pseudobellardia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pseudobellardia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PD-11"},{"link_name":"Pseudofagotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pseudofagotia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Stomatopsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stomatopsis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bouchet_2005-8"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PD-11"},{"link_name":"Stilospirula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stilospirula&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rovereto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaetano_Rovereto"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PD-11"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Turripontica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turripontica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Zemelanopsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zemelanopsis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bandel_2006-21"},{"link_name":"Zemelanopsis trifasciata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemelanopsis_trifasciata"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bandel_2006-21"}],"text":"Genera in the family Melanopsidae include:Esperiana Bourguignat, 1877[10] - synonym: Fagotia Bourguignat, 1884[8][11][12]\nHolandriana Bourguignat, 1884[10] - synonym: Amphimelania P. Fischer, 1885[8][11][13]\nHolandriana holandrii (C. Pfeiffer, 1828)[10][14] or Amphimelania holandrii (C. Pfeiffer, 1828)[15]\n† Megalonoda Kollmann, 1984[16]\nMelanopsis Férussac, 1807 - type genus of the family Melanopsidae[8][11][10]\nMicrocolpia Bourguignat, 1884[17]\n† Pseudobellardia Cox, 1931[11]\n† Pseudofagotia Anistratenko, 1993[18]\n† Stomatopsis Stache, 1871[8][11]\n† Stilospirula Rovereto, 1899 - synonyms: Stylospirula Rovereto, 1899[11][19]\n† Turripontica Anistratenko, 1993[20]\nZemelanopsis Finlay, 1927[21]\nZemelanopsis trifasciata (Gray, 1843)[21]","title":"Genera"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"(in German) Glaubrecht M. (1996). Evolutionsökologie und Systematik am Beispiel von Süß- und Brackwasserschnecken (Mollusca: Caenogastropoda: Cerithioidea): Ontogenese-Strategien, Paläontologische Befunde und Zoogeographie. Backhuys, Leiden.","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Bouchet, Philippe; Rocroi, Jean-Pierre; Frýda, Jiri; Hausdorf, Bernard; Ponder, Winston; Valdés, Ángel & Warén, Anders (2005). \"Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families\". Malacologia. 47 (1–2). Hackenheim, Germany: ConchBooks: 1–397. ISBN 3-925919-72-4. ISSN 0076-2997.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Bouchet","url_text":"Bouchet, Philippe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Rocroi","url_text":"Rocroi, Jean-Pierre"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Ponder","url_text":"Ponder, Winston"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_of_the_Gastropoda_(Bouchet_%26_Rocroi,_2005)","url_text":"Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malacologia","url_text":"Malacologia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-925919-72-4","url_text":"3-925919-72-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0076-2997","url_text":"0076-2997"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2015.12.017","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.12.017"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/10088%2F7390","external_links_name":"10088/7390"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10750-007-9012-6","external_links_name":"10.1007/s10750-007-9012-6"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0076-2997","external_links_name":"0076-2997"},{"Link":"http://www.paleodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=basicTaxonInfo&taxon_no=120373","external_links_name":"\"Melanopsidae\""},{"Link":"http://marinespecies.org/aphia.php/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=754674","external_links_name":"http://marinespecies.org/aphia.php/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=754674"},{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=738624","external_links_name":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=738624"},{"Link":"http://www.animalbase.uni-goettingen.de/zooweb/servlet/AnimalBase/home/species?id=4129","external_links_name":"\"Species summary for Holandriana holandrii\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121014211638/http://www.faunaeur.org/full_results.php?id=429634","external_links_name":"\"Amphimelania holandrii (C. Pfeiffer 1828)\""},{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1035571","external_links_name":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1035571"},{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/traits/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=820468","external_links_name":"http://www.marinespecies.org/traits/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=820468"},{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=820489","external_links_name":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=820489"},{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=754681","external_links_name":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=754681"},{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=820490","external_links_name":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=820490"},{"Link":"http://www.palaeontologische-gesellschaft.de/palges/bandel/bandel_2006.pdf","external_links_name":"PDF"},{"Link":"https://zookeys.pensoft.net/articles.php?id=8136","external_links_name":"Thomas A. Neubauer - \"A nomenclator of extant and fossil taxa of the Melanopsidae (Gastropoda, Cerithioidea)\" ; 2016, ZooKeys"},{"Link":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Melanopsidae/","external_links_name":"Melanopsidae"},{"Link":"https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id17900","external_links_name":"17900"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=212105","external_links_name":"212105"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/7NJQP","external_links_name":"7NJQP"},{"Link":"http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:11388","external_links_name":"11388"},{"Link":"https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/8364fd3f-612d-4472-a114-5741394a9184","external_links_name":"8364fd3f-612d-4472-a114-5741394a9184"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2733","external_links_name":"2733"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/85890","external_links_name":"85890"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=104284","external_links_name":"104284"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=71540","external_links_name":"71540"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=54127","external_links_name":"54127"},{"Link":"https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/ba81cfe1-b787-4a32-978d-f7c5409a06b3","external_links_name":"ba81cfe1-b787-4a32-978d-f7c5409a06b3"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=197874","external_links_name":"197874"},{"Link":"https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=120373","external_links_name":"120373"},{"Link":"http://www.ubio.org/browser/details.php?namebankID=5609366","external_links_name":"5609366"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=567913","external_links_name":"567913"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007544013905171","external_links_name":"Israel"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Route_120_(Virginia_1928-1933)
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U.S. Route 23 in Virginia
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["1 Route description","2 History","3 Major intersections","4 Business routes","5 References","6 External links"]
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Route map: Segment of American highway
This article is about the section of U.S. Route 23 in Virginia. For the entire route, see U.S. Route 23.
U.S. Route 23US 23 highlighted in redRoute informationMaintained by VDOTLength60.80 mi (97.85 km)Existedearly 1930s–presentTouristroutes Virginia BywayMajor junctionsSouth end US 23 near Weber CityMajor intersections
US 58 / US 421 in Weber City
SR 65 in Clinchport
US 58 / US 421 in Duffield
US 58 Alt. in Big Stone Gap
US 58 Alt. in Norton
North end US 23 near Pound
LocationCountryUnited StatesStateVirginiaCountiesScott, Lee, Wise, City of Norton
Highway system
United States Numbered Highway System
List
Special
Divided
Virginia Routes
Interstate
US
Primary
Secondary
Byways
History
HOT lanes
← SR 22→ SR 24
U.S. Route 23 (US 23) is a part of the United States Numbered Highway System that runs from Jacksonville, Florida, to Mackinaw City, Michigan. In Virginia, the U.S. Highway runs 60.80 miles (97.85 km) from the Tennessee state line near Weber City north to the Kentucky state line near Pound. US 23, which is known as Orby Cantrell Highway for most of its course, is a four-lane divided highway that follows Corridor B of the Appalachian Development Highway System through Southwest Virginia. The U.S. Highway serves as the main east–west highway of Scott County and the primary north–south highway of Wise County. US 23 runs concurrently with US 58 from Weber City to Duffield and with US 58 Alternate (US 58 Alt.) between Big Stone Gap and the independent city of Norton.
Route description
View north along US 23 at SR 732 just north of the Tennessee state line south of Weber City
US 23 enters Scott County at the Tennessee state line south of Weber City immediately north of the northern end of the US 23 freeway that becomes Interstate 26 in Kingsport. At the state line, US 23 has a partial interchange with the northern end of State Route 36 (SR 36; Lynn Garden Drive) and SR 346 (Carters Valley Road). US 23 passes through a gap between Cloud Ridge and Long Ridge at the state line, then crosses the North Fork Holston River on the John M. Johnson Memorial Bridge. The U.S. Highway enters the town of Weber City as Main Street, which parallels Norfolk Southern Railway's Appalachia Division as a four-lane undivided highway. At the north edge of the town, US 23 intersects US 58 and US 421 (Hilton Road); the three highways run concurrently with the railroad through Moccasin Gap, where Moccasin Creek passes through Clinch Mountain. US 23, US 58, and US 421 enter the town of Gate City; US 23 Business (US 23 Bus.), US 58 Bus., and US 421 Bus. pass through the center of town while the mainline of the U.S. Highways follows the flank of Clinch Mountain to the south of town.
US 23, US 58, and US 421 receive their three business routes at an interchange west of Gate City. The U.S. Highways parallel the railroad and Little Moccasin Creek west between Clinch Mountain to the south and Moccasin Ridge to the north. The highways curve north and parallel the Clinch River to Clinchport, where the road meets the southern end of State Route 65 (SR 65) and begins to follow Stock Creek. US 23, US 58, and US 421 pass by Glenita, where the railroad splits north to pass through the Natural Tunnel, the centerpiece of Natural Tunnel State Park. After passing through the Devil's Racepath, US 58 and US 421 split from US 23 as Daniel Boone Trail just south of the town of Duffield. US 23 passes through the town, where the highway parallels the Appalachia Division rail line and the North Fork Clinch River through a gap between Powell Mountain and Cliff Mountain. The U.S. Highway briefly enters Lee County while following the river between Powell Mountain and Walden Ridge to its source at Wildcat Summit at the Lee–Wise county line.
Northbound US 23 near Duffield
US 23 follows Wildcat Creek and becomes a freeway adjacent to Mountain Empire Community College south of Big Stone Gap. The U.S. Highway has a partial cloverleaf interchange with US 23 Bus. and US 58 Alt.; the latter highway joins US 23 in a concurrency. The two highways have a diamond interchange with SR 610 (Powell Valley Road) before following the southern flank of Little Stone Mountain to Little Stone Gap, where the freeway enters the city of Norton. US 23 and US 58 Alt. have a partial cloverleaf interchange with Kentucky Avenue south of downtown Norton. The highways curve north over a rail line and SR 74 before reaching a partial cloverleaf interchange where US 58 Alt. splits east on Norton Coeburn Road, which heads west toward downtown Norton as SR 283. US 23 leaves the city of Norton and receives the other end of US 23 Bus. (Esserville Road) at Esserville. A short distance to the north, US 23 enters the town of Wise, where another US 23 Bus. splits northeast as Norton Road to serve the county seat of Wise County. The U.S. Highway receives the north end of its business route (Main Street) before the highway crosses the Tennessee Valley Divide at Indian Mountain. US 23 descends along Indian Creek to the southern end of its fourth business route, which heads into the town of Pound as Indian Creek Road. The U.S. Highway briefly enters the town limits while receiving the north end of the business route, Main Street. North of Pound, US 23 passes through Horse Gap and makes a curve to the west before entering Kentucky at Pound Gap in Pine Mountain. The U.S. Highway meets US 119 on the north side of the mountain; the two highways run concurrently north toward Pikeville.
Much of US 23 in Virginia is part of Crooked Road and The Crooked Road: Virginia's Heritage Music Trail.
History
The road from Moccasin Gap (now Weber City) south to Tennessee toward Kingsport was added to the state highway system in 1923. As a spur of SR 10 (now US 58), it was assigned the State Route 102 (SR 102) designation and was renumbered State Route 108 (SR 108) in the 1928 renumbering.
Major intersections
CountyLocationmikmExitDestinationsNotes
Scott0.000.00 US 23 south to I-26 – KingsportTennessee state line
Weber City2.924.70 US 58 east / US 421 south / SR 224 south (Wadlow Gap Highway) – Bristol, Abingdon, Hiltons, Carter FoldSouthern end of concurrency with US 58 and US 421
Gate City3.966.37 US 23 Bus. north / US 58 Bus. west / US 421 Bus. north (Kane Street) to SR 71 – Gate City
6.6910.77 US 23 Bus. south / US 58 Bus. east / US 421 Bus. south (West Jackson Street) / SR 870 (Daniel Boone Road) – Gate CityInterchange
SR 870 (Daniel Boone Road)
18.1829.26 SR 65 north (Clinch River Highway) – Dungannon, Clinchport, Rye Cove
SR 600 (Fairview Road) – Fairviewformer SR 66 south; to SR 33 (TN)
SR 871 (Natural Tunnel Parkway) – Natural Tunnel State Park
Duffield20.8533.55 US 58 west / US 421 north (Duff Patt Highway) / SR 871 (Natural Tunnel Parkway) – Pennington Gap, Jonesville, Cumberland Gap, Cumberland Gap National Historical ParkNorth end of concurrency with US 58 and US 421
Lee
No major junctions
Wise33.0253.141 US 23 Bus. north / US 58 Alt. west – Big Stone Gap, Appalachiainterchange; south end of US 58 Alt. overlap
34.2655.142 SR 610 – Big Stone Gapinterchange
City of Norton41.4566.711 US 23 Bus. north / US 58 Alt. Bus. east (Kentucky Avenue) / SR 619 – Downtown Nortoninterchange; former SR 73
42.9469.112 US 58 Alt. east / US 58 Alt. Bus. west to US 23 Bus. – Coeburn, Abingdon, Downtown Nortoninterchange; signed as exits 2A (west) and 2B (east) southbound; north end of concurrency with US 58 Alt.
WiseEsserville44.5971.76 US 23 Bus. south (Esserville Road) / SR 757 north
Wise45.4773.18 US 23 Bus. north (Norton Road) – Wise, Lonesome Pine Airport
Glamorgan47.4376.33 US 23 Bus. south (West Main Street) / SR 823 (Indian Creek Road) – Wise
SR 823 (Indian Creek Road)
55.0988.66 US 23 Bus. north (Indian Creek Road) to SR 83 east – Pound, Clintwood
SR 671 (South Fork Road)former SR 83
Pound57.6292.73 US 23 Bus. south (Main Street) / SR 630 – Pound, Clintwood
Pound Gap60.8097.85 US 23 north – Jenkins, PikevilleKentucky state line
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Concurrency terminus
Business routes
Main article: Special routes of U.S. Route 23
In Virginia, US 23 has four business routes. From South to North, its first business route serves downtown Gate City. The second begins in Big Stone Gap and runs north to Appalachia, then turns east to Norton. Its third business route runs along portions of Norton Road and West Main Street in Wise. The fourth and northernmost route is located in Pound.
References
^ a b c d e "2009 Traffic Data". Virginia Department of Transportation. 2009. Retrieved August 22, 2011.
Scott County (PDF)
Lee County (PDF)
Wise County and City of Norton (PDF)
^ a b c Google (August 22, 2011). "U.S. Route 23 in Virginia" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved August 22, 2011.
^ "The Crooked Road". The Crooked Road. Retrieved April 17, 2013.
^ Wildman, Sarah (May 20, 2011). "On Virginia's Crooked Road, Mountain Music Lights the Way". New York Times. Retrieved April 17, 2013.
^ "Minutes of the Tenth Meeting of the State Highway Commission Held in Richmond, Va. March 26th, 27th, and 28th, 1923" (PDF). (321 KiB), pages 7 and 21
^ "Minutes of the Meeting of the State Highway Commission, Richmond, Va. April 10th, and 11th, 1924" (PDF). (176 KiB), page 2
^ "Minutes of the Meeting of State Highway Commission of Virginia, Held at Richmond, Virginia, September 5, 1930" (PDF). (318 KiB), page 5
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to U.S. Route 23 in Virginia.
KML file (edit • help)
Template:Attached KML/U.S. Route 23 in VirginiaKML is from Wikidata
Virginia Highways Project: US 23
U.S. Route 23
Previous state:Tennessee
Virginia
Next state:Kentucky
< SR 101
Spurs of SR 101923–1928
SR 103 >
< SR 115
Spurs of SR 111923–1928
SR 117 >
< SR 118
Spurs of SR 111923–1928
none
< SR 105
District 1 State Routes1928–1933
SR 107 >
< SR 107
District 1 State Routes1928–1933
SR 109 >
< SR 119
District 1 State Routes1928–1933
SR 121 >
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Route 23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_23"},{"link_name":"United States Numbered Highway System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Numbered_Highway_System"},{"link_name":"Jacksonville, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonville,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Mackinaw City, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mackinaw_City,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Weber City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weber_City,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Pound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Corridor B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corridor_B_(Appalachian_Development_Highway_System)"},{"link_name":"Appalachian Development Highway System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appalachian_Development_Highway_System"},{"link_name":"Southwest Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Scott County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Wise County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wise_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"runs concurrently","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrency_(road)"},{"link_name":"US 58","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_58"},{"link_name":"Duffield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duffield,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"US 58 Alternate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_58_Alternate"},{"link_name":"Big Stone Gap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Stone_Gap,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"independent city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_city_(Virginia)"},{"link_name":"Norton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norton,_Virginia"}],"text":"Segment of American highwayThis article is about the section of U.S. Route 23 in Virginia. For the entire route, see U.S. Route 23.U.S. Route 23 (US 23) is a part of the United States Numbered Highway System that runs from Jacksonville, Florida, to Mackinaw City, Michigan. In Virginia, the U.S. Highway runs 60.80 miles (97.85 km) from the Tennessee state line near Weber City north to the Kentucky state line near Pound. US 23, which is known as Orby Cantrell Highway for most of its course, is a four-lane divided highway that follows Corridor B of the Appalachian Development Highway System through Southwest Virginia. The U.S. Highway serves as the main east–west highway of Scott County and the primary north–south highway of Wise County. US 23 runs concurrently with US 58 from Weber City to Duffield and with US 58 Alternate (US 58 Alt.) between Big Stone Gap and the independent city of Norton.","title":"U.S. Route 23 in Virginia"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2017-06-12_17_48_20_View_north_along_U.S._Route_23_at_Long_Ridge_Road_(Virginia_State_Secondary_Route_732)_just_south_of_Weber_City_in_Scott_County,_Virginia.jpg"},{"link_name":"SR 732","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_732"},{"link_name":"Interstate 26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_26"},{"link_name":"Kingsport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingsport,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"State Route 36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_State_Route_36"},{"link_name":"SR 346","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_State_Route_346"},{"link_name":"North Fork Holston River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Fork_Holston_River"},{"link_name":"Norfolk Southern Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_Southern_Railway"},{"link_name":"Appalachia Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Appalachia_Division&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"US 421","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_421_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Moccasin Gap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moccasin_Gap"},{"link_name":"Clinch Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinch_Mountain"},{"link_name":"US 23 Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_23_Business_(Gate_City,_Virginia)"},{"link_name":"US 58 Bus.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_58_Business_(Gate_City,_Virginia)"},{"link_name":"US 421 Bus.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_421_Business_(Gate_City,_Virginia)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VDOT_Traffic_Data-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Google_Maps_US_23_VA-2"},{"link_name":"Clinch River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinch_River"},{"link_name":"Clinchport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinchport,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"State Route 65","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_65"},{"link_name":"Glenita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glenita,_Virginia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Natural Tunnel State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Tunnel_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Duffield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duffield,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"North Fork Clinch River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Fork_Clinch_River"},{"link_name":"Powell Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powell_Mountain"},{"link_name":"Lee County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Walden Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walden_Ridge"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VDOT_Traffic_Data-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Google_Maps_US_23_VA-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_23_Virginia.JPG"},{"link_name":"Mountain Empire Community College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_Empire_Community_College"},{"link_name":"Big Stone Gap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Stone_Gap,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"partial cloverleaf interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial_cloverleaf_interchange"},{"link_name":"US 23 Bus.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_23_Business_(Big_Stone_Gap%E2%80%93Norton,_Virginia)"},{"link_name":"US 58 Alt.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_58_Alternate"},{"link_name":"diamond interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_interchange"},{"link_name":"SR 610","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_610"},{"link_name":"SR 74","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_74"},{"link_name":"SR 283","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_283"},{"link_name":"Esserville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esserville,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Wise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wise,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"US 23 Bus.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_23_Business_(Wise,_Virginia)"},{"link_name":"county seat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_seat"},{"link_name":"Tennessee Valley Divide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Divide"},{"link_name":"business route","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_23_Business_(Pound,_Virginia)"},{"link_name":"Pound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Pine Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine_Mountain_(Appalachian_Mountains)"},{"link_name":"US 119","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_119_in_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Pikeville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikeville,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VDOT_Traffic_Data-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Google_Maps_US_23_VA-2"},{"link_name":"Crooked Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crooked_Road_(Virginia)"},{"link_name":"The Crooked Road: Virginia's Heritage Music Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Crooked_Road:_Virginia%27s_Heritage_Music_Trail&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"View north along US 23 at SR 732 just north of the Tennessee state line south of Weber CityUS 23 enters Scott County at the Tennessee state line south of Weber City immediately north of the northern end of the US 23 freeway that becomes Interstate 26 in Kingsport. At the state line, US 23 has a partial interchange with the northern end of State Route 36 (SR 36; Lynn Garden Drive) and SR 346 (Carters Valley Road). US 23 passes through a gap between Cloud Ridge and Long Ridge at the state line, then crosses the North Fork Holston River on the John M. Johnson Memorial Bridge. The U.S. Highway enters the town of Weber City as Main Street, which parallels Norfolk Southern Railway's Appalachia Division as a four-lane undivided highway. At the north edge of the town, US 23 intersects US 58 and US 421 (Hilton Road); the three highways run concurrently with the railroad through Moccasin Gap, where Moccasin Creek passes through Clinch Mountain. US 23, US 58, and US 421 enter the town of Gate City; US 23 Business (US 23 Bus.), US 58 Bus., and US 421 Bus. pass through the center of town while the mainline of the U.S. Highways follows the flank of Clinch Mountain to the south of town.[1][2]US 23, US 58, and US 421 receive their three business routes at an interchange west of Gate City. The U.S. Highways parallel the railroad and Little Moccasin Creek west between Clinch Mountain to the south and Moccasin Ridge to the north. The highways curve north and parallel the Clinch River to Clinchport, where the road meets the southern end of State Route 65 (SR 65) and begins to follow Stock Creek. US 23, US 58, and US 421 pass by Glenita, where the railroad splits north to pass through the Natural Tunnel, the centerpiece of Natural Tunnel State Park. After passing through the Devil's Racepath, US 58 and US 421 split from US 23 as Daniel Boone Trail just south of the town of Duffield. US 23 passes through the town, where the highway parallels the Appalachia Division rail line and the North Fork Clinch River through a gap between Powell Mountain and Cliff Mountain. The U.S. Highway briefly enters Lee County while following the river between Powell Mountain and Walden Ridge to its source at Wildcat Summit at the Lee–Wise county line.[1][2]Northbound US 23 near DuffieldUS 23 follows Wildcat Creek and becomes a freeway adjacent to Mountain Empire Community College south of Big Stone Gap. The U.S. Highway has a partial cloverleaf interchange with US 23 Bus. and US 58 Alt.; the latter highway joins US 23 in a concurrency. The two highways have a diamond interchange with SR 610 (Powell Valley Road) before following the southern flank of Little Stone Mountain to Little Stone Gap, where the freeway enters the city of Norton. US 23 and US 58 Alt. have a partial cloverleaf interchange with Kentucky Avenue south of downtown Norton. The highways curve north over a rail line and SR 74 before reaching a partial cloverleaf interchange where US 58 Alt. splits east on Norton Coeburn Road, which heads west toward downtown Norton as SR 283. US 23 leaves the city of Norton and receives the other end of US 23 Bus. (Esserville Road) at Esserville. A short distance to the north, US 23 enters the town of Wise, where another US 23 Bus. splits northeast as Norton Road to serve the county seat of Wise County. The U.S. Highway receives the north end of its business route (Main Street) before the highway crosses the Tennessee Valley Divide at Indian Mountain. US 23 descends along Indian Creek to the southern end of its fourth business route, which heads into the town of Pound as Indian Creek Road. The U.S. Highway briefly enters the town limits while receiving the north end of the business route, Main Street. North of Pound, US 23 passes through Horse Gap and makes a curve to the west before entering Kentucky at Pound Gap in Pine Mountain. The U.S. Highway meets US 119 on the north side of the mountain; the two highways run concurrently north toward Pikeville.[1][2]Much of US 23 in Virginia is part of Crooked Road and The Crooked Road: Virginia's Heritage Music Trail.[3][4]","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Weber City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weber_City,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Kingsport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingsport,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"SR 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_10_(pre-1933)"},{"link_name":"US 58","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_58_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"1928 renumbering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928_Virginia_state_highway_renumbering"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The road from Moccasin Gap (now Weber City) south to Tennessee toward Kingsport was added to the state highway system in 1923.[5] As a spur of SR 10 (now US 58), it was assigned the State Route 102 (SR 102) designation[6] and was renumbered State Route 108 (SR 108) in the 1928 renumbering.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Major intersections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"business routes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_route"},{"link_name":"Appalachia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appalachia,_Virginia"}],"text":"In Virginia, US 23 has four business routes. From South to North, its first business route serves downtown Gate City. The second begins in Big Stone Gap and runs north to Appalachia, then turns east to Norton. Its third business route runs along portions of Norton Road and West Main Street in Wise. The fourth and northernmost route is located in Pound.","title":"Business routes"}]
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[{"image_text":"View north along US 23 at SR 732 just north of the Tennessee state line south of Weber City","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/2017-06-12_17_48_20_View_north_along_U.S._Route_23_at_Long_Ridge_Road_%28Virginia_State_Secondary_Route_732%29_just_south_of_Weber_City_in_Scott_County%2C_Virginia.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg"},{"image_text":"Northbound US 23 near Duffield","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/US_23_Virginia.JPG/220px-US_23_Virginia.JPG"}]
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[{"reference":"\"2009 Traffic Data\". Virginia Department of Transportation. 2009. Retrieved August 22, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.virginiadot.org/info/2009_traffic_data_by_jurisdiction.asp","url_text":"\"2009 Traffic Data\""}]},{"reference":"Google (August 22, 2011). \"U.S. Route 23 in Virginia\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved August 22, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?saddr=US-23+N&daddr=US-23+N%2FOrby+Cantrell+Hwy&hl=en&sll=36.87604,-82.68839&sspn=1.039213,2.469177&geocode=Fa9jLgId0QwU-w%3BFV7wNgIdgh8T-w&vpsrc=0&mra=ls&t=h&z=9","url_text":"\"U.S. Route 23 in Virginia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"\"The Crooked Road\". The Crooked Road. Retrieved April 17, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.crookedroad.org/","url_text":"\"The Crooked Road\""}]},{"reference":"Wildman, Sarah (May 20, 2011). \"On Virginia's Crooked Road, Mountain Music Lights the Way\". New York Times. Retrieved April 17, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/22/travel/on-virginias-crooked-road-music-lights-the-way.html?pagewanted=all","url_text":"\"On Virginia's Crooked Road, Mountain Music Lights the Way\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times","url_text":"New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Minutes of the Tenth Meeting of the State Highway Commission Held in Richmond, Va. March 26th, 27th, and 28th, 1923\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.virginiadot.org/meetings/minutes_pdf/CTB-03-1923-02.pdf","url_text":"\"Minutes of the Tenth Meeting of the State Highway Commission Held in Richmond, Va. March 26th, 27th, and 28th, 1923\""}]},{"reference":"\"Minutes of the Meeting of the State Highway Commission, Richmond, Va. April 10th, and 11th, 1924\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.virginiadot.org/meetings/minutes_pdf/CTB-04-1924-01.pdf","url_text":"\"Minutes of the Meeting of the State Highway Commission, Richmond, Va. April 10th, and 11th, 1924\""}]},{"reference":"\"Minutes of the Meeting of State Highway Commission of Virginia, Held at Richmond, Virginia, September 5, 1930\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.virginiadot.org/meetings/minutes_pdf/CTB-09-1930-01.pdf","url_text":"\"Minutes of the Meeting of State Highway Commission of Virginia, Held at Richmond, Virginia, September 5, 1930\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.virginiadot.org/info/2009_traffic_data_by_jurisdiction.asp","external_links_name":"\"2009 Traffic Data\""},{"Link":"http://www.virginiadot.org/info/resources/2009/AADT_084_Scott_2009.pdf","external_links_name":"Scott County"},{"Link":"http://www.virginiadot.org/info/resources/2009/AADT_052_Lee_2009.pdf","external_links_name":"Lee County"},{"Link":"http://www.virginiadot.org/info/resources/2009/AADT_097_Wise_2009.pdf","external_links_name":"Wise County and City of Norton"},{"Link":"https://maps.google.com/maps?saddr=US-23+N&daddr=US-23+N%2FOrby+Cantrell+Hwy&hl=en&sll=36.87604,-82.68839&sspn=1.039213,2.469177&geocode=Fa9jLgId0QwU-w%3BFV7wNgIdgh8T-w&vpsrc=0&mra=ls&t=h&z=9","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Route 23 in Virginia\""},{"Link":"http://www.crookedroad.org/","external_links_name":"\"The Crooked Road\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/22/travel/on-virginias-crooked-road-music-lights-the-way.html?pagewanted=all","external_links_name":"\"On Virginia's Crooked Road, Mountain Music Lights the Way\""},{"Link":"http://www.virginiadot.org/meetings/minutes_pdf/CTB-03-1923-02.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Minutes of the Tenth Meeting of the State Highway Commission Held in Richmond, Va. March 26th, 27th, and 28th, 1923\""},{"Link":"http://www.virginiadot.org/meetings/minutes_pdf/CTB-04-1924-01.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Minutes of the Meeting of the State Highway Commission, Richmond, Va. April 10th, and 11th, 1924\""},{"Link":"http://www.virginiadot.org/meetings/minutes_pdf/CTB-09-1930-01.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Minutes of the Meeting of State Highway Commission of Virginia, Held at Richmond, Virginia, September 5, 1930\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/U.S._Route_23_in_Virginia&action=raw","external_links_name":"KML file"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/U.S._Route_23_in_Virginia&action=edit","external_links_name":"edit"},{"Link":"http://www.vahighways.com/route-log/us023.htm","external_links_name":"Virginia Highways Project: US 23"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starr_carbine
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Starr carbine
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["1 History","2 Design and features","3 Variants","4 See also","5 References"]
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Carbine Starr carbine
Starr carbine at the Springfield Armory National Historic SiteTypeCarbinePlace of originUnited StatesService historyUsed byUnited States, Japan, BunyoroWarsAmerican Civil War, Boshin War, American Indian Wars,Production historyDesignerEbenezer StarrDesigned1858ManufacturerStarr Arms CompanyProduced1858–1867No. built25,000SpecificationsLength37.5 in (950 mm)Barrel length21 in (530 mm)Caliber.54 in (14 mm)ActionFalling-block
The Starr carbine was a breechloading single-shot rifle used by the United States Army. Designed in 1858, the Starr was primarily used by cavalry soldiers in the American Civil War.
History
In January 1858, Ebenzer Starr submitted his design for a single-shot, breech-loading rifle to the Washington Armory for evaluation. During testing, the rifle was noted to have no misfires, and its accuracy was considered better than average. Testers commented that if the gas seal could be improved, the weapon would be better than its rival, the Sharps carbine.
The rifle was adopted as the Model 1858 carbine. Between 1861 and 1864, over 20,000 were produced by the Starr Arms Company of Yonkers, New York. The Model 1858 was designed to fire paper or linen cartridges. In 1865, the government ordered 3,000 Starr carbines chambered to use metal cartridge. These proved to be successful, and an additional 2,000 were ordered.
Although the Starr carbine had proven to be effective during the Civil War, it was not successful during the trials of 1865 by the U.S. Army trials board, and no further rifles were ordered.
During the war, the Starr Arms Company had been the fifth largest supplier of carbines and the third largest supplier of .44 caliber single action pistols. After the war had ended, and with no further government contracts, Starr could no longer compete with larger manufacturers like Winchester, Sharps, and Colt, and the company closed its doors in 1867.
Design and features
The Starr carbine was similar in design to the Sharps carbine. The Starr had a longer receiver and a distinctive web between the tail of the breech lever and the underside of the butt.
The Starr carbine had a .54 caliber barrel that was 21 inches in length. The weapon had an overall length of 37.65 inches and a weight of 7.4 lbs. A bayonet could not be fitted.
The Starr carbine had a three-position rear sight composed of a standing block and two folding leaves.
The Starr carbine fired paper or linen cartridges that were ignited by conventional percussion caps. The weapon fired reliably as long as the lengthy flash channel was kept clean.
Variants
The Starr carbine was produced in two versions, the Model 1858 and the Model 1865. The Model 1858 could fire linen or paper cartridges made by Starr, and could also fire similar cartridges made for the Sharps carbine. The Model 1865 version fired the metal 56-50 Spencer rimfire cartridge, and as a result, had a significantly redesigned hammer and breech block.
See also
Rifles in the American Civil War
References
^ Stanley, "In Darkest Africa; Or, The Quest, Rescue, and Retreat of Emin, Governor of Equatoria", H.M Scribner. 1890.
^ "Rifles of the World" By John Walter
^ "Guns of the Civil War" By Dennis Adler
^ "Rifles of the World" By John Walter
^ "Guns of the Civil War" By Dennis Adler
vteWeapons of the American Civil WarEdged weapons
Arkansas toothpick
Bayonet
Bowie knife
M1832 foot artillery sword
M1833 dragoon saber
M1840 army noncommissioned officer's sword
M1840 cavalry saber
M1840 light artillery saber
M1850 army staff & field officer's sword
M1852 naval officer's sword
M1860 cutlass
M1860 light cavalry saber
Mameluke sword
USMC noncommissioned officer's sword
Sidearms
Adams M1851 revolver
Allen & Thurber M1837 revolver pepperbox
Allen & Wheelock M1861 revolver
Beaumont–Adams M1862 revolver
Butterfield M1855 transitional revolver
Colt M1836 Paterson revolver
Colt M1847 Walker revolver
Colt M1848 Dragoon revolver
Colt M1849 Pocket revolver
Colt M1851 Navy revolver
Colt M1860 Army revolver
Colt M1861 Navy revolver
Colt M1862 Police revolver
Colt Root M1855 revolver
Deringer M1825 Philadelphia caplock pistol
Elgin M1838 cutlass caplock pistol
Kerr M1855 revolver
Lefaucheux M1854 revolver
Lefaucheux M1858 revolver
LeMat M1856 revolver
Moore M1864 revolver
Remington M1858 revolver
Remington M1860 Elliot revolver pepperbox
Savage-North M1861 Navy revolver
Smith & Wesson Model 1
Smith & Wesson Model No. 2 Army
Spiller & Burr M1861 revolver
Starr M1858 and M1863 revolver
Tranter M1856 revolver
Volcanic M1855 repeating pistol
Walch M1859 revolver
Wesson and Leavitt M1850 Dragoon revolver
Whitney M1857 revolver
Rifles and muskets
Augustin M1842 musket
Ballard M1861 rifle
Brunswick P1836 and P1841 rifle
Burnside M1855 carbine
Charleville M1816 and M1822 musket
Colt M1855 revolver carbine and rifle
Deringer M1814 Common rifle
Deringer M1817 Common rifle
Enfield P1853 rifled musket
Enfield P1861 musketoon
Fayetteville M1862 rifle
Gallager M1861 carbine
Hall M1819 rifle
Hall-North M1843 carbine
Harper Ferry M1803 rifle
Henry M1860 repeating rifle
Jenks M1841 Mule ear carbine
Joslyn M1855, M1861, M1862, M1864, M1865 carbine and rifle
Lorenz M1854 rifled musket
Maynard M1851 carbine
Merrill M1858 carbine
Mississippi M1841 rifle
P1839 and P1842 Brown Bess musket
Potzdam M1831 musket
Richmond M1861 rifled musket
Sharps M1848, M1850, M1851, M1852, M1853, M1855, M1859, M1863, M1865 carbine and rifle
Sharps & Hankins M1862 carbine
Smith M1857 carbine
Spencer M1860, M1865 repeating carbine and rifle
Springfield M1795 musket
Springfield M1812 musket
Springfield M1816 musket
Springfield M1822 musket
Springfield M1835 musket
Springfield M1840 musket
Springfield M1842 musket
Springfield M1847 musketoon
Springfield M1855 rifled musket
Springfield M1861 rifled musket
Springfield M1863 rifled musket
Starr M1858 carbine
Tarpley M1863 carbine
Volcanic M1855 repeating rifle
Wesson M1859 carbine and rifle
Whitworth P1857 rifle
Other weapons
Adams grenade
Coach gun
Congreve rocket
Double-barreled shotgun
Hale rocket launcher
Ketchum Grenade
Rains grenade
Rains landmine
Sea mine
Winans Steam Gun
Rapid fire weapons
Ager machine gun
Billinghurst Requa Battery volley gun
Claxton machine gun
Gatling I and II machine gun
Gorgas machine gun
Pate revolver cannon
Ripley machine gun
Vandenberg volley gun
Williams machine gun
ArtilleryMortars
8-inch M1841, 10-inch M1841 and 13-inch M1861 mortar
Coehorn 5.82-inch M1841 mortar
Field andSiege artillery
6-pounder M1841 field cannon
12-pounder M1841 howitzer
12-pounder M1841 mountain howitzer
12-pounder M1857 Napoleon field cannon
24-pounder M1841 howitzer
Blakely rifled cannon
James 14-pounder M1861 rifled cannon (also known as James 6-pounder M1861 or 3.8-inch M1861 rifled cannon)
James 24-pounder M1839, 32-pounder M1829 and 42-pounder M1841 rifled cannon
Ordnance 3-inch M1861 rifled cannon
Ordnance 4.5-inch rifled cannon
Parrott 10-pounder M1861 rifled cannon
Parrott 20-pounder M1861 rifled cannon
Parrott 30-pounder, 100-pounder, 200-pounder and 300-pounder rifled cannon
Pate revolver cannon
Whitworth 12-pounder rifled cannon
Naval andCoastal artillery
Bomford Columbiad cannon
Brooke rifled cannon
Carronade cannon
Dahlgren cannon
Paixhans cannon
Rodman Columbiad cannon
Whitworth 70-pounder rifled cannon
Ammunition, cartridges and equipment
.22 Short
.44 Henry
.56-56 Spencer
Buck and ball
Canister shot
Friction primer
Gunpowder
Maynard tape primer
Minié ball
Paper cartridge
Percussion cap
Ramrod
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"}],"text":"The Starr carbine was a breechloading single-shot rifle used by the United States Army. Designed in 1858, the Starr was primarily used by cavalry soldiers in the American Civil War.","title":"Starr carbine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sharps carbine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharps_carbine"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"In January 1858, Ebenzer Starr submitted his design for a single-shot, breech-loading rifle to the Washington Armory for evaluation. During testing, the rifle was noted to have no misfires, and its accuracy was considered better than average. Testers commented that if the gas seal could be improved, the weapon would be better than its rival, the Sharps carbine.[2]The rifle was adopted as the Model 1858 carbine. Between 1861 and 1864, over 20,000 were produced by the Starr Arms Company of Yonkers, New York. The Model 1858 was designed to fire paper or linen cartridges. In 1865, the government ordered 3,000 Starr carbines chambered to use metal cartridge. These proved to be successful, and an additional 2,000 were ordered.Although the Starr carbine had proven to be effective during the Civil War, it was not successful during the trials of 1865 by the U.S. Army trials board, and no further rifles were ordered.During the war, the Starr Arms Company had been the fifth largest supplier of carbines and the third largest supplier of .44 caliber single action pistols. After the war had ended, and with no further government contracts, Starr could no longer compete with larger manufacturers like Winchester, Sharps, and Colt, and the company closed its doors in 1867.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The Starr carbine was similar in design to the Sharps carbine. The Starr had a longer receiver and a distinctive web between the tail of the breech lever and the underside of the butt.[4]The Starr carbine had a .54 caliber barrel that was 21 inches in length. The weapon had an overall length of 37.65 inches and a weight of 7.4 lbs. A bayonet could not be fitted.[5]The Starr carbine had a three-position rear sight composed of a standing block and two folding leaves.The Starr carbine fired paper or linen cartridges that were ignited by conventional percussion caps. The weapon fired reliably as long as the lengthy flash channel was kept clean.","title":"Design and features"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Starr carbine was produced in two versions, the Model 1858 and the Model 1865. The Model 1858 could fire linen or paper cartridges made by Starr, and could also fire similar cartridges made for the Sharps carbine. The Model 1865 version fired the metal 56-50 Spencer rimfire cartridge, and as a result, had a significantly redesigned hammer and breech block.","title":"Variants"}]
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[{"title":"Rifles in the American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifles_in_the_American_Civil_War"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupvray
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Coupvray
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["1 People","2 Points of interest","3 Demographics","4 Education","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
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Coordinates: 48°53′33″N 2°47′38″E / 48.8925°N 2.7939°E / 48.8925; 2.7939Commune in Île-de-France, FranceCoupvrayCommuneThe town hall in CoupvrayLocation of Coupvray
CoupvrayShow map of FranceCoupvrayShow map of Île-de-France (region)Coordinates: 48°53′33″N 2°47′38″E / 48.8925°N 2.7939°E / 48.8925; 2.7939CountryFranceRegionÎle-de-FranceDepartmentSeine-et-MarneArrondissementTorcyCantonSerrisIntercommunalityVal d'Europe AgglomérationGovernment • Mayor (2020–2026) Thierry CerriArea18.09 km2 (3.12 sq mi)Population (2021)2,949 • Density360/km2 (940/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code77132 /77700Elevation41–132 m (135–433 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.
Coupvray (French: ⓘ) is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
People
Coupvray was the birthplace and home of Louis Braille. Braille's home is now a museum. Braille's hands are buried in Coupvray as a symbol of Louis’ system of touch reading, the rest of his body is buried in the Panthéon, Paris.
Points of interest
The Castle of Rohan, built over the period 1596–1602 by Hercule de Rohan, Duke of Montbazon, is another visitor attraction, although it is now mostly in ruins. Disneyland Resort Paris is also nearby.
Demographics
Inhabitants of Coupvray are known as Cupressiens in French.
Historical populationYearPop.±% p.a.1793 588— 1800 681+2.12%1806 629−1.32%1821 612−0.18%1831 616+0.07%1836 572−1.47%1841 543−1.04%1846 575+1.15%1851 566−0.32%1856 512−1.99%1861 499−0.51%1866 480−0.77%1872 463−0.60%1876 452−0.60%1881 456+0.18%1886 513+2.38%1891 503−0.39%1896 513+0.39%YearPop.±% p.a.1901 519+0.23%1906 505−0.55%1911 516+0.43%1921 507−0.18%1926 582+2.80%1931 521−2.19%1936 695+5.93%1946 658−0.55%1954 707+0.90%1962 680−0.49%1968 769+2.07%1975 1,063+4.73%1982 1,416+4.18%1990 2,280+6.14%1999 2,713+1.95%2007 2,790+0.35%2012 2,607−1.35%2017 2,864+1.90%Source: EHESS and INSEE (1968-2017)
Education
The commune has the Groupe scolaire Francis et Odette Teisseyre, a school group including one preschool and one elementary school. The collège (junior high school) Etablissement Louis Braille in Esbly serves Coupvray, and the assigned senior high school is the Lycée Pierre de Coubertin in Meaux.
See also
Communes of the Seine-et-Marne department
References
^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020.
^ "Populations légales 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.
^ Des villages de Cassini aux communes d'aujourd'hui: Commune data sheet Coupvray, EHESS (in French).
^ Population en historique depuis 1968, INSEE
^ "Etablissements scolaires Archived 2009-03-05 at the Wayback Machine." Coupvray. Retrieved on September 3, 2016. "Le lycée d'affectation lié à la carte scolaire est le Lycée Pierre de Coubertin, chaussée de Paris à Meaux"
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Coupvray.
Official Web site of the village of Coupvray (in French)
1999 Land Use, from IAURIF (Institute for Urban Planning and Development of the Paris-Île-de-France région) (in English)
Base Mérimée: Search for heritage in the commune, Ministère français de la Culture. (in French)
vteMarne-la-ValléeCommunesSector I (Porte de Paris)
Noisy-le-Grand
Bry-sur-Marne
Villiers-sur-Marne
Sector II (Val Maubuée)
Champs-sur-Marne
Croissy-Beaubourg
Émerainville
Lognes
Noisiel
Torcy
Sector III (Val de Bussy)
Bussy-Saint-Georges
Bussy-Saint-Martin
Chanteloup-en-Brie
Collégien
Conches-sur-Gondoire
Ferrières-en-Brie
Gouvernes
Guermantes
Jossigny
Lagny-sur-Marne
Montévrain
Saint-Thibault-des-Vignes
Sector IV (Val d'Europe)
Bailly-Romainvilliers
Chessy
Coupvray
Magny-le-Hongre
Serris
Lycées
Lycée polyvalent de l'Arche-Guédon (Torcy)
Emilie Brontë (Lognes)
Françoise-Cabrini (Noisy-le-Grand)
René Cassin (Noisiel)
Émilie du Châtelet (Serris)
René Descartes (Champs-sur-Marne)
Évariste-Galois (Noisy-le-Grand)
Martin Luther King (Bussy-Saint-Georges)
Lycée Jean-Moulin (Torcy)
Lycée Maurice-Rondeau (Bussy-Saint-Georges)
Flora-Tristan (Noisy-le-Grand)
Van Dongen (Lagny-sur-Marne)
Colleges and universities
University of Marne-la-Vallée
École des ponts ParisTech
ESIEE Paris
École nationale des finances publiques
Campus Descartes
TransportParis RER stations
Bry-sur-Marne
Lognes
Marne-la-Vallée–Chessy
Noisiel
Noisy–Champs
Noisy-le-Grand–Mont d'Est
Torcy
Val d'Europe
Villiers-sur-Marne–Le Plessis-Trévise
Les Yvris–Noisy-le-Grand
Émerainville–Pontault-Combault
Transilien stations
Lagny–Thorigny in Thorigny-sur-Marne
Airports
Lognes–Émerainville aerodrome
Landmarks
Disneyland Paris
Château de Champs-sur-Marne
Arènes de Picasso
Espaces d'Abraxas
Centre hospitalier de Marne-la-Vallée
Religion
Église Saint-Sulpice
Église Sainte-Thérèse-des-Richardets
Église Notre-Dame-de-Lourdes
Église Saint-Martin-du-Champy
Église Saint-Paul-des-Nations
Église Saint-Martin-des-Gaules
Église Saint-Furcy de Lagny-sur-Marne
This list is incomplete.
vte Communes of the Seine-et-Marne department
Achères-la-Forêt
Amillis
Amponville
Andrezel
Annet-sur-Marne
Arbonne-la-Forêt
Argentières
Armentières-en-Brie
Arville
Aubepierre-Ozouer-le-Repos
Aufferville
Augers-en-Brie
Aulnoy
Avon
Baby
Bagneaux-sur-Loing
Bailly-Romainvilliers
Balloy
Bannost-Villegagnon
Barbey
Barbizon
Barcy
Bassevelle
Bazoches-lès-Bray
Beauchery-Saint-Martin
Beaumont-du-Gâtinais
Beautheil-Saints
Beauvoir
Bellot
Bernay-Vilbert
Beton-Bazoches
Bezalles
Blandy
Blennes
Boisdon
Bois-le-Roi
Boissettes
Boissise-la-Bertrand
Boissise-le-Roi
Boissy-aux-Cailles
Boissy-le-Châtel
Boitron
Bombon
Bougligny
Boulancourt
Bouleurs
Bourron-Marlotte
Boutigny
Bransles
Bray-sur-Seine
Bréau
Brie-Comte-Robert
La Brosse-Montceaux
Brou-sur-Chantereine
Burcy
Bussières
Bussy-Saint-Georges
Bussy-Saint-Martin
Buthiers
Cannes-Écluse
Carnetin
La Celle-sur-Morin
Cély
Cerneux
Cesson
Cessoy-en-Montois
Chailly-en-Bière
Chailly-en-Brie
Chaintreaux
Chalautre-la-Grande
Chalautre-la-Petite
Chalifert
Chalmaison
Chambry
Chamigny
Champagne-sur-Seine
Champcenest
Champdeuil
Champeaux
Champs-sur-Marne
Changis-sur-Marne
Chanteloup-en-Brie
La Chapelle-Gauthier
La Chapelle-Iger
La Chapelle-la-Reine
La Chapelle-Moutils
La Chapelle-Rablais
La Chapelle-Saint-Sulpice
Les Chapelles-Bourbon
Charmentray
Charny
Chartrettes
Chartronges
Châteaubleau
Château-Landon
Le Châtelet-en-Brie
Châtenay-sur-Seine
Châtenoy
Châtillon-la-Borde
Châtres
Chauconin-Neufmontiers
Chauffry
Chaumes-en-Brie
Chelles
Chenoise-Cucharmoy
Chenou
Chessy
Chevrainvilliers
Chevru
Chevry-Cossigny
Chevry-en-Sereine
Choisy-en-Brie
Citry
Claye-Souilly
Clos-Fontaine
Cocherel
Collégien
Combs-la-Ville
Compans
Conches-sur-Gondoire
Condé-Sainte-Libiaire
Congis-sur-Thérouanne
Coubert
Couilly-Pont-aux-Dames
Coulombs-en-Valois
Coulommes
Coulommiers
Coupvray
Courcelles-en-Bassée
Courchamp
Courpalay
Courquetaine
Courtacon
Courtomer
Courtry
Coutençon
Coutevroult
Crécy-la-Chapelle
Crégy-lès-Meaux
Crèvecœur-en-Brie
Crisenoy
Croissy-Beaubourg
La Croix-en-Brie
Crouy-sur-Ourcq
Cuisy
Dagny
Dammarie-lès-Lys
Dammartin-en-Goële
Dammartin-sur-Tigeaux
Dampmart
Darvault
Dhuisy
Diant
Donnemarie-Dontilly
Dormelles
Doue
Douy-la-Ramée
Échouboulains
Les Écrennes
Égligny
Égreville
Émerainville
Esbly
Esmans
Étrépilly
Everly
Évry-Grégy-sur-Yerre
Faremoutiers
Favières
Faÿ-lès-Nemours
Féricy
Férolles-Attilly
Ferrières-en-Brie
La Ferté-Gaucher
La Ferté-sous-Jouarre
Flagy
Fleury-en-Bière
Fontainebleausubpr
Fontaine-Fourches
Fontaine-le-Port
Fontains
Fontenailles
Fontenay-Trésigny
Forfry
Forges
Fouju
Fresnes-sur-Marne
Frétoy
Fromont
Fublaines
Garentreville
Gastins
La Genevraye
Germigny-l'Évêque
Germigny-sous-Coulombs
Gesvres-le-Chapitre
Giremoutiers
Gironville
Gouaix
Gouvernes
La Grande-Paroisse
Grandpuits-Bailly-Carrois
Gravon
Gressy
Gretz-Armainvilliers
Grez-sur-Loing
Grisy-Suisnes
Grisy-sur-Seine
Guérard
Guercheville
Guermantes
Guignes
Gurcy-le-Châtel
Hautefeuille
La Haute-Maison
Héricy
Hermé
Hondevilliers
La Houssaye-en-Brie
Ichy
Isles-les-Meldeuses
Isles-lès-Villenoy
Iverny
Jablines
Jaignes
Jaulnes
Jossigny
Jouarre
Jouy-le-Châtel
Jouy-sur-Morin
Juilly
Jutigny
Lagny-sur-Marne
Larchant
Laval-en-Brie
Léchelle
Lescherolles
Lesches
Lésigny
Leudon-en-Brie
Lieusaint
Limoges-Fourches
Lissy
Liverdy-en-Brie
Livry-sur-Seine
Lizines
Lizy-sur-Ourcq
Lognes
Longperrier
Longueville
Lorrez-le-Bocage-Préaux
Louan-Villegruis-Fontaine
Luisetaines
Lumigny-Nesles-Ormeaux
Luzancy
Machault
La Madeleine-sur-Loing
Magny-le-Hongre
Maincy
Maisoncelles-en-Brie
Maisoncelles-en-Gâtinais
Maison-Rouge
Marchémoret
Marcilly
Les Marêts
Mareuil-lès-Meaux
Marles-en-Brie
Marolles-en-Brie
Marolles-sur-Seine
Mary-sur-Marne
Mauperthuis
Mauregard
May-en-Multien
Meauxsubpr
Le Mée-sur-Seine
Meigneux
Meilleray
Melunpref
Melz-sur-Seine
Méry-sur-Marne
Le Mesnil-Amelot
Messy
Misy-sur-Yonne
Mitry-Mory
Moisenay
Moissy-Cramayel
Mondreville
Mons-en-Montois
Montceaux-lès-Meaux
Montceaux-lès-Provins
Montcourt-Fromonville
Montdauphin
Montenils
Montereau-Fault-Yonne
Montereau-sur-le-Jard
Montévrain
Montgé-en-Goële
Monthyon
Montigny-le-Guesdier
Montigny-Lencoup
Montigny-sur-Loing
Montmachoux
Montolivet
Montry
Moret-Loing-et-Orvanne
Mormant
Mortcerf
Mortery
Mouroux
Mousseaux-lès-Bray
Moussy-le-Neuf
Moussy-le-Vieux
Mouy-sur-Seine
Nandy
Nangis
Nanteau-sur-Essonne
Nanteau-sur-Lunain
Nanteuil-lès-Meaux
Nanteuil-sur-Marne
Nantouillet
Nemours
Neufmoutiers-en-Brie
Noisiel
Noisy-Rudignon
Noisy-sur-École
Nonville
Noyen-sur-Seine
Obsonville
Ocquerre
Oissery
Orly-sur-Morin
Ormesson
Les Ormes-sur-Voulzie
Othis
Ozoir-la-Ferrière
Ozouer-le-Voulgis
Paley
Pamfou
Paroy
Passy-sur-Seine
Pécy
Penchard
Perthes
Pézarches
Pierre-Levée
Le Pin
Le Plessis-aux-Bois
Le Plessis-Feu-Aussoux
Le Plessis-l'Évêque
Le Plessis-Placy
Poigny
Poincy
Poligny
Pommeuse
Pomponne
Pontault-Combault
Pontcarré
Précy-sur-Marne
Presles-en-Brie
Pringy
Provinssubpr
Puisieux
Quiers
Quincy-Voisins
Rampillon
Réau
Rebais
Recloses
Remauville
Reuil-en-Brie
La Rochette
Roissy-en-Brie
Rouilly
Rouvres
Rozay-en-Brie
Rubelles
Rumont
Rupéreux
Saâcy-sur-Marne
Sablonnières
Saint-Augustin
Saint-Barthélemy
Saint-Brice
Saint-Cyr-sur-Morin
Saint-Denis-lès-Rebais
Sainte-Aulde
Sainte-Colombe
Saint-Fargeau-Ponthierry
Saint-Fiacre
Saint-Germain-Laval
Saint-Germain-Laxis
Saint-Germain-sous-Doue
Saint-Germain-sur-École
Saint-Germain-sur-Morin
Saint-Hilliers
Saint-Jean-les-Deux-Jumeaux
Saint-Just-en-Brie
Saint-Léger
Saint-Loup-de-Naud
Saint-Mammès
Saint-Mard
Saint-Mars-Vieux-Maisons
Saint-Martin-des-Champs
Saint-Martin-du-Boschet
Saint-Martin-en-Bière
Saint-Méry
Saint-Mesmes
Saint-Ouen-en-Brie
Saint-Ouen-sur-Morin
Saint-Pathus
Saint-Pierre-lès-Nemours
Saint-Rémy-de-la-Vanne
Saint-Sauveur-lès-Bray
Saint-Sauveur-sur-École
Saint-Siméon
Saint-Soupplets
Saint-Thibault-des-Vignes
Salins
Sammeron
Samois-sur-Seine
Samoreau
Sancy
Sancy-lès-Provins
Savigny-le-Temple
Savins
Seine-Port
Sept-Sorts
Serris
Servon
Signy-Signets
Sigy
Sivry-Courtry
Sognolles-en-Montois
Soignolles-en-Brie
Soisy-Bouy
Solers
Souppes-sur-Loing
Sourdun
Tancrou
Thénisy
Thieux
Thomery
Thorigny-sur-Marne
Thoury-Férottes
Tigeaux
La Tombe
Torcysubpr
Touquin
Tournan-en-Brie
Tousson
La Trétoire
Treuzy-Levelay
Trilbardou
Trilport
Trocy-en-Multien
Ury
Ussy-sur-Marne
Vaires-sur-Marne
Valence-en-Brie
Vanvillé
Varennes-sur-Seine
Varreddes
Vaucourtois
Le Vaudoué
Vaudoy-en-Brie
Vaux-le-Pénil
Vaux-sur-Lunain
Vendrest
Verdelot
Verneuil-l'Étang
Vernou-la-Celle-sur-Seine
Vert-Saint-Denis
Vieux-Champagne
Vignely
Villebéon
Villecerf
Villemaréchal
Villemareuil
Villemer
Villenauxe-la-Petite
Villeneuve-le-Comte
Villeneuve-les-Bordes
Villeneuve-Saint-Denis
Villeneuve-sous-Dammartin
Villeneuve-sur-Bellot
Villenoy
Villeparisis
Villeroy
Ville-Saint-Jacques
Villevaudé
Villiers-en-Bière
Villiers-Saint-Georges
Villiers-sous-Grez
Villiers-sur-Morin
Villiers-sur-Seine
Villuis
Vimpelles
Vinantes
Vincy-Manœuvre
Voinsles
Voisenon
Voulangis
Voulton
Voulx
Vulaines-lès-Provins
Vulaines-sur-Seine
Yèbles
pref: prefecture
subpr: subprefecture
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptailurus_serval
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Serval
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["1 Etymology","2 Taxonomy","2.1 Phylogeny","2.2 Hybrid","3 Characteristics","4 Distribution and habitat","5 Behaviour and ecology","5.1 Hunting and diet","5.2 Reproduction","6 Conservation","7 In culture","8 References","9 External links"]
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Medium-sized wild cat
This article is about the African feline species. For other uses, see Serval (disambiguation).
Serval
A serval in Serengeti National Park
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
CITES Appendix II (CITES)
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Mammalia
Order:
Carnivora
Suborder:
Feliformia
Family:
Felidae
Subfamily:
Felinae
Genus:
LeptailurusSevertzov, 1858
Species:
L. serval
Binomial name
Leptailurus serval(Schreber, 1776)
Subspecies
L. s. serval
L. s. constantina
L. s. lipostictus
Distribution of the serval in 2015
Synonyms
List
Felis serval (Schreber, 1776)
F. capensis (Forster, 1781)
F. galeopardus (Desmarest, 1820)
F. algiricus (J. B. Fischer, 1829)
F. servalina (Ogilby, 1839)
F. senegalensis (Lesson, 1839)
F. ogilbyi (Schinz, 1844)
Caracal serval
The serval (Leptailurus serval) is a wild cat native to Africa. It is widespread in sub-Saharan countries, except rainforest regions. Across its range, it occurs in protected areas, and hunting it is either prohibited or regulated in range countries.
It is the sole member of the genus Leptailurus. Three subspecies are recognised. The serval is a slender, medium-sized cat that stands 54–62 cm (21–24 in) at the shoulder and weighs 9–18 kg (20–40 lb). It is characterised by a small head, large ears, a golden-yellow to buff coat spotted and striped with black, and a short, black-tipped tail. The serval has the longest legs of any cat relative to its body size.
The serval is a solitary carnivore and active both by day and at night. It preys on rodents, particularly vlei rats, small birds, frogs, insects, and reptiles, using its sense of hearing to locate prey. It leaps over 2 m (6 ft 7 in) above the ground to land on the prey on its forefeet, and finally kills it with a bite on the neck or the head. Both sexes establish highly overlapping home ranges of 10 to 32 km2 (4 to 12 sq mi), and mark them with feces and saliva. Mating takes place at different times of the year in different parts of their range, but typically once or twice a year in an area. After a gestational period of two to three months, a litter of one to four is born. The kittens are weaned at the age of one month and begin hunting on their own at six months of age. They leave their mother at the age of around 12 months.
Etymology
The name "serval" is derived from (lobo-) cerval, i.e. Portuguese for lynx, used by Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon in 1765 for a spotted cat that was kept at the time in the Royal Menagerie in Versailles; lobo-cerval is derived from Latin lupus cervarius, literally and respectively "wolf" and "of or pertaining to deer".
The name Leptailurus derives from the Greek λεπτός leptós meaning "fine, delicate", and αἴλουρος aílouros meaning "cat".
Taxonomy
Felis serval was first described by Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber in 1776. In the 19th and 20th centuries, the following serval zoological specimens were described:
Felis constantina proposed by Georg Forster in 1780 was a specimen from the vicinity of Constantine, Algeria.
Felis servalina proposed by William Ogilby in 1839 was based on one serval skin from Sierra Leone with freckle-sized spots.
Felis brachyura proposed by Johann Andreas Wagner in 1841 was also a serval skin from Sierra Leone.
Felis (Serval) togoensis proposed by Paul Matschie in 1893 were two skins and three skulls from Togo.
Felis servalina pantasticta and F. s. liposticta proposed by Reginald Innes Pocock in 1907 were based on one serval from Entebbe in Uganda with a yellowish fur, and one serval skin from Mombasa in Kenya with dusky spots on its belly.
Felis capensis phillipsi proposed by Glover Morrill Allen in 1914 was a skin and a skeleton of an adult male serval from El Garef at the Blue Nile in Sudan.
The generic name Leptailurus was proposed by Nikolai Severtzov in 1858. The serval is the sole member of this genus.
In 1944, Pocock recognised three serval races in North Africa.
Three subspecies are recognised as valid since 2017:
L. s. serval, the nominate subspecies, in Southern Africa
L. s. constantina in Central and West Africa
L. s. lipostictus in East Africa
Phylogeny
The phylogenetic relationships of the serval have remained in dispute; in 1997, palaeontologists M. C. McKenna and S. K. Bell classified Leptailurus as a subgenus of Felis, while others like O. R. P. Bininda-Edmonds (of the Technical University of Munich) have grouped it with Felis, Lynx and Caracal. Studies in the 2000s and the 2010s show that the serval, along with the caracal and the African golden cat, forms one of the eight lineages of Felidae. According to a 2006 genetic study, the Caracal lineage came into existence 8.5 million years ago, and the ancestor of this lineage arrived in Africa 8.5–5.6 mya.
The phylogenetic relationships of the serval are as follows:
Pardofelis
Marbled cat (P. marmorata)
Catopuma
Bay cat (Catopuma badia)
Asian golden cat (Catopuma temminckii)
Caracal
Leptailurus
Serval (L. serval)
Caracal
Caracal (Caracal caracal)
African golden cat (Caracal aurata)
lineage
Leopardus
Lynx
Acinonyx
Puma
Otocolobus
Prionailurus
Felis
Hybrid
Main article: Savannah cat
In April 1986, the first savannah cat, a hybrid between a male serval and a female domestic cat, was born; it was larger than a typical domestic kitten and resembled its father in its coat pattern. It appeared to have inherited a few domestic cat traits, such as tameness, from its mother. This cat breed may have a dog-like habit of following its owner about, is adept at jumping and leaping, and can be a good swimmer. Over the years it has gained popularity as a pet.
Characteristics
A captive serval in Auckland Zoo
The serval is a slender, medium-sized cat; it stands 54 to 62 cm (21–24 in) at the shoulder and weighs 8 to 18 kg (18–40 lb), but females tend to be lighter. The head-and-body length is typically between 67 and 100 cm (26–39 in). Males tend to be sturdier than females. Prominent characteristics include the small head, large ears, spotted and striped coat, long legs and a black-tipped tail that is around 30 cm (12 in) long. The serval has the longest legs of any cat relative to its body size, largely due to the greatly elongated metatarsal bones in the feet. The toes are elongated as well, and unusually mobile.
The coat is basically golden-yellow to buff and extensively marked with black spots and stripes. The spots show great variation in size. Facial features include the whitish chin, spots, and streaks on the cheeks and the forehead, brownish or greenish eyes, white whiskers on the snout and near the ears, which are black on the back with a white horizontal band in the middle; three to four black stripes run from the back of the head onto the shoulders and then break into rows of spots. The white underbelly has dense and fluffy basal fur, and the soft guard hairs (the layer of fur protecting the basal fur) are 5–10 cm (2.0–3.9 in) long. Guard hairs are up to 3 cm (1.2 in) long on the neck, back and flanks, and are merely 1 cm (0.39 in) long on the face. The serval has a good sense of smell, hearing and vision.
A leucistic serval at Big Cat Rescue
The serval is similar to the sympatric caracal, but has a narrower spoor, a rounder skull, and lacks its prominent ear tufts. The closely set ears can rotate up to 180 degrees independently of each other and help in locating prey efficiently.
Both leucistic and melanistic servals have been observed in captivity. In addition, the melanistic variant has been sighted in the wild, with most melanistic servals having been observed in Kenya.
Distribution and habitat
A serval in Diergaarde Blijdorp
In North Africa, the serval is known only from Morocco and has been reintroduced in Tunisia, but is feared to be extinct in Algeria. It inhabits semi-arid areas and cork oak forests close to the Mediterranean Sea, but avoids rainforests and arid areas. It occurs in the Sahel, and is widespread in Southern Africa. It inhabits grasslands, moorlands, and bamboo thickets at high altitudes up to 3,800 m (12,500 ft) on Mount Kilimanjaro. It prefers areas close to water bodies such as wetland and savanna, which provide cover such as reeds and tall grasses. In the East Sudanian Savanna, it was recorded in the transboundary Dinder–Alatash protected area complex during surveys between 2015 and 2018.
In Zambia's Luambe National Park, the population density was recorded as 0.1/km2 (0.26/sq mi) in 2011.
In South Africa, the serval was recorded in Free State, eastern Northern Cape, and southern North West.
In Namibia, it is present in Khaudum and Mudumu National Parks.
Behaviour and ecology
The serval's white spots on the backs of its ears are thought to play an important role in communication.
The serval is active in the day as well as at night; activity might peak in early morning, around twilight, and at midnight. Servals might be active for a longer time on cool or rainy days. During the hot midday, they rest or groom themselves in the shade of bushes and grasses. Servals remain cautious of their vicinity, though they may be less alert when no large carnivores or prey animals are around. Servals walk as much as 2 to 4 kilometres (1+1⁄4 to 2+1⁄2 miles) every night. Servals will often use special trails to reach certain hunting areas. A solitary animal, there is little social interaction among servals except in the mating season, when pairs of opposite sexes may stay together. The only long-lasting bond appears to be of the mother and her cubs, which leave their mother only when they are a year old.
Both males and females establish home ranges, and are most active only in certain regions ('core areas') within them. The area of these ranges can vary from 10 to 32 square kilometres (4 to 12 square miles); prey density, availability of cover and human interference could be significant factors in determining their size. Home ranges might overlap extensively, but occupants show minimal interaction. Aggressive encounters are rare, as servals appear to mutually avoid one another rather than fight and defend their ranges. On occasions where two adult servals meet in conflict over territory, a ritualistic display may ensue, in which one will place a paw on the other's chest while observing their rival closely; this interaction rarely escalates into a fight.
Agonistic behavior involves vertical movement of the head (contrary to the horizontal movement observed in other cats), raising the hair and the tail, displaying the teeth and the white band on the ears, and yowling. Individuals mark their ranges and preferred paths by spraying urine on nearby vegetation, dropping scats along the way, and rubbing their mouths on grasses or the ground while releasing saliva. Servals tend to be sedentary, shifting only a few kilometres away even if they leave their range.
The serval is vulnerable to hyenas and African wild dogs. It will seek cover to escape its view, and, if the predator is very close, immediately flee in long leaps, changing its direction frequently and with the tail raised. The serval is an efficient, though not frequent, climber; an individual was observed to have climbed a tree to a height of more than 9 metres (30 feet) to escape dogs. Like many cats, the serval is able to purr; it also has a high-pitched chirp, and can hiss, cackle, growl, grunt, and meow.
Hunting and diet
A serval in South Africa
The serval is a carnivore that preys on rodents, particularly vlei rats, small birds, hares, frogs, insects, and reptiles, and also feeds on grass that can facilitate digestion or act as an emetic. Up to 90% of the preyed animals weigh less than 200 g (7.1 oz); occasionally it also hunts larger prey such as duikers, hares, flamingoes and young antelopes. The percentage of rodents in the diet has been estimated at 80–97%. Apart from vlei rats, other rodents recorded frequently in the diet include the African grass rat, African pygmy mouse and multimammate mice.
The serval locates prey by its strong sense of hearing. It remains motionless for up to 15 minutes; when prey is within range, it jumps with all four feet up to 4 m (13 ft) in the air and attacks with its front paws. To kill small prey, it slowly stalks it, then pounces on it with the forefeet directed toward the chest, and finally lands on it with its forelegs outstretched. The prey, receiving a blow from one or both of the serval's forepaws, is incapacitated, and the serval bites it on the head or the neck and immediately swallows it. Snakes are dealt more blows and even bites, and may be consumed even as they are moving. Larger prey, such as larger birds, are killed by a sprint followed by a leap to catch them as they are trying to flee, and are eaten slowly. Servals have been observed caching large kills to be consumed later by concealing them in dead leaves and grasses. Servals typically get rid of the internal organs of rodents while eating, and pluck feathers from birds before consuming them. During a leap, a serval can reach more than 2 m (6 ft 7 in) above the ground and cover a horizontal distance of up to 3.6 m (11 ft 10 in). Servals appear to be efficient hunters; a study in Ngorongoro showed that servals were successful in half of their hunting attempts, regardless of the time of hunting, and a mother serval was found to have a success rate of 62%. The number of kills in a 24-hour period averaged 15 to 16. Scavenging has been observed, but very rarely.
Reproduction
Two young servals
Both sexes become sexually mature when they are one to two years old. Oestrus in females lasts one to four days; it typically occurs once or twice a year, though it can occur three or four times a year if the mother loses her litters. Observations of captive servals suggest that when a female enters oestrus, the rate of urine-marking increases in her as well as the males in her vicinity. Zoologist Jonathan Kingdon described the behavior of a female serval in oestrus in his 1997 book East African Mammals. He noted that she would roam restlessly, spray urine frequently holding her vibrating tail in a vertical manner, rub her head near the place she has marked, salivate continuously, give out sharp and short "miaow"s that can be heard for quite a distance, and rub her mouth and cheeks against the face of an approaching male. The time when mating takes place varies geographically; births peak in winter in Botswana, and toward the end of the dry season in the Ngorongoro Crater. A trend generally observed across the range is that births precede the breeding season of murid rodents.
Gestation lasts for two to three months, following which a litter of one to four kittens is born. Births take place in secluded areas, for example in dense vegetation or burrows abandoned by aardvarks and porcupines. Blind at birth, newborns weigh nearly 250 g (9 oz) and have soft, woolly hair (greyer than in adults) and unclear markings. The eyes open after nine to thirteen days. Weaning begins a month after birth; the mother brings small kills to her kittens and calls out to them as she approaches the "den". A mother with young kittens rests for a notably lesser time and has to spend almost twice the time and energy for hunting than do other servals. If disturbed, the mother shifts her kittens one by one to a more secure place. Kittens eventually start accompanying their mother to hunts. At around six months, they acquire their permanent canines and begin to hunt themselves; they leave their mother at about 12 months of age. They may reach sexual maturity from 12 to 25 months of age. Life expectancy is about 10 years in the wild and up to 20 years in captivity.
Conservation
The degradation of wetlands and grasslands is a major threat to the survival of the serval. Trade of serval skins, though on the decline, still occurs in countries such as Benin and Senegal. In West Africa, the serval has significance in traditional medicine. Pastoralists often kill servals to protect their livestock, though servals generally do not prey on livestock.
The serval is listed as least concern on the IUCN Red List, and is included in CITES Appendix II. It occurs in several protected areas across its range. Hunting of servals is prohibited in Algeria, Botswana, Congo, Kenya, Liberia, Morocco, Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda, Tunisia, and South Africa's Cape Province; hunting regulations apply in Angola, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ghana, Malawi, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Tanzania, Togo, and Zambia.
In culture
The association of servals with human beings dates to the time of Ancient Egypt. Servals are depicted as gifts or traded objects from Nubia in Egyptian art.
Servals are occasionally kept as pets, although their wild nature means that ownership of servals is regulated in some countries.
References
^ a b c d e f Thiel, C. (2019) . "Leptailurus serval". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T11638A156536762. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T11638A156536762.en. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
^ a b c Johnson, W. E.; Eizirik, E.; Pecon-Slattery, J.; Murphy, W.J.; Antunes, A.; Teeling, E.; O'Brien, S. J. (2006). "The Late Miocene radiation of modern Felidae: A genetic assessment". Science. 311 (5757): 73–77. Bibcode:2006Sci...311...73J. doi:10.1126/science.1122277. PMID 16400146. S2CID 41672825.
^ Buffon, G.-L. L. (1765). "Le Serval". Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi. Vol. Tome 13. Paris: Imprimerie Royale. pp. 233–235.
^ Harper, Douglas. "serval". Online Etymology Dictionary.
^ lupus, cervarius. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short. A Latin Dictionary on Perseus Project.
^ λεπτός, αἴλουρος. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project.
^ Schreber, J. C. D. (1778). "Der Serval". Die Säugethiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur, mit Beschreibungen. Erlangen: Wolfgang Walther. p. 407.
^ Forster, G. R. (1780). "LIII. Der Karakal". Herrn von Büffons Naturgeschichte der vierfüssigen Thiere. Mit Vermehrungen, aus dem Französischen übersetzt. Sechster Band . Berlin: Joachim Pauli. pp. 299–319.
^ Ogilby W. (1839). "Felis servalina". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 7: 94.
^ Wagner, J. A. (1841). "F. servalina Ogilb.". Die Säugethiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Beschreibungen von Dr Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber. Vol. Supplementband 2: Die Raubthiere. Erlangen: Expedition des Schreber'schen Säugthier- und des Esper'schen Schmetterlingswerkes. p. 547.
^ Matschie, P. (1893). "Neue afrikanische Säugethiere". Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin (4): 107–114. doi:10.5962/bhl.part.9924.
^ Pocock, R. I. (1907). "Notes upon some African species of the genus Felis, based upon specimens recently exhibited in the Society's gardens". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 77 (3): 656–677. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1907.tb06950.x.
^ Allen, G. M. (1914). "Mammals from the Blue Nile valley". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. 58 (6): 305–357.
^ Severtzov, N. (1858). "Notice sur la classification multisériale des carnivores, spécialement des Félidés, et les études de zoologie générale qui s'y rattachent". Revue et Magasin de Zoologie, Pure et Appliquée (2). 10: 3–8, 145–150, 193–196, 241–246, 385–393.
^ Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Species Leptailurus serval". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 540. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
^ Pocock, R. I. (1944). "Three races, one new, of the serval (Leptailurus) from North Africa". Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Series 11. 11 (82): 690–698. doi:10.1080/00222934408527466.
^ Kitchener, A. C.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Eizirik, E.; Gentry, A.; Werdelin, L.; Wilting, A.; Yamaguchi, N.; Abramov, A. V.; Christiansen, P.; Driscoll, C.; Duckworth, J. W.; Johnson, W.; Luo, S.-J.; Meijaard, E.; O’Donoghue, P.; Sanderson, J.; Seymour, K.; Bruford, M.; Groves, C.; Hoffmann, M.; Nowell, K.; Timmons, Z.; Tobe, S. (2017). "A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group" (PDF). Cat News (Special Issue 11): 58–60.
^ a b Werdelin, L.; Yamaguchi, N.; Johnson, W. E.; O'Brien, S. J. (2010). "Phylogeny and evolution of cats (Felidae)". In Macdonald, D. W.; Loveridge, A. J. (eds.). Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids (Reprinted ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 59–82. ISBN 978-0-19-923445-5.
^ Wood, S. (1986). "Blast from the Past: The Very First F1 Savannah". Lioc-Escf. 30 (6): 15.
^ a b c d Estes, R. D. (2004). "Serval Felis serval". The Behavior Guide to African Mammals: Including Hoofed Mammals, Carnivores, Primates (Forth ed.). Berkeley, US: University of California Press. pp. 361–363. ISBN 978-0-520-08085-0.
^ a b c d e f g h i Hunter, L.; Bowland, J. (2013). "Leptailurus serval Serval". In Kingdon, J.; Happold, D.; Butynski, T.; Hoffmann, M.; Happold, M.; Kalina, J. (eds.). Mammals of Africa. London, UK: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 180–184. ISBN 978-1-4081-8996-2.
^ a b Liebenberg, L. (1990). A Field Guide to the Animal Tracks of Southern Africa. Cape Town, South Africa: David Philip Publishers. p. 257. ISBN 978-0-86486-132-0.
^ a b c Schütze, H. (2002). Field Guide to the Mammals of the Kruger National Park. Cape Town, South Africa: Struik Publishers. pp. 98–99. ISBN 978-1-86872-594-6.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Sunquist, M. & Sunquist, F. (2002). "Serval Leptailurus serval (Schrever, 1776)". Wild Cats of the World. Chicago, US: University of Chicago Press. pp. 142–151. ISBN 978-0-226-77999-7.
^ Hunter, L. (2015). Wild Cats of the World. London, UK: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 75. ISBN 978-1-4729-2285-4.
^ a b Mills, M. G. L. (2005). "Genus Leptailurus Severtzov, 1858". In Skinner, J. D.; Chimimba, C. T. (eds.). The mammals of the southern African subregion (Third ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 408–412. ISBN 9780521844185.
^ Hunter, L.; Hinde, G. (2005). Cats of Africa: Behaviour, Ecology, and Conservation. Cape Town, South Africa: Struik Publishers. pp. 76, 158. ISBN 978-1-77007-063-9.
^ "Exclusive: Rare Black Wildcat Caught on Film in Africa". Animals. 22 March 2017. Archived from the original on 28 February 2021. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
^ Bauer, H.; Mohammed, A. A.; El Faki, A.; Hiwytalla, K. O.; Bedin, E.; Rskay, G.; Sitotaw, E. & Sillero-Zubiri, C. (2018). "Antelopes of the Dinder-Alatash transboundary Protected Area, Sudan and Ethiopia" (PDF). Gnusletter. 35 (1): 26–30. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 July 2021.
^ Thiel, C. (2011). Ecology and population status of the serval Leptailurus serval (Schreber, 1776) in Zambia (PDF) (Thesis). University of Bonn. pp. 1–265.
^ Herrmann, E.; Kamler, J. F. & Avenant, N. L. (2008). "New records of servals Leptailurus serval in central South Africa". South African Journal of Wildlife Research. 38 (2): 185–188. doi:10.3957/0379-4369-38.2.185. S2CID 131285183.
^ Edwards, S.; Portas, R.; Hanssen, L.; Beytel, P.; Melzheimer, J. & Stratford, K. (2018). "The spotted ghost: Density and distribution of serval Leptailurus serval in Namibia". African Journal of Ecology. 56 (4): 831–840. Bibcode:2018AfJEc..56..831E. doi:10.1111/aje.12540.
^ Leyhausen, P. (1979). Cat behavior: the predatory and social behavior of domestic and wild cats. Berlin: Garland Publishing, Incorporated. p. 281. ISBN 9780824070175.
^ a b c Geertsema, A. A. (1984). "Aspects of the ecology of the serval Leptailurus serval in the Ngorongoro Crater, Tanzania". Netherlands Journal of Zoology. 35 (4): 527–610. doi:10.1163/002829685X00217. S2CID 83574432.
^ "Serval". The Animal Facts. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
^ "Serval". Altina Wildlife Park. 11 October 2017. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
^ Eklund, Robert. "4.2 Purring serval". Retrieved 7 March 2013.
^ a b Smithers, R. H. N. (1978). "Serval Felis serval Schreber, 1776". South African Journal of Wildlife Research. 8 (1): 29–37.
^ Bowland, J. M.; Perrin, M. R. (1993). "Diet of serval (Leptailurus serval) in a highland region of Natal". South African Journal of Zoology. 28 (3): 132–135. doi:10.1080/02541858.1993.11448308.
^ Wackernagel, H. (1968). "A note on breeding the serval cat Felis serval at Basle Zoo". International Zoo Yearbook. 8 (1): 46–47. doi:10.1111/j.1748-1090.1968.tb00433.x.
^ Tonkin, B. A. (1972). "Notes on longevity in three species of felids". International Zoo Yearbook. 12: 181–182. doi:10.1111/j.1748-1090.1972.tb02319.x.
^ Faure, E.; Kitchener, A. C. (2009). "An archaeological and historical review of the relationships between felids and people". Anthrozoös. 22 (3): 221–238. doi:10.2752/175303709X457577. S2CID 84308532.
^ Engels, D. W. (2015). Classical Cat: The Rise and Fall of the Sacred Cat. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-69293-4.
^ "Regulations Concerning the Private Possession of Big Cats". Library of Congress. 2013. Retrieved 6 April 2018.
^ "Exotic pet laws in B.C." The British Columbia Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. Retrieved 6 April 2018.
^ "Wild Cat Hybrid Fad in California Concerning To Pet Experts". 2013. Retrieved 6 April 2018.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Leptailurus serval.
Look up serval in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
"Serval". IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group.
"Serval". African Wildlife Foundation. Retrieved 10 March 2021.
vteExtant Carnivora species
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Infraclass: Eutheria
Superorder: Laurasiatheria
Suborder FeliformiaNandiniidaeNandinia
African palm civet (N. binotata)
Herpestidae(Mongooses)Atilax
Marsh mongoose (A. paludinosus)
Bdeogale
Bushy-tailed mongoose (B. crassicauda)
Jackson's mongoose (B. jacksoni)
Black-footed mongoose (B. nigripes)
Crossarchus
Alexander's kusimanse (C. alexandri)
Angolan kusimanse (C. ansorgei)
Common kusimanse (C. obscurus)
Flat-headed kusimanse (C. platycephalus)
Cynictis
Yellow mongoose (C. penicillata)
Dologale
Pousargues's mongoose (D. dybowskii)
Helogale
Ethiopian dwarf mongoose (H. hirtula)
Common dwarf mongoose (H. parvula)
Herpestes
Angolan slender mongoose (H. flavescens)
Egyptian mongoose (H. ichneumon)
Somalian slender mongoose (H. ochracea)
Cape gray mongoose (H. pulverulenta)
Common slender mongoose (H. sanguinea)
Ichneumia
White-tailed mongoose (I. albicauda)
Liberiictus
Liberian mongoose (L. kuhni)
Mungos
Gambian mongoose (M. gambianus)
Banded mongoose (M. mungo)
Paracynictis
Selous's mongoose (P. selousi)
Rhynchogale
Meller's mongoose (R. melleri)
Suricata
Meerkat (S. suricatta)
Urva
Small Indian mongoose (U. auropunctata)
Short-tailed mongoose (U. brachyura)
Indian grey mongoose (U. edwardsii)
Indian brown mongoose (U. fusca)
Javan mongoose (U. javanica)
Collared mongoose (U. semitorquata)
Ruddy mongoose (U. smithii)
Crab-eating mongoose (U. urva)
Stripe-necked mongoose (U. vitticolla)
Xenogale
Long-nosed mongoose (X. naso)
Hyaenidae(Hyenas)Crocuta
Spotted hyena (C. crocuta)
Hyaena
Striped hyena (H. hyaena)
Parahyaena
Brown hyena (P. brunnea)
Proteles
Aardwolf (P. cristata)
FelidaeLarge family listed belowViverridaeLarge family listed belowEupleridaeSmall family listed belowFamily FelidaeFelinaeAcinonyx
Cheetah (A. jubatus)
Caracal
African golden cat (C. aurata)
Caracal (C. caracal)
Catopuma
Bay cat (C. badia)
Asian golden cat (C. temminckii)
Felis
Chinese mountain cat (F. bieti)
Domestic cat (F. catus)
Jungle cat (F. chaus)
African wildcat (F. lybica)
Sand cat (F. margarita)
Black-footed cat (F. nigripes)
European wildcat (F. silvestris)
Herpailurus
Jaguarundi (H. yagouaroundi)
Leopardus
Pampas cat (L. colocola)
Geoffroy's cat (L. geoffroyi)
Kodkod (L. guigna)
Southern tiger cat (L. guttulus)
Andean mountain cat (L. jacobita)
Ocelot (L. pardalis)
Oncilla (L. tigrinus)
Margay (L. wiedii)
Leptailurus
Serval (L. serval)
Lynx
Canada lynx (L. canadensis)
Eurasian lynx (L. lynx)
Iberian lynx (L. pardinus)
Bobcat (L. rufus)
Otocolobus
Pallas's cat (O. manul)
Pardofelis
Marbled cat (P. marmorata)
Prionailurus
Leopard cat (P. bengalensis)
Sunda leopard cat (P. javanensis)
Flat-headed cat (P. planiceps)
Rusty-spotted cat (P. rubiginosus)
Fishing cat (P. viverrinus)
Puma
Cougar (P. concolor)
PantherinaePanthera
Lion (P. leo)
Jaguar (P. onca)
Leopard (P. pardus)
Tiger (P. tigris)
Snow leopard (P. uncia)
Neofelis
Sunda clouded leopard (N. diardi)
Clouded leopard (N. nebulosa)
PrionodontidaePrionodon
Banded linsang (P. linsang)
Spotted linsang (P. pardicolor)
Family ViverridaeParadoxurinaeArctictis
Binturong (A. binturong)
Arctogalidia
Small-toothed palm civet (A. trivirgata)
Macrogalidia
Sulawesi palm civet (M. musschenbroekii)
Paguma
Masked palm civet (P. larvata)
Paradoxurus
Asian palm civet (P. hermaphroditus)
Brown palm civet (P. jerdoni)
Golden palm civet (P. zeylonensis)
HemigalinaeChrotogale
Owston's palm civet (C. owstoni)
Cynogale
Otter civet (C. bennettii)
Diplogale
Hose's palm civet (D. hosei)
Hemigalus
Banded palm civet (H. derbyanus)
ViverrinaeCivettictis
African civet (C. civetta)
Viverra
Malabar large-spotted civet (V. civettina)
Large-spotted civet (V. megaspila)
Malayan civet (V. tangalunga)
Large Indian civet (V. zibetha)
Viverricula
Small Indian civet (V. indica)
GenettinaeGenetta(Genets)
Abyssinian genet (G. abyssinica)
Angolan genet (G. angolensis)
Bourlon's genet (G. bourloni)
Crested servaline genet (G. cristata)
Common genet (G. genetta)
Johnston's genet (G. johnstoni)
Letaba genet (G. letabae)
Rusty-spotted genet (G. maculata)
Pardine genet (G. pardina)
Aquatic genet (G. piscivora)
King genet (G. poensis)
Servaline genet (G. servalina)
Hausa genet (G. thierryi)
Cape genet (G. tigrina)
Giant forest genet (G. victoriae)
South African small-spotted genet (G. felina)
Poiana
Central African oyan (P. richardsonii)
West African oyan (P. leightoni)
Family EupleridaeEuplerinaeCryptoprocta
Fossa (C. ferox)
Eupleres
Eastern falanouc (E. goudotii)
Western falanouc (E. major)
Fossa
Malagasy civet (F. fossana)
GalidiinaeGalidia
Ring-tailed vontsira (G. elegans)
Galidictis
Broad-striped Malagasy mongoose (G. fasciata)
Grandidier's mongoose (G. grandidieri)
Mungotictis
Narrow-striped mongoose (M. decemlineata)
Salanoia
Brown-tailed mongoose (S. concolor)
Durrell's vontsira (S. durrelli)
Suborder Caniformia (cont. below)Ursidae(Bears)Ailuropoda
Giant panda (A. melanoleuca)
Helarctos
Sun bear (H. malayanus)
Melursus
Sloth bear (M. ursinus)
Tremarctos
Spectacled bear (T. ornatus)
Ursus
American black bear (U. americanus)
Brown bear (U. arctos)
Polar bear (U. maritimus)
Asian black bear (U. thibetanus)
Mephitidae(Skunks)Conepatus(Hog-nosedskunks)
Molina's hog-nosed skunk (C. chinga)
Humboldt's hog-nosed skunk (C. humboldtii)
American hog-nosed skunk (C. leuconotus)
Striped hog-nosed skunk (C. semistriatus)
Mephitis
Hooded skunk (M. macroura)
Striped skunk (M. mephitis)
Mydaus
Sunda stink badger (M. javanensis)
Palawan stink badger (M. marchei)
Spilogale(Spotted skunks)
Southern spotted skunk (S. angustifrons)
Western spotted skunk (S. gracilis)
Eastern spotted skunk (S. putorius)
Pygmy spotted skunk (S. pygmaea)
Procyonidae(Raccoons, coatis, olingos)Bassaricyon(Olingos)
Eastern lowland olingo (B. alleni)
Northern olingo (B. gabbii)
Western lowland olingo (B. medius)
Olinguito (B. neblina)
Bassariscus
Ringtail (B. astutus)
Cacomistle (B. sumichrasti)
Nasua(Coatis inclusive)
White-nosed coati (N. narica)
South American coati (N. nasua)
Nasuella(Coatis inclusive)
Eastern mountain coati (N. meridensis)
Western mountain coati (N. olivacea)
Potos
Kinkajou (P. flavus)
Procyon
Crab-eating raccoon (P. cancrivorus)
Raccoon (P. lotor)
Cozumel raccoon (P. pygmaeus)
AiluridaeAilurus
Red panda (A. fulgens)
Suborder Caniformia (cont. above)Otariidae(Eared seals)(includes fur sealsand sea lions)(Pinniped inclusive)Arctocephalus
South American fur seal (A. australis)
Australasian fur seal (A. forsteri)
Galápagos fur seal (A. galapagoensis)
Antarctic fur seal (A. gazella)
Juan Fernández fur seal (A. philippii)
Brown fur seal (A. pusillus)
Guadalupe fur seal (A. townsendi)
Subantarctic fur seal (A. tropicalis)
Callorhinus
Northern fur seal (C. ursinus)
Eumetopias
Steller sea lion (E. jubatus)
Neophoca
Australian sea lion (N. cinerea)
Otaria
South American sea lion (O. flavescens)
Phocarctos
New Zealand sea lion (P. hookeri)
Zalophus
California sea lion (Z. californianus)
Galápagos sea lion (Z. wollebaeki)
Odobenidae(Pinniped inclusive)Odobenus
Walrus (O. rosmarus)
Phocidae(Earless seals)(Pinniped inclusive)Cystophora
Hooded seal (C. cristata)
Erignathus
Bearded seal (E. barbatus)
Halichoerus
Grey seal (H. grypus)
Histriophoca
Ribbon seal (H. fasciata)
Hydrurga
Leopard seal (H. leptonyx)
Leptonychotes
Weddell seal (L. weddellii)
Lobodon
Crabeater seal (L. carcinophagus)
Mirounga(Elephant seals)
Northern elephant seal (M. angustirostris)
Southern elephant seal (M. leonina)
Monachus
Mediterranean monk seal (M. monachus)
Neomonachus
Hawaiian monk seal (N. schauinslandi)
Ommatophoca
Ross seal (O. rossi)
Pagophilus
Harp seal (P. groenlandicus)
Phoca
Spotted seal (P. largha)
Harbor seal (P. vitulina)
Pusa
Caspian seal (P. caspica)
Ringed seal (P. hispida)
Baikal seal (P. sibirica)
CanidaeLarge family listed belowMustelidaeLarge family listed belowFamily CanidaeAtelocynus
Short-eared dog (A. microtis)
Canis
Golden jackal (C. aureus)
Domestic dog (C. familiaris)
Coyote (C. latrans)
African wolf (C. lupaster)
Wolf (C. lupus)
Eastern wolf (C. lycaon)
Red wolf (C. rufus)
Ethiopian wolf (C. simensis)
Cerdocyon
Crab-eating fox (C. thous)
Chrysocyon
Maned wolf (C. brachyurus)
Cuon
Dhole (C. alpinus)
Lupulella
Side-striped jackal (L. adustus)
Black-backed jackal (L. mesomelas)
Lycalopex
Culpeo (L. culpaeus)
Darwin's fox (L. fulvipes)
South American gray fox (L. griseus)
Pampas fox (L. gymnocercus)
Sechuran fox (L. sechurae)
Hoary fox (L. vetulus)
Lycaon
African wild dog (L. pictus)
Nyctereutes
Common raccoon dog (N. procyonoides)
Japanese raccoon dog (N. viverrinus)
Otocyon
Bat-eared fox (O. megalotis)
Speothos
Bush dog (S. venaticus)
Urocyon
Gray fox (U. cinereoargenteus)
Island fox (U. littoralis)
Vulpes (Foxes)
Bengal fox (V. bengalensis)
Blanford's fox (V. cana)
Cape fox (V. chama)
Corsac fox (V. corsac)
Tibetan fox (V. ferrilata)
Arctic fox (V. lagopus)
Kit fox (V. macrotis)
Pale fox (V. pallida)
Rüppell's fox (V. rueppelli)
Swift fox (V. velox)
Red fox (V. vulpes)
Fennec fox (V. zerda)
Family MustelidaeHelictidinae(Ferret-badgers)Melogale
Vietnam ferret-badger (M. cucphuongensis)
Bornean ferret badger (M. everetti)
Chinese ferret-badger (M. moschata)
Javan ferret-badger (M. orientalis)
Burmese ferret-badger (M. personata)
Formosan ferret-badger (M. subaurantiaca)
Guloninae(Martens and wolverines)Eira
Tayra (E. barbara)
Gulo
Wolverine (G. gulo)
Martes(Martens)
American marten (M. americana)
Pacific marten (M. caurina)
Yellow-throated marten (M. flavigula)
Beech marten (M. foina)
Nilgiri marten (M. gwatkinsii)
European pine marten (M. martes)
Japanese marten (M. melampus)
Sable (M. zibellina)
Pekania
Fisher (P. pennanti)
Ictonychinae(African polecats and grisons)Galictis
Lesser grison (G. cuja)
Greater grison (G. vittata)
Ictonyx
Saharan striped polecat (I. libyca)
Striped polecat (I. striatus)
Lyncodon
Patagonian weasel (L. patagonicus)
Poecilogale
African striped weasel (P. albinucha)
Vormela
Marbled polecat (V. peregusna)
Lutrinae(Otters)Aonyx
African clawless otter (A. capensis)
Asian small-clawed otter (A. cinereus)
Congo clawless otter (A. congicus)
Enhydra
Sea otter (E. lutris)
Hydrictis
Spotted-necked otter (H. maculicollis)
Lontra
North American river otter (L. canadensis)
Marine otter (L. felina)
Neotropical otter (L. longicaudis)
Southern river otter (L. provocax)
Lutra
Eurasian otter (L. lutra)
Hairy-nosed otter (L. sumatrana)
Lutrogale
Smooth-coated otter (L. perspicillata)
Pteronura
Giant otter (P. brasiliensis)
Melinae(Eurasian badgers)Arctonyx
Northern hog badger (A. albogularis)
Greater hog badger (A. collaris)
Sumatran hog badger (A. hoevenii)
Meles
Japanese badger (M. anakuma)
Caucasian badger (M. canescens)
Asian badger (M. leucurus)
European badger (M. meles)
MellivorinaeMellivora
Honey badger (M. capensis)
Mustelinae(Weasels and minks)Mustela(Weasels and ferrets)
Sichuan weasel (M. aistoodonnivalis)
Mountain weasel (M. altaica)
Stoat/Beringian ermine (M. erminea)
Steppe polecat (M. eversmannii)
Ferret (M. furo)
Haida ermine (M. haidarum)
Japanese weasel (M. itatsi)
Yellow-bellied weasel (M. kathiah)
European mink (M. lutreola)
Indonesian mountain weasel (M. lutreolina)
Black-footed ferret (M. nigripes)
Least weasel (M. nivalis)
Malayan weasel (M. nudipes)
European polecat (M. putorius)
American ermine (M. richardsonii)
Siberian weasel (M. sibirica)
Back-striped weasel (M. strigidorsa)
Neogale
Amazon weasel (N. africana)
Colombian weasel (N. felipei)
Long-tailed weasel (N. frenata)
American mink (N. vison)
TaxidiinaeTaxidea
American badger (T. taxus)
vteGenera of civets, mongooses, hyenas, cats, and their extinct allies
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Feliformia†Palaeogalidae
†Palaeogale?
†Nimravidae
See Nimravidae
Aeluroidea
†Alagtsavbaatar
†Anictis
†Asiavorator
†Shandgolictis
Nandiniidae
Nandinia
ViverroideaViverridae
†Africanictis
†Dunictis
†Forsythictis
†Lufengictis
†Ketketictis
†Mioprionodon
†Moghradictis
†Progenetta
Genettinae
Genetta
Poiana
Hemigalinae
Chrotogale
Cynogale
Diplogale
Hemigalus
Macrogalidia
Paradoxurinae
Arctictis
Arctogalidia
†Kanuites
†Kichechia
Paguma
Paradoxurus
†Siamictis
†Tugenictis
Viverrinae
Civettictis
†Semigenetta
Viverra
Viverricula
HerpestoideaHerpestidae
See below↓
Hyaenidae
See below↓
Feloidea
See below↓
HerpestidaeEupleridaeEuplerinae
Cryptoprocta
Eupleres
Fossa
Galidiinae
Galidia
Galidictis
Mungotictis
Salanoia
Herpestidae
†Kichechia
†Legetetia
†Leptoplesictis
†Ugandictis
Herpestinae
Atilax
Bdeogale
Cynictis
Herpestes
Ichneumia
Paracynictis
Urva
Xenogale
Mungotinae
Crossarchus
Dologale
Helogale
Liberiictis
Mungos
Suricata
Hyaenidae†Percrocutidae?
Dinocrocuta
Percrocuta
†Lophocyonidae
Euboictis
Izmirictis
Lophocyon
Sivanasua
Hyaenidae
†Allohyaena
†Belbus
†Metahyaena
†Pliocrocuta
†Tongxinictis
†Werdelinus
†Ictitheriinae
Herpestides
Hyaenotherium
Ictitherium
Lycyaena
Miohyaenotherium
Plioviverrops
Protictitherium
Thalassictis
Tungurictis
Protelinae
†Gansuyaena
Proteles
Hyaeninae
†Adcrocuta
†Chasmaporthetes
Crocuta
Hyaena
†Hyaenictis
†Ikelohyaena
†Leecyaena
†Lycyaenops
†Pachycrocuta
†Palinhyaena
Parahyaena
FeloideaFeloidea
†Pseudictis
†Stenogale
†Stenoplesictis
†Viretictis
†Barbourofelidae
(See Barbourofelidae)
Prionodontidae
†Haplogale
†Palaeoprionodon
Prionodon
Felidae
†Asilifelis
†Diamantofelis
†Hyperailurictis
†Katifelis
†Namafelis
†Miopanthera
†Pseudaelurus
†Sivaelurus
†Styriofelis
†Proailurinae
Proailurus
Vinayakia
Felinae
Acinonyx
Catopuma
Caracal
Felis
Herpailurus
Leopardus
Leptailurus
†Leptofelis
Lynx
†Magerifelis
†Miracinonyx
Otocolobus
Pardofelis
†Pratifelis
Prionailurus
†Pristifelis
Puma
†Sivapanthera
†Sivapardus
†Vishnufelis
†Machairodontinae
See Machairodontinae
Pantherinae
Neofelis
Panthera
†Leontoceryx
†Pachypanthera
Portals: Cats Mammals Animals Africa
Taxon identifiersLeptailurus
Wikidata: Q10859013
Wikispecies: Leptailurus
BOLD: 359593
CoL: 62WXN
EoL: 34724
EPPO: 1LPTLG
GBIF: 2435171
iNaturalist: 42024
IRMNG: 1014802
ITIS: 552456
MSW: 14000131
NCBI: 61404
Open Tree of Life: 86169
Paleobiology Database: 374750
Leptailurus serval
Wikidata: Q42699
Wikispecies: Leptailurus serval
ADW: Leptailurus
ARKive: leptailurus-serval
BOLD: 359594
CoL: 3THH7
EoL: 1041048
EPPO: LPTLSE
GBIF: 2435172
iNaturalist: 42025
IRMNG: 11216434
ITIS: 552766
IUCN: 11638
MDD: 1006005
MSW: 14000132
NCBI: 61405
Observation.org: 83043
Open Tree of Life: 86170
Species+: 9160
TSA: 9202
Felis serval
Wikidata: Q109647291
CoL: 3DXVZ
GBIF: 2435179
ITIS: 183792
ZooBank: E75FE777-B879-4AEA-8537-6C6E8D1E6F31
Authority control databases: National
Israel
United States
Czech Republic
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Serval (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serval_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"wild cat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felidae"},{"link_name":"sub-Saharan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Sahara"},{"link_name":"sole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotypic_taxon"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"subspecies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subspecies"},{"link_name":"carnivore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnivore"},{"link_name":"vlei rats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otomys"},{"link_name":"home ranges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_range"},{"link_name":"feces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feces"},{"link_name":"saliva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saliva"},{"link_name":"gestational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestation"}],"text":"Medium-sized wild catThis article is about the African feline species. For other uses, see Serval (disambiguation).The serval (Leptailurus serval) is a wild cat native to Africa. It is widespread in sub-Saharan countries, except rainforest regions. Across its range, it occurs in protected areas, and hunting it is either prohibited or regulated in range countries.It is the sole member of the genus Leptailurus. Three subspecies are recognised. The serval is a slender, medium-sized cat that stands 54–62 cm (21–24 in) at the shoulder and weighs 9–18 kg (20–40 lb). It is characterised by a small head, large ears, a golden-yellow to buff coat spotted and striped with black, and a short, black-tipped tail. The serval has the longest legs of any cat relative to its body size.The serval is a solitary carnivore and active both by day and at night. It preys on rodents, particularly vlei rats, small birds, frogs, insects, and reptiles, using its sense of hearing to locate prey. It leaps over 2 m (6 ft 7 in) above the ground to land on the prey on its forefeet, and finally kills it with a bite on the neck or the head. Both sexes establish highly overlapping home ranges of 10 to 32 km2 (4 to 12 sq mi), and mark them with feces and saliva. Mating takes place at different times of the year in different parts of their range, but typically once or twice a year in an area. After a gestational period of two to three months, a litter of one to four is born. The kittens are weaned at the age of one month and begin hunting on their own at six months of age. They leave their mother at the age of around 12 months.","title":"Serval"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon"},{"link_name":"Versailles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versailles"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The name \"serval\" is derived from (lobo-) cerval, i.e. Portuguese for lynx, used by Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon in 1765 for a spotted cat that was kept at the time in the Royal Menagerie in Versailles;[3] lobo-cerval is derived from Latin lupus cervarius, literally and respectively \"wolf\" and \"of or pertaining to deer\".[4][5]The name Leptailurus derives from the Greek λεπτός leptós meaning \"fine, delicate\", and αἴλουρος aílouros meaning \"cat\".[6]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"described","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_description"},{"link_name":"Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Christian_Daniel_von_Schreber"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schreber1776-7"},{"link_name":"zoological specimens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoological_specimens"},{"link_name":"Georg Forster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Forster"},{"link_name":"Constantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine,_Algeria"},{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"William Ogilby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ogilby"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Johann Andreas Wagner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Andreas_Wagner"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Paul Matschie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Matschie"},{"link_name":"Togo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Reginald Innes Pocock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Innes_Pocock"},{"link_name":"Entebbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entebbe"},{"link_name":"Mombasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mombasa"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Glover Morrill Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glover_Morrill_Allen"},{"link_name":"Blue Nile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Nile"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"generic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Nikolai Severtzov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Severtzov"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSW3-15"},{"link_name":"races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"subspecies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subspecies"},{"link_name":"valid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valid_name_(zoology)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-catsg-17"},{"link_name":"nominate subspecies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominate_subspecies"},{"link_name":"Southern Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Africa"},{"link_name":"Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Africa"},{"link_name":"West Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Africa"},{"link_name":"East Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Africa"}],"text":"Felis serval was first described by Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber in 1776.[7] In the 19th and 20th centuries, the following serval zoological specimens were described:Felis constantina proposed by Georg Forster in 1780 was a specimen from the vicinity of Constantine, Algeria.[8]\nFelis servalina proposed by William Ogilby in 1839 was based on one serval skin from Sierra Leone with freckle-sized spots.[9]\nFelis brachyura proposed by Johann Andreas Wagner in 1841 was also a serval skin from Sierra Leone.[10]\nFelis (Serval) togoensis proposed by Paul Matschie in 1893 were two skins and three skulls from Togo.[11]\nFelis servalina pantasticta and F. s. liposticta proposed by Reginald Innes Pocock in 1907 were based on one serval from Entebbe in Uganda with a yellowish fur, and one serval skin from Mombasa in Kenya with dusky spots on its belly.[12]\nFelis capensis phillipsi proposed by Glover Morrill Allen in 1914 was a skin and a skeleton of an adult male serval from El Garef at the Blue Nile in Sudan.[13]The generic name Leptailurus was proposed by Nikolai Severtzov in 1858.[14] The serval is the sole member of this genus.[15]In 1944, Pocock recognised three serval races in North Africa.[16] \nThree subspecies are recognised as valid since 2017:[17]L. s. serval, the nominate subspecies, in Southern Africa\nL. s. constantina in Central and West Africa\nL. s. lipostictus in East Africa","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"phylogenetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic"},{"link_name":"subgenus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subgenus"},{"link_name":"Technical University of Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_University_of_Munich"},{"link_name":"Caracal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracal"},{"link_name":"African golden cat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_golden_cat"},{"link_name":"million years ago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mya_(unit)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johnson_al2006-2"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-werdelin-18"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johnson_al2006-2"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-werdelin-18"},{"link_name":"Pardofelis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pardofelis"},{"link_name":"Marbled cat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marbled_cat"},{"link_name":"Catopuma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catopuma"},{"link_name":"Bay cat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_cat"},{"link_name":"Asian golden cat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_golden_cat"},{"link_name":"Leptailurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptailurus"},{"link_name":"Caracal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracal_(genus)"},{"link_name":"Caracal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracal"},{"link_name":"African golden cat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_golden_cat"},{"link_name":"Leopardus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopardus"},{"link_name":"Lynx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynx"},{"link_name":"Acinonyx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acinonyx"},{"link_name":"Puma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puma_(genus)"},{"link_name":"Otocolobus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otocolobus"},{"link_name":"Prionailurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prionailurus"},{"link_name":"Felis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felis"}],"sub_title":"Phylogeny","text":"The phylogenetic relationships of the serval have remained in dispute; in 1997, palaeontologists M. C. McKenna and S. K. Bell classified Leptailurus as a subgenus of Felis, while others like O. R. P. Bininda-Edmonds (of the Technical University of Munich) have grouped it with Felis, Lynx and Caracal. Studies in the 2000s and the 2010s show that the serval, along with the caracal and the African golden cat, forms one of the eight lineages of Felidae. According to a 2006 genetic study, the Caracal lineage came into existence 8.5 million years ago, and the ancestor of this lineage arrived in Africa 8.5–5.6 mya.[2][18]The phylogenetic relationships of the serval are as follows:[2][18]Pardofelis\n\n\nMarbled cat (P. marmorata)\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCatopuma\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBay cat (Catopuma badia)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAsian golden cat (Catopuma temminckii)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCaracal\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLeptailurus\n\n\nServal (L. serval)\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCaracal\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCaracal (Caracal caracal)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAfrican golden cat (Caracal aurata)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nlineage\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLeopardus\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLynx\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAcinonyx\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPuma\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nOtocolobus\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPrionailurus\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFelis","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"savannah cat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah_cat"},{"link_name":"domestic cat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_cat"},{"link_name":"cat breed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat_breed"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Hybrid","text":"In April 1986, the first savannah cat, a hybrid between a male serval and a female domestic cat, was born; it was larger than a typical domestic kitten and resembled its father in its coat pattern. It appeared to have inherited a few domestic cat traits, such as tameness, from its mother. This cat breed may have a dog-like habit of following its owner about, is adept at jumping and leaping, and can be a good swimmer. Over the years it has gained popularity as a pet.[19]","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Serval_at_Auckland_Zoo_-_Flickr_-_111_Emergency.jpg"},{"link_name":"Auckland Zoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland_Zoo"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-estes-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kingdon-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schutze-23"},{"link_name":"metatarsal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metatarsal"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WCoW-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hunterwcw-25"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WCoW-24"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kingdon-21"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WCoW-24"},{"link_name":"snout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snout"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schutze-23"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Skinner-26"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schutze-23"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WhiteServalPharaoh.jpg"},{"link_name":"Big Cat Rescue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Cat_Rescue"},{"link_name":"sympatric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympatric"},{"link_name":"caracal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracal"},{"link_name":"spoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoor_(animal)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kingdon-21"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WCoW-24"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hunter-27"},{"link_name":"leucistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucism"},{"link_name":"melanistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanism"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WCoW-24"},{"link_name":"Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"A captive serval in Auckland ZooThe serval is a slender, medium-sized cat; it stands 54 to 62 cm (21–24 in) at the shoulder and weighs 8 to 18 kg (18–40 lb), but females tend to be lighter. The head-and-body length is typically between 67 and 100 cm (26–39 in).[20] Males tend to be sturdier than females.[21] Prominent characteristics include the small head, large ears, spotted and striped coat, long legs and a black-tipped tail that is around 30 cm (12 in) long.[22][23] The serval has the longest legs of any cat relative to its body size, largely due to the greatly elongated metatarsal bones in the feet.[24][25] The toes are elongated as well, and unusually mobile.[24]The coat is basically golden-yellow to buff and extensively marked with black spots and stripes.[21] The spots show great variation in size.[24] Facial features include the whitish chin, spots, and streaks on the cheeks and the forehead, brownish or greenish eyes, white whiskers on the snout and near the ears, which are black on the back with a white horizontal band in the middle; three to four black stripes run from the back of the head onto the shoulders and then break into rows of spots. The white underbelly has dense and fluffy basal fur, and the soft guard hairs (the layer of fur protecting the basal fur) are 5–10 cm (2.0–3.9 in) long. Guard hairs are up to 3 cm (1.2 in) long on the neck, back and flanks, and are merely 1 cm (0.39 in) long on the face.[23][26] The serval has a good sense of smell, hearing and vision.[23]A leucistic serval at Big Cat RescueThe serval is similar to the sympatric caracal, but has a narrower spoor, a rounder skull, and lacks its prominent ear tufts.[21] The closely set ears can rotate up to 180 degrees independently of each other[24] and help in locating prey efficiently.[27]Both leucistic and melanistic servals have been observed in captivity. In addition, the melanistic variant has been sighted in the wild,[24] with most melanistic servals having been observed in Kenya.[28]","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Serval_(8373405687).jpg"},{"link_name":"Diergaarde Blijdorp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diergaarde_Blijdorp"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"Tunisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia"},{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria"},{"link_name":"cork oak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercus_suber"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea"},{"link_name":"Sahel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahel"},{"link_name":"Southern Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Africa"},{"link_name":"Mount Kilimanjaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Kilimanjaro"},{"link_name":"wetland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetland"},{"link_name":"savanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savanna"},{"link_name":"reeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed_bed"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn-1"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kingdon-21"},{"link_name":"East Sudanian Savanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Sudanian_Savanna"},{"link_name":"Dinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinder_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Alatash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alatash_National_Park"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Luambe National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luambe_National_Park"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thiel-30"},{"link_name":"Free State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_State_(province)"},{"link_name":"Northern Cape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Cape"},{"link_name":"North West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_West_(South_African_province)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Khaudum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaudum_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Mudumu National Parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudumu_National_Park"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"A serval in Diergaarde BlijdorpIn North Africa, the serval is known only from Morocco and has been reintroduced in Tunisia, but is feared to be extinct in Algeria. It inhabits semi-arid areas and cork oak forests close to the Mediterranean Sea, but avoids rainforests and arid areas. It occurs in the Sahel, and is widespread in Southern Africa. It inhabits grasslands, moorlands, and bamboo thickets at high altitudes up to 3,800 m (12,500 ft) on Mount Kilimanjaro. It prefers areas close to water bodies such as wetland and savanna, which provide cover such as reeds and tall grasses.[1][21] In the East Sudanian Savanna, it was recorded in the transboundary Dinder–Alatash protected area complex during surveys between 2015 and 2018.[29]In Zambia's Luambe National Park, the population density was recorded as 0.1/km2 (0.26/sq mi) in 2011.[30]\nIn South Africa, the serval was recorded in Free State, eastern Northern Cape, and southern North West.[31]\nIn Namibia, it is present in Khaudum and Mudumu National Parks.[32]","title":"Distribution and habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Serval_from_back.jpg"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"groom themselves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_grooming"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL-22"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-estes-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kingdon-21"},{"link_name":"home ranges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_range"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kingdon-21"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geertsema-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"spraying urine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scent_marking"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kingdon-21"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-estes-20"},{"link_name":"hyenas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyena"},{"link_name":"African wild dogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_wild_dog"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-estes-20"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WCoW-24"},{"link_name":"purr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purr"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eklund_purring-37"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WCoW-24"}],"text":"The serval's white spots on the backs of its ears are thought to play an important role in communication.[33]The serval is active in the day as well as at night; activity might peak in early morning, around twilight, and at midnight. Servals might be active for a longer time on cool or rainy days. During the hot midday, they rest or groom themselves in the shade of bushes and grasses. Servals remain cautious of their vicinity, though they may be less alert when no large carnivores or prey animals are around. Servals walk as much as 2 to 4 kilometres (1+1⁄4 to 2+1⁄2 miles) every night.[22][20] Servals will often use special trails to reach certain hunting areas. A solitary animal, there is little social interaction among servals except in the mating season, when pairs of opposite sexes may stay together. The only long-lasting bond appears to be of the mother and her cubs, which leave their mother only when they are a year old.[21]Both males and females establish home ranges, and are most active only in certain regions ('core areas') within them. The area of these ranges can vary from 10 to 32 square kilometres (4 to 12 square miles); prey density, availability of cover and human interference could be significant factors in determining their size.[21][34] Home ranges might overlap extensively, but occupants show minimal interaction. Aggressive encounters are rare, as servals appear to mutually avoid one another rather than fight and defend their ranges. On occasions where two adult servals meet in conflict over territory, a ritualistic display may ensue, in which one will place a paw on the other's chest while observing their rival closely; this interaction rarely escalates into a fight.[35][36]Agonistic behavior involves vertical movement of the head (contrary to the horizontal movement observed in other cats), raising the hair and the tail, displaying the teeth and the white band on the ears, and yowling. Individuals mark their ranges and preferred paths by spraying urine on nearby vegetation, dropping scats along the way, and rubbing their mouths on grasses or the ground while releasing saliva. Servals tend to be sedentary, shifting only a few kilometres away even if they leave their range.[21][20]The serval is vulnerable to hyenas and African wild dogs. It will seek cover to escape its view, and, if the predator is very close, immediately flee in long leaps, changing its direction frequently and with the tail raised.[20] The serval is an efficient, though not frequent, climber; an individual was observed to have climbed a tree to a height of more than 9 metres (30 feet) to escape dogs.[24] Like many cats, the serval is able to purr;[37] it also has a high-pitched chirp, and can hiss, cackle, growl, grunt, and meow.[24]","title":"Behaviour and ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Servalsmile.jpg"},{"link_name":"carnivore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnivore"},{"link_name":"rodents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodent"},{"link_name":"vlei rats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlei_rat"},{"link_name":"emetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emetic"},{"link_name":"duikers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duiker"},{"link_name":"hares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hare"},{"link_name":"flamingoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flamingo"},{"link_name":"antelopes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antelope"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WCoW-24"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geertsema-34"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smithers1978-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"African grass rat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_grass_rat"},{"link_name":"African pygmy mouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_pygmy_mouse"},{"link_name":"multimammate mice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastomys"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kingdon-21"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smithers1978-38"},{"link_name":"caching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoarding_(animal_behavior)"},{"link_name":"Ngorongoro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngorongoro"},{"link_name":"Scavenging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scavenger"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WCoW-24"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kingdon-21"}],"sub_title":"Hunting and diet","text":"A serval in South AfricaThe serval is a carnivore that preys on rodents, particularly vlei rats, small birds, hares, frogs, insects, and reptiles, and also feeds on grass that can facilitate digestion or act as an emetic. Up to 90% of the preyed animals weigh less than 200 g (7.1 oz); occasionally it also hunts larger prey such as duikers, hares, flamingoes and young antelopes.[24] The percentage of rodents in the diet has been estimated at 80–97%.[34][38][39] Apart from vlei rats, other rodents recorded frequently in the diet include the African grass rat, African pygmy mouse and multimammate mice.[21]The serval locates prey by its strong sense of hearing. It remains motionless for up to 15 minutes; when prey is within range, it jumps with all four feet up to 4 m (13 ft) in the air and attacks with its front paws.[38] To kill small prey, it slowly stalks it, then pounces on it with the forefeet directed toward the chest, and finally lands on it with its forelegs outstretched. The prey, receiving a blow from one or both of the serval's forepaws, is incapacitated, and the serval bites it on the head or the neck and immediately swallows it. Snakes are dealt more blows and even bites, and may be consumed even as they are moving. Larger prey, such as larger birds, are killed by a sprint followed by a leap to catch them as they are trying to flee, and are eaten slowly. Servals have been observed caching large kills to be consumed later by concealing them in dead leaves and grasses. Servals typically get rid of the internal organs of rodents while eating, and pluck feathers from birds before consuming them. During a leap, a serval can reach more than 2 m (6 ft 7 in) above the ground and cover a horizontal distance of up to 3.6 m (11 ft 10 in). Servals appear to be efficient hunters; a study in Ngorongoro showed that servals were successful in half of their hunting attempts, regardless of the time of hunting, and a mother serval was found to have a success rate of 62%. The number of kills in a 24-hour period averaged 15 to 16. Scavenging has been observed, but very rarely.[24][21]","title":"Behaviour and ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Servals_Thoiry_19801.jpg"},{"link_name":"sexually mature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexually_mature"},{"link_name":"Oestrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oestrus"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Kingdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Kingdon"},{"link_name":"Ngorongoro Crater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngorongoro_Crater"},{"link_name":"murid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muridae"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WCoW-24"},{"link_name":"Gestation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestation"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WCoW-24"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geertsema-34"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Skinner-26"},{"link_name":"canines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canine_teeth"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WCoW-24"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"sub_title":"Reproduction","text":"Two young servalsBoth sexes become sexually mature when they are one to two years old. Oestrus in females lasts one to four days; it typically occurs once or twice a year, though it can occur three or four times a year if the mother loses her litters.[40] Observations of captive servals suggest that when a female enters oestrus, the rate of urine-marking increases in her as well as the males in her vicinity. Zoologist Jonathan Kingdon described the behavior of a female serval in oestrus in his 1997 book East African Mammals. He noted that she would roam restlessly, spray urine frequently holding her vibrating tail in a vertical manner, rub her head near the place she has marked, salivate continuously, give out sharp and short \"miaow\"s that can be heard for quite a distance, and rub her mouth and cheeks against the face of an approaching male. The time when mating takes place varies geographically; births peak in winter in Botswana, and toward the end of the dry season in the Ngorongoro Crater. A trend generally observed across the range is that births precede the breeding season of murid rodents.[24]Gestation lasts for two to three months, following which a litter of one to four kittens is born. Births take place in secluded areas, for example in dense vegetation or burrows abandoned by aardvarks and porcupines. Blind at birth, newborns weigh nearly 250 g (9 oz) and have soft, woolly hair (greyer than in adults) and unclear markings. The eyes open after nine to thirteen days. Weaning begins a month after birth; the mother brings small kills to her kittens and calls out to them as she approaches the \"den\".[24] A mother with young kittens rests for a notably lesser time and has to spend almost twice the time and energy for hunting than do other servals.[34] If disturbed, the mother shifts her kittens one by one to a more secure place.[26] Kittens eventually start accompanying their mother to hunts. At around six months, they acquire their permanent canines and begin to hunt themselves; they leave their mother at about 12 months of age. They may reach sexual maturity from 12 to 25 months of age.[24] Life expectancy is about 10 years in the wild and up to 20 years in captivity.[41]","title":"Behaviour and ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"degradation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degradation_of_habitat"},{"link_name":"wetlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetland"},{"link_name":"grasslands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grassland"},{"link_name":"traditional medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_medicine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn-1"},{"link_name":"least concern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least_concern"},{"link_name":"IUCN Red List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List"},{"link_name":"CITES Appendix II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CITES_Appendix_II"},{"link_name":"Cape Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Province"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn-1"}],"text":"The degradation of wetlands and grasslands is a major threat to the survival of the serval. Trade of serval skins, though on the decline, still occurs in countries such as Benin and Senegal. In West Africa, the serval has significance in traditional medicine. Pastoralists often kill servals to protect their livestock, though servals generally do not prey on livestock.[1]The serval is listed as least concern on the IUCN Red List, and is included in CITES Appendix II. It occurs in several protected areas across its range. Hunting of servals is prohibited in Algeria, Botswana, Congo, Kenya, Liberia, Morocco, Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda, Tunisia, and South Africa's Cape Province; hunting regulations apply in Angola, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ghana, Malawi, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Tanzania, Togo, and Zambia.[1]","title":"Conservation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ancient Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Nubia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubia"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"text":"The association of servals with human beings dates to the time of Ancient Egypt.[42] Servals are depicted as gifts or traded objects from Nubia in Egyptian art.[43]Servals are occasionally kept as pets, although their wild nature means that ownership of servals is regulated in some countries.[44][45][46]","title":"In culture"}]
|
[{"image_text":"A captive serval in Auckland Zoo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Serval_at_Auckland_Zoo_-_Flickr_-_111_Emergency.jpg/220px-Serval_at_Auckland_Zoo_-_Flickr_-_111_Emergency.jpg"},{"image_text":"A leucistic serval at Big Cat Rescue","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/WhiteServalPharaoh.jpg/220px-WhiteServalPharaoh.jpg"},{"image_text":"A serval in Diergaarde Blijdorp","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Serval_%288373405687%29.jpg/220px-Serval_%288373405687%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The serval's white spots on the backs of its ears are thought to play an important role in communication.[33]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Serval_from_back.jpg/170px-Serval_from_back.jpg"},{"image_text":"A serval in South Africa","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Servalsmile.jpg/220px-Servalsmile.jpg"},{"image_text":"Two young servals","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Servals_Thoiry_19801.jpg/220px-Servals_Thoiry_19801.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Thiel, C. (2019) [amended version of 2015 assessment]. \"Leptailurus serval\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T11638A156536762. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T11638A156536762.en. Retrieved 24 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/11638/156536762","url_text":"\"Leptailurus serval\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T11638A156536762.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T11638A156536762.en"}]},{"reference":"Johnson, W. E.; Eizirik, E.; Pecon-Slattery, J.; Murphy, W.J.; Antunes, A.; Teeling, E.; O'Brien, S. J. (2006). \"The Late Miocene radiation of modern Felidae: A genetic assessment\". Science. 311 (5757): 73–77. Bibcode:2006Sci...311...73J. doi:10.1126/science.1122277. PMID 16400146. S2CID 41672825.","urls":[{"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/1230866","url_text":"\"The Late Miocene radiation of modern Felidae: A genetic assessment\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Sci...311...73J","url_text":"2006Sci...311...73J"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1122277","url_text":"10.1126/science.1122277"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16400146","url_text":"16400146"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:41672825","url_text":"41672825"}]},{"reference":"Buffon, G.-L. L. (1765). \"Le Serval\". Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi. Vol. Tome 13. Paris: Imprimerie Royale. pp. 233–235.","urls":[{"url":"https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k97502k/f291.image","url_text":"\"Le Serval\""}]},{"reference":"Harper, Douglas. \"serval\". Online Etymology Dictionary.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.etymonline.com/?term=serval","url_text":"\"serval\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary","url_text":"Online Etymology Dictionary"}]},{"reference":"Schreber, J. C. D. (1778). \"Der Serval\". Die Säugethiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur, mit Beschreibungen. Erlangen: Wolfgang Walther. p. 407.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/SaYugthiereAbbiIIISchr#page/406/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Der Serval\""}]},{"reference":"Forster, G. R. (1780). \"LIII. Der Karakal\". Herrn von Büffons Naturgeschichte der vierfüssigen Thiere. Mit Vermehrungen, aus dem Französischen übersetzt. Sechster Band [Mr. von Büffon‘s Natural History of Quadrupeds. With additions, translated from French. Volume 6]. Berlin: Joachim Pauli. pp. 299–319.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qohRAAAAYAAJ&pg=SL26-PA13","url_text":"\"LIII. Der Karakal\""}]},{"reference":"Ogilby W. (1839). \"Felis servalina\". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 7: 94.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/proceedingsofgen36zool","url_text":"\"Felis servalina\""},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/proceedingsofgen36zool/page/94","url_text":"94"}]},{"reference":"Wagner, J. A. (1841). \"F. servalina Ogilb.\". Die Säugethiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Beschreibungen von Dr Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber. Vol. Supplementband 2: Die Raubthiere. Erlangen: Expedition des Schreber'schen Säugthier- und des Esper'schen Schmetterlingswerkes. p. 547.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/diesugthierein21841schr/page/547","url_text":"\"F. servalina Ogilb.\""}]},{"reference":"Matschie, P. (1893). \"Neue afrikanische Säugethiere\". Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin (4): 107–114. doi:10.5962/bhl.part.9924.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sitzungsberichte1893gese","url_text":"\"Neue afrikanische Säugethiere\""},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sitzungsberichte1893gese/page/107","url_text":"107"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5962%2Fbhl.part.9924","url_text":"10.5962/bhl.part.9924"}]},{"reference":"Pocock, R. I. (1907). \"Notes upon some African species of the genus Felis, based upon specimens recently exhibited in the Society's gardens\". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 77 (3): 656–677. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1907.tb06950.x.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/proceedingsofzoo19074471121zool","url_text":"\"Notes upon some African species of the genus Felis, based upon specimens recently exhibited in the Society's gardens\""},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/proceedingsofzoo19074471121zool/page/656","url_text":"656"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-7998.1907.tb06950.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1469-7998.1907.tb06950.x"}]},{"reference":"Allen, G. M. (1914). \"Mammals from the Blue Nile valley\". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. 58 (6): 305–357.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bulletinofmuseum58harv","url_text":"\"Mammals from the Blue Nile valley\""},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bulletinofmuseum58harv/page/n406","url_text":"305"}]},{"reference":"Severtzov, N. (1858). \"Notice sur la classification multisériale des carnivores, spécialement des Félidés, et les études de zoologie générale qui s'y rattachent\". Revue et Magasin de Zoologie, Pure et Appliquée (2). 10: 3–8, 145–150, 193–196, 241–246, 385–393.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/revueetmagasinde10soci#page/388/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Notice sur la classification multisériale des carnivores, spécialement des Félidés, et les études de zoologie générale qui s'y rattachent\""}]},{"reference":"Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). \"Species Leptailurus serval\". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 540. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Chris_Wozencraft","url_text":"Wozencraft, W. C."},{"url":"http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=14000132","url_text":"\"Species Leptailurus serval\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_E._Wilson","url_text":"Wilson, D. E."},{"url":"http://www.google.com/books?id=JgAMbNSt8ikC&pg=PA540","url_text":"Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8221-0","url_text":"978-0-8018-8221-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62265494","url_text":"62265494"}]},{"reference":"Pocock, R. I. (1944). \"Three races, one new, of the serval (Leptailurus) from North Africa\". Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Series 11. 11 (82): 690–698. doi:10.1080/00222934408527466.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00222934408527466","url_text":"10.1080/00222934408527466"}]},{"reference":"Kitchener, A. C.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Eizirik, E.; Gentry, A.; Werdelin, L.; Wilting, A.; Yamaguchi, N.; Abramov, A. V.; Christiansen, P.; Driscoll, C.; Duckworth, J. W.; Johnson, W.; Luo, S.-J.; Meijaard, E.; O’Donoghue, P.; Sanderson, J.; Seymour, K.; Bruford, M.; Groves, C.; Hoffmann, M.; Nowell, K.; Timmons, Z.; Tobe, S. (2017). \"A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group\" (PDF). Cat News (Special Issue 11): 58–60.","urls":[{"url":"https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/32616/A_revised_Felidae_Taxonomy_CatNews.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y","url_text":"\"A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group\""}]},{"reference":"Werdelin, L.; Yamaguchi, N.; Johnson, W. E.; O'Brien, S. J. (2010). \"Phylogeny and evolution of cats (Felidae)\". In Macdonald, D. W.; Loveridge, A. J. (eds.). Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids (Reprinted ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 59–82. ISBN 978-0-19-923445-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266755142","url_text":"Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-923445-5","url_text":"978-0-19-923445-5"}]},{"reference":"Wood, S. (1986). \"Blast from the Past: The Very First F1 Savannah\". Lioc-Escf. 30 (6): 15.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Estes, R. D. (2004). \"Serval Felis serval\". The Behavior Guide to African Mammals: Including Hoofed Mammals, Carnivores, Primates (Forth ed.). Berkeley, US: University of California Press. pp. 361–363. ISBN 978-0-520-08085-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_0520080858/page/361","url_text":"\"Serval Felis serval\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-08085-0","url_text":"978-0-520-08085-0"}]},{"reference":"Hunter, L.; Bowland, J. (2013). \"Leptailurus serval Serval\". In Kingdon, J.; Happold, D.; Butynski, T.; Hoffmann, M.; Happold, M.; Kalina, J. (eds.). Mammals of Africa. London, UK: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 180–184. 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Cape Town, South Africa: Struik Publishers. pp. 98–99. ISBN 978-1-86872-594-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uA3KTUA8kO8C&pg=PA98","url_text":"Field Guide to the Mammals of the Kruger National Park"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86872-594-6","url_text":"978-1-86872-594-6"}]},{"reference":"Sunquist, M. & Sunquist, F. (2002). \"Serval Leptailurus serval (Schrever, 1776)\". Wild Cats of the World. Chicago, US: University of Chicago Press. pp. 142–151. ISBN 978-0-226-77999-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hFbJWMh9-OAC&pg=PA143","url_text":"\"Serval Leptailurus serval (Schrever, 1776)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-77999-7","url_text":"978-0-226-77999-7"}]},{"reference":"Hunter, L. (2015). Wild Cats of the World. London, UK: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 75. ISBN 978-1-4729-2285-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4729-2285-4","url_text":"978-1-4729-2285-4"}]},{"reference":"Mills, M. G. L. (2005). \"Genus Leptailurus Severtzov, 1858\". In Skinner, J. D.; Chimimba, C. T. (eds.). The mammals of the southern African subregion (Third ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 408–412. ISBN 9780521844185.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iqwEYkTDZf4C&pg=PA408","url_text":"\"Genus Leptailurus Severtzov, 1858\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521844185","url_text":"9780521844185"}]},{"reference":"Hunter, L.; Hinde, G. (2005). Cats of Africa: Behaviour, Ecology, and Conservation. Cape Town, South Africa: Struik Publishers. pp. 76, 158. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henoticon
|
Henotikon
|
[]
|
Christological document issued by Byzantine emperor Zeno in 482
Not to be confused with the enotikon, the undertie which formerly served as the Greek hyphen.
The Henotikon (/həˈnɒtɪkən/ or /həˈnɒtɪˌkɒn/ in English; Greek ἑνωτικόν henōtikón "act of union") was a christological document issued by Byzantine emperor Zeno in 482, in an unsuccessful attempt to reconcile the differences between the supporters of the Council of Chalcedon and the council's opponents (Non-Chalcedonian Christians). It was followed by the Acacian schism.
History
In 451, the Council of Chalcedon settled christological disputes by condemning both Monophysitism, held by Eutyches, and Nestorianism. However, large sections of the Eastern Roman Empire, especially in Egypt, but also in Palestine and Syria, held miaphysite views. In order to restore unity, the Patriarch of Constantinople, Acacius, devised an eirenic formula, which Emperor Zeno promulgated without the approval of a synod of bishops. The Henotikon endorsed the condemnations of Eutyches and Nestorius made at Chalcedon and explicitly approved the twelve anathemas of Cyril of Alexandria, but avoided any definitive statement on whether Christ had one or two natures, attempting to appease both sides of the dispute.
This act failed to satisfy either side. All sides took offence at the Emperor openly dictating church doctrine, although the Patriarch of Antioch was pressured into subscribing to the Henotikon. When Patriarch John I of Alexandria refused, the Emperor had him expelled and instead recognized the Miaphysite Peter Mongos, who accepted the Henotikon. However, other miaphysites abandoned him and were thenceforth called Akephaloi (headless ones), since they had lost their leader. After two years of prevarication and temporizing by Acacius, Pope Felix III of Rome condemned the act and excommunicated Acacius (484), although this was largely ignored in Constantinople, even after the death of Acacius in 489.
Zeno died in 491. His successor Anastasius I was sympathetic to the monophysites, and accepted the Henotikon. However, Anastasius's position was at odds with the predominantly Chalcedonian population of Constantinople, and Vitalian, a Chalcedonian general, attempted to overthrow him in 514. Anastasius then attempted to heal the schism with Pope Hormisdas, but this failed when Anastasius refused to recognize the excommunication of the now deceased Acacius. Vitalian tried to overthrow the emperor a second time, but he was defeated by loyal officers.
The schism caused by the Henotikon was officially settled in 519 when Emperor Justin I recognized the excommunication of Acacius and reunited the Chalcedonian churches. However, the then-Patriarchs of Alexandria and Antioch still embraced miaphysitism, and their churches came to be known in modern times as the Oriental Orthodox Churches. Meanwhile, the incident did nothing to mend the growing rift between the churches of Constantinople and Rome, which would lead in later centuries to the East-West Schism.
See also
Christianity portal
Christology
Hypostatic union
References
^ Meyendorff 1989, pp. 194–202.
^ Aristeides Papadakis, "Peter Mongos", The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, ed. Alexander P. Kazhdan (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005).
Bibliography
Bury, John B. (1958). History of the Later Roman Empire. Dover. ISBN 978-0-486-20398-0.
Cameron, Averil; Bryan Ward-Perkins; Michael Whitby (2000). Late Antiquity. ISBN 978-0-521-32591-2.
Kötter, Jan-Markus (2013). Zwischen Kaisern und Aposteln. Das Akakianische Schisma (485-519) als kirchlicher Ordnungskonflikt der Spätantike. Franz Steiner Verlag. ISBN 978-3-5151-0389-3.
Meyendorff, John (1989). Imperial unity and Christian divisions: The Church 450-680 A.D. The Church in history. Vol. 2. Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. ISBN 9780881410563.
Ostrogorsky, George (1956). History of the Byzantine State. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Richards, Jeffrey (1979). The Popes and the Papacy in the Early Middle Ages, 476–752. Routledge & Kegan Paul. ISBN 978-0-7100-0098-9.
External links
Catholic Encyclopedia: Henoticon
Edward Walford, translator, The Ecclesiastical History of Evagrius: A History of the Church from AD 431 to AD 594, 1846. Reprinted 2008. Evolution Publishing ISBN 978-1-889758-88-6 – contains a complete English translation of the Henotikon.
The Henoticon (Instrument of Union) (tertullian.org)
|
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However, large sections of the Eastern Roman Empire, especially in Egypt, but also in Palestine and Syria, held miaphysite views. In order to restore unity, the Patriarch of Constantinople, Acacius, devised an eirenic formula, which Emperor Zeno promulgated without the approval of a synod of bishops. The Henotikon endorsed the condemnations of Eutyches and Nestorius made at Chalcedon and explicitly approved the twelve anathemas of Cyril of Alexandria, but avoided any definitive statement on whether Christ had one or two natures, attempting to appease both sides of the dispute.This act failed to satisfy either side. All sides took offence at the Emperor openly dictating church doctrine, although the Patriarch of Antioch was pressured into subscribing to the Henotikon. When Patriarch John I of Alexandria refused, the Emperor had him expelled and instead recognized the Miaphysite Peter Mongos, who accepted the Henotikon. However, other miaphysites abandoned him[who?] and were thenceforth called Akephaloi (headless ones), since they had lost their leader.[2] After two years of prevarication and temporizing by Acacius, Pope Felix III of Rome condemned the act and excommunicated Acacius (484), although this was largely ignored in Constantinople, even after the death of Acacius in 489.Zeno died in 491. His successor Anastasius I was sympathetic to the monophysites, and accepted the Henotikon. However, Anastasius's position was at odds with the predominantly Chalcedonian population of Constantinople, and Vitalian, a Chalcedonian general, attempted to overthrow him in 514. Anastasius then attempted to heal the schism with Pope Hormisdas, but this failed when Anastasius refused to recognize the excommunication of the now deceased Acacius. Vitalian tried to overthrow the emperor a second time, but he was defeated by loyal officers.The schism caused by the Henotikon was officially settled in 519 when Emperor Justin I recognized the excommunication of Acacius and reunited the Chalcedonian churches. However, the then-Patriarchs of Alexandria and Antioch still embraced miaphysitism, and their churches came to be known in modern times as the Oriental Orthodox Churches. Meanwhile, the incident did nothing to mend the growing rift between the churches of Constantinople and Rome, which would lead in later centuries to the East-West Schism.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-486-20398-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-20398-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-521-32591-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-32591-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-5151-0389-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-5151-0389-3"},{"link_name":"Meyendorff, John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Meyendorff"},{"link_name":"Imperial unity and Christian divisions: The Church 450-680 A.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=6J_YAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780881410563","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780881410563"},{"link_name":"Ostrogorsky, George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Ostrogorsky"},{"link_name":"History of the Byzantine State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Bt0_AAAAYAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7100-0098-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7100-0098-9"}],"text":"Bury, John B. (1958). History of the Later Roman Empire. Dover. ISBN 978-0-486-20398-0.\nCameron, Averil; Bryan Ward-Perkins; Michael Whitby (2000). Late Antiquity. ISBN 978-0-521-32591-2.\nKötter, Jan-Markus (2013). Zwischen Kaisern und Aposteln. Das Akakianische Schisma (485-519) als kirchlicher Ordnungskonflikt der Spätantike. Franz Steiner Verlag. ISBN 978-3-5151-0389-3.\nMeyendorff, John (1989). Imperial unity and Christian divisions: The Church 450-680 A.D. The Church in history. Vol. 2. Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. ISBN 9780881410563.\nOstrogorsky, George (1956). History of the Byzantine State. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.\nRichards, Jeffrey (1979). The Popes and the Papacy in the Early Middle Ages, 476–752. Routledge & Kegan Paul. ISBN 978-0-7100-0098-9.","title":"Bibliography"}]
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