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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Duncan_Herridge	William Duncan Herridge	["1 Early life","2 Career","3 References"]	Canadian politician Osgoode Law School graduation photo William Duncan Herridge PC QC MC DSO (September 18, 1887 – September 21, 1961) was a Canadian politician and diplomat. Early life He was the son of William T. Herridge, a former moderator of the Presbyterian Church of Canada. Herridge was educated at Ottawa Collegiate Institute, the University of Toronto, where he was a member of the Kappa Alpha Society, and Osgoode Hall Law School. He served in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during World War I in which he received a field promotion to the rank of Major and was awarded the Military Cross and the Distinguished Service Order. Career Herridge (third from left, with his wife) and R. B. Bennett (center) visiting Franklin D. Roosevelt at the White House in 1933 Herridge was a patent attorney by profession and had been a Liberal Party supporter but, being a personal friend of Governor General Byng, he broke with the Liberals in 1926 over the King-Byng Affair. He joined R.B. Bennett's 1930 federal election campaign acting as speechwriter and policy advisor to the Conservative leader. When the Tories took power, he was appointed Canada's envoy to the United States with the title Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary for Canada in the United States of America, from 1931 to 1935, succeeding his friend, Vincent Massey. In 1931, he married Bennett's sister, Mildred. While stationed in Washington, D.C., Herridge was impressed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal, and convinced Bennett to attempt to adopt similar policies in Canada for combatting the Great Depression. Bennett's turn towards reform occurred too late in his term, however, and his government was soundly defeated in the 1935 election. Herridge returned to Canada and was a delegate to the 1938 National Conservative Party Convention and raised hackles when he made an attack on a policy resolution that endorsed orthodox finance policy, rejecting the New Deal policies advocated by Bennett and Herridge in the last days of Bennett's government. He dismissed the resolution as "little more than junk" and "the supreme accomplishment of reaction within this party." Herridge warns that unless the party adopted a reform program it would die and lamented the loss of his brother-in-law as party leader due to "the powers of reaction, and the stirring up of racial and religious strife." Herridge's comments were not well received and elicited a round of boos and jeers of "go back to the States" and "Jeremiah" from the delegates and his amendments were rejected. His ideas rejected by the Conservative Party, Herridge, in 1939, launched the New Democracy party, which advocated monetary reform and government intervention in the economy. The party's positions were similar to those of the Social Credit Party of Canada. The two parties ran a joint slate in the 1940 election under the New Democracy banner with Herridge as the lead candidate. Herridge, however, came in third in his riding of Kindersley, Saskatchewan with 30% of the vote and thus failed to win a seat in the House of Commons of Canada. The only New Democracy Members of Parliament elected were those who had been elected to parliament for the Social Credit Party. After the election, the New Democracy party folded, and its MPs reverted to their previous identity as Social Credit members. References ^ a b "W.D. Herridge Named As New Ambassador", Globe and Mail, March 9, 1931 ^ "Confidant of Premier Goes To Washington", Toronto Daily Star, March 9, 1931 ^ "Finance plank is 'insult' Herridge tells gathering", Toronto Daily Star, July 8, 1938 vteCanadian Ambassadors to the United StatesEnvoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary (1926–1943) Massey Wrong (Chargé d'Affaires a.i.) Herridge Wrong (Chargé d'Affaires a.i.) Marler Christie McCarthy Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary (1943–present) McCarthy Pearson Wrong Heeney Robertson C. Ritchie E. Ritchie Cadieux Warren Towe Gotlieb Burney de Chastelain Chrétien Kergin McKenna Wilson Doer MacNaughton Hillman Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Netherlands	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Photograph_of_William_Duncan_Herridge_(d._1961)_(10613346053).jpg"},{"link_name":"PC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada"},{"link_name":"QC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Counsel"},{"link_name":"MC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Cross"},{"link_name":"DSO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order"}],"text":"Osgoode Law School graduation photoWilliam Duncan Herridge PC QC MC DSO (September 18, 1887 – September 21, 1961) was a Canadian politician and diplomat.","title":"William Duncan Herridge"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Presbyterian Church of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Ottawa Collegiate Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_Collegiate_Institute"},{"link_name":"University of Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Toronto"},{"link_name":"Kappa Alpha Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappa_Alpha_Society"},{"link_name":"Osgoode Hall Law School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osgoode_Hall_Law_School"},{"link_name":"Canadian Expeditionary Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Expeditionary_Force"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"field promotion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_promotion"},{"link_name":"Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_(rank)"},{"link_name":"Military Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Cross"},{"link_name":"Distinguished Service Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-globe-1"}],"text":"He was the son of William T. Herridge, a former moderator of the Presbyterian Church of Canada.Herridge was educated at Ottawa Collegiate Institute, the University of Toronto, where he was a member of the Kappa Alpha Society, and Osgoode Hall Law School.He served in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during World War I in which he received a field promotion to the rank of Major and was awarded the Military Cross and the Distinguished Service Order.[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RICHARD_B._BENNETT_AT_THE_WHITE_HOUSE.jpg"},{"link_name":"Liberal Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Governor General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Byng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Byng"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-globe-1"},{"link_name":"King-Byng Affair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King-Byng_Affair"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-star-2"},{"link_name":"R.B. Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.B._Bennett"},{"link_name":"1930 federal election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1930_Canadian_federal_election"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Envoy_Extraordinary_and_Minister_Plenipotentiary"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Franklin D. Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"New Deal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Deal"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"1935 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1935_Canadian_federal_election"},{"link_name":"reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactionary"},{"link_name":"Jeremiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiah"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"New Democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Democracy_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"monetary reform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monetary_reform"},{"link_name":"Social Credit Party of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Credit_Party_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"1940 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940_Canadian_federal_election"},{"link_name":"riding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_district_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"Kindersley, Saskatchewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindersley,_Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"seat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_seat"},{"link_name":"House of Commons of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Members of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament"}],"text":"Herridge (third from left, with his wife) and R. B. Bennett (center) visiting Franklin D. Roosevelt at the White House in 1933Herridge was a patent attorney by profession and had been a Liberal Party supporter but, being a personal friend of Governor General Byng,[1] he broke with the Liberals in 1926 over the King-Byng Affair.[2] He joined R.B. Bennett's 1930 federal election campaign acting as speechwriter and policy advisor to the Conservative leader. When the Tories took power, he was appointed Canada's envoy to the United States with the title Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary for Canada in the United States of America, from 1931 to 1935, succeeding his friend, Vincent Massey. In 1931, he married Bennett's sister, Mildred.While stationed in Washington, D.C., Herridge was impressed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal, and convinced Bennett to attempt to adopt similar policies in Canada for combatting the Great Depression. Bennett's turn towards reform occurred too late in his term, however, and his government was soundly defeated in the 1935 election.Herridge returned to Canada and was a delegate to the 1938 National Conservative Party Convention and raised hackles when he made an attack on a policy resolution that endorsed orthodox finance policy, rejecting the New Deal policies advocated by Bennett and Herridge in the last days of Bennett's government. He dismissed the resolution as \"little more than junk\" and \"the supreme accomplishment of reaction within this party.\" Herridge warns that unless the party adopted a reform program it would die and lamented the loss of his brother-in-law as party leader due to \"the powers of reaction, and the stirring up of racial and religious strife.\" Herridge's comments were not well received and elicited a round of boos and jeers of \"go back to the States\" and \"Jeremiah\" from the delegates and his amendments were rejected.[3]His ideas rejected by the Conservative Party, Herridge, in 1939, launched the New Democracy party, which advocated monetary reform and government intervention in the economy. The party's positions were similar to those of the Social Credit Party of Canada. The two parties ran a joint slate in the 1940 election under the New Democracy banner with Herridge as the lead candidate. Herridge, however, came in third in his riding of Kindersley, Saskatchewan with 30% of the vote and thus failed to win a seat in the House of Commons of Canada. The only New Democracy Members of Parliament elected were those who had been elected to parliament for the Social Credit Party. After the election, the New Democracy party folded, and its MPs reverted to their previous identity as Social Credit members.","title":"Career"}]	[{"image_text":"Osgoode Law School graduation photo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Photograph_of_William_Duncan_Herridge_%28d._1961%29_%2810613346053%29.jpg/220px-Photograph_of_William_Duncan_Herridge_%28d._1961%29_%2810613346053%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Herridge (third from left, with his wife) and R. B. Bennett (center) visiting Franklin D. Roosevelt at the White House in 1933","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/RICHARD_B._BENNETT_AT_THE_WHITE_HOUSE.jpg/310px-RICHARD_B._BENNETT_AT_THE_WHITE_HOUSE.jpg"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000111626509","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/162344549","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjCRjY86PbbJGkT8kDwmd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p126031851","external_links_name":"Netherlands"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallee_ringneck	Australian ringneck	["1 Description","2 Taxonomy and naming","2.1 Subspecies","3 Behaviour","3.1 Feeding","3.2 Breeding","4 Conservation","5 References","5.1 Cited text","6 Further reading"]	Species of bird For the tropical Asian and African parakeet species also known as ring-necked parakeet, see Rose-ringed parakeet. Australian ringneck B. z. barnardi near Patchewollock, Victoria Conservation status Least Concern (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Psittaciformes Family: Psittaculidae Tribe: Platycercini Genus: BarnardiusBonaparte, 1854 Species: B. zonarius Binomial name Barnardius zonarius(Shaw, 1805) Subspecies B. z. zonarius B. z. semitorquatus B. z. barnardi B. z. macgillivrayi Synonyms Barnardius barnardi (Vigors & Horsfield, 1827) The Australian ringneck (Barnardius zonarius) is a parrot native to Australia. Except for extreme tropical and highland areas, the species has adapted to all conditions. Treatments of genus Barnardius have previously recognised two species, the Port Lincoln parrot (Barnardius zonarius) and the mallee ringneck (Barnardius barnardi), but due to these readily interbreeding at the contact zone they are usually regarded as a single species B. zonarius with subspecific descriptions. Currently, four subspecies are recognised, each with a distinct range. In Western Australia, the ringneck competes for nesting space with the rainbow lorikeet, an introduced species. To protect the ringneck, culls of the lorikeet are sanctioned by authorities in this region. Overall, though, the ringneck is not a threatened species. Description The subspecies of the Australian ringneck differ considerably in colouration. It is a medium size species around 33 cm (11 in) long. The basic colour is green, and all four subspecies have the characteristic yellow ring around the hindneck; wings and tail are a mixture of green and blue. B. z. semitorquatus, Perth, Western Australia The B. z. zonarius and B. z. semitorquatus subspecies have a dull black head; back, rump and wings are brilliant green; throat and breast bluish-green. The difference between these two subspecies is that B. z. zonarius has a yellow abdomen while B. z. semitorquatus has a green abdomen; the latter has also a prominent crimson frontal band that the former lacks (the intermediate shown in the box has characteristics of both subspecies). The two other subspecies differ from these subspecies by the bright green crown and nape and blush cheek-patches. The underparts of B. z. barnardi are turquoise-green with an irregular orange-yellow band across the abdomen; the back and mantle are deep blackish-blue and this subspecies has a prominent red frontal band. The B. z. macgillivrayi is generally pale green, with no red frontal band, and a wide uniform pale yellow band across the abdomen. The calls of the Mallee ringneck and Cloncurry parrot have been described as "ringing", and the calls of the Port Lincoln ringneck and Twenty-eight parrot have been described as "strident". The name of the Twenty-eight is an onomatopoeic derived from its distinctive call, which sounds like "twenty-eight" (or the French equivalent, vingt-huit, according to one early description). Taxonomy and naming The Australian ringneck was first described by English naturalist George Shaw and drawn by Frederick Polydore Nodder in 1805 in their work The Naturalist's Miscellany: Or, Coloured Figures of Natural Objects; Drawn and Described Immediately From Nature. He called it Psittacus zonarius "zoned parrot". A broad-tailed parrot, it is most closely related to the rosellas of the genus Platycercus, and has been placed in that genus by some authorities, including Ferdinand Bauer. Pre-existing names for the species, derived from the Nyungar language of Southwest Australia, are dowarn and doomolok ; these were identified from over one hundred records of regional and orthographic variants to supplement the names already suggested by John Gilbert, Dominic Serventy and others. Currently, four subspecies of ringneck are recognised, all of which have been described as distinct species in the past: (As of 1993, the Twenty-eight and Cloncurry parrot were treated as subspecies of the Port Lincoln parrot and the mallee ringneck, respectively.) Several other subspecies have been described, but are considered synonyms with one of the above subspecies. B. z. occidentalis has been synonymised with B. z. zonarius. Intermediates exist between all subspecies except for between B. z. zonarius and B. z. macgillivrayi. Intermediates have been associated with land clearing for agriculture in southern Western Australia. The classification of this species is still debated, and molecular research by Joseph and Wilke in 2006 found that the complex split genetically into two clades—one roughly correlating with B. z. barnardi and the other with the other three forms; B. z. macgillivrayi was more closely related to B. z. zonarius than to the neighbouring B. z. barnardi. The researchers felt it was premature to reorganise the classification of the complex until more study was undertaken. Subspecies Subspecies Common and binomial names Image Description Range Twenty-eight parrot Identification: The red band and green belly distinguishes it from the Port Lincoln parrot. Found in the south western forests of coastal and subcoastal Western Australia. B. z. semitorquatus(Quoy & Gaimard, 1830) Port Lincoln parrot orPort Lincoln ringneck Common from Port Lincoln in the south east to Alice Springs in the north east, and from the Karri and Tingle forests of South Western Australia up to the Pilbara district. B. z. zonarius(Shaw, 1805) Cloncurry parrot Identification: The yellow belly, lighter green colour and lack of red band distinguishes it from the mallee ringneck. Found from the Lake Eyre basin in the Northern Territory to the Gulf Country of northwestern Queensland, from Burketown south to Boulia, with Kynuna and Camooweel as eastern and western limits respectively. B. z. macgillivrayi(North, 1900) Mallee ringneck Inhabits central and western New South Wales west of Dubbo, the southwestern corner Queensland west of St George, eastern South Australia and northwestern Victoria. B. z. barnardi(Vigors & Horsfield, 1827) Behaviour The Australian ringneck is active during the day and can be found in eucalypt woodlands and eucalypt-lined watercourses. The species is gregarious and depending on the conditions can be resident or nomadic. In trials of growing hybrid eucalypt trees in dry environments parrots, especially the Port Lincoln parrot, caused severe damage to the crowns of the younger trees during the research period between 2000–2003. Feeding This species eats a wide range of foods that include nectar, insects, seeds, fruit, and native and introduced bulbs. It will eat orchard-grown fruit and is sometimes seen as a pest by farmers. Breeding Breeding season for the northern populations starts in June or July, while the central and southern populations breed from August to December, but this can be delayed when climatic conditions are unfavourable. The nesting site is a hollow in a tree trunk. Generally four or five white oval eggs are laid measuring 29 mm x 23 mm, although a clutch may be as few as three and as many as six. Fledgling survival rates have been measured at 75%. Conservation Although the species is endemic, the species is considered not threatened, but in Western Australia, the Twenty-eight subspecies (B. z. semitorquatus) gets locally displaced by the introduced rainbow lorikeets that aggressively compete for nesting places. The rainbow lorikeet is considered a pest species in Western Australia and is subject to eradication in the wild. In Western Australia, a licence is required to keep or dispose of more than four Port Lincoln ringnecks. All four subspecies are sold in the Canary Islands and in Australia, and they are traded via the CITES convention. The sale of the Cloncurry parrot is restricted in Queensland. The Australian ringneck can suffer from psittacine beak and feather disease, which causes a high nestling mortality rate in captivity. References ^ a b BirdLife International (2016). "Barnardius zonarius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22685090A93058776. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22685090A93058776.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021. ^ a b c Forshaw, Joseph M.; Cooper, William T. (1981) . Parrots of the World (corrected second ed.). David & Charles, Newton Abbot, London. ISBN 0-7153-7698-5. ^ Christidis, L. & Boles, W.E. (1994). The Taxonomy and Species of Birds of Australia and its Territories. Hawthorn East, Victoria : Royal Ornithologists Union Monograph Vol. 2 112 pp. ^ a b c d Joseph, L.; Wilke, T. (2006). "Molecular resolution of population history, systematics and historical biogeography of the Australian ringneck parrots Barnardius: are we there yet?". Emu. 106: 49–62. doi:10.1071/mu05035. S2CID 84278709. ^ a b c d e Field Guide to the Birds of Australia - A book of identification Simpson and Day, (1993) pp.144 ISBN 0-670-90670-0 ^ Managing bird damage to fruit and other horticultural crops. Part B: Fact sheets for growers Archived 16 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine NSW Department of Primary Industries. Accessed 6 August 2013. ^ Shaw, George (1805). The naturalist's miscellany, or Coloured figures of natural objects. Vol. 16. London, United Kingdom: Nodder & Co. pp. pl. 637. ^ Joseph, Leo; Toon, Alicia; Schirtzinger, Erin E.; Wright, Timothy F. (2011). "Molecular systematics of two enigmatic genera Psittacella and Pezoporus illuminate the ecological radiation of Australo-Papuan parrots (Aves: Psittaciformes)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 59 (3): 675–84. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.03.017. PMID 21453777. ^ "Bauer, Ferdinand, 1760-1826 - natural history drawings". National Library of Australia. ^ Abbott, Ian (2009). "Aboriginal names of bird species in south-west Western Australia, with suggestions for their adoption into common usage" (PDF). Conservation Science Western Australia Journal. 7 (2): 254–55. ^ "Barnardius zonarius (Shaw, 1805)". Australian Biological Resources Study. Retrieved 29 October 2016. ^ Schodde, R. & Mason, I.J. (1997) Aves (Columbidae to Coraciidae). In, Houston, W.W.K. & Wells, A. (eds) Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Melbourne: CSIRO Publishing, Australia Vol. 37.2 xiii 440 pp. ^ a b Ford, J. (1987). "Hybrid zones in Australian birds". Emu. 87 (3): 158–178. doi:10.1071/MU9870158. ^ Lendon, p. 166 ^ Lendon, p. 161 ^ Lendon, p. 157 ^ Lendon, pp. 152–52 ^ Barbour, E.L. (2004). "Eucalypt hybrids in south-west Western Australia". RIRDC, Australian government. Archived from the original on 5 October 2007. Retrieved 2 August 2008. ^ "Parrot damage in agroforestry in the greater than 450 mm rainfall zone of Western Australia". Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia. Archived from the original on 23 November 2007. Retrieved 7 November 2007. ^ "Australian Ringneck". birdsinbackyards.net. Australian Museum. Archived from the original on 30 April 2008. ^ Beruldsen, G (2003). Australian Birds: Their Nests and Eggs. Kenmore Hills, Qld: self. p. 247. ISBN 0-646-42798-9. ^ "Australian ringneck" (PDF). Fauna Note No. 22. Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 September 2008. Retrieved 2 August 2008. ^ Martin, Stella (2002). "Birds of the savannas" (PDF). Tropical Topics. 73. Environmental Protection Agency Northern Division. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 August 2008. Retrieved 23 July 2008. ^ Chapman, Tamra (2005). "The status and impact of the Rainbow Lorikeet (Trichoglossus haematodus moluccanus) in South-West Western Australia" (PDF). Wildlife Branch, Department of Conservation and Land Management. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 April 2008. Retrieved 8 November 2007. ^ Massam, Marion (2007). "Rainbow lorikeet management options" (PDF). Department of Agriculture and Food. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 April 2008. Retrieved 7 November 2007. ^ a b "Sustainable Economic Use of Native Australian Birds and Reptiles" (PDF). RIRDC, Australian government. February 1997. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 October 2007. Retrieved 2 August 2008. ^ "CITES Digest" (PDF). November 2002. Retrieved 2 August 2008. ^ "NATURE CONSERVATION LEGISLATION AMENDMENT REGULATION (No. 2)" (PDF). Queensland, Australia. 1997. ^ "Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act, Section 270B, Making of Threat Abatement Plans". Commonwealth of Australia. 1999. Cited text Lendon, Alan H. (1973). Australian Parrots in Field and Aviary (2nd ed.). Sydney: Angus and Robertson. ISBN 0-207-12424-8. Further reading Listen to this article (5 minutes) This audio file was created from a revision of this article dated 13 May 2007 (2007-05-13), and does not reflect subsequent edits.(Audio help · More spoken articles) The Atlas of Australian Birds, Blakers, Davies & Reilly, (1984) ISBN 0-522-84285-2 Photographic Field Guide to Birds of Australia, Jim Flegg, (2002) ISBN 1-876334-78-9 John Gould's The Birds of Australia : Full text available from National Library of Australia in an electronic format at http://nla.gov.au/nla.aus-f4773 B. z. semitorquatus plate Wikimedia Commons has media related to Barnardius zonarius. Wikispecies has information related to Barnardius barnardi. vteGenera of parrots and their extinct allies Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Clade: Eufalconimorphae Clade: Psittacopasseres Psittacopasseres†Vastanavidae Avolatavis Calcardea? Eurofluvioviridavis Vastanavis †Psittacopedidae Eofringillirostrum Parapsittacopes Psittacomimus Psittacopes Parapasseres †Minutornis †Zygodactylidae Eozygodactylus Primoscens Primozygodactylus Zygodactylus Passeriformes See Passeriformes †Halcyornithidae? Cyrilavis Halcyornis Pseudasturides Pulchrapollia Serudaptus †Messelasturidae? Messelastur Tynskya †Quercypsittidae Palaeopsittacus? Quercypsitta †Morsoravidae Morsoravis Pumiliornis Sororavis Psittaciformes See below ↓ PsittaciformesIncertae sedis †Mogontiacopsitta Namapsittidae †Namapsitta StrigopoideaStrigopidae †Heracles †Nelepsittacus Nestor Strigops CacatuoideaCacatuidae Cacatua Callocephalon Calyptorhynchus Eolophus Lophochroa Nymphicus Probosciger Zanda PsittacoideaPsittacidaeincertae sedis †Archaeopsittacus Arinae Brotogeris Deroptyus Hapalopsittaca Myiopsitta Pionites "Amoropsittacini" Bolborhynchus Nannopsittaca Psilopsiagon Touit Androglossini Alipiopsitta Amazona Graydidascalus Pionopsitta Pionus Pyrilia Triclaria Arini Anodorhynchus Ara Aratinga †Conuropsis Cyanoliseus Cyanopsitta Diopsittaca Enicognathus Eupsittula Guaruba Leptosittaca Ognorhynchus Orthopsittaca Primolius Psittacara Pyrrhura Rhynchopsitta Thectocercus "Forpini" Forpus Psittacinae †Bavaripsitta †Khwenena Poicephalus Psittacus †Xenopsitta PsittrichasiidaeCoracopsinae Coracopsis Coracopsinae Psittrichas PsittaculidaeAgapornithinae Agapornis Bolbopsittacus Loriculus LoriinaeCyclopsittini Cyclopsitta Psittaculirostris Loriini Chalcopsitta Charminetta Charmosyna Charmosynoides Charmosynopsis Eos Glossopsitta Glossoptilus Hypocharmosyna Lorius Neopsittacus Oreopsittacus Parvipsitta Pseudeos Psitteuteles Saudareos Synorhacma Trichoglossus Vini Melopsittacini Melopsittacus PlatycercinaePezoporini Neophema Neopsephotus Pezoporus Platycercini Barnardius Cyanoramphus Eunymphicus Lathamus Northiella Platycercus Prosopeia Psephotellus Psephotus Purpureicephalus Psittacellinae Psittacella PsittaculinaeMicropsittini Micropsitta Polytelini Alisterus Aprosmictus Polytelis Psittaculini Eclectus Geoffroyus †Lophopsittacus †Mascarinus †Necropsittacus Prioniturus Psittacula Psittinus Tanygnathus Taxon identifiersBarnardius zonarius Wikidata: Q913626 Wikispecies: Barnardius zonarius ADW: Barnardius zonarius AFD: Barnardius_zonarius Avibase: 821BF2D70FF94B3E BirdLife: 22685090 BirdLife-Australia: australian-ringneck BOLD: 53158 BOW: polpar1 CoL: KS32 eBird: polpar1 EoL: 45517979 GBIF: 2479720 iNaturalist: 19265 IRMNG: 11405215 ITIS: 177563 IUCN: 22685090 NBN: NHMSYS0020788962 NCBI: 309859 Observation.org: 194631 Open Tree of Life: 57350 Species+: 10765 Xeno-canto: Barnardius-zonarius Psittacus zonarius Wikidata: Q109563440 GBIF: 11224727	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Australian_Ringneck.ogg"},{"link_name":"Rose-ringed parakeet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose-ringed_parakeet"},{"link_name":"parrot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parrot"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"tropical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical"},{"link_name":"Port Lincoln parrot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Lincoln_parrot"},{"link_name":"mallee ringneck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallee_ringneck"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-forshaw-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Joseph-4"},{"link_name":"subspecies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subspecies"},{"link_name":"range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Range_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"rainbow lorikeet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow_lorikeet"},{"link_name":"introduced species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduced_species"}],"text":"Species of birdFor the tropical Asian and African parakeet species also known as ring-necked parakeet, see Rose-ringed parakeet.The Australian ringneck (Barnardius zonarius) is a parrot native to Australia. Except for extreme tropical and highland areas, the species has adapted to all conditions. Treatments of genus Barnardius have previously recognised two species, the Port Lincoln parrot (Barnardius zonarius) and the mallee ringneck (Barnardius barnardi),[2] but due to these readily interbreeding at the contact zone they are usually regarded as a single species B. zonarius with subspecific descriptions.[3][4] Currently, four subspecies are recognised, each with a distinct range.In Western Australia, the ringneck competes for nesting space with the rainbow lorikeet, an introduced species. To protect the ringneck, culls of the lorikeet are sanctioned by authorities in this region. Overall, though, the ringneck is not a threatened species.","title":"Australian ringneck"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-forshaw-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Australian_Ringneck,_Perth.jpg"},{"link_name":"Perth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Simpson&Day-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Simpson&Day-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Simpson&Day-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Simpson&Day-5"},{"link_name":"onomatopoeic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onomatopoeia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The subspecies of the Australian ringneck differ considerably in colouration.[2] It is a medium size species around 33 cm (11 in) long. The basic colour is green, and all four subspecies have the characteristic yellow ring around the hindneck; wings and tail are a mixture of green and blue.B. z. semitorquatus, Perth, Western AustraliaThe B. z. zonarius and B. z. semitorquatus subspecies have a dull black head; back, rump and wings are brilliant green; throat and breast bluish-green. The difference between these two subspecies is that B. z. zonarius has a yellow abdomen while B. z. semitorquatus has a green abdomen; the latter has also a prominent crimson frontal band that the former lacks (the intermediate shown in the box has characteristics of both subspecies).[5] The two other subspecies differ from these subspecies by the bright green crown and nape and blush cheek-patches. The underparts of B. z. barnardi are turquoise-green with an irregular orange-yellow band across the abdomen; the back and mantle are deep blackish-blue and this subspecies has a prominent red frontal band. The B. z. macgillivrayi is generally pale green, with no red frontal band, and a wide uniform pale yellow band across the abdomen.[5]The calls of the Mallee ringneck and Cloncurry parrot have been described as \"ringing\",[5] and the calls of the Port Lincoln ringneck and Twenty-eight parrot have been described as \"strident\".[5] The name of the Twenty-eight is an onomatopoeic derived from its distinctive call, which sounds like \"twenty-eight\" (or the French equivalent, vingt-huit, according to one early description).[6]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Shaw_(biologist)"},{"link_name":"Frederick Polydore Nodder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Polydore_Nodder"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"broad-tailed parrot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad-tailed_parrot"},{"link_name":"Platycercus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platycercus"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand Bauer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Bauer"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Nyungar language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyungar_language"},{"link_name":"Southwest Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Australia_(ecoregion)"},{"link_name":"John Gilbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gilbert_(naturalist)"},{"link_name":"Dominic Serventy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic_Serventy"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Abbott2009-10"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Joseph-4"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AusGov-11"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Simpson&Day-5"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Joseph-4"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ford-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ford-13"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Joseph-4"}],"text":"The Australian ringneck was first described by English naturalist George Shaw and drawn by Frederick Polydore Nodder in 1805 in their work The Naturalist's Miscellany: Or, Coloured Figures of Natural Objects; Drawn and Described Immediately From Nature. He called it Psittacus zonarius \"zoned parrot\".[7] A broad-tailed parrot, it is most closely related to the rosellas of the genus Platycercus,[8] and has been placed in that genus by some authorities, including Ferdinand Bauer.[9]Pre-existing names for the species, derived from the Nyungar language of Southwest Australia, are dowarn [pronounced dow’awn] and doomolok [dorm’awe’lawk]; these were identified from over one hundred records of regional and orthographic variants to supplement the names already suggested by John Gilbert, Dominic Serventy and others.[10]Currently, four subspecies of ringneck are recognised, all of which have been described as distinct species in the past:[4][11] (As of 1993, the Twenty-eight and Cloncurry parrot were treated as subspecies of the Port Lincoln parrot and the mallee ringneck, respectively.[5])Several other subspecies have been described, but are considered synonyms with one of the above subspecies. B. z. occidentalis has been synonymised with B. z. zonarius.[12] Intermediates exist between all subspecies except for between B. z. zonarius and B. z. macgillivrayi.[4][13] Intermediates have been associated with land clearing for agriculture in southern Western Australia.[13]The classification of this species is still debated, and molecular research by Joseph and Wilke in 2006 found that the complex split genetically into two clades—one roughly correlating with B. z. barnardi and the other with the other three forms; B. z. macgillivrayi was more closely related to B. z. zonarius than to the neighbouring B. z. barnardi. The researchers felt it was premature to reorganise the classification of the complex until more study was undertaken.[4]","title":"Taxonomy and naming"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Subspecies","title":"Taxonomy and naming"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"eucalypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptus"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"The Australian ringneck is active during the day and can be found in eucalypt woodlands and eucalypt-lined watercourses. The species is gregarious and depending on the conditions can be resident or nomadic. In trials of growing hybrid eucalypt trees in dry environments parrots, especially the Port Lincoln parrot, caused severe damage to the crowns of the younger trees during the research period between 2000–2003.[18]","title":"Behaviour"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-forshaw-2"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Feeding","text":"This species eats a wide range of foods that include nectar, insects, seeds, fruit, and native and introduced bulbs. It will eat orchard-grown fruit and is sometimes seen as a pest by farmers.[2][19]","title":"Behaviour"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ber03-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Breeding","text":"Breeding season for the northern populations starts in June or July, while the central and southern populations breed from August to December, but this can be delayed when climatic conditions are unfavourable. The nesting site is a hollow in a tree trunk.[20] Generally four or five white oval eggs are laid measuring 29 mm x 23 mm, although a clutch may be as few as three and as many as six.[21] Fledgling survival rates have been measured at 75%.[22]","title":"Behaviour"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_12_November_2021-1"},{"link_name":"rainbow lorikeets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow_lorikeet"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WA_gov-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Economic_Use-26"},{"link_name":"Canary Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canary_Islands"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Economic_Use-26"},{"link_name":"CITES","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CITES"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"psittacine beak and feather disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psittacine_beak_and_feather_disease"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"Although the species is endemic,[23] the species is considered not threatened,[1] but in Western Australia, the Twenty-eight subspecies (B. z. semitorquatus) gets locally displaced by the introduced rainbow lorikeets that aggressively compete for nesting places.[24] The rainbow lorikeet is considered a pest species in Western Australia and is subject to eradication in the wild.[25]In Western Australia, a licence is required to keep or dispose of more than four Port Lincoln ringnecks.[26] All four subspecies are sold in the Canary Islands and in Australia,[26] and they are traded via the CITES convention.[27] The sale of the Cloncurry parrot is restricted in Queensland.[28] The Australian ringneck can suffer from psittacine beak and feather disease, which causes a high nestling mortality rate in captivity.[29]","title":"Conservation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"This audio file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Australian_Ringneck.ogg"},{"link_name":"Audio help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help"},{"link_name":"More spoken articles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles"},{"link_name":"The Atlas of Australian Birds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlas_of_Australian_Birds"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-522-84285-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-522-84285-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-876334-78-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-876334-78-9"},{"link_name":"John Gould","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gould"},{"link_name":"The Birds of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Birds_of_Australia_(Gould)"},{"link_name":"National Library of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Library_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.aus-f4773","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//nla.gov.au/nla.aus-f4773"},{"link_name":"plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//nla.gov.au/nla.aus-f4773-5-s43-e"},{"link_name":"Barnardius 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ulidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psittaculidae"},{"link_name":"Agapornithinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agapornithinae"},{"link_name":"Agapornis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agapornis"},{"link_name":"Bolbopsittacus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolbopsittacus"},{"link_name":"Loriculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loriculus"},{"link_name":"Loriinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loriinae"},{"link_name":"Cyclopsittini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclopsittini"},{"link_name":"Cyclopsitta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclopsitta"},{"link_name":"Psittaculirostris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psittaculirostris"},{"link_name":"Loriini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loriini"},{"link_name":"Chalcopsitta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcopsitta"},{"link_name":"Charminetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charminetta"},{"link_name":"Charmosyna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charmosyna"},{"link_name":"Charmosynoides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charmosynoides"},{"link_name":"Charmosynopsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charmosynopsis"},{"link_name":"Eos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eos_(bird)"},{"link_name":"Glossopsitta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossopsitta"},{"link_name":"Glossoptilus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossoptilus"},{"link_name":"Hypocharmosyna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypocharmosyna"},{"link_name":"Lorius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorius"},{"link_name":"Neopsittacus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neopsittacus"},{"link_name":"Oreopsittacus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oreopsittacus"},{"link_name":"Parvipsitta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parvipsitta"},{"link_name":"Pseudeos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudeos"},{"link_name":"Psitteuteles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psitteuteles"},{"link_name":"Saudareos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudareos"},{"link_name":"Synorhacma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synorhacma"},{"link_name":"Trichoglossus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichoglossus"},{"link_name":"Vini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vini_(bird)"},{"link_name":"Melopsittacini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melopsittacini"},{"link_name":"Melopsittacus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melopsittacus"},{"link_name":"Platycercinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platycercinae"},{"link_name":"Pezoporini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pezoporini"},{"link_name":"Neophema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neophema"},{"link_name":"Neopsephotus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neopsephotus"},{"link_name":"Pezoporus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pezoporus"},{"link_name":"Platycercini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platycercini"},{"link_name":"Barnardius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnardius"},{"link_name":"Cyanoramphus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanoramphus"},{"link_name":"Eunymphicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eunymphicus"},{"link_name":"Lathamus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lathamus"},{"link_name":"Northiella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northiella"},{"link_name":"Platycercus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platycercus"},{"link_name":"Prosopeia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosopeia"},{"link_name":"Psephotellus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psephotellus"},{"link_name":"Psephotus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psephotus"},{"link_name":"Purpureicephalus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purpureicephalus"},{"link_name":"Psittacellinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psittacellinae"},{"link_name":"Psittacella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psittacella"},{"link_name":"Psittaculinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psittaculinae"},{"link_name":"Micropsittini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micropsittini"},{"link_name":"Micropsitta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micropsitta"},{"link_name":"Polytelini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytelini"},{"link_name":"Alisterus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alisterus"},{"link_name":"Aprosmictus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aprosmictus"},{"link_name":"Polytelis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytelis"},{"link_name":"Psittaculini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psittaculini"},{"link_name":"Eclectus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclectus"},{"link_name":"Geoffroyus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffroyus"},{"link_name":"Lophopsittacus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lophopsittacus"},{"link_name":"Mascarinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mascarinus"},{"link_name":"Necropsittacus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necropsittacus"},{"link_name":"Prioniturus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prioniturus"},{"link_name":"Psittacula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psittacula"},{"link_name":"P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Tree of Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life"},{"link_name":"57350","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=57350"},{"link_name":"Species+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CITES"},{"link_name":"10765","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//speciesplus.net/#/taxon_concepts/10765"},{"link_name":"Xeno-canto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeno-canto"},{"link_name":"Barnardius-zonarius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//xeno-canto.org/species/Barnardius-zonarius"},{"link_name":"Wikidata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikidata"},{"link_name":"Q109563440","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q109563440"},{"link_name":"GBIF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility"},{"link_name":"11224727","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.gbif.org/species/11224727"}],"text":"Listen to this article (5 minutes)\nThis audio file was created from a revision of this article dated 13 May 2007 (2007-05-13), and does not reflect subsequent edits.(Audio help · More spoken articles)The Atlas of Australian Birds, Blakers, Davies & Reilly, (1984) ISBN 0-522-84285-2\nPhotographic Field Guide to Birds of Australia, Jim Flegg, (2002) ISBN 1-876334-78-9\nJohn Gould's The Birds of Australia :\nFull text available from National Library of Australia in an electronic format at http://nla.gov.au/nla.aus-f4773\nB. z. semitorquatus plateWikimedia Commons has media related to Barnardius zonarius.Wikispecies has information related to Barnardius barnardi.vteGenera of parrots and their extinct allies\nKingdom: Animalia\nPhylum: Chordata\nClass: Aves\nClade: Eufalconimorphae\nClade: Psittacopasseres\nPsittacopasseres†Vastanavidae\nAvolatavis\nCalcardea?\nEurofluvioviridavis\nVastanavis\n†Psittacopedidae\nEofringillirostrum\nParapsittacopes\nPsittacomimus\nPsittacopes\nParapasseres\n†Minutornis\n†Zygodactylidae\nEozygodactylus\nPrimoscens\nPrimozygodactylus\nZygodactylus\nPasseriformes\nSee Passeriformes\n†Halcyornithidae?\nCyrilavis\nHalcyornis\nPseudasturides\nPulchrapollia\nSerudaptus\n†Messelasturidae?\nMesselastur\nTynskya\n†Quercypsittidae\nPalaeopsittacus?\nQuercypsitta\n†Morsoravidae\nMorsoravis\nPumiliornis\nSororavis\nPsittaciformes\nSee below ↓\nPsittaciformesIncertae sedis\n†Mogontiacopsitta\nNamapsittidae\n†Namapsitta\nStrigopoideaStrigopidae\n†Heracles\n†Nelepsittacus\nNestor\nStrigops\nCacatuoideaCacatuidae\nCacatua\nCallocephalon\nCalyptorhynchus\nEolophus\nLophochroa\nNymphicus\nProbosciger\nZanda\nPsittacoideaPsittacidaeincertae sedis\n†Archaeopsittacus\nArinae\nBrotogeris\nDeroptyus\nHapalopsittaca\nMyiopsitta\nPionites\n\"Amoropsittacini\"\nBolborhynchus\nNannopsittaca\nPsilopsiagon\nTouit\nAndroglossini\nAlipiopsitta\nAmazona\nGraydidascalus\nPionopsitta\nPionus\nPyrilia\nTriclaria\nArini\nAnodorhynchus\nAra\nAratinga\n†Conuropsis\nCyanoliseus\nCyanopsitta\nDiopsittaca\nEnicognathus\nEupsittula\nGuaruba\nLeptosittaca\nOgnorhynchus\nOrthopsittaca\nPrimolius\nPsittacara\nPyrrhura\nRhynchopsitta\nThectocercus\n\"Forpini\"\nForpus\nPsittacinae\n†Bavaripsitta\n†Khwenena\nPoicephalus\nPsittacus\n†Xenopsitta\nPsittrichasiidaeCoracopsinae\nCoracopsis\nCoracopsinae\nPsittrichas\nPsittaculidaeAgapornithinae\nAgapornis\nBolbopsittacus\nLoriculus\nLoriinaeCyclopsittini\nCyclopsitta\nPsittaculirostris\nLoriini\nChalcopsitta\nCharminetta\nCharmosyna\nCharmosynoides\nCharmosynopsis\nEos\nGlossopsitta\nGlossoptilus\nHypocharmosyna\nLorius\nNeopsittacus\nOreopsittacus\nParvipsitta\nPseudeos\nPsitteuteles\nSaudareos\nSynorhacma\nTrichoglossus\nVini\nMelopsittacini\nMelopsittacus\nPlatycercinaePezoporini\nNeophema\nNeopsephotus\nPezoporus\nPlatycercini\nBarnardius\nCyanoramphus\nEunymphicus\nLathamus\nNorthiella\nPlatycercus\nProsopeia\nPsephotellus\nPsephotus\nPurpureicephalus\nPsittacellinae\nPsittacella\nPsittaculinaeMicropsittini\nMicropsitta\nPolytelini\nAlisterus\nAprosmictus\nPolytelis\nPsittaculini\nEclectus\nGeoffroyus\n†Lophopsittacus\n†Mascarinus\n†Necropsittacus\nPrioniturus\nPsittacula\nPsittinus\nTanygnathusTaxon identifiersBarnardius zonarius\nWikidata: Q913626\nWikispecies: Barnardius zonarius\nADW: Barnardius zonarius\nAFD: Barnardius_zonarius\nAvibase: 821BF2D70FF94B3E\nBirdLife: 22685090\nBirdLife-Australia: australian-ringneck\nBOLD: 53158\nBOW: polpar1\nCoL: KS32\neBird: polpar1\nEoL: 45517979\nGBIF: 2479720\niNaturalist: 19265\nIRMNG: 11405215\nITIS: 177563\nIUCN: 22685090\nNBN: NHMSYS0020788962\nNCBI: 309859\nObservation.org: 194631\nOpen Tree of Life: 57350\nSpecies+: 10765\nXeno-canto: Barnardius-zonarius\nPsittacus zonarius\nWikidata: Q109563440\nGBIF: 11224727","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"B. z. semitorquatus, Perth, Western Australia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Australian_Ringneck%2C_Perth.jpg/220px-Australian_Ringneck%2C_Perth.jpg"},{}]	null	[{"reference":"BirdLife International (2016). \"Barnardius zonarius\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22685090A93058776. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22685090A93058776.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22685090/93058776","url_text":"\"Barnardius zonarius\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22685090A93058776.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22685090A93058776.en"}]},{"reference":"Forshaw, Joseph M.; Cooper, William T. (1981) [1973, 1978]. Parrots of the World (corrected second ed.). David & Charles, Newton Abbot, London. ISBN 0-7153-7698-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7153-7698-5","url_text":"0-7153-7698-5"}]},{"reference":"Joseph, L.; Wilke, T. (2006). \"Molecular resolution of population history, systematics and historical biogeography of the Australian ringneck parrots Barnardius: are we there yet?\". Emu. 106: 49–62. doi:10.1071/mu05035. S2CID 84278709.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.publish.csiro.au/nid/96/paper/MU05035.htm","url_text":"\"Molecular resolution of population history, systematics and historical biogeography of the Australian ringneck parrots Barnardius: are we there yet?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1071%2Fmu05035","url_text":"10.1071/mu05035"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84278709","url_text":"84278709"}]},{"reference":"Shaw, George (1805). The naturalist's miscellany, or Coloured figures of natural objects. Vol. 16. London, United Kingdom: Nodder & Co. pp. pl. 637.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40521247","url_text":"The naturalist's miscellany, or Coloured figures of natural objects"}]},{"reference":"Joseph, Leo; Toon, Alicia; Schirtzinger, Erin E.; Wright, Timothy F. (2011). \"Molecular systematics of two enigmatic genera Psittacella and Pezoporus illuminate the ecological radiation of Australo-Papuan parrots (Aves: Psittaciformes)\". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 59 (3): 675–84. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.03.017. PMID 21453777.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2011.03.017","url_text":"10.1016/j.ympev.2011.03.017"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21453777","url_text":"21453777"}]},{"reference":"\"Bauer, Ferdinand, 1760-1826 - natural history drawings\". National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nla.gov.au/pict/list/bauer.html","url_text":"\"Bauer, Ferdinand, 1760-1826 - natural history drawings\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Library_of_Australia","url_text":"National Library of Australia"}]},{"reference":"Abbott, Ian (2009). \"Aboriginal names of bird species in south-west Western Australia, with suggestions for their adoption into common usage\" (PDF). Conservation Science Western Australia Journal. 7 (2): 254–55.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dpaw.wa.gov.au/images/documents/about/science/cswa/articles/14.pdf","url_text":"\"Aboriginal names of bird species in south-west Western Australia, with suggestions for their adoption into common usage\""}]},{"reference":"\"Barnardius zonarius (Shaw, 1805)\". Australian Biological Resources Study. Retrieved 29 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Barnardius_zonarius/complete","url_text":"\"Barnardius zonarius (Shaw, 1805)\""}]},{"reference":"Ford, J. (1987). \"Hybrid zones in Australian birds\". Emu. 87 (3): 158–178. doi:10.1071/MU9870158.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.publish.csiro.au/nid/96/paper/MU9870158.htm","url_text":"\"Hybrid zones in Australian birds\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1071%2FMU9870158","url_text":"10.1071/MU9870158"}]},{"reference":"Barbour, E.L. (2004). \"Eucalypt hybrids in south-west Western Australia\". RIRDC, Australian government. Archived from the original on 5 October 2007. Retrieved 2 August 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071005132142/http://www.rirdc.gov.au/reports/AFT/04-021sum.html","url_text":"\"Eucalypt hybrids in south-west Western Australia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIRDC","url_text":"RIRDC"},{"url":"http://www.rirdc.gov.au/reports/AFT/04-021sum.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Parrot damage in agroforestry in the greater than 450 mm rainfall zone of Western Australia\". Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia. Archived from the original on 23 November 2007. Retrieved 7 November 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071123160945/http://www.agric.wa.gov.au/content/LWE/VEGT/TREES/TREENOTE26.htm","url_text":"\"Parrot damage in agroforestry in the greater than 450 mm rainfall zone of Western Australia\""},{"url":"http://www.agric.wa.gov.au/content/LWE/VEGT/TREES/TREENOTE26.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Australian Ringneck\". birdsinbackyards.net. Australian Museum. Archived from the original on 30 April 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080430081837/http://www.birdsinbackyards.net/finder/display.cfm?id=362","url_text":"\"Australian Ringneck\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Museum","url_text":"Australian Museum"},{"url":"http://www.birdsinbackyards.net/finder/display.cfm?id=362","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Beruldsen, G (2003). Australian Birds: Their Nests and Eggs. Kenmore Hills, Qld: self. p. 247. ISBN 0-646-42798-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-646-42798-9","url_text":"0-646-42798-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Australian ringneck\" (PDF). Fauna Note No. 22. Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 September 2008. Retrieved 2 August 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080901134258/http://www.agric.wa.gov.au/content/pw/vp/bird/22_australian_ringneck.pdf","url_text":"\"Australian ringneck\""},{"url":"http://www.agric.wa.gov.au/content/pw/vp/bird/22_australian_ringneck.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Martin, Stella (2002). \"Birds of the savannas\" (PDF). Tropical Topics. 73. Environmental Protection Agency Northern Division. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 August 2008. Retrieved 23 July 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080802095421/http://www.epa.qld.gov.au/register/p00820af.pdf","url_text":"\"Birds of the savannas\""},{"url":"http://www.epa.qld.gov.au/register/p00820af.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Chapman, Tamra (2005). \"The status and impact of the Rainbow Lorikeet (Trichoglossus haematodus moluccanus) in South-West Western Australia\" (PDF). Wildlife Branch, Department of Conservation and Land Management. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 April 2008. Retrieved 8 November 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080411043226/http://www.agric.wa.gov.au/pls/portal30/docs/FOLDER/IKMP/PW/VP/BIRD/LORIKEETMISCPUB.PDF","url_text":"\"The status and impact of the Rainbow Lorikeet (Trichoglossus haematodus moluccanus) in South-West Western Australia\""},{"url":"http://www.agric.wa.gov.au/pls/portal30/docs/FOLDER/IKMP/PW/VP/BIRD/LORIKEETMISCPUB.PDF","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Massam, Marion (2007). \"Rainbow lorikeet management options\" (PDF). Department of Agriculture and Food. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 April 2008. Retrieved 7 November 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080411043216/http://www.agric.wa.gov.au/content/pw/vp/bird/pn2006_rainbcontrol_mmassam.pdf","url_text":"\"Rainbow lorikeet management options\""},{"url":"http://www.agric.wa.gov.au/content/pw/vp/bird/pn2006_rainbcontrol_mmassam.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Sustainable Economic Use of Native Australian Birds and Reptiles\" (PDF). RIRDC, Australian government. February 1997. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 October 2007. Retrieved 2 August 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071026230921/http://www.rirdc.gov.au/reports/NAP/97-26.pdf","url_text":"\"Sustainable Economic Use of Native Australian Birds and Reptiles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIRDC","url_text":"RIRDC"},{"url":"http://www.rirdc.gov.au/reports/NAP/97-26.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"CITES Digest\" (PDF). November 2002. Retrieved 2 August 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ssn.org/Meetings/cop/cop12/Proposals/SNNDigest_SP12_EN.pdf","url_text":"\"CITES Digest\""}]},{"reference":"\"NATURE CONSERVATION LEGISLATION AMENDMENT REGULATION (No. 2)\" (PDF). Queensland, Australia. 1997.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/LEGISLTN/SLS/1997/97SL436.pdf","url_text":"\"NATURE CONSERVATION LEGISLATION AMENDMENT REGULATION (No. 2)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act, Section 270B, Making of Threat Abatement Plans\". Commonwealth of Australia. 1999.","urls":[{"url":"http://fedlaw.gov.au/ComLaw/Legislation/LegislativeInstrument1.nsf/framelodgmentattachments/81FCCCA0AB589760CA25718E00044623","url_text":"\"Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act, Section 270B, Making of Threat Abatement Plans\""}]},{"reference":"Lendon, Alan H. (1973). Australian Parrots in Field and Aviary (2nd ed.). Sydney: Angus and Robertson. ISBN 0-207-12424-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-207-12424-8","url_text":"0-207-12424-8"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22685090/93058776","external_links_name":"\"Barnardius zonarius\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22685090A93058776.en","external_links_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22685090A93058776.en"},{"Link":"http://www.publish.csiro.au/nid/96/paper/MU05035.htm","external_links_name":"\"Molecular resolution of population history, systematics and historical biogeography of the Australian ringneck parrots Barnardius: are we there yet?\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1071%2Fmu05035","external_links_name":"10.1071/mu05035"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84278709","external_links_name":"84278709"},{"Link":"http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/193744/managing_bird_damage-4.pdf","external_links_name":"Managing bird damage to fruit and other horticultural crops. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peel_(software)	Peel (software)	["1 External links"]	The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guidelines for products and services. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Peel" software – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)Software PeelDeveloper(s)Hjalti JakobssonInitial releaseJuly, 2007Written inObjective-COperating systemmacOSAvailable inEnglishTypeMedia playerWebsitegetpeel.com Peel is an MP3 blog reader/player/browser for macOS. After you input an MP3 blog's URL, Peel generates a playlist of the available songs. From there, the user is able to listen to the songs, download the songs, and copy them into iTunes. The program also has a built in web browser for viewing an MP3 blog's website without switching applications. External links MP3 Blog listing at MonkeyFilter Music Blog Wiki	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MP3 blog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3_blog"},{"link_name":"macOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS"},{"link_name":"iTunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes"}],"text":"SoftwarePeel is an MP3 blog reader/player/browser for macOS. After you input an MP3 blog's URL, Peel generates a playlist of the available songs. From there, the user is able to listen to the songs, download the songs, and copy them into iTunes.The program also has a built in web browser for viewing an MP3 blog's website without switching applications.","title":"Peel (software)"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Peel%22+software","external_links_name":"\"Peel\" software"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Peel%22+software+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Peel%22+software&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Peel%22+software+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Peel%22+software","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Peel%22+software&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://getpeel.com/","external_links_name":"getpeel.com"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070221023921/http://wiki.monkeyfilter.com/Index.php?title=MP3_Blog_Listing","external_links_name":"MP3 Blog listing at MonkeyFilter"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070222102103/http://musicblogwiki.elwiki.com/index.php/Main_Page","external_links_name":"Music Blog Wiki"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porosimetry	Porosimetry	["1 See also","2 References"]	Measurement and characterization of the porosity of a material This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Porosimetry" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Porosimetry is an analytical technique used to determine various quantifiable aspects of a material's porous structure, such as pore diameter, total pore volume, surface area, and bulk and absolute densities. The technique involves the intrusion of a non-wetting liquid (often mercury) at high pressure into a material through the use of a porosimeter. The pore size can be determined based on the external pressure needed to force the liquid into a pore against the opposing force of the liquid's surface tension. A force balance equation known as Washburn's equation for the above material having cylindrical pores is given as: P L − P G = − 4 σ cos ⁡ θ D P {\displaystyle P_{L}-P_{G}=-{\frac {4\sigma \cos \theta }{D_{P}}}} P L {\displaystyle P_{L}} = pressure of liquid P G {\displaystyle P_{G}} = pressure of gas σ {\displaystyle \sigma } = surface tension of liquid θ {\displaystyle \theta } = contact angle of intrusion liquid D P {\displaystyle D_{P}} = pore diameter Since the technique is usually performed within a vacuum, the initial gas pressure is zero. The contact angle of mercury with most solids is between 135° and 142°, so an average of 140° can be taken without much error. The surface tension of mercury at 20 °C under vacuum is 480 mN/m. With the various substitutions, the equation becomes: D P = 1470 kPa ⋅ μ m P L {\displaystyle D_{P}={\frac {1470\ {\text{kPa}}\cdot \mu {\text{m}}}{P_{L}}}} As pressure increases, so does the cumulative pore volume. From the cumulative pore volume, one can find the pressure and pore diameter where 50% of the total volume has been added to give the median pore diameter. See also BET theory, measurement of specific surface Evapoporometry Porosity Wood's metal, also injected for pore structure impregnation and replica References ^ Abell, A.B.; Willis, K.L.; Lange, D.A. (1999). "Mercury intrusion porosimetry and image analysis of cement-based materials". Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 211 (1): 39–44. doi:10.1006/jcis.1998.5986. ISSN 0021-9797. This article about materials science is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"analytical technique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measurement"},{"link_name":"porous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porosity"},{"link_name":"surface area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_area"},{"link_name":"bulk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulk_density"},{"link_name":"densities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density"},{"link_name":"non-wetting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetting"},{"link_name":"mercury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)"},{"link_name":"pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure"},{"link_name":"surface tension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_tension"},{"link_name":"Washburn's equation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washburn%27s_equation"},{"link_name":"cylindrical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylinder_(geometry)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Abell_1999-1"},{"link_name":"contact angle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact_angle"},{"link_name":"vacuum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum"},{"link_name":"contact angle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact_angle"},{"link_name":"mercury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)"},{"link_name":"surface tension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_tension"},{"link_name":"mN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millinewton"},{"link_name":"m","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre"}],"text":"Porosimetry is an analytical technique used to determine various quantifiable aspects of a material's porous structure, such as pore diameter, total pore volume, surface area, and bulk and absolute densities.The technique involves the intrusion of a non-wetting liquid (often mercury) at high pressure into a material through the use of a porosimeter. The pore size can be determined based on the external pressure needed to force the liquid into a pore against the opposing force of the liquid's surface tension.A force balance equation known as Washburn's equation for the above material having cylindrical pores is given as:[1]P\n \n L\n \n \n −\n \n P\n \n G\n \n \n =\n −\n \n \n \n 4\n σ\n cos\n ⁡\n θ\n \n \n D\n \n P\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle P_{L}-P_{G}=-{\\frac {4\\sigma \\cos \\theta }{D_{P}}}}P\n \n L\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle P_{L}}\n \n = pressure of liquid\n\n \n \n \n \n P\n \n G\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle P_{G}}\n \n = pressure of gas\n\n \n \n \n σ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma }\n \n = surface tension of liquid\n\n \n \n \n θ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\theta }\n \n = contact angle of intrusion liquid\n\n \n \n \n \n D\n \n P\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle D_{P}}\n \n = pore diameterSince the technique is usually performed within a vacuum, the initial gas pressure is zero. The contact angle of mercury with most solids is between 135° and 142°, so an average of 140° can be taken without much error. The surface tension of mercury at 20 °C under vacuum is 480 mN/m. With the various substitutions, the equation becomes:D\n \n P\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n 1470\n \n \n kPa\n \n ⋅\n μ\n \n m\n \n \n \n P\n \n L\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle D_{P}={\\frac {1470\\ {\\text{kPa}}\\cdot \\mu {\\text{m}}}{P_{L}}}}As pressure increases, so does the cumulative pore volume. From the cumulative pore volume, one can find the pressure and pore diameter where 50% of the total volume has been added to give the median pore diameter.","title":"Porosimetry"}]	[]	[{"title":"BET theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BET_theory"},{"title":"Evapoporometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evapoporometry"},{"title":"Porosity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porosity"},{"title":"Wood's metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood%27s_metal"}]	[{"reference":"Abell, A.B.; Willis, K.L.; Lange, D.A. (1999). \"Mercury intrusion porosimetry and image analysis of cement-based materials\". Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 211 (1): 39–44. doi:10.1006/jcis.1998.5986. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhoda_Delaval	Rhoda Delaval	["1 Early life","2 Marriage and children","3 Artist","4 References"]	British artist (1725–1757) Rhoda DelavalArthur Pond's portrait of DelavalBorn1 July 1725 (1725-07)London, England, United KingdomDied1757(1757-00-00) (aged 31–32)London, England, United KingdomResting placeWidcombe, Bath, England, United KingdomEducationVia Arthur PondKnown forPortraitureSpouse Edward Astley (m. 1751)Children4; including JacobParent(s)Francis Blake DelavalRhoda Apreece Seaton Delaval Hall, built by the Delavals and the former seat of the Astley family Rhoda Delaval Astley (1 July 1725 – 1757) was an English aristocrat and artist. She was married to Edward Astley, with whom she had a daughter and three sons. Lady Astley studied painting with Arthur Pond, who painted her portrait. Seaton Delaval Hall passed from the Delaval family to the Astley family through her descendants. Early life Rhoda Delaval was born on 1 July 1725 to Captain Francis Blake Delaval (the elder) and Rhoda Apreece and baptized at St George's, Hanover Square in London on 22 July 1725.: 133 She was their oldest daughter of 12 children. Her siblings were Anne Hussey, Mary Elizabeth, Sarah, Robert, George, Henry, Ralph, Francis, Edward, Thomas, John. Two years after her birth, her brother, Sir Francis Blake Delaval (the younger) (1727–1771) was born. A brother George, who died as a young adult, also pursued the art of painting with her instructor, Arthur Pond. She was known to be a talented, beautiful woman. One of her sisters was Sarah, Countess of Mexborough. Marriage and children On 23 May 1751, she married Edward Astley, who became the 4th Baronet of Melton Constable. They lived at 11 Downing Street when in London. Astley gave birth to four children, one daughter and three sons. Editha Rhoda was born 14 April 1755 and died by 12 May, when she was brought to be buried. Edward was born and died by 1757 and Francis was born in 1757.: 133–134 Jacob Henry was born 12 September 1756.: 134 She died in 1757 following the birth of Francis: 133–134 and was buried 21 October 1757 at Widcombe, Bath with her son Edward and daughter Edith Rhoda at a church near the manor.: 133–134 Edward Astley lived at Melton Constable with his children after her death. Her letters, before and after her marriage, describe the personal daily lives of the people she knew in Northumberland. As the result of Edward and Rhoda's marriage, Seaton Delaval Hall came into the Astley family in 1814 through Jacob, when none of her brothers produced a male heir.: 134 Artist Periodically between 1744 and 1750, Astley studied art under Arthur Pond, who also painted her portrait. She purchased prints for about £1,500 (equivalent to £298,067 in 2023) from Pond. The National Portrait Gallery has the painting of her drawing with pastels. Her painting of Sir Jacob Astley, 1st Baron Astley of Reading was made from a 17th-century original painting. She made a painting of herself and her brother entitled Painting and Poetry, patterned after Bernardino Luini. The painting of Anne Hussey Delaval (1737–1812), Lady Stanhope in the National Trust is attributed to Rhoda Delaval and is loan by Lord Hastings. Lady Anne Delaval Stanhope was Astley's sister.: 183 She had been commissioned, for a total of about £300 (equivalent to £59,613 in 2023), to paint portraits of her sisters and brothers. Seaton Delaval, Northumberland, National Trust Sir Jacob Astley (1579–1651/1652), 1st Baron Astley of Reading Rhoda Delaval (1725–1757), Later Lady Astley, and Her Brother, Sir Francis Blake Delaval (1727–1771) Anne Hussey Delaval (1737–1812), Lady Stanhope James MacArdell made an engraving of her self-portrait. In 1756, her portrait was painted by Joshua Reynolds and the painting was at Ford Castle in 1897. Another painting of her is in Doddington Hall, Lincolnshire.: 133 References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rhoda Delaval, Lady Astley. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Rhoda Delaval, Lady Astley (1725–1757)". National Trust Collections. Retrieved 12 March 2015. ^ a b c d H. H. E. Craster, M.A., Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford (1909). History of Northumberland: The Parochial Chapelries of Earsdon and Horton. Vol. IX. Newcastle=Upon-Tyne: Andrew Reid & Company, Limited; London: Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Company, Limited. p. 173. Retrieved 12 March 2015.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ a b c d e f g h Robert Eden George Cole (1897). History of the Manor and Township of Doddington: Otherwise Doddington-Pigot, in the County of Lincoln, and Its Successive Owners, with Pedigrees. J. Williamson, printer. p. 183. ^ a b c d e f g h i Neil Jeffares (2006). "Lady Astley". Dictionary of pastellists before 1800 (PDF). London: Unicorn Press. OCLC 607845199. Retrieved 12 March 2015 – via Pastellists.com. ^ a b "Rhoda Delaval (1725–1757), Later Lady Astley, and Her Brother, Sir Francis Blake Delaval (1727–1771), as 'Painting and Poetry' (after Bernardino Luini)". Art UK. Retrieved 12 March 2015. ^ W. Rye, ed. (1885). The monumental inscriptions in the hundred of Holt. collected by W.N. Dew. p. 111. ^ "Sir Jacob Astley (1579–1651/1652), 1st Baron Astley of Reading (after a seventeenth-century original)". Art UK. Retrieved 12 March 2015. ^ "Anne Hussey Delaval (1737–1812), Lady Stanhope". Art UK. Retrieved 12 March 2015. Authority control databases International VIAF Artists ULAN	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seaton_Delaval_Hall_-_all_from_NW_with_tree.jpg"},{"link_name":"Seaton Delaval Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaton_Delaval_Hall"},{"link_name":"Edward Astley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Edward_Astley,_4th_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Arthur Pond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Pond"},{"link_name":"Seaton Delaval Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaton_Delaval_Hall"}],"text":"Seaton Delaval Hall, built by the Delavals and the former seat of the Astley familyRhoda Delaval Astley (1 July 1725 – 1757) was an English aristocrat and artist. She was married to Edward Astley, with whom she had a daughter and three sons. Lady Astley studied painting with Arthur Pond, who painted her portrait. Seaton Delaval Hall passed from the Delaval family to the Astley family through her descendants.","title":"Rhoda Delaval"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Francis Blake Delaval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Blake_Delaval_(1692%E2%80%931752)"},{"link_name":"St George's, Hanover Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_George%27s,_Hanover_Square"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-National_Trust-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Northumberland-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cole-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-National_Trust-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jeffares-4"},{"link_name":"John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Delaval,_1st_Baron_Delaval"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Northumberland-2"},{"link_name":"Sir Francis Blake Delaval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Blake_Delaval_(1727%E2%80%931771)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_1-5"},{"link_name":"Arthur Pond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Pond"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jeffares-4"},{"link_name":"Sarah, Countess of Mexborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Savile,_1st_Earl_of_Mexborough"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jeffares-4"}],"text":"Rhoda Delaval was born on 1 July 1725 to Captain Francis Blake Delaval (the elder) and Rhoda Apreece and baptized at St George's, Hanover Square in London[1][2] on 22 July 1725.[3]: 133 She was their oldest daughter[1] of 12 children.[4] Her siblings were Anne Hussey, Mary Elizabeth, Sarah, Robert, George, Henry, Ralph, Francis, Edward, Thomas, John.[2] Two years after her birth, her brother, Sir Francis Blake Delaval (the younger) (1727–1771) was born.[5] A brother George, who died as a young adult, also pursued the art of painting with her instructor, Arthur Pond. She was known to be a talented, beautiful woman.[4] One of her sisters was Sarah, Countess of Mexborough.[4]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Northumberland-2"},{"link_name":"Edward Astley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Edward_Astley,_4th_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Melton Constable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melton_Constable"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-National_Trust-1"},{"link_name":"11 Downing Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11_Downing_Street"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jeffares-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-National_Trust-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cole-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holt-6"},{"link_name":"Jacob Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Jacob_Astley,_5th_Baronet"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-National_Trust-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cole-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-National_Trust-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cole-3"},{"link_name":"Widcombe, Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widcombe,_Bath"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Northumberland-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cole-3"},{"link_name":"Melton Constable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melton_Constable"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-National_Trust-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-National_Trust-1"},{"link_name":"Seaton Delaval Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaton_Delaval_Hall"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-National_Trust-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cole-3"}],"text":"On 23 May 1751,[2] she married Edward Astley, who became the 4th Baronet of Melton Constable.[1] They lived at 11 Downing Street when in London.[4] Astley gave birth to four children, one daughter and three sons.[1] Editha Rhoda was born 14 April 1755 and died by 12 May, when she was brought to be buried. Edward was born and died by 1757 and Francis was born in 1757.[3]: 133–134 [6] Jacob Henry was born 12 September 1756.[1][3]: 134She died in 1757 following the birth of Francis[1][3]: 133–134 and was buried 21 October 1757 at Widcombe, Bath[2] with her son Edward and daughter Edith Rhoda at a church near the manor.[3]: 133–134Edward Astley lived at Melton Constable with his children after her death.[1] Her letters, before and after her marriage, describe the personal daily lives of the people she knew in Northumberland.[1] As the result of Edward and Rhoda's marriage, Seaton Delaval Hall came into the Astley family in 1814 through Jacob, when none of her brothers produced a male heir.[1][3]: 134","title":"Marriage and children"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-National_Trust-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jeffares-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jeffares-4"},{"link_name":"National Portrait Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-National_Trust-1"},{"link_name":"Sir Jacob Astley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Astley,_1st_Baron_Astley_of_Reading"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_2-7"},{"link_name":"Bernardino Luini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernardino_Luini"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_1-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_3-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cole-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jeffares-4"},{"link_name":"Seaton Delaval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaton_Delaval"},{"link_name":"Northumberland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northumberland"},{"link_name":"National Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Trust"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rhoda_Delaval,_Sir_Jacob_Astley,_1st_Baron_Astley_of_Reading,_Seaton_Delaval,_Northumberland,_National_Trust.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sir Jacob Astley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Astley,_1st_Baron_Astley_of_Reading"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rhoda_Delaval_(1725%E2%80%931757),_Later_Lady_Astley,_and_Her_Brother,_Sir_Francis_Blake_Delaval_(1727%E2%80%931771),_as_%27Painting_and_Poetry%27_(after_Bernardino_Luini),_Seaton_Delaval,_National_Trust.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sir Francis Blake Delaval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Blake_Delaval_(1727%E2%80%931771)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rhoda_Delaval,_Anne_Hussey_Delaval_(1737%E2%80%931812),_Lady_Stanhope_,_Seaton_Delaval,_Northumberland,_National_Trust.jpg"},{"link_name":"James MacArdell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_MacArdell"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jeffares-4"},{"link_name":"Joshua Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Reynolds"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jeffares-4"},{"link_name":"Ford Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Castle"},{"link_name":"Doddington Hall, Lincolnshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doddington_Hall,_Lincolnshire"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cole-3"}],"text":"Periodically between 1744 and 1750, Astley studied art under Arthur Pond, who also painted her portrait.[1][4] She purchased prints for about £1,500 (equivalent to £298,067 in 2023) from Pond.[4]The National Portrait Gallery has the painting of her drawing with pastels.[1] Her painting of Sir Jacob Astley, 1st Baron Astley of Reading was made from a 17th-century original painting.[7] She made a painting of herself and her brother entitled Painting and Poetry, patterned after Bernardino Luini.[5] The painting of Anne Hussey Delaval (1737–1812), Lady Stanhope in the National Trust is attributed to Rhoda Delaval and is loan by Lord Hastings.[8] Lady Anne Delaval Stanhope was Astley's sister.[3]: 183 She had been commissioned, for a total of about £300 (equivalent to £59,613 in 2023), to paint portraits of her sisters and brothers.[4]Seaton Delaval, Northumberland, National Trust\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSir Jacob Astley (1579–1651/1652), 1st Baron Astley of Reading\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRhoda Delaval (1725–1757), Later Lady Astley, and Her Brother, Sir Francis Blake Delaval (1727–1771)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAnne Hussey Delaval (1737–1812), Lady StanhopeJames MacArdell made an engraving of her self-portrait.[4] In 1756, her portrait was painted by Joshua Reynolds[4] and the painting was at Ford Castle in 1897. Another painting of her is in Doddington Hall, Lincolnshire.[3]: 133","title":"Artist"}]	[{"image_text":"Seaton Delaval Hall, built by the Delavals and the former seat of the Astley family","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Seaton_Delaval_Hall_-_all_from_NW_with_tree.jpg/220px-Seaton_Delaval_Hall_-_all_from_NW_with_tree.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Rhoda Delaval, Lady Astley (1725–1757)\". National Trust Collections. Retrieved 12 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nationaltrustcollections.org.uk/object/1276704","url_text":"\"Rhoda Delaval, Lady Astley (1725–1757)\""}]},{"reference":"H. H. E. Craster, M.A., Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford (1909). History of Northumberland: The Parochial Chapelries of Earsdon and Horton. Vol. IX. Newcastle=Upon-Tyne: Andrew Reid & Company, Limited; London: Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Company, Limited. p. 173. Retrieved 12 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/historyofnorthum09nort#page/172/mode/2up","url_text":"History of Northumberland: The Parochial Chapelries of Earsdon and Horton"}]},{"reference":"Robert Eden George Cole (1897). History of the Manor and Township of Doddington: Otherwise Doddington-Pigot, in the County of Lincoln, and Its Successive Owners, with Pedigrees. J. Williamson, printer. p. 183.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/gri_33125008387868","url_text":"History of the Manor and Township of Doddington: Otherwise Doddington-Pigot, in the County of Lincoln, and Its Successive Owners, with Pedigrees"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/gri_33125008387868/page/n194","url_text":"183"}]},{"reference":"Neil Jeffares (2006). \"Lady Astley\". Dictionary of pastellists before 1800 (PDF). London: Unicorn Press. OCLC 607845199. Retrieved 12 March 2015 – via Pastellists.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pastellists.com/Articles/AstleyR.pdf","url_text":"Dictionary of pastellists before 1800"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/607845199","url_text":"607845199"}]},{"reference":"\"Rhoda Delaval (1725–1757), Later Lady Astley, and Her Brother, Sir Francis Blake Delaval (1727–1771), as 'Painting and Poetry' (after Bernardino Luini)\". Art UK. Retrieved 12 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/rhoda-delaval-17251757-later-lady-astley-and-her-brother-sir-francis-blake-delaval-17271771-as-painting-and-poetry-170951","url_text":"\"Rhoda Delaval (1725–1757), Later Lady Astley, and Her Brother, Sir Francis Blake Delaval (1727–1771), as 'Painting and Poetry' (after Bernardino Luini)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_UK","url_text":"Art UK"}]},{"reference":"W. Rye, ed. (1885). The monumental inscriptions in the hundred of Holt. collected by W.N. Dew. p. 111.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dxIHAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA111","url_text":"The monumental inscriptions in the hundred of Holt"}]},{"reference":"\"Sir Jacob Astley (1579–1651/1652), 1st Baron Astley of Reading (after a seventeenth-century original)\". Art UK. Retrieved 12 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/sir-jacob-astley-157916511652-1st-baron-astley-of-reading-170870","url_text":"\"Sir Jacob Astley (1579–1651/1652), 1st Baron Astley of Reading (after a seventeenth-century original)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_UK","url_text":"Art UK"}]},{"reference":"\"Anne Hussey Delaval (1737–1812), Lady Stanhope\". Art UK. Retrieved 12 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/anne-hussey-delaval-17371812-lady-stanhope-170947","url_text":"\"Anne Hussey Delaval (1737–1812), Lady Stanhope\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_UK","url_text":"Art UK"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.nationaltrustcollections.org.uk/object/1276704","external_links_name":"\"Rhoda Delaval, Lady Astley (1725–1757)\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/historyofnorthum09nort#page/172/mode/2up","external_links_name":"History of Northumberland: The Parochial Chapelries of Earsdon and Horton"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/gri_33125008387868","external_links_name":"History of the Manor and Township of Doddington: Otherwise Doddington-Pigot, in the County of Lincoln, and Its Successive Owners, with Pedigrees"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/gri_33125008387868/page/n194","external_links_name":"183"},{"Link":"http://www.pastellists.com/Articles/AstleyR.pdf","external_links_name":"Dictionary of pastellists before 1800"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/607845199","external_links_name":"607845199"},{"Link":"https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/rhoda-delaval-17251757-later-lady-astley-and-her-brother-sir-francis-blake-delaval-17271771-as-painting-and-poetry-170951","external_links_name":"\"Rhoda Delaval (1725–1757), Later Lady Astley, and Her Brother, Sir Francis Blake Delaval (1727–1771), as 'Painting and Poetry' (after Bernardino Luini)\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dxIHAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA111","external_links_name":"The monumental inscriptions in the hundred of Holt"},{"Link":"https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/sir-jacob-astley-157916511652-1st-baron-astley-of-reading-170870","external_links_name":"\"Sir Jacob Astley (1579–1651/1652), 1st Baron Astley of Reading (after a seventeenth-century original)\""},{"Link":"https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/anne-hussey-delaval-17371812-lady-stanhope-170947","external_links_name":"\"Anne Hussey Delaval (1737–1812), Lady Stanhope\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/1264153596621551900002","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500431773","external_links_name":"ULAN"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Dane	River Dane	["1 Course","2 Tributaries","3 History","4 See also","5 References"]	Coordinates: 53°15′N 2°31′W / 53.250°N 2.517°W / 53.250; -2.517River in England River DaneThe Dane at Three Shire HeadsLocationCountryEnglandCountiesStaffordshire, Cheshire, DerbyshirePhysical characteristicsSource • locationAxe Edge Moor Mouth • locationConfluence with River WeaverBasin featuresTributaries • leftRiver Croco, River Wheelock The River Dane is a tributary of the River Weaver that originates in the Peak District area of England. The name of the river (earlier Daven) is probably from the Old Welsh dafn, meaning a "drop or trickle", implying a slow-moving river. Course It forms the border between first Cheshire and Derbyshire on the west and east, and then between Cheshire and Staffordshire where it then flows north-west through Cheshire before meeting the Weaver in Northwich. The river rises close to the source of the River Goyt just to the south west of Buxton, at Dane Head on Axe Edge Moor. Flowing southwest, it forms county borders for around 10 miles (16 km) before flowing west through Congleton and past Holmes Chapel. The point on the river where the three counties meet, at Panniers' Pool Bridge, is called Three Shire Heads (sometimes Three Shires Head). Passing just north of Middlewich, it merges first with the River Croco near the site of the old Roman fort in Harbutt's Field, and then with the River Wheelock near the aqueduct carrying the Trent and Mersey Canal, and runs the remaining 5 miles (8 km) north to Northwich where it flows into the River Weaver. The River Dane is the longest, cleanest and thought to be the fastest flowing river through Cheshire. The route of the Dane is followed as closely as possible by the Dane Valley Way, a 48-mile (77 km) walking route from Buxton to Northwich. Although the main river is part of the Mersey catchment and flows into the Irish Sea, a portion of the water can be diverted via canal feeders into Rudyard Lake and subsequently the Caldon Canal. This water discharges eventually into the River Trent and ultimately into the North Sea, having crossed the English watershed. vteRiver Dane Legend Dane mouth into the River Weaver A535 at Northwich Gad Brook A556 Eldersbriar Brook Puddlinglake Brook Peckmill Brook River Wheelock Trent and Mersey Canal River Croco at Middlewich M6 A50 at Holmes Chapel Crewe-Manchester Line A535 Swettenham Brook at Swettenham Loach Brook The Howty A34 at Congleton A54 Dane in Shaw Brook Cow Brook A54 West Coast Main Line Macclesfield Canal Ravensclough Brook A523 Shell Brook Danebridge Clough Brook Black Brook Flash Brook at Gradbach Robin's Clough Three Shires Brook at Three Shires Head Cumberland Brook Tinkerspit Gutter Dane Head on Axe Edge Moor Tributaries Gad Brook (R) Eldersbriar Brook (L) Puddlinglake Brook (R) River Wheelock (L) Hoggins Brook (L) Fowle Brook (L) River Croco (L) Sanderson's Brook (L) Small Brook (L) Swettenham Brook Midge Brook (Ls) Chapel Brook (R) Dighill Brook (R) Clonter Brook (Rs) Loach Brook Dairy Brook (L) The Howty (L) Dane in Shaw Brook (L) Biddulph Brook Timbers Brook (R) Cow Brook (R) Ravensclough Brook (L) Shell Brook (R) Clough Brook (R) Highmoor Brook (R) Rabb Brook (R) Oaken Brook (R) Cumberland Brook (L) Yarnshaw Brook (L) Correction Brook (L) Tor Brook (R) Black Brook Flash Brook (L) Far Brook (R) Robins Brook (R) Three Shires Brook (L) History Twemlow Viaduct over the River Dane Hermitage Bridge over the River Dane In 1451 when the River Dane flooded in Congleton, it destroyed the town's corn mill, half of the timber-framed buildings and the wooden bridge over the river. To prevent it happening again, the river was diverted away from the town. Congleton's textile industry grew from the 14th century, with many water-powered mills built along the river by the 18th century. A small stone bridge over the river near Holmes Chapel, Hermitage Bridge, was built in 1772 by a local ironmaster. Some years the river floods widely across the meadows here. Nearby a tall red brick railway viaduct, built in 1841, spans the broad Dane Valley between Holmes Chapel and Twemlow. It has 23 arches and is Grade II listed. It crosses the River Dane at Saltersford, where Cheshire salt traders once drove their horse-drawn carts through a ford along the toll road. Reading downstream, the following crossings are all designated listed buildings or scheduled monuments: Dane Bridge, Hug Bridge, Lymford Bridge (early 19th century), Dane Aqueduct over the Macclesfield Canal (1830), Congleton Railway Viaduct (West Coast Main Line, 1849), Colley Mill Bridge, Havannah Bridge (early to mid-19th century, originally leading to a cigar factory), Hermitage Bridge (1772) and Shipbrook Bridge. See also Cheshire portal List of rivers of England References ^ Watts, Victor, ed. (2010), "Dane", The Cambridge Dictionary of English Place-Names, Cambridge University Press ^ Walks in the UK Peak District - Axe Edge Moor, Buxton's coal mining district ^ a b "Dane Valley Way". Long Distance Walkers Association. Retrieved 20 September 2018. ^ "History of Congleton". Congleton Museum. Retrieved 26 March 2020. ^ a b Historic England. "Hermitage Bridge (Grade II) (1231268)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 29 January 2024. ^ Historic England. "Twemlow Viaduct (1231669)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 29 January 2024. ^ Capewell, Annabel (1996). Journey Through Time: Holmes Chapel, Cotton and Cranage. Intec Publishing. ISBN 978-1899319107. ^ Historic England. "Dane Bridge (Grade II) (1136005)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 29 January 2024. ^ Historic England. "Hug Bridge (Grade II) (1313053)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 29 January 2024. ^ Historic England. "Lymford Bridge (Grade II) (1138904)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 29 January 2024. ^ Historic England. "Dane Aqueduct (Grade II) (1135940)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 29 January 2024. ^ Historic England. "Congleton Viaduct (Grade II) (1130485)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 29 January 2024. ^ Historic England. "Colley Mill Bridge (scheduled monument) (1006772)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 29 January 2024. ^ Historic England. "Havannah Bridge (Grade II) (1313053)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 29 January 2024. ^ Historic England. "Shipbrook Bridge (Grade II) (1138432)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 29 January 2024. 53°15′N 2°31′W / 53.250°N 2.517°W / 53.250; -2.517	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"River Weaver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Weaver"},{"link_name":"Peak District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_District"},{"link_name":"Old Welsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Welsh"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"River in EnglandThe River Dane is a tributary of the River Weaver that originates in the Peak District area of England. The name of the river (earlier Daven) is probably from the Old Welsh dafn, meaning a \"drop or trickle\", implying a slow-moving river.[1]","title":"River Dane"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cheshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshire"},{"link_name":"Derbyshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derbyshire"},{"link_name":"Staffordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staffordshire"},{"link_name":"Northwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwich"},{"link_name":"River Goyt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Goyt"},{"link_name":"Buxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buxton"},{"link_name":"Axe Edge Moor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axe_Edge_Moor"},{"link_name":"Congleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congleton"},{"link_name":"Holmes Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holmes_Chapel"},{"link_name":"Three Shire Heads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Shire_Heads"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Middlewich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlewich"},{"link_name":"River Croco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Croco"},{"link_name":"River Wheelock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Wheelock"},{"link_name":"Trent and Mersey Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trent_and_Mersey_Canal"},{"link_name":"Northwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwich"},{"link_name":"River Weaver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Weaver"},{"link_name":"Dane Valley Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dane_Valley_Way"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ldwa-3"},{"link_name":"Mersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Mersey"},{"link_name":"Irish Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Sea"},{"link_name":"Rudyard Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Lake"},{"link_name":"Caldon Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldon_Canal"},{"link_name":"River Trent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Trent"},{"link_name":"North Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ldwa-3"}],"text":"It forms the border between first Cheshire and Derbyshire on the west and east, and then between Cheshire and Staffordshire where it then flows north-west through Cheshire before meeting the Weaver in Northwich.The river rises close to the source of the River Goyt just to the south west of Buxton, at Dane Head on Axe Edge Moor. Flowing southwest, it forms county borders for around 10 miles (16 km) before flowing west through Congleton and past Holmes Chapel. The point on the river where the three counties meet, at Panniers' Pool Bridge, is called Three Shire Heads (sometimes Three Shires Head).[2] Passing just north of Middlewich, it merges first with the River Croco near the site of the old Roman fort in Harbutt's Field, and then with the River Wheelock near the aqueduct carrying the Trent and Mersey Canal, and runs the remaining 5 miles (8 km) north to Northwich where it flows into the River Weaver.The River Dane is the longest, cleanest and thought to be the fastest flowing river through Cheshire. The route of the Dane is followed as closely as possible by the Dane Valley Way, a 48-mile (77 km) walking route from Buxton to Northwich.[3]Although the main river is part of the Mersey catchment and flows into the Irish Sea, a portion of the water can be diverted via canal feeders into Rudyard Lake and subsequently the Caldon Canal. This water discharges eventually into the River Trent and ultimately into the North Sea, having crossed the English watershed.[3]","title":"Course"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"River Wheelock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Wheelock"},{"link_name":"River Croco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Croco"}],"text":"Gad Brook (R)\nEldersbriar Brook (L)\nPuddlinglake Brook (R)\nRiver Wheelock (L)\nHoggins Brook (L)\nFowle Brook (L)\nRiver Croco (L)\nSanderson's Brook (L)\nSmall Brook (L)\nSwettenham Brook\nMidge Brook (Ls)\nChapel Brook (R)\nDighill Brook (R)\nClonter Brook (Rs)\nLoach Brook\nDairy Brook (L)\nThe Howty (L)\nDane in Shaw Brook (L)\nBiddulph Brook\nTimbers Brook (R)\nCow Brook (R)\nRavensclough Brook (L)\nShell Brook (R)\nClough Brook (R)\nHighmoor Brook (R)\nRabb Brook (R)\nOaken Brook (R)\nCumberland Brook (L)\nYarnshaw Brook (L)\nCorrection Brook (L)\nTor Brook (R)\nBlack Brook\nFlash Brook (L)\nFar Brook (R)\nRobins Brook (R)\nThree Shires Brook (L)","title":"Tributaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Twemlow_Viaduct_1_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1083009.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hermitage_Bridge_at_Holmes_Chapel.jpg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHLE1231268-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHLE1231669-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Macclesfield Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macclesfield_Canal"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"West Coast Main Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Coast_Main_Line"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHLE1231268-5"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Twemlow Viaduct over the River DaneHermitage Bridge over the River DaneIn 1451 when the River Dane flooded in Congleton, it destroyed the town's corn mill, half of the timber-framed buildings and the wooden bridge over the river. To prevent it happening again, the river was diverted away from the town. Congleton's textile industry grew from the 14th century, with many water-powered mills built along the river by the 18th century.[4]A small stone bridge over the river near Holmes Chapel, Hermitage Bridge, was built in 1772 by a local ironmaster.[5] Some years the river floods widely across the meadows here. Nearby a tall red brick railway viaduct, built in 1841, spans the broad Dane Valley between Holmes Chapel and Twemlow. It has 23 arches and is Grade II listed.[6] It crosses the River Dane at Saltersford, where Cheshire salt traders once drove their horse-drawn carts through a ford along the toll road.[7]Reading downstream, the following crossings are all designated listed buildings or scheduled monuments: Dane Bridge,[8] Hug Bridge,[9] Lymford Bridge (early 19th century),[10] Dane Aqueduct over the Macclesfield Canal (1830),[11] Congleton Railway Viaduct (West Coast Main Line, 1849),[12] Colley Mill Bridge,[13] Havannah Bridge (early to mid-19th century, originally leading to a cigar factory),[14] Hermitage Bridge (1772)[5] and Shipbrook Bridge.[15]","title":"History"}]	[{"image_text":"Twemlow Viaduct over the River Dane","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/The_Twemlow_Viaduct_1_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1083009.jpg/220px-The_Twemlow_Viaduct_1_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1083009.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hermitage Bridge over the River Dane","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Hermitage_Bridge_at_Holmes_Chapel.jpg/220px-Hermitage_Bridge_at_Holmes_Chapel.jpg"}]	[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Cheshire.svg"},{"title":"Cheshire portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Cheshire"},{"title":"List of rivers of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_England"}]	[{"reference":"Watts, Victor, ed. (2010), \"Dane\", The Cambridge Dictionary of English Place-Names, Cambridge University Press","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Dane Valley Way\". Long Distance Walkers Association. Retrieved 20 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ldwa.org.uk/ldp/members/show_path.php?path_name=Dane+Valley+Way","url_text":"\"Dane Valley Way\""}]},{"reference":"\"History of Congleton\". Congleton Museum. Retrieved 26 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.congletonmuseum.co.uk/history-of-congleton/","url_text":"\"History of Congleton\""}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Hermitage Bridge (Grade II) (1231268)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 29 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1231268","url_text":"\"Hermitage Bridge (Grade II) (1231268)\""}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Twemlow Viaduct (1231669)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 29 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1231669","url_text":"\"Twemlow Viaduct (1231669)\""}]},{"reference":"Capewell, Annabel (1996). Journey Through Time: Holmes Chapel, Cotton and Cranage. Intec Publishing. ISBN 978-1899319107.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1899319107","url_text":"978-1899319107"}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Dane Bridge (Grade II) (1136005)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 29 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1136005","url_text":"\"Dane Bridge (Grade II) (1136005)\""}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Hug Bridge (Grade II) (1313053)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 29 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1313053","url_text":"\"Hug Bridge (Grade II) (1313053)\""}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Lymford Bridge (Grade II) (1138904)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 29 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1138904","url_text":"\"Lymford Bridge (Grade II) (1138904)\""}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Dane Aqueduct (Grade II) (1135940)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 29 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1135940","url_text":"\"Dane Aqueduct (Grade II) (1135940)\""}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Congleton Viaduct (Grade II) (1130485)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 29 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1130485","url_text":"\"Congleton Viaduct (Grade II) (1130485)\""}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Colley Mill Bridge (scheduled monument) (1006772)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 29 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1006772","url_text":"\"Colley Mill Bridge (scheduled monument) (1006772)\""}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Havannah Bridge (Grade II) (1313053)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 29 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1313053","url_text":"\"Havannah Bridge (Grade II) (1313053)\""}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Shipbrook Bridge (Grade II) (1138432)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 29 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1138432","url_text":"\"Shipbrook Bridge (Grade II) (1138432)\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=River_Dane&params=53_15_N_2_31_W_region:GB_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"53°15′N 2°31′W / 53.250°N 2.517°W / 53.250; -2.517"},{"Link":"http://www.peakwalk.org.uk/axeedgemoor.asp","external_links_name":"Walks in the UK Peak District - Axe Edge Moor, Buxton's coal mining district"},{"Link":"https://www.ldwa.org.uk/ldp/members/show_path.php?path_name=Dane+Valley+Way","external_links_name":"\"Dane Valley Way\""},{"Link":"https://www.congletonmuseum.co.uk/history-of-congleton/","external_links_name":"\"History of Congleton\""},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1231268","external_links_name":"\"Hermitage Bridge (Grade II) (1231268)\""},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1231669","external_links_name":"\"Twemlow Viaduct (1231669)\""},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1136005","external_links_name":"\"Dane Bridge (Grade II) (1136005)\""},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1313053","external_links_name":"\"Hug Bridge (Grade II) (1313053)\""},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1138904","external_links_name":"\"Lymford Bridge (Grade II) (1138904)\""},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1135940","external_links_name":"\"Dane Aqueduct (Grade II) (1135940)\""},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1130485","external_links_name":"\"Congleton Viaduct (Grade II) (1130485)\""},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1006772","external_links_name":"\"Colley Mill Bridge (scheduled monument) (1006772)\""},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1313053","external_links_name":"\"Havannah Bridge (Grade II) (1313053)\""},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1138432","external_links_name":"\"Shipbrook Bridge (Grade II) (1138432)\""},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=River_Dane&params=53_15_N_2_31_W_region:GB_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"53°15′N 2°31′W / 53.250°N 2.517°W / 53.250; -2.517"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem_(CTA_Blue_Line_O%27Hare_branch)	Harlem station (CTA Blue Line O'Hare branch)	["1 Bus connections","2 Gallery","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	Coordinates: 41°58′57″N 87°48′25″W / 41.982456°N 87.80705°W / 41.982456; -87.80705Chicago "L" station Harlem 7200W5600NChicago 'L' rapid transit stationGeneral informationLocation5550 North Harlem AvenueChicago, Illinois 60656Coordinates41°58′57″N 87°48′25″W / 41.982456°N 87.80705°W / 41.982456; -87.80705Owned byChicago Transit AuthorityLine(s)O'Hare BranchPlatforms1 Island platformTracks2ConnectionsCTA and Pace BusesConstructionStructure typeExpressway medianParking 53 SpacesBicycle facilitiesYesAccessibleYesHistoryOpenedFebruary 27, 1983; 41 years ago (1983-02-27)Rebuilt2016Passengers2022408,194 26.3% Services Preceding station Chicago "L" Following station Cumberlandtoward O'Hare Blue Line Jefferson Parktoward Forest Park Track layout Legend Blue to O'Hare I-90 (Kennedy Expy.) IL 43 (Harlem Ave.) Blue to Forest Park Location Harlem is a Chicago "L" station serving the Blue Line's O'Hare branch in Chicago's Norwood Park neighborhood. It is not to be confused with the other Harlem Blue Line station. Trains run from Harlem every 2–7 minutes during rush hour, and take 30–45 minutes to travel to the Loop. O'Hare-bound trains take 10 minutes to reach the airport from Harlem. The station is located in the median of the Kennedy Expressway. Harlem station opened on February 27, 1983 as part of the 7.9-mile extension of the West-Northwest Route from Jefferson Park to River Road. Similar to the 1970-built stations on the previous Kennedy Extension (Addison to Jefferson Park), Harlem station sits in the median of the Kennedy Expressway (Interstate 90). Where the previous Kennedy stations were all designed by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill (SOM) to be aesthetically similar in appearance, stations on the O'Hare Extension beyond Jefferson Park were designed by four different firms in a variety of architectural styles. The Harlem station, the only one designed by SOM, shares a similar boxy, open design of the previous 1970 Kennedy Extension (and the 1969-built Dan Ryan stations), except the newer Harlem station has an enclosed platform canopy where the support frame was designed on the highway median walls, thus providing an unobstructed platform, free of column supports. An almost identical canopy frame was also employed at the Cumberland station, however, it was designed another architectural super-giant, Perkins + Will. Bus connections CTA 88 Higgins 90 Harlem Pace 209 Busse Highway (Weekdays only) 423 Linden CTA/The Glen/Harlem CTA (Weekdays only) Gallery Harlem Transit Center Sign, November 2007 Harlem Station Mural, February 2008 View of the Kennedy Expressway from the platform, November 2007 See also Harlem (CTA Blue Line Congress branch) Harlem/Lake (CTA Green Line) References ^ "Annual Ridership Report – Calendar Year 2022" (PDF). Chicago Transit Authority, Ridership Analysis and Reporting. February 2, 2023. Retrieved June 10, 2023. ^ "Blue Line Route-wide Timetable" (PDF). Chicago Transit Authority. February 7, 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 15, 2010. Retrieved March 29, 2010. ^ Young, David; John C White (February 27, 1983). "First Link of O'Hare Line Opens". Chicago Tribune. p. 1. External links Harlem (O'Hare Line) Station Page Harlem Avenue entrance from Google Maps Street View Bus Terminal Entrance along Bryn Mawr Avenue from Google Maps Street View Bus Terminal Entrance along Higgins Avenue from Google Maps Street View vteCurrent Chicago "L" stationsBlue Line O'Hare Rosemont Cumberland Harlem (O'Hare branch) Jefferson Park Montrose Irving Park Addison Belmont Logan Square California Western (O'Hare branch) Damen Division Chicago Grand Clark/Lake Washington Monroe Jackson LaSalle Clinton UIC-Halsted Racine Illinois Medical District Western (Forest Park branch) Kedzie-Homan Pulaski Cicero Austin Oak Park Harlem (Forest Park branch) Forest Park Authority control databases ISNI VIAF	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chicago \"L\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_%22L%22"},{"link_name":"Blue Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Line_(CTA)"},{"link_name":"Norwood Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwood_Park,_Chicago"},{"link_name":"Harlem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem_station_(CTA_Blue_Line_Forest_Park_branch)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Kennedy Expressway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Expressway"},{"link_name":"Jefferson Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_Park_Transit_Center"},{"link_name":"River Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemont_station_(CTA)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Kennedy Extension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Line_(CTA)"},{"link_name":"Skidmore, Owings and Merrill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skidmore,_Owings_and_Merrill"},{"link_name":"Dan Ryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Line_(CTA)"},{"link_name":"Cumberland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumberland_station_(CTA)"},{"link_name":"Perkins + Will","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perkins_%2B_Will"}],"text":"Chicago \"L\" stationHarlem is a Chicago \"L\" station serving the Blue Line's O'Hare branch in Chicago's Norwood Park neighborhood. It is not to be confused with the other Harlem Blue Line station. Trains run from Harlem every 2–7 minutes during rush hour, and take 30–45 minutes to travel to the Loop.[2] O'Hare-bound trains take 10 minutes to reach the airport from Harlem. The station is located in the median of the Kennedy Expressway.Harlem station opened on February 27, 1983 as part of the 7.9-mile extension of the West-Northwest Route from Jefferson Park to River Road.[3] Similar to the 1970-built stations on the previous Kennedy Extension (Addison to Jefferson Park), Harlem station sits in the median of the Kennedy Expressway (Interstate 90). Where the previous Kennedy stations were all designed by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill (SOM) to be aesthetically similar in appearance, stations on the O'Hare Extension beyond Jefferson Park were designed by four different firms in a variety of architectural styles. The Harlem station, the only one designed by SOM, shares a similar boxy, open design of the previous 1970 Kennedy Extension (and the 1969-built Dan Ryan stations), except the newer Harlem station has an enclosed platform canopy where the support frame was designed on the highway median walls, thus providing an unobstructed platform, free of column supports. An almost identical canopy frame was also employed at the Cumberland station, however, it was designed another architectural super-giant, Perkins + Will.","title":"Harlem station (CTA Blue Line O'Hare branch)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CTA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chicago_Transit_Authority_bus_routes"},{"link_name":"Pace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pace_(transit)"}],"text":"CTA88 Higgins\n90 HarlemPace209 Busse Highway (Weekdays only)\n423 Linden CTA/The Glen/Harlem CTA (Weekdays only)","title":"Bus connections"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harlem_O%27hare_CTA_Parking.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harlem_Artwork.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harlem_O%27Hare_CTA_Platform.JPG"}],"text":"Harlem Transit Center Sign, November 2007\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHarlem Station Mural, February 2008\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tView of the Kennedy Expressway from the platform, November 2007","title":"Gallery"}]	[]	[{"title":"Harlem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem_station_(CTA_Blue_Line_Forest_Park_branch)"},{"title":"Harlem/Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem/Lake_station"}]	[{"reference":"\"Annual Ridership Report – Calendar Year 2022\" (PDF). Chicago Transit Authority, Ridership Analysis and Reporting. February 2, 2023. Retrieved June 10, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.transitchicago.com/assets/1/6/2022_Annual_Report_-_FINAL.pdf","url_text":"\"Annual Ridership Report – Calendar Year 2022\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blue Line Route-wide Timetable\" (PDF). Chicago Transit Authority. February 7, 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 15, 2010. Retrieved March 29, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100215162658/http://www.transitchicago.com/assets/1/rail_route_schedules/Blue_Line_Feb2010.pdf","url_text":"\"Blue Line Route-wide Timetable\""},{"url":"http://www.transitchicago.com/assets/1/rail_route_schedules/Blue_Line_Feb2010.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Young, David; John C White (February 27, 1983). \"First Link of O'Hare Line Opens\". Chicago Tribune. p. 1.","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Harlem_station_(CTA_Blue_Line_O%27Hare_branch)&params=41.982456_N_87.80705_W_type:railwaystation_region:US-IL","external_links_name":"41°58′57″N 87°48′25″W / 41.982456°N 87.80705°W / 41.982456; -87.80705"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Harlem_station_(CTA_Blue_Line_O%27Hare_branch)&params=41.982456_N_87.80705_W_type:railwaystation_region:US-IL","external_links_name":"41°58′57″N 87°48′25″W / 41.982456°N 87.80705°W / 41.982456; -87.80705"},{"Link":"https://www.transitchicago.com/assets/1/6/2022_Annual_Report_-_FINAL.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Annual Ridership Report – Calendar Year 2022\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100215162658/http://www.transitchicago.com/assets/1/rail_route_schedules/Blue_Line_Feb2010.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Blue Line Route-wide Timetable\""},{"Link":"http://www.transitchicago.com/assets/1/rail_route_schedules/Blue_Line_Feb2010.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.chicago-l.org/stations/harlem.html","external_links_name":"Harlem (O'Hare Line) Station Page"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/maps/@41.9823125,-87.8069888,3a,75y,280.75h,86.98t/data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1sdMv4Q4EeQ25LNzbAUYM8_g!2e0!7i13312!8i6656?hl=en","external_links_name":"Harlem Avenue entrance from Google Maps Street View"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/maps/@41.9826802,-87.8077849,3a,75y,179.11h,96.67t/data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1seifxwzVz5bCG8qHex-omlg!2e0!7i13312!8i6656?hl=en","external_links_name":"Bus Terminal Entrance along Bryn Mawr Avenue from Google Maps Street View"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/maps/@41.9814687,-87.8087823,3a,75y,42.2h,97.13t/data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1s7PtxZEvVAdaTOZrHnC8iNw!2e0!7i16384!8i8192?hl=en","external_links_name":"Bus Terminal Entrance along Higgins Avenue from Google Maps Street View"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000106599091","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/302238831","external_links_name":"VIAF"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Minnesota	1944 United States House of Representatives elections	["1 Special elections","2 Overall results","3 Alabama","4 Arizona","5 Arkansas","6 California","7 Colorado","8 Connecticut","9 Delaware","10 Florida","11 Georgia","12 Idaho","13 Illinois","14 Indiana","15 Iowa","16 Kansas","17 Kentucky","18 Louisiana","19 Maine","20 Maryland","21 Massachusetts","22 Michigan","23 Minnesota","24 Mississippi","25 Missouri","26 Montana","27 Nebraska","28 Nevada","29 New Hampshire","30 New Jersey","31 New Mexico","32 New York","33 North Carolina","34 North Dakota","35 Ohio","36 Oklahoma","37 Oregon","38 Pennsylvania","39 Rhode Island","40 South Carolina","41 South Dakota","42 Tennessee","43 Texas","44 Utah","45 Vermont","46 Virginia","47 Washington","48 West Virginia","49 Wisconsin","50 Wyoming","51 Non-voting delegates","52 See also","53 Notes","54 References"]	House elections for the 79th U.S. Congress 1944 United States House of Representatives elections ← 1942 November 7, 1944 1946 → All 435 seats in the United States House of Representatives218 seats needed for a majority Majority party Minority party Leader Sam Rayburn Joseph Martin Party Democratic Republican Leader since September 16, 1940 January 3, 1939 Leader's seat Texas 4th Massachusetts 14th Last election 222 seats 209 seats Seats won 244 189 Seat change 22 20 Popular vote 23,380,045 21,256,035 Percentage 51.8% 47.1% Swing 4.8% 3.7% Third party Fourth party Party American Labor Progressive Last election 1 seat 2 seats Seats won 1 1 Seat change 1 Popular vote 152,101 108,068 Percentage 0.3% 0.2% Swing 0.5% Fifth party Party Farmer–Labor Last election 1 seat Seats won 0 Seat change 1 Popular vote 19,164 Percentage 0.1% Swing 0.4% Speaker before election Sam Rayburn Democratic Elected Speaker Sam Rayburn Democratic The 1944 United States House of Representatives elections were elections for the United States House of Representatives to elect members to serve in the 79th United States Congress. They were held for the most part on November 7, 1944, while Maine held theirs on September 11. These elections coincided with President Franklin D. Roosevelt's re-election to a record fourth term. Roosevelt's popularity allowed his Democratic Party to gain twenty seats from the Republicans and minor parties, cementing the Democratic majority. Also, Americans rallied behind Allied success in World War II, and in turn voted favorably for the administration's course of action. As of 2024, this is the last time the House of Representatives was made up of four parties (in December 2020, House Republican Paul Mitchell became an Independent, resulting in there being four partisan affiliations (Republican, Democratic, Independent, and Libertarian) though not four political parties). Special elections Main article: List of special elections to the United States House of Representatives Twelve special elections were held, sorted by election date. District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Pennsylvania 2 James P. McGranery Democratic 1936 Incumbent resigned November 17, 1943.New representative elected January 18, 1944.Republican gain.Winner was redistricted to the 3rd district and re-elected in November. ▌Y Joseph M. Pratt (Republican) 56.59% ▌William A. Barrett (Democratic) 43.41% Pennsylvania 17 J. William Ditter Republican 1932 Incumbent died November 21, 1943.New representative elected January 18, 1944.Republican hold.Winner was redistricted to the 16th district and re-elected in November. ▌Y Samuel K. McConnell Jr. (Republican) 83.14% ▌Marvin B. Brunner (Democratic) 16.86% New York 21 Joseph A. Gavagan Democratic 1929 (special) Incumbent resigned December 30, 1943.New representative elected February 29, 1944.Democratic hold.Winner was re-elected in November. ▌Y James H. Torrens (Democratic) 53.49% ▌William S. Bennet (Republican) 46.51% Colorado 1 Lawrence Lewis Democratic 1932 Incumbent died December 9, 1943.New representative elected March 7, 1944.Republican gain.Winner was re-elected in November. ▌Y Dean M. Gillespie (Republican) 51.55% ▌Carl E. Wuertele (Democratic) 47.90% ▌Edgar P. Sherman (Socialist) 0.29% ▌George M. Phillips (Independent) 0.20% ▌Frank H. Rice (Justice and The Poor) 0.06% Alabama 3 Henry B. Steagall Democratic 1914 Incumbent died November 22, 1943.New representative elected March 14, 1944.Democratic hold.Winner was re-elected in November. ▌Y George W. Andrews (Democratic) Uncontested Oklahoma 2 John C. Nichols Democratic 1934 Incumbent resigned July 3, 1943.New representative elected March 28, 1944.Democratic hold.Winner was re-elected in November. ▌Y William G. Stigler (Democratic) 54.36% ▌E.O. Clark (Republican) 45.64% New York 4 Thomas H. Cullen Democratic 1918 Incumbent died March 1, 1944.New representative elected June 6, 1944.Democratic hold.Winner was redistricted to the 12th district and re-elected in November. ▌Y John J. Rooney (Democratic) 71.67% ▌William G. Nolan (Republican) 28.33% New York 11 James A. O'Leary Democratic 1934 Incumbent died March 16, 1944.New representative elected June 6, 1944.Republican gain.Winner was redistricted to the 16th district and re-elected in November. ▌Y Ellsworth B. Buck (Republican) 57.0% ▌Thomas V. Cantwell (Democratic) 43.0% Illinois 19 William H. Wheat Republican 1938 Incumbent died January 16, 1944.New representative elected June 13, 1944.Republican hold.Winner was re-elected in November. ▌Y Rolla C. McMillen (Republican) 98.70% Uncontested Louisiana 3 James R. Domengeaux Democratic 1940 Incumbent resigned April 15, 1944 to join the armed forces but was later medically discharged.Incumbent re-elected November 7, 1944 to fill his own vacancy. ▌Y James R. Domengeaux (Democratic) Virginia 2 Winder R. Harris Democratic 1941 (special) Incumbent resigned September 15, 1944.New representative elected November 7, 1944.Democratic hold.Winner was also elected to the next term; see below. ▌Y Ralph Hunter Daughton (Democratic) South Carolina 2 Hampton P. Fulmer Democratic 1932 Incumbent died October 19, 1944.New representative elected November 7, 1944; see Widow's succession.Democratic hold.Winner did not run for the next term; see below. ▌Y Willa L. Fulmer (Democratic) Overall results ↓ 242 2 191 Democratic Republican Party Total seats (change) Seat percentage Vote Percentage Popular vote Democratic 242 20 55.6% 51.8% 23,380,045 Republican 191 18 43.9% 47.1% 21,256,035 American Labor Party 1 0.2% 0.3% 152,101 Progressive 1 1 0.2% 0.2% 108,068 Independent 0 0.0% 0.2% 103,402 Prohibition 0 0.0% 0.1% 35,782 Socialist 0 0.0% 0.1% 28,294 Constitutional 0 0.0% <0.1% 19,561 Fellowship 0 0.0% <0.1% 3,014 Preserving American Independence 0 0.0% <0.1% 1,833 Michigan Commonwealth Federation 0 0.0% <0.1% 1,753 Socialist Labor 0 0.0% <0.1% 340 Victory Without Hate 0 0.0% <0.1% 252 Good Government 0 0.0% <0.1% 102 Others 0 1 0.0% <0.1% 19,164 Totals 435 +0 100.0% 100.0% 45,109,746 Source: Election Statistics - Office of the Clerk Popular vote American Labor 0.34% Democratic 51.83% Progressive 0.24% Republican 47.12% Others 0.47% House seats American Labor 0.23% Democratic 55.63% Progressive 0.23% Republican 43.91% House seats by party holding plurality in state 80+% Republican 80+% Democratic 60+% to 80% Republican 60+% to 80% Democratic Up to 60% Republican Up to 60% Democratic Striped: Even split 6+ Democratic gain 6+ Republican gain 3-5 Democratic gain 3-5 Republican gain 1-2 Democratic gain 1-2 Republican gain No net change Alabama See also: List of United States representatives from Alabama District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Alabama 1 Frank W. Boykin Democratic 1935 (special) Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Frank W. Boykin (Democratic) Uncontested Alabama 2 George M. Grant Democratic 1938 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y George M. Grant (Democratic) Uncontested Alabama 3 George W. Andrews Democratic 1944 (special) Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y George W. Andrews (Democratic) Uncontested Alabama 4 Sam Hobbs Democratic 1934 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Sam Hobbs (Democratic) 84.5% ▌O. D. Beard (Republican) 15.5% Alabama 5 Joe Starnes Democratic 1934 Incumbent lost renomination.Democratic hold. ▌Y Albert Rains (Democratic) Uncontested Alabama 6 Pete Jarman Democratic 1936 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Pete Jarman (Democratic) Uncontested Alabama 7 Carter Manasco Democratic 1941 (special) Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Carter Manasco (Democratic) 65.9% ▌I. B. Burdick (Republican) 34.1% Alabama 8 John Sparkman Democratic 1936 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y John Sparkman (Democratic) Uncontested Alabama 9 John P. Newsome Democratic 1942 Incumbent lost renomination.Democratic hold. ▌Y Luther Patrick (Democratic) 81.7% ▌H. H. Grooms (Republican) 18.3% Arizona See also: List of United States representatives from Arizona District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Arizona at-large John R. Murdock Democratic 1936 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y John R. Murdock (Democratic) 35.3% ▌Y Richard F. Harless (Democratic) 34.5% ▌Margaret Adams Rockwell (Republican) 15.5% ▌A. M. Ward (Republican) 14.5% ▌A. Walter Gehres (Prohibition) 0.2% Arizona at-large Richard F. Harless Democratic 1942 Incumbent re-elected. Arkansas See also: List of United States representatives from Arkansas District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Arkansas 1 Ezekiel C. Gathings Democratic 1938 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Ezekiel C. Gathings (Democratic) Uncontested Arkansas 2 Wilbur Mills Democratic 1938 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Wilbur Mills (Democratic) Uncontested Arkansas 3 J. William Fulbright Democratic 1942 Incumbent retired to run for U.S. senator.Democratic hold. ▌Y James William Trimble (Democratic) 63.3% ▌Tom Sullivan (Republican) 36.7% Arkansas 4 William Fadjo Cravens Democratic 1939 (special) Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y William Fadjo Cravens (Democratic) Uncontested Arkansas 5 Brooks Hays Democratic 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Brooks Hays (Democratic) 87.1% ▌Lonzo A. Ross (Republican) 12.9% Arkansas 6 William F. Norrell Democratic 1938 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y William F. Norrell (Democratic) Uncontested Arkansas 7 Oren Harris Democratic 1940 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Oren Harris (Democratic) Uncontested California See also: List of United States representatives from California Main article: 1944 United States House of Representatives elections in California District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates California 1 Clarence F. Lea Democratic 1916 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Clarence F. Lea (Democratic) Uncontested California 2 Clair Engle Democratic 1943 (special) Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Clair Engle (Democratic) 63.8% ▌Jesse M. Mayo (Republican) 36.2% California 3 J. Leroy Johnson Republican 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y J. Leroy Johnson (Republican) Uncontested California 4 Thomas Rolph Republican 1940 Incumbent lost re-election.Democratic gain. ▌Y Franck R. Havenner (Democratic) 50.1% ▌Thomas Rolph (Republican) 49.9% California 5 Richard J. Welch Republican 1926 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Richard J. Welch (Republican) Uncontested California 6 Albert E. Carter Republican 1924 Incumbent lost re-election.Democratic gain. ▌Y George P. Miller (Democratic) 52.0% ▌Albert E. Carter (Republican) 48.0% California 7 John H. Tolan Democratic 1934 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y John H. Tolan (Democratic) 57.9% ▌Chesley M. Walter (Republican) 42.1% California 8 Jack Z. Anderson Republican 1938 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Jack Z. Anderson (Republican) 56.5% ▌Arthur L. Johnson (Democratic) 43.5% California 9 Bertrand W. Gearhart Republican 1934 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Bertrand W. Gearhart (Republican) Uncontested California 10 Alfred J. Elliott Democratic 1937 (special) Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Alfred J. Elliott (Democratic) Uncontested California 11 George E. Outland Democratic 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y George E. Outland (Democratic) 56.0% ▌Fred J. Hart (Republican) 44.0% California 12 Jerry Voorhis Democratic 1936 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Jerry Voorhis (Democratic) 55.3% ▌Roy P. McLaughlin (Republican) 44.7% California 13 Norris Poulson Republican 1942 Incumbent lost re-election.Democratic gain. ▌Y Ned R. Healy (Democratic) 55.0% ▌Norris Poulson (Republican) 45.0% California 14 Thomas F. Ford Democratic 1932 Incumbent retired.Democratic hold. ▌Y Helen Gahagan Douglas (Democratic) 51.6% ▌William D. Campbell (Republican) 48.4% California 15 John M. Costello Democratic 1934 Incumbent lost renomination.Republican gain. ▌Y Gordon L. McDonough (Republican) 56.8% ▌Hal Styles (Democratic) 41.7% ▌Johannes Nielson-Lange (Prohibition) 1.5% California 16 Will Rogers Jr. Democratic 1942 Incumbent resigned May 23, 1944 to serve in U.S. Army.Democratic hold. ▌Y Ellis E. Patterson (Democratic) 54.1% ▌Jesse Randolph Kellems (Republican) 45.9% California 17 Cecil R. King Democratic 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Cecil R. King (Democratic) Uncontested California 18 William Ward Johnson Republican 1940 Incumbent lost re-election.Democratic gain. ▌Y Clyde Doyle (Democratic) 55.7% ▌William Ward Johnson (Republican) 44.3% California 19 Chet Holifield Democratic 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Chet Holifield (Democratic) 71.8% ▌Carlton H. Casjens (Republican) 28.2% California 20 John Carl Hinshaw Republican 1938 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y John Carl Hinshaw (Republican) 51.8% ▌Archibald B. Young (Democratic) 46.5% ▌Charles H. Randall (Prohibition) 1.7% California 21 Harry R. Sheppard Democratic 1936 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Harry R. Sheppard (Democratic) 58.5% ▌Earl S. Webb (Republican) 41.5% California 22 John J. Phillips Republican 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y John J. Phillips (Republican) Uncontested California 23 Edouard Izac Democratic 1936 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Edouard Izac (Democratic) 55.1% ▌James B. Abbey (Republican) 44.9% Colorado See also: List of United States representatives from Colorado District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Colorado 1 Dean M. Gillespie Republican 1944 (special) Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Dean M. Gillespie (Republican) 51.8% ▌Charles A. Graham (Democratic) 47.8% ▌Edgar P. Sherman (Socialist) 0.5% Colorado 2 William S. Hill Republican 1940 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y William S. Hill (Republican) 62.3% ▌David J. Miller (Democratic) 36.7% ▌Benjamin F. O'Brien (Independent) 0.6% ▌William E. Randall (Socialist) 0.3% Colorado 3 John Chenoweth Republican 1940 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y John Chenoweth (Republican) 56.3% ▌Arthur M. Wimmell (Democratic) 43.7% Colorado 4 Robert F. Rockwell Republican 1941 (special) Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Robert F. Rockwell (Republican) 61.7% ▌John L. Heuschkel (Democratic) 38.3% Connecticut See also: List of United States representatives from Connecticut District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Connecticut 1 William J. Miller Republican 1942 Incumbent lost re-election.Democratic gain. ▌Y Herman P. Kopplemann (Democratic) 54.0% ▌William J. Miller (Republican) 46.0% Connecticut 2 John D. McWilliams Republican 1942 Incumbent lost re-election.Democratic gain. ▌Y Chase G. Woodhouse (Democratic) 51.2% ▌John D. McWilliams (Republican) 48.8% Connecticut 3 Ranulf Compton Republican 1942 Incumbent lost re-election.Democratic gain. ▌Y James P. Geelan (Democratic) 51.5% ▌Ranulf Compton (Republican) 48.5% Connecticut 4 Clare Boothe Luce Republican 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Clare Boothe Luce (Republican) 49.9% ▌Margaret Connor (Democratic) 48.9% ▌Stanley W. Mahew (Socialist) 1.2% Connecticut 5 Joseph E. Talbot Republican 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Joseph E. Talbot (Republican) 52.3% ▌Peter M. Higgins (Democratic) 47.7% Connecticut at-large B. J. Monkiewicz Republican 1942 Incumbent lost re-election.Democratic gain. ▌Y Joseph F. Ryter (Democratic) 51.2% ▌B. J. Monkiewicz (Republican) 48.0% ▌John W. Ring (Socialist) 0.7% Delaware See also: List of United States representatives from Delaware District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Delaware at-large Earle D. Willey Republican 1942 Incumbent lost re-election.Democratic gain. ▌Y Philip A. Traynor (Democratic) 50.3% ▌Earle D. Willey (Republican) 49.3% ▌Harold H. Vigneulle (Prohibition) 0.3% Florida See also: List of United States representatives from Florida Florida redistricted for this cycle, converting the 6th seat it had previously gained at reapportionment from an at-large seat to an additional district near Fort Lauderdale. District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Florida 1 J. Hardin Peterson Democratic 1932 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y J. Hardin Peterson (Democratic) Uncontested Florida 2 Emory H. Price Democratic 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Emory H. Price (Democratic) Uncontested Florida 3 Bob Sikes Democratic 1940 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Bob Sikes (Democratic) Uncontested Florida 4 Pat Cannon Democratic 1938 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Pat Cannon (Democratic) 72.0% ▌Edith Shaffer Stearns (Republican) 28.0% Florida 5 Joe Hendricks Democratic 1936 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Joe Hendricks (Democratic) 67.5% ▌Emory Akerman (Republican) 32.5% Florida 6 Robert A. GreenRedistricted from the at-large district Democratic 1942 Incumbent retired to run for Governor of Florida.Democratic hold. ▌Y Dwight L. Rogers (Democratic) 69.7% ▌Edward W. Greb (Republican) 30.3% Georgia See also: List of United States representatives from Georgia District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Georgia 1 Hugh Peterson Democratic 1934 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Hugh Peterson (Democratic) Uncontested Georgia 2 Edward E. Cox Democratic 1924 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Edward E. Cox (Democratic) Uncontested Georgia 3 Stephen Pace Democratic 1936 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Stephen Pace (Democratic) Uncontested Georgia 4 Albert Sidney Camp Democratic 1939 (special) Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Albert Sidney Camp (Democratic) Uncontested Georgia 5 Robert Ramspeck Democratic 1929 (special) Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Robert Ramspeck (Democratic) 94.5% ▌Henry A. Alexander (Independent) 5.5% Georgia 6 Carl Vinson Democratic 1914 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Carl Vinson (Democratic) Uncontested Georgia 7 Malcolm C. Tarver Democratic 1926 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Malcolm C. Tarver (Democratic) Uncontested Georgia 8 John S. Gibson Democratic 1940 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y John S. Gibson (Democratic) Uncontested Georgia 9 B. Frank Whelchel Democratic 1934 Incumbent retired.Democratic hold. ▌Y John Stephens Wood (Democratic) Uncontested Georgia 10 Paul Brown Democratic 1933 (special) Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Paul Brown (Democratic) Uncontested Idaho See also: List of United States representatives from Idaho District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Idaho 1 Compton I. White Democratic 1932 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Compton I. White (Democratic) 56.6% ▌Robert L. Brainard (Republican) 43.4% Idaho 2 Henry Dworshak Republican 1938 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Henry Dworshak (Republican) 52.3% ▌Phil J. Evans (Democratic) 47.7% Illinois See also: List of United States representatives from Illinois District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Illinois 1 William L. Dawson Democratic 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y William L. Dawson (Democratic) 62.0% ▌William E. King (Republican) 38.0% Illinois 2 William A. Rowan Democratic 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y William A. Rowan (Democratic) 57.3% ▌Thomas J. Downs (Republican) 42.7% Illinois 3 Fred E. Busbey Republican 1942 Incumbent lost re-election.Democratic gain. ▌Y Edward A. Kelly (Democratic) 52.0% ▌Fred E. Busbey (Republican) 48.0% Illinois 4 Martin Gorski Democratic 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Martin Gorski (Democratic) 80.4% ▌Leo J. Kozicki (Republican) 19.6% Illinois 5 Adolph J. Sabath Democratic 1906 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Adolph J. Sabath (Democratic) 76.3% ▌Max Price (Republican) 23.7% Illinois 6 Thomas J. O'Brien Democratic 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Thomas J. O'Brien (Democratic) 59.9% ▌Charles J. Anderson Jr. (Republican) 39.7% ▌Iva J. Henderson (Independent) 0.4% Illinois 7 Vacant Leonard W. Schuetz (D) died February 13, 1944.Democratic hold. ▌Y William W. Link (Democratic) 54.6% ▌Charles H. Garland (Republican) 45.4% Illinois 8 Thomas S. Gordon Democratic 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Thomas S. Gordon (Democratic) 79.2% ▌John F. Uczciwek (Republican) 20.8% Illinois 9 Charles S. Dewey Republican 1940 Incumbent lost re-election.Democratic gain. ▌Y Alexander J. Resa (Democratic) 52.8% ▌Charles S. Dewey (Republican) 47.2% Illinois 10 Ralph E. Church Republican 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Ralph E. Church (Republican) 55.8% ▌Curtis D. MacDougall (Democratic) 44.2% Illinois 11 Chauncey W. Reed Republican 1934 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Chauncey W. Reed (Republican) 66.2% ▌Otto Joseph Hruby Jr. (Democratic) 33.8% Illinois 12 Noah M. Mason Republican 1936 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Noah M. Mason (Republican) 61.0% ▌Herbert J. Max (Democratic) 39.0% Illinois 13 Leo E. Allen Republican 1932 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Leo E. Allen (Republican) 70.0% ▌Garett J. Schutt (Democratic) 30.0% Illinois 14 Anton J. Johnson Republican 1938 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Anton J. Johnson (Republican) 54.4% ▌Carl M. Seaberg (Democratic) 45.6% Illinois 15 Robert B. Chiperfield Republican 1938 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Robert B. Chiperfield (Republican) 59.3% ▌Ray Simpkins (Democratic) 40.7% Illinois 16 Everett Dirksen Republican 1932 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Everett Dirksen (Republican) 59.0% ▌M. R. Clark (Democratic) 41.0% Illinois 17 Leslie C. Arends Republican 1934 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Leslie C. Arends (Republican) 66.3% ▌Ruth G. Fillingham (Democratic) 33.7% Illinois 18 Jessie Sumner Republican 1938 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Jessie Sumner (Republican) 56.9% ▌Carl B. Jewell (Democratic) 43.1% Illinois 19 Rolla C. McMillen Republican 1944 (special) Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Rolla C. McMillen (Republican) 55.8% ▌George M. Brown (Democratic) 44.2% Illinois 20 Sid Simpson Republican 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Sid Simpson (Republican) 55.6% ▌Don Irving (Democratic) 44.4% Illinois 21 George Evan Howell Republican 1940 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y George Evan Howell (Republican) 55.7% ▌Thomas L. Jarrett (Democratic) 44.3% Illinois 22 Calvin D. Johnson Republican 1942 Incumbent lost re-election.Democratic gain. ▌Y Melvin Price (Democratic) 50.8% ▌Calvin D. Johnson (Republican) 49.2% Illinois 23 Charles W. Vursell Republican 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Charles W. Vursell (Republican) 54.7% ▌J. E. McMackin (Democratic) 45.3% Illinois 24 James V. Heidinger Republican 1940 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y James V. Heidinger (Republican) 58.2% ▌Early C. Phelps (Democratic) 41.8% Illinois 25 C. W. Bishop Republican 1940 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y C. W. Bishop (Republican) 53.5% ▌Kent E. Keller (Democratic) 46.5% Illinois at-large Stephen A. Day Republican 1940 Incumbent lost re-election.Democratic gain. ▌Y Emily Taft Douglas (Democratic) 52.3% ▌Stephen A. Day (Republican) 47.4% ▌Walter Klobuchar (Socialist Labor) 0.2% ▌Elizabeth Stephens Carr (Prohibition) 0.1% Indiana See also: List of United States representatives from Indiana District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Indiana 1 Ray Madden Democratic 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Ray Madden (Democratic) 61.3% ▌Otto G. Fifield (Republican) 38.1% ▌J. Ralston Miller (Prohibition) 0.3% ▌Arthur B. Frame (Socialist) 0.3% Indiana 2 Charles A. Halleck Republican 1935 (special) Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Charles A. Halleck (Republican) 61.6% ▌James Otis Cox (Democratic) 37.9% ▌John W. Root (Prohibition) 0.5% Indiana 3 Robert A. Grant Republican 1938 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Robert A. Grant (Republican) 51.7% ▌Marshall F. Kizer (Democratic) 47.7% ▌Granville B. Leeke (Prohibition) 0.6% Indiana 4 George W. Gillie Republican 1938 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y George W. Gillie (Republican) 59.9% ▌Robert W. Bushee (Democratic) 39.6% ▌J. M. Dawson (Prohibition) 0.5% Indiana 5 Forest Harness Republican 1938 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Forest Harness (Republican) 53.1% ▌Bennett H. Rockey (Democratic) 45.1% ▌Jasper A. Huffman (Prohibition) 1.8% Indiana 6 Noble J. Johnson Republican 1938 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Noble J. Johnson (Republican) 55.2% ▌Olis G. Jamison (Democratic) 44.4% ▌Pliny Cox (Prohibition) 0.3% Indiana 7 Gerald W. Landis Republican 1938 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Gerald W. Landis (Republican) 53.9% ▌Arthur H. Greenwood (Democratic) 45.6% ▌C. Manson Mood (Prohibition) 0.5% Indiana 8 Charles M. La Follette Republican 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Charles M. La Follette (Republican) 52.0% ▌Charles J. Eichel (Democratic) 47.6% ▌C. Dana Malpass (Prohibition) 0.4% Indiana 9 Earl Wilson Republican 1940 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Earl Wilson (Republican) 55.6% ▌George W. Elliott (Democratic) 43.7% ▌Garnett Jewell (Prohibition) 0.7% Indiana 10 Raymond S. Springer Republican 1938 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Raymond S. Springer (Republican) 54.3% ▌Sidney E. Baker (Democratic) 44.5% ▌Eugene S. Lewis (Prohibition) 1.1% Indiana 11 Louis Ludlow Democratic 1928 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Louis Ludlow (Democratic) 51.1% ▌Judson L. Stark (Republican) 48.6% ▌Ralph E. Webber (Prohibition) 0.3% Iowa See also: List of United States representatives from Iowa District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Iowa 1 Thomas E. Martin Republican 1938 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Thomas E. Martin (Republican) 56.7% ▌Clair A. Williams (Democratic) 43.3% Iowa 2 Henry O. Talle Republican 1938 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Henry O. Talle (Republican) 55.9% ▌George C. Classen (Democratic) 44.1% Iowa 3 John W. Gwynne Republican 1934 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y John W. Gwynne (Republican) 56.8% ▌William D. Kearney (Democratic) 43.2% Iowa 4 Karl M. LeCompte Republican 1938 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Karl M. LeCompte (Republican) 54.9% ▌Harold J. Fleck (Democratic) 45.1% Iowa 5 Paul Cunningham Republican 1940 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Paul Cunningham (Republican) 54.1% ▌Ralph N. Lynch (Democratic) 45.8% ▌Betty Ann Paddock (Socialist) 0.2% Iowa 6 Fred C. Gilchrist Republican 1930 Incumbent lost renomination.Republican hold. ▌Y James I. Dolliver (Republican) 58.8% ▌Charles Hanna (Democratic) 41.1% ▌William F. Leonard (Socialist) 0.1% Iowa 7 Ben F. Jensen Republican 1938 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Ben F. Jensen (Republican) 61.5% ▌Albert McGinn (Democratic) 38.4% ▌Carl O. Nelson (Socialist) 0.04% Iowa 8 Charles B. Hoeven Republican 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Charles B. Hoeven (Republican) 56.2% ▌Lester S. Gillete (Democratic) 43.8% ▌E. A. Donelson (Socialist) 0.03% Kansas See also: List of United States representatives from Kansas District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Kansas 1 William P. Lambertson Republican 1928 Incumbent lost renomination.Republican hold. ▌Y Albert M. Cole (Republican) 67.3% ▌Ralph Ulm (Democratic) 32.7% Kansas 2 Errett P. Scrivner Republican 1943 (special) Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Errett P. Scrivner (Republican) 59.1% ▌Albert Baker (Democratic) 40.9% Kansas 3 Thomas Daniel Winter Republican 1938 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Thomas Daniel Winter (Republican) 60.2% ▌Herman L. Gees (Democratic) 39.8% Kansas 4 Edward Herbert Rees Republican 1936 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Edward Herbert Rees (Republican) 58.6% ▌William J. Kropp (Democratic) 41.4% Kansas 5 Clifford R. Hope Republican 1926 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Clifford R. Hope (Republican) 69.0% ▌A. E. Hawes (Democratic) 31.0% Kansas 6 Frank Carlson Republican 1934 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Frank Carlson (Republican) 66.0% ▌Dan M. McCarthy (Democratic) 34.0% Kentucky See also: List of United States representatives from Kentucky District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Kentucky 1 Noble Jones Gregory Democratic 1936 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Noble Jones Gregory (Democratic) 69.3% ▌A. R. Anderson (Republican) 29.9% ▌Hubert H. Jones (Prohibition) 0.5% ▌Joseph S. Freeland (Socialist) 0.2% Kentucky 2 Beverly M. Vincent Democratic 1937 (special) Incumbent retired.Democratic hold. ▌Y Earle Clements (Democratic) 57.3% ▌Otis White (Republican) 42.3% ▌Susie Puckett (Prohibition) 0.3% Kentucky 3 Emmet O'Neal Democratic 1934 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Emmet O'Neal (Democratic) 57.3% ▌Garland R. Hubbard (Republican) 42.5% ▌Bessie Graham (Prohibition) 0.2% Kentucky 4 Chester O. Carrier Republican 1943 (special) Incumbent lost re-election.Democratic gain. ▌Y Frank Chelf (Democratic) 54.5% ▌Chester O. Carrier (Republican) 45.2% ▌E. C. Sidle (Prohibition) 0.3% Kentucky 5 Brent Spence Democratic 1930 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Brent Spence (Democratic) 58.0% ▌Olin W. Davis (Republican) 41.8% ▌R. L. Grubbs (Prohibition) 0.2% Kentucky 6 Virgil Chapman Democratic 1930 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Virgil Chapman (Democratic) 58.7% ▌George W. Boner (Republican) 41.0% ▌Carey T. Duckett (Prohibition) 0.3% Kentucky 7 Andrew J. May Democratic 1930 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Andrew J. May (Democratic) 52.5% ▌Elmer E. Gabbard (Republican) 47.4% ▌K. E. Hill (Prohibition) 0.09% Kentucky 8 Joe B. Bates Democratic 1930 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Joe B. Bates (Democratic) 54.3% ▌Thomas S. Yates (Republican) 45.6% ▌H. A. Mastin (Prohibition) 0.1% Kentucky 9 John M. Robsion Republican 1934 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y John M. Robsion (Republican) 68.8% ▌H. F. Reed (Democratic) 31.0% ▌Emily L. B. McCamy (Prohibition) 0.3% Louisiana See also: List of United States representatives from Louisiana District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Louisiana 1 F. Edward Hébert Democratic 1940 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y F. Edward Hébert (Democratic) Uncontested Louisiana 2 Paul H. Maloney Democratic 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Paul H. Maloney (Democratic) Uncontested Louisiana 3 James R. Domengeaux Democratic 1940 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y James R. Domengeaux (Democratic) Uncontested Louisiana 4 Overton Brooks Democratic 1936 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Overton Brooks (Democratic) Uncontested Louisiana 5 Charles E. McKenzie Democratic 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Charles E. McKenzie (Democratic) Uncontested Louisiana 6 James H. Morrison Democratic 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y James H. Morrison (Democratic) Uncontested Louisiana 7 Henry D. Larcade Jr. Democratic 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Henry D. Larcade Jr. (Democratic) Uncontested Louisiana 8 A. Leonard Allen Democratic 1936 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y A. Leonard Allen (Democratic) Uncontested Maine See also: List of United States representatives from Maine District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Maine 1 Robert Hale Republican 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Robert Hale (Republican) 68.8% ▌Andrew A. Pettis (Democratic) 31.2% Maine 2 Margaret Chase Smith Republican 1940 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Margaret Chase Smith (Republican) 67.8% ▌David H. Staples (Democratic) 32.2% Maine 3 Frank Fellows Republican 1940 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Frank Fellows (Republican) 77.9% ▌Ralph E. Graham (Democratic) 22.1% Maryland See also: List of United States representatives from Maryland District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Maryland 1 David Jenkins Ward Democratic 1939 (special) Incumbent lost renomination.Democratic hold. ▌Y Dudley Roe (Democratic) 50.8% ▌Wilmer Fell Davis (Republican) 49.2% Maryland 2 Harry Streett Baldwin Democratic 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Harry Streett Baldwin (Democratic) 57.0% ▌Wilfred T. McQuaid (Republican) 43.0% Maryland 3 Thomas D'Alesandro Jr. Democratic 1938 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Thomas D'Alesandro Jr. (Democratic) 73.5% ▌John W. Benson (Republican) 26.5% Maryland 4 Daniel Ellison Republican 1942 Incumbent lost re-election.Democratic gain. ▌Y George Hyde Fallon (Democratic) 59.2% ▌Daniel Ellison (Republican) 40.8% Maryland 5 Lansdale Sasscer Democratic 1939 (special) Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Lansdale Sasscer (Democratic) 64.8% ▌C. Maurice Weidemeyer (Republican) 35.2% Maryland 6 J. Glenn Beall Republican 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y J. Glenn Beall (Republican) 57.9% ▌Daniel F. McMullen (Democratic) 42.1% Massachusetts See also: List of United States representatives from Massachusetts District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Massachusetts 1 Allen T. Treadway Republican 1912 Incumbent retired.Republican hold. ▌Y John W. Heselton (Republican) 50.4% ▌James P. McAndrews (Democratic) 49.6% Massachusetts 2 Charles R. Clason Republican 1936 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Charles R. Clason (Republican) 55.7% ▌Michael W. Albano (Democratic) 44.3% Massachusetts 3 Philip J. Philbin Democratic 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Philip J. Philbin (Democratic) 61.5% ▌Wilfred P. Bazinet (Republican) 38.5% Massachusetts 4 Pehr G. Holmes Republican 1930 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Pehr G. Holmes (Republican) 55.5% ▌Frank J. McGrail (Democratic) 44.5% Massachusetts 5 Edith Nourse Rogers Republican 1925 (special) Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Edith Nourse Rogers (Republican) 73.2% ▌Milton A. Wesson (Democratic) 26.8% Massachusetts 6 George J. Bates Republican 1936 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y George J. Bates (Republican) 67.0% ▌John M. Bresnahan (Democratic) 33.0% Massachusetts 7 Thomas J. Lane Democratic 1941 (special) Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Thomas J. Lane (Democratic) 67.9% ▌Ernest Bentley (Republican) 32.1% Massachusetts 8 Angier Goodwin Republican 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Angier Goodwin (Republican) 57.5% ▌Frederick T. McDermott (Democratic) 42.5% Massachusetts 9 Charles L. Gifford Republican 1922 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Charles L. Gifford (Republican) 58.5% ▌William McAuliffe (Democratic) 41.5% Massachusetts 10 Christian Herter Republican 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Christian Herter (Republican) 55.8% ▌William A. Carey (Democratic) 44.2% Massachusetts 11 James Michael Curley Democratic 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y James Michael Curley (Democratic) 65.6% ▌Lester W. Bowen (Republican) 34.4% Massachusetts 12 John W. McCormack Democratic 1928 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y John W. McCormack (Democratic) 75.8% ▌Henry J. Allen (Republican) 24.2% Massachusetts 13 Richard B. Wigglesworth Republican 1928 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Richard B. Wigglesworth (Republican) 65.8% ▌Andrew T. Clancy (Democratic) 34.2% Massachusetts 14 Joseph W. Martin Jr. Republican 1924 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Joseph W. Martin Jr. (Republican) 62.0% ▌Edmond P. Talbot (Democratic) 38.0% Michigan See also: List of United States representatives from Michigan District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Michigan 1 George G. Sadowski Democratic 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y George G. Sadowski (Democratic) 80.6% ▌John B. Sosnowski (Republican) 19.1% ▌Benjamin R. Williams (Prohibition) 0.2% ▌Anthony Zarczynski (Socialist) 0.2% Michigan 2 Earl C. Michener Republican 1934 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Earl C. Michener (Republican) 64.8% ▌Redmond M. Burr (Democratic) 35.0% ▌Clarence DeCan (Prohibition) 0.3% Michigan 3 Paul W. Shafer Republican 1936 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Paul W. Shafer (Republican) 62.5% ▌Charles V. Hampton (Democratic) 36.6% ▌Lawrence A. Ruble (Prohibition) 0.7% ▌Effie Burnett (Socialist) 0.1% Michigan 4 Clare Hoffman Republican 1934 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Clare Hoffman (Republican) 64.1% ▌Bernard T. Foley (Democratic) 35.5% ▌Orah H. Fox (Prohibition) 0.4% Michigan 5 Bartel J. Jonkman Republican 1940 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Bartel J. Jonkman (Republican) 57.7% ▌J. Neal Lamoreaux (Democratic) 42.3% Michigan 6 William W. Blackney Republican 1938 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y William W. Blackney (Republican) 55.2% ▌Robert B. McLaughlin (Democratic) 44.5% ▌William H. Morford (Prohibition) 0.3% Michigan 7 Jesse P. Wolcott Republican 1930 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Jesse P. Wolcott (Republican) 65.8% ▌Charles F. Mann (Democratic) 33.4% ▌Gordon Phillips (Prohibition) 0.7% ▌A. Elmer Graham (Socialist) 0.1% Michigan 8 Fred L. Crawford Republican 1934 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Fred L. Crawford (Republican) 67.5% ▌William A. Hemmer (Democratic) 32.1% ▌Verdon Dunckel (Prohibition) 0.4% Michigan 9 Albert J. Engel Republican 1934 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Albert J. Engel (Republican) 62.6% ▌Arnold B. Coxhill (Democratic) 37.4% Michigan 10 Roy O. Woodruff Republican 1920 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Roy O. Woodruff (Republican) 64.8% ▌William J. Kelly (Democratic) 34.9% ▌L. A. Wilson (Prohibition) 0.3% Michigan 11 Frederick Van Ness Bradley Republican 1938 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Frederick Van Ness Bradley (Republican) 59.0% ▌Cecil W. Bailey (Democratic) 40.7% ▌Charles Swanson (Prohibition) 0.3% ▌George Anderson (Socialist) 0.05% Michigan 12 John B. Bennett Republican 1942 Incumbent lost re-election.Democratic gain. ▌Y Frank Eugene Hook (Democratic) 50.6% ▌John B. Bennett (Republican) 49.4% Michigan 13 George D. O'Brien Democratic 1940 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y George D. O'Brien (Democratic) 57.9% ▌Clarence J. McLeod (Republican) 41.8% ▌William Jenkins (Socialist) 0.2% ▌O. Lon Chaney (Prohibition) 0.1% Michigan 14 Louis C. Rabaut Democratic 1934 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Louis C. Rabaut (Democratic) 56.4% ▌Claude G. McDonald (Republican) 43.5% ▌Lloyd H. Knox (Prohibition) 0.1% Michigan 15 John Dingell Sr. Democratic 1932 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y John Dingell Sr. (Democratic) 63.7% ▌Harry Henderson (Republican) 36.0% ▌H. R. McCrary (Socialist) 0.2% ▌Elmer Myus (Prohibition) 0.08% Michigan 16 John Lesinski Sr. Democratic 1932 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y John Lesinski Sr. (Democratic) 61.4% ▌Albert A. Riddering (Republican) 38.2% ▌Charles W. Kingsley (Prohibition) 0.2% ▌Mint Nauta (Socialist) 0.2% Michigan 17 George A. Dondero Republican 1932 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y George A. Dondero (Republican) 56.4% ▌John W. L. Hicks (Democratic) 42.6% ▌Matthew B. Hammond (Commonwealth) 0.9% ▌Paul Kenworthy (Prohibition) 0.2% Minnesota See also: List of United States representatives from Minnesota District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Minnesota 1 August H. Andresen Republican 1934 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y August H. Andresen (Republican) 61.7% ▌Andrew Meldahl (DFL) 38.3% Minnesota 2 Joseph P. O'Hara Republican 1940 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Joseph P. O'Hara (Republican) 75.7% ▌L. J. Kilbride (DFL) 24.3% Minnesota 3 Richard P. Gale Republican 1940 Incumbent lost re-election.Democratic (DFL) gain. ▌Y William Gallagher (DFL) 50.9% ▌Richard P. Gale (Republican) 49.1% Minnesota 4 Melvin Maas Republican 1934 Incumbent lost re-election.Democratic (DFL) gain. ▌Y Frank Starkey (DFL) 51.8% ▌Melvin Maas (Republican) 48.2% Minnesota 5 Walter Judd Republican 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Walter Judd (Republican) 56.6% ▌Edgar T. Buckley (DFL) 43.4% Minnesota 6 Harold Knutson Republican 1934 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Harold Knutson (Republican) 64.6% ▌Harry J. O'Brien (DFL) 32.9% ▌Edward L. Wurst (Fellowship) 2.5% Minnesota 7 H. Carl Andersen Republican 1938 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y H. Carl Andersen (Republican) 65.9% ▌Arthur F. Nellermoe (DFL) 34.1% Minnesota 8 William Alvin Pittenger Republican 1938 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y William Alvin Pittenger (Republican) 51.9% ▌William McKinnon (DFL) 48.1% Minnesota 9 Harold Hagen Farmer-Labor 1942 Incumbent re-elected as a Republican.Republican gain. ▌Y Harold Hagen (Republican) 59.2% ▌Halvor Langslet (DFL) 40.8% Mississippi See also: List of United States representatives from Mississippi District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Mississippi 1 John E. Rankin Democratic 1920 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y John E. Rankin (Democratic) 96.9% ▌A. P. Wilkay (Republican) 3.1% Mississippi 2 Jamie Whitten Democratic 1941 (special) Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Jamie Whitten (Democratic) 98.7% ▌William McDonough (Republican) 1.3% Mississippi 3 William Madison Whittington Democratic 1924 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y William Madison Whittington (Democratic) 96.4% ▌R. C. Patrick (Republican) 3.6% Mississippi 4 Thomas Abernethy Democratic 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Thomas Abernethy (Democratic) Uncontested Mississippi 5 W. Arthur Winstead Democratic 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y W. Arthur Winstead (Democratic) Uncontested Mississippi 6 William M. Colmer Democratic 1932 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y William M. Colmer (Democratic) 95.7% ▌Ruth L. Smith (Republican) 4.3% Mississippi 7 Dan R. McGehee Democratic 1934 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Dan R. McGehee (Democratic) 92.8% ▌L. R. Collins (Republican) 7.2% Missouri See also: List of United States representatives from Missouri District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Missouri 1 Samuel W. Arnold Republican 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Samuel W. Arnold (Republican) 50.7% ▌Edward M. Jayne (Democratic) 49.3% Missouri 2 Max Schwabe Republican 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Max Schwabe (Republican) 50.1% ▌Lue C. Lozier (Democratic) 49.9% ▌Fred Umstead (Socialist Labor) 0.009% Missouri 3 William C. Cole Republican 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y William C. Cole (Republican) 50.6% ▌Maurice Hoffman (Democratic) 49.4% Missouri 4 C. Jasper Bell Democratic 1934 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y C. Jasper Bell (Democratic) 57.2% ▌John W. Mitchell (Republican) 42.8% ▌Karl L. Oberhen (Socialist Labor) 0.01% Missouri 5 Roger C. Slaughter Democratic 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Roger C. Slaughter (Democratic) 52.5% ▌Ralph B. Innis (Republican) 47.4% ▌Walter S. Engel (Socialist Labor) 0.03% Missouri 6 Marion T. Bennett Republican 1943 (special) Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Marion T. Bennett (Republican) 57.0% ▌George A. Clason (Democratic) 43.0% Missouri 7 Dewey Short Republican 1934 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Dewey Short (Republican) 64.0% ▌A. L. McCawley (Democratic) 36.0% Missouri 8 William P. Elmer Republican 1942 Incumbent lost re-election.Democratic gain. ▌Y A. S. J. Carnahan (Democratic) 50.5% ▌William P. Elmer (Republican) 49.5% ▌William Doyen (Socialist Labor) 0.01% Missouri 9 Clarence Cannon Democratic 1922 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Clarence Cannon (Democratic) 53.2% ▌William Barton (Republican) 46.8% Missouri 10 Orville Zimmerman Democratic 1934 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Orville Zimmerman (Democratic) 56.7% ▌Ralph Hutchison (Republican) 43.3% Missouri 11 Louis E. Miller Republican 1942 Incumbent lost re-election.Democratic gain. ▌Y John B. Sullivan (Democratic) 58.9% ▌Louis E. Miller (Republican) 41.1% ▌Magalena Schmidt (Socialist Labor) 0.03% Missouri 12 Walter C. Ploeser Republican 1940 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Walter C. Ploeser (Republican) 51.8% ▌Phelim O'Toole (Democratic) 48.2% Missouri 13 John J. Cochran Democratic 1926 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y John J. Cochran (Democratic) 100.0% ▌William McNaught (Socialist Labor) 0.05% Montana See also: List of United States representatives from Montana District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Montana 1 Mike Mansfield Democratic 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Mike Mansfield (Democratic) 67.9% ▌M. S. Galasso (Republican) 31.1% ▌Leverne Hamilton (Socialist) 1.0% Montana 2 James F. O'Connor Democratic 1936 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y James F. O'Connor (Democratic) 54.0% ▌F. F. Haynes (Republican) 45.4% ▌E. Spriggs (Socialist) 0.6% Nebraska See also: List of United States representatives from Nebraska District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Nebraska 1 Carl Curtis Republican 1938 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Carl Curtis (Republican) 69.9% ▌Charles A. Chappell (Democratic) 30.1% Nebraska 2 Howard Buffett Republican 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Howard Buffett (Republican) 59.5% ▌Mabel Gillespie (Democratic) 40.5% Nebraska 3 Karl Stefan Republican 1934 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Karl Stefan (Republican) 68.4% ▌George Hally (Democratic) 27.8% ▌W. B. Chili Brazda (Independent) 3.8% Nebraska 4 Arthur L. Miller Republican 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Arthur L. Miller (Republican) 63.1% ▌Tom Lanigan (Democratic) 29.9% ▌Willis B. Furman (Independent) 7.0% Nevada See also: List of United States representatives from Nevada District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Nevada at-large Maurice J. Sullivan Democratic 1942 Incumbent lost renomination.Democratic hold. ▌Y Berkeley L. Bunker (Democratic) 63.1% ▌Rex Bell (Republican) 36.9% New Hampshire See also: List of United States representatives from New Hampshire District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates New Hampshire 1 Chester E. Merrow Republican 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Chester E. Merrow (Republican) 50.9% ▌Fortunat E. Normandin (Democratic) 49.1% New Hampshire 2 Foster Waterman Stearns Republican 1938 Incumbent retired to run for U.S. Senator.Republican hold. ▌Y Sherman Adams (Republican) 54.4% ▌Harry Carlson (Democratic) 45.6% ▌Rita Collyer (Ind. Republican) 0.03% New Jersey See also: List of United States representatives from New Jersey District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates New Jersey 1 Charles A. Wolverton Republican 1926 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Charles A. Wolverton (Republican) 50.4% ▌John F. Gorman (Democratic) 49.4% ▌Edward J. Moss Jr. (Prohibition) 0.1% New Jersey 2 Elmer H. Wene Democratic 1940 Incumbent retired to run for U.S. Senator.Republican gain. ▌Y T. Millet Hand (Republican) 54.4% ▌Edison Hedges (Democratic) 45.6% New Jersey 3 James C. Auchincloss Republican 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y James C. Auchincloss (Republican) 57.0% ▌Arnold E. Ascherfeld (Democratic) 43.0% New Jersey 4 D. Lane Powers Republican 1932 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y D. Lane Powers (Republican) 55.6% ▌Don Guinness (Democratic) 44.3% ▌William C. Kauffman (Socialist) 0.03% New Jersey 5 Charles A. Eaton Republican 1924 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Charles A. Eaton (Republican) 58.4% ▌Andrew D. Desmond (Democratic) 41.0% ▌Charles K. Ely (Prohibition) 0.6% New Jersey 6 Donald H. McLean Republican 1932 Incumbent retired.Republican hold. ▌Y Clifford P. Case (Republican) 55.5% ▌Walter H. Van Hoesen (Democratic) 43.1% ▌Morris W. Scheffer (Amer. Independence) 1.2% ▌Margaret Cameron Lowe (Prohibition) 0.2% New Jersey 7 J. Parnell Thomas Republican 1936 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y J. Parnell Thomas (Republican) 66.0% ▌James J. Cannon (Democratic) 33.8% ▌Harold T. Van Iderstine (Prohibition) 0.1% New Jersey 8 Gordon Canfield Republican 1940 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Gordon Canfield (Republican) 58.5% ▌Harry Smith (Democratic) 41.2% ▌Savilla K. Dormida (Prohibition) 0.2% ▌Harry Santhouse (Socialist Labor) 0.2% New Jersey 9 Harry L. Towe Republican 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Harry L. Towe (Republican) 63.5% ▌Elmer I. Zabriskie (Democratic) 36.5% New Jersey 10 Fred A. Hartley Jr. Republican 1928 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Fred A. Hartley Jr. (Republican) 52.9% ▌Luke A. Kiernan Jr. (Democratic) 45.8% ▌Albert R. Bowden (Prohibition) 1.3% New Jersey 11 Frank Sundstrom Republican 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Frank Sundstrom (Republican) 51.7% ▌John J. Francis (Democratic) 46.2% ▌Wesley U. Morris (Prohibition) 1.8% ▌Gertrude Lubin (Socialist) 0.3% New Jersey 12 Robert Kean Republican 1938 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Robert Kean (Republican) 50.6% ▌John W. Suling (Democratic) 47.2% ▌Ira V. Smith (Prohibition) 1.8% ▌Rubye Smith (Socialist) 0.4% New Jersey 13 Mary Teresa Norton Democratic 1924 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Mary Teresa Norton (Democratic) 69.9% ▌Frank J. V. Gimino (Republican) 29.9% ▌William S. Dowd (Victory Without Hate) 0.2% New Jersey 14 Edward J. Hart Democratic 1934 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Edward J. Hart (Democratic) 63.2% ▌Otto A. Trankler (Republican) 36.8% New Mexico Main article: 1944 United States House of Representatives election in New Mexico See also: List of United States representatives from New Mexico District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates New Mexico at-large Clinton Anderson Democratic 1940 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Clinton Anderson (Democratic) 28.5% ▌Y Antonio M. Fernández (Democratic) 27.0% ▌Manuel Lujan Sr. (Republican) 22.3% ▌Ben F. Meyer (Republican) 22.2% New Mexico at-large Antonio M. Fernández Democratic 1942 Incumbent re-elected. New York See also: List of United States representatives from New York New York, after having used 2 at-large districts to avoid redistricting at the last reapportionment, redistricted into 45 districts for this election, with substantial boundary changes across the state. Manhattan went from 10 districts to 6, with Long Island, Brooklyn and Queens going from 10 to 15. District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates New York 1 None (new district) New seat.Republican gain. ▌Y Edgar A. Sharp (Republican) 69.6% ▌Edward Hudson (Democratic) 30.4% New York 2 Leonard W. HallRedistricted from the 1st district Republican 1938 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Leonard W. Hall (Republican) 67.9% ▌John S. Thorp (Democratic) 32.1% New York 3 None (new district) New seat.Republican gain. ▌Y Henry J. Latham (Republican) 60.6% ▌George H. Bruns (Democratic) 39.4% New York 4 William Bernard BarryRedistricted from the 2nd district Democratic 1935 (special) Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y William Bernard Barry (Democratic) 52.8% ▌Alfred J. Phillips (Republican) 47.2% New York 5 None (new district) New seat.Democratic gain. ▌Y James A. Roe (Democratic) 54.3% ▌Raymond S. Richmond (Republican) 45.7% New York 6 None (new district) New seat.Democratic gain. ▌Y James J. Delaney (Democratic) 55.2% ▌Otto Schuler (Republican) 44.8% New York 7 John J. Delaney Democratic 1931 (special) Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y John J. Delaney (Democratic) 63.4% ▌Roy M. D. Richardson (Republican) 36.6% New York 8 Joseph L. PfeiferRedistricted from the 3rd district Democratic 1934 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Joseph L. Pfeifer (Democratic) 59.5% ▌Frank W. Porcaro (Republican) 40.5% New York 9 Eugene James Keogh Democratic 1936 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Eugene James Keogh (Democratic) 55.4% ▌Harry Chiert (Republican) 30.2% ▌Jacob A. Salzman (American Labor) 14.4% New York 10 Andrew Lawrence SomersRedistricted from the 6th district Democratic 1924 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Andrew Lawrence Somers (Democratic) 57.8% ▌Philip Kahaner (Republican) 27.0% ▌Louis P. Goldberg (Liberal) 15.2% New York 11 James J. HeffernanRedistricted from the 5th district Democratic 1940 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y James J. Heffernan (Democratic) 65.8% ▌John Patrick Devery (Republican) 34.2% New York 12 John J. RooneyRedistricted from the 4th district Democratic 1944 (special) Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y John J. Rooney (Democratic) 55.0% ▌William G. Nolan (Republican) 45.0% New York 13 Donald Lawrence O'TooleRedistricted from the 8th district Democratic 1936 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Donald Lawrence O'Toole (Democratic) 60.3% ▌Clarence W. Archibald (Republican) 39.7% New York 14 None (new district) New seat.Democratic gain. ▌Y Leo F. Rayfiel (Democratic) 58.3% ▌Bernard P. Levy (Republican) 22.1% ▌James V. King (American Labor) 19.6% New York 15 Emanuel CellerRedistricted from the 10th district Democratic 1922 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Emanuel Celler (Democratic) 81.1% ▌Nathan J. Paulson (Republican) 18.9% New York 16 Ellsworth B. BuckRedistricted from the 11th district Republican 1944 (special) Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Ellsworth B. Buck (Republican) 53.5% ▌Rae L. Egbert (Democratic) 46.5% New York 17 Joseph C. Baldwin Republican 1941 (special) Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Joseph C. Baldwin (Republican) 52.4% ▌Max Waterman (Democratic) 39.2% ▌Seon Felshin (American Labor) 8.3% James H. FayRedistricted from the 16th district Democratic 1942 Incumbent retired.Democratic loss. New York 18 Martin J. Kennedy Democratic 1930 Incumbent lost renomination.Democratic loss. ▌Y Vito Marcantonio (American Labor) Uncontested Vito MarcantonioRedistricted from the 20th district Labor 1938 Incumbent re-elected. New York 19 Samuel DicksteinRedistricted from the 12th district Democratic 1922 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Samuel Dickstein (Democratic) 73.3% ▌Hyman Hecht (Republican) 26.7% Louis CapozzoliRedistricted from the 13th district Democratic 1940 Incumbent retired.Democratic loss. Arthur George KleinRedistricted from the 14th district Democratic 1941 (special) Incumbent retired.Democratic loss. New York 20 Thomas F. BurchillRedistricted from the 15th district Democratic 1942 Incumbent retired.Democratic loss. ▌Y Sol Bloom (Democratic) 70.8% ▌Lawrence S. Mayers (Republican) 29.2% Sol BloomRedistricted from the 19th district Democratic 1923 (special) Incumbent re-elected. New York 21 James H. Torrens Democratic 1944 (special) Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y James H. Torrens (Democratic) 69.3% ▌Herbert Malkin (Republican) 30.7% New York 22 None (new district) New seat.Democratic gain. ▌Y Adam Clayton Powell Jr. (Democratic) Uncontested New York 23 Walter A. LynchRedistricted from the 22nd district Democratic 1940 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Walter A. Lynch (Democratic) 79.5% ▌William J. Waterman (Republican) 20.5% New York 24 None (new district) New seat.Democratic gain. ▌Y Benjamin J. Rabin (Democratic) 84.8% ▌Morris Schaeffer (Republican) 15.2% New York 25 Charles A. BuckleyRedistricted from the 23rd district Democratic 1934 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Charles A. Buckley (Democratic) 62.1% ▌Roderick Stephens (Republican) 27.3% ▌John A. Devany Jr. (Constitutional) 10.6% New York 26 James M. FitzpatrickRedistricted from the 24th district Democratic 1926 Incumbent retired.Democratic hold. ▌Y Peter A. Quinn (Democratic) 56.4% ▌Samuel T. Shay (Republican) 43.6% New York 27 None (new district) New seat.Republican gain. ▌Y Ralph W. Gwinn (Republican) 61.9% ▌Joseph E. Venuti (Democratic) 38.1% New York 28 Ralph A. GambleRedistricted from the 25th district Republican 1937 (special) Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Ralph A. Gamble (Republican) 65.5% ▌John H. Jackson (Democratic) 34.5% New York 29 Hamilton Fish IIIRedistricted from the 26th district Republican 1920 Incumbent lost re-election.Republican hold. ▌Y Augustus W. Bennet (Republican) 53.0% ▌Hamilton Fish III (Republican) 47.0% New York 30 Jay Le FevreRedistricted from the 27th district Republican 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Jay Le Fevre (Republican) 63.0% ▌Sharon J. Mauhs (Democratic) 37.0% New York 31 Bernard W. KearneyRedistricted from the 30th district Republican 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Bernard W. Kearney (Republican) 60.0% ▌Alexander Grasso (Democratic) 40.0% New York 32 William T. ByrneRedistricted from the 28th district Democratic 1936 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y William T. Byrne (Democratic) 57.2% ▌Miles A. McGrane Jr. (Republican) 42.8% New York 33 Dean P. TaylorRedistricted from the 29th district Republican 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Dean P. Taylor (Republican) 62.6% ▌Thomas P. McLoughlin (Democratic) 34.4% ▌Henry G. Bell (American Labor) 3.0% New York 34 Clarence E. KilburnRedistricted from the 31st district Republican 1940 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Clarence E. Kilburn (Republican) 62.9% ▌John D. Van Kennen (Democratic) 37.1% New York 35 Hadwen C. FullerRedistricted from the 32nd district Republican 1943 (special) Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Hadwen C. Fuller (Republican) 52.3% ▌Samuel H. Miller Jr. (Democratic) 47.7% Fred J. DouglasRedistricted from the 33rd district Republican 1936 Incumbent lost renomination.Republican loss. New York 36 Clarence E. HancockRedistricted from the 35th district Republican 1927 (special) Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Clarence E. Hancock (Republican) 53.2% ▌George M. Haight (Democratic) 46.8% New York 37 Edwin Arthur HallRedistricted from the 34th district Republican 1939 (special) Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Edwin Arthur Hall (Republican) 69.2% ▌James S. Byrne (Democratic) 30.8% New York 38 John TaberRedistricted from the 36th district Republican 1922 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y John Taber (Republican) 65.6% ▌Frank J. Erwin (Democratic) 31.6% ▌Walter O'Hagan (American Labor) 2.9% New York 39 W. Sterling ColeRedistricted from the 37th district Republican 1934 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y W. Sterling Cole (Republican) 68.1% ▌Charlotte D. Curren (Democratic) 28.0% ▌Julian P. Bretz (American Labor) 4.0% New York 40 Joseph J. O'BrienRedistricted from the 38th district Republican 1938 Incumbent lost re-election.Democratic gain. ▌Y George F. Rogers (Democratic) 50.4% ▌Joseph J. O'Brien (Republican) 49.6% New York 41 James W. Wadsworth Jr.Redistricted from the 39th district Republican 1932 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y James W. Wadsworth Jr. (Republican) 63.2% ▌Jean Walrath (Democratic) 36.8% New York 42 Walter G. AndrewsRedistricted from the 40th district Republican 1930 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Walter G. Andrews (Republican) 57.2% ▌William Haeseler Jr. (Democratic) 42.8% New York 43 Joseph MrukRedistricted from the 41st district Republican 1942 Incumbent lost renomination.Republican hold. ▌Y Edward J. Elsaesser (Republican) 51.1% ▌Raymond J. Barnes (Democratic) 48.9% New York 44 John Cornelius ButlerRedistricted from the 42nd district Republican 1941 (special) Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y John Cornelius Butler (Republican) 50.1% ▌Leon A. Dombrowski (Democratic) 49.9% New York 45 Daniel A. ReedRedistricted from the 43rd district Republican 1918 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Daniel A. Reed (Republican) 64.1% ▌Orrin H. Parner (Democratic) 35.9% Winifred C. StanleyRedistricted from the at-large seat Republican 1942 Incumbent retired.Republican loss. Matthew J. MerrittRedistricted from the at-large seat Democratic 1934 Incumbent retired.Democratic loss. North Carolina See also: List of United States representatives from North Carolina District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates North Carolina 1 Herbert Covington Bonner Democratic 1940 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Herbert Covington Bonner (Democratic) 90.6% ▌R. Clarence Dozier (Republican) 9.4% North Carolina 2 John H. Kerr Democratic 1923 (special) Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y John H. Kerr (Democratic) 95.9% ▌Thomas J. Moore (Republican) 4.1% North Carolina 3 Graham Arthur Barden Democratic 1934 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Graham Arthur Barden (Democratic) 71.6% ▌H. B. Kornegay (Republican) 28.4% North Carolina 4 Harold D. Cooley Democratic 1934 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Harold D. Cooley (Democratic) 74.7% ▌J. Ira Lee (Republican) 25.3% North Carolina 5 John Hamlin Folger Democratic 1941 (special) Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y John Hamlin Folger (Democratic) 66.5% ▌John J. Ingle (Republican) 33.5% North Carolina 6 Carl T. Durham Democratic 1938 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Carl T. Durham (Democratic) 73.3% ▌Worth T. Henderson (Republican) 26.7% North Carolina 7 J. Bayard Clark Democratic 1928 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y J. Bayard Clark (Democratic) 79.3% ▌Josiah A. Maultsby (Republican) 20.7% North Carolina 8 William O. Burgin Democratic 1938 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y William O. Burgin (Democratic) 59.8% ▌B. C. Brock (Republican) 40.2% North Carolina 9 Robert L. Doughton Democratic 1910 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Robert L. Doughton (Democratic) 58.8% ▌Emory C. McCall (Republican) 41.2% North Carolina 10 Cameron A. Morrison Democratic 1942 Incumbent retired.Democratic hold. ▌Y Joseph Wilson Ervin (Democratic) 65.4% ▌Loomis F. Kluttz (Republican) 34.6% North Carolina 11 Alfred L. BulwinkleRedistricted from the 10th district Democratic 1930 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Alfred L. Bulwinkle (Democratic) 65.6% ▌C. V. Moss (Republican) 34.4% North Carolina 12 Zebulon WeaverRedistricted from the 11th district Democratic 1930 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Zebulon Weaver (Democratic) 64.2% ▌Lewis P. Hamlin (Republican) 35.8% North Dakota See also: List of United States representatives from North Dakota District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates North Dakota at-large William Lemke Republican-NPL 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y William Lemke (Republican-NPL) 29.7% ▌Y Charles R. Robertson (Republican) 26.9% ▌Halvor L. Halvorson (Democratic) 16.7% ▌J. R. Kennedy (Democratic) 13.3% ▌Usher L. Burdick (Ind. Republican) 11.7% ▌George McClellan (Ind. Republican) 0.9% ▌Arthur C. Townley (Ind. Republican) 0.7% North Dakota at-large Usher L. Burdick Republican-NPL 1934 Incumbent retired to run for U.S. senator, but lost the nomination and then lost re-election as an Independent.Republican hold. Ohio See also: List of United States representatives from Ohio District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Ohio 1 Charles H. Elston Republican 1938 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Charles H. Elston (Republican) 56.8% ▌Frank J. Richter (Democratic) 43.2% Ohio 2 William E. Hess Republican 1938 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y William E. Hess (Republican) 56.0% ▌J. Harry Moore (Democratic) 44.0% Ohio 3 Harry P. Jeffrey Republican 1942 Incumbent lost re-election.Democratic gain. ▌Y Edward J. Gardner (Democratic) 52.6% ▌Harry P. Jeffrey (Republican) 47.4% Ohio 4 Robert Franklin Jones Republican 1938 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Robert Franklin Jones (Republican) 61.2% ▌Earl Ludwig (Democratic) 38.8% Ohio 5 Cliff Clevenger Republican 1938 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Cliff Clevenger (Republican) 68.1% ▌T. Walter Williams (Democratic) 31.9% Ohio 6 Edward O. McCowen Republican 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Edward O. McCowen (Republican) 51.8% ▌John W. Bush (Democratic) 48.2% Ohio 7 Clarence J. Brown Republican 1938 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Clarence J. Brown (Republican) 61.7% ▌John L. Cashin (Democratic) 38.1% ▌Carl H. Ehl (W/I) 0.2% Ohio 8 Frederick C. Smith Republican 1938 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Frederick C. Smith (Republican) 59.8% ▌Roy Warren Roof (Democratic) 40.2% Ohio 9 Homer A. Ramey Republican 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Homer A. Ramey (Republican) 51.6% ▌John F. Hunter (Democratic) 48.4% Ohio 10 Thomas A. Jenkins Republican 1924 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Thomas A. Jenkins (Republican) 64.4% ▌Elsie Stanton (Democratic) 35.6% Ohio 11 Walter E. Brehm Republican 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Walter E. Brehm (Republican) 53.6% ▌Mell G. Underwood Jr. (Democratic) 46.4% Ohio 12 John M. Vorys Republican 1938 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y John M. Vorys (Republican) 54.3% ▌Forrest F. Smith (Democratic) 45.7% Ohio 13 Alvin F. Weichel Republican 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Alvin F. Weichel (Republican) Uncontested Ohio 14 Edmund Rowe Republican 1942 Incumbent lost re-election.Democratic gain. ▌Y Walter B. Huber (Democratic) 50.6% ▌Edmund Rowe (Republican) 49.4% Ohio 15 Percy W. Griffiths Republican 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Percy W. Griffiths (Republican) 60.0% ▌Olney R. Gillogly (Democratic) 40.0% Ohio 16 Henderson H. Carson Republican 1942 Incumbent lost re-election.Democratic gain. ▌Y William R. Thom (Democratic) 52.7% ▌Henderson H. Carson (Republican) 46.6% ▌Harry T. Whiteleather (Independent) 0.7% Ohio 17 J. Harry McGregor Republican 1940 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y J. Harry McGregor (Republican) 62.9% ▌Thomas A. Wilson (Democratic) 37.1% Ohio 18 Earl R. Lewis Republican 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Earl R. Lewis (Republican) 51.1% ▌Ross Michener (Democratic) 48.9% Ohio 19 Michael J. Kirwan Democratic 1936 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Michael J. Kirwan (Democratic) 63.4% ▌Herschel Hunt (Republican) 36.6% Ohio 20 Michael A. Feighan Democratic 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Michael A. Feighan (Democratic) 75.9% ▌A. R. McNamara (Republican) 24.1% Ohio 21 Robert Crosser Democratic 1922 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Robert Crosser (Democratic) 77.7% ▌Harry C. Gahn (Republican) 22.3% Ohio 22 Frances P. Bolton Republican 1940 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Frances P. Bolton (Republican) 57.4% ▌Don O. Cameron (Democratic) 42.6% Ohio at-large George H. Bender Republican 1938 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y George H. Bender (Republican) 53.1% ▌William Glass (Democratic) 46.9% Oklahoma See also: List of United States representatives from Oklahoma District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Oklahoma 1 Wesley E. Disney Democratic 1930 Incumbent retired to run for U.S. Senator.Republican gain. ▌Y George B. Schwabe (Republican) 51.1% ▌Dennis Bushyhead (Democratic) 48.9% Oklahoma 2 William G. Stigler Democratic 1944 (special) Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y William G. Stigler (Democratic) 58.0% ▌E. O. Clark (Republican) 42.0% Oklahoma 3 Paul Stewart Democratic 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Paul Stewart (Democratic) 76.1% ▌Russell Overstreet (Republican) 23.9% Oklahoma 4 Lyle Boren Democratic 1936 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Lyle Boren (Democratic) 61.7% ▌Ralph R. Kirchner (Republican) 38.3% Oklahoma 5 Mike Monroney Democratic 1938 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Mike Monroney (Democratic) 62.7% ▌Howard B. Hopps (Republican) 37.0% ▌Cora C. Schott (Prohibition) 0.3% Oklahoma 6 Jed Johnson Democratic 1926 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Jed Johnson (Democratic) 60.0% ▌Ted R. Fisher (Republican) 40.0% Oklahoma 7 Victor Wickersham Democratic 1941 (special) Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Victor Wickersham (Democratic) 70.8% ▌J. Warren White (Republican) 29.2% Oklahoma 8 Ross Rizley Republican 1940 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Ross Rizley (Republican) 57.6% ▌Phillip C. Ferguson (Democratic) 41.6% ▌Harold Abbott (Independent) 0.8% Oregon See also: List of United States representatives from Oregon District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Oregon 1 James W. Mott Republican 1932 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y James W. Mott (Republican) 66.7% ▌O. Henry Oleen (Democratic) 33.3% Oregon 2 Lowell Stockman Republican 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Lowell Stockman (Republican) 65.7% ▌C. J. Shorb (Democratic) 34.3% Oregon 3 Homer D. Angell Republican 1938 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Homer D. Angell (Republican) 55.1% ▌Lester Sheeley (Democratic) 44.9% Oregon 4 Harris Ellsworth Republican 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Harris Ellsworth (Republican) 64.0% ▌Floyd K. Dover (Democratic) 36.0% Pennsylvania See also: List of United States representatives from Pennsylvania Pennsylvania redistricted from 32 districts and an at-large seat to 33 districts. District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Pennsylvania 1 James A. Gallagher Republican 1942 Incumbent lost re-election.Democratic gain. ▌Y William A. Barrett (Democratic) 58.4% ▌James A. Gallagher (Republican) 41.6% Pennsylvania 2 Francis J. MyersRedistricted from the 6th district Democratic 1938 Incumbent retired to run for U.S. Senator.Democratic hold. ▌Y William T. Granahan (Democratic) 62.7% ▌Charles M. Mosser (Republican) 37.3% Pennsylvania 3 Michael J. Bradley Democratic 1936 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Michael J. Bradley (Democratic) 58.3% ▌Joseph Marmaduke Pratt (Republican) 41.7% Joseph Marmaduke PrattRedistricted from the 2nd district Republican 1944 (special) Incumbent lost re-election.Republican loss. Pennsylvania 4 John E. Sheridan Democratic 1939 (special) Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y John E. Sheridan (Democratic) 66.2% ▌Franklin J. Maloney (Republican) 33.8% Pennsylvania 5 C. Frederick Pracht Republican 1942 Incumbent lost re-election.Democratic gain. ▌Y William J. Green Jr. (Democratic) 54.2% ▌C. Frederick Pracht (Republican) 45.8% Pennsylvania 6 Hugh ScottRedistricted from the 7th district Republican 1940 Incumbent lost re-election.Democratic gain. ▌Y Herbert J. McGlinchey (Democratic) 50.7% ▌Hugh Scott (Republican) 49.2% ▌Joseph N. Cameron (Democratic) 0.09% Pennsylvania 7 James WolfendenRedistricted from the 8th district Republican 1928 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y James Wolfenden (Republican) 51.5% ▌Vernon O'Rourke (Democratic) 48.5% Pennsylvania 8 Charles L. GerlachRedistricted from the 9th district Republican 1938 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Charles L. Gerlach (Republican) 58.0% ▌Marie M. Bickert (Democratic) 42.0% Pennsylvania 9 J. Roland KinzerRedistricted from the 10th district Republican 1930 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y J. Roland Kinzer (Republican) 61.3% ▌H. Clay Burkholder (Democratic) 38.7% Pennsylvania 10 John W. MurphyRedistricted from the 11th district Democratic 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y John W. Murphy (Democratic) 56.4% ▌Walter W. Kohler (Republican) 43.6% Pennsylvania 11 Thomas B. MillerRedistricted from the 12th district Republican 1942 Incumbent lost re-election.Democratic gain. ▌Y Daniel Flood (Democratic) 52.1% ▌Thomas B. Miller (Republican) 47.9% Pennsylvania 12 Ivor D. FentonRedistricted from the 13th district Republican 1938 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Ivor D. Fenton (Republican) 56.8% ▌Charles E. Klinger (Democratic) 43.2% Pennsylvania 13 Daniel K. HochRedistricted from the 14th district Democratic 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Daniel K. Hoch (Democratic) 54.1% ▌Randolph Stauffer (Republican) 41.6% ▌Raymond S. Hofses (Socialist) 4.4% Pennsylvania 14 Wilson D. GilletteRedistricted from the 15th district Republican 1941 (special) Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Wilson D. Gillette (Republican) 65.0% ▌Clement J. Reap (Democratic) 35.0% Pennsylvania 15 None (new district) New seat.Republican gain. ▌Y Robert F. Rich (Republican) 61.0% ▌Richard F. Hartzell (Democratic) 39.0% Pennsylvania 16 Samuel K. McConnell Jr.Redistricted from the 17th district Republican 1944 (special) Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Samuel K. McConnell Jr. (Republican) 63.7% ▌Marvin B. Brunner (Democratic) 36.3% Pennsylvania 17 Richard M. SimpsonRedistricted from the 18th district Republican 1937 (special) Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Richard M. Simpson (Republican) 64.5% ▌John W. Mann (Democratic) 35.5% Pennsylvania 18 John C. KunkelRedistricted from the 19th district Republican 1938 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y John C. Kunkel (Republican) 62.5% ▌Howard K. Beard (Democratic) 37.5% Pennsylvania 19 Leon H. GavinRedistricted from the 20th district Republican 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Leon H. Gavin (Republican) 63.3% ▌John C. Brecht (Democratic) 35.2% ▌Robert G. Burnham (Prohibition) 1.5% Pennsylvania 20 Francis E. WalterRedistricted from the 21st district Democratic 1932 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Francis E. Walter (Democratic) 57.3% ▌Charles A. P. Bartlett (Republican) 42.7% Pennsylvania 21 Chester H. GrossRedistricted from the 22nd district Republican 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Chester H. Gross (Republican) 52.6% ▌Josiah W. Gitt (Democratic) 47.4% Pennsylvania 22 D. Emmert BrumbaughRedistricted from the 23rd district Republican 1943 (special) Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y D. Emmert Brumbaugh (Republican) 57.8% ▌Bernard J. Clark (Democratic) 42.2% Pennsylvania 23 J. Buell SnyderRedistricted from the 24th district Democratic 1932 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y J. Buell Snyder (Democratic) 54.6% ▌Carl H. Hoffman (Republican) 45.4% Pennsylvania 24 Grant FurlongRedistricted from the 25th district Democratic 1942 Incumbent lost renomination.Democratic hold. ▌Y Thomas E. Morgan (Democratic) 62.2% ▌Gilbert E. Koedel (Republican) 37.8% Pennsylvania 25 Louis E. GrahamRedistricted from the 26th district Republican 1938 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Louis E. Graham (Republican) 50.4% ▌Samuel G. Neff (Democratic) 49.6% Pennsylvania 26 Harve TibbottRedistricted from the 27th district Republican 1938 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Harve Tibbott (Republican) 52.6% ▌Eddie McCloskey (Democratic) 47.4% Pennsylvania 27 Augustine B. KelleyRedistricted from the 28th district Democratic 1940 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Augustine B. Kelley (Democratic) 59.7% ▌Edward J. Howard (Republican) 40.3% Pennsylvania 28 Robert L. RodgersRedistricted from the 29th district Republican 1938 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Robert L. Rodgers (Republican) 54.6% ▌James F. Lavery (Democratic) 45.4% Pennsylvania 29 None (new district) New seat.Republican gain. ▌Y Howard E. Campbell (Republican) 50.2% ▌John F. Lowers (Democratic) 49.8% Pennsylvania 30 Thomas E. ScanlonRedistricted from the 16th district Democratic 1940 Incumbent lost re-election.Republican gain. ▌Y Robert J. Corbett (Republican) 51.7% ▌Thomas E. Scanlon (Democratic) 48.3% Pennsylvania 31 James A. WrightRedistricted from the 32nd district Democratic 1940 Incumbent lost re-election.Republican gain. ▌Y James G. Fulton (Republican) 53.8% ▌James A. Wright (Democratic) 46.2% Pennsylvania 32 Herman P. EberharterRedistricted from the 31st district Democratic 1936 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Herman P. Eberharter (Democratic) 71.6% ▌Gregory Žatkovich (Republican) 28.4% Pennsylvania 33 Samuel A. WeissRedistricted from the 30th district Democratic 1940 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Samuel A. Weiss (Democratic) 69.3% ▌Ray A. Liddle (Republican) 30.7% William I. TroutmanRedistricted from the at-large district Republican 1942 Incumbent retired.District eliminated.Republican loss. Rhode Island See also: List of United States representatives from Rhode Island District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Rhode Island 1 Aime Forand Democratic 1940 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Aime Forand (Democratic) 61.9% ▌Charles A. Curran (Republican) 38.1% ▌Charles R. Napier (Good Government) 0.07% Rhode Island 2 John E. Fogarty Democratic 1940 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y John E. Fogarty (Democratic) 57.8% ▌Charles T. Algren (Republican) 42.2% South Carolina Main article: 1944 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina See also: List of United States representatives from South Carolina District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates South Carolina 1 L. Mendel Rivers Democratic 1940 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y L. Mendel Rivers (Democratic) 92.8% ▌O. H. Wilcox (Republican) 7.2% South Carolina 2 Vacant Hampton P. Fulmer (D) died October 19, 1944.Democratic hold. ▌Y John J. Riley (Democratic) 98.0% ▌H. G. Willingham (Republican) 2.0% South Carolina 3 Butler B. Hare Democratic 1938 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Butler B. Hare (Democratic) 97.0% ▌D. F. Merrill (Republican) 3.0% South Carolina 4 Joseph R. Bryson Democratic 1938 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Joseph R. Bryson (Democratic) 95.7% ▌J. G. Jones (Republican) 4.3% South Carolina 5 James P. Richards Democratic 1932 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y James P. Richards (Democratic) 98.1% ▌W. I. Bost (Republican) 1.9% South Carolina 6 John L. McMillan Democratic 1938 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y John L. McMillan (Democratic) 98.0% ▌C. B. Ruffin (Republican) 2.0% South Dakota See also: List of United States representatives from South Dakota District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates South Dakota 1 Karl Mundt Republican 1938 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Karl Mundt (Republican) 64.0% ▌Grover Lothrop (Democratic) 36.0% South Dakota 2 Francis Case Republican 1936 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Francis Case (Republican) 69.0% ▌H. W. Clarkson (Democratic) 31.0% Tennessee See also: List of United States representatives from Tennessee District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Tennessee 1 B. Carroll Reece Republican 1932 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y B. Carroll Reece (Republican) Uncontested Tennessee 2 John Jennings Republican 1939 (special) Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y John Jennings (Republican) 55.5% ▌Lowell Blanchard (Democratic) 44.5% Tennessee 3 Estes Kefauver Democratic 1939 (special) Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Estes Kefauver (Democratic) 67.8% ▌Foster Johnson (Republican) 24.1% ▌Ernest W. Forstner (Independent) 8.1% Tennessee 4 Albert Gore Sr. Democratic 1938 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Albert Gore Sr. (Democratic) 65.1% ▌E. M. Shelley (Republican) 30.4% ▌E. H. McLean (Independent) 4.5% Tennessee 5 Jim Nance McCord Democratic 1942 Incumbent retired to run for Governor of Tennessee.Democratic hold. ▌Y Harold Earthman (Democratic) 85.5% ▌W. H. Crowell (Republican) 14.5% Tennessee 6 Percy Priest Democratic 1940 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Percy Priest (Democratic) 97.0% ▌D. C. Loftis (Independent) 3.0% Tennessee 7 W. Wirt Courtney Democratic 1939 (special) Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y W. Wirt Courtney (Democratic) Uncontested Tennessee 8 Tom J. Murray Democratic 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Tom J. Murray (Democratic) 63.3% ▌A. Bradley Frazier (Republican) 36.7% Tennessee 9 Jere Cooper Democratic 1928 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Jere Cooper (Democratic) 87.8% ▌Homer Latum (Independent) 12.2% Tennessee 10 Clifford Davis Democratic 1940 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Clifford Davis (Democratic) Uncontested Texas See also: List of United States representatives from Texas District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Texas 1 Wright Patman Democratic 1928 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Wright Patman (Democratic) Uncontested Texas 2 Martin Dies Jr. Democratic 1930 Incumbent retired.Democratic hold. ▌Y Jesse M. Combs (Democratic) 94.0% ▌Lamar Cecil (Republican) 6.0% Texas 3 Lindley Beckworth Democratic 1938 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Lindley Beckworth (Democratic) 93.2% ▌O. P. Stephens (Republican) 6.8% Texas 4 Sam Rayburn Democratic 1912 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Sam Rayburn (Democratic) Uncontested Texas 5 Hatton W. Sumners Democratic 1914 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Hatton W. Sumners (Democratic) 71.4% ▌Charles D. Turner (Republican) 28.6% Texas 6 Luther A. Johnson Democratic 1922 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Luther A. Johnson (Democratic) 100.0% ▌Charles W. Beck (Republican) 0.02% Texas 7 Nat Patton Democratic 1934 Incumbent lost renomination.Democratic hold. ▌Y Tom Pickett (Democratic) 96.1% ▌J. Perrin Willis (Republican) 3.9% Texas 8 Albert Thomas Democratic 1936 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Albert Thomas (Democratic) 92.3% ▌Lester B. Robinson (Republican) 7.7% Texas 9 Joseph J. Mansfield Democratic 1916 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Joseph J. Mansfield (Democratic) 93.4% ▌Lewis Allen (Republican) 6.6% Texas 10 Lyndon B. Johnson Democratic 1937 (special) Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Lyndon B. Johnson (Democratic) 93.2% ▌Arthur H. Bartelt (Republican) 6.8% Texas 11 William R. Poage Democratic 1936 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y William R. Poage (Democratic) 94.9% ▌Charles R. Nelson (Republican) 5.1% Texas 12 Fritz G. Lanham Democratic 1919 (special) Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Fritz G. Lanham (Democratic) Uncontested Texas 13 Ed Gossett Democratic 1938 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Ed Gossett (Democratic) 95.4% ▌L. C. Harper (Republican) 4.6% Texas 14 Richard M. Kleberg Democratic 1931 (special) Incumbent lost renomination.Democratic hold. ▌Y John E. Lyle Jr. (Democratic) Uncontested Texas 15 Milton H. West Democratic 1933 (special) Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Milton H. West (Democratic) Uncontested Texas 16 R. Ewing Thomason Democratic 1930 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y R. Ewing Thomason (Democratic) Uncontested Texas 17 Sam M. Russell Democratic 1940 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Sam M. Russell (Democratic) 96.8% ▌Clifton Woody (Republican) 3.2% Texas 18 Eugene Worley Democratic 1940 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Eugene Worley (Democratic) 93.1% ▌McD. Bybee (Republican) 6.9% Texas 19 George H. Mahon Democratic 1934 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y George H. Mahon (Democratic) Uncontested Texas 20 Paul J. Kilday Democratic 1938 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Paul J. Kilday (Democratic) Uncontested Texas 21 O. C. Fisher Democratic 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y O. C. Fisher (Democratic) 89.7% ▌Maurice J. Lehman (Republican) 10.3% Utah See also: List of United States representatives from Utah District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Utah 1 Walter K. Granger Democratic 1940 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Walter K. Granger (Democratic) 57.8% ▌B. H. Stringham (Republican) 42.2% Utah 2 J. W. Robinson Democratic 1932 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y J. W. Robinson (Democratic) 62.3% ▌Quayle Cannon Jr. (Republican) 37.7% Vermont See also: List of United States representatives from Vermont District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Vermont at-large Charles Albert Plumley Republican 1934 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Charles Albert Plumley (Republican) 62.4% ▌Robert W. Ready (Democratic) 37.6% Virginia See also: List of United States representatives from Virginia District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Virginia 1 S. Otis Bland Democratic 1918 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y S. Otis Bland (Democratic) 81.2% ▌Walter Johnson (Republican) 18.8% Virginia 2 Vacant Winder R. Harris (D) resigned September 15, 1944.Democratic hold. ▌Y Ralph Hunter Daughton (Democratic) 57.7% ▌Thomas L. Woodward (Republican) 25.2% ▌W. B. Schafer Jr. (Independent) 17.1% Virginia 3 Dave E. Satterfield Jr. Democratic 1937 (special) Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Dave E. Satterfield Jr. (Democratic) Uncontested Virginia 4 Patrick H. Drewry Democratic 1920 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Patrick H. Drewry (Democratic) Uncontested Virginia 5 Thomas G. Burch Democratic 1930 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Thomas G. Burch (Democratic) 84.6% ▌Howard H. Carwile (Independent) 15.4% Virginia 6 Clifton A. Woodrum Democratic 1922 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Clifton A. Woodrum (Democratic) 68.7% ▌John Strickler (Republican) 30.8% ▌Ruby Mae Wilkes (Socialist) 0.5% Virginia 7 A. Willis Robertson Democratic 1932 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y A. Willis Robertson (Democratic) 59.9% ▌D. Wampler Earman (Republican) 40.1% Virginia 8 Howard W. Smith Democratic 1930 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Howard W. Smith (Democratic) 60.1% ▌Elizabeth Chilton Murray (Ind. Democratic) 21.0% ▌Lawrence Michael (Ind. Republican) 17.2% ▌Clarke T. Robb (Socialist) 1.8% Virginia 9 John W. Flannagan Jr. Democratic 1930 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y John W. Flannagan Jr. (Democratic) 56.3% ▌Ralph L. Lincoln (Republican) 43.7% Washington See also: List of United States representatives from Washington District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Washington 1 Warren Magnuson Democratic 1936 Incumbent retired to run for U.S. senator.Democratic hold. ▌Y Hugh De Lacy (Democratic) 53.1% ▌Robert H. Harlin (Republican) 46.2% ▌Jack R. Hopkins (Socialist) 0.4% ▌Herbert W. Brougham (Prohibition) 0.3% Washington 2 Henry M. Jackson Democratic 1940 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Henry M. Jackson (Democratic) 60.4% ▌Payson Peterson (Republican) 39.6% Washington 3 Fred B. Norman Republican 1942 Incumbent lost re-election.Democratic gain. ▌Y Charles R. Savage (Democratic) 52.0% ▌Fred B. Norman (Republican) 48.0% Washington 4 Hal Holmes Republican 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Hal Holmes (Republican) 60.2% ▌Al McCoy (Democratic) 39.8% Washington 5 Walt Horan Republican 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Walt Horan (Republican) 52.3% ▌Edward J. Reilly (Democratic) 47.7% Washington 6 John M. Coffee Democratic 1936 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y John M. Coffee (Democratic) 61.2% ▌Thor C. Tollefson (Republican) 38.8% West Virginia See also: List of United States representatives from West Virginia District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates West Virginia 1 A. C. Schiffler Republican 1942 Incumbent lost re-election.Democratic gain. ▌Y Matthew M. Neely (Democratic) 50.4% ▌A. C. Schiffler (Republican) 49.6% West Virginia 2 Jennings Randolph Democratic 1932 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Jennings Randolph (Democratic) 54.1% ▌Melvin C. Muntzing (Republican) 45.9% West Virginia 3 Edward G. Rohrbough Republican 1942 Incumbent lost re-election.Democratic gain. ▌Y Cleveland M. Bailey (Democratic) 52.5% ▌Edward G. Rohrbough (Republican) 47.5% West Virginia 4 Hubert S. Ellis Republican 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Hubert S. Ellis (Republican) 51.2% ▌E. B. Pennybacker (Democratic) 48.8% West Virginia 5 John Kee Democratic 1932 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y John Kee (Democratic) 61.7% ▌Hartley Sanders (Republican) 38.3% West Virginia 6 Joe L. Smith Democratic 1928 Incumbent retired.Democratic hold. ▌Y E. H. Hedrick (Democratic) 58.3% ▌J. W. Maxwell (Republican) 41.7% Wisconsin See also: List of United States representatives from Wisconsin District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Wisconsin 1 Lawrence H. Smith Republican 1941 (special) Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Lawrence H. Smith (Republican) 74.8% ▌John K. Kyle (Progressive) 24.2% ▌Victor Cooks (Socialist) 1.0% Wisconsin 2 Harry Sauthoff Progressive 1940 Incumbent retired to run for U.S. senator.Republican gain. ▌Y Robert Kirkland Henry (Republican) 56.8% ▌John W. Nash (Democratic) 25.9% ▌Herbert C. Schenk (Progressive) 16.7% ▌Margaret D. Gray (Socialist) 0.6% Wisconsin 3 William H. Stevenson Republican 1940 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y William H. Stevenson (Republican) 69.9% ▌William D. Carroll (Democratic) 25.4% ▌Olaf H. Johnson (Independent) 4.3% ▌Fred A. Dahir (Socialist) 0.3% Wisconsin 4 Thaddeus Wasielewski Democratic 1940 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Thaddeus Wasielewski (Democratic) 63.5% ▌Robert Blackwood (Republican) 33.9% ▌Stanley Budny (Socialist) 2.6% Wisconsin 5 Howard J. McMurray Democratic 1942 Incumbent retired to run for U.S. senator.Democratic hold. ▌Y Andrew Biemiller (Democratic) 50.8% ▌Lewis D. Thill (Republican) 45.2% ▌Edwin W. Knappe (Socialist) 2.7% ▌Irvin I. Aaron (Independent) 1.2% Wisconsin 6 Frank B. Keefe Republican 1938 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Frank B. Keefe (Republican) 66.5% ▌Henry Danes (Democratic) 32.3% ▌John C. Boll (Socialist) 1.1% Wisconsin 7 Reid F. Murray Republican 1938 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Reid F. Murray (Republican) 69.3% ▌William H. Ludwig (Democratic) 30.1% ▌Lewis Frick (Socialist) 0.6% Wisconsin 8 LaVern Dilweg Democratic 1942 Incumbent lost re-election.Republican gain. ▌Y John W. Byrnes (Republican) 51.1% ▌LaVern Dilweg (Democratic) 45.5% ▌Frederick W. Giese (Progressive) 3.4% Wisconsin 9 Merlin Hull Progressive 1934 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Merlin Hull (Progressive) 98.5% ▌Adolph Maassen (Socialist) 1.5% Wisconsin 10 Alvin O'Konski Republican 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Alvin O'Konski (Republican) 57.8% ▌Elizabeth Hawkes (Democratic) 31.4% ▌Harry P. Van Guilder (Progressive) 10.1% ▌Adolph F. Kreie (Socialist) 0.6% Wyoming See also: List of United States representatives from Wyoming District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Wyoming at-large Frank A. Barrett Republican 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Frank A. Barrett (Republican) 55.7% ▌Charles E. Norris (Democratic) 44.3% Non-voting delegates See also: Non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives District Incumbent This race Delegate Party First elected Results Candidates Alaska Territory at-large Anthony Dimond Democratic 1932 Incumbent retired to become a judge.New member elected September 13, 1944.Democratic hold. ▌Y Bob Bartlett (Democratic) 65.84% ▌John E. Manders (Republican) 34.16% Hawaii Territory at-large Joseph R. Farrington Republican 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Joseph R. Farrington (Republican) Uncontested Philippines at-large Joaquín Miguel Elizalde Nonpartisan Appointed 1938 Incumbent resigned August 9, 1944.New Resident commissioner appointed.Liberal gain.Successor was to hold office at the pleasure of the President of the Philippines. ▌Y Carlos P. Romulo (Liberal) See also 1944 United States elections 1944 United States Senate elections 1944 United States presidential election 78th United States Congress 79th United States Congress Notes ^ The Maine elections were held September 11, 1944 and the Alaska Territory election was held September 13, 1944. ^ As well as special elections. ^ American Labor and Progressives each had 1 seat. ^ In New York's 18th congressional district, Vito Marcantonio (American Labor) won the Republican and Democratic nominations as well. ^ Bennet, after losing in the Republican primary, ran on the Democratic, American Labor, and Liberal lines, but immediately caucused with the Republicans on election. References ^ "PA - District 02 - History". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017. ^ "PA - District 17 - History". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017. ^ "NY - District 21 - History". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017. ^ "CO - District 01 - History". Our Campaigns. Retrieved July 14, 2018. ^ "AL - District 03 - History". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017. ^ "OK - District 02 - History". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017. ^ "NY - District 04 - History". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017. ^ "NY - District 11 - History". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017. ^ "IL - District 19 - History". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017. ^ "AK Delegate Race - Sep 13, 1944". Our Campaigns. ^ "HI Delegate At-Large Race - Nov 07, 1944". Our Campaigns. vteUnited States House of Representatives electionsElections spanningtwo years(through 1879) 1788–89 1790–91 1792–93 1794–95 1796–97 1798–99 1800–01 1802–03 1804–05 1806–07 1808–09 1810–11 1812–13 1814–15 1816–17 1818–19 1820–21 1822–23 1824–25 1826–27 1828–29 1830–31 1832–33 1834–35 1836–37 1838–39 1840–41 1842–43 1844–45 1846–47 1848–49 1850–51 1852–53 1854–55 1856–57 1858–59 1860–61 1862–63 1864–65 1866–67 1868–69 1870–71 1872–73 1874–75 1876–77 1878–79 Elections heldin a single year(starting 1880)Regularsandeven-yearspecials 1880 1882 1884 1886 1888 1890 1892 1894 1896 1898 1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 1910 1912 1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 2026 Odd-yearspecials 1881 1883 1885 1887 1889 1891 1893 1895 1897 1899 1901 1903 1905 1907 1909 1911 1913 1915 1917 1919 1921 1923 1925 1927 1929 1931 1933 1935 1937 1939 1941 1943 1945 1947 1949 1951 1953 1955 1957 1959 1961 1963 1965 1967 1969 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023 Elections by state Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Seat ratings 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 Speaker elections Full list 1855–56 1923 2011 January 2015 October 2015 2017 2019 2021 January 2023 October 2023 Summaries 1789–1822 1824–1854 1856–present Special elections Third party performances Senate elections Presidential elections Gubernatorial elections vte(1942←) 1944 United States elections (→1946)President 1944 United States presidential election Democratic primaries Republican primaries Democratic convention Republican convention U.S.Senate Alabama Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Indiana (special) Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maryland Massachusetts (special) Missouri Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey (special) New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Oregon (special) Pennsylvania South Carolina South Dakota Utah Vermont Washington Wisconsin U.S.House Alabama Alaska Territory Arizona Arkansas California Colorado 1st sp Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Territory Idaho Illinois 19th sp Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York 4th sp 11th sp 21st sp North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma 2nd sp Oregon Pennsylvania 2nd sp 17th sp Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina 2nd sp South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia 2nd sp Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Stategovernors Arizona Arkansas Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Louisiana Maine Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Lt. Gov Missouri Lt. Gov Montana Nebraska Lt. Gov New Hampshire New Mexico North Carolina Lt. Gov North Dakota Ohio Rhode Island South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Statelegislatures Iowa Senate vteLyndon B. Johnson 36th President of the United States (1963–1969) 37th Vice President of the United States (1961–1963) U.S. Senator from Texas (1949–1961) U.S. Representative for TX–10 (1937–1949) Presidency(timeline) 1963 inauguration Let Us Continue 1965 inauguration White House preservation State of the Union Address 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 Cabinet Judicial appointments Supreme Court Thurgood Marshall Supreme Court nomination controversies Johnson desk Nixon transition Executive Orders Presidential Proclamations Meritorious Service Medal Foreign policy Johnson Doctrine Dominican Republic occupation Vietnam War Gulf of Tonkin Resolution "Credibility gap" Glassboro Summit Outer Space Treaty Operation CHAOS Domestic policy Administrative Conference of the United States (1964) Cannabis policy Civil Rights Act of 1964 Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Executive Order 11246 (1965) Flood Control Act of 1965 Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 Voting Rights Act of 1965 Child Nutrition Act 1966; School Breakfast Program Uniform Time Act (1966) White House Conference on Civil Rights (1966) Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 Executive Order 11375 (1967) Civil Rights Act of 1968 Gun Control Act of 1968 Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 Law Enforcement Assistance Administration Economic policy Revenue Act of 1964 Urban Mass Transportation Act of 1964 Urban Mass Transportation Administration Coinage Act of 1965 Food and Agriculture Act of 1965 High-Speed Ground Transportation Act of 1965 U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (1965) Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act (1966) Fair Packaging and Labeling Act (1966) National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act (1966) Tax Adjustment Act of 1966 Agricultural Fair Practices Act of 1967 U.S. Department of Transportation (1967) Wholesome Meat Act (1967) Architectural Barriers Act of 1968 Consumer Credit Protection Act of 1968 Truth in Lending Act Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1968 Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968 Ginnie Mae National Flood Insurance Act of 1968 National Flood Insurance Program Radiation Control for Health and Safety Act of 1968 Revenue and Expenditure Control Act of 1968 Williams Act (1968) Environmentalpolicy Wilderness Act (1964) Land and Water Conservation Fund (1965) Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Act of 1965 Rivers and Harbors Act of 1965 Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1965 Clean Waters Restoration Act (1966) National Wildlife Refuge System Administration Act of 1966 Air Quality Act of 1967 National Wild and Scenic Rivers System (1968) Great Society/War on Poverty Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 Community Action Agencies Head Start Job Corps Office of Economic Opportunity Food Stamp Act of 1964 Food Stamp Program AmeriCorps VISTA (1965) Elementary and Secondary Education Act (1965) Higher Education Act of 1965 FAFSA Federal Family Education Loan Program Federal Work-Study Program Pell Grant Stafford Loan Student loans in the United States Teacher Corps TRIO Upward Bound National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities 1965; National Endowment for the Arts National Endowment for the Humanities Older Americans Act (1965) Administration on Aging Public Works and Economic Development Act of 1965 Economic Development Administration Social Security Amendments of 1965 Medicare Medicaid Model Cities Program (1966) National Historic Preservation Act 1966; National Register of Historic Places National Historic Landmark State Historic Preservation Office Bilingual Education Act (1967) Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 Corporation for Public Broadcasting PBS NPR Life Early years and career 1956 Southern Manifesto Civil Rights Act of 1957 Civil Rights Act of 1960 Operation Texas Texas Broadcasting Company Johnson Amendment Box 13 scandal Bashir Ahmad Legacy andmemorials Bibliography Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum Lyndon B. Johnson National Grassland Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Lyndon Baines Johnson Day Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs Memorial Grove on the Potomac U.S. Postage stamp Elections United States House of Representatives special elections, 1937 1938 United States House of Representatives elections 1940 1942 1944 1946 United States Senate special elections, 1941 1948 United States Senate elections 1954 1960 Democratic Party presidential primaries, 1960 1964 campaign 1968 Democratic National Convention 1956 1960 1964 1960 United States presidential election 1964 Public image Lyndon B. Johnson in popular culture Daisy advertisement Johnson cult The Years of Lyndon Johnson LBJ (1991 television film) Path to War (2002 film) All the Way (2012 play, 2016 film) Selma (2014 film) LBJ (2017 film) Family Claudia "Lady Bird" Taylor Johnson (wife) Lynda Bird Johnson Robb (daughter) Luci Baines Johnson (daughter) Samuel Ealy Johnson Jr. (father) Sam Houston Johnson (brother) Samuel Ealy Johnson Sr. (grandfather) Joseph Wilson Baines (grandfather) George Washington Baines (great-grandfather) Chuck Robb (son-in-law) ← John F. Kennedy Richard Nixon → ← Richard Nixon Hubert Humphrey → Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"79th United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/79th_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Franklin D. Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"re-election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Democratic_Party"},{"link_name":"Republicans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Republican_Party"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1944_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Paul Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Mitchell_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_politician"},{"link_name":"Libertarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)"}],"text":"The 1944 United States House of Representatives elections were elections for the United States House of Representatives to elect members to serve in the 79th United States Congress. They were held for the most part on November 7, 1944, while Maine held theirs on September 11. These elections coincided with President Franklin D. Roosevelt's re-election to a record fourth term.Roosevelt's popularity allowed his Democratic Party to gain twenty seats from the Republicans and minor parties, cementing the Democratic majority. Also, Americans rallied behind Allied success in World War II, and in turn voted favorably for the administration's course of action.As of 2024[update], this is the last time the House of Representatives was made up of four parties (in December 2020, House Republican Paul Mitchell became an Independent, resulting in there being four partisan affiliations (Republican, Democratic, Independent, and Libertarian) though not four political parties).","title":"1944 United States House of Representatives elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Twelve special elections were held, sorted by election date.","title":"Special elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Election Statistics - Office of the Clerk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//history.house.gov/Institution/Election-Statistics/Election-Statistics/"}],"text":"Source: Election Statistics - Office of the Clerk","title":"Overall results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Alabama"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Alabama","title":"Alabama"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Arizona"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Arizona","title":"Arizona"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Arkansas"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Arkansas","title":"Arkansas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_California"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from California","title":"California"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Colorado"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Colorado","title":"Colorado"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Connecticut"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Connecticut","title":"Connecticut"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Delaware"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Delaware","title":"Delaware"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Florida"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from FloridaFlorida redistricted for this cycle, converting the 6th seat it had previously gained at reapportionment from an at-large seat to an additional district near Fort Lauderdale.","title":"Florida"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Georgia"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Georgia","title":"Georgia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Idaho"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Idaho","title":"Idaho"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Illinois"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Illinois","title":"Illinois"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Indiana"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Indiana","title":"Indiana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Iowa"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Iowa","title":"Iowa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Kansas"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Kansas","title":"Kansas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Kentucky"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Kentucky","title":"Kentucky"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Louisiana"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Louisiana","title":"Louisiana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Maine"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Maine","title":"Maine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Maryland"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Maryland","title":"Maryland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Massachusetts"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Massachusetts","title":"Massachusetts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Michigan"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Michigan","title":"Michigan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Minnesota"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Minnesota","title":"Minnesota"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Mississippi"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Mississippi","title":"Mississippi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Missouri"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Missouri","title":"Missouri"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Montana"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Montana","title":"Montana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Nebraska"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Nebraska","title":"Nebraska"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Nevada"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Nevada","title":"Nevada"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_Hampshire"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from New Hampshire","title":"New Hampshire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_Jersey"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from New Jersey","title":"New Jersey"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_Mexico"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from New Mexico","title":"New Mexico"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_York"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from New YorkNew York, after having used 2 at-large districts to avoid redistricting at the last reapportionment, redistricted into 45 districts for this election, with substantial boundary changes across the state. Manhattan went from 10 districts to 6, with Long Island, Brooklyn and Queens going from 10 to 15.","title":"New York"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_North_Carolina"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from North Carolina","title":"North Carolina"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from North Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_North_Dakota"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from North Dakota","title":"North Dakota"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Ohio"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Ohio","title":"Ohio"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Oklahoma"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Oklahoma","title":"Oklahoma"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Oregon"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Oregon","title":"Oregon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Pennsylvania"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from PennsylvaniaPennsylvania redistricted from 32 districts and an at-large seat to 33 districts.","title":"Pennsylvania"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Rhode_Island"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Rhode Island","title":"Rhode Island"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_South_Carolina"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from South Carolina","title":"South Carolina"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from South Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_South_Dakota"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from South Dakota","title":"South Dakota"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Tennessee"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Tennessee","title":"Tennessee"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Texas"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Texas","title":"Texas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Utah"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Utah","title":"Utah"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Vermont"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Vermont","title":"Vermont"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Virginia"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Virginia","title":"Virginia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Washington"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Washington","title":"Washington"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_West_Virginia"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from West Virginia","title":"West Virginia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Wisconsin"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Wisconsin","title":"Wisconsin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Wyoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Wyoming"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Wyoming","title":"Wyoming"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-voting_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives"}],"text":"See also: Non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives","title":"Non-voting delegates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Maine elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Maine"},{"link_name":"Alaska Territory election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Alaska_Territory"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"New York's 18th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York%27s_18th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Vito Marcantonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vito_Marcantonio"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"}],"text":"^ The Maine elections were held September 11, 1944 and the Alaska Territory election was held September 13, 1944.\n\n^ As well as special elections.\n\n^ American Labor and Progressives each had 1 seat.\n\n^ In New York's 18th congressional district, Vito Marcantonio (American Labor) won the Republican and Democratic nominations as well.\n\n^ Bennet, after losing in the Republican primary, ran on the Democratic, American Labor, and Liberal lines, but immediately caucused with the Republicans on election.","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":" House seats by party holding plurality in state 80+% Republican 80+% Democratic 60+% to 80% Republican 60+% to 80% Democratic Up to 60% Republican Up to 60% Democratic Striped: Even split ","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/79_us_house_membership.png/450px-79_us_house_membership.png"},{"image_text":" 6+ Democratic gain 6+ Republican gain 3-5 Democratic gain 3-5 Republican gain 1-2 Democratic gain 1-2 Republican gain No net change ","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/79_us_house_changes.png/450px-79_us_house_changes.png"}]	[{"title":"1944 United States elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944_United_States_elections"},{"title":"1944 United States Senate elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"title":"1944 United States presidential 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Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ourcampaigns.com/ContainerHistory.html?ContainerID=614","url_text":"\"PA - District 02 - History\""}]},{"reference":"\"PA - District 17 - History\". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ourcampaigns.com/ContainerHistory.html?ContainerID=629","url_text":"\"PA - District 17 - History\""}]},{"reference":"\"NY - District 21 - History\". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ourcampaigns.com/ContainerHistory.html?ContainerID=560","url_text":"\"NY - District 21 - History\""}]},{"reference":"\"CO - District 01 - History\". Our Campaigns. Retrieved July 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ourcampaigns.com/ContainerHistory.html?ContainerID=378","url_text":"\"CO - District 01 - History\""}]},{"reference":"\"AL - District 03 - History\". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ourcampaigns.com/ContainerHistory.html?ContainerID=67724","url_text":"\"AL - District 03 - History\""}]},{"reference":"\"OK - District 02 - History\". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ourcampaigns.com/ContainerHistory.html?ContainerID=604","url_text":"\"OK - District 02 - History\""}]},{"reference":"\"NY - District 04 - History\". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ourcampaigns.com/ContainerHistory.html?ContainerID=543","url_text":"\"NY - District 04 - History\""}]},{"reference":"\"NY - District 11 - History\". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ourcampaigns.com/ContainerHistory.html?ContainerID=550","url_text":"\"NY - District 11 - History\""}]},{"reference":"\"IL - District 19 - History\". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 19, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ourcampaigns.com/ContainerHistory.html?ContainerID=91","url_text":"\"IL - District 19 - History\""}]},{"reference":"\"AK Delegate Race - Sep 13, 1944\". Our Campaigns.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=247211","url_text":"\"AK Delegate Race - Sep 13, 1944\""}]},{"reference":"\"HI Delegate At-Large Race - Nov 07, 1944\". Our Campaigns.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=95556","url_text":"\"HI Delegate At-Large Race - Nov 07, 1944\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1944_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"http://history.house.gov/Institution/Election-Statistics/Election-Statistics/","external_links_name":"Election Statistics - Office of the Clerk"},{"Link":"http://www.ourcampaigns.com/ContainerHistory.html?ContainerID=614","external_links_name":"\"PA - District 02 - History\""},{"Link":"http://www.ourcampaigns.com/ContainerHistory.html?ContainerID=629","external_links_name":"\"PA - District 17 - History\""},{"Link":"http://www.ourcampaigns.com/ContainerHistory.html?ContainerID=560","external_links_name":"\"NY - District 21 - History\""},{"Link":"https://www.ourcampaigns.com/ContainerHistory.html?ContainerID=378","external_links_name":"\"CO - District 01 - History\""},{"Link":"http://www.ourcampaigns.com/ContainerHistory.html?ContainerID=67724","external_links_name":"\"AL - District 03 - History\""},{"Link":"https://www.ourcampaigns.com/ContainerHistory.html?ContainerID=604","external_links_name":"\"OK - District 02 - History\""},{"Link":"http://www.ourcampaigns.com/ContainerHistory.html?ContainerID=543","external_links_name":"\"NY - District 04 - History\""},{"Link":"http://www.ourcampaigns.com/ContainerHistory.html?ContainerID=550","external_links_name":"\"NY - District 11 - History\""},{"Link":"https://www.ourcampaigns.com/ContainerHistory.html?ContainerID=91","external_links_name":"\"IL - District 19 - History\""},{"Link":"https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=247211","external_links_name":"\"AK Delegate Race - Sep 13, 1944\""},{"Link":"https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=95556","external_links_name":"\"HI Delegate At-Large Race - Nov 07, 1944\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frederick_Harris_(painter)	George Frederick Harris (painter)	["1 Marriage","2 Life","3 Collections","4 References"]	Welsh artist George Frederick HarrisSelf Portrait, George Frederick Harris, 1908Born(1856-10-30)30 October 1856Birmingham, West Midlands, UKDied14 June 1924(1924-06-14) (aged 67)Sydney, AustraliaNationalityWelsh, AustralianKnown forPainting, drawingSpouseRosetta Elizabeth HarrisRelativesPixie O'Harris (daughter), Rolf Harris (grandson) George Frederick Harris (30 October 1856 – 14 June 1924) was a Welsh portrait and landscape painter. He was born in Birmingham, West Midlands, UK. Harris lived in Merthyr Tydfil, Wales for most of his life, before emigrating to Australia in 1920. He died in Sydney, Australia of myocarditis and pneumonia. Marriage Harris married Jemima Reid Harris, née Bowmen in Chelmsford, Essex, UK in August 1882. They had two children Claude Harris and Ethel Harris. After Harris divorced with Jemima, he married Rosetta Elizabeth Harris, née Lucas in 1901 and had nine children. Pixie O'Harris, one of his children, was well known as a children's book author and illustrator, and Rolf Harris, an Australian entertainer and painter, was Harris' grandson. Life Harris was a chairman and secretary of the South Wales Art Society, Cadiff, Wales, and had a business of portrait and photography in Merthyr Tydfil, Wales before emigrating to Australia in 1920. Collections The Cyfarthfa Castle Museum & Art Gallery, Merthyr Tydfil is holding the collection of portraits by George Frederick Harris. Two of G. F. Harris's paintings, dated 1893 and 1896, were auctioned by Bonhams auctioneers in 2005. There are over 40 paintings attributed to Harris now held by public bodies or in public art collections. Wikimedia Commons has media related to George Frederick Harris. References ^ a b c Birth Certificate text Archived 2018-12-28 at the Wayback Machine, Harris Family. Retrieved 28 December 2018. ^ a b Rootsweb. Retrieved 28 December 2018. ^ "George Frederick Harris and his family tree". FameChain. Retrieved 18 May 2021. ^ a b c "Sale of Rolf's grandfather's art", BBC News, 17 June 2005. Retrieved 2013-12-30. ^ "George Frederick Harris & Jemima Harris Divorced, Children, Joint Family Tree & History - FameChain". www.famechain.com. Retrieved 25 May 2021. ^ "George Frederick Harris & Rosetta Harris Married, Children, Joint Family Tree & History - FameChain". www.famechain.com. Retrieved 25 May 2021. ^ Holden, Robert, "Cultural Advice", Australian Dictionary of Biography, Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, retrieved 2021-05-25 ^ a b "Merthyr Tydfil Museum & Art Gallery \| Artist Biographies". www.artbiogs.co.uk. Retrieved 25 May 2021. ^ 43 artworks by or after George Frederick Harris, Art UK. Retrieved 26 May 2015. Authority control databases: Artists Australian Artists Musée d'Orsay This article about a British painter born in the 19th century is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about an artist, architect or photographer from Wales is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harris_Family-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rootsweb-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Merthyr Tydfil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merthyr_Tydfil"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_2005-4"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harris_Family-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rootsweb-2"},{"link_name":"myocarditis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocarditis"},{"link_name":"pneumonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harris_Family-1"}],"text":"George Frederick Harris (30 October 1856 – 14 June 1924) was a Welsh portrait and landscape painter. He was born in Birmingham, West Midlands, UK.[1][2][3] Harris lived in Merthyr Tydfil, Wales for most of his life, before emigrating to Australia in 1920.[4] He died in Sydney, Australia[1][2] of myocarditis and pneumonia.[1]","title":"George Frederick Harris (painter)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Pixie O'Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixie_O%27Harris"},{"link_name":"Rolf Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolf_Harris"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_2005-4"}],"text":"Harris married Jemima Reid Harris, née Bowmen in Chelmsford, Essex, UK in August 1882.[5] They had two children Claude Harris and Ethel Harris. After Harris divorced with Jemima, he married Rosetta Elizabeth Harris, née Lucas in 1901 and had nine children.[6] Pixie O'Harris, one of his children, was well known as a children's book author and illustrator, and Rolf Harris,[4] an Australian entertainer and painter, was Harris' grandson.","title":"Marriage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Wales Art Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.southwalesartsociety.co.uk/"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-artbiogs.co.uk-8"}],"text":"Harris was a chairman and secretary of the South Wales Art Society,[7] Cadiff, Wales, and had a business of portrait and photography in Merthyr Tydfil, Wales before emigrating to Australia in 1920.[8]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-artbiogs.co.uk-8"},{"link_name":"Bonhams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonhams"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_2005-4"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"George Frederick Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:George_Frederick_Harris"}],"text":"The Cyfarthfa Castle Museum & Art Gallery, Merthyr Tydfil is holding the collection of portraits by George Frederick Harris.[8]Two of G. F. Harris's paintings, dated 1893 and 1896, were auctioned by Bonhams auctioneers in 2005.[4] There are over 40 paintings attributed to Harris now held by public bodies or in public art collections.[9]Wikimedia Commons has media related to George Frederick Harris.","title":"Collections"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"George Frederick Harris and his family tree\". FameChain. Retrieved 18 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.famechain.com/family-tree/4041/george-frederick-harris/rosetta-harris","url_text":"\"George Frederick Harris and his family tree\""}]},{"reference":"\"George Frederick Harris & Jemima Harris Divorced, Children, Joint Family Tree & History - FameChain\". www.famechain.com. Retrieved 25 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.famechain.com/family-tree/4042/george-frederick-harris/jemima-harris","url_text":"\"George Frederick Harris & Jemima Harris Divorced, Children, Joint Family Tree & History - FameChain\""}]},{"reference":"\"George Frederick Harris & Rosetta Harris Married, Children, Joint Family Tree & History - FameChain\". www.famechain.com. Retrieved 25 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.famechain.com/family-tree/4041/george-frederick-harris/rosetta-harris","url_text":"\"George Frederick Harris & Rosetta Harris Married, Children, Joint Family Tree & History - FameChain\""}]},{"reference":"Holden, Robert, \"Cultural Advice\", Australian Dictionary of Biography, Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, retrieved 2021-05-25","urls":[{"url":"https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/oharris-pixie-16755","url_text":"\"Cultural Advice\""}]},{"reference":"\"Merthyr Tydfil Museum & Art Gallery \| Artist Biographies\". www.artbiogs.co.uk. Retrieved 25 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artbiogs.co.uk/2/galleries/merthyr-tydfil-museum-art-gallery","url_text":"\"Merthyr Tydfil Museum & Art Gallery \| Artist Biographies\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.southwalesartsociety.co.uk/","external_links_name":"South Wales Art Society"},{"Link":"http://www.hardav.co.uk/HtmlPedigree/pedigree1.htm#1.INDI277.55","external_links_name":"Birth Certificate text"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181228223323/http://www.hardav.co.uk/HtmlPedigree/pedigree1.htm#1.INDI277.55","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://freepages.rootsweb.com/~pnlowe/genealogy/pointsom/g0000015.html#I2372","external_links_name":"Rootsweb"},{"Link":"https://www.famechain.com/family-tree/4041/george-frederick-harris/rosetta-harris","external_links_name":"\"George Frederick Harris and his family tree\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/4100718.stm","external_links_name":"\"Sale of Rolf's grandfather's art\""},{"Link":"https://www.famechain.com/family-tree/4042/george-frederick-harris/jemima-harris","external_links_name":"\"George Frederick Harris & Jemima Harris Divorced, Children, Joint Family Tree & History - FameChain\""},{"Link":"https://www.famechain.com/family-tree/4041/george-frederick-harris/rosetta-harris","external_links_name":"\"George Frederick Harris & Rosetta Harris Married, Children, Joint Family Tree & History - FameChain\""},{"Link":"https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/oharris-pixie-16755","external_links_name":"\"Cultural Advice\""},{"Link":"https://www.artbiogs.co.uk/2/galleries/merthyr-tydfil-museum-art-gallery","external_links_name":"\"Merthyr Tydfil Museum & Art Gallery \| Artist Biographies\""},{"Link":"https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/search/actor:harris-george-frederick-18561926","external_links_name":"43 artworks by or after George Frederick Harris"},{"Link":"https://www.daao.org.au/bio/george-frederick-harris","external_links_name":"Australian Artists"},{"Link":"https://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/ressources/repertoire-artistes-personnalites/119050","external_links_name":"Musée d'Orsay"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Frederick_Harris_(painter)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Frederick_Harris_(painter)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabo	D4L	["1 History","2 Members","3 Discography","3.1 Studio albums","3.2 Singles","4 References"]	For the Drake song, see Dark Lane Demo Tapes. American hip hop group This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "D4L" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) D4LOriginAtlanta, Georgia, U.S.GenresSouthern hip hopsnapYears active2003–2006LabelsD4L, Dee Money, AsylumPast membersFaboMook-BStoney (Stuntman)Shawty Lo D4L (an acronym of Down for Life) was an American hip hop group formed in 2003, composed of Atlanta-based rappers Fabo, Mook-B, Stoney, and Shawty Lo. They are best known for their 2005 hit single "Laffy Taffy", which peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 in January 2006. History Shawty Lo (born Carlos Walker) self-funded the group in its early days. He explained that the group's name stands for "Down for Life". D4L signed to the independent Dee Money Entertainment, which released the group's debut in conjunction with Asylum Records. The group debuted with "Betcha Can't Do It Like Me", which Billboard claimed to have popularized snap music. In January 2006, D4L's single "Laffy Taffy" reached the top of the Billboard Hot 100 chart. Like fellow Atlanta rap group Dem Franchize Boyz, D4L was part of the snap music trend of the mid-2000s, which arguably peaked when rapper Soulja Boy Tell 'Em came out with the number one hit song "Crank That (Soulja Boy)" in 2007. The group's debut album Down for Life, was released jointly by Dee Money Entertainment and Asylum Records, in November 2005. Following their immediate success, the group went on tour. While being promoted through Outreach Entertainment, they performed alongside several of the Midwest's then up-and-coming artists, most notably the Joplin, Missouri-based hip hop duo Midwest Connect composed of Southeast Kansas artist Brent Ward (Koo-Laid) and St. Louis rapper/artist Neno Black. Several other accredited and up-and-coming artists also performed alongside the group at the Oakley-Lindsay Civic Center in Quincy, IL. As other performances soon followed the group's popularity continued to soar. "Laffy Taffy" achieved continued success on the charts, largely due to its significant online sales. It was produced by Cory Way p/k/a Born Immaculate, Broderick Thompson Smith and Richard Sims p/k/a K-Rab. The song samples and interpolates elements of "Candy Girl" by New Edition. There are several remixes of the song, most notably the official remix featuring rapper Busta Rhymes. Another version featured the Chicago rapper Twista. However, as the group celebrated their success with the single "Laffy Taffy" (a Multi-Platinum hit), they quickly garnered criticism from the hip hop establishment. On the track "The Champ" from 2006's FishScale, Ghostface Killah asks "Y'all stuck on Laffy Taffy/Wonderin' how'd y'all niggas get past me?" Ghostface had previously mocked the "snap dance" during his 2005 tour. There has also been controversy on who wrote the lyrics to "Laffy Taffy". Rapper Liam "Smack Eyes" Thomas claims that the group stole the lyrics from his rhyme book. After D4L's debut album, Shawty Lo embarked on a solo career. He released his solo debut Units in the City in 2008. Most recently, in 2011, D4L signed a joint venture with 50 Cent's G-Unit Records. Members Shawty Lo (Carlos Walker, died 2016) Fabo (Lefabian Williams) Mook B (Dennis Butler) Stoney (Adrian Parks) Discography Studio albums Title Album details Peak chart positions Certifications(sales threshold) US US R&B US Rap Down for Life Release date: November 8, 2005 Label: Ice Age Entertainment, Dee Money Entertainment, Asylum Records, Atlantic Records Formats: CD, music download 22 4 3 RIAA: Gold Singles Title Year Peak chart positions Certifications(sales threshold) Album US US R&B US Rap US Pop AUS IRE NZ UK "Laffy Taffy" 2005 1 15 6 14 53 48 25 29 RIAA: 3× Platinum Down for Life "Betcha Can't Do It Like Me" 2006 72 23 13 — — — — — RIAA: Gold "—" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released to that country References ^ "D4L – Bio". Atlantic Records. Archived from the original on December 3, 2008. Retrieved September 2, 2009. ^ "Shawty Lo". Billboard. December 27, 2007. Retrieved September 1, 2009. ^ "D4L's 'Taffy' Dethrones Mariah on Hot 100". Billboard. January 5, 2006. Retrieved September 1, 2009. ^ Reid, Shaheem (December 5, 2005). "The ATL Sound". My Block: Atlanta. MTV News. Retrieved September 1, 2009. ^ "D4L Album & Song Chart History – Billboard 200". Billboard. Retrieved January 9, 2011. ^ "D4L Album & Song Chart History – R&B/Hip-Hop Albums". Billboard. Retrieved January 9, 2011. ^ "D4L Album & Song Chart History – Rap Albums". Billboard. Retrieved January 9, 2011. ^ "RIAA – Gold & Platinum – January 10, 2011: D4L certified albums". Recording Industry Association of America. Archived from the original on February 25, 2013. Retrieved January 10, 2011. ^ "D4L Album & Song Chart History – Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved January 9, 2011. ^ "D4L Album & Song Chart History – R&B/Hip-Hop Songs". Billboard. Retrieved January 9, 2011. ^ "D4L Album & Song Chart History – Rap Songs". Billboard. Retrieved January 9, 2011. ^ "D4L Album & Song Chart History – Pop Songs". Billboard. Retrieved January 9, 2011. ^ Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988–2010 (PDF ed.). Mt Martha, Victoria, Australia: Moonlight Publishing. p. 80. ^ "irishcharts.com – D4L discography". Hung Medien. Archived from the original on October 24, 2012. Retrieved January 9, 2011. ^ "charts.nz – New Zealand charts portal". Hung Medien. Retrieved January 9, 2011. ^ "The Official Charts Company – D4L". Official Charts Company. Retrieved January 9, 2011. ^ "RIAA – Gold & Platinum – January 10, 2011: "Laffy Taffy" certified awards". Recording Industry Association of America. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved January 10, 2011. ^ "RIAA – Gold & Platinum – January 10, 2011: "Betcha Can't Do It Like Me" certified awards". Recording Industry Association of America. Archived from the original on February 25, 2013. Retrieved January 10, 2011. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Germany United States Czech Republic Artists MusicBrainz	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dark Lane Demo Tapes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Lane_Demo_Tapes"},{"link_name":"hip hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop_music"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"rappers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapper"},{"link_name":"Shawty Lo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawty_Lo"},{"link_name":"Laffy Taffy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laffy_Taffy_(song)"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"}],"text":"For the Drake song, see Dark Lane Demo Tapes.American hip hop groupD4L (an acronym of Down for Life) was an American hip hop group formed in 2003, composed of Atlanta-based rappers Fabo, Mook-B, Stoney, and Shawty Lo. They are best known for their 2005 hit single \"Laffy Taffy\", which peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 in January 2006.","title":"D4L"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Asylum Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asylum_Records"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"snap music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snap_music"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shawty_Lo_Billboard-2"},{"link_name":"Laffy Taffy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laffy_Taffy_(song)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Dem Franchize Boyz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dem_Franchize_Boyz"},{"link_name":"Soulja Boy Tell 'Em","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soulja_Boy_Tell_%27Em"},{"link_name":"Crank That (Soulja Boy)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crank_That_(Soulja_Boy)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Down for Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_for_Life_(album)"},{"link_name":"Joplin, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joplin,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Southeast Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Kansas"},{"link_name":"St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis"},{"link_name":"Busta Rhymes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busta_Rhymes"},{"link_name":"Twista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twista"},{"link_name":"FishScale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FishScale"},{"link_name":"Ghostface Killah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghostface_Killah"},{"link_name":"Shawty Lo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawty_Lo"},{"link_name":"50 Cent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50_Cent"},{"link_name":"G-Unit Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-Unit_Records"}],"text":"Shawty Lo (born Carlos Walker) self-funded the group in its early days. He explained that the group's name stands for \"Down for Life\". D4L signed to the independent Dee Money Entertainment, which released the group's debut in conjunction with Asylum Records.[1] The group debuted with \"Betcha Can't Do It Like Me\", which Billboard claimed to have popularized snap music.[2] In January 2006, D4L's single \"Laffy Taffy\" reached the top of the Billboard Hot 100 chart.[3] Like fellow Atlanta rap group Dem Franchize Boyz, D4L was part of the snap music trend of the mid-2000s, which arguably peaked when rapper Soulja Boy Tell 'Em came out with the number one hit song \"Crank That (Soulja Boy)\" in 2007.[4]The group's debut album Down for Life, was released jointly by Dee Money Entertainment and Asylum Records, in November 2005. Following their immediate success, the group went on tour. While being promoted through Outreach Entertainment, they performed alongside several of the Midwest's then up-and-coming artists, most notably the Joplin, Missouri-based hip hop duo Midwest Connect composed of Southeast Kansas artist Brent Ward (Koo-Laid) and St. Louis rapper/artist Neno Black. Several other accredited and up-and-coming artists also performed alongside the group at the Oakley-Lindsay Civic Center in Quincy, IL. As other performances soon followed the group's popularity continued to soar.\"Laffy Taffy\" achieved continued success on the charts, largely due to its significant online sales. It was produced by Cory Way p/k/a Born Immaculate, Broderick Thompson Smith and Richard Sims p/k/a K-Rab. The song samples and interpolates elements of \"Candy Girl\" by New Edition. There are several remixes of the song, most notably the official remix featuring rapper Busta Rhymes. Another version featured the Chicago rapper Twista. However, as the group celebrated their success with the single \"Laffy Taffy\" (a Multi-Platinum hit), they quickly garnered criticism from the hip hop establishment. On the track \"The Champ\" from 2006's FishScale, Ghostface Killah asks \"Y'all stuck on Laffy Taffy/Wonderin' how'd y'all niggas get past me?\" Ghostface had previously mocked the \"snap dance\" during his 2005 tour. There has also been controversy on who wrote the lyrics to \"Laffy Taffy\". Rapper Liam \"Smack Eyes\" Thomas claims that the group stole the lyrics from his rhyme book. After D4L's debut album, Shawty Lo embarked on a solo career. He released his solo debut Units in the City in 2008. Most recently, in 2011, D4L signed a joint venture with 50 Cent's G-Unit Records.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shawty Lo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawty_Lo"}],"text":"Shawty Lo (Carlos Walker, died 2016)\nFabo (Lefabian Williams)\nMook B (Dennis Butler)\nStoney (Adrian Parks)","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Studio albums","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles","title":"Discography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"D4L – Bio\". Atlantic Records. Archived from the original on December 3, 2008. Retrieved September 2, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081203210348/http://www.atlanticrecords.com/d4l/","url_text":"\"D4L – Bio\""},{"url":"http://www.atlanticrecords.com/d4l","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Shawty Lo\". Billboard. December 27, 2007. Retrieved September 1, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1046966/shawty-lo","url_text":"\"Shawty Lo\""}]},{"reference":"\"D4L's 'Taffy' Dethrones Mariah on Hot 100\". Billboard. January 5, 2006. Retrieved September 1, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/60127/d4ls-taffy-dethrones-mariah-on-hot-100","url_text":"\"D4L's 'Taffy' Dethrones Mariah on Hot 100\""}]},{"reference":"Reid, Shaheem (December 5, 2005). \"The ATL Sound\". My Block: Atlanta. MTV News. Retrieved September 1, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mtv.com/bands/m/my_block/atlanta/news_feature_120505_2/index2.jhtml","url_text":"\"The ATL Sound\""}]},{"reference":"\"D4L Album & Song Chart History – Billboard 200\". Billboard. Retrieved January 9, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/d4l/chart-history/billboard-200","url_text":"\"D4L Album & Song Chart History – Billboard 200\""}]},{"reference":"\"D4L Album & Song Chart History – R&B/Hip-Hop Albums\". Billboard. Retrieved January 9, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/d4l/chart-history/r%26b/hip-hop-albums-b","url_text":"\"D4L Album & Song Chart History – R&B/Hip-Hop Albums\""}]},{"reference":"\"D4L Album & Song Chart History – Rap Albums\". Billboard. Retrieved January 9, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/d4l/chart-history/rap-albums","url_text":"\"D4L Album & Song Chart History – Rap Albums\""}]},{"reference":"\"RIAA – Gold & Platinum – January 10, 2011: D4L certified albums\". Recording Industry Association of America. Archived from the original on February 25, 2013. Retrieved January 10, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130225031458/http://riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH_RESULTS","url_text":"\"RIAA – Gold & Platinum – January 10, 2011: D4L certified albums\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America","url_text":"Recording Industry Association of America"},{"url":"https://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH_RESULTS&artist=D4L&format=ALBUM&go=Search&perPage=50","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"D4L Album & Song Chart History – Hot 100\". Billboard. Retrieved January 9, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/d4l/chart-history/hot-100","url_text":"\"D4L Album & Song Chart History – Hot 100\""}]},{"reference":"\"D4L Album & Song Chart History – R&B/Hip-Hop Songs\". Billboard. Retrieved January 9, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/d4l/chart-history/r%26b/hip-hop-songs","url_text":"\"D4L Album & Song Chart History – R&B/Hip-Hop Songs\""}]},{"reference":"\"D4L Album & Song Chart History – Rap Songs\". Billboard. Retrieved January 9, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/d4l/chart-history/rap-airplay","url_text":"\"D4L Album & Song Chart History – Rap Songs\""}]},{"reference":"\"D4L Album & Song Chart History – Pop Songs\". Billboard. Retrieved January 9, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/d4l/chart-history/pop-songs-b","url_text":"\"D4L Album & Song Chart History – Pop Songs\""}]},{"reference":"Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988–2010 (PDF ed.). Mt Martha, Victoria, Australia: Moonlight Publishing. p. 80.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"irishcharts.com – D4L discography\". Hung Medien. Archived from the original on October 24, 2012. Retrieved January 9, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121024210831/http://irish-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=D4L","url_text":"\"irishcharts.com – D4L discography\""},{"url":"http://irish-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=D4L","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"charts.nz – New Zealand charts portal\". Hung Medien. Retrieved January 9, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://charts.nz/search.asp?search=D4l&cat=s","url_text":"\"charts.nz – New Zealand charts portal\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Official Charts Company – D4L\". Official Charts Company. Retrieved January 9, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/artists/","url_text":"\"The Official Charts Company – D4L\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company","url_text":"Official Charts Company"}]},{"reference":"\"RIAA – Gold & Platinum – January 10, 2011: \"Laffy Taffy\" certified awards\". Recording Industry Association of America. 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Retrieved January 10, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130225031458/http://riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH_RESULTS","url_text":"\"RIAA – Gold & Platinum – January 10, 2011: \"Betcha Can't Do It Like Me\" certified awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America","url_text":"Recording Industry Association of America"},{"url":"https://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH_RESULTS&artist=D4L&title=Betcha&format=SINGLE&go=Search&perPage=50","url_text":"the 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdaguer_House-Museum	Verdaguer House Museum	["1 Building","2 Exhibition","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	Coordinates: 41°56′18″N 2°19′01″E / 41.93833°N 2.31694°E / 41.93833; 2.31694Interior of the Verdaguer House MuseumThe Verdaguer House Museum (Catalan: Casa Museu Verdaguer) is a literary museum in Folgueroles, birthplace of poet Jacint Verdaguer, in the region of Osona. It was opened in 1967 and is part of the Barcelona Provincial Council Local Museum Network. Building The Verdaguer House Museum is located in a 17th-century house occupied by Josep Verdaguer and his wife, Josepa Santaló, (parents of Jacint Verdaguer) between 1841 and 1847, when the poet was two years old. Exhibition The exhibition area is structured on three floors: on the first floor is the permanent exhibition, which takes visitors through the stages of the poet's life; the second floor shows what a typical kitchen and bedroom were decorated like in the 19th century, time in which young Jacint lived; on the third floor there is a space dedicated to temporary exhibitions and another to the artist Perejaume, as well as an audiovisual presentation on the life and work of Jacint Verdaguer. See also Jacint Verdaguer References ^ "a Casa Museu Verdaguer de Folgueroles s'inscriu al Registre de museus de Catalunya" (in Catalan). gencat.cat. Retrieved 2010-11-10. ^ "Museum page at endrets.cat" (in Catalan). endrets.cat. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Casa-Museu Verdaguer. Official site Amics de Verdaguer's blog Espais Escrits Local Museum Network site 41°56′18″N 2°19′01″E / 41.93833°N 2.31694°E / 41.93833; 2.31694	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Planta_Baixa_Casa_Museu_Verdaguer.png"},{"link_name":"Catalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_language"},{"link_name":"Folgueroles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folgueroles"},{"link_name":"Jacint Verdaguer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacint_Verdaguer"},{"link_name":"Osona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osona"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Barcelona Provincial Council Local Museum Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona_Provincial_Council_Local_Museum_Network"}],"text":"Interior of the Verdaguer House MuseumThe Verdaguer House Museum (Catalan: Casa Museu Verdaguer) is a literary museum in Folgueroles, birthplace of poet Jacint Verdaguer, in the region of Osona.[1] It was opened in 1967 and is part of the Barcelona Provincial Council Local Museum Network.","title":"Verdaguer House Museum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jacint Verdaguer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacint_Verdaguer"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Verdaguer House Museum is located in a 17th-century house occupied by Josep Verdaguer and his wife, Josepa Santaló, (parents of Jacint Verdaguer) between 1841 and 1847, when the poet was two years old.[2]","title":"Building"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Perejaume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perejaume"},{"link_name":"Jacint Verdaguer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacint_Verdaguer"}],"text":"The exhibition area is structured on three floors: on the first floor is the permanent exhibition, which takes visitors through the stages of the poet's life; the second floor shows what a typical kitchen and bedroom were decorated like in the 19th century, time in which young Jacint lived; on the third floor there is a space dedicated to temporary exhibitions and another to the artist Perejaume, as well as an audiovisual presentation on the life and work of Jacint Verdaguer.","title":"Exhibition"}]	[{"image_text":"Interior of the Verdaguer House Museum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Planta_Baixa_Casa_Museu_Verdaguer.png/220px-Planta_Baixa_Casa_Museu_Verdaguer.png"}]	[{"title":"Jacint Verdaguer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacint_Verdaguer"}]	[{"reference":"\"a Casa Museu Verdaguer de Folgueroles s'inscriu al Registre de museus de Catalunya\" (in Catalan). gencat.cat. Retrieved 2010-11-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www20.gencat.cat/portal/site/CulturaDepartament/menuitem.4f810f50a6de38a5a2a63a7b0c0e1a0/?vgnextoid=a73e20d66949b010VgnVCM1000000b0c1e0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=a73e20d66949b010VgnVCM1000000b0c1e0aRCRD&vgnextfmt=detall&contentid=abdbd93ca75ff110VgnVCM1000008d0c1e0aRCRD&newLang=ca_ES","url_text":"\"a Casa Museu Verdaguer de Folgueroles s'inscriu al Registre de museus de Catalunya\""}]},{"reference":"\"Museum page at endrets.cat\" (in Catalan). endrets.cat.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.endrets.cat/indret/127/casa-museu-verdaguer.html","url_text":"\"Museum page at endrets.cat\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Verdaguer_House_Museum&params=41_56_18_N_2_19_01_E_region:ES_source:kolossus-eswiki","external_links_name":"41°56′18″N 2°19′01″E / 41.93833°N 2.31694°E / 41.93833; 2.31694"},{"Link":"http://www20.gencat.cat/portal/site/CulturaDepartament/menuitem.4f810f50a6de38a5a2a63a7b0c0e1a0/?vgnextoid=a73e20d66949b010VgnVCM1000000b0c1e0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=a73e20d66949b010VgnVCM1000000b0c1e0aRCRD&vgnextfmt=detall&contentid=abdbd93ca75ff110VgnVCM1000008d0c1e0aRCRD&newLang=ca_ES","external_links_name":"\"a Casa Museu Verdaguer de Folgueroles s'inscriu al Registre de museus de Catalunya\""},{"Link":"http://www.endrets.cat/indret/127/casa-museu-verdaguer.html","external_links_name":"\"Museum page at endrets.cat\""},{"Link":"http://www.verdaguer.cat/en/the-house-museum.php","external_links_name":"Official site"},{"Link":"http://amicsdeverdaguer.blogspot.com/","external_links_name":"Amics de Verdaguer's blog"},{"Link":"http://www.espaisescrits.cat/","external_links_name":"Espais Escrits"},{"Link":"http://www.diba.cat/museuslocals/nouwebmuseus/index.html","external_links_name":"Local Museum Network site"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Verdaguer_House_Museum&params=41_56_18_N_2_19_01_E_region:ES_source:kolossus-eswiki","external_links_name":"41°56′18″N 2°19′01″E / 41.93833°N 2.31694°E / 41.93833; 2.31694"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandrine_Le_Normant_d%27%C3%89tiolles	Alexandrine Le Normant d'Étiolles	["1 Life","2 Death","3 References"]	Alexandrine Le Normant d'ÉtiollesPortrait of Alexandrine by François Boucher, 1749.Born(1744-08-10)10 August 1744Paris, FranceDied15 June 1754(1754-06-15) (aged 9)Rue Saint-Honoré, Paris, FranceNoble familyLe Normant d'ÉtiollesFatherCharles-Guillaume Le Normant d'ÉtiollesMotherJeanne Antoinette Poisson Alexandrine-Jeanne Le Normant d'Étiolles (10 August 1744 – 15 June 1754) was a member of French nobility as the daughter of Madame de Pompadour, the maîtresse-en-titre of King Louis XV of France. Life Alexandrine-Jeanne Le Normant d'Étiolles was born on 10 August 1744 to Charles-Guillaume Le Normant d'Étiolles (1717–1799) and his wife, born Jeanne-Antoinette Poisson (1721–1764). It is possible that her parents were first cousins, since it could be that Jeanne-Antoinette's real father was her legal guardian, Charles François Paul Le Normant de Tournehem (1684–1751), Charles-Guillaume's uncle. The couple had one other child, Charles-Guillaume-Louis (1741–1742), who had already died by the time Alexandrine was born. Her family called Alexandrine "Fanfan". She was noted for being a very thin child, but she was healthy. François Poisson, Madame Le Normant d'Étiolles' father, doted on his granddaughter and loved her dearly. In a letter, Alexandrine's mother complained, "Why must grandpapas always spoil their grandchildren?" It was the goal of Alexandrine's mother to become the mistress of King Louis XV of France. On 8 December 1744, a few months after Alexandrine's birth, the king's mistress, Madame de Châteauroux died, clearing the way for Madame Le Normant d'Étiolles. By March 1745, Alexandrine's mother had become the king's new lover and moved into the Palace of Versailles. At the king's request, Alexandrine's parents separated. At the age of 6, Alexandrine was placed at the Convent of the Assumption in the rue Saint-Honoré in Paris for schooling alongside other daughters of the French nobility. At the age of 8, she was betrothed to the 11-year-old Louis Joseph d'Albert d'Ailly, Duke of Picquigny (1741–1792), son of Michel Ferdinand d'Albert d'Ailly, Duke of Chaulnes (1714–1769), with the agreement that she would marry Picquigny at the age of 12. Death On 4 June 1754, Alexandrine became ill at the Convent of the Assumption. Her father rushed to be by her side, but her mother (who by this time had been elevated to the rank of a duchess) who was at Versailles, could not come. Upon learning of her illness, Louis XV sent two of his own doctors to help, but the child had already died of acute peritonitis when they arrived. Her grandfather, François Poisson, died 11 days later, on 25 June 1754, devastated by his dear Fanfan's death. Her mother reportedly never recovered from the loss of her daughter and father within mere days of each other. References ^ a b Madame De Pompadour: Mistress of France, Google books :Madame De Pompadour ^ Amanda Foreman, Nancy Mitford (2001). Madame De Pompadour. New York Review of Books. p. 121. ISBN 9780940322653. ^ Algrant, Christine Pevitt (2003). Madame De Pompadour: Mistress of France. Grove Press. p. 144. ISBN 978-0802140357. ^ Letters to Fan-fan, a play by Deborah Davis, recounts Madame de Pompadour's relationship with Louis XV from the point of view of his wife, Marie Leszczyńska, and suggests that the Queen encouraged the relationship in order to diminish the hold his advisors had on the King - leading to a friendship between the two women. ^ Lazare, Louis Clément (1844). Dictionnaire administratif et historique des rues de Paris et de ses monuments. p. 466 (in french). ^ Catherine Temerson, Évelyne Lever (2003). Madame De Pompadour: A Life. St. Martin's Griffin. p. 164. ISBN 978-0312310509. ^ a b Algrant. p. 163. ^ Algrant, Christine Pevitt (2003). Madame De Pompadour: Mistress of France. Grove Press. p. 163. ISBN 978-0802140357.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Madame de Pompadour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_de_Pompadour"},{"link_name":"maîtresse-en-titre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C3%AEtresse-en-titre"},{"link_name":"Louis XV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XV"}],"text":"Alexandrine-Jeanne Le Normant d'Étiolles (10 August 1744 – 15 June 1754) was a member of French nobility as the daughter of Madame de Pompadour, the maîtresse-en-titre of King Louis XV of France.","title":"Alexandrine Le Normant d'Étiolles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles-Guillaume Le Normant d'Étiolles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Guillaume_Le_Normant_d%27%C3%89tiolles"},{"link_name":"Jeanne-Antoinette Poisson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_de_Pompadour"},{"link_name":"cousins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cousin"},{"link_name":"Charles François Paul Le Normant de Tournehem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fran%C3%A7ois_Paul_Le_Normant_de_Tournehem"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Madame_De_Pompadour:_Mistress_of_France-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Madame_De_Pompadour:_Mistress_of_France-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"mistress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mistress_(lover)"},{"link_name":"Louis XV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XV"},{"link_name":"Madame de Châteauroux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Anne_de_Mailly-Nesle"},{"link_name":"Palace of Versailles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"rue Saint-Honoré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rue_Saint-Honor%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Louis Joseph d'Albert d'Ailly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Joseph_d%27Albert_d%27Ailly"},{"link_name":"Michel Ferdinand d'Albert d'Ailly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Ferdinand_d%27Albert_d%27Ailly"},{"link_name":"Duke of Chaulnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Chaulnes"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Alexandrine-Jeanne Le Normant d'Étiolles was born on 10 August 1744 to Charles-Guillaume Le Normant d'Étiolles (1717–1799) and his wife, born Jeanne-Antoinette Poisson (1721–1764). It is possible that her parents were first cousins, since it could be that Jeanne-Antoinette's real father was her legal guardian, Charles François Paul Le Normant de Tournehem (1684–1751), Charles-Guillaume's uncle. The couple had one other child, Charles-Guillaume-Louis (1741–1742), who had already died by the time Alexandrine was born.Her family called Alexandrine \"Fanfan\".[1][2] She was noted for being a very thin child, but she was healthy.[1] François Poisson, Madame Le Normant d'Étiolles' father, doted on his granddaughter and loved her dearly. In a letter, Alexandrine's mother complained, \"Why must grandpapas always spoil their grandchildren?\"[3]It was the goal of Alexandrine's mother to become the mistress of King Louis XV of France. On 8 December 1744, a few months after Alexandrine's birth, the king's mistress, Madame de Châteauroux died, clearing the way for Madame Le Normant d'Étiolles. By March 1745, Alexandrine's mother had become the king's new lover and moved into the Palace of Versailles. At the king's request, Alexandrine's parents separated.[4]At the age of 6, Alexandrine was placed at the Convent of the Assumption[5] in the rue Saint-Honoré in Paris for schooling alongside other daughters of the French nobility. At the age of 8, she was betrothed to the 11-year-old Louis Joseph d'Albert d'Ailly, Duke of Picquigny (1741–1792), son of Michel Ferdinand d'Albert d'Ailly, Duke of Chaulnes (1714–1769), with the agreement that she would marry Picquigny at the age of 12.[6]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"duchess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchess"},{"link_name":"Versailles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versailles"},{"link_name":"peritonitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peritonitis"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Algrant_163-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Algrant_163-7"}],"text":"On 4 June 1754, Alexandrine became ill at the Convent of the Assumption. Her father rushed to be by her side, but her mother (who by this time had been elevated to the rank of a duchess) who was at Versailles, could not come. Upon learning of her illness, Louis XV sent two of his own doctors to help, but the child had already died of acute peritonitis when they arrived.[7]Her grandfather, François Poisson, died 11 days later, on 25 June 1754, devastated by his dear Fanfan's death.[8] Her mother reportedly never recovered from the loss of her daughter and father within mere days of each other.[7]","title":"Death"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Amanda Foreman, Nancy Mitford (2001). Madame De Pompadour. New York Review of Books. p. 121. ISBN 9780940322653.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bTjpyYT_cM8C&pg=PA121","url_text":"Madame De Pompadour"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780940322653","url_text":"9780940322653"}]},{"reference":"Algrant, Christine Pevitt (2003). Madame De Pompadour: Mistress of France. Grove Press. p. 144. ISBN 978-0802140357.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8mCwN1c7g90C&pg=PA144","url_text":"Madame De Pompadour: Mistress of France"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802140357","url_text":"978-0802140357"}]},{"reference":"Lazare, Louis Clément (1844). Dictionnaire administratif et historique des rues de Paris et de ses monuments. p. 466 (in french).","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=eIMXAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA466","url_text":"Dictionnaire administratif et historique des rues de Paris et de ses monuments"}]},{"reference":"Catherine Temerson, Évelyne Lever (2003). Madame De Pompadour: A Life. St. Martin's Griffin. p. 164. ISBN 978-0312310509.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9VXhYOEs5LMC&pg=PA164","url_text":"Madame De Pompadour: A Life"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0312310509","url_text":"978-0312310509"}]},{"reference":"Algrant, Christine Pevitt (2003). Madame De Pompadour: Mistress of France. Grove Press. p. 163. ISBN 978-0802140357.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8mCwN1c7g90C&pg=PA163","url_text":"Madame De Pompadour: Mistress of France"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802140357","url_text":"978-0802140357"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8mCwN1c7g90C&pg=PA101","external_links_name":"Madame De Pompadour: Mistress of France, Google books :Madame De Pompadour"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bTjpyYT_cM8C&pg=PA121","external_links_name":"Madame De Pompadour"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8mCwN1c7g90C&pg=PA144","external_links_name":"Madame De Pompadour: Mistress of France"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=eIMXAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA466","external_links_name":"Dictionnaire administratif et historique des rues de Paris et de ses monuments"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9VXhYOEs5LMC&pg=PA164","external_links_name":"Madame De Pompadour: A Life"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8mCwN1c7g90C&pg=PA163","external_links_name":"Madame De Pompadour: Mistress of France"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banatska_Palanka	Banatska Palanka	["1 Name","2 Geography","2.1 Stara Palanka","3 History","4 Economy and features","5 References","6 Sources","7 See also"]	Coordinates: 44°50′42″N 21°19′53″E / 44.84500°N 21.33139°E / 44.84500; 21.33139Village in Vojvodina, SerbiaBanatska Palanka Банатска ПаланкаVillage (Selo)Banatska PalankaLocation of Banatska Palanka within SerbiaShow map of VojvodinaBanatska PalankaBanatska Palanka (Serbia)Show map of SerbiaBanatska PalankaBanatska Palanka (Europe)Show map of EuropeCoordinates: 44°50′42″N 21°19′53″E / 44.84500°N 21.33139°E / 44.84500; 21.33139CountrySerbiaProvinceVojvodinaDistrictSouth BanatElevation64 m (210 ft)Population (2002) • Banatska Palanka837Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code26324Area code+381(0)13Car platesVŠ Banatska Palanka (Serbian Cyrillic: Банатска Паланка) is a village in Serbia. It is situated in the Bela Crkva municipality, South Banat District, Vojvodina province. The population of the village is 837 (2002 census), of whom 752 (89.84%) are ethnic Serbs. Name In Serbian the village is known as Banatska Palanka (pronounced ; Банатска Паланка); in German as Palank or Neu-Palanka; in Hungarian as Palánk; and in Turkish as Haram. Geography Banatska Palanka is located in south-eastern part of the Serbian Banat, near the border with Romania. West of the village are the Danube's island Čibuklija and the special nature reserve and a Ramsar site Labudovo okno. The region is known for the powerful košava wind. As the košava exits from the Danube's Iron Gates Gorge, it becomes much stronger in the wide lowlands of the Banat and Stig regions. Here the wind splits in two direction, one to Belgrade on the west and one, which is the strongest, to Vršac on the north. Stara Palanka There are in fact two settlements in this area - Banatska Palanka and Stara Palanka ("Old Palanka"). Stara Palanka is not officially regarded as a separate settlement, but as part of Banatska Palanka. The hamlet is located 3 km (1.9 mi) south of Banatska Palanka, on the Danube's left bank, stretching between the mouths of its two tributaries: Nera on the east, and channeled Karaš (part of the Danube–Tisa–Danube Canal), on the west. The Romanian border is just to the east. Right across the Danube are the medieval Ram Fortress and the village of Ram, to which Stara Palanka is connected by the ferry. The hamlet is small, consisting of one street (Dunavska) and a total of 11 houses of which 5 were inhabited, as of April 2018. There are some additional 80 summer houses, mostly built by the townsfolk from Vršac. Still, there are 5 fish restaurants. The river is rich in sterlet, common carp, common bream and zander. In the early 2000s a project of building a marina in Stara Palanka was developed, but as of 2018 it hasn't been built. History Banatska Palanka is an old settlement, existing at this spot since the 17th century, although the oldest settlement was on the place of today's Stara Palanka. Archaeological findings show that Stara Palanka was inhabited at least since the 1st century BC. At the beginning of the 19th century Banatska Palanka was an important Danube port. The settlement has a continuous decrease of population. By the latest census from 2011, Banatska Palanka, together with Stara Palanka, had 682 inhabitants. Before World War II it was officially called just Palanka. Historical populationYearPop.±%19211,260— 19311,385+9.9%19481,323−4.5%19531,334+0.8%19611,245−6.7%19711,166−6.3%19811,095−6.1%1991974−11.1%2002837−14.1%2011682−18.5%Source: Economy and features The economy of Banatska Palanka is mostly agricultural, although not exclusively. The entirety of Stara Palanka is designated for social recreation centres (including hotels, resorts, restaurants, sport playgrounds, performance venues, etc.) as well as for flats and vacation homes. Banatska Palanka lies on the route between Bela Crkva-Kovin and Stara Palanka-Ram. It also possesses a ferry-boat, which is the shortest way of traveling from this part of Vojvodina to Požarevac and Central Serbia. References ^ a b c d Jovica Danilović (15 April 2018). "Selo puno ribljih restorana" . Politika (in Serbian). p. 20. ^ Turističko područje Beograda. Geokarta. 2007. ISBN 86-459-0099-8. ^ a b Final results of the census of population from 31 January 1921, page 348. Kingdom of Yugoslavia - General State Statistics, Sarajevo. June 1932. ^ a b Final results of the census of population from 31 March 1931, page 47. Kingdom of Yugoslavia - General State Statistics, Belgrade. 1937. ^ Comparative overview of the number of population in 1948, 1953, 1961, 1971, 1981, 1991, 2002 and 2011 – Data by settlements, page 34. Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia, Belgrade. 2014. ISBN 978-86-6161-109-4. Sources Slobodan Ćurčić, Broj stanovnika Vojvodine, Novi Sad, 1996. See also Places named Palanka List of places in Serbia List of cities, towns and villages in Vojvodina Banat vteCities, towns and villages in the South Banat DistrictPančevo Banatski Brestovac Banatsko Novo Selo Glogonj Dolovo Ivanovo Jabuka Kačarevo Omoljica Starčevo Alibunar Banatski Karlovac Vladimirovac Dobrica Ilandža Janošik Lokve Nikolinci Novi Kozjak Seleuš Bela Crkva Banatska Palanka Banatska Subotica Vračev Gaj Grebenac Dobričevo Dupljaja Jasenovo Kajtasovo Kaluđerovo Kruščica Kusić Crvena Crkva Češko Selo Vršac Vatin Veliko Središte Vlajkovac Vojvodinci Vršački Ritovi Gudurica Zagajica Izbište Jablanka Kuštilj Mali Žam Malo Središte Markovac Mesić Orešac Pavliš Parta Potporanj Ritiševo Sočica Straža Uljma Šušara Kovačica Debeljača Idvor Padina Putnikovo Samoš Uzdin Crepaja Kovin Bavanište Gaj Deliblato Dubovac Malo Bavanište Mramorak Pločica Skorenovac Šumarak Opovo Baranda Sakule Sefkerin Plandište Banatski Sokolac Barice Velika Greda Veliki Gaj Dužine Jermenovci Kupinik Laudonovac Margita Markovićevo Miletićevo Stari Lec Hajdučica (*) bold are municipalities or cities Authority control databases: National Czech Republic	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Serbian Cyrillic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Bela Crkva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bela_Crkva_(Vojvodina)"},{"link_name":"South Banat District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Banat_District"},{"link_name":"Vojvodina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojvodina"},{"link_name":"Serbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbs"}],"text":"Village in Vojvodina, SerbiaBanatska Palanka (Serbian Cyrillic: Банатска Паланка) is a village in Serbia. It is situated in the Bela Crkva municipality, South Banat District, Vojvodina province. The population of the village is 837 (2002 census), of whom 752 (89.84%) are ethnic Serbs.","title":"Banatska Palanka"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Serbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_language"},{"link_name":"[bǎnaːtskaː pǎlaːŋka]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_language"},{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language"}],"text":"In Serbian the village is known as Banatska Palanka (pronounced [bǎnaːtskaː pǎlaːŋka]; Банатска Паланка); in German as Palank or Neu-Palanka; in Hungarian as Palánk; and in Turkish as Haram.","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Banat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banat"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Labudovo okno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labudovo_okno"},{"link_name":"košava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%A1ava_(wind)"},{"link_name":"Iron Gates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Gates"},{"link_name":"Banat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banat"},{"link_name":"Stig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stig_(Serbia)"},{"link_name":"Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade"},{"link_name":"Vršac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vr%C5%A1ac"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Politika-1"}],"text":"Banatska Palanka is located in south-eastern part of the Serbian Banat, near the border with Romania. West of the village are the Danube's island Čibuklija and the special nature reserve and a Ramsar site Labudovo okno.The region is known for the powerful košava wind. As the košava exits from the Danube's Iron Gates Gorge, it becomes much stronger in the wide lowlands of the Banat and Stig regions. Here the wind splits in two direction, one to Belgrade on the west and one, which is the strongest, to Vršac on the north.[1]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stara Palanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stara_Palanka"},{"link_name":"hamlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet_(place)"},{"link_name":"Nera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nera_(Danube)"},{"link_name":"Karaš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara%C5%A1"},{"link_name":"Danube–Tisa–Danube Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danube%E2%80%93Tisa%E2%80%93Danube_Canal"},{"link_name":"Ram Fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_Fortress"},{"link_name":"Ram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram,_Serbia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Politika-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"sterlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterlet"},{"link_name":"common carp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_carp"},{"link_name":"common bream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_bream"},{"link_name":"zander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zander"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Politika-1"}],"sub_title":"Stara Palanka","text":"There are in fact two settlements in this area - Banatska Palanka and Stara Palanka (\"Old Palanka\"). Stara Palanka is not officially regarded as a separate settlement, but as part of Banatska Palanka. The hamlet is located 3 km (1.9 mi) south of Banatska Palanka, on the Danube's left bank, stretching between the mouths of its two tributaries: Nera on the east, and channeled Karaš (part of the Danube–Tisa–Danube Canal), on the west. The Romanian border is just to the east. Right across the Danube are the medieval Ram Fortress and the village of Ram, to which Stara Palanka is connected by the ferry.[1][2]The hamlet is small, consisting of one street (Dunavska) and a total of 11 houses of which 5 were inhabited, as of April 2018. There are some additional 80 summer houses, mostly built by the townsfolk from Vršac. Still, there are 5 fish restaurants. The river is rich in sterlet, common carp, common bream and zander. In the early 2000s a project of building a marina in Stara Palanka was developed, but as of 2018 it hasn't been built.[1]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Politika-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pop21-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pop31-4"}],"text":"Banatska Palanka is an old settlement, existing at this spot since the 17th century, although the oldest settlement was on the place of today's Stara Palanka. Archaeological findings show that Stara Palanka was inhabited at least since the 1st century BC.[1]At the beginning of the 19th century Banatska Palanka was an important Danube port. The settlement has a continuous decrease of population. By the latest census from 2011, Banatska Palanka, together with Stara Palanka, had 682 inhabitants.Before World War II it was officially called just Palanka.[3][4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bela Crkva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bela_Crkva_(Vojvodina)"},{"link_name":"Kovin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kovin"},{"link_name":"Vojvodina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojvodina"},{"link_name":"Požarevac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C5%BEarevac"},{"link_name":"Central Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Serbia"}],"text":"The economy of Banatska Palanka is mostly agricultural, although not exclusively. The entirety of Stara Palanka is designated for social recreation centres (including hotels, resorts, restaurants, sport playgrounds, performance venues, etc.) as well as for flats and vacation homes.Banatska Palanka lies on the route between Bela Crkva-Kovin and Stara Palanka-Ram. It also possesses a ferry-boat, which is the shortest way of traveling from this part of Vojvodina to Požarevac and Central Serbia.","title":"Economy and features"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Slobodan Ćurčić, Broj stanovnika Vojvodine, Novi Sad, 1996.","title":"Sources"}]	[]	[{"title":"Places named Palanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palanka_(disambiguation)#Places"},{"title":"List of places in Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_places_in_Serbia"},{"title":"List of cities, towns and villages in Vojvodina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities,_towns_and_villages_in_Vojvodina"},{"title":"Banat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banat"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:South_Banat_District"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:South_Banat_District"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:South_Banat_District"},{"title":"South Banat District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Banat_District"},{"title":"Pančevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan%C4%8Devo"},{"title":"Banatski Brestovac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banatski_Brestovac"},{"title":"Banatsko Novo Selo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banatsko_Novo_Selo"},{"title":"Glogonj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glogonj"},{"title":"Dolovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolovo_(Pan%C4%8Devo)"},{"title":"Ivanovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivanovo_(Pan%C4%8Devo)"},{"title":"Jabuka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabuka,_Pan%C4%8Devo"},{"title":"Kačarevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C4%8Darevo"},{"title":"Omoljica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omoljica"},{"title":"Starčevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star%C4%8Devo"},{"title":"Alibunar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alibunar"},{"title":"Banatski Karlovac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banatski_Karlovac"},{"title":"Vladimirovac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimirovac,_Serbia"},{"title":"Dobrica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobrica"},{"title":"Ilandža","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iland%C5%BEa"},{"title":"Janošik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jano%C5%A1ik"},{"title":"Lokve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokve,_Alibunar"},{"title":"Nikolinci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolinci"},{"title":"Novi Kozjak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novi_Kozjak"},{"title":"Seleuš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleu%C5%A1"},{"title":"Bela Crkva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bela_Crkva"},{"title":"Banatska Palanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"title":"Banatska Subotica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banatska_Subotica"},{"title":"Vračev Gaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vra%C4%8Dev_Gaj"},{"title":"Grebenac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grebenac"},{"title":"Dobričevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobri%C4%8Devo"},{"title":"Dupljaja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dupljaja"},{"title":"Jasenovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasenovo_(Bela_Crkva)"},{"title":"Kajtasovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kajtasovo"},{"title":"Kaluđerovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalu%C4%91erovo"},{"title":"Kruščica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kru%C5%A1%C4%8Dica_(Bela_Crkva)"},{"title":"Kusić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kusi%C4%87_(Bela_Crkva)"},{"title":"Crvena Crkva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crvena_Crkva"},{"title":"Češko Selo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ce%C5%A1ko_Selo"},{"title":"Vršac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vr%C5%A1ac"},{"title":"Vatin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatin"},{"title":"Veliko Središte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veliko_Sredi%C5%A1te"},{"title":"Vlajkovac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlajkovac"},{"title":"Vojvodinci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojvodinci"},{"title":"Vršački Ritovi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vr%C5%A1a%C4%8Dki_Ritovi"},{"title":"Gudurica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudurica"},{"title":"Zagajica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagajica"},{"title":"Izbište","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izbi%C5%A1te"},{"title":"Jablanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jablanka"},{"title":"Kuštilj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku%C5%A1tilj"},{"title":"Mali Žam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali_%C5%BDam"},{"title":"Malo Središte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malo_Sredi%C5%A1te"},{"title":"Markovac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markovac_(Vr%C5%A1ac)"},{"title":"Mesić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesi%C4%87_(Vr%C5%A1ac)"},{"title":"Orešac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ore%C5%A1ac_(Vr%C5%A1ac)"},{"title":"Pavliš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavli%C5%A1"},{"title":"Parta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parta_(Serbia)"},{"title":"Potporanj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potporanj"},{"title":"Ritiševo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riti%C5%A1evo"},{"title":"Sočica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So%C4%8Dica"},{"title":"Straža","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stra%C5%BEa_(Vr%C5%A1ac)"},{"title":"Uljma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uljma"},{"title":"Šušara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0u%C5%A1ara"},{"title":"Kovačica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kova%C4%8Dica_(town)"},{"title":"Debeljača","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debelja%C4%8Da"},{"title":"Idvor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idvor"},{"title":"Padina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padina_(Kova%C4%8Dica)"},{"title":"Putnikovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putnikovo"},{"title":"Samoš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samo%C5%A1"},{"title":"Uzdin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzdin"},{"title":"Crepaja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crepaja"},{"title":"Kovin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kovin"},{"title":"Bavanište","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavani%C5%A1te"},{"title":"Gaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaj_(Kovin)"},{"title":"Deliblato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deliblato"},{"title":"Dubovac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubovac_(Kovin)"},{"title":"Malo Bavanište","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malo_Bavani%C5%A1te"},{"title":"Mramorak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mramorak"},{"title":"Pločica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plo%C4%8Dica"},{"title":"Skorenovac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skorenovac"},{"title":"Šumarak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0umarak"},{"title":"Opovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opovo"},{"title":"Baranda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baranda"},{"title":"Sakule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakule"},{"title":"Sefkerin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefkerin"},{"title":"Plandište","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plandi%C5%A1te"},{"title":"Banatski Sokolac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banatski_Sokolac"},{"title":"Barice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barice_(Plandi%C5%A1te)"},{"title":"Velika Greda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velika_Greda"},{"title":"Veliki Gaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veliki_Gaj"},{"title":"Dužine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%BEine"},{"title":"Jermenovci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jermenovci"},{"title":"Kupinik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupinik_(Plandi%C5%A1te)"},{"title":"Laudonovac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laudonovac"},{"title":"Margita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margita_(Plandi%C5%A1te)"},{"title":"Markovićevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markovi%C4%87evo"},{"title":"Miletićevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mileti%C4%87evo"},{"title":"Stari Lec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stari_Lec"},{"title":"Hajdučica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajdu%C4%8Dica"},{"title":"municipalities or cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op%C5%A1tina"},{"title":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q806130#identifiers"},{"title":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge760202&CON_LNG=ENG"}]	[{"reference":"Jovica Danilović (15 April 2018). \"Selo puno ribljih restorana\" [Village full of fish restaurants]. Politika (in Serbian). p. 20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.politika.rs/sr/clanak/401959/Selo-puno-ribljih-restorana","url_text":"\"Selo puno ribljih restorana\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politika","url_text":"Politika"}]},{"reference":"Turističko područje Beograda. Geokarta. 2007. ISBN 86-459-0099-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/86-459-0099-8","url_text":"86-459-0099-8"}]},{"reference":"Final results of the census of population from 31 January 1921, page 348. Kingdom of Yugoslavia - General State Statistics, Sarajevo. June 1932.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Final results of the census of population from 31 March 1931, page 47. Kingdom of Yugoslavia - General State Statistics, Belgrade. 1937.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Comparative overview of the number of population in 1948, 1953, 1961, 1971, 1981, 1991, 2002 and 2011 – Data by settlements, page 34. Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia, Belgrade. 2014. ISBN 978-86-6161-109-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-86-6161-109-4","url_text":"978-86-6161-109-4"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Banatska_Palanka&params=44_50_42_N_21_19_53_E_region:RS_type:city(837)","external_links_name":"44°50′42″N 21°19′53″E / 44.84500°N 21.33139°E / 44.84500; 21.33139"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Banatska_Palanka&params=44_50_42_N_21_19_53_E_region:RS_type:city(837)","external_links_name":"44°50′42″N 21°19′53″E / 44.84500°N 21.33139°E / 44.84500; 21.33139"},{"Link":"http://www.politika.rs/sr/clanak/401959/Selo-puno-ribljih-restorana","external_links_name":"\"Selo puno ribljih restorana\""},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge760202&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentine_Blacker	Valentine Blacker	["1 Life and career","1.1 Writings","2 References"]	Valentine BlackerCBBorn(1778-10-19)19 October 1778Armagh, Kingdom of IrelandDied4 February 1826(1826-02-04) (aged 47)Calcutta, British IndiaBuriedSouth Park Street Cemetery, CalcuttaAllegiance East India CompanyBranchArmyYears of service1798–1826RankLieutenant ColonelUnit1st Madras Native CavalryCampaignsThird Anglo-Maratha WarAwardsCompanion of Most Honourable Military Order of the BathOther workSurveyor General of India Lieutenant Colonel Valentine Blacker CB (19 October 1778 – 4 February 1826, was an officer in the Honourable East India Company's Madras Army, and later Surveyor General of India. Life and career Blacker was born in Armagh, Northern Ireland where his family has an ancestral home in the barony of Oneilland East. He obtained a commission in the Madras Cavalry in 1798, was made a cornet in 1799, and aide-de-camp to a Colonel Stevenson in the Wayanad district in 1800, and quartermaster-general in 1810. He served in Deccan, 1817, and was promoted to lieutenant colonel. His son, Maxwell, was born in June 1822. Blacker took over from John Hodgson as Surveyor General of India in 1823. In this capacity he made substantial contributions to the ongoing Trigonometrical Survey of India. He was stationed in Calcutta from 1823 until his death there from a fever in 1826. He was buried in South Park Street Cemetery in Calcutta. Andrew Waugh said that "Blacker, with the exception of Colonel George Everest, was the ablest and most scientific man that ever presided over this expensive department". Writings Blacker and his relative William Blacker were both lieutenant colonels and published authors. Because some of the work was published pseudonymously, the two are sometimes confused or conflated in texts. His correspondence with his father concerning military and political news, as well as his observations about Indian life and culture, was published in 1798. Blacker published a history of the Third Anglo-Maratha War, including discussion of the Battle of Khadki, in 1821. References ^ The Viscount Sidmouth (1969). "The Career of Colonel Valentine Blacker, C.B." Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research. 47 (191 Autumn). Society for Army Historical Research: 165–168 – via JSTOR. ^ a b Blacker, Valentine (1821). Memoirs of the Operations of the British Army in India During the Mahratta War of 1817, 1818 and 1819. London: Black, Kingsbury, Parbury, and Allen. ^ "Whitehall, October 14, 1818". The London Gazette. No. 17409. 17 October 1818. p. 1851. ^ Burke, John (1835). A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Commoners of Great Britain and Ireland, Enjoying Territorial Possessions or High Official Rank. Vol. 2. R. Bentley for Henry Colburn. ^ Holmes and Co., Calcutta (1851). The Bengal Obituary; or, a Record to Perpetuate the Memory of Departed Worth: Being a Compilation of Tablets and Monumental Inscriptions from Various Parts of the Bengal and Agra Presidencies, to which is added Biographical Sketches and Memoirs of Such as have Pre-Eminently Distinguished Themselves in the History of British India, Since the Formation of the European Settlement to the Present Time. London/Calcutta: W. Thacker. pp. 208–209. ^ Some sources give 1823 or 1827, e.g. Burke's Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Landed Gentry. Vol. 1. (1847). His grave marker gives 4 February 1826}} ^ Eton College (1908). The Eton Register. Part 1, 1841—1850. Eton: Spottiswoode & Co. Ltd. p. 15 – via Internet Archive. ^ Markham, Clements Robert (1878). A Memoir on the Indian Surveys (2nd ed.). London: W. H. Allen and Co. p. 96 – via Internet Archive. ^ Smith, J. R. (1999). Everest: The Man and the Mountain. Whittles Publishing. p. 226. ISBN 9781870325721. ^ Blacker, Valentine (1798), Letter Book Wikimedia Commons has media related to Valentine Blacker. Wikiquote has quotations related to Valentine Blacker. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Other SNAC	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lieutenant Colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Colonel"},{"link_name":"CB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-burke-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-burke1-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Honourable East India Company's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_India_Company"},{"link_name":"Madras Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madras_Army"},{"link_name":"Surveyor General of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveyor_General_of_India"}],"text":"Lieutenant Colonel Valentine Blacker CB (19 October 1778[4] – 4 February 1826,[5][6] was an officer in the Honourable East India Company's Madras Army, and later Surveyor General of India.","title":"Valentine Blacker"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Armagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armagh"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Oneilland East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oneilland_East"},{"link_name":"Madras Cavalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_Light_Cavalry"},{"link_name":"Stevenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Stevenson_(East_India_Company_officer)"},{"link_name":"Wayanad district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayanad_district"},{"link_name":"Deccan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccan_Plateau"},{"link_name":"Maxwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell_Blacker"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Surveyor General of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveyor_General_of_India"},{"link_name":"Trigonometrical Survey of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonometrical_Survey_of_India"},{"link_name":"Calcutta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcutta"},{"link_name":"fever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fever"},{"link_name":"South Park Street Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Park_Street_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Andrew Waugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Scott_Waugh"},{"link_name":"Colonel George Everest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Everest"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Blacker was born in Armagh, Northern Ireland where his family has an ancestral home in the barony of Oneilland East. He obtained a commission in the Madras Cavalry in 1798, was made a cornet in 1799, and aide-de-camp to a Colonel Stevenson in the Wayanad district in 1800, and quartermaster-general in 1810. He served in Deccan, 1817, and was promoted to lieutenant colonel. His son, Maxwell, was born in June 1822.[7]Blacker took over from John Hodgson as Surveyor General of India in 1823. In this capacity he made substantial contributions to the ongoing Trigonometrical Survey of India. He was stationed in Calcutta from 1823 until his death there from a fever in 1826. He was buried in South Park Street Cemetery in Calcutta.[8] Andrew Waugh said that \"Blacker, with the exception of Colonel George Everest, was the ablest and most scientific man that ever presided over this expensive department\".[9]","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Blacker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Blacker"},{"link_name":"lieutenant colonels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_colonels"},{"link_name":"pseudonymously","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonymously"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b;lacker1798-10"},{"link_name":"Third Anglo-Maratha War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Anglo-Maratha_War"},{"link_name":"Battle of Khadki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Khadki"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blacker-2"}],"sub_title":"Writings","text":"Blacker and his relative William Blacker were both lieutenant colonels and published authors. Because some of the work was published pseudonymously, the two are sometimes confused or conflated in texts.His correspondence with his father concerning military and political news, as well as his observations about Indian life and culture, was published in 1798.[10]Blacker published a history of the Third Anglo-Maratha War, including discussion of the Battle of Khadki, in 1821.[2]","title":"Life and career"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"The Viscount Sidmouth (1969). \"The Career of Colonel Valentine Blacker, C.B.\" Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research. 47 (191 Autumn). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavius_Vegetius_Renatus	Vegetius	["1 Dating of work","2 Epitoma rei militaris","3 References","4 Translations","5 External links"]	Roman author VegetiusFanciful portrait from a 1529 editionBorn4th century ADDiedAfter 383LanguageLatinCitizenshipRoman EmpireSubjectMilitary affairs, Veterinary medicineNotable worksDe re militariMulomedicina (1250-1375 ca., Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, pluteo 45.19) Publius (or Flavius) Vegetius Renatus, known as Vegetius (Latin: ), was a writer of the Later Roman Empire (late 4th century). Nothing is known of his life or station beyond what is contained in his two surviving works: Epitoma rei militaris (also referred to as De re militari), and the lesser-known Digesta Artis Mulomedicinae, a guide to veterinary medicine. He identifies himself in the opening of his work Epitoma rei militaris as a Christian. Dating of work The latest event alluded to in his Epitoma rei militaris is the death of the Emperor Gratian (383); the earliest attestation of the work is a subscriptio by Flavius Eutropius, writing in Constantinople in 450, which appears in one of two families of manuscripts, suggesting that a division of the manuscript tradition had already occurred. Despite Eutropius' location in Constantinople, the scholarly consensus is that Vegetius wrote in the Western Roman Empire. Vegetius dedicates his work to the reigning emperor, who is identified as Theodosius, ad Theodosium imperatorem, in the manuscript family that was not edited in 450; the identity is disputed: some scholars identify him with Theodosius I (r. 379–395, while others follow Otto Seeck and identify him with the later Valentinian III, dating the work to 430–35. Goffart agrees that the later date is likely, suggesting that the work may have been intended to support a military revival in the time of Aetius's supremacy. Rosenbaum also argues that he wrote in the early 430s; Theodosius II might then have been the dedicatee. Rosenbaum uses allusions from Vegetius's works and relationships to the work of Merobaudes to suggest that Vegetius was a senior court official, primiscrinius to the praetorian prefect, who had been an agens in rebus. Epitoma rei militaris Main article: De re militari Vegetius' epitome mainly focuses on military organization and how to react to certain occasions in war. Vegetius explains how one should fortify and organize a camp, how to train troops, how to handle undisciplined troops, how to handle a battle engagement, how to march, formation gauge and many other useful methods of promoting organization and valour in the legion. As G. R. Watson observes, Vegetius' Epitoma "is the only ancient manual of Roman military institutions to have survived intact". Despite this, Watson doubts its value, for Vegetius "was neither a historian nor a soldier: his work is a compilation carelessly constructed from material of all ages, a congeries of inconsistencies". These antiquarian sources, according to his own statement, were Cato the Elder, Cornelius Celsus, Frontinus, Paternus and the imperial constitutions of Augustus, Trajan, and Hadrian (1.8). The first book is a plea for army reform; it vividly portrays the military decadence of the Late Roman Empire. Vegetius also describes in detail the organisation, training and equipment of the army of the early Empire. The third book contains a series of military maxims, which were (appropriately enough, considering the similarity in the military conditions of the two ages) the foundation of military learning for every European commander from William the Silent to Frederick the Great. His book on siegecraft contains the best description of Late Empire and Medieval siege machines. Among other things, it shows details of the siege engine called the onager, which afterwards played a great part in sieges until the development of modern cannonry. The fifth book gives an account of the materiel and personnel of the Roman navy. According to the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, "In manuscript, Vegetius' work had a great vogue from its first advent. Its rules of siegecraft were much studied in the Middle Ages." N.P. Milner observes that it was "one of the most popular Latin technical works from Antiquity, rivalling the elder Pliny's Natural History in the number of surviving copies dating from before AD 1300." It was translated into English, French (by Jean de Meun and others), Italian (by the Florentine judge Bono Giamboni and others), Catalan, Spanish, Czech, and Yiddish before the invention of printing. The first printed editions are ascribed to Utrecht (1473), Cologne (1476), Paris (1478), Rome (in Veteres de re mil. scriptores, 1487), and Pisa (1488). A German translation by Ludwig Hohenwang appeared at Ulm in 1475. However, from that point Vegetius' position as the premier military authority began to decline, as ancient historians such as Polybius became available. Niccolò Machiavelli attempted to address Vegetius' defects in his L'arte della Guerra (Florence, 1521), with heavy use of Polybius, Frontinus, and Livy, but Justus Lipsius' accusation that he confused the institutions of diverse periods of the Roman Empire and G. Stewechius' opinion that the survival of Vegetius' work led to the loss of his named sources were more typical of the late Renaissance. While as late as the 18th century a soldier such as Marshal Puysegur based his own works on this acknowledged model, in Milner's words, Vegetius' work suffered "a long period of deepening neglect". Vegetius emphasizes the shortcomings of the Roman Army in his lifetime. To do this, he eulogises the army of the early Empire. In particular, he stresses the high standard of the legionaries and the excellence of the training and the officer corps. In reality, Vegetius probably describes an ideal rather than the reality. The army of the early Empire was a formidable fighting force, but it probably was not in its entirety quite as good as Vegetius describes. In particular, the 5-foot-10-inch minimum height identified by Vegetius would have excluded the majority of the men in Roman times (the Roman foot was 29.6 centimetres (11.7 in) and inch was 2.46 centimetres (0.97 in), hence a 5'10" Roman was 172.6 centimetres (5 ft 8.0 in), which is just above average height of Roman (Italian) men of the time from skeletal evidence from Herculaneum in 79 AD). The emperor Valentinian (364–375) lowered the height minimum to 5' 7" Roman which equals 165.2 centimetres (5 ft 5.0 in). References ^ His name appears both as Publius Vegetius Renatus and Flavius Vegetius Renatus. Milner, Vegetius: Epitome of Military Science (Liverpool University Press, 1993), pp. xxxi–xxxiii, believes the evidence favors Publius. ^ Lipowsky, Felix Joseph (1827). Des Flavius Vegetius Renatus fünf Bücher über Kriegswissenschaft und Kriegskunst der Römer. Seidel. ^ a b Walter Goffart. The date and purposes of Vegetius' De Re Militari. In Rome's Fall and After, chapter 3, pp 49-80. Hambledon Press 1989. ISBN 1 85285 001 9 ^ N.P. Milner sets forth the argument for Theodosius in Vegetius: Epitome of Military Science, second edition (Liverpool: University Press, 1996), pp. xxxvii ff; T. D. Barnes, "The Date of Vegetius" Phoenix 33.3 (Autumn 1979), pp. 254–257, makes the case for Theodosius. ^ Seeck, "Die Zeit des Vegetius", Hermes 11 (1876), 61–83. Seeck's conclusions changed the mind of Karl Lang, who twice edited the Teubner De re militaria, and adopted Seeck's ascription. ^ G. R. Watson, The Roman Soldier (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1969), p. 26. ^ Rosenbaum, S; "Who was Vegetius?" published on Academia.edu 2015 https://www.academia.edu/5496690/Who_was_Vegetius ^ Watson, The Roman Soldier, pp. 25f ^ a b c d e One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Vegetius". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 968. ^ Milner, Vegetius, p. xiii ^ Milner, Vegetius, pp. xiiif. ^ Milner, Vegetius, p. xiv. Translations Military Institutions of Vegetius, translated with a preface and notes by Lieutenant John Clarke, London, 1767. Abridged reprint (Books IV and V omitted): The Military Institutions of the Romans, Military Service Publishing Company, Harrisburg, Pa.. 1944. Vegetius: Epitome of Military Science, translated with notes and introduction by N.P. Milner, Translated Texts for Historians, Vol. 16, Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1993. (Second edition 1996; second revised edition 2011.) Het Romeinse leger, Dutch translation by Fik Meijer, Polak/Van gennep Publishers, Amsterdam, 2004. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Vegetius. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Publius Flavius Vegetius Renatus. The complete Latin text of De Re Militari is available online: The Latin Library IntraText From the Lessing J. Rosenwald Collection at the Library of Congress De re militari N G. De re militari . The 1944 abridged edition of Lieutenant John Clarke's 1767 translation (omitting Books IV and V, "of interest only to military antiquarians") is available online: The Military Institutions of the Romans A complete facsimile of John Clarke's 1767 translation is available at Google Books: Military Institutions of Vegetius 1529 German-language edition of De re militari published by Heinrich Stayner with woodcuts variously depicting underwater diving suits, siege equipment, cannons, and air mattresses for the comfort of soldiers in the field. Vier Bücher der Ritterschafft (All 121 full-page woodcuts and 2 half-page woodcuts freely available for download in a variety of formats from Science History Institute Digital Collections). Authority control databases International FAST ISNI 2 3 VIAF 2 3 4 5 WorldCat National Norway Spain France BnF data Catalonia Germany Italy Israel Belgium United States Sweden Czech Republic Australia Greece Korea Croatia Netherlands Poland Portugal 2 3 Vatican Academics CiNii People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toscana,_vegezio,_mulomedicina,_1250-1375_ca,_pluteo_45.19,_01.JPG"},{"link_name":"Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteca_Medicea_Laurenziana"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[u̯ɛˈɡɛtiʊs]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Latin"},{"link_name":"Later Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"4th century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_century"},{"link_name":"De re militari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Re_Militari"},{"link_name":"veterinary medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterinary_medicine"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Mulomedicina (1250-1375 ca., Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, pluteo 45.19)Publius (or Flavius) Vegetius Renatus,[1] known as Vegetius (Latin: [u̯ɛˈɡɛtiʊs]), was a writer of the Later Roman Empire (late 4th century). Nothing is known of his life or station beyond what is contained in his two surviving works: Epitoma rei militaris (also referred to as De re militari), and the lesser-known Digesta Artis Mulomedicinae, a guide to veterinary medicine. He identifies himself in the opening of his work Epitoma rei militaris as a Christian.[2]","title":"Vegetius"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gratian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gratian"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Western Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Walter_Goffart_pp_49-80-3"},{"link_name":"Theodosius I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodosius_I"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Otto Seeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Seeck"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Valentinian III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentinian_III"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Aetius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavius_Aetius"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Walter_Goffart_pp_49-80-3"},{"link_name":"Theodosius II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodosius_II"},{"link_name":"Merobaudes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merobaudes_(poet)"},{"link_name":"praetorian prefect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praetorian_prefect"},{"link_name":"agens in rebus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agens_in_rebus"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The latest event alluded to in his Epitoma rei militaris is the death of the Emperor Gratian (383); the earliest attestation of the work is a subscriptio by Flavius Eutropius, writing in Constantinople in 450, which appears in one of two families of manuscripts, suggesting that a division of the manuscript tradition had already occurred. Despite Eutropius' location in Constantinople, the scholarly consensus is that Vegetius wrote in the Western Roman Empire.[3] Vegetius dedicates his work to the reigning emperor, who is identified as Theodosius, ad Theodosium imperatorem, in the manuscript family that was not edited in 450; the identity is disputed: some scholars identify him with Theodosius I (r. 379–395,[4] while others follow Otto Seeck[5] and identify him with the later Valentinian III, dating the work to 430–35.[6] Goffart agrees that the later date is likely, suggesting that the work may have been intended to support a military revival in the time of Aetius's supremacy.[3] Rosenbaum also argues that he wrote in the early 430s; Theodosius II might then have been the dedicatee. Rosenbaum uses allusions from Vegetius's works and relationships to the work of Merobaudes to suggest that Vegetius was a senior court official, primiscrinius to the praetorian prefect, who had been an agens in rebus.[7]","title":"Dating of work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"epitome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epitome"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Cato the Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cato_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"Cornelius Celsus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_Celsus"},{"link_name":"Frontinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontinus"},{"link_name":"Paternus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarruntenus_Paternus"},{"link_name":"Augustus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus"},{"link_name":"Trajan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajan"},{"link_name":"Hadrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-9"},{"link_name":"William the Silent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_the_Silent"},{"link_name":"Frederick the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_the_Great"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-9"},{"link_name":"siegecraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege"},{"link_name":"Medieval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval"},{"link_name":"onager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onager_(siege_weapon)"},{"link_name":"Roman navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_navy"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-9"},{"link_name":"Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition"},{"link_name":"Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"the elder Pliny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"Natural History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Jean de Meun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_de_Meun"},{"link_name":"Bono Giamboni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bono_Giamboni&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-9"},{"link_name":"Polybius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polybius"},{"link_name":"Niccolò Machiavelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli"},{"link_name":"L'arte della Guerra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Art_of_War_(Machiavelli)"},{"link_name":"Polybius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polybius"},{"link_name":"Frontinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontinus"},{"link_name":"Livy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livy"},{"link_name":"Justus Lipsius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justus_Lipsius"},{"link_name":"Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Marshal Puysegur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshal_Puysegur"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-9"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Herculaneum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herculaneum"},{"link_name":"Valentinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentinian_I"}],"text":"Vegetius' epitome mainly focuses on military organization and how to react to certain occasions in war. Vegetius explains how one should fortify and organize a camp, how to train troops, how to handle undisciplined troops, how to handle a battle engagement, how to march, formation gauge and many other useful methods of promoting organization and valour in the legion.As G. R. Watson observes, Vegetius' Epitoma \"is the only ancient manual of Roman military institutions to have survived intact\". Despite this, Watson doubts its value, for Vegetius \"was neither a historian nor a soldier: his work is a compilation carelessly constructed from material of all ages, a congeries of inconsistencies\".[8] These antiquarian sources, according to his own statement, were Cato the Elder, Cornelius Celsus, Frontinus, Paternus and the imperial constitutions of Augustus, Trajan, and Hadrian (1.8).[9]The first book is a plea for army reform; it vividly portrays the military decadence of the Late Roman Empire. Vegetius also describes in detail the organisation, training and equipment of the army of the early Empire. The third book contains a series of military maxims, which were (appropriately enough, considering the similarity in the military conditions of the two ages) the foundation of military learning for every European commander from William the Silent to Frederick the Great.[9]His book on siegecraft contains the best description of Late Empire and Medieval siege machines. Among other things, it shows details of the siege engine called the onager, which afterwards played a great part in sieges until the development of modern cannonry. The fifth book gives an account of the materiel and personnel of the Roman navy.[9]According to the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, \"In manuscript, Vegetius' work had a great vogue from its first advent. Its rules of siegecraft were much studied in the Middle Ages.\" N.P. Milner observes that it was \"one of the most popular Latin technical works from Antiquity, rivalling the elder Pliny's Natural History in the number of surviving copies dating from before AD 1300.\"[10] It was translated into English, French (by Jean de Meun and others), Italian (by the Florentine judge Bono Giamboni and others), Catalan, Spanish, Czech, and Yiddish before the invention of printing. The first printed editions are ascribed to Utrecht (1473), Cologne (1476), Paris (1478), Rome (in Veteres de re mil. scriptores, 1487), and Pisa (1488). A German translation by Ludwig Hohenwang appeared at Ulm in 1475.[9]However, from that point Vegetius' position as the premier military authority began to decline, as ancient historians such as Polybius became available. Niccolò Machiavelli attempted to address Vegetius' defects in his L'arte della Guerra (Florence, 1521), with heavy use of Polybius, Frontinus, and Livy, but Justus Lipsius' accusation that he confused the institutions of diverse periods of the Roman Empire and G. Stewechius' opinion that the survival of Vegetius' work led to the loss of his named sources were more typical of the late Renaissance.[11] While as late as the 18th century a soldier such as Marshal Puysegur based his own works on this acknowledged model,[9] in Milner's words, Vegetius' work suffered \"a long period of deepening neglect\".[12]Vegetius emphasizes the shortcomings of the Roman Army in his lifetime. To do this, he eulogises the army of the early Empire. In particular, he stresses the high standard of the legionaries and the excellence of the training and the officer corps. In reality, Vegetius probably describes an ideal rather than the reality. The army of the early Empire was a formidable fighting force, but it probably was not in its entirety quite as good as Vegetius describes. In particular, the 5-foot-10-inch minimum height identified by Vegetius would have excluded the majority of the men in Roman times (the Roman foot was 29.6 centimetres (11.7 in) and inch was 2.46 centimetres (0.97 in), hence a 5'10\" Roman was 172.6 centimetres (5 ft 8.0 in), which is just above average height of Roman (Italian) men of the time from skeletal evidence from Herculaneum in 79 AD). The emperor Valentinian (364–375) lowered the height minimum to 5' 7\" Roman which equals 165.2 centimetres (5 ft 5.0 in).","title":"Epitoma rei militaris"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Military Institutions of Vegetius, translated with a preface and notes by Lieutenant John Clarke, London, 1767. Abridged reprint (Books IV and V omitted): The Military Institutions of the Romans, Military Service Publishing Company, Harrisburg, Pa.. 1944.\nVegetius: Epitome of Military Science, translated with notes and introduction by N.P. Milner, Translated Texts for Historians, Vol. 16, Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1993. (Second edition 1996; second revised edition 2011.)\nHet Romeinse leger, Dutch translation by Fik Meijer, Polak/Van gennep Publishers, Amsterdam, 2004.","title":"Translations"}]	[{"image_text":"Mulomedicina (1250-1375 ca., Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, pluteo 45.19)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Toscana%2C_vegezio%2C_mulomedicina%2C_1250-1375_ca%2C_pluteo_45.19%2C_01.JPG/300px-Toscana%2C_vegezio%2C_mulomedicina%2C_1250-1375_ca%2C_pluteo_45.19%2C_01.JPG"}]	null	[{"reference":"Lipowsky, Felix Joseph (1827). Des Flavius Vegetius Renatus fünf Bücher über Kriegswissenschaft und Kriegskunst der Römer. Seidel.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Cao9AAAAcAAJ&q=Vegetius&pg=PR7","url_text":"Des Flavius Vegetius Renatus fünf Bücher über Kriegswissenschaft und Kriegskunst der Römer"}]},{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Vegetius\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temenggung	Temenggong	["1 Responsibilities","2 Johor","3 Majapahit","4 Mataram Sultanate","5 See also","6 References"]	Old Malay nobility title Temenggong or Tumenggung (Jawi: تمڠݢوڠ; Temenggung, Hanacaraka: ꦠꦸꦩꦼꦁꦒꦸꦁ; Tumenggung) is an old Malay and Javanese title of nobility, usually given to the chief of public security. Responsibilities The Temenggong is usually responsible for the safety of the monarch (raja or sultan), as well as overseeing the state police and army. A temenggong may also be assigned by its sovereign as a ruler in frontier regions, acting as either a regent or a viceroy with additional development & military responsibility (comparable to European Marquess). Johor In the Sultanate of Johor, the Temenggong of Muar held a fief centered in Segamat for approximately two centuries and the Temenggong of Johor was the head of the fief (Johor mainland) between 1760 and 1868. The full rendition of the Johor Temenggong was Temenggung Seri Maharaja. Although the Temenggong was the head of the fief's administration, the Temenggong held the Johor Sultanate by virtue of his being a vassal of the Sultan. In 1868, Temenggong Abu Bakar declared himself as a maharaja, assumed control over Muar and declared himself an independent ruler. In 1885, he assumed the title of Sultan with the blessing of Britain. Majapahit Negarakretagama cantos 10 describe that the mayor visited the Kepatihan Amangkubhumi (Prime Minister building) led by Gajah Mada in order to report the administrative activities in the area. Majapahit government administration had five authoritative leaders called Sang Panca Ri is capability they were Patih Amangkubhumi (Prime Minister) / the Prime Minister who supervised Rakryan Tumenggung (commander), Rakryan Rangga (commander assistant), Rakryan Kanuruhan (communicator) and Rakryan Demung (regulator the royal household). He ruled as the regulator of the government implementation in all regions of Majapahit, and therefore Sang Panca Ri Wilwatikta was visited by the State authorities and local subordinates for government affairs. From the Prime Minister, commands down to wedana (the district officer), the district head. From wedana down to akuwu, the head of a group of village. From akuwu down to buyut, village elders. From buyut down to the villagers Mataram Sultanate During the era of Mataram Sultanate, temenggongs were directly appointed by sultan and act as a regional leader in regions not directly administrated by the court (mostly in coastal regions). They were responsible for raising and commanding their own regional army, which could be assigned in a military expedition supervised by the sultan himself. One of the most renowned temenggong in Mataram was Bahureksa, the regent of Kendal. He was executed by Sultan Agung due to his failure while leading the Mataram army during the unsuccessful Siege of Batavia in 1628. See also Laksamana Marquess Penghulu Bendahari Syahbandar Defence minister References ^ a b Turnbull, C.M. (1977). A History of Singapore: 1819-1975. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-580354-X. ^ M.Pd, Dr Endi Rochaendi (14 December 2020). Sebuah Catatan Majalengka Tempo Dulu: Alam, Manusia & Kehidupan (in Indonesian). Media Sains Indonesia. ISBN 978-623-6882-64-1. ^ Graaf, Hermanus Johannes de (1986). Puncak kekuasaan Mataram: politik ekspansi Sultan Agung (in Indonesian). Grafitipers. ISBN 978-979-444-090-2. ^ Sisi gelap Kalimantan Barat: perseteruan etnis Dayak-Madura 1997 (in Indonesian). Institut Studi Arus Informasi. 1999. ISBN 978-979-8933-18-9. ^ "Java Sources". www.spaetmittelalter.uni-hamburg.de. Retrieved 15 October 2021. ^ Suwarno, P. J. (1989). Sejarah birokrasi pemerintahan Indonesia dahulu dan sekarang (in Indonesian). Penerbitan Universitas Atma Jaya Yogyakarta. ISBN 978-979-8109-01-0. ^ B.Sc, Drs H. Budiono Herusatoto (1 May 2021). Kisah Penerus Dinasti Mataram, Sang Pangeran Senapati Puger, Berjuang Dari Banyumas Hingga Kartasura (in Indonesian). Deepublish. ISBN 978-623-02-2838-4. ^ Graaf, Hermanus Johannes de (1986). Puncak kekuasaan Mataram: politik ekspansi Sultan Agung (in Indonesian). Grafitipers. ISBN 978-979-444-090-2. ^ Okezone (21 February 2021). "Melacak Jejak Prajurit Mataram saat Serang Batavia : Okezone Nasional". nasional.okezone.com/ (in Indonesian). Retrieved 8 June 2021. ^ 5 Sultan Nusantara Melawan Penjajah: Seri Kepahlawanan Raja-raja Nusantara (in Indonesian). Sang Surya Media. 22 December 2017. ^ "Kisah Suram di Balik Kegagalan Mataram Taklukan Batavia". Republika Online (in Indonesian). 28 August 2020. Retrieved 8 June 2021.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawi_script"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-turnbull-1"},{"link_name":"Hanacaraka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_script"},{"link_name":"Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_language"},{"link_name":"Javanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_language"}],"text":"Temenggong or Tumenggung (Jawi: تمڠݢوڠ; Temenggung,[1] Hanacaraka: ꦠꦸꦩꦼꦁꦒꦸꦁ; Tumenggung) is an old Malay and Javanese title of nobility, usually given to the chief of public security.","title":"Temenggong"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"regent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regent"},{"link_name":"viceroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viceroy"},{"link_name":"Marquess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquess"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The Temenggong is usually responsible for the safety of the monarch (raja or sultan), as well as overseeing the state police and army. A temenggong may also be assigned by its sovereign as a ruler in frontier regions, acting as either a regent or a viceroy with additional development & military responsibility (comparable to European Marquess).[2][3][4]","title":"Responsibilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sultanate of Johor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Johor"},{"link_name":"Temenggong of Muar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temenggong_of_Muar"},{"link_name":"Segamat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segamat"},{"link_name":"Temenggong of Johor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temenggong_of_Johor"},{"link_name":"vassal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-turnbull-1"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"Abu Bakar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Bakar_of_Johor"},{"link_name":"maharaja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharaja"},{"link_name":"Sultan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan"}],"text":"In the Sultanate of Johor, the Temenggong of Muar held a fief centered in Segamat for approximately two centuries and the Temenggong of Johor was the head of the fief (Johor mainland) between 1760 and 1868. The full rendition of the Johor Temenggong was Temenggung Seri Maharaja. Although the Temenggong was the head of the fief's administration, the Temenggong held the Johor Sultanate by virtue of his being a vassal of the Sultan.[1][better source needed] In 1868, Temenggong Abu Bakar declared himself as a maharaja, assumed control over Muar and declared himself an independent ruler. In 1885, he assumed the title of Sultan with the blessing of Britain.","title":"Johor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Negarakretagama cantos 10[5] describe that the mayor visited the Kepatihan Amangkubhumi (Prime Minister building) led by Gajah Mada in order to report the administrative activities in the area. Majapahit government administration had five authoritative leaders called Sang Panca Ri is capability they werePatih Amangkubhumi (Prime Minister) / the Prime Minister who supervised Rakryan Tumenggung (commander), Rakryan Rangga (commander assistant), Rakryan Kanuruhan (communicator) and Rakryan Demung (regulator the royal household). He ruled as the regulator of the government implementation in all regions of Majapahit, and therefore Sang Panca Ri Wilwatikta was visited by the State authorities and local subordinates for government affairs.\nFrom the Prime Minister, commands down to wedana (the district officer), the district head.\nFrom wedana down to akuwu, the head of a group of village.\nFrom akuwu down to buyut, village elders.\nFrom buyut down to the villagers","title":"Majapahit"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mataram Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mataram_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Bahureksa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bahureksa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kendal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendal_Regency"},{"link_name":"Sultan Agung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Agung_of_Mataram"},{"link_name":"Siege of Batavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Batavia"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"During the era of Mataram Sultanate, temenggongs were directly appointed by sultan and act as a regional leader in regions not directly administrated by the court (mostly in coastal regions).[6][7] They were responsible for raising and commanding their own regional army, which could be assigned in a military expedition supervised by the sultan himself.[8] One of the most renowned temenggong in Mataram was Bahureksa, the regent of Kendal. He was executed by Sultan Agung due to his failure while leading the Mataram army during the unsuccessful Siege of Batavia in 1628.[9][10][11]","title":"Mataram Sultanate"}]	[]	[{"title":"Laksamana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laksamana"},{"title":"Marquess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquess"},{"title":"Penghulu Bendahari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Penghulu_Bendahari&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Syahbandar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syahbandar"},{"title":"Defence minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence_minister"}]	[{"reference":"Turnbull, C.M. (1977). A History of Singapore: 1819-1975. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-580354-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._M._Turnbull","url_text":"Turnbull, C.M."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-580354-X","url_text":"0-19-580354-X"}]},{"reference":"M.Pd, Dr Endi Rochaendi (14 December 2020). Sebuah Catatan Majalengka Tempo Dulu: Alam, Manusia & Kehidupan (in Indonesian). Media Sains Indonesia. ISBN 978-623-6882-64-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UKcPEAAAQBAJ&dq=fungsi+tumenggung&pg=PA62","url_text":"Sebuah Catatan Majalengka Tempo Dulu: Alam, Manusia & Kehidupan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-623-6882-64-1","url_text":"978-623-6882-64-1"}]},{"reference":"Graaf, Hermanus Johannes de (1986). Puncak kekuasaan Mataram: politik ekspansi Sultan Agung (in Indonesian). Grafitipers. ISBN 978-979-444-090-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CaQeAAAAMAAJ&q=tumenggung+tentara","url_text":"Puncak kekuasaan Mataram: politik ekspansi Sultan Agung"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-979-444-090-2","url_text":"978-979-444-090-2"}]},{"reference":"Sisi gelap Kalimantan Barat: perseteruan etnis Dayak-Madura 1997 (in Indonesian). Institut Studi Arus Informasi. 1999. ISBN 978-979-8933-18-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pEhxAAAAMAAJ&q=jabatan+tumenggung","url_text":"Sisi gelap Kalimantan Barat: perseteruan etnis Dayak-Madura 1997"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-979-8933-18-9","url_text":"978-979-8933-18-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Java Sources\". www.spaetmittelalter.uni-hamburg.de. Retrieved 15 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.spaetmittelalter.uni-hamburg.de/java-history/JavaNK/Java1365.Nagara-Kertagama.Canto.8-12.html","url_text":"\"Java Sources\""}]},{"reference":"Suwarno, P. J. (1989). Sejarah birokrasi pemerintahan Indonesia dahulu dan sekarang (in Indonesian). Penerbitan Universitas Atma Jaya Yogyakarta. ISBN 978-979-8109-01-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=stIjAAAAMAAJ&q=tumenggung+daerah+sultan","url_text":"Sejarah birokrasi pemerintahan Indonesia dahulu dan sekarang"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-979-8109-01-0","url_text":"978-979-8109-01-0"}]},{"reference":"B.Sc, Drs H. Budiono Herusatoto (1 May 2021). Kisah Penerus Dinasti Mataram, Sang Pangeran Senapati Puger, Berjuang Dari Banyumas Hingga Kartasura (in Indonesian). Deepublish. ISBN 978-623-02-2838-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lvsuEAAAQBAJ&dq=jabatan+tumenggung+mataram&pg=PA434","url_text":"Kisah Penerus Dinasti Mataram, Sang Pangeran Senapati Puger, Berjuang Dari Banyumas Hingga Kartasura"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-623-02-2838-4","url_text":"978-623-02-2838-4"}]},{"reference":"Graaf, Hermanus Johannes de (1986). Puncak kekuasaan Mataram: politik ekspansi Sultan Agung (in Indonesian). Grafitipers. ISBN 978-979-444-090-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CaQeAAAAMAAJ&q=tentara+tumenggung+mataram","url_text":"Puncak kekuasaan Mataram: politik ekspansi Sultan Agung"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-979-444-090-2","url_text":"978-979-444-090-2"}]},{"reference":"Okezone (21 February 2021). \"Melacak Jejak Prajurit Mataram saat Serang Batavia : Okezone Nasional\". nasional.okezone.com/ (in Indonesian). Retrieved 8 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://nasional.okezone.com/read/2021/02/21/337/2365613/melacak-jejak-prajurit-mataram-saat-serang-batavia","url_text":"\"Melacak Jejak Prajurit Mataram saat Serang Batavia : Okezone Nasional\""}]},{"reference":"5 Sultan Nusantara Melawan Penjajah: Seri Kepahlawanan Raja-raja Nusantara (in Indonesian). Sang Surya Media. 22 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8xZEDwAAQBAJ&dq=Bahureksa+Kendal&pg=PA25","url_text":"5 Sultan Nusantara Melawan Penjajah: Seri Kepahlawanan Raja-raja Nusantara"}]},{"reference":"\"Kisah Suram di Balik Kegagalan Mataram Taklukan Batavia\". Republika Online (in Indonesian). 28 August 2020. Retrieved 8 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://republika.co.id/share/qfqjts282","url_text":"\"Kisah Suram di Balik Kegagalan Mataram Taklukan Batavia\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UKcPEAAAQBAJ&dq=fungsi+tumenggung&pg=PA62","external_links_name":"Sebuah Catatan Majalengka Tempo Dulu: Alam, Manusia & Kehidupan"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CaQeAAAAMAAJ&q=tumenggung+tentara","external_links_name":"Puncak kekuasaan Mataram: politik ekspansi Sultan Agung"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pEhxAAAAMAAJ&q=jabatan+tumenggung","external_links_name":"Sisi gelap Kalimantan Barat: perseteruan etnis Dayak-Madura 1997"},{"Link":"http://www.spaetmittelalter.uni-hamburg.de/java-history/JavaNK/Java1365.Nagara-Kertagama.Canto.8-12.html","external_links_name":"\"Java Sources\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=stIjAAAAMAAJ&q=tumenggung+daerah+sultan","external_links_name":"Sejarah birokrasi pemerintahan Indonesia dahulu dan sekarang"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lvsuEAAAQBAJ&dq=jabatan+tumenggung+mataram&pg=PA434","external_links_name":"Kisah Penerus Dinasti Mataram, Sang Pangeran Senapati Puger, Berjuang Dari Banyumas Hingga Kartasura"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CaQeAAAAMAAJ&q=tentara+tumenggung+mataram","external_links_name":"Puncak kekuasaan Mataram: politik ekspansi Sultan Agung"},{"Link":"https://nasional.okezone.com/read/2021/02/21/337/2365613/melacak-jejak-prajurit-mataram-saat-serang-batavia","external_links_name":"\"Melacak Jejak Prajurit Mataram saat Serang Batavia : Okezone Nasional\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8xZEDwAAQBAJ&dq=Bahureksa+Kendal&pg=PA25","external_links_name":"5 Sultan Nusantara Melawan Penjajah: Seri Kepahlawanan Raja-raja Nusantara"},{"Link":"https://republika.co.id/share/qfqjts282","external_links_name":"\"Kisah Suram di Balik Kegagalan Mataram Taklukan Batavia\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Man_in_Space	1st Man in Space	["1 Track listings","1.1 CD 1","1.2 CD 2","2 Personnel","2.1 The All Seeing I","3 References","4 External links"]	This article is about the 1999 song. For the first human in space, see Yuri Gagarin. 1999 single by All Seeing I and Philip Oakey"1st Man in Space"Single by All Seeing I and Philip Oakeyfrom the album Pickled Eggs and Sherbet ReleasedSeptember 1999Recorded1999GenreR&B, electronic rockLength3:46LabelFFRRSongwriter(s)Jarvis Cocker, All Seeing IAll Seeing I singles chronology "Walk Like a Panther" (1999) "1st Man in Space" (1999) Philip Oakey singles chronology "What Comes After Goodbye"(1990) "1st Man in Space"(1999) "Rock and Roll Is Dead" / "LA Today"(2003) "1st Man in Space" is a song by the English electronic music group All Seeing I, based in Sheffield. It was the third single to be released from the album Pickled Eggs and Sherbet (1999). It features vocals by Philip Oakey of the Human League on what is essentially an update of David Bowie's "Space Oddity" and Elton John's "Rocket Man". The lyrics were written by another Sheffield musician, Jarvis Cocker of Pulp. The single reached number 28 on the UK Singles Chart when released in September 1999. Track listings CD 1 "1st Man in Space" (Radio Edit) (3:46) "1st Man in Space" (Album Version) (5:00) "Sweet Music" (7:21) CD 2 "1st Man in Space" (Long Version) (5:45) "Dirty Slapper" (6:27) "No Pop I" (3:14) Personnel Philip Oakey - vocals Jarvis Cocker - lyrics, guitars The All Seeing I Dean Honer - keyboards Jason Buckle - guitars, bass Richard Barrett (DJ Parrot) - drums, programming References External links http://www.the-black-hit-of-space.dk/be_my_lover.htm http://www.the-black-hit-of-space.dk/first_man_in_space_review.htm http://www.pulpwiki.net/Jarvis/1stManInSpace Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group This 1990s pop song-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yuri Gagarin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin"},{"link_name":"All Seeing I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Seeing_I"},{"link_name":"Sheffield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield"},{"link_name":"Pickled Eggs and Sherbet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickled_Eggs_and_Sherbet"},{"link_name":"Philip Oakey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Oakey"},{"link_name":"the Human League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Human_League"},{"link_name":"David Bowie's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie"},{"link_name":"Space Oddity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Oddity"},{"link_name":"Elton John's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elton_John"},{"link_name":"Rocket Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket_Man_(song)"},{"link_name":"Jarvis Cocker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarvis_Cocker"},{"link_name":"Pulp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_(band)"}],"text":"This article is about the 1999 song. For the first human in space, see Yuri Gagarin.1999 single by All Seeing I and Philip Oakey\"1st Man in Space\" is a song by the English electronic music group All Seeing I, based in Sheffield. It was the third single to be released from the album Pickled Eggs and Sherbet (1999).It features vocals by Philip Oakey of the Human League on what is essentially an update of David Bowie's \"Space Oddity\" and Elton John's \"Rocket Man\". The lyrics were written by another Sheffield musician, Jarvis Cocker of Pulp.The single reached number 28 on the UK Singles Chart when released in September 1999.","title":"1st Man in Space"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Track listings"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"CD 1","text":"\"1st Man in Space\" (Radio Edit) (3:46)\n\"1st Man in Space\" (Album Version) (5:00)\n\"Sweet Music\" (7:21)","title":"Track listings"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"CD 2","text":"\"1st Man in Space\" (Long Version) (5:45)\n\"Dirty Slapper\" (6:27)\n\"No Pop I\" (3:14)","title":"Track listings"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Philip Oakey - vocals\nJarvis Cocker - lyrics, guitars","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"The All Seeing I","text":"Dean Honer - keyboards\nJason Buckle - guitars, bass\nRichard Barrett (DJ Parrot) - drums, programming","title":"Personnel"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.the-black-hit-of-space.dk/be_my_lover.htm","external_links_name":"http://www.the-black-hit-of-space.dk/be_my_lover.htm"},{"Link":"http://www.the-black-hit-of-space.dk/first_man_in_space_review.htm","external_links_name":"http://www.the-black-hit-of-space.dk/first_man_in_space_review.htm"},{"Link":"http://www.pulpwiki.net/Jarvis/1stManInSpace","external_links_name":"http://www.pulpwiki.net/Jarvis/1stManInSpace"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/d0191b92-8c48-3433-8658-d9a4b707d71f","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1st_Man_in_Space&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaos_Zorbas	Nikolaos Zorbas	["1 Life"]	Major GeneralNikolaos ZorbasZorbas as an artillery major. Portrait by Spyridon Prosalentis.Native nameΝικόλαος ΖορμπάςBornc. 1844Athens, Kingdom of GreeceDied1920Athens, Kingdom of GreeceAllegiance Kingdom of GreeceService/branch Hellenic ArmyYears of service?-1911Rank Major GeneralBattles/warsGreco-Turkish War (1897)Awards Order of the Redeemer Legion of HonourAlma materHellenic Military AcademyOther workLeader of the Military League Nikolaos Zorbas (Greek: Νικόλαος Ζορμπάς; c. 1844–1920) was a Greek soldier, most notable as the nominal leader of the Military League which organized the Goudi coup in 1909. Life His family was from Magnesia in Asia Minor and he was born in Athens. After studying at the Hellenic Military Academy, he finished his studies in France and Belgium. He fought during the Greco-Turkish War (1897), and in 1909, as a colonel, he was chosen as the leader of the clandestine Military League. After the league organized the Goudi coup in August 1909, he was appointed Minister of Military Affairs in the Stephanos Dragoumis government and retired in 1911 as a Major General. Zorbas died in Athens. Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany People Deutsche Biographie This biographical article related to the military of Greece is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Goudi coup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goudi_coup"}],"text":"Nikolaos Zorbas (Greek: Νικόλαος Ζορμπάς; c. 1844–1920) was a Greek soldier, most notable as the nominal leader of the Military League which organized the Goudi coup in 1909.","title":"Nikolaos Zorbas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Magnesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manisa"},{"link_name":"Asia Minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Minor"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"Hellenic Military Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenic_Military_Academy"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Greco-Turkish War (1897)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1897)"},{"link_name":"colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel"},{"link_name":"Goudi coup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goudi_coup"},{"link_name":"Stephanos Dragoumis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanos_Dragoumis"},{"link_name":"Major General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_general"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q536078#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/177145542681896642290"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/1082316199"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Biographie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd1082316199.html?language=en"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Greece.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Army-personnel-icon.png"},{"link_name":"military of Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nikolaos_Zorbas&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Greece-mil-bio-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Greece-mil-bio-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Greece-mil-bio-stub"}],"text":"His family was from Magnesia in Asia Minor and he was born in Athens. After studying at the Hellenic Military Academy, he finished his studies in France and Belgium. He fought during the Greco-Turkish War (1897), and in 1909, as a colonel, he was chosen as the leader of the clandestine Military League. After the league organized the Goudi coup in August 1909, he was appointed Minister of Military Affairs in the Stephanos Dragoumis government and retired in 1911 as a Major General.Zorbas died in Athens.Authority control databases International\nVIAF\nNational\nGermany\nPeople\nDeutsche BiographieThis biographical article related to the military of Greece is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Life"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/177145542681896642290","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1082316199","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd1082316199.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nikolaos_Zorbas&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arastra	Arrastra	["1 References","2 External links"]	Primitive mill for grinding and pulverizing gold or silver ore Typical arrastra construction. From Mining and Scientific Press 52 (1886): 237. Arrastra demonstration in Liberty, Washington, 2007 An arrastra (or arastra) is a primitive mill for grinding and pulverizing (typically) gold or silver ore. Its simplest form is two or more flat-bottomed drag stones placed in a circular pit paved with flat stones, and connected to a center post by a long arm. With a horse, mule or human providing power at the other end of the arm, the stones were dragged slowly around in a circle, crushing the ore. Some arrastras were powered by a water wheel; a few were powered by steam or gasoline engines, and even electricity. Arrastras were widely used throughout the Mediterranean region since Phoenician times. The Spanish introduced the arrastra to the New World in the 16th century. The word "arrastra" comes from the Spanish language arrastrar, meaning to drag along the ground. Arrastras were suitable for use in small or remote mines, since they could be built from local materials and required little investment capital. For gold ore, the gold was typically recovered by amalgamation with quicksilver. The miner would add clean mercury to the ground ore, continue grinding, rinse out the fines, then add more ore and repeat the process. At cleanup, the gold amalgam was carefully recovered from the low places and crevices in the arrastra floor. The amalgam was then heated in a distillation retort to recover the gold, and the mercury was saved for reuse. For silver ore, the patio process, invented in Mexico in 1554, was generally used to recover the silver from ore ground in the arrastra. References ^ a b c Van Bueren, Thad M. (2004). "The 'Poor Man's Mill': A Rich Vernacular Legacy". IA, The Journal of the Society for Industrial Archeology. 30 (2): 5–23. JSTOR 40968663. ^ a b c "Gentry Gulch Arrastra". Groveland Yosemite Gateway Museum. Archived from the original on 2011-10-04. Retrieved 2011-03-22. ^ a b Cooke, Ron. "What is an Arrastra?". Plumas County Adventures. California State University-Chico. Archived from the original on September 16, 2016. External links Media related to Arrastras at Wikimedia Commons Arrastra at Encyclopædia Britannica vteExtractive metallurgyMetallurgical assay Non-ferrous extractive metallurgyMineral processing(by physical means)Extraction Geological survey Natural resources Ore Economic geology Mineral Base metal Precious metal Mining Surface Underground in hard rock Underground in soft rock Recycling Scrap Comminution Stamp mill Arrastra Crusher AG mill SAG mill Pebble mill Ball mill Rod mill IsaMill Sizing Ore sorting Vanning Hydrocyclone Trommel Cyclonic separation Gyratory equipment Mechanical screening Concentration Froth flotation Jameson cell Panning Jig concentrators Gravity Concentration Magnetic separation (Magnetation) Rocker box Dry washing Buddle pit Pyrometallurgy(by heat)Smelting Iron smelting Lead smelting Zinc smelting Flash smelting ISASMELT furnace Refractory linings Refining Cupellation Parkes process Bottom-blown oxygen converter Poling IsaKidd process Other Calcination Roasting Liquation Hydrometallurgy(by aqueous solution)Leaching Lixiviant Heap leaching Dump leaching Tank leaching In situ leaching Gold chlorination Gold cyanidation Bayer process Amalgamation Patio process Pan amalgamation Electrometallurgy(by electricity)Electrolysis Electrowinning Hall–Héroult process Castner process Downs cell Co-products Tailings Gangue Slag Clinker Chat Red mud Stamp sand	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arrastra_diagram_1886.gif"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arrastra,_Liberty_WA.jpg"},{"link_name":"Liberty, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty,_Washington"},{"link_name":"mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mill_(grinding)"},{"link_name":"gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold"},{"link_name":"silver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver"},{"link_name":"ore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ore"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JSIA-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arrastra-2"},{"link_name":"water wheel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_wheel"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JSIA-1"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_region"},{"link_name":"Phoenician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenicia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JSIA-1"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"New World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_World"},{"link_name":"Spanish language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arrastra-2"},{"link_name":"investment capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investment_capital"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arrastra-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-What-3"},{"link_name":"amalgamation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalgam_(chemistry)#Use_in_mining"},{"link_name":"mercury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)"},{"link_name":"distillation retort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalgam_(chemistry)#Gold_extraction_(retorting)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-What-3"},{"link_name":"patio process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patio_process"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Typical arrastra construction. From Mining and Scientific Press 52 (1886): 237.Arrastra demonstration in Liberty, Washington, 2007An arrastra (or arastra) is a primitive mill for grinding and pulverizing (typically) gold or silver ore. Its simplest form is two or more flat-bottomed drag stones placed in a circular pit paved with flat stones, and connected to a center post by a long arm. With a horse, mule or human providing power at the other end of the arm, the stones were dragged slowly around in a circle, crushing the ore.[1][2] Some arrastras were powered by a water wheel; a few were powered by steam or gasoline engines, and even electricity.[1]Arrastras were widely used throughout the Mediterranean region since Phoenician times.[1] The Spanish introduced the arrastra to the New World in the 16th century. The word \"arrastra\" comes from the Spanish language arrastrar, meaning to drag along the ground.[2] Arrastras were suitable for use in small or remote mines, since they could be built from local materials and required little investment capital.[2][3]For gold ore, the gold was typically recovered by amalgamation with quicksilver. The miner would add clean mercury to the ground ore, continue grinding, rinse out the fines, then add more ore and repeat the process. At cleanup, the gold amalgam was carefully recovered from the low places and crevices in the arrastra floor. The amalgam was then heated in a distillation retort to recover the gold, and the mercury was saved for reuse.[3]For silver ore, the patio process, invented in Mexico in 1554, was generally used to recover the silver from ore ground in the arrastra.[citation needed]","title":"Arrastra"}]	[{"image_text":"Typical arrastra construction. From Mining and Scientific Press 52 (1886): 237.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Arrastra_diagram_1886.gif/220px-Arrastra_diagram_1886.gif"},{"image_text":"Arrastra demonstration in Liberty, Washington, 2007","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Arrastra%2C_Liberty_WA.jpg/220px-Arrastra%2C_Liberty_WA.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Van Bueren, Thad M. (2004). \"The 'Poor Man's Mill': A Rich Vernacular Legacy\". IA, The Journal of the Society for Industrial Archeology. 30 (2): 5–23. JSTOR 40968663.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IA,_The_Journal_of_the_Society_for_Industrial_Archeology","url_text":"IA, The Journal of the Society for Industrial Archeology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/40968663","url_text":"40968663"}]},{"reference":"\"Gentry Gulch Arrastra\". Groveland Yosemite Gateway Museum. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhakti_Mein_Shakti	Bhakti Mein Shakti	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	1978 film Bhakti Mein ShaktiDirected byDara SinghWritten byDara SinghProduced byDara SinghStarringDara SinghEdited byRam KhadeMusic bySonik OmiRelease date 1978 (1978) CountryIndiaLanguageHindi Bhakti Mein Shakti is a 1978 Bollywood religious drama film produced and directed by Dara Singh. It starred Dara Singh, Satish Kaul, Bharat Bhushan, Sunder and Yogeeta Bali in main lead. Plot This is the story Dhyanu Bhakt, a heartful devotee of goddess Sherawali. At the time Akbar era, he tries to make a temple unifying two religions. Cast Dara Singh as Dyanu Bhakt Satish Kaul as Satish Bharat Bhushan as Pandit Sunder Yogeeta Bali \|Birbal as Fazlu Mohan Choti Jankidas as Pandit Randhir Kapoor Om Shivpuri as Akbar Badshah Komilla Wirk Randhawa as Bandit See also Jwala Ji Kangra References ^ "Bhakti Mein Shakti Cast & Crew- Bollywood Hungama". Bollywood Hungama. Retrieved 13 February 2019. ^ "Bhakti Mein Shakti Movie Trailer, Star Cast, Release Date, Box Office, Movie Review \| Bhakti Mein Shakti Movie budget and Collection \| Bhakti Mein Shakti \| Indian Film History". www.indianfilmhistory.com. Retrieved 14 June 2023. ^ "Bhakti Mein Shakti - Rotten Tomatoes". www.rottentomatoes.com. Retrieved 14 June 2023. External links Bhakti Mein Shakti at IMDb This article about a Hindi film of the 1970s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_cinema"},{"link_name":"drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_Film"},{"link_name":"Dara Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dara_Singh"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Satish Kaul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satish_Kaul"},{"link_name":"Bharat Bhushan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharat_Bhushan"},{"link_name":"Sunder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunder_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Yogeeta Bali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogeeta_Bali"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Bhakti Mein Shakti is a 1978 Bollywood religious drama film produced and directed by Dara Singh.[1] It starred Dara Singh, Satish Kaul, Bharat Bhushan, Sunder and Yogeeta Bali in main lead.[2]","title":"Bhakti Mein Shakti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Akbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"This is the story Dhyanu Bhakt, a heartful devotee of goddess Sherawali. At the time Akbar era, he tries to make a temple unifying two religions.[3]","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dara Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dara_Singh"},{"link_name":"Satish Kaul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satish_Kaul"},{"link_name":"Bharat Bhushan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharat_Bhushan"},{"link_name":"Sunder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunder_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Yogeeta Bali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogeeta_Bali"},{"link_name":"Mohan Choti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohan_Choti"},{"link_name":"Jankidas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jankidas"},{"link_name":"Randhir Kapoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randhir_Kapoor"},{"link_name":"Om Shivpuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Om_Shivpuri"},{"link_name":"Randhawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardara_Singh_Randhawa"}],"text":"Dara Singh as Dyanu Bhakt\nSatish Kaul as Satish\nBharat Bhushan as Pandit\nSunder\nYogeeta Bali\n\|Birbal as Fazlu\nMohan Choti\nJankidas as Pandit\nRandhir Kapoor\nOm Shivpuri as Akbar Badshah\nKomilla Wirk\nRandhawa as Bandit","title":"Cast"}]	[]	[{"title":"Jwala Ji Kangra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jwala_Ji_Kangra"}]	[{"reference":"\"Bhakti Mein Shakti Cast & Crew- Bollywood Hungama\". Bollywood Hungama. Retrieved 13 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/bhakti-mein-shakti/cast/","url_text":"\"Bhakti Mein Shakti Cast & Crew- Bollywood Hungama\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood_Hungama","url_text":"Bollywood Hungama"}]},{"reference":"\"Bhakti Mein Shakti Movie Trailer, Star Cast, Release Date, Box Office, Movie Review \| Bhakti Mein Shakti Movie budget and Collection \| Bhakti Mein Shakti \| Indian Film History\". www.indianfilmhistory.com. Retrieved 14 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indianfilmhistory.com/movie/bhakti-mein-shakti","url_text":"\"Bhakti Mein Shakti Movie Trailer, Star Cast, Release Date, Box Office, Movie Review \| Bhakti Mein Shakti Movie budget and Collection \| Bhakti Mein Shakti \| Indian Film History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bhakti Mein Shakti - Rotten Tomatoes\". www.rottentomatoes.com. Retrieved 14 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/bhakti_mein_shakti","url_text":"\"Bhakti Mein Shakti - Rotten Tomatoes\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/bhakti-mein-shakti/cast/","external_links_name":"\"Bhakti Mein Shakti Cast & Crew- Bollywood Hungama\""},{"Link":"https://www.indianfilmhistory.com/movie/bhakti-mein-shakti","external_links_name":"\"Bhakti Mein Shakti Movie Trailer, Star Cast, Release Date, Box Office, Movie Review \| Bhakti Mein Shakti Movie budget and Collection \| Bhakti Mein Shakti \| Indian Film History\""},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/bhakti_mein_shakti","external_links_name":"\"Bhakti Mein Shakti - Rotten Tomatoes\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0212812/","external_links_name":"Bhakti Mein Shakti"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhakti_Mein_Shakti&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Befehlsnotstand	Befehlsnotstand	["1 Etymology","2 Germany","2.1 Background","2.2 Nazi Germany","2.3 East Germany","2.4 Current German law","3 In other countries","3.1 Argentina","4 See also","5 References","5.1 Bibliography","6 Further reading"]	German legal term Befehlsnotstand (English: Necessity to obey orders) is a German legal term that refers to a situation in which a certain action is ordered that violates law, but where the refusal to carry out such an order would lead to drastic consequences, specifically danger to life or body, for the person refusing to carry out the order. The concept of Befehlsnotstand was successfully used as a defense in World War II-related war crimes trials in Germany in the 1950s and 1960s but research into the subject since has proven that Befehlsnotstand as such did not exist, meaning German soldiers of the Wehrmacht or Schutzstaffel did not actually face drastic consequences if refusing such an order during the war. Refusing a lawful order did however result in consequences, with 23,000 German soldiers executed for refusing orders. Etymology Befehlsnotstand is a compound word, made up of the German words Befehl (command or order) and Notstand (emergency). The term has been translated into English by various sources as "necessity to obey order", "a compulsion to obey orders" or "crisis created as a result of following orders". Notstand in German law can be compared to necessity in the criminal law of other nations. Germany Background In German law, the situation Befehlsnotstand arises when a person refusing to carry out an unlawful order faces drastic consequences for the refusal. In such a situation, the person could not be prosecuted for carrying out the order. Drastic consequences, in German military law, are defined as a danger to life or body, and are not defined as loss of rank, incarceration or removal to a penal unit, such as a Strafbataillon. Nazi Germany The term is commonly, but not exclusively, associated with German war crimes and the Holocaust during World War II, following which Befehlsnotstand was used as line of defense by the accused in post-war trials. In the 1950s and 1960s the use of Befehlsnotstand as a defense in war crimes trials in Germany was quite successful as it generally protected the accused from punishment. With the formation of the Central Office of the State Justice Administrations for the Investigation of National Socialist Crimes, this changed after historical research by the organisation regarding Einsatzgruppen of the Sicherheitsdienst or concentration camp personnel revealed that no known case could be cited where refusing an order did indeed result in severe punishment. More commonly, military personnel refusing such an order were transferred to a different unit. An example for this was Wehrmacht Captain Otto Freyer, who was transferred towards the end of the war to the Neuengamme concentration camp. Freyer was deemed too soft for his role, which included supervision of executions and commanding a sub-camp at Kaltenkirchen, and he was eventually transferred again at his own request. In practice, refusing a superior order to participate in war crimes by German soldiers almost never led to dire consequences for the refusing person, and punishment, if any, was relatively mild. It usually resulted in degradation and being sent to serve with fighting units at the front. German historian Sven Felix Kellerhoff argued that, instead of fear of punishment the participants were more afraid of peer pressure and the possibility of exclusion from their group. Kellerhoff further argued that the situation of Einsatzgruppen members taking part in massacres did not even constitute the lesser Putativnotstand, a state where the individual mistakenly believes their life is in danger if the order is disobeyed when, in reality, no such danger exists. Manfred Oldenburg, in his book Ideology and Military Calculation, stated that there are no known cases where the refusal to participate in an execution of civilians has led to drastic consequences for soldiers of the Wehrmacht or SS. German soldiers did however face drastic consequences if refusing legal orders during the war. One and a half million German soldiers were sentenced to imprisonment for refusing to follow an order and 30,000 were sentenced to death, of whom 23,000 were executed. East Germany Befehlsnotstand was also used, as well as the Nuremberg defense, by former East German border guards, tried after the German reunification in the Mauerschützenprozesse , the trials of East German borders guards accused of unlawful killings of escapees at the Berlin Wall and the Inner German border as part of the Schießbefehl. In an interview with journalist John O. Koehler, former Stasi political prisoner Werner Juretzko commented resignedly about the leniency the post-1989 German legal system has shown to East Germans guilty of crimes against humanity, "I guess the Germans have lost their balls." Current German law In current German law, articles § 34 and § 35 of the German penal code, the Strafgesetzbuch, govern the law on Notstand. Formerly it was governed by articles § 52 and 54. Article 34 deals with Rechtfertigender Notstand, necessity as justification, while article 35 deals with Entschuldigender Notstand, necessity as excuse. In other countries Argentina The Law of Due Obedience (Spanish: Ley de obediencia debida), a law passed by the National Congress of Argentina after the end of the military dictatorship, translated in German as the Befehlsnotstandsgesetz (Gesetz meaning law in German), protected all officers and their subordinates of the armed forces and security forces from prosecution for most crimes committed during the dictatorship but was eventually annulled in 2005. See also Corpse-like obedience (Kadavergehorsam) Führerprinzip References ^ "Befehlsnotstand" (in German). www.rechtslexikon.net. Retrieved 17 October 2018. ^ a b c Kellerhoff, Sven Felix (15 July 2015). "Hatten SS-Mitglieder damals wirklich "keine Wahl"?" . Die Welt (in German). Retrieved 17 October 2018. ^ a b c d Kellerhoff, Sven Felix (14 January 2014). "Warum junge Männer im Akkord morden" . Die Welt (in German). Retrieved 17 October 2018. ^ a b Oldenburg 2004, p. 222. ^ a b Norbert Haase: Wehrmachtangehörige vor dem Kriegsgericht. In: R.D. Müller, H.E. Volkmann (Hrsg. im Auftrag des MGFA): Die Wehrmacht: Mythos und Realität. Oldenbourg, München 1999, ISBN 3-486-56383-1, page 481 ^ Wolfgang Sofsky (2013-06-17). The Order of Terror: The Concentration Camp. Princeton University Press. p. 334. ISBN 978-1400822188. Retrieved 23 October 2018. ^ "Befehlsnotstand" (in German). Langenscheidt. Retrieved 17 October 2018. ^ a b Lewy 2017, p. 108. ^ a b van Sliedregt, 2012, Notes 162 & 163 ^ "Necessity Law and Legal Definition". www.uslegal.com. Retrieved 18 October 2018. ^ "NS-Verbrechen, totalitäre Herrschaft und individuelle Verantwortlichkeit: Das Problem des sog. Befehlsnotstandes" (PDF) (in German). German Federal Archives. Retrieved 17 October 2018. ^ "Befehlsnotstand nur eine Legende?" . Hamburger Abendblatt (in German). 17 August 2000. Retrieved 17 October 2018. ^ Bruners, Jan. "Strafverfolgung von NS-Verbrechen" (PDF) (in German). Universität Köln. Retrieved 17 October 2018. ^ "Putativnotstand" (in German). www.rechtslexikon.net. Retrieved 18 October 2018. ^ Messerschmidt, Wüllner: Die Wehrmachtjustiz im Dienste des Nationalsozialismus. Baden-Baden 1987, page 15, pages 49–51, pages 87+91. In: Walter Manoschek: Opfer der NS-Militärjustiz. Wien 2003, page 27 f ^ "Wer trägt die Schuld? - Schießbefehl und Mauertote" (in German). Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung. 30 September 2005. Retrieved 17 October 2018. ^ Koehler, John O. (1999). Stasi: the untold story of the East German secret police. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press. ISBN 0-8133-3409-8. OCLC 39256274. pp. 279–282. ^ "Vergangenheitspolitik in Chile, Argentinien und Uruguay" (in German). Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung. 9 October 2006. Retrieved 18 October 2018. Bibliography Lewy, Guenter (2017). Perpetrators: The World of the Holocaust Killers. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0190661137. Oldenburg, Manfred (2004). Ideologie und militärisches Kalkül: die Besatzungspolitik der Wehrmacht in der Sowjetunion 1942 (in German). Böhlau Verlag Köln Weimar. ISBN 978-3412145033. van Sliedregt, Elies (2012). Individual Criminal Responsibility in International Law. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199560363. Further reading Further reading Christopher Browning: Ordinary Men. Wolfram Wette: Zivilcourage. Empörte Helfer und Retter aus Wehrmacht, Polizei und SS. Fischer, 2004. Manfred Messerschmidt: Die Wehrmachtjustiz 1933-1945, 2005. Felix Römer: Kameraden. Die Wehrmacht von innen, 2012. Harald Welzer and Sönke Neitzel: Soldaten: On Fighting, Killing and Dying. The Secret World War II Transcripts of German POWs, 2012.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Necessity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necessity_(criminal_law)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Welt_2015-2"},{"link_name":"Wehrmacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht"},{"link_name":"Schutzstaffel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schutzstaffel"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Welt_2014-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOldenburg2004222-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haase-5"}],"text":"Befehlsnotstand (English: Necessity to obey orders) is a German legal term that refers to a situation in which a certain action is ordered that violates law, but where the refusal to carry out such an order would lead to drastic consequences, specifically danger to life or body, for the person refusing to carry out the order.[1]The concept of Befehlsnotstand was successfully used as a defense in World War II-related war crimes trials in Germany in the 1950s and 1960s[2] but research into the subject since has proven that Befehlsnotstand as such did not exist, meaning German soldiers of the Wehrmacht or Schutzstaffel did not actually face drastic consequences if refusing such an order during the war.[3][4] Refusing a lawful order did however result in consequences, with 23,000 German soldiers executed for refusing orders.[5]","title":"Befehlsnotstand"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"compound word","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_(linguistics)"},{"link_name":"Befehl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Befehl"},{"link_name":"Notstand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Notstand"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Translation-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewy2017108-8"},{"link_name":"necessity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necessity_(criminal_law)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sliedregt-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Befehlsnotstand is a compound word, made up of the German words Befehl (command or order) and Notstand (emergency). The term has been translated into English by various sources as \"necessity to obey order\",[6] \"a compulsion to obey orders\"[7] or \"crisis created as a result of following orders\".[8]Notstand in German law can be compared to necessity[9] in the criminal law of other nations.[10]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Germany"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Welt_2015-2"},{"link_name":"German military law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_military_law"},{"link_name":"penal unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penal_military_unit"},{"link_name":"Strafbataillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strafbataillon"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bundesarchiv-11"}],"sub_title":"Background","text":"In German law, the situation Befehlsnotstand arises when a person refusing to carry out an unlawful order faces drastic consequences for the refusal. In such a situation, the person could not be prosecuted for carrying out the order.[2] Drastic consequences, in German military law, are defined as a danger to life or body, and are not defined as loss of rank, incarceration or removal to a penal unit, such as a Strafbataillon.[11]","title":"Germany"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Holocaust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Central Office of the State Justice Administrations for the Investigation of National Socialist Crimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Office_of_the_State_Justice_Administrations_for_the_Investigation_of_National_Socialist_Crimes"},{"link_name":"Sicherheitsdienst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Welt_2015-2"},{"link_name":"Neuengamme concentration camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuengamme_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"Kaltenkirchen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaltenkirchen"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Abendblatt-12"},{"link_name":"superior order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_orders"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cologne-13"},{"link_name":"Sven Felix Kellerhoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sven_Felix_Kellerhoff"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Welt_2014-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Welt_2014-3"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOldenburg2004222-4"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Welt_2014-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haase-5"}],"sub_title":"Nazi Germany","text":"The term is commonly, but not exclusively, associated with German war crimes and the Holocaust during World War II, following which Befehlsnotstand was used as line of defense by the accused in post-war trials. In the 1950s and 1960s the use of Befehlsnotstand as a defense in war crimes trials in Germany was quite successful as it generally protected the accused from punishment. With the formation of the Central Office of the State Justice Administrations for the Investigation of National Socialist Crimes, this changed after historical research by the organisation regarding Einsatzgruppen of the Sicherheitsdienst or concentration camp personnel revealed that no known case could be cited where refusing an order did indeed result in severe punishment. More commonly, military personnel refusing such an order were transferred to a different unit.[2] An example for this was Wehrmacht Captain Otto Freyer, who was transferred towards the end of the war to the Neuengamme concentration camp. Freyer was deemed too soft for his role, which included supervision of executions and commanding a sub-camp at Kaltenkirchen, and he was eventually transferred again at his own request.[12]In practice, refusing a superior order to participate in war crimes by German soldiers almost never led to dire consequences for the refusing person, and punishment, if any, was relatively mild. It usually resulted in degradation and being sent to serve with fighting units at the front.[13] German historian Sven Felix Kellerhoff argued that, instead of fear of punishment the participants were more afraid of peer pressure and the possibility of exclusion from their group.[3]Kellerhoff further argued that the situation of Einsatzgruppen members taking part in massacres did not even constitute the lesser Putativnotstand,[3] a state where the individual mistakenly believes their life is in danger if the order is disobeyed when, in reality, no such danger exists.[14]Manfred Oldenburg, in his book Ideology and Military Calculation, stated that there are no known cases where the refusal to participate in an execution of civilians has led to drastic consequences for soldiers of the Wehrmacht or SS.[4] German soldiers did however face drastic consequences if refusing legal orders during the war.[15][3] One and a half million German soldiers were sentenced to imprisonment for refusing to follow an order and 30,000 were sentenced to death, of whom 23,000 were executed.[5]","title":"Germany"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nuremberg defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_defense"},{"link_name":"German reunification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_reunification"},{"link_name":"Mauerschützenprozesse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mauersch%C3%BCtzenprozesse&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauersch%C3%BCtzenprozesse"},{"link_name":"pl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procesy_strzelc%C3%B3w_przy_Murze_Berli%C5%84skim"},{"link_name":"Berlin Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Wall"},{"link_name":"Inner German border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_German_border"},{"link_name":"Schießbefehl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schie%C3%9Fbefehl"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"John O. Koehler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Koehler"},{"link_name":"Stasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stasi"},{"link_name":"political prisoner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_prisoner"},{"link_name":"crimes against humanity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"East Germany","text":"Befehlsnotstand was also used, as well as the Nuremberg defense, by former East German border guards, tried after the German reunification in the Mauerschützenprozesse [de; pl], the trials of East German borders guards accused of unlawful killings of escapees at the Berlin Wall and the Inner German border as part of the Schießbefehl.[16] In an interview with journalist John O. Koehler, former Stasi political prisoner Werner Juretzko commented resignedly about the leniency the post-1989 German legal system has shown to East Germans guilty of crimes against humanity, \"I guess the Germans have lost their balls.\"[17]","title":"Germany"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"§ 34","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.gesetze-im-internet.de/stgb/__34.html"},{"link_name":"§ 35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.gesetze-im-internet.de/stgb/__35.html"},{"link_name":"Strafgesetzbuch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strafgesetzbuch"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewy2017108-8"},{"link_name":"necessity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necessity_(criminal_law)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sliedregt-9"}],"sub_title":"Current German law","text":"In current German law, articles § 34 and § 35 of the German penal code, the Strafgesetzbuch, govern the law on Notstand. Formerly it was governed by articles § 52 and 54.[8]Article 34 deals with Rechtfertigender Notstand, necessity as justification, while article 35 deals with Entschuldigender Notstand, necessity as excuse.[9]","title":"Germany"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"In other countries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Law of Due Obedience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_Due_Obedience"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Argentina","text":"The Law of Due Obedience (Spanish: Ley de obediencia debida), a law passed by the National Congress of Argentina after the end of the military dictatorship, translated in German as the Befehlsnotstandsgesetz (Gesetz meaning law in German), protected all officers and their subordinates of the armed forces and security forces from prosecution for most crimes committed during the dictatorship but was eventually annulled in 2005.[18]","title":"In other countries"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Christopher Browning: Ordinary Men.\nWolfram Wette: Zivilcourage. Empörte Helfer und Retter aus Wehrmacht, Polizei und SS. Fischer, 2004.\nManfred Messerschmidt: Die Wehrmachtjustiz 1933-1945, 2005.\nFelix Römer: Kameraden. Die Wehrmacht von innen, 2012.\nHarald Welzer and Sönke Neitzel: Soldaten: On Fighting, Killing and Dying. The Secret World War II Transcripts of German POWs, 2012.","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	[{"title":"Corpse-like obedience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpse-like_obedience"},{"title":"Führerprinzip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BChrerprinzip"}]	[{"reference":"\"Befehlsnotstand\" (in German). www.rechtslexikon.net. Retrieved 17 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rechtslexikon.net/d/befehlsnotstand/befehlsnotstand.htm","url_text":"\"Befehlsnotstand\""}]},{"reference":"Kellerhoff, Sven Felix (15 July 2015). \"Hatten SS-Mitglieder damals wirklich \"keine Wahl\"?\" [Did SS members really have \"no choice?\"]. Die Welt (in German). Retrieved 17 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sven_Felix_Kellerhoff","url_text":"Kellerhoff, Sven Felix"},{"url":"https://www.welt.de/geschichte/zweiter-weltkrieg/article144067359/Hatten-SS-Mitglieder-damals-wirklich-keine-Wahl.html","url_text":"\"Hatten SS-Mitglieder damals wirklich \"keine Wahl\"?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Welt","url_text":"Die Welt"}]},{"reference":"Kellerhoff, Sven Felix (14 January 2014). \"Warum junge Männer im Akkord morden\" [Why young men murdered ceaselessly]. Die Welt (in German). Retrieved 17 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sven_Felix_Kellerhoff","url_text":"Kellerhoff, Sven Felix"},{"url":"https://www.welt.de/geschichte/zweiter-weltkrieg/article123835471/Warum-junge-Maenner-im-Akkord-morden.html","url_text":"\"Warum junge Männer im Akkord morden\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Welt","url_text":"Die Welt"}]},{"reference":"Wolfgang Sofsky (2013-06-17). The Order of Terror: The Concentration Camp. Princeton University Press. p. 334. ISBN 978-1400822188. Retrieved 23 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ClmQ8PPjF44C&pg=PA334","url_text":"The Order of Terror: The Concentration Camp"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1400822188","url_text":"978-1400822188"}]},{"reference":"\"Befehlsnotstand\" (in German). Langenscheidt. Retrieved 17 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.langenscheidt.com/german-english/befehlsnotstand","url_text":"\"Befehlsnotstand\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langenscheidt","url_text":"Langenscheidt"}]},{"reference":"\"Necessity Law and Legal Definition\". www.uslegal.com. Retrieved 18 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://definitions.uslegal.com/n/necessity/","url_text":"\"Necessity Law and Legal Definition\""}]},{"reference":"\"NS-Verbrechen, totalitäre Herrschaft und individuelle Verantwortlichkeit: Das Problem des sog. Befehlsnotstandes\" [Nazi crimes, totalitarian regime and individual responsibility: The problem of the so called Befehlsnotstand] (PDF) (in German). German Federal Archives. Retrieved 17 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bundesarchiv.de/imperia/md/content/abteilungen/abtg/mitteilungen3_2008/befehlsnotstand.pdf","url_text":"\"NS-Verbrechen, totalitäre Herrschaft und individuelle Verantwortlichkeit: Das Problem des sog. Befehlsnotstandes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Federal_Archives","url_text":"German Federal Archives"}]},{"reference":"\"Befehlsnotstand nur eine Legende?\" [Befehlsnotstand just a legend?]. Hamburger Abendblatt (in German). 17 August 2000. Retrieved 17 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abendblatt.de/archiv/2000/article204316707/Befehlsnotstand-nur-eine-Legende.html","url_text":"\"Befehlsnotstand nur eine Legende?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburger_Abendblatt","url_text":"Hamburger Abendblatt"}]},{"reference":"Bruners, Jan. \"Strafverfolgung von NS-Verbrechen\" [Criminal prosecution of Nazi crimes] (PDF) (in German). Universität Köln. Retrieved 17 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://eden.one/pdf/2212.pdf","url_text":"\"Strafverfolgung von NS-Verbrechen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A4t_K%C3%B6ln","url_text":"Universität Köln"}]},{"reference":"\"Putativnotstand\" (in German). www.rechtslexikon.net. Retrieved 18 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rechtslexikon.net/d/putativnotstand/putativnotstand.htm","url_text":"\"Putativnotstand\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wer trägt die Schuld? - Schießbefehl und Mauertote\" [Who is guilty? - Order to shoot and wall dead] (in German). Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung. 30 September 2005. Retrieved 17 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bpb.de/geschichte/deutsche-einheit/kontraste/42470/schiessbefehl-und-mauertote","url_text":"\"Wer trägt die Schuld? - Schießbefehl und Mauertote\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundeszentrale_f%C3%BCr_politische_Bildung","url_text":"Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung"}]},{"reference":"Koehler, John O. (1999). Stasi: the untold story of the East German secret police. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press. ISBN 0-8133-3409-8. OCLC 39256274.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/39256274","url_text":"Stasi: the untold story of the East German secret police"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8133-3409-8","url_text":"0-8133-3409-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/39256274","url_text":"39256274"}]},{"reference":"\"Vergangenheitspolitik in Chile, Argentinien und Uruguay\" [Political history in Chile, Argentina and Uruguay] (in German). Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung. 9 October 2006. Retrieved 18 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bpb.de/apuz/29474/vergangenheitspolitik-in-chile-argentinien-und-uruguay?p=all","url_text":"\"Vergangenheitspolitik in Chile, Argentinien und Uruguay\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundeszentrale_f%C3%BCr_politische_Bildung","url_text":"Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung"}]},{"reference":"Lewy, Guenter (2017). Perpetrators: The World of the Holocaust Killers. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0190661137.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guenter_Lewy","url_text":"Lewy, Guenter"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iDoqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA108","url_text":"Perpetrators: The World of the Holocaust Killers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0190661137","url_text":"978-0190661137"}]},{"reference":"Oldenburg, Manfred (2004). Ideologie und militärisches Kalkül: die Besatzungspolitik der Wehrmacht in der Sowjetunion 1942 [Ideologie and Military calculation: the occupational policies of the Wehrmacht in the Soviet Union in 1942] (in German). Böhlau Verlag Köln Weimar. ISBN 978-3412145033.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7Pruyp8rMPQC&pg=PA222","url_text":"Ideologie und militärisches Kalkül: die Besatzungspolitik der Wehrmacht in der Sowjetunion 1942"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3412145033","url_text":"978-3412145033"}]},{"reference":"van Sliedregt, Elies (2012). Individual Criminal Responsibility in International Law. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199560363.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8tBwql1Jdx4C&pg=PT522","url_text":"Individual Criminal Responsibility in International Law"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199560363","url_text":"978-0199560363"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/stgb/__34.html","external_links_name":"§ 34"},{"Link":"https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/stgb/__35.html","external_links_name":"§ 35"},{"Link":"http://www.rechtslexikon.net/d/befehlsnotstand/befehlsnotstand.htm","external_links_name":"\"Befehlsnotstand\""},{"Link":"https://www.welt.de/geschichte/zweiter-weltkrieg/article144067359/Hatten-SS-Mitglieder-damals-wirklich-keine-Wahl.html","external_links_name":"\"Hatten SS-Mitglieder damals wirklich \"keine Wahl\"?\""},{"Link":"https://www.welt.de/geschichte/zweiter-weltkrieg/article123835471/Warum-junge-Maenner-im-Akkord-morden.html","external_links_name":"\"Warum junge Männer im Akkord morden\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ClmQ8PPjF44C&pg=PA334","external_links_name":"The Order of Terror: The Concentration Camp"},{"Link":"https://en.langenscheidt.com/german-english/befehlsnotstand","external_links_name":"\"Befehlsnotstand\""},{"Link":"https://definitions.uslegal.com/n/necessity/","external_links_name":"\"Necessity Law and Legal Definition\""},{"Link":"https://www.bundesarchiv.de/imperia/md/content/abteilungen/abtg/mitteilungen3_2008/befehlsnotstand.pdf","external_links_name":"\"NS-Verbrechen, totalitäre Herrschaft und individuelle Verantwortlichkeit: Das Problem des sog. Befehlsnotstandes\""},{"Link":"https://www.abendblatt.de/archiv/2000/article204316707/Befehlsnotstand-nur-eine-Legende.html","external_links_name":"\"Befehlsnotstand nur eine Legende?\""},{"Link":"https://eden.one/pdf/2212.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Strafverfolgung von NS-Verbrechen\""},{"Link":"http://www.rechtslexikon.net/d/putativnotstand/putativnotstand.htm","external_links_name":"\"Putativnotstand\""},{"Link":"http://www.bpb.de/geschichte/deutsche-einheit/kontraste/42470/schiessbefehl-und-mauertote","external_links_name":"\"Wer trägt die Schuld? - Schießbefehl und Mauertote\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/39256274","external_links_name":"Stasi: the untold story of the East German secret police"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/39256274","external_links_name":"39256274"},{"Link":"https://www.bpb.de/apuz/29474/vergangenheitspolitik-in-chile-argentinien-und-uruguay?p=all","external_links_name":"\"Vergangenheitspolitik in Chile, Argentinien und Uruguay\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iDoqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA108","external_links_name":"Perpetrators: The World of the Holocaust Killers"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7Pruyp8rMPQC&pg=PA222","external_links_name":"Ideologie und militärisches Kalkül: die Besatzungspolitik der Wehrmacht in der Sowjetunion 1942"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8tBwql1Jdx4C&pg=PT522","external_links_name":"Individual Criminal Responsibility in International Law"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malao	Malao	["1 History and trade","2 See also","3 References"]	Ancient name of Berbera city This article is about the historic city. For the modern city, see Berbera. For other uses, see Malao (disambiguation). AncientMalao Location Berbera, Somaliland City-state existed: 1st century AD Malao (Ancient Greek: Μαλαὼ) was an ancient port city in present-day Somaliland. The town was situated on the site of what later would become the city of Berbera. It was a key trading center involved in the Red Sea-Indian Ocean trade during Late Antiquity. The town maintained an important monetary market, exchanging goods in the currencies of the Roman Empire. History and trade Main article: Maritime history of Somalia The ancient port city of Malao was positioned in the historic Somali city of Berbera. It is mentioned in the 1st century CE Periplus of the Erythraean Sea: "After Avalites there is another market-town, better than this, called Malao, distant a sail of about eight hundred stadia. The anchorage is an open roadstead, sheltered by a spit running out from the east. Here the natives are more peaceable. There are imported into this place the things already mentioned, and many tunics, cloaks from Arsinoe, dressed and dyed; drinking-cups, sheets of soft copper in small quantity, iron, and gold and silver coin, not much. There are exported from these places myrrh, a little frankincense, (that known as far-side), the harder cinnamon, duaca, Indian copal and macir, which are imported into Arabia; and slaves, but rarely."— Chap.8. Other than Arabia, goods were also purchased and transported to the Greek, Roman and Egyptian empires. Malao gained its high level of trade from its nexus position, by being the closest African port to Arabia and the more peaceful nature of the city, as compared to other potential trade areas. See also Mundus Sarapion Opone Mosylon Essina Hannassa References ^ Chandra, S.; Jain, A. K. (2017-01-01). Foundations of Ethnobotany (21st Century Perspective). Scientific Publishers. p. 100. ISBN 978-93-87307-44-5. ^ Society, Hakluyt (1980). The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-904180-05-3. ^ "Περίπλους της Ερυθράς Θαλάσσης - Βικιθήκη". el.wikisource.org (in Greek). Retrieved 2022-05-29. ^ "ToposText". topostext.org. Retrieved 2022-05-29. ^ Allen, James De Vere (1993). Swahili Origins: Swahili Culture & the Shungwaya Phenomenon. J. Currey. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-85255-075-5. ^ Ray, Himanshu Prabha (2003). The Archaeology of Seafaring in Ancient South Asia. Cambridge University Press. p. 209. ISBN 0-521-01109-4. ^ "Internet History Sourcebooks". sourcebooks.fordham.edu. Retrieved 2022-05-29. ^ Dumper, Michael (2007). Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-57607-919-5. ^ McLaughlin, Raoul (2014-09-11). The Roman Empire and the Indian Ocean: The Ancient World Economy and the Kingdoms of Africa, Arabia and India. Pen and Sword. ISBN 978-1-78346-381-7.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Berbera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbera"},{"link_name":"Malao (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malao_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Berbera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbera"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Red Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea"},{"link_name":"Indian Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Late Antiquity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_antiquity"},{"link_name":"Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ray-6"}],"text":"This article is about the historic city. For the modern city, see Berbera. For other uses, see Malao (disambiguation).Malao (Ancient Greek: Μαλαὼ)[3][4] was an ancient port city in present-day Somaliland. The town was situated on the site of what later would become the city of Berbera.[5] It was a key trading center involved in the Red Sea-Indian Ocean trade during Late Antiquity. The town maintained an important monetary market, exchanging goods in the currencies of the Roman Empire.[6]","title":"Malao"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Somali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_people"},{"link_name":"Berbera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbera"},{"link_name":"Periplus of the Erythraean Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea"},{"link_name":"Avalites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalites"},{"link_name":"tunics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunic"},{"link_name":"cloaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloak"},{"link_name":"Arsinoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsinoe_(Gulf_of_Suez)"},{"link_name":"iron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron"},{"link_name":"gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold"},{"link_name":"silver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver"},{"link_name":"coin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coin"},{"link_name":"myrrh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrrh"},{"link_name":"frankincense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankincense"},{"link_name":"cinnamon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamon"},{"link_name":"Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Periplus-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The ancient port city of Malao was positioned in the historic Somali city of Berbera. It is mentioned in the 1st century CE Periplus of the Erythraean Sea:\"After Avalites there is another market-town, better than this, called Malao, distant a sail of about eight hundred stadia. The anchorage is an open roadstead, sheltered by a spit running out from the east. Here the natives are more peaceable. There are imported into this place the things already mentioned, and many tunics, cloaks from Arsinoe, dressed and dyed; drinking-cups, sheets of soft copper in small quantity, iron, and gold and silver coin, not much. There are exported from these places myrrh, a little frankincense, (that known as far-side), the harder cinnamon, duaca, Indian copal and macir, which are imported into Arabia; and slaves, but rarely.\"— Chap.8.[7]Other than Arabia, goods were also purchased and transported to the Greek, Roman and Egyptian empires.[8] Malao gained its high level of trade from its nexus position, by being the closest African port to Arabia and the more peaceful nature of the city, as compared to other potential trade areas.[9]","title":"History and trade"}]	[]	[{"title":"Mundus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heis_(town)"},{"title":"Sarapion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarapion"},{"title":"Opone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opone"},{"title":"Mosylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosylon"},{"title":"Essina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essina"},{"title":"Hannassa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannassa"}]	[{"reference":"Chandra, S.; Jain, A. K. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorhexidine	Chlorhexidine	["1 Uses","1.1 Antiseptic","1.2 Dental use","1.3 Topical","2 Side effects","3 Mechanism of action","4 Chemistry","5 Deactivation","6 Synthesis","7 Society and culture","7.1 Brands","8 Veterinary medicine","9 References"]	Disinfectant and antiseptic ChlorhexidineClinical dataPronunciationklɔː(r)ˈhɛksɪdiːn Trade namesBetasept, ChloraPrep, Chlorostat, othersOther namesCHX, CHG, 1,6-bis(4-chloro-phenylbiguanido)hexaneAHFS/Drugs.comMonographLicense data US DailyMed: Chlorhexidine Pregnancycategory AU: A Routes ofadministrationTopicalATC codeA01AB03 (WHO) B05CA02 (WHO), D08AC02 (WHO), D09AA12 (WHO) (dressing), R02AA05 (WHO), S01AX09 (WHO), S02AA09 (WHO), S03AA04 (WHO)Legal statusLegal status AU: S5, S6, S7 US: OTC / Rx-only Identifiers IUPAC name N,N′′′′1,6-Hexanediylbis CAS Number55-56-1 YPubChem CID9552079DrugBankDB00878 YChemSpider2612 YUNIIR4KO0DY52LKEGGD07668 YChEBICHEBI:3614 YChEMBLChEMBL790 YCompTox Dashboard (EPA)DTXSID2033314 ECHA InfoCard100.000.217 Chemical and physical dataFormulaC22H30Cl2N10Molar mass505.45 g·mol−13D model (JSmol)Interactive imageMelting point134 to 136 °C (273 to 277 °F)Solubility in water0.8 SMILES Clc1ccc(NC(=N)NC(=N)NCCCCCCNC(=N)NC(=N)Nc2ccc(Cl)cc2)cc1 InChI InChI=1S/C22H30Cl2N10/c23-15-5-9-17(10-6-15)31-21(27)33-19(25)29-13-3-1-2-4-14-30-20(26)34-22(28)32-18-11-7-16(24)8-12-18/h5-12H,1-4,13-14H2,(H5,25,27,29,31,33)(H5,26,28,30,32,34) YKey:GHXZTYHSJHQHIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y (verify) Chlorhexidine is a disinfectant and antiseptic with the molecular formula C22H30Cl2N10, which is used for skin disinfection before surgery and to disinfect surgical instruments. It is also used for cleaning wounds, preventing dental plaque, treating yeast infections of the mouth, and to keep urinary catheters from blocking. It is used as a liquid or a powder. It is commonly used in salt form, either the gluconate or the acetate. Side effects may include skin irritation, tooth discoloration, and allergic reactions, although apart from discoloration the risk appears to be the same as povidone-iodine. Chlorhexidine rinse is also known to have a bitter metallic aftertaste. Rinsing with water is not recommended as it is known to increase the bitterness. It may cause eye problems if direct contact occurs. Use in pregnancy appears to be safe. Chlorhexidine may come mixed in alcohol, water, or surfactant solution. It is effective against a range of microorganisms, but does not inactivate spores. Chlorhexidine came into medical use in the 1950s and is available over the counter in the United States. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. In 2021, it was the 247th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 1 million prescriptions. Uses Chlorhexidine is used in disinfectants (disinfection of the skin and hands), cosmetics (additive to creams, toothpaste, deodorants, and antiperspirants), and pharmaceutical products (preservative in eye drops, active substance in wound dressings and antiseptic mouthwashes). A 2019 Cochrane review concluded that based on very low certainty evidence in those who are critically ill "it is not clear whether bathing with chlorhexidine reduces hospital-acquired infections, mortality, or length of stay in the intensive care unit (ICU), or whether the use of chlorhexidine results in more skin reactions." In endodontics, chlorhexidine has been used for root canal irrigation and as an intracanal dressing. It has however been replaced by the use of sodium hypochlorite bleach in much of the developed world. Antiseptic Chlorhexidine is active against Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms, facultative anaerobes, aerobes, and yeasts. It is particularly effective against Gram-positive bacteria (in concentrations ≥ 1 μg/L). Significantly higher concentrations (10 to more than 73 μg/mL) are required for Gram-negative bacteria and fungi. Chlorhexidine is ineffective against polioviruses and adenoviruses. The effectiveness against herpes viruses has not yet been established unequivocally. There is strong evidence that chlorhexidine is more effective than povidone-iodine for clean surgery. Evidence shows that it is an effective antiseptic for upper limb surgery. Meta-data spanning several decades shows that the efficacy of chlorhexidine (against organisms that cause surgical site infection) has not changed, dispelling concerns over emerging resistance. Dental use Perichlor brand 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate solution Use of a chlorhexidine-based mouthwash in combination with normal tooth care can help reduce the build-up of plaque and improve mild gingivitis. There is not enough evidence to determine the effect in moderate to severe gingivitis. Its use as a mouthwash has a number of adverse effects including damage to the mouth lining, tooth discoloration, tartar build-up, and impaired taste. Extrinsic tooth staining occurs when chlorhexidine rinse has been used for four weeks or longer. Mouthwashes containing chlorhexidine which stain teeth less than the classic solution have been developed, many of which contain chelated zinc. Chlorhexidine is a cation which interacts with anionic components of toothpaste, such as sodium lauryl sulfate and sodium monofluorophosphate, and forms salts of low solubility and reduced antibacterial activity. Hence, to enhance the antiplaque effect of chlorhexidine, "it seems best that the interval between toothbrushing and rinsing with CHX be more than 30 minutes, cautiously close to two hours after brushing". Topical Chlorhexidine gluconate is used as a skin cleanser for surgical scrubs, as a cleanser for skin wounds, for preoperative skin preparation, and for germicidal hand rinses. Chlorhexidine eye drops have been used as a treatment for eyes affected by Acanthamoeba keratitis. Chlorhexidine is a very effective antiseptic and its use is growing in the world for treating the umbilical cord. A 2015 Cochrane review has yielded high-quality evidence that within the community setting, chlorhexidine skin or cord care can reduce the incidence of omphalitis (inflammation of the umbilical cord) by 50% and neonatal mortality by 12%. Side effects Side effects may include skin irritation, tooth discoloration, and allergic reactions, although apart from discoloration the risk appears to be the same as povidone-iodine. Chlorhexidine is ototoxic (toxic to the inner ear). If put into a ruptured ear canal it may lead to deafness. Chlorhexidine does not meet European specifications for a hand disinfectant. Under the test conditions of the European Standard EN 1499, no significant difference in the efficacy was found between a 4% solution of chlorhexidine digluconate and soap. In the US, between 2007 and 2009, Hunter Holmes McGuire Veterans Administration Medical Center conducted a cluster-randomized trial and concluded that daily bathing of patients in intensive care units with washcloths saturated with chlorhexidine gluconate reduced the risk of hospital-acquired infections. Whether prolonged exposure over many years may have carcinogenic potential is still not clear. The US Food and Drug Administration recommendation is to limit the use of a chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash to a maximum of six months. When ingested, chlorhexidine is poorly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and can cause stomach irritation or nausea. If aspirated into the lungs at high enough concentration, as reported in one case, it can be fatal due to the high risk of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Mechanism of action At physiologic pH, chlorhexidine salts dissociate and release the positively charged chlorhexidine cation. The bactericidal effect is a result of the binding of this cationic molecule to negatively charged bacterial cell walls. At low concentrations of chlorhexidine, this results in a bacteriostatic effect; at high concentrations, membrane disruption results in cell death. Chemistry It is a cationic polybiguanide (bisbiguanide). Deactivation Chlorhexidine is deactivated by forming insoluble salts with anionic compounds, including the anionic surfactants commonly used as detergents in toothpastes and mouthwashes, anionic thickeners such as carbomer, and anionic emulsifiers such as acrylates/C10-30 alkyl acrylate crosspolymer, among many others. For this reason, chlorhexidine mouth rinses should be used at least 30 minutes after other dental products. Synthesis The structure is based on two molecules of proguanil, linked with a hexamethylenediamine spacer. Two routes for chlorhexidine synthesis: U.S. patent 2,684,924 (1954 to I.C.I.). The compounds designated (...)2 are substituted hexanes. Society and culture Brands Chlorhexidine topical is sold as Betasept, Biopatch, Calgon Vesta, ChloraPrep One-Step, Dyna-Hex, Hibiclens, Hibistat Towelette, Scrub Care Exidine, Spectrum-4 among others. Chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash is sold as Dentohexin, Paroex, Peridex, PerioChip, Corsodyl and Periogard, among others. Veterinary medicine In animals, chlorhexidine is used for topical disinfection of wounds, and to manage skin infections. Chlorhexidine-based disinfectant products are used in the dairy farming industry. Post-surgical respiratory problems have been associated with the use of chlorhexidine products in cats. References ^ Varoni E, Tarce M, Lodi G, Carrassi A (September 2012). "Chlorhexidine (CHX) in dentistry: state of the art". Minerva Stomatologica. 61 (9): 399–419. PMID 22976567. Archived from the original on 30 September 2021. Retrieved 30 September 2021. ^ a b c World Health Organization (2009). Stuart MC, Kouimtzi M, Hill SR (eds.). WHO Model Formulary 2008. World Health Organization. pp. 321–22. hdl:10665/44053. ISBN 9789241547659. ^ a b c d e British national formulary : BNF 69 (69 ed.). British Medical Association. 2015. pp. 568, 791, 839. ISBN 9780857111562. ^ "Chlorhexidine Gluconate". PubChem. Retrieved 1 July 2023. ^ "Chlorhexidine Acetate". PubChem. Retrieved 1 July 2023. ^ a b c Wade RG, Bourke G, Wormald JC, Totty JP, Stanley GH, Lewandowski A, et al. (November 2021). "Chlorhexidine versus povidone-iodine skin antisepsis before upper limb surgery (CIPHUR): an international multicentre prospective cohort study". BJS Open. 5 (6): zrab117. doi:10.1093/bjsopen/zrab117. PMC 8677347. PMID 34915557. ^ a b Wade RG, Burr NE, McCauley G, Bourke G, Efthimiou O (December 2021). "The Comparative Efficacy of Chlorhexidine Gluconate and Povidone-iodine Antiseptics for the Prevention of Infection in Clean Surgery: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis". Annals of Surgery. 274 (6): e481–e488. doi:10.1097/SLA.0000000000004076. PMID 32773627. S2CID 225289226. ^ "Chlorhexidine (Oral Route) Precautions - Mayo Clinic". www.mayoclinic.org. Retrieved 27 June 2023. ^ a b "Chlorhexidine Gluconate topical". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 13 January 2017. Retrieved 8 January 2017. ^ Tabor E, Bostwick DC, Evans CC (January 1989). "Corneal damage due to eye contact with chlorhexidine gluconate". JAMA. 261 (4): 557–558. doi:10.1001/jama.1989.03420040091021. PMID 2909794. ^ Briggs GG, Freeman RK, Yaffe SJ (2011). Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation: A Reference Guide to Fetal and Neonatal Risk. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 252. ISBN 9781608317080. Archived from the original on 13 January 2017. ^ "Prevantics Swab- chlorhexidine gluconate and isopropyl alcohol solution". DailyMed. 26 October 2022. Archived from the original on 24 January 2023. Retrieved 24 January 2023. ^ "Prevantics Swab- chlorhexidine gluconate and isopropyl alcohol solution". DailyMed. 26 October 2022. Archived from the original on 24 January 2023. Retrieved 24 January 2023. ^ "Prevantics Maxi Swabstick- chlorhexidine gluconate and isopropyl alcohol solution". DailyMed. 26 October 2022. Archived from the original on 24 January 2023. Retrieved 24 January 2023. ^ Schmalz G, Bindslev DA (2008). Biocompatibility of Dental Materials. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 351. ISBN 9783540777823. Archived from the original on 13 January 2017. ^ World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. ^ World Health Organization (2021). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 22nd list (2021). Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/345533. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2021.02. ^ "The Top 300 of 2021". ClinCalc. Archived from the original on 15 January 2024. Retrieved 14 January 2024. ^ "Chlorhexidine - Drug Usage Statistics". ClinCalc. Retrieved 14 January 2024. ^ Güthner T, Mertschenk B, Schulz B (2007), "Guanidine and Derivatives", Ullman's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry (7th ed.), Wiley, p. 13 ^ Lewis SR, Schofield-Robinson OJ, Rhodes S, Smith AF (August 2019). "Chlorhexidine bathing of the critically ill for the prevention of hospital-acquired infection". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 8 (8): CD012248. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012248.pub2. PMC 6718196. PMID 31476022. ^ Raab D (July–August 2008). "Preparation of contaminated root canal systems – the importance of antimicrobial irrigants". Dental Inc.: 34–36. ^ Raab D (2010). "Die Bedeutung chemischer Spülungen in der Endodontie" (PDF). Endodontie Journal (2): 22–23. ^ a b c Leikin JB, Paloucek FP, eds. (2008). "Chlorhexidine Gluconate". Poisoning and Toxicology Handbook (4th ed.). Informa. pp. 183–84. ^ a b Harke HP (2007). "Disinfectants". Ullman's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry (7th ed.). Wiley. pp. 10–11. ^ Wade RG, Burr NE, McCauley G, Bourke G, Efthimiou O (December 2021). "The Comparative Efficacy of Chlorhexidine Gluconate and Povidone-iodine Antiseptics for the Prevention of Infection in Clean Surgery: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis". Annals of Surgery. 274 (6): e481–e488. doi:10.1097/SLA.0000000000004076. PMID 32773627. ^ Dumville JC, McFarlane E, Edwards P, Lipp A, Holmes A, Liu Z (April 2015). "Preoperative skin antiseptics for preventing surgical wound infections after clean surgery". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015 (4): CD003949. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003949.pub4. PMC 6485388. PMID 25897764. ^ Aftab R, Dodhia VH, Jeanes C, Wade RG (January 2023). "Bacterial sensitivity to chlorhexidine and povidone-iodine antiseptics over time: a systematic review and meta-analysis of human-derived data". Scientific Reports. 13 (1): 347. Bibcode:2023NatSR..13..347A. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-26658-1. PMC 9825506. PMID 36611032. ^ a b c d James P, Worthington HV, Parnell C, Harding M, Lamont T, Cheung A, et al. (March 2017). "Chlorhexidine mouthrinse as an adjunctive treatment for gingival health". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 3 (3): CD008676. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008676.pub2. PMC 6464488. PMID 28362061. ^ Bernardi F, Pincelli MR, Carloni S, Gatto MR, Montebugnoli L (August 2004). "Chlorhexidine with an Anti Discoloration System. A comparative study". International Journal of Dental Hygiene. 2 (3): 122–126. doi:10.1111/j.1601-5037.2004.00083.x. PMID 16451475. ^ Sanz M, Vallcorba N, Fabregues S, Müller I, Herkströter F (July 1994). "The effect of a dentifrice containing chlorhexidine and zinc on plaque, gingivitis, calculus and tooth staining". Journal of Clinical Periodontology. 21 (6): 431–437. doi:10.1111/j.1600-051X.1994.tb00741.x. PMID 8089246. ^ Kumar S, Patel S, Tadakamadla J, Tibdewal H, Duraiswamy P, Kulkarni S (February 2013). "Effectiveness of a mouthrinse containing active ingredients in addition to chlorhexidine and triclosan compared with chlorhexidine and triclosan rinses on plaque, gingivitis, supragingival calculus and extrinsic staining". International Journal of Dental Hygiene. 11 (1): 35–40. doi:10.1111/j.1601-5037.2012.00560.x. PMID 22672130. ^ Kolahi J, Soolari A (September 2006). "Rinsing with chlorhexidine gluconate solution after brushing and flossing teeth: a systematic review of effectiveness". Quintessence International. 37 (8): 605–612. PMID 16922019. ^ Alkharashi M, Lindsley K, Law HA, Sikder S (February 2015). "Medical interventions for acanthamoeba keratitis". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015 (2): CD010792. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010792.pub2. PMC 4730543. PMID 25710134. ^ Sinha A, Sazawal S, Pradhan A, Ramji S, Opiyo N (March 2015). "Chlorhexidine skin or cord care for prevention of mortality and infections in neonates". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015 (3): CD007835. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007835.pub2. PMC 10638659. PMID 25739381. S2CID 16586836. ^ Lai P, Coulson C, Pothier DD, Rutka J (December 2011). "Chlorhexidine ototoxicity in ear surgery, part 1: review of the literature". Journal of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery. 40 (6): 437–440. PMID 22420428. ^ "Daily Bathing With Antiseptic Agent Significantly Reduces Risk of Hospital-Acquired Infections in Intensive Care Unit Patients". Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. 23 April 2014. Archived from the original on 13 January 2017. Retrieved 29 April 2014. ^ Below H, Assadian O, Baguhl R, Hildebrandt U, Jäger B, Meissner K, et al. (February 2017). "Measurements of chlorhexidine, p-chloroaniline, and p-chloronitrobenzene in saliva after mouth wash before and after operation with 0.2% chlorhexidine digluconate in maxillofacial surgery: a randomised controlled trial". The British Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery. 55 (2): 150–155. doi:10.1016/j.bjoms.2016.10.007. PMID 27789177. ^ "Chlorhexidine Adverse Effects". www.poison.org. Archived from the original on 5 July 2018. Retrieved 4 July 2018. ^ a b "Chlorhexidine". Pubchem. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Archived from the original on 5 July 2018. Retrieved 4 July 2018. ^ Hirata K, Kurokawa A (April 2002). "Chlorhexidine gluconate ingestion resulting in fatal respiratory distress syndrome". Veterinary and Human Toxicology. 44 (2): 89–91. PMID 11931511. An 80-y-old woman with dementia accidentally ingested approximately 200 mL of Maskin (5% chlorhexidine) in a nursing home and then presumably aspirated gastric contents. ^ Tanzer JM, Slee AM, Kamay BA (December 1977). "Structural requirements of guanide, biguanide, and bisbiguanide agents for antiplaque activity". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 12 (6): 721–729. doi:10.1128/aac.12.6.721. PMC 430011. PMID 931371. ^ Denton GW (2000). "Chlorhexidine". In Block SS (ed.). Disinfection, Sterilization, and Preservation (5th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 321–36. ISBN 978-0-683-30740-5. Archived from the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved 10 October 2016. ^ Rose FL, Swain G (1956). "850. Bisdiguanides having antibacterial activity". Journal of the Chemical Society (Resumed): 4422–4425. doi:10.1039/JR9560004422. ^ "Hibiclens Uses, Side Effects & Warnings - Drugs.com". Drugs.com. Archived from the original on 4 August 2018. Retrieved 4 August 2018. ^ "Chlorhexidine gluconate Uses, Side Effects & Warnings - Drugs.com". Drugs.com. Archived from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 4 August 2018. ^ van Hengel T, ter Haar G, Kirpensteijn J (2013). "Chapter 2. Wound management: a new protocol for dogs and cats. Chlorhexidine solution". In Kirpensteijn J, ter Haar G (eds.). Reconstructive Surgery and Wound Management of the Dog and Cat. CRC Press. ISBN 9781482261455. ^ Maddison JE, Page SW, Church DB, eds. (2008). "Antimicrobial agents. Chlorhexidine". Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 552. ISBN 978-0702028588. ^ Blowey RW, Edmondson P (2010). Mastitis Control in Dairy Herds. CABI. p. 120. ISBN 9781845937515. ^ Zeman D, Mosley J, Leslie-Steen P (Winter 1996). "Post-Surgical Respiratory Distress in Cats Associated with Chlorhexidine Surgical Scrubs". ADDL Newsletters. Indiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 11 September 2011. vteDentistry involving supporting structures of teeth (Periodontology)Anatomy Periodontium Alveolar bone Biologic width Cementum Free gingival margin Gingiva Gingival fibers Gingival sulcus Junctional epithelium Mucogingival junction Periodontal ligament Sulcular epithelium Stippling DiseaseDiagnoses Chronic periodontitis Localized aggressive periodontitis Generalized aggressive periodontitis Periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic disease Periodontosis Necrotizing periodontal diseases Abscesses of the periodontium Combined periodontic-endodontic lesions Infection A. actinomycetemcomitans Capnocytophaga sp. F. nucleatum P. gingivalis P. intermedia T. forsythia T. denticola Red complex Entamoeba gingivalis (amoebic) Trichomonas tenax Other Calculus Clinical attachment loss Edentulism Fremitus Furcation defect Gingival enlargement Gingival pocket Gingival recession Gingivitis Horizontal bony defect Linear gingival erythema Occlusal trauma Periodontal pocket Periodontal disease Periodontitis Plaque Vertical bony defect Treatment and prevention Periodontal examination Ante's law Brushing Bleeding on probing Chlorhexidine gluconate Flossing Hydrogen peroxide Mouthwash Oral hygiene Tetracycline Triclosan Host modulatory therapy TreatmentConventional therapy Debridement Scaling and root planing Full mouth disinfection Full mouth ultrasonic debridement Surgery Apically positioned flap Bone graft Coronally positioned flap Crown lengthening Free gingival graft Gingival grafting Gingivectomy Guided bone regeneration Guided tissue regeneration Enamel matrix derivative Implant placement Lateral pedicle graft Open flap debridement Pocket reduction surgery Socket preservation Sinus lift Subepithelial connective tissue graft Tools Curette Membrane Probe Scaler Important personalities Tomas Albrektsson Frank Beube Per-Ingvar Brånemark Robert Gottsegen Gary Greenstein Jan Lindhe Brian Mealey Preston D. Miller Willoughby D. Miller Carl E. Misch John Mankey Riggs Jay Seibert Jørgen Slots Paul Roscoe Stillman Dennis P. Tarnow Hom-Lay Wang James Leon Williams W. J. Younger Other specialties Endodontology Orthodontology Prosthodontology vteStomatological preparations (A01)Caries prophylaxis Dectaflur Olaflur Sodium fluoride Sodium monofluorophosphate Stannous fluoride Infection and antiseptics Amphotericin B Benzoxonium chloride Chlorhexidine Chlortetracycline Clotrimazole Cetylpyridinium chloride Domiphen bromide Doxycycline Eugenol Hexetidine Hydrogen peroxide Mepartricin Metronidazole Miconazole Minocycline Natamycin Neomycin Oxyquinoline Polynoxylin Sodium perborate Tetracycline Tibezonium iodide Corticosteroids (Glucocorticoids) Dexamethasone Hydrocortisone Triamcinolone Other Amlexanox Acetylsalicylic acid Becaplermin Benzydamine Epinephrine/Adrenalone vteAntiseptics and disinfectants (D08)Acridine derivatives Ethacridine lactate 9-Aminoacridine Euflavine Biguanides and amidines Dibrompropamidine Chlorhexidine# Propamidine Hexamidine Polihexanide Phenol and derivatives Hexachlorophene Policresulen Phenol Triclosan Triclocarban Chloroxylenol# Biphenylol Fenticlor Nitrofuran derivatives Nitrofurazone Iodine products Iodine/octylphenoxypolyglycolether Povidone-iodine# Diiodohydroxypropane Quinoline derivatives Dequalinium Chlorquinaldol Oxyquinoline Clioquinol Quaternary ammonium compounds Benzalkonium Benzethonium chloride Cetrimonium (bromide/chloride) Cetylpyridinium Cetrimide Benzoxonium chloride Didecyldimethylammonium chloride Mercurial products Mercuric amidochloride Phenylmercuric borate Mercuric chloride Merbromin Nitromersol Thiomersal Mercuric iodide Silver compounds Silver nitrate Alcohols Propanol (propyl alcohol) Isopropanol (isopropyl alcohol) Ethanol (ethyl alcohol)# Other Potassium permanganate Sodium hypochlorite Halazone Monalazone Hydrogen peroxide Eosin Chloramine-T (tosylchloramide) Octenidine dihydrochloride #WHO-EM ‡Withdrawn from market Clinical trials: †Phase III §Never to phase III vteMedicated dressings (D09)Ointment dressingswith anti-infectives Aluminium chlorohydrate Benzalkonium Benzododecinium Cetylpyridinium Chlorhexidine Clioquinol Framycetin Fusidic acid Iodoform Nitrofural Phenylmercuric nitrate Povidone-iodine Triclosan Other Soft paraffin dressings Zinc bandages vteThroat preparations (R02)Antiseptics Acriflavinium chloride Ambazone Amylmetacresol Benzalkonium Benzethonium Cetrimonium (bromide/chloride) Cetylpyridinium Chlorhexidine Chlorquinaldol Dequalinium Dichlorobenzyl alcohol Hexamidine Hexetidine Hexylresorcinol Myristyl-benzalkonium Oxyquinoline Phenol Povidone-iodine Antibiotics Bacitracin Fusafungine Gramicidin Neomycin Tyrothricin Local anesthetics Benzocaine Cocaine Dyclonine Lidocaine Other Flurbiprofen vteDrugs used for diseases of the ear (S02)Infection Acetic acid Aluminium acetotartrate Aluminium triacetate (Burow's solution) Boric acid Chloramphenicol Chlorhexidine Ciprofloxacin Clioquinol Gentamicin Hydrogen peroxide Miconazole Neomycin Nitrofurazone Ofloxacin Polymyxin B Rifamycin Tetracycline Corticosteroids Betamethasone Dexamethasone Fluocinolone acetonide Hydrocortisone Prednisolone Analgesics and anesthetics Lidocaine Cocaine Phenazone Portal: Medicine	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"disinfectant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinfectant"},{"link_name":"antiseptic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiseptic"},{"link_name":"molecular formula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formula#Molecular_formula"},{"link_name":"skin disinfection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_disinfection"},{"link_name":"surgical instruments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgical_instruments"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WHO2008-2"},{"link_name":"wounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wounds"},{"link_name":"dental plaque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_plaque"},{"link_name":"yeast infections of the mouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeast_infections_of_the_mouth"},{"link_name":"urinary catheters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_catheters"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BNF69-3"},{"link_name":"liquid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WHO2008-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BNF69-3"},{"link_name":"salt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionic_compound"},{"link_name":"gluconate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluconate"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PubChem_CG-4"},{"link_name":"acetate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetate"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PubChem_CA-5"},{"link_name":"tooth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_tooth"},{"link_name":"allergic reactions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergic_reactions"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BNF69-3"},{"link_name":"povidone-iodine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povidone-iodine"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AHFS2017-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"pregnancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnancy"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"alcohol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"surfactant solution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfactant_solution"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BNF69-3"},{"link_name":"microorganisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microorganisms"},{"link_name":"spores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spores"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WHO2008-2"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"over the counter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over_the_counter"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AHFS2017-9"},{"link_name":"World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WHO21st-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WHO22nd-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Chlorhexidine[1] is a disinfectant and antiseptic with the molecular formula C22H30Cl2N10, which is used for skin disinfection before surgery and to disinfect surgical instruments.[2] It is also used for cleaning wounds, preventing dental plaque, treating yeast infections of the mouth, and to keep urinary catheters from blocking.[3] It is used as a liquid or a powder.[2][3] It is commonly used in salt form, either the gluconate[4] or the acetate.[5]Side effects may include skin irritation, tooth discoloration, and allergic reactions,[3] although apart from discoloration the risk appears to be the same as povidone-iodine.[6][7] Chlorhexidine rinse is also known to have a bitter metallic aftertaste. Rinsing with water is not recommended as it is known to increase the bitterness.[8] It may cause eye problems if direct contact occurs.[9][10] Use in pregnancy appears to be safe.[11] Chlorhexidine may come mixed in alcohol,[12][13][14] water, or surfactant solution.[3] It is effective against a range of microorganisms, but does not inactivate spores.[2]Chlorhexidine came into medical use in the 1950s[15] and is available over the counter in the United States.[9] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[16][17] In 2021, it was the 247th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 1 million prescriptions.[18][19]","title":"Chlorhexidine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guanidine-20"},{"link_name":"Cochrane review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochrane_(organisation)"},{"link_name":"intensive care unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_care_unit"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"endodontics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endodontics"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"sodium hypochlorite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_hypochlorite"},{"link_name":"bleach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleach"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Chlorhexidine is used in disinfectants (disinfection of the skin and hands), cosmetics (additive to creams, toothpaste, deodorants, and antiperspirants), and pharmaceutical products (preservative in eye drops, active substance in wound dressings and antiseptic mouthwashes).[20] A 2019 Cochrane review concluded that based on very low certainty evidence in those who are critically ill \"it is not clear whether bathing with chlorhexidine reduces hospital-acquired infections, mortality, or length of stay in the intensive care unit (ICU), or whether the use of chlorhexidine results in more skin reactions.\"[21]In endodontics, chlorhexidine has been used for root canal irrigation and as an intracanal dressing.[22][23] It has however been replaced by the use of sodium hypochlorite bleach in much of the developed world.[citation needed]","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gram-positive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram-positive_bacteria"},{"link_name":"Gram-negative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram-negative_bacteria"},{"link_name":"facultative anaerobes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facultative_anaerobes"},{"link_name":"aerobes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobes"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tox-24"},{"link_name":"polioviruses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polioviruses"},{"link_name":"adenoviruses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenoviruses"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-disinfectants-25"},{"link_name":"povidone-iodine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povidone-iodine"},{"link_name":"surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgery"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Antiseptic","text":"Chlorhexidine is active against Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms, facultative anaerobes, aerobes, and yeasts.[24] It is particularly effective against Gram-positive bacteria (in concentrations ≥ 1 μg/L). Significantly higher concentrations (10 to more than 73 μg/mL) are required for Gram-negative bacteria and fungi. Chlorhexidine is ineffective against polioviruses and adenoviruses. The effectiveness against herpes viruses has not yet been established unequivocally.[25]There is strong evidence that chlorhexidine is more effective than povidone-iodine for clean surgery.[26][27] Evidence shows that it is an effective antiseptic for upper limb surgery.[6]Meta-data spanning several decades shows that the efficacy of chlorhexidine (against organisms that cause surgical site infection) has not changed,[28] dispelling concerns over emerging resistance.","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Perichlor,_0.12%25_chlorhexidine_glucomate_solution_medication.jpg"},{"link_name":"gingivitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gingivitis"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-coch2017-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-coch2017-29"},{"link_name":"adverse effects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverse_effect"},{"link_name":"tartar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculus_(dental)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-coch2017-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-coch2017-29"},{"link_name":"chelated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelation"},{"link_name":"zinc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid16451475-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"cation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cation"},{"link_name":"anionic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anionic"},{"link_name":"toothpaste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toothpaste"},{"link_name":"sodium lauryl sulfate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_lauryl_sulfate"},{"link_name":"sodium monofluorophosphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_monofluorophosphate"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"Dental use","text":"Perichlor brand 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate solutionUse of a chlorhexidine-based mouthwash in combination with normal tooth care can help reduce the build-up of plaque and improve mild gingivitis.[29] There is not enough evidence to determine the effect in moderate to severe gingivitis.[29] Its use as a mouthwash has a number of adverse effects including damage to the mouth lining, tooth discoloration, tartar build-up, and impaired taste.[29] Extrinsic tooth staining occurs when chlorhexidine rinse has been used for four weeks or longer.[29]Mouthwashes containing chlorhexidine which stain teeth less than the classic solution have been developed, many of which contain chelated zinc.[30][31][32]Chlorhexidine is a cation which interacts with anionic components of toothpaste, such as sodium lauryl sulfate and sodium monofluorophosphate, and forms salts of low solubility and reduced antibacterial activity. Hence, to enhance the antiplaque effect of chlorhexidine, \"it seems best that the interval between toothbrushing and rinsing with CHX [chlorhexidine] be more than 30 minutes, cautiously close to two hours after brushing\".[33]","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tox-24"},{"link_name":"eye drops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_drop"},{"link_name":"Acanthamoeba keratitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthamoeba_keratitis"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alkharashi-34"},{"link_name":"Cochrane review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochrane_review"},{"link_name":"omphalitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omphalitis"},{"link_name":"umbilical cord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbilical_cord"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"Topical","text":"Chlorhexidine gluconate is used as a skin cleanser for surgical scrubs, as a cleanser for skin wounds, for preoperative skin preparation, and for germicidal hand rinses.[24] Chlorhexidine eye drops have been used as a treatment for eyes affected by Acanthamoeba keratitis.[34]Chlorhexidine is a very effective antiseptic and its use is growing in the world for treating the umbilical cord. A 2015 Cochrane review has yielded high-quality evidence that within the community setting, chlorhexidine skin or cord care can reduce the incidence of omphalitis (inflammation of the umbilical cord) by 50% and neonatal mortality by 12%.[35]","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tooth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_tooth"},{"link_name":"allergic reactions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergic_reactions"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BNF69-3"},{"link_name":"povidone-iodine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povidone-iodine"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"ototoxic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ototoxicity"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"European Standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Standard"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-disinfectants-25"},{"link_name":"Hunter Holmes McGuire Veterans Administration Medical Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter_Holmes_McGuire_Veterans_Administration_Medical_Center"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Food and Drug Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-40"},{"link_name":"acute respiratory distress syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_respiratory_distress_syndrome"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"text":"Side effects may include skin irritation, tooth discoloration, and allergic reactions,[3] although apart from discoloration the risk appears to be the same as povidone-iodine.[6][7]Chlorhexidine is ototoxic (toxic to the inner ear). If put into a ruptured ear canal it may lead to deafness.[36]Chlorhexidine does not meet European specifications for a hand disinfectant. Under the test conditions of the European Standard EN 1499, no significant difference in the efficacy was found between a 4% solution of chlorhexidine digluconate and soap.[25] In the US, between 2007 and 2009, Hunter Holmes McGuire Veterans Administration Medical Center conducted a cluster-randomized trial and concluded that daily bathing of patients in intensive care units with washcloths saturated with chlorhexidine gluconate reduced the risk of hospital-acquired infections.[37]Whether prolonged exposure over many years may have carcinogenic potential is still not clear. The US Food and Drug Administration recommendation is to limit the use of a chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash to a maximum of six months.[38]When ingested, chlorhexidine is poorly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and can cause stomach irritation or nausea.[39][40] If aspirated into the lungs at high enough concentration, as reported in one case, it can be fatal due to the high risk of acute respiratory distress syndrome.[40][41]","title":"Side effects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PH"},{"link_name":"cation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion#Anions_and_cations"},{"link_name":"bacteriostatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriostatic_agent"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tox-24"}],"text":"At physiologic pH, chlorhexidine salts dissociate and release the positively charged chlorhexidine cation. The bactericidal effect is a result of the binding of this cationic molecule to negatively charged bacterial cell walls. At low concentrations of chlorhexidine, this results in a bacteriostatic effect; at high concentrations, membrane disruption results in cell death.[24]","title":"Mechanism of action"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bisbiguanide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisbiguanide"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"text":"It is a cationic polybiguanide (bisbiguanide).[42]","title":"Chemistry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"anionic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anionic"},{"link_name":"surfactants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfactants"},{"link_name":"thickeners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thickeners"},{"link_name":"carbomer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyacrylic_acid"},{"link_name":"emulsifiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulsifiers"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Denton-43"}],"text":"Chlorhexidine is deactivated by forming insoluble salts with anionic compounds, including the anionic surfactants commonly used as detergents in toothpastes and mouthwashes, anionic thickeners such as carbomer, and anionic emulsifiers such as acrylates/C10-30 alkyl acrylate crosspolymer, among many others. For this reason, chlorhexidine mouth rinses should be used at least 30 minutes after other dental products.[43]","title":"Deactivation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"proguanil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proguanil"},{"link_name":"hexamethylenediamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexamethylenediamine"},{"link_name":"spacer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spacer_(chemistry)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chlorhexidine_synthesis.png"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"U.S. patent 2,684,924","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//patents.google.com/patent/US2684924"},{"link_name":"I.C.I.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I.C.I."}],"text":"The structure is based on two molecules of proguanil, linked with a hexamethylenediamine spacer.Two routes for chlorhexidine synthesis:[44] U.S. patent 2,684,924 (1954 to I.C.I.). The compounds designated (...)2 are substituted hexanes.","title":"Synthesis"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Society and culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"sub_title":"Brands","text":"Chlorhexidine topical is sold as Betasept, Biopatch, Calgon Vesta, ChloraPrep One-Step, Dyna-Hex, Hibiclens, Hibistat Towelette, Scrub Care Exidine, Spectrum-4 among others.[45]Chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash is sold as Dentohexin, Paroex, Peridex, PerioChip, Corsodyl and Periogard, among others.[46]","title":"Society and culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-van_Hengel-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maddison-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blowey-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"text":"In animals, chlorhexidine is used for topical disinfection of wounds,[47] and to manage skin infections.[48] Chlorhexidine-based disinfectant products are used in the dairy farming industry.[49]Post-surgical respiratory problems have been associated with the use of chlorhexidine products in cats.[50]","title":"Veterinary medicine"}]	[{"image_text":"Perichlor brand 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate solution","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Perichlor%2C_0.12%25_chlorhexidine_glucomate_solution_medication.jpg/220px-Perichlor%2C_0.12%25_chlorhexidine_glucomate_solution_medication.jpg"},{"image_text":"Two routes for chlorhexidine synthesis:[44] U.S. patent 2,684,924 (1954 to I.C.I.). The compounds designated (...)2 are substituted hexanes.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Chlorhexidine_synthesis.png/700px-Chlorhexidine_synthesis.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"Varoni E, Tarce M, Lodi G, Carrassi A (September 2012). \"Chlorhexidine (CHX) in dentistry: state of the art\". Minerva Stomatologica. 61 (9): 399–419. PMID 22976567. Archived from the original on 30 September 2021. Retrieved 30 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22976567/","url_text":"\"Chlorhexidine (CHX) in dentistry: state of the art\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22976567","url_text":"22976567"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210930082631/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22976567/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"World Health Organization (2009). Stuart MC, Kouimtzi M, Hill SR (eds.). WHO Model Formulary 2008. World Health Organization. pp. 321–22. hdl:10665/44053. ISBN 9789241547659.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization","url_text":"World Health Organization"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10665%2F44053","url_text":"10665/44053"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789241547659","url_text":"9789241547659"}]},{"reference":"British national formulary : BNF 69 (69 ed.). British Medical Association. 2015. pp. 568, 791, 839. ISBN 9780857111562.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857111562","url_text":"9780857111562"}]},{"reference":"\"Chlorhexidine Gluconate\". PubChem. 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PMID 34915557.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8677347","url_text":"\"Chlorhexidine versus povidone-iodine skin antisepsis before upper limb surgery (CIPHUR): an international multicentre prospective cohort study\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbjsopen%2Fzrab117","url_text":"10.1093/bjsopen/zrab117"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8677347","url_text":"8677347"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34915557","url_text":"34915557"}]},{"reference":"Wade RG, Burr NE, McCauley G, Bourke G, Efthimiou O (December 2021). \"The Comparative Efficacy of Chlorhexidine Gluconate and Povidone-iodine Antiseptics for the Prevention of Infection in Clean Surgery: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis\". Annals of Surgery. 274 (6): e481–e488. doi:10.1097/SLA.0000000000004076. PMID 32773627. S2CID 225289226.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1097%2FSLA.0000000000004076","url_text":"\"The Comparative Efficacy of Chlorhexidine Gluconate and Povidone-iodine Antiseptics for the Prevention of Infection in Clean Surgery: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1097%2FSLA.0000000000004076","url_text":"10.1097/SLA.0000000000004076"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32773627","url_text":"32773627"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225289226","url_text":"225289226"}]},{"reference":"\"Chlorhexidine (Oral Route) Precautions - Mayo Clinic\". www.mayoclinic.org. 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PMID 2909794.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.1989.03420040091021","url_text":"10.1001/jama.1989.03420040091021"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2909794","url_text":"2909794"}]},{"reference":"Briggs GG, Freeman RK, Yaffe SJ (2011). Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation: A Reference Guide to Fetal and Neonatal Risk. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 252. ISBN 9781608317080. Archived from the original on 13 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OIgTE4aynrMC&pg=PA252","url_text":"Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation: A Reference Guide to Fetal and Neonatal Risk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781608317080","url_text":"9781608317080"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170113121448/https://books.google.ca/books?id=OIgTE4aynrMC&pg=PA252","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Prevantics Swab- chlorhexidine gluconate and isopropyl alcohol solution\". DailyMed. 26 October 2022. Archived from the original on 24 January 2023. 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Statistics\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6718196","external_links_name":"\"Chlorhexidine bathing of the critically ill for the prevention of hospital-acquired infection\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD012248.pub2","external_links_name":"10.1002/14651858.CD012248.pub2"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6718196","external_links_name":"6718196"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31476022","external_links_name":"31476022"},{"Link":"http://www.oemus.com/archiv/pub/sim/ej/2010/ej0210/ej0210_22_23_raab.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Die Bedeutung chemischer Spülungen in der Endodontie\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1097%2FSLA.0000000000004076","external_links_name":"\"The Comparative Efficacy of Chlorhexidine Gluconate and Povidone-iodine Antiseptics for the Prevention of Infection in Clean Surgery: A Systematic Review and Network 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data\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023NatSR..13..347A","external_links_name":"2023NatSR..13..347A"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-022-26658-1","external_links_name":"10.1038/s41598-022-26658-1"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9825506","external_links_name":"9825506"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36611032","external_links_name":"36611032"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6464488","external_links_name":"\"Chlorhexidine mouthrinse as an adjunctive treatment for gingival 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interventions for acanthamoeba keratitis\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD010792.pub2","external_links_name":"10.1002/14651858.CD010792.pub2"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4730543","external_links_name":"4730543"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25710134","external_links_name":"25710134"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10638659","external_links_name":"\"Chlorhexidine skin or cord care for prevention of mortality and infections in neonates\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD007835.pub2","external_links_name":"10.1002/14651858.CD007835.pub2"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10638659","external_links_name":"10638659"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25739381","external_links_name":"25739381"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16586836","external_links_name":"16586836"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22420428","external_links_name":"22420428"},{"Link":"https://innovations.ahrq.gov/profiles/daily-bathing-antiseptic-agent-significantly-reduces-risk-hospital-acquired-infections","external_links_name":"\"Daily Bathing With Antiseptic Agent Significantly Reduces Risk of Hospital-Acquired Infections in Intensive Care Unit Patients\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170113133136/https://innovations.ahrq.gov/profiles/daily-bathing-antiseptic-agent-significantly-reduces-risk-hospital-acquired-infections","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bjoms.2016.10.007","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.bjoms.2016.10.007"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27789177","external_links_name":"27789177"},{"Link":"https://www.poison.org/articles/chlorhexidine-adverse-effects-172","external_links_name":"\"Chlorhexidine Adverse Effects\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180705033148/https://www.poison.org/articles/chlorhexidine-adverse-effects-172","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/chlorhexidine#section=Human-Toxicity-Excerpts","external_links_name":"\"Chlorhexidine\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180705062731/https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/chlorhexidine#section=Human-Toxicity-Excerpts","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11931511","external_links_name":"11931511"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC430011","external_links_name":"\"Structural requirements of guanide, biguanide, and bisbiguanide agents for antiplaque activity\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1128%2Faac.12.6.721","external_links_name":"10.1128/aac.12.6.721"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC430011","external_links_name":"430011"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/931371","external_links_name":"931371"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3f-kPJ17_TYC&pg=PA321","external_links_name":"\"Chlorhexidine\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230112084021/https://books.google.com/books?id=3f-kPJ17_TYC&pg=PA321","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1039%2FJR9560004422","external_links_name":"10.1039/JR9560004422"},{"Link":"https://www.drugs.com/mtm/hibiclens.html","external_links_name":"\"Hibiclens Uses, Side Effects & Warnings - Drugs.com\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180804231914/https://www.drugs.com/mtm/hibiclens.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.drugs.com/mtm/chlorhexidine-gluconate-oral-rinse.html","external_links_name":"\"Chlorhexidine gluconate Uses, Side Effects & Warnings - Drugs.com\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210828032628/https://www.drugs.com/mtm/chlorhexidine-gluconate-oral-rinse.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.addl.purdue.edu/newsletters/1996/winter/psrd.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Post-Surgical Respiratory Distress in Cats Associated with Chlorhexidine Surgical Scrubs\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110927120035/http://www.addl.purdue.edu/newsletters/1996/winter/psrd.shtml","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laschet_cabinet	Laschet cabinet	["1 Formation","2 Composition","3 External links","4 References"]	State government of North Rhine-Westphalia Cabinet of Armin LaschetCabinet Laschet24th Cabinet of North Rhine-Westphalia30 June 2017 – 27 October 2021Armin Laschet in 2021Date formed30 June 2017Date dissolved27 October 2021People and organisationsMinister-PresidentArmin LaschetDeputy Minister-PresidentJoachim StampNo. of ministers12Member partiesChristian Democratic UnionFree Democratic PartyStatus in legislatureCoalition government100 / 199Opposition partiesSocial Democratic PartyAlliance 90/The GreensAlternative for GermanyHistoryElection2017 North Rhine-Westphalia state electionLegislature term17th Landtag of North Rhine-WestphaliaPredecessorSecond Kraft CabinetSuccessorWüst cabinet The Laschet cabinet was the state government of North Rhine-Westphalia between 2017 and 2021, sworn in on 30 June 2017 after Armin Laschet was elected as Minister-President of North Rhine-Westphalia by the members of the Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia. It was the 24th Cabinet of North Rhine-Westphalia. It was formed after the 2017 North Rhine-Westphalia state election by the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) and Free Democratic Party (FDP). Excluding the Minister-President, the cabinet comprised twelve ministers. Eight were members of the CDU, three were members of the FDP, and one was an independent politician. After Laschet's resignation as Minister-President, the Laschet cabinet was succeeded by the Wüst cabinet on 28 October 2021. Formation See also: 2017 North Rhine-Westphalia state election The previous cabinet was a coalition government of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) and The Greens led by Minister-President Hannelore Kraft. The election took place on 14 May 2017, and resulted in substantial losses for both governing parties. The opposition CDU and FDP both recorded gains, with the former becoming the largest party. The AfD debuted at 7%. Overall, the incumbent coalition lost its majority. The opposition coalition of the CDU and FDP won a slim majority of one seat. Also considered was a grand coalition of the CDU and SPD, but the SPD rejected this the day after the election. CDU leader Armin Laschet initially announced plans to held exploratory talks with the SPD, FDP, and Greens, but only the FDP accepted the offer. On 22 May, the CDU and FDP boards unanimously voted to begin negotiations for a coalition. Meetings began the following day. They presented their coalition agreement in mid-June. The FDP held an online membership ballot to review the pact, with 97% voting in favour on about 50% turnout. The CDU congress unanimously approved the contract the next day, and it was formally signed on 26 June. Laschet was elected as Minister-President by the Landtag on 27 June, winning 100 votes out of 196 cast. His cabinet was sworn in on 30 June. Composition Portfolio Minister Party Took office Left office State secretaries Minister-PresidentState Chancellery Armin Laschetborn (1961-02-18)18 February 1961 CDU 27 June 2017 26 October 2021 Nathanael Liminski (Media, Head of the State Chancellery) Andrea Milz (Sport and Volunteering) Acting Minister-President Joachim Stampborn (1970-06-21)21 June 1970 FDP 26 October 2021 27 October 2021 Deputy Minister-PresidentMinister for Children, Family, Refugees and Integration 30 June 2017 27 October 2021 Andreas Bothe Serap Güler (Integration) Minister for Finance Lutz Lienenkämperborn (1969-05-24)24 May 1969 CDU 30 June 2017 27 October 2021 Patrick Opdenhövel Minister for Interior Herbert Reulborn (1952-08-31)31 August 1952 CDU 30 June 2017 27 October 2021 Jürgen Mathies Minister for Economics, Innovation, Digitalisation and Energy Andreas Pinkwartborn (1960-08-18)18 August 1960 FDP 30 June 2017 27 October 2021 Christoph Dammermann Minister for Labour, Health and Social Affairs Karl-Josef Laumannborn (1957-07-11)11 July 1957 CDU 30 June 2017 27 October 2021 Edmund Heller Minister for School and Education Yvonne Gebauerborn (1966-08-02)2 August 1966 FDP 30 June 2017 27 October 2021 Mathias Richter Minister for Homeland, Communities, Construction and Equality Ina Scharrenbachborn (1976-09-30)30 September 1976 CDU 30 June 2017 27 October 2021 Jan Heinisch Minister for Justice Peter Biesenbachborn (1948-02-10)10 February 1948 CDU 30 June 2017 27 October 2021 Dirk Wedel Minister for Transport Hendrik Wüstborn (1975-07-19)19 July 1975 CDU 30 June 2017 27 October 2021 Hendrik Schulte Minister for Environment, Agriculture, and Nature and Consumer Protection Christina Schulze Föckingborn (1976-11-19)19 November 1976 CDU 30 June 2017 15 May 2018 Heinrich Bottermann Ursula Heinen-Esserborn (1965-10-07)7 October 1965 CDU 24 May 2018 27 October 2021 Heinrich Bottermann Minister for Culture and Science Isabel Pfeiffer-Poensgenborn (1954-04-25)25 April 1954 Ind. 30 June 2017 27 October 2021 Klaus Kaiser Annette Storsberg Minister for Federal, European and International Affairs Stephan Holthoff-Pförtnerborn (1948-10-05)5 October 1948 CDU 30 June 2017 27 October 2021 Mark Speich External links "The Laschet cabinet: You have to remember these faces in NRW". Westdeutsche Zeitung (in German). Retrieved 24 March 2022. References ^ "Black-yellow is currently the only realistic option for NRW". Die Welt (in German). 15 May 2017. ^ "CDU and FDP start talks to form a government coalition in North Rhine-Westphalia". CDU NRW (in German). 22 May 2017. ^ "Coalition agreement for NRW set". Die Zeit (in German). 13 June 2017. ^ "FDP base votes for coalition agreement with the CDU". Die Zeit (in German). 23 June 2017. ^ "CDU and FDP sign coalition agreement". Die Zeit (in German). 26 June 2017. ^ "Laschet is the new Prime Minister of North Rhine-Westphalia". Frankfurter Rundschau (in German). 27 June 2017.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Rhine-Westphalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia"},{"link_name":"Armin Laschet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armin_Laschet"},{"link_name":"Minister-President of North Rhine-Westphalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Minister-Presidents_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia"},{"link_name":"Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landtag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia"},{"link_name":"2017 North Rhine-Westphalia state election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_North_Rhine-Westphalia_state_election"},{"link_name":"Christian Democratic Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Free Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)"},{"link_name":"independent politician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_politician"},{"link_name":"Wüst cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_W%C3%BCst_cabinet"}],"text":"The Laschet cabinet was the state government of North Rhine-Westphalia between 2017 and 2021, sworn in on 30 June 2017 after Armin Laschet was elected as Minister-President of North Rhine-Westphalia by the members of the Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia. It was the 24th Cabinet of North Rhine-Westphalia.It was formed after the 2017 North Rhine-Westphalia state election by the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) and Free Democratic Party (FDP). Excluding the Minister-President, the cabinet comprised twelve ministers. Eight were members of the CDU, three were members of the FDP, and one was an independent politician.After Laschet's resignation as Minister-President, the Laschet cabinet was succeeded by the Wüst cabinet on 28 October 2021.","title":"Laschet cabinet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2017 North Rhine-Westphalia state election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_North_Rhine-Westphalia_state_election"},{"link_name":"Social Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"The Greens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens"},{"link_name":"Hannelore Kraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannelore_Kraft"},{"link_name":"AfD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany"},{"link_name":"grand coalition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_coalition_(Germany)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"See also: 2017 North Rhine-Westphalia state electionThe previous cabinet was a coalition government of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) and The Greens led by Minister-President Hannelore Kraft.The election took place on 14 May 2017, and resulted in substantial losses for both governing parties. The opposition CDU and FDP both recorded gains, with the former becoming the largest party. The AfD debuted at 7%.Overall, the incumbent coalition lost its majority. The opposition coalition of the CDU and FDP won a slim majority of one seat. Also considered was a grand coalition of the CDU and SPD, but the SPD rejected this the day after the election.[1] CDU leader Armin Laschet initially announced plans to held exploratory talks with the SPD, FDP, and Greens, but only the FDP accepted the offer.On 22 May, the CDU and FDP boards unanimously voted to begin negotiations for a coalition. Meetings began the following day.[2] They presented their coalition agreement in mid-June.[3] The FDP held an online membership ballot to review the pact, with 97% voting in favour on about 50% turnout.[4] The CDU congress unanimously approved the contract the next day, and it was formally signed on 26 June.[5]Laschet was elected as Minister-President by the Landtag on 27 June, winning 100 votes out of 196 cast. His cabinet was sworn in on 30 June.[6]","title":"Formation"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Composition"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"The Laschet cabinet: You have to remember these faces in NRW\". Westdeutsche Zeitung (in German). Retrieved 24 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wz.de/specials/politik/landtagswahl-nrw/das-kabinett-laschet-diese-gesichter-muss-man-sich-in-nrw-merken_bid-26557635","url_text":"\"The Laschet cabinet: You have to remember these faces in NRW\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westdeutsche_Zeitung","url_text":"Westdeutsche Zeitung"}]},{"reference":"\"Black-yellow is currently the only realistic option for NRW\". Die Welt (in German). 15 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.welt.de/politik/deutschland/article164604902/Fuer-NRW-ist-Schwarz-Gelb-derzeit-die-einzige-realistische-Option.html","url_text":"\"Black-yellow is currently the only realistic option for NRW\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Welt","url_text":"Die Welt"}]},{"reference":"\"CDU and FDP start talks to form a government coalition in North Rhine-Westphalia\". CDU NRW (in German). 22 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cdu-nrw.de/cdu-und-fdp-starten-gespraeche-zur-bildung-einer-nrw-regierungskoalition","url_text":"\"CDU and FDP start talks to form a government coalition in North Rhine-Westphalia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Coalition agreement for NRW set\". Die Zeit (in German). 13 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.zeit.de/politik/deutschland/2017-06/armin-laschet-christian-lindner-nrw-koalition-steht","url_text":"\"Coalition agreement for NRW set\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Zeit","url_text":"Die Zeit"}]},{"reference":"\"FDP base votes for coalition agreement with the CDU\". Die Zeit (in German). 23 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.zeit.de/politik/deutschland/2017-06/nordrhein-westfalen-onlinevotum-fdp-cdu-landesparteitag","url_text":"\"FDP base votes for coalition agreement with the CDU\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Zeit","url_text":"Die Zeit"}]},{"reference":"\"CDU and FDP sign coalition agreement\". Die Zeit (in German). 26 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.zeit.de/politik/deutschland/2017-06/nordrhein-westfalen-cdu-fdp-koalitionsvertrag","url_text":"\"CDU and FDP sign coalition agreement\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Zeit","url_text":"Die Zeit"}]},{"reference":"\"Laschet is the new Prime Minister of North Rhine-Westphalia\". Frankfurter Rundschau (in German). 27 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fr.de/politik/laschet-neuer-ministerpraesident-11045170.html","url_text":"\"Laschet is the new Prime Minister of North Rhine-Westphalia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurter_Rundschau","url_text":"Frankfurter Rundschau"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.wz.de/specials/politik/landtagswahl-nrw/das-kabinett-laschet-diese-gesichter-muss-man-sich-in-nrw-merken_bid-26557635","external_links_name":"\"The Laschet cabinet: You have to remember these faces in NRW\""},{"Link":"https://www.welt.de/politik/deutschland/article164604902/Fuer-NRW-ist-Schwarz-Gelb-derzeit-die-einzige-realistische-Option.html","external_links_name":"\"Black-yellow is currently the only realistic option for NRW\""},{"Link":"https://www.cdu-nrw.de/cdu-und-fdp-starten-gespraeche-zur-bildung-einer-nrw-regierungskoalition","external_links_name":"\"CDU and FDP start talks to form a government coalition in North Rhine-Westphalia\""},{"Link":"https://www.zeit.de/politik/deutschland/2017-06/armin-laschet-christian-lindner-nrw-koalition-steht","external_links_name":"\"Coalition agreement for NRW set\""},{"Link":"https://www.zeit.de/politik/deutschland/2017-06/nordrhein-westfalen-onlinevotum-fdp-cdu-landesparteitag","external_links_name":"\"FDP base votes for coalition agreement with the CDU\""},{"Link":"https://www.zeit.de/politik/deutschland/2017-06/nordrhein-westfalen-cdu-fdp-koalitionsvertrag","external_links_name":"\"CDU and FDP sign coalition agreement\""},{"Link":"https://www.fr.de/politik/laschet-neuer-ministerpraesident-11045170.html","external_links_name":"\"Laschet is the new Prime Minister of North Rhine-Westphalia\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erycina_(plant)	Erycina (plant)	["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]	Genus of orchids Erycina Erycina glossomystax Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Monocots Order: Asparagales Family: Orchidaceae Subfamily: Epidendroideae Tribe: Cymbidieae Subtribe: Oncidiinae Genus: ErycinaLindl. Synonyms Psygmorchis Dodson & Dressler Stacyella Szlach., invalid name Erycina is a genus of flowering plants from the orchid family, Orchidaceae. Its species are native to Mexico, Central America, South America and Trinidad. Erycina crista-galli (Rchb.f.) N.H.Williams & M.W.Chase Erycina echinata (Kunth) Lindl. Erycina glossomystax (Rchb.f.) N.H.Williams & M.W.Chase Erycina hyalinobulbon (Lex.) N.H.Williams & M.W.Chase Erycina pumilio (Rchb.f.) N.H.Williams & M.W.Chase Erycina pusilla (L.) N.H.Williams & M.W.Chase Erycina zamorensis (Dodson) N.H.Williams & M.W.Chase See also List of Orchidaceae genera References ^ a b Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families Pridgeon, A.M., Cribb, P.J., Chase, M.A. & Rasmussen, F. eds. (1999). Genera Orchidacearum Vols 1–3. Oxford Univ. Press. Berg Pana, H. 2005. Handbuch der Orchideen-Namen. Dictionary of Orchid Names. Dizionario dei nomi delle orchidee. Ulmer, Stuttgart. External links Media related to Erycina at Wikimedia Commons Data related to Erycina at Wikispecies Taxon identifiersErycina Wikidata: Q16916703 Wikispecies: Erycina (Orchidaceae) BOLD: 431982 CoL: 8VXHD GBIF: 2852447 GRIN: 4436 iNaturalist: 317747 IPNI: 29450-1 IRMNG: 1291509 NCBI: 154674 Open Tree of Life: 630549 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:29450-1 Tropicos: 40005845 WFO: wfo-4000013955 This Cymbidieae-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"flowering plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_plant"},{"link_name":"Orchidaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchidaceae"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Central America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_America"},{"link_name":"South America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America"},{"link_name":"Trinidad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-karina-1"},{"link_name":"Erycina crista-galli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erycina_crista-galli&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Erycina echinata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erycina_echinata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Erycina glossomystax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erycina_glossomystax&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Erycina hyalinobulbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erycina_hyalinobulbon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Erycina pumilio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erycina_pumilio&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Erycina pusilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erycina_pusilla"},{"link_name":"Erycina zamorensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erycina_zamorensis&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Erycina is a genus of flowering plants from the orchid family, Orchidaceae. Its species are native to Mexico, Central America, South America and Trinidad.[1]Erycina crista-galli (Rchb.f.) N.H.Williams & M.W.Chase\nErycina echinata (Kunth) Lindl.\nErycina glossomystax (Rchb.f.) N.H.Williams & M.W.Chase\nErycina hyalinobulbon (Lex.) N.H.Williams & M.W.Chase\nErycina pumilio (Rchb.f.) N.H.Williams & M.W.Chase\nErycina pusilla (L.) N.H.Williams & M.W.Chase\nErycina zamorensis (Dodson) N.H.Williams & M.W.Chase","title":"Erycina (plant)"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of Orchidaceae genera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Orchidaceae_genera"}]	[]	[{"Link":"http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=71977","external_links_name":"Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=431982","external_links_name":"431982"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/8VXHD","external_links_name":"8VXHD"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2852447","external_links_name":"2852447"},{"Link":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomygenus.aspx?id=4436","external_links_name":"4436"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/317747","external_links_name":"317747"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/29450-1","external_links_name":"29450-1"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1291509","external_links_name":"1291509"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=154674","external_links_name":"154674"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=630549","external_links_name":"630549"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A29450-1","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:29450-1"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/40005845","external_links_name":"40005845"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-4000013955","external_links_name":"wfo-4000013955"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erycina_(plant)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakov_Fak	Jakov Fak	["1 Career","1.1 2009 Biathlon World Championships","1.2 2010 Winter Olympics","1.3 Switch of Citizenship","1.4 Career threatening injury","1.5 2012 Biathlon World Championships","2 Biathlon results","2.1 Olympic Games","2.2 World Championships","2.3 Individual victories","3 References","4 External links"]	Jakov FakJakov Fak in Nové Město na Moravě, 2024Personal informationBorn (1987-08-01) 1 August 1987 (age 36)Rijeka, Croatia, YugoslaviaHeight1.85 m (6 ft 1 in)Professional informationSportBiathlonClubSD PokljukaWorld Cup debut8 December 2006Olympic GamesTeams3 (2010, 2014, 2018)Medals2 (0 gold)World ChampionshipsTeams7 (2007, 2008, 2009, 2012, 2013, 2015, 2016)Medals5 (2 gold)World CupSeasons11 (2006/07–)Individual victories8All victories8Individual podiums21All podiums22 Medal record Men's biathlon Representing Slovenia Olympic Games 2018 Pyeongchang 20 km individual World Championships 2012 Ruhpolding 20 km individual 2015 Kontiolahti 15 km mass start 2012 Ruhpolding Mixed relay 2013 Nové Město 10 km sprint Representing Croatia Olympic Games 2010 Vancouver 10 km sprint World Championships 2009 Pyeongchang 20 km individual Updated on 15 February 2018 Fak in 2010, Slovenian mixed team. Jakov Fak (born 1 August 1987) is a Slovenian anthlete of Croat origin. biathlete competing for Slovenia since 2010. As a member of the Croatian biathlon team, Fak won bronze medals at the 2009 World Championships and at the 2010 Winter Olympics, where he was also the Croatian flag bearer at the opening ceremony. In 2010, Fak switched his citizenship and started competing for Slovenia. Fak won four medals at the World Championships with the Slovenian team, including two gold and a silver medal at the 2018 Winter Olympics. In addition, Fak has eight victories in the World Cup. Career Fak began to compete in biathlon in 2001 under the trainer Robert Petrović. His first international biathlon tournament was the Junior World Championships in Ridnaun in 2002, where his best result was 64th place in the Sprint event. Fak improved his performance in 2008, finishing in the top 10 at that year's Junior World Championships. Since 2006, Fak has participated in the Biathlon World Cup. In his first race in the World Cup in Hochfilzen, Fak finished 107th. For a long time, his best performance was 47th place, which he reached in an Individual race in 2007 in Pokljuka. In 2007, he also participated in his first Biathlon World Championships, finishing 78th in the Sprint race and 93rd in the Individual. The big breakthrough in Fak's career came in the 2008/09 season. In the opening race of the season, Fak came in 47th, but in the Individual, he earned his first World Cup points with a 38th position finish. In the third World Cup stage in Hochfilzen, Fak achieved a 16th-place finish. 2009 Biathlon World Championships Despite several respectable performances in the World Cup, Fak's performance at the Biathlon World Championships 2009 was a huge surprise. In the opening sprint race, Fak improved his career-best performance by two more places, finishing 14th. However, he couldn't improve that performance in the pursuit, falling back to 25th place. The big surprise came in the 20 kilometres individual race, where Fak won the bronze medal. A perfect score in the final range would have brought Fak a gold medal; however, after one miss, Fak had to battle very hard for at least some medal and, in the end, beat Simon Fourcade by less than a second to win the bronze. Thus, Jakov Fak won Croatia their first-ever World Championship medal in biathlon. 2010 Winter Olympics Jakov Fak was the flag-bearer for Croatia at the opening ceremony of the 2010 Winter Olympics. After his success in the World Championships, the expectations were high, but Fak's World Cup race performances in the 2009–10 season were substandard. He managed to win his first points in the World Cup only on 23 January 2010, with a 24th place in Antholz, and was largely forgotten by the public by that time. At the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, Fak once again created a sensation by winning the bronze medal in the 10 km sprint. Switch of Citizenship In July 2010, it was announced in the Slovenian Press that Fak would represent Slovenia in an international competition. On 19 November, the switch to the Slovenian Biatlethe team was officially announced and Fak received his Slovenian passport on 24 November, enabling him to compete for Slovenia. Career threatening injury At the World Cup races in the US in 2011, which were held in freezing temperatures, Jakov Fak suffered 3rd-degree frostbite to his trigger finger. It was feared his finger might have to be amputated which would undoubtedly have ended his career as a biathlete. Jakov and his coaches decided to pull out of the Biathlon World Championships 2011 in Russia to focus on recovering from his injury and saving his finger. 2012 Biathlon World Championships After missing the 2011 World Championship due to the injury, Fak entered the 2012 World Championship as a member of the Slovenian team. He won two medals, a silver in the mixed relay (together with Andreja Mali, Teja Gregorin, and Klemen Bauer). Although Slovenia crossed the finish line as first, 8.2 seconds in front of Norway, the jury awarded bonus seconds to the Scandinavians because one target did not go down despite their last runner Ole Einar Bjørndalen hitting it and therefore had to take an additional penalty loop, which put them ahead of Slovenia into the first place. A couple of days later, Fak won the gold medal at the 20 km individual, thus winning the first gold medal for Slovenia at World Championships. Biathlon results All results are sourced from the International Biathlon Union. Olympic Games 2 medals (1 silver, 1 bronze) Event Individual Sprint Pursuit Mass start Relay Mixed relay Representing Croatia 2010 Vancouver 51st Bronze 25th 9th — — Representing Slovenia 2014 Sochi 32nd 10th 31st 4th 6th — 2018 Pyeongchang Silver 23rd 47th 10th — 14th 2022 Beijing 29th 26th 20th The mixed relay was added as an event in 2014. World Championships 5 medals (2 gold, 1 silver, 2 bronze) Event Individual Sprint Pursuit Mass start Relay Mixed relay Single Mixed relay Representing Croatia 2007 Antholz-Anterselva 93rd 78th — — — — — 2008 Östersund DNS 69th — — — — 2009 Pyeongchang Bronze 14th 25th 19th — — Representing Slovenia 2012 Ruhpolding Gold 11th 8th — — Silver 2013 Nové Město 20th Bronze 6th 19th 13th 5th 2015 Kontiolahti 10th 14th 8th Gold 8th 15th 2016 Holmenkollen 6th 39th 5th 7th — 13th 2019 Östersund 42nd 17th 26th 14th 5th — 2020 Antholz-Anterselva 4th 45th 21st 15th 5th — 2021 Pokljuka 20th 34th 34th 5th 8th 16th 13th 2023 Oberhof 63rd 2024 Nové Město na Moravě 9th 27th 24th 6th 11th 9th 18th During Olympic seasons, competitions are only held for those events not included in the Olympic program. *The single mixed relay was added as an event in 2019. Individual victories 8 victories (1 In, 3 Sp, 2 Pu, 2 MS) Season Date Location Discipline Level 2011–12 1 victory (1 In) 6 March 2012 Ruhpolding 20 km individual Biathlon World Championships 2012–13 2 victories (1 Sp, 1 Pu) 8 December 2012 Hochfilzen 12.5 km pursuit Biathlon World Cup 13 December 2012 Pokljuka 10 km sprint Biathlon World Cup 2013–14 1 victory (1 Sp) 20 March 2014 Oslo Holmenkollen 10 km sprint Biathlon World Cup 2014–15 4 victories (1 Sp, 1 Pu, 2 MS) 7 February 2015 Nové Město 10 km sprint Biathlon World Cup 8 February 2015 Nové Město 12.5 km pursuit Biathlon World Cup 15 March 2015 Kontiolahti 15 km mass start Biathlon World Championships 22 March 2015 Khanty-Mansiysk 15 km mass start Biathlon World Cup Results are from UIPMB and IBU races which include the Biathlon World Cup, Biathlon World Championships and the Winter Olympic Games. References ^ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Jakov Fak". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 4 December 2016. ^ a b "Fak: Medalju sa SP-a trebao sam bolje naplatiti". Jutarnji list (in Croatian). 21 January 2010. Retrieved 14 February 2010. ^ "Jakov Fak u Italiji osvojio prve bodove". vecernji.hr (in Croatian). 23 January 2010. Retrieved 27 December 2011. ^ "Jakov Fak osvojio broncu na Olimpijskim igrama!". Jutarnji list (in Croatian). 14 February 2010. Retrieved 14 February 2010. ^ "Croatian Biathlete Joins Team Slovenia". ^ "Jakov Fak dobil slovenski potni list". Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 24 November 2010. ^ "WM ohne Jakov Fak: Führen Erfrierungen zur Amputation?". xc-ski news (in German). 21 January 2010. Archived from the original on 5 March 2011. Retrieved 12 March 2011. ^ "Norway wins mixed relay gold at biathlon worlds". Yahoo! Sports. Associated Press. 1 March 2012. Retrieved 1 March 2012. ^ "Foto/Video: Jakov Fak svetovni prvak na 20 km!". ^ "Jakov Fak". IBU Datacenter. International Biathlon Union. Retrieved 3 June 2015. External links Media related to Jakov Fak at Wikimedia Commons Jakov Fak at IBU BiathlonWorld.comJakov Fak at IBU BiathlonResults.com Croatian Biathlon Association (in Croatian) Fak: Moj životni san se ispunio već ove godine Archived 20 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine (in Croatian) Jakov Fak at Olympedia Jakov Fak at Olympics.com Jakov Fak at OlympicChannel.com (archived) Jakov Fak at Olympic.org (archived) Jakov Fak at the Croatian Olympic Committee (in Croatian) (archived, also available in English) Winter Olympics Preceded byJanica Kostelić Flagbearer for Croatia Vancouver 2010 Succeeded byIvica Kostelić vteWorld champions in men's biathlon – 20 km individual 1958: Adolf Wiklund 1959: Vladimir Melanin 1961: Kalevi Huuskonen 1962: Vladimir Melanin 1963: Vladimir Melanin 1965: Olav Jordet 1966: Jon Istad 1967: Viktor Mamatov 1969: Alexander Tikhonov 1970: Alexander Tikhonov 1971: Dieter Speer 1973: Alexander Tikhonov 1974: Juhani Suutarinen 1975: Heikki Ikola 1977: Heikki Ikola 1978: Odd Lirhus 1979: Klaus Siebert 1981: Heikki Ikola 1982: Frank Ullrich 1983: Frank Ullrich 1985: Juri Kashkarov 1986: Valeriy Medvedtsev 1987: Frank-Peter Roetsch 1989: Eirik Kvalfoss 1990: Valeriy Medvedtsev 1991: Mark Kirchner 1993: Andreas Zingerle 1995: Tomasz Sikora 1996: Sergei Tarasov 1997: Ricco Groß 1999: Sven Fischer 2000: Wolfgang Rottmann 2001: Paavo Puurunen 2003: Halvard Hanevold 2004: Raphaël Poirée 2005: Roman Dostál 2007: Raphaël Poirée 2008: Emil Hegle Svendsen 2009: Ole Einar Bjørndalen 2011: Tarjei Bø 2012: Jakov Fak 2013: Martin Fourcade 2015: Martin Fourcade 2016: Martin Fourcade 2017: Lowell Bailey 2019: Arnd Peiffer 2020: Martin Fourcade 2021: Sturla Holm Lægreid 2023: Johannes Thingnes Bø 2024: Johannes Thingnes Bø vteWorld champions in men's biathlon – 15 km mass start 1999: Sven Fischer 2000: Raphaël Poirée 2001: Raphaël Poirée 2002: Raphaël Poirée 2003: Ole Einar Bjørndalen 2004: Raphaël Poirée 2005: Ole Einar Bjørndalen 2007: Michael Greis 2008: Emil Hegle Svendsen 2009: Dominik Landertinger 2011: Emil Hegle Svendsen 2012: Martin Fourcade 2013: Tarjei Bø 2015: Jakov Fak 2016: Johannes Thingnes Bø 2017: Simon Schempp 2019: Dominik Windisch 2020: Johannes Thingnes Bø 2021: Sturla Holm Lægreid 2023: Sebastian Samuelsson 2024: Johannes Thingnes Bø	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pokljuka_biathlon_world_cup_in_2010,_slovenian_mixed_team.jpg"},{"link_name":"Croat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croats"},{"link_name":"biathlete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biathlon"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"},{"link_name":"2009 World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_2009"},{"link_name":"2010 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"2018 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Fak in 2010, Slovenian mixed team.Jakov Fak (born 1 August 1987) is a Slovenian anthlete of Croat origin. biathlete competing for Slovenia since 2010. As a member of the Croatian biathlon team, Fak won bronze medals at the 2009 World Championships and at the 2010 Winter Olympics, where he was also the Croatian flag bearer at the opening ceremony. In 2010, Fak switched his citizenship and started competing for Slovenia. Fak won four medals at the World Championships with the Slovenian team, including two gold and a silver medal at the 2018 Winter Olympics.[1] In addition, Fak has eight victories in the World Cup.","title":"Jakov Fak"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Petrović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Petrovi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ridnaun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridnaun"},{"link_name":"Biathlon World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biathlon_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Hochfilzen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hochfilzen"},{"link_name":"Pokljuka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pokljuka"},{"link_name":"Biathlon World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships"},{"link_name":"2008/09","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_Biathlon_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Hochfilzen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hochfilzen"}],"text":"Fak began to compete in biathlon in 2001 under the trainer Robert Petrović. His first international biathlon tournament was the Junior World Championships in Ridnaun in 2002, where his best result was 64th place in the Sprint event. Fak improved his performance in 2008, finishing in the top 10 at that year's Junior World Championships.Since 2006, Fak has participated in the Biathlon World Cup. In his first race in the World Cup in Hochfilzen, Fak finished 107th. For a long time, his best performance was 47th place, which he reached in an Individual race in 2007 in Pokljuka. In 2007, he also participated in his first Biathlon World Championships, finishing 78th in the Sprint race and 93rd in the Individual.The big breakthrough in Fak's career came in the 2008/09 season. In the opening race of the season, Fak came in 47th, but in the Individual, he earned his first World Cup points with a 38th position finish. In the third World Cup stage in Hochfilzen, Fak achieved a 16th-place finish.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Biathlon World Championships 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_2009"},{"link_name":"Simon Fourcade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Fourcade"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"}],"sub_title":"2009 Biathlon World Championships","text":"Despite several respectable performances in the World Cup, Fak's performance at the Biathlon World Championships 2009 was a huge surprise. In the opening sprint race, Fak improved his career-best performance by two more places, finishing 14th. However, he couldn't improve that performance in the pursuit, falling back to 25th place. The big surprise came in the 20 kilometres individual race, where Fak won the bronze medal. A perfect score in the final range would have brought Fak a gold medal; however, after one miss, Fak had to battle very hard for at least some medal and, in the end, beat Simon Fourcade by less than a second to win the bronze. Thus, Jakov Fak won Croatia their first-ever World Championship medal in biathlon.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2010_Opening_Ceremony_-_Croatia_entering.jpg"},{"link_name":"flag-bearer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag-bearer"},{"link_name":"2009–10 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Biathlon_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jutarnji-2"},{"link_name":"Antholz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasen-Antholz"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vecernji-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jutarnji-2"},{"link_name":"2010 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"2010 Winter Olympics","text":"Jakov Fak was the flag-bearer for Croatia at the opening ceremony of the 2010 Winter Olympics.After his success in the World Championships, the expectations were high, but Fak's World Cup race performances in the 2009–10 season were substandard.[2] He managed to win his first points in the World Cup only on 23 January 2010, with a 24th place in Antholz,[3] and was largely forgotten by the public by that time.[2]\nAt the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, Fak once again created a sensation by winning the bronze medal in the 10 km sprint.[4]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Switch of Citizenship","text":"In July 2010, it was announced in the Slovenian Press that Fak would represent Slovenia in an international competition.[5] On 19 November, the switch to the Slovenian Biatlethe team was officially announced and Fak received his Slovenian passport on 24 November, enabling him to compete for Slovenia.[6]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-xc-ski-7"},{"link_name":"Biathlon World Championships 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_2011"}],"sub_title":"Career threatening injury","text":"At the World Cup races in the US in 2011, which were held in freezing temperatures, Jakov Fak suffered 3rd-degree frostbite to his trigger finger.[7] It was feared his finger might have to be amputated which would undoubtedly have ended his career as a biathlete. Jakov and his coaches decided to pull out of the Biathlon World Championships 2011 in Russia to focus on recovering from his injury and saving his finger.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2012 World Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_2012"},{"link_name":"Andreja Mali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreja_Mali"},{"link_name":"Teja Gregorin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teja_Gregorin"},{"link_name":"Klemen Bauer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klemen_Bauer"},{"link_name":"Ole Einar Bjørndalen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ole_Einar_Bj%C3%B8rndalen"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"2012 Biathlon World Championships","text":"After missing the 2011 World Championship due to the injury, Fak entered the 2012 World Championship as a member of the Slovenian team. He won two medals, a silver in the mixed relay (together with Andreja Mali, Teja Gregorin, and Klemen Bauer).\nAlthough Slovenia crossed the finish line as first, 8.2 seconds in front of Norway, the jury awarded bonus seconds to the Scandinavians because one target did not go down despite their last runner Ole Einar Bjørndalen hitting it and therefore had to take an additional penalty loop, which put them ahead of Slovenia into the first place.[8] A couple of days later, Fak won the gold medal at the 20 km individual, thus winning the first gold medal for Slovenia at World Championships.[9]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Biathlon Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Biathlon_Union"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IBUprofile-10"}],"text":"All results are sourced from the International Biathlon Union.[10]","title":"Biathlon results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Olympic Games","text":"2 medals (1 silver, 1 bronze)The mixed relay was added as an event in 2014.","title":"Biathlon results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"World Championships","text":"5 medals (2 gold, 1 silver, 2 bronze)During Olympic seasons, competitions are only held for those events not included in the Olympic program.\n*The single mixed relay was added as an event in 2019.","title":"Biathlon results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Biathlon World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biathlon_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Biathlon World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships"},{"link_name":"Winter Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games"}],"sub_title":"Individual victories","text":"8 victories (1 In, 3 Sp, 2 Pu, 2 MS)Results are from UIPMB and IBU races which include the Biathlon World Cup, Biathlon World Championships and the Winter Olympic Games.","title":"Biathlon results"}]	[{"image_text":"Fak in 2010, Slovenian mixed team.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Pokljuka_biathlon_world_cup_in_2010%2C_slovenian_mixed_team.jpg/235px-Pokljuka_biathlon_world_cup_in_2010%2C_slovenian_mixed_team.jpg"},{"image_text":"Jakov Fak was the flag-bearer for Croatia at the opening ceremony of the 2010 Winter Olympics.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/2010_Opening_Ceremony_-_Croatia_entering.jpg/235px-2010_Opening_Ceremony_-_Croatia_entering.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. \"Jakov Fak\". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 4 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Mallon","url_text":"Mallon, Bill"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161204000000/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/fa/jakov-fak-1.html","url_text":"\"Jakov Fak\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Reference","url_text":"Sports Reference LLC"},{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/fa/jakov-fak-1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Fak: Medalju sa SP-a trebao sam bolje naplatiti\". Jutarnji list (in Croatian). 21 January 2010. 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Retrieved 14 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jutarnji.hr/jakov-fak-osvojio-broncu-na-olimpijskim-igrama-/561973/","url_text":"\"Jakov Fak osvojio broncu na Olimpijskim igrama!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jutarnji_list","url_text":"Jutarnji list"}]},{"reference":"\"Croatian Biathlete Joins Team Slovenia\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sta.si/en/vest.php?s=a&id=1539896","url_text":"\"Croatian Biathlete Joins Team Slovenia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jakov Fak dobil slovenski potni list\". Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 24 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140222031027/http://www.delo.si/clanek/130319","url_text":"\"Jakov Fak dobil slovenski potni list\""},{"url":"http://delo.si/clanek/130319","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"WM ohne Jakov Fak: Führen Erfrierungen zur Amputation?\". xc-ski news (in German). 21 January 2010. Archived from the original on 5 March 2011. Retrieved 12 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110305102554/http://biathlon.xc-ski.de/616-wm-ohne-jakov-fak-fuehren-erfrierungen-zur-amputation.html","url_text":"\"WM ohne Jakov Fak: Führen Erfrierungen zur Amputation?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xc-ski_news&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"xc-ski news"},{"url":"http://biathlon.xc-ski.de/616-wm-ohne-jakov-fak-fuehren-erfrierungen-zur-amputation.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Norway wins mixed relay gold at biathlon worlds\". Yahoo! Sports. Associated Press. 1 March 2012. Retrieved 1 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://sports.yahoo.com/olympics/news?slug=ap-biathlonworlds","url_text":"\"Norway wins mixed relay gold at biathlon worlds\""}]},{"reference":"\"Foto/Video: Jakov Fak svetovni prvak na 20 km!\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rtvslo.si/sport/zimski-sporti/foto-video-jakov-fak-svetovni-prvak-na-20-km/278281","url_text":"\"Foto/Video: Jakov Fak svetovni prvak na 20 km!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jakov Fak\". IBU Datacenter. International Biathlon Union. Retrieved 3 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://services.biathlonresults.com/athletes.aspx?IbuId=BTCRO10108198701","url_text":"\"Jakov Fak\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161204000000/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/fa/jakov-fak-1.html","external_links_name":"\"Jakov Fak\""},{"Link":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/fa/jakov-fak-1.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.jutarnji.hr/jakov-fak--medalju-sa-sp-a-trebao-sam-puno-bolje-naplatiti/502330/","external_links_name":"\"Fak: Medalju sa SP-a trebao sam bolje naplatiti\""},{"Link":"http://www.vecernji.hr/sport/vijesti/jakov-fak-italiji-osvojio-prve-bodove-clanak-83428","external_links_name":"\"Jakov Fak u Italiji osvojio prve bodove\""},{"Link":"http://www.jutarnji.hr/jakov-fak-osvojio-broncu-na-olimpijskim-igrama-/561973/","external_links_name":"\"Jakov Fak osvojio broncu na Olimpijskim igrama!\""},{"Link":"http://www.sta.si/en/vest.php?s=a&id=1539896","external_links_name":"\"Croatian Biathlete Joins Team Slovenia\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140222031027/http://www.delo.si/clanek/130319","external_links_name":"\"Jakov Fak dobil slovenski potni list\""},{"Link":"http://delo.si/clanek/130319","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110305102554/http://biathlon.xc-ski.de/616-wm-ohne-jakov-fak-fuehren-erfrierungen-zur-amputation.html","external_links_name":"\"WM ohne Jakov Fak: Führen Erfrierungen zur Amputation?\""},{"Link":"http://biathlon.xc-ski.de/616-wm-ohne-jakov-fak-fuehren-erfrierungen-zur-amputation.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://sports.yahoo.com/olympics/news?slug=ap-biathlonworlds","external_links_name":"\"Norway wins mixed relay gold at biathlon worlds\""},{"Link":"http://www.rtvslo.si/sport/zimski-sporti/foto-video-jakov-fak-svetovni-prvak-na-20-km/278281","external_links_name":"\"Foto/Video: Jakov Fak svetovni prvak na 20 km!\""},{"Link":"http://services.biathlonresults.com/athletes.aspx?IbuId=BTCRO10108198701","external_links_name":"\"Jakov Fak\""},{"Link":"https://www.biathlonworld.com/athlete/unknown/btcro10108198701?tab=results","external_links_name":"Jakov Fak"},{"Link":"https://biathlonresults.com/?IBUId=btcro10108198701","external_links_name":"Jakov Fak"},{"Link":"http://www.biatlon.hr/","external_links_name":"Croatian Biathlon Association"},{"Link":"http://jutarnji.hr/sport/skijanje/clanak/art-2009,2,17,,152502.jl","external_links_name":"Fak: Moj životni san se ispunio već ove godine"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090220103743/http://jutarnji.hr/sport/skijanje/clanak/art-2009,2,17,,152502.jl","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/118525","external_links_name":"Jakov Fak"},{"Link":"https://olympics.com/en/athletes/jakov-fak","external_links_name":"Jakov Fak"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210118211427/https://www.olympicchannel.com/en/athletes/detail/jakov-fak/","external_links_name":"Jakov Fak"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160920073702/https://www.olympic.org/jakov-fak","external_links_name":"Jakov Fak"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221218135109/https://www.hoo.hr/hr/sportasi/biografije-sportasa?idsportas=7752","external_links_name":"Jakov Fak"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210302083149/https://www.hoo.hr/en/athletes/biographies-of-athletes?idsportas=7752","external_links_name":"in English"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_of_Concrete	World of Concrete	["1 World of Concrete India","2 References"]	This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "World of Concrete" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) World of Concrete logo in use since 2014 The World of Concrete is an annual trade show for the commercial construction industry. It is held each year either in the months of January or February for four days in Las Vegas, Nevada. This event is a show where products, resources, and information related to concrete construction are shared and displayed. More than 1,800 companies and suppliers from all over the world come together in the 900,000-square-foot (84,000 m2) Las Vegas Convention Center to show, demonstrate, do business, and answer questions about what they are showing. Besides the vendors, there are demonstrations and seminars. The demonstrations are actual work site conditions where attendees can see the product that they are interested in put to the test. Seminars are held throughout the event. There are 90-minute or three-hour sessions to choose from. Some of the seminars are also certification programs where attendees can be certified in different targeted fields. Some examples of seminar topics include concrete production, concrete technology, and leadership & management. Habitual attendees include commercial contractors, concrete contractors, ready mix producers, rental center managers, and concrete pumpers. Informa Exhibitions acquired the conference from Hanley Wood in 2014. World of Concrete India The 4th edition of World of Concrete India was open from August 10–12, 2017 in New Delhi References ^ Nasvik, Joe. "City Center in Las Vegas." Concrete Construction, The World of Concrete. 2008 July. volume 53 ^ Rondon, Michael; Bill Mickey (2014-11-18). "Hanley Wood Sells Exhibitions Business for $375 Million". Folio. Retrieved 2014-11-19. ^ "World of Concrete India 2018". vteInformaTaylor & Francis CRC Press Routledge Focal Press Journals InformaConnectFan Expo Boston Calgary Expo Canada Chicago Dallas Denver Edmonton MegaCon Toronto Comicon Connect The Bride Show Middle East Film and Comic Con Nation's Restaurant News Informa Markets Air Transport World Aviation Week & Space Technology Chemist + Druggist Design News Farm Progress MD&DI Monaco Yacht Show Nation's Restaurant News Trusts & Estates World of Concrete Informa Tech Game Developer Game Developers Conference Industry Dive CFO InformationWeek Light Reading Ovum Ward's	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:World_of_Concrete_logo_2014.png"},{"link_name":"trade show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_fair"},{"link_name":"construction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas, Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"concrete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas Convention Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Convention_Center"},{"link_name":"ready mix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ready-mix_concrete"},{"link_name":"concrete pumpers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete_pump"},{"link_name":"Hanley Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanley_Wood"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"World of Concrete logo in use since 2014The World of Concrete is an annual trade show for the commercial construction industry. It is held each year either in the months of January or February for four days in Las Vegas, Nevada.[1] This event is a show where products, resources, and information related to concrete construction are shared and displayed. More than 1,800 companies and suppliers from all over the world come together in the 900,000-square-foot (84,000 m2) Las Vegas Convention Center to show, demonstrate, do business, and answer questions about what they are showing.Besides the vendors, there are demonstrations and seminars. The demonstrations are actual work site conditions where attendees can see the product that they are interested in put to the test. Seminars are held throughout the event. There are 90-minute or three-hour sessions to choose from. Some of the seminars are also certification programs where attendees can be certified in different targeted fields. Some examples of seminar topics include concrete production, concrete technology, and leadership & management.Habitual attendees include commercial contractors, concrete contractors, ready mix producers, rental center managers, and concrete pumpers.Informa Exhibitions acquired the conference from Hanley Wood in 2014.[2]","title":"World of Concrete"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhi"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The 4th edition of World of Concrete India was open from August 10–12, 2017 in New Delhi[3]","title":"World of Concrete India"}]	[{"image_text":"World of Concrete logo in use since 2014","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/37/World_of_Concrete_logo_2014.png/220px-World_of_Concrete_logo_2014.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"Rondon, Michael; Bill Mickey (2014-11-18). \"Hanley Wood Sells Exhibitions Business for $375 Million\". Folio. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_V._Schenck	Abraham V. Schenck	["1 Biography","2 References","3 External links"]	American politician Abraham Voorhees Schenck (October 12, 1821 – April 28, 1902) was an American lawyer and Republican Party politician who served as President of the New Jersey Senate and Mayor of New Brunswick, New Jersey. Biography Schenck was born in New Brunswick, New Jersey, on October 12, 1821, to Henry Harris Schenck and Eva Voorhees. He was educated in New Brunswick public schools and studied law with Henry V. Speer. He was admitted to the New Jersey bar as an attorney in 1843 and as a counsellor in 1847. In 1851 he was elected Mayor of New Brunswick. Schenck married Emily Wines Barker on February 12, 1863, and they had two children: Emily Barker Schenck and Warren Redcliffe Schenck. After his wife's death he married her sister Sarah Estelle Barker on October 17, 1872, and they had three children: Grace Wines Schenck, Edith Mercer Schenck, and Arthur Van Voorhees Schenck. In 1872, Governor Joel Parker appointed Schenck as Prosecutor of the Pleas for Middlesex County. He served in the position until 1877. Schenck was elected to the New Jersey Senate in 1882, serving for three years. In 1885 he was selected as Senate President over John W. Griggs. He was not renominated at the end of his term and returned to his legal practice in New Brunswick. In 1902, Schenck died at Redcliffe, his residence in Highland Park. References ^ Fitzgerald, Thomas F. (1884). Manual of the Legislature of New Jersey. J.A. Fitzgerald. pp. 138–40. ^ a b Keasbey, Edward Quinton (1912). The Courts and Lawyers of New Jersey 1661-1912. Vol. 3. Lewis Historical Pub. Co. pp. 450–1. ^ a b "Ex-Senator Abraham V. Schenck". The New York Times. 1902-04-30. Retrieved 2009-05-04. External links Abraham V. Schenck at The Political Graveyard Political offices Preceded byBenjamin A. Vail President of the New Jersey Senate 1885 Succeeded byJohn W. Griggs vtePresidents of the New Jersey Senate Smallwood March Canfield Manners Alexander Speer Herring Gifford Perry Crowell Reckless Robbins Scudder Scovel Buckley Little Robbins Bettle Taylor Sewell Abbett Ludlow Sewell Hobart Gardner Vail Schenck Griggs Fish Large Werts Nevius Adrain Rogers Stokes Thompson Williams Voorhees Skirm Reed Johnson Pitney Francis Hutchinson Wakelee Cross Bradley Minch Hillery Robbins Frelinghuysen Ackerman Prince Fielder Johnson Slocum Edge Read Gaunt McCran Runyon Case Allen Mackay Wallworth Reeves Bright Larson Davis Stevens Mathis Pierson Wolber A. Reeves Richards Powell Prall Barbour Durand Loizeaux Hendrickson Foran Scott Stanger Farley Proctor Barton Summerill Van Alstyne Bodine Littell Hannold Young Mathis Wallace Dumont McCay Stout Lance Harper Hillery Crane Farley Ozzard Sandman Lynch Sr. Ridolfi Forsythe McDermott Bateman Beadleston Dodd Feldman Merlino Orechio Russo Lynch Jr. DiFrancesco Bennett Codey Kenny Codey Sweeney Scutari Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States Other SNAC	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Republican Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Republican_Party"},{"link_name":"New Jersey Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Senate"},{"link_name":"Mayor of New Brunswick, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_New_Brunswick,_New_Jersey"}],"text":"Abraham Voorhees Schenck (October 12, 1821 – April 28, 1902) was an American lawyer and Republican Party politician who served as President of the New Jersey Senate and Mayor of New Brunswick, New Jersey.","title":"Abraham V. Schenck"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Brunswick, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Henry V. Speer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_V._Speer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Manual-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Keasbey-2"},{"link_name":"Joel Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Parker_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Middlesex County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesex_County,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Keasbey-2"},{"link_name":"New Jersey Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Senate"},{"link_name":"John W. Griggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Griggs"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Obit-3"},{"link_name":"Highland Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highland_Park,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Obit-3"}],"text":"Schenck was born in New Brunswick, New Jersey, on October 12, 1821, to Henry Harris Schenck and Eva Voorhees. He was educated in New Brunswick public schools and studied law with Henry V. Speer. He was admitted to the New Jersey bar as an attorney in 1843 and as a counsellor in 1847. In 1851 he was elected Mayor of New Brunswick.[1]Schenck married Emily Wines Barker on February 12, 1863, and they had two children: Emily Barker Schenck and Warren Redcliffe Schenck. After his wife's death he married her sister Sarah Estelle Barker on October 17, 1872, and they had three children: Grace Wines Schenck, Edith Mercer Schenck, and Arthur Van Voorhees Schenck.[2]In 1872, Governor Joel Parker appointed Schenck as Prosecutor of the Pleas for Middlesex County. He served in the position until 1877.[2]Schenck was elected to the New Jersey Senate in 1882, serving for three years. In 1885 he was selected as Senate President over John W. Griggs. He was not renominated at the end of his term and returned to his legal practice in New Brunswick.[3]In 1902, Schenck died at Redcliffe, his residence in Highland Park.[3]","title":"Biography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Fitzgerald, Thomas F. (1884). Manual of the Legislature of New Jersey. J.A. Fitzgerald. pp. 138–40.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_98GAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"Manual of the Legislature of New Jersey"}]},{"reference":"Keasbey, Edward Quinton (1912). The Courts and Lawyers of New Jersey 1661-1912. Vol. 3. Lewis Historical Pub. Co. pp. 450–1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=afgsAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"The Courts and Lawyers of New Jersey 1661-1912"}]},{"reference":"\"Ex-Senator Abraham V. Schenck\". The New York Times. 1902-04-30. Retrieved 2009-05-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1902/04/30/archives/death-list-of-a-day-exsenator-abraham-v-schenek.html","url_text":"\"Ex-Senator Abraham V. Schenck\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_98GAQAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"Manual of the Legislature of New Jersey"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=afgsAAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"The Courts and Lawyers of New Jersey 1661-1912"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1902/04/30/archives/death-list-of-a-day-exsenator-abraham-v-schenek.html","external_links_name":"\"Ex-Senator Abraham V. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationally_Appropriate_Mitigation_Action	Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action	["1 History of the use of NAMA in international agreements","1.1 Bali Action Plan (December 2007)","1.2 Copenhagen Climate Conference (December 2009)","2 What is meant by Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action?","3 Implementation of NAMA","4 Status of NAMA submissions","4.1 List of NAMA's submitted","4.2 NAMA's for recognition[10]","5 Criticism of NAMA","6 References"]	Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action (NAMA) refers to a set of policies and actions that countries undertake as part of a commitment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The term recognizes that different countries may take different nationally appropriate action on the basis of equity and in accordance with common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities. It also emphasizes financial assistance from developed countries to developing countries to reduce emissions. NAMA was first used in the Bali Action Plan as part of the Bali Road Map agreed at the United Nations Climate Change Conference in Bali in December 2007, and also formed part of the Copenhagen Accord issued following the United Nations Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen (COP 15) in December 2009. History of the use of NAMA in international agreements Bali Action Plan (December 2007) The Bali Action Plan is centered on four main building blocks: (i) Mitigation, (ii) Adaptation, (iii) Technology, and (iv) Financing, with NAMA forming an important part of the mitigation component. The Bali Action Plan called for future discussions to address: Measurable, reportable and verifiable nationally appropriate mitigation commitments or actions by all developed countries, and; Nationally appropriate mitigation actions by developing country Parties, supported and enabled by technology, financing and capacity-building, in a measurable, reportable and verifiable manner.. Copenhagen Climate Conference (December 2009) The Copenhagen Climate Conference did not produce the global agreement envisaged in the Bali Road Map. The Copenhagen Accord, however, did retain the concept of NAMA, but in a narrower definition only applying to Non-Annex 1 countries, and did not specify what form they should take: Non-Annex I Parties to the Convention will implement mitigation actions … consistent with Article 4.1 and Article 4.7 and in the context of sustainable development … Non-Annex I Parties will communicate information on the implementation of their actions through National Communications, with provisions for international consultations and analysis under clearly defined guidelines that will ensure that national sovereignty is respected. Nationally appropriate mitigation actions seeking international support will be recorded in a registry along with relevant technology, finance and capacity building support. Those actions supported will be added to the list in appendix II. These supported nationally appropriate mitigation actions will be subject to international measurement, reporting and verification in accordance with guidelines adopted by the Conference of the Parties. What is meant by Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action? Different countries, different nationally appropriate action on the basis of equity and in accordance with common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities Developing countries will effectively implement national action depending on the effective implementation of the commitments by developed countries in providing financial resources and transfer of technology. The priorities of developing countries are economic and social development and poverty eradication. India has argued that NAMA means voluntary reductions by developing countries that require to be supported and enabled by technology transfer from developed countries. By definition, NAMAs will vary by country. Indonesia, for example, might focus on integrating climate change policy with other aspects of economic development, such as progressive reduction in oil subsidies, poverty reduction through promotion of alternative income to reduce illegal logging, and exploit more fully the country’s renewable resources, especially geothermal. Implementation of NAMA In 2010, no NAMAs were implemented yet. The Program of Activities (PoA) under the Clean Development Mechanism is regarded a precedor of a future NAMA mechanism and already operational. Status of NAMA submissions As of September 2012, about 50 countries have submitted information of their NAMA to the UNFCCC. The detailed contents of their submissions vary greatly on each country, ranging from their intention to be associated with the Copenhagen Accord, target sectors, specific actions to be taken, to GHG emissions reduction targets. List of NAMA's submitted List of NAMA's submitted NAMA's for recognition Clean Production Agreement, Chile, 2012. Criticism of NAMA Some have criticized NAMA as heading away from carbon pricing and encouraging enormous subsidy programs funded by developed countries and implemented on a voluntary basis by developing countries. References ^ "The Bali Action Plan : Key Issues in the Climate Negotiations. Summary for Policymakers" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-05-24. Retrieved 2010-04-27. ^ "Targets and Actions under the Copenhagen Accord". C2ES, Center for Climate and Energy Solutions. Archived from the original on 2012-03-22. Retrieved 2012-02-09. ^ "Report of the Conference of the Parties on its fifteenth session, held in Copenhagen from 7 to 19 December 2009. Addendum. Part Two: Action taken by the Conference of the Parties at its fifteenth session" (PDF). UNFCCC International Convention on Climate Change. 2010-03-30. Retrieved 2022-07-30. ^ a b Bratasida, Liana (2008). "What is 'nationally appropriate mitigation action'?" (PDF). OECD. Retrieved 2022-07-30. ^ "Government of India Submission to UNFCCC on Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) by developing countries" (PDF). United Nations Climate Change. Retrieved 2022-07-30. ^ Sutter, C; Schibli, R (2011). "If you want a Nama tomorrow, you need a POA today (March 2011)" (PDF). Trading Carbon, Reuters, South Pole Carbon. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03. ^ "Harkingbade \| Learning Base - Code, Tech, Tutorials, & Startups". 5 January 2018. ^ UNFCCC, 2012 "Submission of more information by developing country Parties, subject to availability, relating to nationally appropriate mitigation actions, including underlying assumptions and methodologies, sectors and gases covered, global warming potential values used, support needs for implementation of nationally appropriate mitigation actions and estimated mitigation outcomes. Submissions from Parties." FCCC/AWGLCA/2012/MISC.2 ^ UNFCCC, 2011 "Compilation of information on nationally appropriate mitigation actions to be implemented by Parties not included in Annex I to the Convention." FCCC/AWGLCA/2011/INF.1 ^ Nations, United. "NAMAS List". Retrieved 28 November 2013. ^ Stoft, Steven (2009-10-23). "Beyond Kyoto: Flexible Carbon Pricing for Global Cooperation". Global Energy Policy Center Research Paper. 09 (5). Rochester, NY. doi:10.2139/ssrn.1502944. S2CID 154331431. SSRN 1502944.	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The Copenhagen Accord, however, did retain the concept of NAMA, but in a narrower definition only applying to Non-Annex 1 countries, and did not specify what form they should take:[2][3]Non-Annex I Parties to the Convention will implement mitigation actions … consistent with Article 4.1 and Article 4.7 and in the context of sustainable development … Non-Annex I Parties will communicate information on the implementation of their actions through National Communications, with provisions for international consultations and analysis under clearly defined guidelines that will ensure that national sovereignty is respected. Nationally appropriate mitigation actions seeking international support will be recorded in a registry along with relevant technology, finance and capacity building support. Those actions supported will be added to the list in appendix II. These supported nationally appropriate mitigation actions will be subject to international measurement, reporting and verification in accordance with guidelines adopted by the Conference of the Parties.","title":"History of the use of NAMA in international agreements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oecd.org-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"illegal logging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_logging"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oecd.org-4"}],"text":"Different countries, different nationally appropriate action on the basis of equity and in accordance with common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities\nDeveloping countries will effectively implement national action depending on the effective implementation of the commitments by developed countries in providing financial resources and transfer of technology.\nThe priorities of developing countries are economic and social development and poverty eradication.[4]India has argued that NAMA means voluntary reductions by developing countries that require to be supported and enabled by technology transfer from developed countries.[5]\nBy definition, NAMAs will vary by country. Indonesia, for example, might focus on integrating climate change policy with other aspects of economic development, such as progressive reduction in oil subsidies, poverty reduction through promotion of alternative income to reduce illegal logging, and exploit more fully the country’s renewable resources, especially geothermal.[4]","title":"What is meant by Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action?"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Program of Activities (PoA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_of_Activities_(PoA)"},{"link_name":"Clean Development Mechanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Development_Mechanism"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"In 2010, no NAMAs were implemented yet. The Program of Activities (PoA) under the Clean Development Mechanism is regarded a precedor of a future NAMA mechanism and already operational.[6]","title":"Implementation of NAMA"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"As of September 2012, about 50 countries have submitted information of their NAMA to the UNFCCC. The detailed contents of their submissions vary greatly on each country, ranging from their intention to be associated with the Copenhagen Accord, target sectors, specific actions to be taken, to GHG emissions reduction targets.[7][8][9]","title":"Status of NAMA submissions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of NAMA's submitted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nama-database.org/"}],"sub_title":"List of NAMA's submitted","text":"List of NAMA's submitted","title":"Status of NAMA submissions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clean Production Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Production_Agreement"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"}],"sub_title":"NAMA's for recognition[10]","text":"Clean Production Agreement, Chile, 2012.","title":"Status of NAMA submissions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"carbon pricing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_pricing"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Some have criticized NAMA as heading away from carbon pricing and encouraging enormous subsidy programs funded by developed countries and implemented on a voluntary basis by developing countries.[11]","title":"Criticism of NAMA"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"The Bali Action Plan : Key Issues in the Climate Negotiations. 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Retrieved 2022-07-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oecd.org/environment/cc/40633672.pdf","url_text":"\"What is 'nationally appropriate mitigation action'?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OECD","url_text":"OECD"}]},{"reference":"\"Government of India Submission to UNFCCC on Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) by developing countries\" (PDF). United Nations Climate Change. Retrieved 2022-07-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://unfccc.int/files/kyoto_protocol/application/pdf/india100209b.pdf","url_text":"\"Government of India Submission to UNFCCC on Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) by developing countries\""}]},{"reference":"Sutter, C; Schibli, R (2011). \"If you want a Nama tomorrow, you need a POA today (March 2011)\" (PDF). Trading Carbon, Reuters, South Pole Carbon. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1661_English_general_election	1661 English general election	["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]	1661 English general election ← 1660 1661 Mar 1679 → First party Second party Leader Edward Hyde Denzil Holles Party Court Opposition Seats won 379 139 The English Parliament after the 1661 General Election The 1661 English general election returned a majority of members in support of Charles II of England. This Parliament was called the Cavalier Parliament, since many of the MPs elected were former Cavaliers or the sons of Cavaliers. Yet during the course of the Cavalier Parliament, there was considerable movement between the Cavaliers and the Roundheads. See also List of MPs elected to the English Parliament in 1661 References Henning, Basil, ed. (1983), The House of Commons, 1660–1690, The History of Parliament, Secker & Warburg External links History of Parliament History of Parliament, Constituencies 1660–1690 vte Elections in EnglandGeneral elections 1264–65 1275 1275 1290 1290 1290–91 1291–92 1293? 1293? 1293 1295 1296 1297 1298 1298 1299–1300 1300–01 1302 1304–05 1306 1306–07 1307 1308 1311 1312 1313 1314 1314–15 1315–16 1318 1319 1320 1321 1322 1322 1323–24 1325 1325 1326–27 1327 1327–28 1328 1328 1330 1330 1331 1332 1332 1332 1334 1334 1335 1336 1336–37 1337–38 1338–39 1339 1339–40 1340 1340 1341 1343 1344 1346 1347–48 1348 1350–51 1351–52 1354 1355 1357 1357–58 1360 1360–61 1362 1363 1364–65 1366 1368 1369 1371 1372 1373 1375–76 1376–77 1377 1378 1379 1379–80 1380 1381 1382 1382 1383 1383 1384 1384 1385 1386 1387–88 1388 1389–90 1390 1391 1392–93 1393–94 1394–95 1396–97 1397 1389 1399 1400–01 1402 1403–04 1404 1405–06 1407 1409–10 1411 1412–13 1413 1413–14 1414 1415 1416 (Mar) 1416 (Oct) 1417 1419 1420 1421 1421 1422 1423 1425 1426 1427 1429 1430–31 1432 1433 1435 1436–37 1439 1441–42 1445 1446–47 1449 1449 1450 1453 1455 1459 1460 1470 1461 1462–63 1467 1472 1477–78 1482–83 1483–84 1485 1487 1488–89 1491 1495 1496–97 1503–04 1509–10 1511–12 1514–15 1523 1529 1536 1539 1541–42 1544–45 1547 1553 (Mar) 1553 (Oct) 1554 (Apr) 1554 (Nov) 1555 1557–58 1558–59 1562–63 1571 1572 1584 1586 1588–89 1593 1597 1601 1604 1614 1620–21 1623–24 1625 1626 1628 1640 1640 1654 1656 1658–59 1660 1661 1679 (Mar) 1679 (Oct) 1681 1685 1689 1690 1695 1698 1701 (Jan–Feb) 1701 (Nov–Dec) 1702 1705 This Elections in England related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:English_1661.svg"},{"link_name":"Charles II of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"Cavalier Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalier_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Cavaliers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavaliers"},{"link_name":"Cavalier Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalier_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Roundheads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roundheads"}],"text":"The English Parliament after the 1661 General ElectionThe 1661 English general election returned a majority of members in support of Charles II of England. This Parliament was called the Cavalier Parliament, since many of the MPs elected were former Cavaliers or the sons of Cavaliers.Yet during the course of the Cavalier Parliament, there was considerable movement between the Cavaliers and the Roundheads.","title":"1661 English general election"}]	[{"image_text":"The English Parliament after the 1661 General Election","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/English_1661.svg/257px-English_1661.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"List of MPs elected to the English Parliament in 1661","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MPs_elected_to_the_English_Parliament_in_1661"}]	[{"reference":"Henning, Basil, ed. (1983), The House of Commons, 1660–1690, The History of Parliament, Secker & Warburg","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120509201448/http://www.histparl.ac.uk/the-commons-1660-1690.html","external_links_name":"History of Parliament"},{"Link":"http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/research/constituencies/constituencies-1660-1690","external_links_name":"History of Parliament, Constituencies 1660–1690"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1661_English_general_election&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Pacific_hurricane_season	1997 Pacific hurricane season	["1 Season summary","2 Systems","2.1 Tropical Storm Andres","2.2 Tropical Storm Blanca","2.3 Tropical Depression Three-E","2.4 Tropical Storm Carlos","2.5 Tropical Depression Five-E","2.6 Hurricane Dolores","2.7 Hurricane Enrique","2.8 Hurricane Felicia","2.9 Tropical Depression One-C","2.10 Hurricane Guillermo","2.11 Tropical Storm Hilda","2.12 Tropical Storm Ignacio","2.13 Hurricane Jimena","2.14 Tropical Storm Oliwa","2.15 Tropical Storm Kevin","2.16 Hurricane Linda","2.17 Tropical Storm Marty","2.18 Hurricane Nora","2.19 Tropical Storm Olaf","2.20 Hurricane Pauline","2.21 Tropical Depression Three-C","2.22 Tropical Depression Four-C","2.23 Hurricane Rick","2.24 Tropical Storm Paka","3 Storm names","3.1 Retirement","4 Season effects","5 See also","6 Notes","7 References","8 External links"]	It has been suggested that Tropical Storm Ignacio (1997) be merged into this article. (Discuss) Proposed since February 2024. 1997 Pacific hurricane seasonSeason summary mapSeasonal boundariesFirst system formedJune 1, 1997Last system dissipatedDecember 6, 1997Strongest stormNameLinda (Second-most intense hurricane in the Pacific basin) • Maximum winds185 mph (295 km/h)(1-minute sustained) • Lowest pressure902 mbar (hPa; 26.64 inHg) Seasonal statisticsTotal depressions24Total storms19Hurricanes9Major hurricanes(Cat. 3+)7Total fatalities261–531 totalTotal damage$551 million (1997 USD)Related articles Timeline of the 1997 Pacific hurricane season 1997 Atlantic hurricane season 1997 Pacific typhoon season 1997 North Indian Ocean cyclone season Pacific hurricane seasons1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999 The 1997 Pacific hurricane season was a very active hurricane season. With hundreds of deaths and hundreds of millions of dollars in damage, this was one of the deadliest and costliest Pacific hurricane seasons on record. This was due to the exceptionally strong 1997–98 El Niño event. The season officially started on May 15, in the eastern Pacific, and on June 1, in the central Pacific, and lasted until November 30. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when almost all tropical cyclones form in the northeastern Pacific Ocean. Several storms impacted land. The first was Tropical Storm Andres which killed four people and left another two missing. In August, Tropical Storm Ignacio took an unusual path through the basin, resulting in its extratropical remnants causing minimal damage throughout the Pacific Northwest and California. Linda became the most intense east Pacific hurricane in recorded history, a record it maintained until it was surpassed by Hurricane Patricia in 2015. Although it never made landfall, it produced large surf in Southern California and as a result, five people had to be rescued. Hurricane Nora caused flooding and damage in the Southwestern United States, while Olaf made two landfalls and caused eighteen deaths and several other people were reported missing. Hurricane Pauline killed several hundred people and caused record damage in southeastern Mexico. In addition, Super Typhoons Oliwa and Paka originated in the region before crossing the International Date Line and causing significant damage in the western Pacific. There were also two Category 5 hurricanes: Linda and Guillermo. Activity in the season was above average. The season produced 17 named storms, which was a little above normal. The average number of named storms per year is 15. The 1997 season also had 9 hurricanes, compared to the average of 8. There were also 7 major hurricanes compared to the average of 4. Season summary For a chronological guide, see Timeline of the 1997 Pacific hurricane season. The 1997 Pacific hurricane season officially started on May 15, 1997, in the Eastern Pacific, and on June 1, 1997, in the Central Pacific, and lasted until November 30, 1997. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northeastern Pacific Ocean. The first storm, Andres, formed on June 1. The last storm, Paka, crossed the International Date Line into the Northwestern Pacific Basin on December 6. The 1997 Pacific hurricane season was fairly active, due to the strong El Niño that was occurring at the time. El Niño causes wind shear to be reduced and water temperatures to increase, resulting in conditions more conductive for tropical cyclones in the East Pacific. There were 24 tropical cyclones in total, including five unnamed tropical depressions. Of the 19 remaining tropical cyclones that became tropical storms, ten reached hurricane status (excluding Tropical Storms Oliwa and Paka, which attained typhoon status after crossing into the Western Pacific basin). Also, seven of the ten hurricanes reached Category 3 intensity or higher on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale, becoming major hurricanes. Activity in the Central Pacific was also above average. Two tropical storms formed, as did three tropical depressions. Four tropical cyclones also moved in from the Eastern Pacific. Overall, nine tropical cyclones entered or formed in the Central Pacific in 1997, the fourth-highest number since accurate records began in 1961. The National Hurricane Center uses accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) to rank hurricane seasons as above-normal, near-normal, and below-normal. The total ACE of this season is 160104 kt2 in the east Pacific proper, which qualifies this season as above-normal. Systems Tropical Storm Andres Tropical storm (SSHWS) DurationJune 1 – June 7Peak intensity50 mph (85 km/h) (1-min);998 mbar (hPa) Main article: Tropical Storm Andres (1997) Andres originated from a disturbance that slowly organized and formed into Tropical Depression One-E on June 1. The next day, it reached tropical storm status as a second circulation formed north-northwest of the initial circulation. However, the former circulation became dominant, and Andres intensified slightly. After a brief period of a normal track to the northwest, Andres was picked up by westerly winds and became the first named storm to threaten Central America. Initially forecast to cross the isthmus and enter the Caribbean Sea, Andres instead turned to the southeast and paralleled the coast. This was the first time since record-keeping began that any East Pacific storm had taken such a path. Andres then turned back to the northeast. It weakened to a depression and made landfall near San Salvador on June 7 and dissipated shortly thereafter. Among the casualties were two fishers who were reported missing. Andres caused power outages, flooding rivers, several car crashes, and damage to roughly ten homes. The highest rainfall report from Mexico was 11.42 in (290 mm) at Mazatan. Damage was noted in parts of Nicaragua. Andres also killed four people in Usulután, El Salvador due to heavy flooding. Tropical Storm Blanca Tropical storm (SSHWS) DurationJune 9 – June 12Peak intensity45 mph (75 km/h) (1-min);1002 mbar (hPa)Tropical Depression Two-E formed from a broad area of low pressure on June 9. Six hours later the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Blanca. This system developed a good outflow, and reached its peak intensity with winds of 45 mph (75 km/h). However, its circulation was not well-defined and a weakening trend began, and Blanca was downgraded to a depression on June 12. It lost its closed circulation shortly thereafter and was thus declared dissipated. Blanca briefly threatened land on June 10 as warnings and watches were established by the Mexican Servicio Meteorológico Nacional. Shortly thereafter, a ridge of high pressure turned Blanca away from the coast. As Blanca moved just south of the Mexican coast, it dropped a total of 5.77 inches (147 mm) of rainfall at Fincha Chayabe/Maragaritas. There were no major damage or casualties as Blanca's impact was generally minimal. Tropical Depression Three-E Tropical depression (SSHWS) DurationJune 21 – June 24Peak intensity35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min);1006 mbar (hPa) Tropical Depression Three-E formed June 21. Moving rapidly westward, it never strengthened and the winds of the depression soon decreased. It dissipated early on June 24. The depression never impacted land. Tropical Storm Carlos Tropical storm (SSHWS) DurationJune 25 – June 28Peak intensity50 mph (85 km/h) (1-min);996 mbar (hPa) On June 22, showers increased associated with a tropical wave several hundred miles away from land. Three days later, deep convection became more concentrated, and the system became a tropical depression. It intensified into Tropical Storm Carlos as banding features increased and the outflow became better defined. As it moved west, convection diminished as Carlos moved into cooler water. Shortly thereafter, increased wind shear took its toll on Carlos as the low-level center became exposed from the deep convection. Carlos weakened into a depression early on June 27, and dissipated June 28. However, a swirl of clouds remained for a couple of days. Except for Socorro Island, which the system passed close to, Carlos never threatened land. No indications of casualties or damage were reported. Tropical Depression Five-E Tropical depression (SSHWS) DurationJune 29 – July 4Peak intensity35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min);1004 mbar (hPa) On the afternoon of June 29, Tropical Depression Five-E formed. It erratically moved westward. On July 1, the depression weakened slightly, but quickly reintensified. It dissipated on July 4, without even threatening land. During July 1, an upper-level low to the south of Baja California cut off the north-easterly vertical windshear that the depression had been encountering, which caused deep convection to redevelop near the systems center and the NHC to resume issuing advisories. Hurricane Dolores Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS) DurationJuly 5 – July 12Peak intensity90 mph (150 km/h) (1-min);975 mbar (hPa) In early July, shower activity increased in association with an area of disturbed weather. With surface pressures lower than normal for a tropical disturbance, deep convection increased further and Tropical Depression Six-E formed late on July 5 and reaching tropical storm status the following day and was named Dolores. Despite moderate wind shear, very cold cloud tops formed as the winds increased to 60 mph (95 km/h), a moderate tropical storm. Moving westward, Dolores strengthened into the first hurricane of the season on July 7 as a ragged eye formed. Dolores continued to intensify and it reached a peak windspeed of 90 mph (150 km/h), a strong Category 1 hurricane, two days later. Meanwhile, Dolores became the first hurricane in over two years to cross longitude 125°W. Shortly thereafter, the hurricane started losing strength as it moved over cooler waters. The eye dissipated from satellite imagery while the associated thunderstorm activity became sheared. Dolores weakened back into a tropical storm on July 10 and a tropical depression the next day. The cyclone then crossed into the Central Pacific Hurricane Center's area of responsibility (west of longitude 140°W) while producing minimal shower activity. It dissipated on July 12. The hurricane was not a threat to any land. Hurricane Enrique Category 3 hurricane (SSHWS) DurationJuly 12 – July 16Peak intensity115 mph (185 km/h) (1-min);960 mbar (hPa) The first major hurricane of the season originated from a broad area of low pressure on July 8 near the Gulf of Tehuantepec. The thunderstorms gradually became more concentrated and a tropical depression formed on July 12. It strengthened into a tropical storm twelve hours later, and then began to rapidly intensify as convection increased further near the center. It became a hurricane on July 13. Enrique continued to steadily intensify and became a Category 2 hurricane on July 14. The next day, Enrique reached its peak intensity of 115 mph (185 km/h) and peak pressure 960 mbar (hPa) on July 14. Shortly thereafter, the hurricane outflow became asymmetrical and it began to weaken over cool waters. It weakened fairly quickly and was downgraded into a Category 2 hurricane on July 15. It then lost hurricane intensity later that day. On July 16 the winds had decreased further to 50 mph (80 km/h). Enrique weakened into a depression the next day, and degenerated into a swirl of clouds shortly thereafter. The system never threatened land. Hurricane Felicia Category 4 hurricane (SSHWS) DurationJuly 14 – July 22Peak intensity130 mph (215 km/h) (1-min);948 mbar (hPa) A large area of disturbed weather formed on July 13. It then organized into a depression south of Manzanillo, Colima, on July 14. Intensification was delayed by wind shear due to its proximity to Enrique for about two days. However, it became a tropical storm late July 15 as it moved west-northwestward. Continuing to intensify, an eye formed. Based on this, Felicia was upgraded into a hurricane on July 17. Its development was again halted by increased wind shear, and as such it leveled off in intensity. After the shear decreased, Felicia began to intensify and the hurricane's winds reached 215 km/h (130 mph) and its pressure fell to 948 mbar (hPa), making it a moderate low-end Category 4 hurricane. Shear increased for the third time, and then moved into cooler waters. It began to weaken as it moved west-northwest. On July 20, it lost major hurricane intensity. Shortly before being downgraded to a tropical storm, it crossed 140°W. A strong wind shear took toll on Felicia and it was downgraded into a tropical depression July 22. No damage or deaths were reported in wake of the hurricane. Tropical Depression One-C Tropical depression (SSHWS) DurationJuly 26 – July 27Peak intensity30 mph (45 km/h) (1-min);1007 mbar (hPa) Tropical Depression One-C formed on July 26 from a disturbance that had been showing signs of organization for the past three days. It moved west to southwest through an unfavorable environment. On the morning of July 27, it dissipated due to strong wind shear caused by an upper-level trough. The system never impacted land, thus no damage was reported. Hurricane Guillermo Category 5 hurricane (SSHWS) DurationJuly 30 – August 15Peak intensity160 mph (260 km/h) (1-min);919 mbar (hPa) Main article: Hurricane Guillermo (1997) A tropical wave emerged into the Pacific Ocean on July 27. It organized into a depression July 30 and was named Tropical Storm Guillermo the next day. It quickly intensified, reaching hurricane status on August 1. Guillermo became a major hurricane on August 2. It reached Category 4 intensity on August 3. Continuing to rapidly intensify, Guillermo attained Category 5 strength August 4. The tropical cyclone peak intensity was 919 mbar (hPa) and 160 mph (260 km/h). Guillermo then weakened slowly, becoming a tropical storm August 8. It crossed 140°W and entered the Central Pacific. It weakened to a depression late August 10, but restrengthened back into a storm 24 hours later when it encountered a small area of warmer water. It weakened to a depression for the second and final time August 15 and became an extratropical cyclone early the next day. The storm's remnants recurved over the far northern Pacific. They were tracked to a point 500 nautical miles (930 km) west of Vancouver Island. The remnants persisted for a few more days and drifted south before being absorbed by a mid-latitude cyclone August 24 off the coast of California. Tropical Storm Hilda Tropical storm (SSHWS) DurationAugust 10 – August 15Peak intensity50 mph (85 km/h) (1-min);1000 mbar (hPa) A tropical wave that had showed signs of development emerged into the East Pacific and organized into Tropical Depression Ten-E on August 10. Despite some wind shear, the depression managed to become a tropical storm late on August 11. Hilda reached its peak intensity as a moderate 50 mph (85 km/h) tropical storm the next day. After maintaining its peak intensity for 24 hours, it gradually weakened due to increasing wind shear On August 14, shear weakened Hilda to a depression and the cyclone dissipated early the next morning. Hilda was no threat to land and caused no known damage or deaths. Tropical Storm Ignacio Main article: Tropical Storm Ignacio (1997) Tropical storm (SSHWS) DurationAugust 17 – August 19Peak intensity40 mph (65 km/h) (1-min);1005 mbar (hPa) Tropical Storm Ignacio formed first as a depression in an area of disturbed weather on August 17. Twelve hours later, it organized into a tropical storm. Its location of tropical cyclone formation was further north and west of where most East Pacific tropical cyclones develop. Steering currents pulled Ignacio north, where it encountered wind shear and cooler waters. Ignacio never intensified beyond 40 mph (65 km/h) and then was downgraded into a depression on August 18. It last transitioned into an extratropical cyclone 24 hours later. It was then absorbed by a cyclone associated with the remnants of Hurricane Guillermo. Ignacio's remnants moved north, bringing gusty winds to California coastal waters before dissipating. Severe flooding was recorded along Highway 97 with a debris flow estimated at 0.5 mi (0.80 km) and 7 ft (2.1 m) deep. They caused rainfall as far north as the U.S. state of Washington. Thunderstorms caused power outages in central California. Hurricane Jimena Category 4 hurricane (SSHWS) DurationAugust 25 – August 30Peak intensity140 mph (220 km/h) (1-min);942 mbar (hPa) During the third week of August, a tropical disturbance formed far from land. Although the system was located over warmer than average sea surface temperatures, the upper-level environment was initially unfavorable. However the environment gradually became more conducive for tropical cyclone formation and Tropical Depression Twelve-E formed August 25 from an area of disturbed weather in a rather easterly location. It became a tropical storm the next day and a hurricane on August 27. Intensification was rapid, with winds increasing from 75 mph (121 km/h) to 115 mph (185 km/h) in just 6 hours. Continuing to rapidly intensify, it reached its peak intensity as a low-end category 4 hurricane. After maintaining peak intensity for 30 hours, it moved north-northwest and encountered increasing wind shear which reduced its winds from 115 mph (185 km/h) to 35 mph (56 km/h) in just 24 hours. Jimena completely dissipated on August 30, not long after entering the Central Pacific Basin. Hurricane Jimena was of no threat to land. Tropical Storm Oliwa Tropical storm (SSHWS) DurationSeptember 2 – September 4 (Exited basin)Peak intensity40 mph (65 km/h) (1-min);1004 mbar (hPa) Main article: Typhoon Oliwa Tropical storm Oliwa began as a tropical disturbance that had meandered south of Johnston Atoll. It organized into Tropical Depression Two-C on September 2. Later that day, it was upgraded to Tropical Storm Oliwa (Hawaiian for Oliver) as it slowly moved towards the west. It crossed the dateline late on September 3 and entered the Joint Typhoon Warning Center's Area of Responsibility. Oliwa passed south of Wake Island on September 6, where it caused heavy rains but no damage. On September 7, Oliwa started a period of rapid strengthening, becoming a typhoon on September 8 and a Super Typhoon eight hours later. Oliwa stayed at that intensity for over two days. While still a strong typhoon, Oliwa passed near the Northern Marianas Islands. It then started weakening as it curved towards Japan. It made landfall as a minimal typhoon September 16. It quickly dissipated later that same day. Typhoon Oliwa caused 12 fatalities and left 30,000 people homeless. Damage totaled to 4.36 billion yen ($50.1 million USD). Tropical Storm Kevin Tropical storm (SSHWS) DurationSeptember 3 – September 7Peak intensity60 mph (95 km/h) (1-min);994 mbar (hPa) Tropical Storm Kevin, first displayed hints of development while located near Panama, and developed a well-defined circulation after emerging into the Pacific. It was classified as a tropical depression in the Pacific on September 3 while located south-south west of Baja California. Convection increased and the outflow of the storm became better defined. As such, it became a tropical storm on the morning of September 4. Gradually intensifying, it reached it peak intensity as a mid-level tropical storm on September 5. As it moved westbound, it maintained its intensity for 12 hours. The environment was unfavorable, and two days later, Kevin weakened to a depression when deep convection ceased. It dissipated early on September 7, having never posed a threat to land. Hurricane Linda Category 5 hurricane (SSHWS) DurationSeptember 9 – September 17Peak intensity185 mph (295 km/h) (1-min);902 mbar (hPa) Main article: Hurricane Linda (1997) A tropical disturbance formed on September 9 and became Tropical Depression Fourteen-E later that day. The cyclone moved northwest and strengthened into a tropical storm on September 10. Linda then rapidly intensified, reaching hurricane intensity the next day as an eye formed. On September 12, Linda reached its peak intensity, with maximum sustained winds of 295 km/h (185 mph)—making it a Category 5 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale—and a minimum pressure of 902 mbar (902 hPa), making it the most intense Pacific hurricane ever recorded until Hurricane Patricia surpassed it in 2015. However, Linda soon moved over cooler waters, and began to weaken, falling below hurricane intensity on September 16. It then slowly weakened and dissipated on September 17. Linda passed very near Socorro Island. In addition, early forecasts predicted that Linda would make landfall in California. The landfall never materialized and warnings or watches were not necessary for any location. However, Linda caused large surf, which crashed ashore in California, where it swept five people off a jetty. Moisture related to Linda also contributed to a landslide in southern California that destroyed or damaged 79 houses. Tropical Storm Marty Tropical storm (SSHWS) DurationSeptember 12 – September 16Peak intensity45 mph (75 km/h) (1-min);1002 mbar (hPa) An area of disturbed weather formed early on September 10. It became better organized two days later as convection increased, and then organized into Tropical Depression Fifteen-E late on September 12. Moving slowly in a westward direction, it strengthened into a tropical storm in the morning of September 14. Later that day, the system reached its peak intensity of 45 mph (72 km/h). Meanwhile, the storm's forward speed slowed down even more, and it turned to the south. It then encountered an area of strong wind shear, and it weakened into a depression on September 15 as the center of circulation became displaced from the deep convection. The shear continued to weaken, and the tropical cyclone dissipated late on September 16. There were no deaths or damage. Hurricane Nora Category 4 hurricane (SSHWS) DurationSeptember 16 – September 26Peak intensity130 mph (215 km/h) (1-min);950 mbar (hPa) Main article: Hurricane Nora (1997) A large area of disturbed weather moved into the Pacific on September 12. It then organized into Tropical Depression Sixteen-E on September 16 and quickly strengthened into a tropical storm. Early on September 18, a poorly defined and ragged eye appeared on infrared imagery. Shortly thereafter, its winds reached 165 km/h (105 mph). Nora eventually peaked at Category 4. It then encountered water temperature anomalies, and fluctuated in strength. Then, a trough pulled Nora northward and accelerated the storm. After weakening to a Category 1, Nora made landfall in northern Baja California and stayed a tropical storm as it entered the United States. At that time, however, most of the deep rest convection was displaced to the northeast. Nora dissipated over Arizona, but its remnants kept going north. Hurricane Nora was the first Pacific hurricane to bring gale-force winds to the Continental United States since Kathleen in 1976. In Mexico, Nora produced high waves, flooding, and heavy damage. Many homes were destroyed. In the United States, rains were heavy, and damage amounted to several hundred million dollars. Several hundred people were rendered homeless, and there was wind and flood damage in Arizona. Nora killed two people in Mexico, and several indirect deaths were reported in California. Tropical Storm Olaf Tropical storm (SSHWS) DurationSeptember 26 – October 12Peak intensity70 mph (110 km/h) (1-min);989 mbar (hPa) Main article: Tropical Storm Olaf (1997) A tropical disturbance left Central America on September 22. Despite some wind shear, the system gradually became better organized and a tropical depression formed September 26, being upgraded to a tropical storm several hours later. The cyclone immediately moved north. Instead of strengthening into a hurricane before landfall as forecasted, Olaf weakened due to its proximity to land. On September 29, Olaf made landfall near Salina Cruz, Oaxaca. Olaf, as a tropical depression, moved westward, far out to sea. Operationally, Olaf was believed to have dissipated for six days. however, in the Tropical Cyclone Report, a report issued several months after the hurricane's duration, it was believed to have remained a tropical cyclone the entire time. After restrengthening slightly, Olaf moved southeast on October 5 due to the influence of Hurricane Pauline. Olaf then turned north, and on October 12 made a second landfall near Manzanillo, Colima, as a tropical depression. Olaf's surface circulation weakened, and its remnants moved back out to sea, but did not redevelop. Olaf resulted in some reports of damage and flooding in Mexico and Guatemala. During two time frames, from September 27 through October 2 and 10 through October 16, a total of 27.73 inches (704 mm) of rainfall fell in association with Olaf in Soyalapa/Comaltepec. Several people were reported missing. Most of its damage was from its first landfall. Throughout southern Mexico, Guatemala and El Salvador, flooding caused by Olaf was blamed for eighteen deaths. Hurricane Pauline Category 4 hurricane (SSHWS) DurationOctober 5 – October 10Peak intensity130 mph (215 km/h) (1-min);948 mbar (hPa) Main article: Hurricane Pauline On October 3, a distinct area of disturbed weather formed. It drifted eastbound, and a well-defined low pressure soon formed. It became Tropical Depression Eighteen-E on October 5. Early the next day it intensified into tropical Storm Pauline. An eye feature developed on October 7 and as such Pauline was upgraded into a hurricane. In a favorable environment, the cyclone rapidly intensified, reaching Category 4 intensity. After fluctuating in intensity, interaction with land weakened Pauline to a Category 2 by the time it made landfall on October 9. It accelerated to the northwest, and passed over a mountainous region. The mountains disrupted Pauline's circulation, and squeezed the moisture from the hurricane. Pauline dissipated on October 10 while over Jalisco. Hurricane Pauline was the deadliest storm of the season. Landslides and flooding caused by heavy rain caused tragic loss of life and left thousands homeless. There were at least 230 casualties. The Red Cross reported that 400 people died, but this was disputed by Mexican officials. Pauline was Mexico's deadliest hurricane since 1976's Liza. In addition, the hurricane caused $447.8 million in damage (1997 USD; $473 million 2008 USD). Tropical Depression Three-C Tropical depression (SSHWS) DurationOctober 6 – October 7Peak intensity30 mph (45 km/h) (1-min); A tropical disturbance formed near 140°W. It became Tropical Depression Three-C on October 6. The waters were very warm, and there was only moderate wind shear. However, the depression slowly moved westward without intensifying, and dissipated the next day. Tropical Depression Four-C Tropical depression (SSHWS) DurationOctober 30 – October 31Peak intensity35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min);1012 mbar (hPa) Towards the end of October, a tropical disturbance developed well to the southeast of the Hawaiian Islands and became better organized over the next few days, as it moved westwards along 10°N. During October 31, after atmospheric convection had increased, the CPHC initiated advisories and designated the system as Tropical Depression Four-C. Although the waters were very warm, some dry air was located north of the system. It slowly moved westward without intensifying, and dissipated the next day as the circulation became exposed. Hurricane Rick Category 2 hurricane (SSHWS) DurationNovember 7 – November 10Peak intensity100 mph (155 km/h) (1-min);973 mbar (hPa) Main article: Hurricane Rick (1997) The first hurricane in November since 1991 formed from a tropical disturbance. Although the circulation was initially poorly defined, it later acquired enough organization and was classified as a tropical depression on November 7. It moved north until a trough of low pressure turned it to the northeast. It was named on November 8, and was upgraded to a hurricane the next day. It reached its peak intensity of 100 mph (160 km/h) and 973 mbar (hPa). Rick made landfall in Oaxaca – the same area devastated by Hurricane Pauline one month earlier – and quickly weakened, dissipating early on November 11. The storm downed trees, washed out recently repaired roads, and disrupted communications in some small population centers. A total of 10.47 inches (266 mm) of rain was reported at Astata/San Pedro Huameluca near the point of landfall in Mexico. No one was killed. Tropical Storm Paka Tropical storm (SSHWS) DurationNovember 28 – December 6 (Exited basin)Peak intensity65 mph (100 km/h) (1-min);992 mbar (hPa) Main article: Typhoon Paka Tropical Depression Five-C formed on December 2, two days after the season ended. It was the second December tropical depression east of the dateline; 1983's Hurricane Winnie was the only other one. The depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Paka (Hawaiian for Pat) while west of Palmyra Atoll. The system began to move westward at a steady pace. As Paka moved westward, dry air and wind shear disrupted its development until it crossed the dateline on December 6. After entering the Western Pacific, the cyclone encountered a more favorable environment, resulting in rapid intensification. It became a typhoon on December 10 and passed near Kwajalein with winds of 120 mph (190 km/h). It strengthened further, twice reaching Category 5 intensity. While a super typhoon, Paka passed close to Guam on December 17, causing major damage. Afterwards, Paka encountered a hostile environment and had completely dissipated by the evening of December 22. Storm names Main articles: Tropical cyclone naming, History of tropical cyclone naming, and List of historic tropical cyclone names The following list of names was used for named storms that formed in the North Pacific Ocean east of 140°W in 1997. This is the same list used for the 1991 season except for Felicia, which replaced Fefa, and Dolores, which had been spelled "Delores" that year. The name Felicia was used for the first time in 1997. Andres Blanca Carlos Dolores Enrique Felicia * Guillermo * Hilda Ignacio Jimena * Kevin Linda Marty Nora Olaf Pauline Rick Sandra (unused) Terry (unused) Vivian (unused) Waldo (unused) Xina (unused) York (unused) Zelda (unused) For storms that form in the North Pacific from 140°W to the International Date Line, the names come from a series of four rotating lists. Names are used one after the other without regard to year, and when the bottom of one list is reached, the next named storm receives the name at the top of the next list. Two named storms, listed below, formed in the central North Pacific in 1997. Named storms in the table above that crossed into the area during the year are noted (*). Oliwa Paka Retirement See also: List of retired Pacific hurricane names The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) retired the name Pauline in the spring of 1998 from future use in the Eastern Pacific on accounts of impacts in southern Mexico. It was replaced with Patricia for the 2003 season. Later, in 2007, the WMO retired the name Paka from future use the Central Pacific due to its impacts on Guam. The name Pama was chosen as its replacement. Season effects This is a table of all of the tropical cyclones that formed in the 1997 Pacific hurricane season. It includes their name, duration (within the basin), peak classification and intensities, areas affected, damage, and death totals. Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect (an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident), but were still related to that storm. Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical, a wave, or a low, and all of the damage figures are in 1997 USD. Saffir–Simpson scale TD TS C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 1997 Pacific tropical cyclone season statistics Stormname Dates active Storm categoryat peak intensity Max 1-minwindmph (km/h) Min.press.(mbar) Areas affected Damage (USD) Deaths Ref(s) Andres June 1–7 Tropical storm 50 (85) 998 El Salvador, Nicaragua, Southwestern Mexico Unknown 4 Blanca June 9–12 Tropical storm 45 (75) 1002 Southwestern Mexico Minimal None Three-E June 21–24 Tropical depression 35 (55) 1006 None None None Carlos June 25–28 Tropical storm 50 (85) 996 None None None Five-E Julne 29 – July 4 Tropical depression 35 (55) 1004 None None None Dolores July 5–12 Category 1 hurricane 90 (150) 975 None None None Enrique July 12–16 Category 3 hurricane 115 (185) 960 None None None Felicia July 14–22 Category 4 hurricane 130 (215) 948 None None None One-C July 26–22 Tropical depression 35 (55) 1007 None None None Guillermo July 30 – August 15 Category 5 hurricane 160 (260) 919 California, Hawaiian Islands, Aleutian Islands Unknown 3 Hilda August 10–15 Tropical storm 50 (85) 1000 None None None Ignacio August 17–19 Tropical storm 40 (65) 1005 California, Pacific Northwest Minimal None Jimena August 25–30 Category 4 hurricane 150 (240) 942 None None None Oliwa September 2–3 Tropical storm 40 (65) 1004 None None None Kevin September 3–7 Tropical storm 65 (100) 994 None None None Linda September 9–17 Category 5 hurricane 185 (295) 902 Western Mexico, Southwestern United States $3.2 million None Marty September 12–16 Tropical storm 45 (75) 1002 None None None Nora September 16–26 Category 4 hurricane 130 (215) 950 Western Mexico, Southwestern United States $100 million 6 Olaf September 26 – October 12 Tropical storm 70 (110) 989 Southwestern Mexico, Central America, El Salvador, Guatemala Unknown 18 Pauline October 5–10 Category 4 hurricane 130 (215) 948 Southern Mexico $448 million 230–500 Three-C October 6–7 Tropical depression 30 (45) 1008 Hawaiian Islands None None Four-C October 30–31 Tropical depression 35 (55) 1012 None None None Rick November 7–10 Category 2 hurricane 100 (155) 973 Southwestern Mexico, Central America, Yucatan Peninsula Minimal 6 Paka November 28 – December 6 Tropical storm 70 (110) 992 None None None Season aggregates 24 systems June 1 – December 6 260 (160) 902 $451 million 261 See also Tropical cyclones portal List of Pacific hurricanes Pacific hurricane season 1997 Atlantic hurricane season 1997 Pacific typhoon season 1997 North Indian Ocean cyclone season South-West Indian Ocean cyclone seasons: 1996–97, 1997–98 Australian region cyclone seasons: 1996–97, 1997–98 South Pacific cyclone seasons: 1996–97, 1997–98 Notes ^ The last storm, Paka, did not dissipate on December 6. It crossed into the Western Pacific, and because it was the final storm of the season, the crossover date is listed on here as the dissipation date. December 23. References ^ National Hurricane Center (2007). "Tropical Cyclone Climatology". Archived from the original on December 13, 2007. Retrieved February 25, 2007. ^ Neal Dorst. "Subject: G1) When is hurricane season?". FAQ: Hurricanes, Typhoons, and Tropical Cyclones. National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 30, 2008. ^ a b c d National Hurricane Center; Hurricane Research Division; Central Pacific Hurricane Center (April 26, 2024). "The Northeast and North Central Pacific hurricane database 1949–2023". United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Archived from the original on May 29, 2024. A guide on how to read the database is available here. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. ^ a b c d e f g h i Hablutzel, Benjamin; Rosendal, Hans; Weyman, James; Hoag, Jonathan (April 19, 2019). Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Cyclones 1997 (PDF) (Report). Honolulu, Hawaii: Central Pacific Hurricane Center. Retrieved January 31, 2024. ^ Climate Prediction Center. "Background Information: East Pacific Hurricane Season". Archived from the original on October 6, 2006. Retrieved October 26, 2006. ^ Climate Prediction Center. "East Pacific Hurricane Season Activity NOAA's Accumulated Cyclone Energy (ACE) Index". Archived from the original on October 6, 2006. Retrieved October 26, 2006. ^ a b c Edward Rappaport (June 18, 1997). "Preliminary Report Tropical Storm Andres". National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on September 25, 2005. Retrieved October 24, 2005. ^ David M. Roth (2007). "Tropical Storm Andres Storm Total Rainfall Image" (GIF). Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Retrieved February 15, 2007. ^ "1997 flood archive". Dartmouth Flood Observatory. Archived from the original on September 6, 2009. Retrieved March 18, 2007. ^ a b c Lixion Avila (June 19, 1997). "Preliminary Report Tropical Storm Blanca". National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on September 25, 2005. Retrieved October 24, 2005. ^ David M. Roth (2009). "Tropical Storm Blanca (1997) Storm Total Rainfall". Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Retrieved May 8, 2009. ^ Miles Lawrence (June 24, 1997). "Preliminary Report Tropical Depression Three-E". National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on September 22, 2008. Retrieved August 23, 2008. ^ Max Mayfield (August 10, 1997). "Preliminary Report Tropical Storm Carlos". National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on September 25, 2005. Retrieved October 24, 2005. ^ Richard Pasch (July 7, 1997). "Preliminary Report Tropical Depression Five-E". National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on September 22, 2008. Retrieved August 23, 2008. ^ Mayfield, Britt M (July 2, 1997). Tropical Depression Five-E Special Discussion Number 11 (Report). United States National Hurricane Center. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. ^ Mayfield, Britt M (July 2, 1997). Tropical Depression Five-E Discussion Number 12 (Report). United States National Hurricane Center. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. ^ a b Edward Rappaport (August 19, 1997). "Preliminary Report Hurricane Dolores". National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on September 25, 2005. Retrieved October 24, 2005. ^ Lixion Avila (August 15, 1997). "Preliminary Report Hurricane Enrique". National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on September 25, 2005. Retrieved October 24, 2005. ^ Miles Lawrence (August 23, 1997). "Preliminary Report Hurricane Felicia". National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on September 25, 2005. Retrieved October 24, 2005. ^ a b Mayfield, Britt M (October 2, 1997). Preliminary Report: Hurricane Guillermo (PDF) (Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Retrieved January 31, 2023. ^ Richard Pasch (December 12, 1997). "Preliminary Report Tropical Storm Hilda". National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on September 25, 2005. Retrieved October 24, 2005. ^ a b c Edward Rappaport (August 27, 1997). "Preliminary Report Tropical Storm Ignacio". National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on September 25, 2005. Retrieved October 24, 2005. ^ Jack Williams (May 17, 2005). "California's Tropical Cyclones". USA Today. Archived from the original on February 26, 2009. Retrieved October 24, 2005. ^ Stuart Hinson (1997). "California Event Report: Flash Flood". National Climatic Data Center. Archived from the original on September 6, 2009. Retrieved June 29, 2009. ^ Roth, David M (May 12, 2022). "Maximum Rainfall caused by North Atlantic and Northeast Pacific Tropical Cyclones and their remnants Per State (1950–2020)". Tropical Cyclone Rainfall. United States Weather Prediction Center. Retrieved January 6, 2023. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. ^ a b Avilla, Lixion A; National Hurricane Center (September 16, 1997). Hurricane Jimena (Preliminary Report). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Archived from the original on September 25, 2005. Retrieved June 24, 2012. ^ "Data for Super Typhoon Oliwa". Unisys. Archived from the original on June 10, 2007. Retrieved November 29, 2007. ^ "Super Typhoon Oliwa (02C)" (PDF). Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 7, 2011. Retrieved February 21, 2005. ^ "Typhoon 199719 災害情報" (in Japanese). National Institute of Informatics. 1998. Retrieved July 21, 2010. ^ Dartmouth Flood Observatory (2008). "1997 Flood Archive". Archived from the original on September 6, 2009. Retrieved March 13, 2010. ^ Miles Lawrence (November 4, 1997). "Preliminary Report Tropical Storm Kevin". National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on September 25, 2005. Retrieved October 24, 2005. ^ a b Max Mayfield (October 25, 1997). "Preliminary Report Hurricane Linda". National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on November 6, 2005. Retrieved October 24, 2005. ^ National Weather Service (2004). "A History of Significant Local Weather Effects for San Diego" (PDF). p. 27. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 28, 2008. Retrieved August 30, 2008. ^ Richard Pasch (December 12, 1997). "Preliminary Report Tropical Storm Marty". National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on September 25, 2005. Retrieved October 24, 2005. ^ a b Rappaport, Edward N (October 30, 1997). Preliminary Report: Hurricane Nora September 16 – 26, 1997 (PDF) (Report). United States National Hurricane Center. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. ^ Chris Landsea & Michael Chenoweth (November 2004). "The San Diego Hurricane of 2 October 1858" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. p. 1689. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 20, 2008. Retrieved August 30, 2008. ^ a b c Lixion Avila (November 5, 1997). "Preliminary Report Tropical Storm Olaf". National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on September 25, 2005. Retrieved October 24, 2005. ^ David M. Roth (2009). "Hurricane Olaf (1997) Storm Total Rainfall Graphic". Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Retrieved May 8, 2009. ^ "'Dangerous' Hurricane Pauline to hit southwest Mexico". CNN. October 8, 1997. Archived from the original on May 21, 2006. Retrieved March 18, 2007. ^ a b Miles Lawrence (November 7, 1997). "Preliminary Report Hurricane Pauline". National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on September 25, 2005. Retrieved October 24, 2005. ^ Estadísticas sobre los Riesgos a atenuar de Fenómenos Perturbadores Archived September 27, 2007, at the Wayback Machine ^ a b Hablutzel, Benjamin C (October 31, 1997). Tropical Depression Four-C Discussion Number 1 (Report). United States Central Pacific Hurricane Center. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. ^ a b Max Mayfield (November 23, 1997). "Preliminary Report Hurricane Rick". National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on November 2, 2005. Retrieved October 24, 2005. ^ David M. Roth. "Hurricane Rick Storm Total Rainfall Graphic" (GIF). Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Retrieved February 15, 2007. ^ "Paka track map". Unisys. Archived from the original (GIF) on May 10, 2006. Retrieved October 24, 2005. ^ "Tracking data for Super Typhoon Paka". Unisys. Archived from the original on May 13, 2008. Retrieved November 29, 2007. ^ "Super Typhoon Paka (05C)" (PDF). Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 7, 2011. Retrieved February 21, 2006. ^ a b National Hurricane Operations Plan (PDF) (Report). Washington, D.C.: NOAA Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorological Services and Supporting Research. May 1997. pp. 3-8–9. Retrieved January 13, 2024. ^ National Hurricane Operations Plan (PDF) (Report). Washington, D.C.: NOAA Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorological Services and Supporting Research. April 1991. p. 3-7. Retrieved February 3, 2024. ^ "Eastern North Pacific Tropical Cyclone Name History". Atlantic Tropical Weather Center. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved February 3, 2024. ^ Padgett, Gary (April 2003). "Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary". australiasevereweather.com. Retrieved March 6, 2024. ^ National Hurricane Operations Plan (PDF) (Report). Washington, D.C.: NOAA Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorological Services and Supporting Research. May 2003. p. 3-9. Retrieved January 30, 2024. ^ "Reaching the End of the List". cyclingweather.org. September 27, 2018. Retrieved March 6, 2024. ^ "Tropical cyclone names". Exeter, Devon, UK: Met Office. Retrieved March 6, 2024. External links NHC 1997 Pacific hurricane season archive HPC 1997 Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Pages Central Pacific Hurricane Center archive Unisys Hurricane Tracks vteTropical cyclones of the 1997 Pacific hurricane seasonTSAndres TSBlanca TDThree-E TSCarlos TDFive-E 1Dolores 3Enrique 4Felicia TDOne-C 5Guillermo TSHilda TSIgnacio 4Jimena TSOliwa TSKevin 5Linda TSMarty 4Nora TSOlaf 4Pauline TDThree-C TDFour-C 2Rick TSPaka Category Portal WikiProject 1990–1999 Pacific hurricane seasons Previous: 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Next: 2000 vteTropical cyclones in 1997Cyclones Australian region (1996–97 1997–98) North Indian Ocean South-West Indian Ocean (1996–97 1997–98) South Pacific (1996–97 1997–98) Hurricanes Atlantic Pacific Typhoons Pacific Non-seasonal lists Mediterranean South Atlantic	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1997–98 El Niño event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997%E2%80%9398_El_Ni%C3%B1o_event"},{"link_name":"extratropical remnants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extratropical_cyclone"},{"link_name":"Pacific Northwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Northwest"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Linda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Linda_(1997)"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Patricia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Patricia"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Nora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Nora_(1997)"},{"link_name":"Southwestern United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwestern_United_States"},{"link_name":"Olaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_Storm_Olaf_(1997)"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Pauline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Pauline"},{"link_name":"Oliwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Oliwa"},{"link_name":"Paka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Paka"},{"link_name":"Linda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Linda_(1997)"},{"link_name":"Guillermo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Guillermo_(1997)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-climo-2"}],"text":"The 1997 Pacific hurricane season was a very active hurricane season. With hundreds of deaths and hundreds of millions of dollars in damage, this was one of the deadliest and costliest Pacific hurricane seasons on record. This was due to the exceptionally strong 1997–98 El Niño event. The season officially started on May 15, in the eastern Pacific, and on June 1, in the central Pacific, and lasted until November 30. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when almost all tropical cyclones form in the northeastern Pacific Ocean.Several storms impacted land. The first was Tropical Storm Andres which killed four people and left another two missing. In August, Tropical Storm Ignacio took an unusual path through the basin, resulting in its extratropical remnants causing minimal damage throughout the Pacific Northwest and California. Linda became the most intense east Pacific hurricane in recorded history, a record it maintained until it was surpassed by Hurricane Patricia in 2015. Although it never made landfall, it produced large surf in Southern California and as a result, five people had to be rescued. Hurricane Nora caused flooding and damage in the Southwestern United States, while Olaf made two landfalls and caused eighteen deaths and several other people were reported missing. Hurricane Pauline killed several hundred people and caused record damage in southeastern Mexico. In addition, Super Typhoons Oliwa and Paka originated in the region before crossing the International Date Line and causing significant damage in the western Pacific. There were also two Category 5 hurricanes: Linda and Guillermo.Activity in the season was above average. The season produced 17 named storms, which was a little above normal. The average number of named storms per year is 15. The 1997 season also had 9 hurricanes, compared to the average of 8. There were also 7 major hurricanes compared to the average of 4.[1]","title":"1997 Pacific hurricane season"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Timeline of the 1997 Pacific hurricane season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_1997_Pacific_hurricane_season"},{"link_name":"Pacific Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dorst-3"},{"link_name":"International Date Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Date_Line"},{"link_name":"Northwestern Pacific Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_cyclone_basins#Northwestern_Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EPAC_HURDAT-4"},{"link_name":"Oliwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Oliwa"},{"link_name":"Paka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Paka"},{"link_name":"Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saffir%E2%80%93Simpson_hurricane_scale"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EPAC_HURDAT-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CPHCTCR-5"},{"link_name":"accumulated cyclone energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accumulated_cyclone_energy"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOAAACE-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Graph-7"}],"text":"For a chronological guide, see Timeline of the 1997 Pacific hurricane season.The 1997 Pacific hurricane season officially started on May 15, 1997, in the Eastern Pacific, and on June 1, 1997, in the Central Pacific, and lasted until November 30, 1997. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northeastern Pacific Ocean.[2] The first storm, Andres, formed on June 1. The last storm, Paka, crossed the International Date Line into the Northwestern Pacific Basin on December 6.[3]The 1997 Pacific hurricane season was fairly active, due to the strong El Niño that was occurring at the time. El Niño causes wind shear to be reduced and water temperatures to increase, resulting in conditions more conductive for tropical cyclones in the East Pacific. There were 24 tropical cyclones in total, including five unnamed tropical depressions. Of the 19 remaining tropical cyclones that became tropical storms, ten reached hurricane status (excluding Tropical Storms Oliwa and Paka, which attained typhoon status after crossing into the Western Pacific basin). Also, seven of the ten hurricanes reached Category 3 intensity or higher on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale, becoming major hurricanes.[3]Activity in the Central Pacific was also above average. Two tropical storms formed, as did three tropical depressions. Four tropical cyclones also moved in from the Eastern Pacific. Overall, nine tropical cyclones entered or formed in the Central Pacific in 1997, the fourth-highest number since accurate records began in 1961.[4]The National Hurricane Center uses accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) to rank hurricane seasons as above-normal, near-normal, and below-normal.[5] The total ACE of this season is 160104 kt2 in the east Pacific proper, which qualifies this season as above-normal.[6]","title":"Season summary"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Central America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_America"},{"link_name":"Caribbean Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_Sea"},{"link_name":"San Salvador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Salvador,_El_Salvador"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHCAndres-8"},{"link_name":"power outages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_outage"},{"link_name":"car crashes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_crash"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHCAndres-8"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HPCAndres-9"},{"link_name":"Nicaragua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHCAndres-8"},{"link_name":"Usulután","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usulut%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Andres_flooding-10"}],"sub_title":"Tropical Storm Andres","text":"Andres originated from a disturbance that slowly organized and formed into Tropical Depression One-E on June 1. The next day, it reached tropical storm status as a second circulation formed north-northwest of the initial circulation. However, the former circulation became dominant, and Andres intensified slightly. After a brief period of a normal track to the northwest, Andres was picked up by westerly winds and became the first named storm to threaten Central America. Initially forecast to cross the isthmus and enter the Caribbean Sea, Andres instead turned to the southeast and paralleled the coast. This was the first time since record-keeping began that any East Pacific storm had taken such a path. Andres then turned back to the northeast. It weakened to a depression and made landfall near San Salvador on June 7 and dissipated shortly thereafter.[7]Among the casualties were two fishers who were reported missing. Andres caused power outages, flooding rivers, several car crashes, and damage to roughly ten homes.[7] The highest rainfall report from Mexico was 11.42 in (290 mm) at Mazatan.[8] Damage was noted in parts of Nicaragua.[7] Andres also killed four people in Usulután, El Salvador due to heavy flooding.[9]","title":"Systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHCBlanca-11"},{"link_name":"warnings and watches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_cyclone_warnings_and_watches"},{"link_name":"Servicio Meteorológico Nacional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servicio_Meteorol%C3%B3gico_Nacional_(Mexico)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHCBlanca-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHCBlanca-11"}],"sub_title":"Tropical Storm Blanca","text":"Tropical Depression Two-E formed from a broad area of low pressure on June 9. Six hours later the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Blanca. This system developed a good outflow, and reached its peak intensity with winds of 45 mph (75 km/h). However, its circulation was not well-defined and a weakening trend began, and Blanca was downgraded to a depression on June 12. It lost its closed circulation shortly thereafter and was thus declared dissipated.[10]Blanca briefly threatened land on June 10 as warnings and watches were established by the Mexican Servicio Meteorológico Nacional. Shortly thereafter, a ridge of high pressure turned Blanca away from the coast.[10] As Blanca moved just south of the Mexican coast, it dropped a total of 5.77 inches (147 mm) of rainfall at Fincha Chayabe/Maragaritas.[11] There were no major damage or casualties as Blanca's impact was generally minimal.[10]","title":"Systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHCThree-E-13"}],"sub_title":"Tropical Depression Three-E","text":"Tropical Depression Three-E formed June 21. Moving rapidly westward, it never strengthened and the winds of the depression soon decreased. It dissipated early on June 24.[12] The depression never impacted land.","title":"Systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tropical wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_wave"},{"link_name":"Socorro Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socorro_Island"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHCCarlos-14"}],"sub_title":"Tropical Storm Carlos","text":"On June 22, showers increased associated with a tropical wave several hundred miles away from land. Three days later, deep convection became more concentrated, and the system became a tropical depression. It intensified into Tropical Storm Carlos as banding features increased and the outflow became better defined. As it moved west, convection diminished as Carlos moved into cooler water. Shortly thereafter, increased wind shear took its toll on Carlos as the low-level center became exposed from the deep convection. Carlos weakened into a depression early on June 27, and dissipated June 28. However, a swirl of clouds remained for a couple of days. Except for Socorro Island, which the system passed close to, Carlos never threatened land. No indications of casualties or damage were reported.[13]","title":"Systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHCFive-E-15"},{"link_name":"Baja California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baja_California"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Discussion_11-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Discussion_12-17"}],"sub_title":"Tropical Depression Five-E","text":"On the afternoon of June 29, Tropical Depression Five-E formed. It erratically moved westward. On July 1, the depression weakened slightly, but quickly reintensified. It dissipated on July 4, without even threatening land.[14]During July 1, an upper-level low to the south of Baja California cut off the north-easterly vertical windshear that the depression had been encountering, which caused deep convection to redevelop near the systems center and the NHC to resume issuing advisories.[15][16]","title":"Systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"eye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_(cyclone)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHCDolores-18"},{"link_name":"longitude 125°W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/125th_meridian_west"},{"link_name":"longitude 140°W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/140th_meridian_west"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHCDolores-18"}],"sub_title":"Hurricane Dolores","text":"In early July, shower activity increased in association with an area of disturbed weather. With surface pressures lower than normal for a tropical disturbance, deep convection increased further and Tropical Depression Six-E formed late on July 5 and reaching tropical storm status the following day and was named Dolores. Despite moderate wind shear, very cold cloud tops formed as the winds increased to 60 mph (95 km/h), a moderate tropical storm. Moving westward, Dolores strengthened into the first hurricane of the season on July 7 as a ragged eye formed.[17]Dolores continued to intensify and it reached a peak windspeed of 90 mph (150 km/h), a strong Category 1 hurricane, two days later. Meanwhile, Dolores became the first hurricane in over two years to cross longitude 125°W. Shortly thereafter, the hurricane started losing strength as it moved over cooler waters. The eye dissipated from satellite imagery while the associated thunderstorm activity became sheared. Dolores weakened back into a tropical storm on July 10 and a tropical depression the next day. The cyclone then crossed into the Central Pacific Hurricane Center's area of responsibility (west of longitude 140°W) while producing minimal shower activity. It dissipated on July 12. The hurricane was not a threat to any land.[17]","title":"Systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHCEnrique-19"}],"sub_title":"Hurricane Enrique","text":"The first major hurricane of the season originated from a broad area of low pressure on July 8 near the Gulf of Tehuantepec. The thunderstorms gradually became more concentrated and a tropical depression formed on July 12. It strengthened into a tropical storm twelve hours later, and then began to rapidly intensify as convection increased further near the center. It became a hurricane on July 13. Enrique continued to steadily intensify and became a Category 2 hurricane on July 14. The next day, Enrique reached its peak intensity of 115 mph (185 km/h) and peak pressure 960 mbar (hPa) on July 14. Shortly thereafter, the hurricane outflow became asymmetrical and it began to weaken over cool waters. It weakened fairly quickly and was downgraded into a Category 2 hurricane on July 15. It then lost hurricane intensity later that day. On July 16 the winds had decreased further to 50 mph (80 km/h). Enrique weakened into a depression the next day, and degenerated into a swirl of clouds shortly thereafter. The system never threatened land.[18]","title":"Systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manzanillo, Colima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manzanillo,_Colima"},{"link_name":"wind shear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_shear"},{"link_name":"140°W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/140th_meridian_west"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHCFelicia-20"}],"sub_title":"Hurricane Felicia","text":"A large area of disturbed weather formed on July 13. It then organized into a depression south of Manzanillo, Colima, on July 14. Intensification was delayed by wind shear due to its proximity to Enrique for about two days. However, it became a tropical storm late July 15 as it moved west-northwestward. Continuing to intensify, an eye formed. Based on this, Felicia was upgraded into a hurricane on July 17. Its development was again halted by increased wind shear, and as such it leveled off in intensity. After the shear decreased, Felicia began to intensify and the hurricane's winds reached 215 km/h (130 mph) and its pressure fell to 948 mbar (hPa), making it a moderate low-end Category 4 hurricane. Shear increased for the third time, and then moved into cooler waters. It began to weaken as it moved west-northwest. On July 20, it lost major hurricane intensity. Shortly before being downgraded to a tropical storm, it crossed 140°W. A strong wind shear took toll on Felicia and it was downgraded into a tropical depression July 22. No damage or deaths were reported in wake of the hurricane.[19]","title":"Systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"trough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trough_(meteorology)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CPHCTCR-5"}],"sub_title":"Tropical Depression One-C","text":"Tropical Depression One-C formed on July 26 from a disturbance that had been showing signs of organization for the past three days. It moved west to southwest through an unfavorable environment. On the morning of July 27, it dissipated due to strong wind shear caused by an upper-level trough. The system never impacted land, thus no damage was reported.[4]","title":"Systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHCGuillermo-21"},{"link_name":"140°W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/140th_meridian_west"},{"link_name":"extratropical cyclone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extratropical_cyclone"},{"link_name":"Vancouver Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_Island"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHCGuillermo-21"}],"sub_title":"Hurricane Guillermo","text":"A tropical wave emerged into the Pacific Ocean on July 27. It organized into a depression July 30 and was named Tropical Storm Guillermo the next day. It quickly intensified, reaching hurricane status on August 1. Guillermo became a major hurricane on August 2. It reached Category 4 intensity on August 3. Continuing to rapidly intensify, Guillermo attained Category 5 strength August 4. The tropical cyclone peak intensity was 919 mbar (hPa) and 160 mph (260 km/h).[20]Guillermo then weakened slowly, becoming a tropical storm August 8. It crossed 140°W and entered the Central Pacific. It weakened to a depression late August 10, but restrengthened back into a storm 24 hours later when it encountered a small area of warmer water. It weakened to a depression for the second and final time August 15 and became an extratropical cyclone early the next day. The storm's remnants recurved over the far northern Pacific. They were tracked to a point 500 nautical miles (930 km) west of Vancouver Island. The remnants persisted for a few more days and drifted south before being absorbed by a mid-latitude cyclone August 24 off the coast of California.[20]","title":"Systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHCHilda-22"}],"sub_title":"Tropical Storm Hilda","text":"A tropical wave that had showed signs of development emerged into the East Pacific and organized into Tropical Depression Ten-E on August 10. Despite some wind shear, the depression managed to become a tropical storm late on August 11. Hilda reached its peak intensity as a moderate 50 mph (85 km/h) tropical storm the next day. After maintaining its peak intensity for 24 hours, it gradually weakened due to increasing wind shear On August 14, shear weakened Hilda to a depression and the cyclone dissipated early the next morning. Hilda was no threat to land and caused no known damage or deaths.[21]","title":"Systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHCIgnacio-23"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHCIgnacio-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USATodayIgnacio-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_(state)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-statemaxima-26"},{"link_name":"power outages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_outage"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHCIgnacio-23"}],"sub_title":"Tropical Storm Ignacio","text":"Tropical Storm Ignacio formed first as a depression in an area of disturbed weather on August 17. Twelve hours later, it organized into a tropical storm. Its location of tropical cyclone formation was further north and west of where most East Pacific tropical cyclones develop.[22] Steering currents pulled Ignacio north, where it encountered wind shear and cooler waters. Ignacio never intensified beyond 40 mph (65 km/h) and then was downgraded into a depression on August 18. It last transitioned into an extratropical cyclone 24 hours later. It was then absorbed by a cyclone associated with the remnants of Hurricane Guillermo.[22]Ignacio's remnants moved north, bringing gusty winds to California coastal waters before dissipating.[23] Severe flooding was recorded along Highway 97 with a debris flow estimated at 0.5 mi (0.80 km) and 7 ft (2.1 m) deep.[24] They caused rainfall as far north as the U.S. state of Washington.[25] Thunderstorms caused power outages in central California.[22]","title":"Systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sea surface temperatures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_surface_temperature"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHCJimena-27"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHCJimena-27"}],"sub_title":"Hurricane Jimena","text":"During the third week of August, a tropical disturbance formed far from land. Although the system was located over warmer than average sea surface temperatures, the upper-level environment was initially unfavorable. However the environment gradually became more conducive for tropical cyclone formation and Tropical Depression Twelve-E formed August 25 from an area of disturbed weather in a rather easterly location. It became a tropical storm the next day and a hurricane on August 27. Intensification was rapid, with winds increasing from 75 mph (121 km/h) to 115 mph (185 km/h) in just 6 hours. Continuing to rapidly intensify, it reached its peak intensity as a low-end category 4 hurricane.[26] After maintaining peak intensity for 30 hours, it moved north-northwest and encountered increasing wind shear which reduced its winds from 115 mph (185 km/h) to 35 mph (56 km/h) in just 24 hours. Jimena completely dissipated on August 30, not long after entering the Central Pacific Basin. Hurricane Jimena was of no threat to land.[26]","title":"Systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Johnston Atoll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnston_Atoll"},{"link_name":"Hawaiian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CPHCTCR-5"},{"link_name":"dateline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Date_Line"},{"link_name":"Joint Typhoon Warning Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Typhoon_Warning_Center"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UnisysOliwa-28"},{"link_name":"Wake Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wake_Island"},{"link_name":"Northern Marianas Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Marianas_Islands"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NavyOliwa-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JPDamage-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Tropical Storm Oliwa","text":"Tropical storm Oliwa began as a tropical disturbance that had meandered south of Johnston Atoll. It organized into Tropical Depression Two-C on September 2. Later that day, it was upgraded to Tropical Storm Oliwa (Hawaiian for Oliver) as it slowly moved towards the west.[4] It crossed the dateline late on September 3 and entered the Joint Typhoon Warning Center's Area of Responsibility.[27]\nOliwa passed south of Wake Island on September 6, where it caused heavy rains but no damage. On September 7, Oliwa started a period of rapid strengthening, becoming a typhoon on September 8 and a Super Typhoon eight hours later. Oliwa stayed at that intensity for over two days. While still a strong typhoon, Oliwa passed near the Northern Marianas Islands. It then started weakening as it curved towards Japan. It made landfall as a minimal typhoon September 16. It quickly dissipated later that same day.[28] Typhoon Oliwa caused 12 fatalities and left 30,000 people homeless. Damage totaled to 4.36 billion yen ($50.1 million USD).[29][30]","title":"Systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama"},{"link_name":"Baja California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baja_California"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHCKevin-32"}],"sub_title":"Tropical Storm Kevin","text":"Tropical Storm Kevin, first displayed hints of development while located near Panama, and developed a well-defined circulation after emerging into the Pacific. It was classified as a tropical depression in the Pacific on September 3 while located south-south west of Baja California. Convection increased and the outflow of the storm became better defined. As such, it became a tropical storm on the morning of September 4. Gradually intensifying, it reached it peak intensity as a mid-level tropical storm on September 5. As it moved westbound, it maintained its intensity for 12 hours. The environment was unfavorable, and two days later, Kevin weakened to a depression when deep convection ceased. It dissipated early on September 7, having never posed a threat to land.[31]","title":"Systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pacific hurricane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_hurricane"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Patricia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Patricia"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHCLinda-33"},{"link_name":"Socorro Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socorro_Island"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHCLinda-33"},{"link_name":"make landfall in California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_hurricanes"},{"link_name":"warnings or watches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_cyclone_warnings_and_watches"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"jetty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jetty"},{"link_name":"Moisture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humidity"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wrh-34"}],"sub_title":"Hurricane Linda","text":"A tropical disturbance formed on September 9 and became Tropical Depression Fourteen-E later that day. The cyclone moved northwest and strengthened into a tropical storm on September 10. Linda then rapidly intensified, reaching hurricane intensity the next day as an eye formed. On September 12, Linda reached its peak intensity, with maximum sustained winds of 295 km/h (185 mph)—making it a Category 5 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale—and a minimum pressure of 902 mbar (902 hPa), making it the most intense Pacific hurricane ever recorded until Hurricane Patricia surpassed it in 2015. However, Linda soon moved over cooler waters, and began to weaken, falling below hurricane intensity on September 16. It then slowly weakened and dissipated on September 17.[32]Linda passed very near Socorro Island.[32] In addition, early forecasts predicted that Linda would make landfall in California. The landfall never materialized and warnings or watches were not necessary for any location. However, Linda caused large surf, which crashed ashore in California, where it swept five people off a jetty. Moisture related to Linda also contributed to a landslide in southern California that destroyed or damaged 79 houses.[33]","title":"Systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHCMarty-35"}],"sub_title":"Tropical Storm Marty","text":"An area of disturbed weather formed early on September 10. It became better organized two days later as convection increased, and then organized into Tropical Depression Fifteen-E late on September 12. Moving slowly in a westward direction, it strengthened into a tropical storm in the morning of September 14. Later that day, the system reached its peak intensity of 45 mph (72 km/h). Meanwhile, the storm's forward speed slowed down even more, and it turned to the south. It then encountered an area of strong wind shear, and it weakened into a depression on September 15 as the center of circulation became displaced from the deep convection. The shear continued to weaken, and the tropical cyclone dissipated late on September 16. There were no deaths or damage.[34]","title":"Systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"trough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trough_(meteorology)"},{"link_name":"Baja California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baja_California"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHCNora-36"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Nora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Nora_(1997)"},{"link_name":"gale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gale"},{"link_name":"Continental United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_United_States"},{"link_name":"Kathleen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Kathleen_(1976)"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bulletin-37"},{"link_name":"Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHCNora-36"}],"sub_title":"Hurricane Nora","text":"A large area of disturbed weather moved into the Pacific on September 12. It then organized into Tropical Depression Sixteen-E on September 16 and quickly strengthened into a tropical storm. Early on September 18, a poorly defined and ragged eye appeared on infrared imagery. Shortly thereafter, its winds reached 165 km/h (105 mph). Nora eventually peaked at Category 4. It then encountered water temperature anomalies, and fluctuated in strength. Then, a trough pulled Nora northward and accelerated the storm. After weakening to a Category 1, Nora made landfall in northern Baja California and stayed a tropical storm as it entered the United States. At that time, however, most of the deep rest convection was displaced to the northeast. Nora dissipated over Arizona, but its remnants kept going north.[35]Hurricane Nora was the first Pacific hurricane to bring gale-force winds to the Continental United States since Kathleen in 1976.[36] In Mexico, Nora produced high waves, flooding, and heavy damage. Many homes were destroyed. In the United States, rains were heavy, and damage amounted to several hundred million dollars. Several hundred people were rendered homeless, and there was wind and flood damage in Arizona. Nora killed two people in Mexico, and several indirect deaths were reported in California.[35]","title":"Systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Salina Cruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salina_Cruz"},{"link_name":"Oaxaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oaxaca"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHCOlaf-38"},{"link_name":"Tropical Cyclone Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_Cyclone_Report"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Pauline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Pauline"},{"link_name":"Manzanillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manzanillo,_Colima"},{"link_name":"Colima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colima"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHCOlaf-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHCOlaf-38"},{"link_name":"Guatemala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala"},{"link_name":"El Salvador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Salvador"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN_Pauline-40"}],"sub_title":"Tropical Storm Olaf","text":"A tropical disturbance left Central America on September 22. Despite some wind shear, the system gradually became better organized and a tropical depression formed September 26, being upgraded to a tropical storm several hours later. The cyclone immediately moved north. Instead of strengthening into a hurricane before landfall as forecasted, Olaf weakened due to its proximity to land. On September 29, Olaf made landfall near Salina Cruz, Oaxaca.[37]Olaf, as a tropical depression, moved westward, far out to sea. Operationally, Olaf was believed to have dissipated for six days. however, in the Tropical Cyclone Report, a report issued several months after the hurricane's duration, it was believed to have remained a tropical cyclone the entire time. After restrengthening slightly, Olaf moved southeast on October 5 due to the influence of Hurricane Pauline. Olaf then turned north, and on October 12 made a second landfall near Manzanillo, Colima, as a tropical depression. Olaf's surface circulation weakened, and its remnants moved back out to sea, but did not redevelop.[37]Olaf resulted in some reports of damage and flooding in Mexico and Guatemala. During two time frames, from September 27 through October 2 and 10 through October 16, a total of 27.73 inches (704 mm) of rainfall fell in association with Olaf in Soyalapa/Comaltepec.[38] Several people were reported missing. Most of its damage was from its first landfall.[37] Throughout southern Mexico, Guatemala and El Salvador, flooding caused by Olaf was blamed for eighteen deaths.[39]","title":"Systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jalisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalisco"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHCPauline-41"},{"link_name":"Red Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Cross"},{"link_name":"1976's Liza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Liza_(1976)"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHCPauline-41"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pauldam-42"}],"sub_title":"Hurricane Pauline","text":"On October 3, a distinct area of disturbed weather formed. It drifted eastbound, and a well-defined low pressure soon formed. It became Tropical Depression Eighteen-E on October 5. Early the next day it intensified into tropical Storm Pauline. An eye feature developed on October 7 and as such Pauline was upgraded into a hurricane. In a favorable environment, the cyclone rapidly intensified, reaching Category 4 intensity. After fluctuating in intensity, interaction with land weakened Pauline to a Category 2 by the time it made landfall on October 9. It accelerated to the northwest, and passed over a mountainous region. The mountains disrupted Pauline's circulation, and squeezed the moisture from the hurricane. Pauline dissipated on October 10 while over Jalisco.[40]Hurricane Pauline was the deadliest storm of the season. Landslides and flooding caused by heavy rain caused tragic loss of life and left thousands homeless. There were at least 230 casualties. The Red Cross reported that 400 people died, but this was disputed by Mexican officials. Pauline was Mexico's deadliest hurricane since 1976's Liza.[40] In addition, the hurricane caused $447.8 million in damage (1997 USD; $473 million 2008 USD).[41]","title":"Systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CPHCTCR-5"}],"sub_title":"Tropical Depression Three-C","text":"A tropical disturbance formed near 140°W. It became Tropical Depression Three-C on October 6. The waters were very warm, and there was only moderate wind shear. However, the depression slowly moved westward without intensifying, and dissipated the next day.[4]","title":"Systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CPHCTCR-5"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-04C_Discussion_1-43"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-04C_Discussion_1-43"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CPHCTCR-5"}],"sub_title":"Tropical Depression Four-C","text":"Towards the end of October, a tropical disturbance developed well to the southeast of the Hawaiian Islands and became better organized over the next few days, as it moved westwards along 10°N.[4][42] During October 31, after atmospheric convection had increased, the CPHC initiated advisories and designated the system as Tropical Depression Four-C.[42]Although the waters were very warm, some dry air was located north of the system. It slowly moved westward without intensifying, and dissipated the next day as the circulation became exposed.[4]","title":"Systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Pacific_hurricane_season"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EPAC_HURDAT-4"},{"link_name":"low pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-pressure_area"},{"link_name":"Oaxaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oaxaca"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHCRick-44"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HPCRick-45"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHCRick-44"}],"sub_title":"Hurricane Rick","text":"The first hurricane in November since 1991[3] formed from a tropical disturbance. Although the circulation was initially poorly defined, it later acquired enough organization and was classified as a tropical depression on November 7. It moved north until a trough of low pressure turned it to the northeast. It was named on November 8, and was upgraded to a hurricane the next day. It reached its peak intensity of 100 mph (160 km/h) and 973 mbar (hPa). Rick made landfall in Oaxaca – the same area devastated by Hurricane Pauline one month earlier – and quickly weakened, dissipating early on November 11.[43]The storm downed trees, washed out recently repaired roads, and disrupted communications in some small population centers. A total of 10.47 inches (266 mm) of rain was reported at Astata/San Pedro Huameluca near the point of landfall in Mexico.[44] No one was killed.[43]","title":"Systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1983's Hurricane Winnie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_Pacific_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Winnie"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EPAC_HURDAT-4"},{"link_name":"Hawaiian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CPHCTCR-5"},{"link_name":"Palmyra Atoll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra_Atoll"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UnisysPakaPath-46"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CPHCTCR-5"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UnisysPaka-47"},{"link_name":"Kwajalein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwajalein"},{"link_name":"Guam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guam"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JTWCPaka-48"}],"sub_title":"Tropical Storm Paka","text":"Tropical Depression Five-C formed on December 2, two days after the season ended. It was the second December tropical depression east of the dateline; 1983's Hurricane Winnie was the only other one.[3] The depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Paka (Hawaiian for Pat[4]) while west of Palmyra Atoll. The system began to move westward at a steady pace.[45] As Paka moved westward, dry air and wind shear disrupted its development until it crossed the dateline on December 6.[4]After entering the Western Pacific, the cyclone encountered a more favorable environment, resulting in rapid intensification. It became a typhoon on December 10[46] and passed near Kwajalein with winds of 120 mph (190 km/h). It strengthened further, twice reaching Category 5 intensity. While a super typhoon, Paka passed close to Guam on December 17, causing major damage. Afterwards, Paka encountered a hostile environment and had completely dissipated by the evening of December 22.[47]","title":"Systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"140°W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/140th_meridian_west"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHOP_97-49"},{"link_name":"1991 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Pacific_hurricane_season"},{"link_name":"Fefa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Fefa"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ATWC-51"},{"link_name":"International Date Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Date_Line"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHOP_97-49"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CPHCTCR-5"}],"text":"The following list of names was used for named storms that formed in the North Pacific Ocean east of 140°W in 1997.[48] This is the same list used for the 1991 season except for Felicia, which replaced Fefa, and Dolores, which had been spelled \"Delores\" that year.[49] The name Felicia was used for the first time in 1997.[50]For storms that form in the North Pacific from 140°W to the International Date Line, the names come from a series of four rotating lists. Names are used one after the other without regard to year, and when the bottom of one list is reached, the next named storm receives the name at the top of the next list.[48] Two named storms, listed below, formed in the central North Pacific in 1997. Named storms in the table above that crossed into the area during the year are noted ().[4]","title":"Storm names"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of retired Pacific hurricane names","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_retired_Pacific_hurricane_names"},{"link_name":"World Meteorological Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization"},{"link_name":"2003 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Pacific_hurricane_season"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHOP_03-53"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CWblog-54"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"}],"sub_title":"Retirement","text":"See also: List of retired Pacific hurricane namesThe World Meteorological Organization (WMO) retired the name Pauline in the spring of 1998 from future use in the Eastern Pacific on accounts of impacts in southern Mexico. It was replaced with Patricia for the 2003 season.[51][52] Later, in 2007, the WMO retired the name Paka from future use the Central Pacific due to its impacts on Guam. The name Pama was chosen as its replacement.[53][54]","title":"Storm names"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pacific tropical cyclone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_tropical_cyclone"},{"link_name":"category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_cyclone_scales"},{"link_name":"mbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_(unit)"},{"link_name":"USD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar"},{"link_name":"Andres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_Storm_Andres_(1997)"},{"link_name":"Guillermo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Guillermo_(1997)"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Hawaiian Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands"},{"link_name":"Aleutian Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleutian_Islands"},{"link_name":"Ignacio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_Storm_Ignacio_(1997)"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Pacific Northwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Northwest"},{"link_name":"Oliwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Oliwa"},{"link_name":"Linda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Linda_(1997)"},{"link_name":"Nora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Nora_(1997)"},{"link_name":"Olaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_Storm_Olaf_(1997)"},{"link_name":"Central America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_America"},{"link_name":"El Salvador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Salvador"},{"link_name":"Guatemala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala"},{"link_name":"Pauline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Pauline"},{"link_name":"Hawaiian Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands"},{"link_name":"Rick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Rick_(1997)"},{"link_name":"Paka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Paka"}],"text":"This is a table of all of the tropical cyclones that formed in the 1997 Pacific hurricane season. It includes their name, duration (within the basin), peak classification and intensities, areas affected, damage, and death totals. Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect (an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident), but were still related to that storm. Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical, a wave, or a low, and all of the damage figures are in 1997 USD.1997 Pacific tropical cyclone season statistics\n\n\nStormname\n\nDates active\n\nStorm categoryat peak intensity\n\nMax 1-minwindmph (km/h)\n\nMin.press.(mbar)\n\nAreas affected\n\nDamage (USD)\n\nDeaths\n\nRef(s)\n\n\nAndres\n\nJune 1–7\n\nTropical storm\n\n50 (85)\n\n998\n\nEl Salvador, Nicaragua, Southwestern Mexico\n\nUnknown\n\n4\n\n\n\n\nBlanca\n\nJune 9–12\n\nTropical storm\n\n45 (75)\n\n1002\n\nSouthwestern Mexico\n\nMinimal\n\nNone\n\n\n\n\nThree-E\n\nJune 21–24\n\nTropical depression\n\n35 (55)\n\n1006\n\nNone\n\nNone\n\nNone\n\n\n\n\nCarlos\n\nJune 25–28\n\nTropical storm\n\n50 (85)\n\n996\n\nNone\n\nNone\n\nNone\n\n\n\n\nFive-E\n\nJulne 29 – July 4\n\nTropical depression\n\n35 (55)\n\n1004\n\nNone\n\nNone\n\nNone\n\n\n\n\nDolores\n\nJuly 5–12\n\nCategory 1 hurricane\n\n90 (150)\n\n975\n\nNone\n\nNone\n\nNone\n\n\n\n\nEnrique\n\nJuly 12–16\n\nCategory 3 hurricane\n\n115 (185)\n\n960\n\nNone\n\nNone\n\nNone\n\n\n\n\nFelicia\n\nJuly 14–22\n\nCategory 4 hurricane\n\n130 (215)\n\n948\n\nNone\n\nNone\n\nNone\n\n\n\n\nOne-C\n\nJuly 26–22\n\nTropical depression\n\n35 (55)\n\n1007\n\nNone\n\nNone\n\nNone\n\n\n\n\nGuillermo\n\nJuly 30 – August 15\n\nCategory 5 hurricane\n\n160 (260)\n\n919\n\nCalifornia, Hawaiian Islands, Aleutian Islands\n\nUnknown\n\n3\n\n\n\n\nHilda\n\nAugust 10–15\n\nTropical storm\n\n50 (85)\n\n1000\n\nNone\n\nNone\n\nNone\n\n\n\n\nIgnacio\n\nAugust 17–19\n\nTropical storm\n\n40 (65)\n\n1005\n\nCalifornia, Pacific Northwest\n\nMinimal\n\nNone\n\n\n\n\nJimena\n\nAugust 25–30\n\nCategory 4 hurricane\n\n150 (240)\n\n942\n\nNone\n\nNone\n\nNone\n\n\n\n\nOliwa\n\nSeptember 2–3\n\nTropical storm\n\n40 (65)\n\n1004\n\nNone\n\nNone\n\nNone\n\n\n\n\nKevin\n\nSeptember 3–7\n\nTropical storm\n\n65 (100)\n\n994\n\nNone\n\nNone\n\nNone\n\n\n\n\nLinda\n\nSeptember 9–17\n\nCategory 5 hurricane\n\n185 (295)\n\n902\n\nWestern Mexico, Southwestern United States\n\n$3.2 million\n\nNone\n\n\n\n\nMarty\n\nSeptember 12–16\n\nTropical storm\n\n45 (75)\n\n1002\n\nNone\n\nNone\n\nNone\n\n\n\n\nNora\n\nSeptember 16–26\n\nCategory 4 hurricane\n\n130 (215)\n\n950\n\nWestern Mexico, Southwestern United States\n\n$100 million\n\n6\n\n\n\n\nOlaf\n\nSeptember 26 – October 12\n\nTropical storm\n\n70 (110)\n\n989\n\nSouthwestern Mexico, Central America, El Salvador, Guatemala\n\nUnknown\n\n18\n\n\n\n\nPauline\n\nOctober 5–10\n\nCategory 4 hurricane\n\n130 (215)\n\n948\n\nSouthern Mexico\n\n$448 million\n\n230–500\n\n\n\n\nThree-C\n\nOctober 6–7\n\nTropical depression\n\n30 (45)\n\n1008\n\nHawaiian Islands\n\nNone\n\nNone\n\n\n\n\nFour-C\n\nOctober 30–31\n\nTropical depression\n\n35 (55)\n\n1012\n\nNone\n\nNone\n\nNone\n\n\n\n\nRick\n\nNovember 7–10\n\nCategory 2 hurricane\n\n100 (155)\n\n973\n\nSouthwestern Mexico, Central America, Yucatan Peninsula\n\nMinimal\n\n6\n\n\n\n\nPaka\n\nNovember 28 – December 6\n\nTropical storm\n\n70 (110)\n\n992\n\nNone\n\nNone\n\nNone\n\n\n\n\nSeason aggregates\n\n\n24 systems\n\nJune 1 – December 6\n\n \n260 (160)\n\n902\n\n\n\n$451 million\n\n261","title":"Season effects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Paka-note_1-0"},{"link_name":"Paka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Paka"},{"link_name":"Western Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Pacific_Ocean"}],"text":"^ The last storm, Paka, did not dissipate on December 6. It crossed into the Western Pacific, and because it was the final storm of the season, the crossover date is listed on here as the dissipation date. December 23.","title":"Notes"}]	[]	[{"title":"Tropical cyclones portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Tropical_cyclones"},{"title":"List of Pacific hurricanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Pacific_hurricanes"},{"title":"Pacific hurricane season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_hurricane_season"},{"title":"1997 Atlantic hurricane season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Atlantic_hurricane_season"},{"title":"1997 Pacific typhoon season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Pacific_typhoon_season"},{"title":"1997 North Indian Ocean cyclone season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_North_Indian_Ocean_cyclone_season"},{"title":"1996–97","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996%E2%80%9397_South-West_Indian_Ocean_cyclone_season"},{"title":"1997–98","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997%E2%80%9398_South-West_Indian_Ocean_cyclone_season"},{"title":"1996–97","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996%E2%80%9397_Australian_region_cyclone_season"},{"title":"1997–98","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997%E2%80%9398_Australian_region_cyclone_season"},{"title":"1996–97","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996%E2%80%9397_South_Pacific_cyclone_season"},{"title":"1997–98","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997%E2%80%9398_South_Pacific_cyclone_season"}]	[{"reference":"National Hurricane Center (2007). \"Tropical Cyclone Climatology\". Archived from the original on December 13, 2007. Retrieved February 25, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071213074803/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pastprofile.shtml","url_text":"\"Tropical Cyclone Climatology\""},{"url":"http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pastprofile.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Neal Dorst. \"Subject: G1) When is hurricane season?\". FAQ: Hurricanes, Typhoons, and Tropical Cyclones. National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 30, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/G1.html","url_text":"\"Subject: G1) When is hurricane season?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hurricane_Center","url_text":"National Hurricane Center"}]},{"reference":"National Hurricane Center; Hurricane Research Division; Central Pacific Hurricane Center (April 26, 2024). \"The Northeast and North Central Pacific hurricane database 1949–2023\". United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Archived from the original on May 29, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hurricane_Center","url_text":"National Hurricane Center"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Research_Division","url_text":"Hurricane Research Division"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Pacific_Hurricane_Center","url_text":"Central Pacific Hurricane Center"},{"url":"https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/hurdat/hurdat2-nepac-1949-2023-042624.txt","url_text":"\"The Northeast and North Central Pacific hurricane database 1949–2023\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240529213450/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/hurdat/hurdat2-nepac-1949-2023-042624.txt","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hablutzel, Benjamin; Rosendal, Hans; Weyman, James; Hoag, Jonathan (April 19, 2019). Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Cyclones 1997 (PDF) (Report). Honolulu, Hawaii: Central Pacific Hurricane Center. Retrieved January 31, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/CP1997_Seasonal_TCR.pdf","url_text":"Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Cyclones 1997"}]},{"reference":"Climate Prediction Center. \"Background Information: East Pacific Hurricane Season\". Archived from the original on October 6, 2006. Retrieved October 26, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/Epac_hurr/background_information.html","url_text":"\"Background Information: East Pacific Hurricane Season\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061006130855/http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/Epac_hurr/background_information.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Climate Prediction Center. \"East Pacific Hurricane Season Activity NOAA's Accumulated Cyclone Energy (ACE) Index\". Archived from the original on October 6, 2006. Retrieved October 26, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/Epac_hurr/figure2.gif","url_text":"\"East Pacific Hurricane Season Activity NOAA's Accumulated Cyclone Energy (ACE) Index\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061006031328/http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/Epac_hurr/figure2.gif","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Edward Rappaport (June 18, 1997). \"Preliminary Report Tropical Storm Andres\". National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on September 25, 2005. Retrieved October 24, 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Rappaport","url_text":"Edward Rappaport"},{"url":"http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1997andres.html","url_text":"\"Preliminary Report Tropical Storm Andres\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hurricane_Center","url_text":"National Hurricane Center"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050925163414/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1997andres.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"David M. Roth (2007). \"Tropical Storm Andres Storm Total Rainfall Image\" (GIF). Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Retrieved February 15, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/andres1997rain.gif","url_text":"\"Tropical Storm Andres Storm Total Rainfall Image\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrometeorological_Prediction_Center","url_text":"Hydrometeorological Prediction Center"}]},{"reference":"\"1997 flood archive\". Dartmouth Flood Observatory. Archived from the original on September 6, 2009. Retrieved March 18, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090906235941/http://www.dartmouth.edu/~floods/Archives/1997sum.htm","url_text":"\"1997 flood archive\""},{"url":"http://www.dartmouth.edu/~floods/Archives/1997sum.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lixion Avila (June 19, 1997). \"Preliminary Report Tropical Storm Blanca\". National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on September 25, 2005. Retrieved October 24, 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lixion_Avila","url_text":"Lixion Avila"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050925163446/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1997blanca.html","url_text":"\"Preliminary Report Tropical Storm Blanca\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hurricane_Center","url_text":"National Hurricane Center"},{"url":"http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1997blanca.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"David M. Roth (2009). \"Tropical Storm Blanca (1997) Storm Total Rainfall\". Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Retrieved May 8, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/blanca1997filledrainblk.gif","url_text":"\"Tropical Storm Blanca (1997) Storm Total Rainfall\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrometeorological_Prediction_Center","url_text":"Hydrometeorological Prediction Center"}]},{"reference":"Miles Lawrence (June 24, 1997). \"Preliminary Report Tropical Depression Three-E\". National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on September 22, 2008. Retrieved August 23, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080922224921/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1997td3e.html","url_text":"\"Preliminary Report Tropical Depression Three-E\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hurricane_Center","url_text":"National Hurricane Center"},{"url":"http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1997td3e.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Max Mayfield (August 10, 1997). \"Preliminary Report Tropical Storm Carlos\". National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on September 25, 2005. Retrieved October 24, 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Mayfield","url_text":"Max Mayfield"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050925163528/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1997carlos.html","url_text":"\"Preliminary Report Tropical Storm Carlos\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hurricane_Center","url_text":"National Hurricane Center"},{"url":"http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1997carlos.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Richard Pasch (July 7, 1997). \"Preliminary Report Tropical Depression Five-E\". National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on September 22, 2008. Retrieved August 23, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080922225118/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1997td5e.html","url_text":"\"Preliminary Report Tropical Depression Five-E\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hurricane_Center","url_text":"National Hurricane Center"},{"url":"http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1997td5e.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mayfield, Britt M (July 2, 1997). Tropical Depression Five-E Special Discussion Number 11 (Report). United States National Hurricane Center.","urls":[{"url":"https://mesonet.agron.iastate.edu/wx/afos/p.php?pil=TCDEP5&e=199707020404","url_text":"Tropical Depression Five-E Special Discussion Number 11"}]},{"reference":"Mayfield, Britt M (July 2, 1997). Tropical Depression Five-E Discussion Number 12 (Report). United States National Hurricane Center.","urls":[{"url":"https://mesonet.agron.iastate.edu/wx/afos/p.php?pil=TCDEP5&e=199707020836","url_text":"Tropical Depression Five-E Discussion Number 12"}]},{"reference":"Edward Rappaport (August 19, 1997). \"Preliminary Report Hurricane Dolores\". National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on September 25, 2005. Retrieved October 24, 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Rappaport","url_text":"Edward Rappaport"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050925163016/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1997dolores.html","url_text":"\"Preliminary Report Hurricane Dolores\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hurricane_Center","url_text":"National Hurricane Center"},{"url":"http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1997dolores.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lixion Avila (August 15, 1997). \"Preliminary Report Hurricane Enrique\". National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on September 25, 2005. Retrieved October 24, 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lixion_Avila","url_text":"Lixion Avila"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050925163433/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1997enrique.html","url_text":"\"Preliminary Report Hurricane Enrique\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hurricane_Center","url_text":"National Hurricane Center"},{"url":"http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1997enrique.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Miles Lawrence (August 23, 1997). \"Preliminary Report Hurricane Felicia\". National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on September 25, 2005. Retrieved October 24, 2005.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1997felicia.html","url_text":"\"Preliminary Report Hurricane Felicia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hurricane_Center","url_text":"National Hurricane Center"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050925163622/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1997felicia.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Mayfield, Britt M (October 2, 1997). Preliminary Report: Hurricane Guillermo (PDF) (Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Retrieved January 31, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/EP091997_Guillermo.pdf","url_text":"Preliminary Report: Hurricane Guillermo"}]},{"reference":"Richard Pasch (December 12, 1997). \"Preliminary Report Tropical Storm Hilda\". National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on September 25, 2005. Retrieved October 24, 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050925163506/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1997hilda.html","url_text":"\"Preliminary Report Tropical Storm Hilda\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hurricane_Center","url_text":"National Hurricane Center"},{"url":"http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1997hilda.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Edward Rappaport (August 27, 1997). \"Preliminary Report Tropical Storm Ignacio\". National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on September 25, 2005. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Kitson	Elizabeth Kitson	["1 Life","2 Death and legacy","3 References"]	English music patron Elizabeth Kitsonby George Gower and in The TateBorn1546/7Died2 August 1628NationalityKingdom of EnglandOther namessometimes spelt Kytson Elizabeth, Lady K(i\|y)tson born Lady Elizabeth Cornwallis (1546/7 – 2 August 1628) was an English music patron. She came from East Anglia and married the owner of Hengrave Hall in Suffolk. The Kitsons also had a London house. They gave permanent employment to musicians. Life Elizabeth Cornwallis was born in 1546 or 1547. Her parents were Thomas Cornwallis and Anne Jerningham. Her brothers were the diplomat Sir Charles Cornwallis and the politician Sir William Cornwallis and she had three sisters. Elizabeth received the training necessary to be the household manager of a rich family. Lady Elizabeth Kitson, Sir Thomas Kytson and his first wife. Monument in Hengrave church She married Sir Thomas Kitson (1540–1603) who was the heir of Sir Thomas Kitson. He had just lost his first wife of only a year. Elizabeth had a dowry of £600 and she took on the management of the family seat of Hengrave Hall. Lady Elizabeth and her husband were keen on music and employed resident musicians Edward Johnson and twenty years his junior the madrigalist John Wilbye. In addition they created collections of instruments and sheet music. Wilbye would publish 64 pieces of music which are extant whilst she was his patron. She played the lute. Philip Gawdy wrote that she was ill in 1593 and when she recovered danced all night in token of thanksgiving. In October 1605 she told Gawdy that his nephew had made the acquaintance of an unsuitable woman, Mistress Havers. She established two charitable gifts and these charities are still running in 2020. The first in 1625 was for £30 each year to create houses for the poor and the following year she gave another £4 per year to provide clothing for the poor. Death and legacy On the death of Elizabeth Kitson in 1628 the music collections and the house were inherited by her daughter Mary Kitson, who married Thomas Darcy, 1st Earl Rivers. Elizabeth had requested that her funeral should be free of pomp and should be either very early or late in the day. She was buried at Hengrave church and her statue was added to that of her husband and his first wife in a large memorial that she had commissioned in 1608. The tradition of music at Hengrave Hall continued. In 2020 a sponsored concert was scheduled for Hengrave, particularly as it was the workplace of John Wilbye. References ^ Cornwallis, Sir Thomas (1518/19-1604), of Brome, Suffolk, History of Parliament Retrieved 27 May 2013. ^ a b c d "Kitson, Elizabeth, Lady Kitson (1546/7–1628)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/75936. Retrieved 2020-08-31. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ "Wilbye, John" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 632. ^ John Gage, History and Antiquities of Hengrave (London, 1822), p. 197. ^ Isaac Herbert Jeayes, Letters of Philip Gawdy of West Harling, Norfolk, 1579-1616 (London, 1906), p. 79 ^ Isaac Herbert Jeayes, Letters of Philip Gawdy of West Harling, Norfolk, 1579-1616 (London, 1906), pp. xvi, 158-9. ^ "History". hargrave-suffolk.co.uk. Retrieved 2020-08-31. ^ "CANCELLED - Madrigals at Hengrave Hall church/chapel". www.whatsonwestsuffolk.co.uk. Retrieved 2020-11-17.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hengrave Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hengrave_Hall"}],"text":"Elizabeth, Lady K(i\|y)tson born Lady Elizabeth Cornwallis (1546/7 – 2 August 1628) was an English music patron. She came from East Anglia and married the owner of Hengrave Hall in Suffolk. The Kitsons also had a London house. They gave permanent employment to musicians.","title":"Elizabeth Kitson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas Cornwallis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cornwallis_(died_1604)"},{"link_name":"Sir Charles Cornwallis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis_(diplomat)"},{"link_name":"Sir William Cornwallis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cornwallis_(died_1611)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lady_Elizabeth_Kitson_and_Sir_Thomas_Kytson_Monument_in_Hengrave_church.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hengrave church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St_John_Lateran,_Hengrave"},{"link_name":"Sir Thomas Kitson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Kitson_(died_1603)"},{"link_name":"Sir Thomas Kitson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Kitson"},{"link_name":"Hengrave Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hengrave_Hall"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elizetc-2"},{"link_name":"Edward Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Johnson_(composer)"},{"link_name":"John Wilbye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wilbye"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elizetc-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Philip Gawdy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Gawdy"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Elizabeth Cornwallis was born in 1546 or 1547. Her parents were Thomas Cornwallis and Anne Jerningham. Her brothers were the diplomat Sir Charles Cornwallis and the politician Sir William Cornwallis and she had three sisters.[1] Elizabeth received the training necessary to be the household manager of a rich family.Lady Elizabeth Kitson, Sir Thomas Kytson and his first wife. Monument in Hengrave churchShe married Sir Thomas Kitson (1540–1603) who was the heir of Sir Thomas Kitson. He had just lost his first wife of only a year. Elizabeth had a dowry of £600 and she took on the management of the family seat of Hengrave Hall.[2]Lady Elizabeth and her husband were keen on music and employed resident musicians Edward Johnson and twenty years his junior the madrigalist John Wilbye. In addition they created collections of instruments and sheet music.[2] Wilbye would publish 64 pieces of music which are extant whilst she was his patron.[3] She played the lute.[4]Philip Gawdy wrote that she was ill in 1593 and when she recovered danced all night in token of thanksgiving.[5] In October 1605 she told Gawdy that his nephew had made the acquaintance of an unsuitable woman, Mistress Havers.[6]She established two charitable gifts and these charities are still running in 2020. The first in 1625 was for £30 each year to create houses for the poor and the following year she gave another £4 per year to provide clothing for the poor.[7]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elizetc-2"},{"link_name":"Thomas Darcy, 1st Earl Rivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Darcy,_1st_Earl_Rivers"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elizetc-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"On the death of Elizabeth Kitson in 1628 the music collections and the house were inherited by her daughter Mary Kitson,[2] who married Thomas Darcy, 1st Earl Rivers. Elizabeth had requested that her funeral should be free of pomp and should be either very early or late in the day. She was buried at Hengrave church and her statue was added to that of her husband and his first wife in a large memorial that she had commissioned in 1608.[2]The tradition of music at Hengrave Hall continued. In 2020 a sponsored concert was scheduled for Hengrave, particularly as it was the workplace of John Wilbye.[8]","title":"Death and legacy"}]	[{"image_text":"Lady Elizabeth Kitson, Sir Thomas Kytson and his first wife. Monument in Hengrave church","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Lady_Elizabeth_Kitson_and_Sir_Thomas_Kytson_Monument_in_Hengrave_church.jpg/220px-Lady_Elizabeth_Kitson_and_Sir_Thomas_Kytson_Monument_in_Hengrave_church.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Kitson, Elizabeth, Lady Kitson (1546/7–1628)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/75936. 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Retrieved 2020-08-31.","urls":[{"url":"http://hargrave-suffolk.co.uk/History/Charity.html","url_text":"\"History\""}]},{"reference":"\"CANCELLED - Madrigals at Hengrave Hall church/chapel\". www.whatsonwestsuffolk.co.uk. Retrieved 2020-11-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.whatsonwestsuffolk.co.uk/whats-on/details.cfm?id=554549&ins=741392","url_text":"\"CANCELLED - Madrigals at Hengrave Hall church/chapel\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1509-1558/member/cornwallis-sir-thomas-151819-1604","external_links_name":"Cornwallis, Sir Thomas (1518/19-1604), of Brome, Suffolk, History of Parliament"},{"Link":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-75936","external_links_name":"\"Kitson, Elizabeth, Lady Kitson (1546/7–1628)\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F75936","external_links_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/75936"},{"Link":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public","external_links_name":"UK public library membership"},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Wilbye,_John","external_links_name":"\"Wilbye, John\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/cu31924027985260/page/n105/mode/2up","external_links_name":"Letters of Philip Gawdy of West Harling, Norfolk, 1579-1616 (London, 1906), p. 79"},{"Link":"http://hargrave-suffolk.co.uk/History/Charity.html","external_links_name":"\"History\""},{"Link":"https://www.whatsonwestsuffolk.co.uk/whats-on/details.cfm?id=554549&ins=741392","external_links_name":"\"CANCELLED - Madrigals at Hengrave Hall church/chapel\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samseong_Station	Samseong station	["1 Station layout","2 Vicinity","3 References"]	Coordinates: 37°30′31.48″N 127°3′48.67″E / 37.5087444°N 127.0635194°E / 37.5087444; 127.0635194Station on the Seoul Subway Not to be confused with Samseong station (Gyeongsan), Samsong station, or Sanseong station. "Samseong" redirects here. For other uses, see Samseong (disambiguation). 219 삼성 (무역센터)Samseong(World Trade Center Seoul) Station SignKorean nameHangul삼성역Hanja三成驛Revised RomanizationSamseongnyeokMcCune–ReischauerSamsŏngnyŏk General informationLocation172-66 Samseong 1-dong, 538 Teherandaero Jiha, Gangnam-gu, SeoulOperated bySeoul MetroLine(s) Line 2Platforms1Tracks2ConstructionStructure typeUndergroundHistoryOpenedDecember 23, 1982Passengers(Daily) Based on Jan-Dec of 2012.Line 2: 137,927 Services Preceding station Seoul Metropolitan Subway Following station Sports ComplexNext counter-clockwise Line 2 SeolleungNext clockwise Samseong Station is a station on Seoul Subway Line 2. It serves the eastern area of Teheranno. Some of the more famous buildings near the station include World Trade Center Seoul, COEX Mall, Korea Electric Power (KEPCO) headquarters, Korea Air City Terminal (buses run from here to Incheon and Gimpo Airports, and vice versa), and Gangnam main police and fire stations. Due to security concerns, the station was closed during the G20 summit and the 2012 Nuclear Security Summit, as this station is directly connected with COEX. The ridership of this station is very high, consistently ranking among the five most heavily used subway stations in Korea. The table below shows the average daily ridership between 2010 and 2012. Year 2010 2011 2012 Ridership 69,863 70,501 68,002 Although the name of this station shares its pronunciation with the company Samsung, the Hanja for the company (三星) and the station (三成) are different, so there is no relation between the two. The 836-meter (914-yard) section of sidewalk along Yeongdong Boulevard from exit No.5 of this station, outside COEX Convention & Exhibition Center and ASEM Tower is designated as a smoke-free zone by the Seoul Metropolitan Government. Station layout G Street level Exit B1Concourse Lobby Customer Service, Shops, Vending machines, ATMs B2Platform level Inner loop ← Line 2 toward Chungjeongno (Seolleung) Island platform, doors will open on the left Outer loop → Line 2 toward City Hall (Sports Complex) → Vicinity Exit 1: Gangnam Police Station, Park Hyatt Hotel Exit 2: Russian Embassy of Korea Exit 3: Hwimoon Middle & High Schools Exit 4: POSCO Center, Daemyeong Middle School Exit 5: Korea Air City Terminal, Hyundai Department Store, InterContinental Hotel Grand Seoul Parnas Exit 6: COEX Mall (direct passageway), World Trade Center Seoul Exit 7: KEPCO Headquarters Exit 8: Gangnam Fire Station References ^ a b "삼성역" (in Korean). Doosan Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2016-02-08. ^ Monthly Number of Passengers between Subway Stations Archived 2014-10-06 at the Wayback Machine. Korea Transportation Database, 2013. Retrieved 2013-10-15. ^ Kwon, Sang-soo (12 September 2012). "City designates area by COEX as smoke-free". Korea JoongAng Daily. Archived from the original on 9 December 2012. Retrieved 5 October 2012.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Samseong Station (Seoul). vteSeoul Metropolitan Subway Line 2Circle Line City Hall Euljiro 1(il)-ga Euljiro 3(sam)-ga Euljiro 4(sa)-ga Dongdaemun History & Culture Park Sindang Sangwangsimni Wangsimni Hanyang Univ. Ttukseom Seongsu Konkuk Univ. Guui Gangbyeon Jamsillaru Jamsil Jamsilsaenae Sports Complex Samseong Seolleung Yeoksam Gangnam Seoul Nat'l Univ. of Education Seocho Bangbae Sadang Nakseongdae Seoul Nat'l Univ. Bongcheon Sillim Sindaebang Guro Digital Complex Daerim Sindorim Mullae Yeongdeungpo-gu Office Dangsan Hapjeong Hongik Univ. Sinchon Ewha Womans Univ. Ahyeon Chungjeongno City Hall Seongsu Branch Seongsu Yongdap Sindap Yongdu Sinseol-dong Sinjeong Branch Sindorim Dorimcheon Yangcheon-gu Office Sinjeongnegeori Kkachisan 37°30′31.48″N 127°3′48.67″E / 37.5087444°N 127.0635194°E / 37.5087444; 127.0635194 This Seoul Metropolitan Subway station article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Samseong station (Gyeongsan)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samseong_station_(Gyeongsan)"},{"link_name":"Samsong station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsong_station"},{"link_name":"Sanseong station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanseong_station"},{"link_name":"Samseong (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samseong_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Seoul Subway Line 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul_Subway_Line_2"},{"link_name":"Teheranno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teheranno"},{"link_name":"World Trade Center Seoul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Center_Seoul"},{"link_name":"COEX Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COEX_Mall"},{"link_name":"Korea Electric Power (KEPCO)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Electric_Power"},{"link_name":"Incheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incheon_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Gimpo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimpo_Airport"},{"link_name":"G20 summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_G20_Seoul_summit"},{"link_name":"2012 Nuclear Security Summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Nuclear_Security_Summit"},{"link_name":"COEX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COEX_Convention_%26_Exhibition_Center"},{"link_name":"Samsung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung"},{"link_name":"Hanja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanja"},{"link_name":"COEX Convention & Exhibition Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COEX_Convention_%26_Exhibition_Center"},{"link_name":"ASEM Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASEM_Tower"},{"link_name":"Seoul Metropolitan Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul_Metropolitan_Government"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Station on the Seoul SubwayNot to be confused with Samseong station (Gyeongsan), Samsong station, or Sanseong station.\"Samseong\" redirects here. For other uses, see Samseong (disambiguation).Samseong Station is a station on Seoul Subway Line 2. It serves the eastern area of Teheranno. Some of the more famous buildings near the station include World Trade Center Seoul, COEX Mall, Korea Electric Power (KEPCO) headquarters, Korea Air City Terminal (buses run from here to Incheon and Gimpo Airports, and vice versa), and Gangnam main police and fire stations. Due to security concerns, the station was closed during the G20 summit and the 2012 Nuclear Security Summit, as this station is directly connected with COEX.The ridership of this station is very high, consistently ranking among the five most heavily used subway stations in Korea.\nThe table below shows the average daily ridership between 2010 and 2012.Although the name of this station shares its pronunciation with the company Samsung, the Hanja for the company (三星) and the station (三成) are different, so there is no relation between the two.The 836-meter (914-yard) section of sidewalk along Yeongdong Boulevard from exit No.5 of this station, outside COEX Convention & Exhibition Center and ASEM Tower is designated as a smoke-free zone by the Seoul Metropolitan Government.[3]","title":"Samseong station"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Station layout"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Police Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_Station"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Embassy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embassy"},{"link_name":"Middle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_School"},{"link_name":"High","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_School"},{"link_name":"POSCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POSCO"},{"link_name":"Hyundai Department Store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyundai_Department_Store"},{"link_name":"COEX Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COEX_Mall"},{"link_name":"World Trade Center Seoul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Center_Seoul"},{"link_name":"KEPCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Electric_Power"},{"link_name":"Fire Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_Station"}],"text":"Exit 1: Gangnam Police Station, Park Hyatt Hotel\nExit 2: Russian Embassy of Korea\nExit 3: Hwimoon Middle & High Schools\nExit 4: POSCO Center, Daemyeong Middle School\nExit 5: Korea Air City Terminal, Hyundai Department Store, InterContinental Hotel Grand Seoul Parnas\nExit 6: COEX Mall (direct passageway), World Trade Center Seoul\nExit 7: KEPCO Headquarters\nExit 8: Gangnam Fire Station","title":"Vicinity"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"삼성역\" (in Korean). Doosan Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2016-02-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.doopedia.co.kr/doopedia/master/master.do?_method=view&MAS_IDX=120620001325773","url_text":"\"삼성역\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doosan_Encyclopedia","url_text":"Doosan Encyclopedia"}]},{"reference":"Kwon, Sang-soo (12 September 2012). \"City designates area by COEX as smoke-free\". Korea JoongAng Daily. Archived from the original on 9 December 2012. Retrieved 5 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20121209124604/http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2959317","url_text":"\"City designates area by COEX as smoke-free\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_JoongAng_Daily","url_text":"Korea JoongAng Daily"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Samseong_station&params=37_30_31.48_N_127_3_48.67_E_source:kowiki_region:KR","external_links_name":"37°30′31.48″N 127°3′48.67″E / 37.5087444°N 127.0635194°E / 37.5087444; 127.0635194"},{"Link":"https://www.doopedia.co.kr/doopedia/master/master.do?_method=view&MAS_IDX=120620001325773","external_links_name":"\"삼성역\""},{"Link":"http://www.ktdb.go.kr/en/web/guest/418","external_links_name":"Monthly Number of Passengers between Subway Stations"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141006080247/http://www.ktdb.go.kr/en/web/guest/418","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20121209124604/http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2959317","external_links_name":"\"City designates area by COEX as smoke-free\""},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Samseong_station&params=37_30_31.48_N_127_3_48.67_E_source:kowiki_region:KR","external_links_name":"37°30′31.48″N 127°3′48.67″E / 37.5087444°N 127.0635194°E / 37.5087444; 127.0635194"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samseong_station&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihor_Smeshko	Ihor Smeshko	["1 Biography","2 Controversies","2.1 Yushchenko poisoning","3 Awards and honorary titles","4 References","5 External links","6 See also"]	Ihor SmeshkoІгор СмешкоHead of the Security Service of UkraineIn office4 September 2003 – 4 February 2005Preceded byLeonid DerkachSucceeded byOleksandr TurchynovMilitary Attache of Ukraine in SwitzerlandIn officeSeptember 2000 – October 2001Head of the Chief Directorate of Intelligence of the Ministry of DefenceIn office9 June 1997 – 29 September 2000Preceded byOleksandr SkipalskyiSucceeded byViktor PaliyMilitary Attache of Ukraine in the United StatesIn officeAugust 1992 – July 1995 Personal detailsBorn (1955-08-17) 17 August 1955 (age 68)Khrystynivka, Cherkasy Oblast, UkrainePolitical partyStrength and Honor Civic MovementAlma materShevchenko National University, KyivWebsiteOfficial websiteMilitary serviceAllegiance UkraineBranch/service Military IntelligenceYears of service1992–2005RankColonel General Colonel General Ihor Petrovych Smeshko (Ukrainian: Ігор Петрович Смешко, born 17 August 1955) served as the head of the Security Service of Ukraine (SBU) from 2003 to 2005, where he supported the opposition during the Orange Revolution. In 2010, he entered politics with the Strength and Honor party, which he formed with several former security and intelligence officials. He was chairman of the Intelligence Committee under the President of Ukraine (from October 7, 2014, to March 12, 2015). Smeshko was registered as a candidate in the 2019 Ukrainian presidential election. In the election he took 6th place with 6.04% of the vote. Biography Born in 1955 in Khrystynivka, Cherkasy Region, Smeshko has made a career as a professional soldier-scholar. He holds a doctorate in Military Cybernetics and served as professor of information systems and systems analysis, publishing over 100 papers. In 1992, he became secretary of the Science Advisory Council of the Ukrainian Ministry of Defense. That same year he was reassigned as Defense Attache to the Ukrainian Embassy in Washington D.C. where he spent 4 years. While there he negotiated a memorandum of military cooperation with the United States during that time. In 1995, Smeshko was awarded a general's star and recalled to Ukraine to lead the president's committee on intelligence, which he did for 3 years. In 1997, Smeshko was appointed Chief Directorate of Intelligence of the Ministry of Defence of Ukraine where he uncovered "massive fraud" in weapons end-user certificate production indicative of arms trafficking at the SBU, then headed by Leonid Derkach. Smeshko implemented stricter controls, particularly for the Kolchuga air defense system. In 2000, facing political attacks organized by the SBU, Smeshko resigned from his post as head of the Military Intelligence Directorate and assumed the post of Defense Attache to Switzerland, a demotion. In this position, he negotiated a memorandum of military cooperation with Switzerland. In 2002, Smeshko completed a master's degree in Military Administration and a Law Degree from Shevchenko University in Kyiv. In late 2002, Leonid Kuchma asked Smeshko to return to Ukraine to assist him in handling accusations made by the U.S. State Department that Ukraine had sold the Kolchuga system to Iraq. Later that year, Derkach was fired and Smeshko was appointed head of the SBU. He immediately set into action with a plan to preserve documents, replace top management and reorganize the agency with new pay scales and a mission focused away from KGB style secret political police. Smeshko was instrumental in the prevention of military action against the civil protests in late 2004. He demanded General Popkov stop his efforts to crack down on the protesters, as the General was mustering 10,000 troops to do so. The SBU and the military intelligence directorate worked to block the fraudulent ascension of Viktor Yanukovich, supporting Viktor Yushchenko. In 2005, Yushchenko fired Smeshko from the SBU. In 2014 President Petro Poroshenko appointed Smeshko as his adviser. Subsequently, he led the Intelligence Committee under the President. Smeshko was a candidate in the 2019 Ukrainian presidential election. In the election he took 6th place with 6.04% of the vote. Smeshko was number one on the party list of the political party Strength and Honor in the July 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election. But in the election the party won 3.82%, not enough to clear the 5% election threshold and thus no parliamentary seats. The party also failed to win a constituency seat. Smeshko was a candidate for Mayor of Kyiv for the party Strength and Honor in the 2020 Kyiv local election. He finished 7th place with 22.418 votes. Besides his native Ukrainian, Smeshko speaks fluent English, German and French. Controversies Yushchenko poisoning A parliamentary commission investigating in October 2004 confirmed that Smeshko dined with Viktor Yushchenko on the night of September 5, 2004, where he may have been poisoned. Yushchenko claims to have fallen ill about 3 hours after the dinner and sought medical treatment the following day. Smeshko denies the allegations, citing the existence of several other theories regarding the poisoning, and claims that the allegations were made by Kuchma supporters from within the security services, including former SBU chief Derkach. Awards and honorary titles Medal "For Military Service of Ukraine" (November 23, 1998) State Prize of Ukraine in the field of science and technology (2004) Honorary Master of the Joint Intelligence Institute at the National Defense Academy of Ukraine References ^ a b c C. J. Chivers, BACK CHANNELS: A Crackdown Averted; How Top Spies in Ukraine Changed the Nation's Path, , New York Times, January 17, 2005 ^ John Marone, Ihor Smeshko, ex-spy chief, enters politics, , Kyiv Post, April 28, 2010 ^ "Being a Chairman". ^ a b (in Ukrainian) Zelensky told when he presented his key five team, Ukrayinska Pravda (19 March 2019) ^ a b "Power and Honor party: A fresh rating for the 2019 parliamentary elections". RBC Ukraine (in Ukrainian). 10 June 2019. ^ a b c d (in Ukrainian) Ex-head of the SBU decided to go to the presidency, Ukrayinska Pravda (13 January 2019) ^ a b c d e f George Woloshyn, Ihor Smeshko: The man in the iron mask, , Kyiv Post, Jan. 15, 2010 ^ "Leader of Strength and Honor party Smeshko names first ten leaders on list of candidates in parliamentary election". ^ CEC counts 100 percent of vote in Ukraine's parliamentary elections, Ukrinform (26 July 2019) ^ CEC counts 100 percent of vote in Ukraine's parliamentary elections, Ukrinform (26 July 2019)(in Russian) Results of the extraordinary elections of the People's Deputies of Ukraine 2019, Ukrayinska Pravda (21 July 2019) ^ (in Ukrainian) The former head of the SBU went to the mayor of Kyiv, Ukrayinska Pravda (28 September 2020) ^ Rada appoints next elections to local self-govt bodies for Oct 25, Interfax-Ukraine (15 July 2020) ^ На виборах мера Києва переміг Кличко: хто пройшов до Київміськради . 24 Kanal (in Ukrainian). 6 November 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020. ^ Susanna Loof, Doctors say Yushchenko was poisoned,, Associated Press, StAugustine.com, December 12, 2004 ^ Emma Ross, Yushchenko's dioxin poison level 6,000 times higher than normal, , Associated Press, StAugustine.com, December 16, 2004 ^ "Про нагородження відзнаками Президента України військовослужбовців Збройних Сил України". zakon.rada.gov.ua. Retrieved 2021-03-09. ^ "Смешко Iгор Петрович". logos-ukraine.com.ua. Retrieved 2021-03-09. External links Official website (in Ukrainian) See also See also: Security Service of Ukraine See also: Orange Revolution See also: Ukraine–United States relations See also: Chief Directorate of Intelligence of the Ministry of Defence of Ukraine Government offices Preceded byOleksandr Skipalskyi Head of the Chief Directorate of Intelligence of the MDU 1997-2000 Succeeded byViktor Paliy Preceded byVolodymyr Radchenko Director of the Security Service of Ukraine 2003-2005 Succeeded byOleksandr Turchynov vteCandidates in the 2019 Ukrainian presidential electionWinner Volodymyr Zelenskyy Lostin runoff Petro Poroshenko Othercandidates Gennady Balashov Roman Bezsmertnyi Olha Bohomolets Inna Bohoslovska Viktor Bondar Yuriy Boyko Oleksandr Danylyuk Yuriy Derevyanko Mykola Haber Anatoliy Hrytsenko Serhiy Kaplin Yurii Karmazin Arkadiy Kornatskiy Ruslan Koshulynskyi Viktor Kryvenko Vitalii Kuprii Illia Kyva Oleh Lyashko Yulia Lytvynenko Oleksandr Moroz Valentyn Nalyvaichenko Roman Nasirov Serhiy Nosenko Andriy Novak Volodymyr Petrov Ruslan Rygovanov Ihor Shevchenko Oleksandr Shevchenko Vitaliy Skotsyk Ihor Smeshko Oleksandr Solovyev Serhiy Taruta Yulia Tymoshenko Yuriy Tymoshenko Oleksandr Vashchenko Oleksandr Vilkul Vasiliy Zhuravlyov Withdrew Dmytro Dobrodomov Dmytro Gnap Serhiy Krivonos Yevheniy Murayev Andriy Sadovyi Michel Tereshchenko Opinion polling vteSecurity service directors of Ukraine Nikolai Golushko Yevhen Marchuk Valeriy Malikov Volodymyr Radchenko Leonid Derkach Volodymyr Radchenko Ihor Smeshko Oleksandr Turchynov Ihor Drizhchanyi Valentyn Nalyvaichenko Valeriy Khoroshkovskyi Volodymyr Rokytsky Ihor Kalinin Aleksandr Yakimenko Valentyn Nalyvaichenko Vasyl Hrytsak Ivan Bakanov Vasyl Malyuk Committee for State Security (Ukraine) (Soviet predecessor) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Colonel General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel_General"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_language"},{"link_name":"Security Service of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_Service_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Orange Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes-1"},{"link_name":"Strength and Honor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strength_and_Honor_(political_party)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kyivpost1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"2019 Ukrainian presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Ukrainian_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7209572Smeshko-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-parlamentskih1558962549-5"}],"text":"Colonel General Ihor Petrovych Smeshko (Ukrainian: Ігор Петрович Смешко, born 17 August 1955) served as the head of the Security Service of Ukraine (SBU) from 2003 to 2005, where he supported the opposition during the Orange Revolution.[1] In 2010, he entered politics with the Strength and Honor party, which he formed with several former security and intelligence officials.[2] He was chairman of the Intelligence Committee under the President of Ukraine (from October 7, 2014, to March 12, 2015).[3]Smeshko was registered as a candidate in the 2019 Ukrainian presidential election.[4] In the election he took 6th place with 6.04% of the vote.[5]","title":"Ihor Smeshko"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Khrystynivka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khrystynivka"},{"link_name":"Cherkasy Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherkasy_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian Ministry of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Ukraine)"},{"link_name":"Washington D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_D.C."},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7203658bioSmeshko-6"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Chief Directorate of Intelligence of the Ministry of Defence of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Directorate_of_Intelligence_of_the_Ministry_of_Defence_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Leonid Derkach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Derkach"},{"link_name":"Kolchuga air defense system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolchuga_passive_sensor"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kyivpost2-7"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7203658bioSmeshko-6"},{"link_name":"Shevchenko University in Kyiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taras_Shevchenko_National_University_of_Kyiv"},{"link_name":"Leonid Kuchma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Kuchma"},{"link_name":"U.S. State Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._State_Department"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kyivpost2-7"},{"link_name":"civil protests in late 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_Revolution"},{"link_name":"fraudulent ascension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Ukrainian_presidential_election#Run-off"},{"link_name":"Viktor Yanukovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Yanukovich"},{"link_name":"Viktor Yushchenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Yushchenko"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kyivpost2-7"},{"link_name":"Petro Poroshenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petro_Poroshenko"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7203658bioSmeshko-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7203658bioSmeshko-6"},{"link_name":"2019 Ukrainian presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Ukrainian_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7209572Smeshko-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-parlamentskih1558962549-5"},{"link_name":"Strength and Honor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strength_and_Honor_(political_party)"},{"link_name":"2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Ukrainian_parliamentary_election"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2748306cec100percentSaHIS-10"},{"link_name":"Mayor of Kyiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Kyiv"},{"link_name":"2020 Kyiv local election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Kyiv_local_election"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kyivpost2-7"}],"text":"Born in 1955 in Khrystynivka, Cherkasy Region, Smeshko has made a career as a professional soldier-scholar. He holds a doctorate in Military Cybernetics and served as professor of information systems and systems analysis, publishing over 100 papers. In 1992, he became secretary of the Science Advisory Council of the Ukrainian Ministry of Defense. That same year he was reassigned as Defense Attache to the Ukrainian Embassy in Washington D.C. where he spent 4 years.[6] While there he negotiated a memorandum of military cooperation with the United States during that time. In 1995, Smeshko was awarded a general's star and recalled to Ukraine to lead the president's committee on intelligence, which he did for 3 years. In 1997, Smeshko was appointed Chief Directorate of Intelligence of the Ministry of Defence of Ukraine where he uncovered \"massive fraud\" in weapons end-user certificate production indicative of arms trafficking at the SBU, then headed by Leonid Derkach. Smeshko implemented stricter controls, particularly for the Kolchuga air defense system.[7]In 2000, facing political attacks organized by the SBU, Smeshko resigned from his post as head of the Military Intelligence Directorate and assumed the post of Defense Attache to Switzerland,[6] a demotion. In this position, he negotiated a memorandum of military cooperation with Switzerland. In 2002, Smeshko completed a master's degree in Military Administration and a Law Degree from Shevchenko University in Kyiv. In late 2002, Leonid Kuchma asked Smeshko to return to Ukraine to assist him in handling accusations made by the U.S. State Department that Ukraine had sold the Kolchuga system to Iraq. Later that year, Derkach was fired and Smeshko was appointed head of the SBU. He immediately set into action with a plan to preserve documents, replace top management and reorganize the agency with new pay scales and a mission focused away from KGB style secret political police.[1][7]Smeshko was instrumental in the prevention of military action against the civil protests in late 2004. He demanded General Popkov stop his efforts to crack down on the protesters, as the General was mustering 10,000 troops to do so. The SBU and the military intelligence directorate worked to block the fraudulent ascension of Viktor Yanukovich, supporting Viktor Yushchenko.[1] In 2005, Yushchenko fired Smeshko from the SBU.[7]In 2014 President Petro Poroshenko appointed Smeshko as his adviser.[6] Subsequently, he led the Intelligence Committee under the President.[6]Smeshko was a candidate in the 2019 Ukrainian presidential election.[4] In the election he took 6th place with 6.04% of the vote.[5]Smeshko was number one on the party list of the political party Strength and Honor in the July 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election.[8] But in the election the party won 3.82%, not enough to clear the 5% election threshold and thus no parliamentary seats.[9] The party also failed to win a constituency seat.[10]Smeshko was a candidate for Mayor of Kyiv for the party Strength and Honor in the 2020 Kyiv local election.[11][12] He finished 7th place with 22.418 votes.[13]Besides his native Ukrainian, Smeshko speaks fluent English, German and French.[7]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Viktor Yushchenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Yushchenko"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kyivpost2-7"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-staug1-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-staug2-15"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kyivpost2-7"}],"sub_title":"Yushchenko poisoning","text":"A parliamentary commission investigating in October 2004 confirmed that Smeshko dined with Viktor Yushchenko on the night of September 5, 2004, where he may have been poisoned. Yushchenko claims to have fallen ill about 3 hours after the dinner and sought medical treatment the following day.[7][14][15] Smeshko denies the allegations, citing the existence of several other theories regarding the poisoning, and claims that the allegations were made by Kuchma supporters from within the security services, including former SBU chief Derkach.[7]","title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Medal \"For Military Service of Ukraine\" (November 23, 1998)[16]\nState Prize of Ukraine in the field of science and technology (2004)[17]\nHonorary Master of the Joint Intelligence Institute at the National Defense Academy of Ukraine","title":"Awards and honorary titles"}]	[]	[{"title":"Security Service of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_Service_of_Ukraine"},{"title":"Orange Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_Revolution"},{"title":"Ukraine–United States relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine%E2%80%93United_States_relations"},{"title":"Chief Directorate of Intelligence of the Ministry of Defence of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Directorate_of_Intelligence_of_the_Ministry_of_Defence_of_Ukraine"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:2019_presidential_election_candidates,_Ukraine"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:2019_presidential_election_candidates,_Ukraine"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2019_presidential_election_candidates,_Ukraine"},{"title":"2019 Ukrainian presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Ukrainian_presidential_election"},{"title":"Volodymyr Zelenskyy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy"},{"title":"runoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-round_system"},{"title":"Petro Poroshenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petro_Poroshenko"},{"title":"candidates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candidate"},{"title":"Gennady Balashov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gennady_Balashov"},{"title":"Roman Bezsmertnyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Bezsmertnyi"},{"title":"Olha Bohomolets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olha_Bohomolets"},{"title":"Inna Bohoslovska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inna_Bohoslovska"},{"title":"Viktor Bondar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Bondar"},{"title":"Yuriy Boyko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuriy_Boyko"},{"title":"Oleksandr Danylyuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleksandr_V._Danylyuk"},{"title":"Yuriy Derevyanko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuriy_Derevyanko"},{"title":"Mykola 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanstein_Castle	Nanstein Castle	["1 History","2 References","3 Further reading","4 External links"]	Coordinates: 49°24′35.4″N 7°34′24.9″E / 49.409833°N 7.573583°E / 49.409833; 7.573583Castle ruin in Landstuhl, Germany Nanstein CastleNative name German: Burg NansteinRuins of Nanstein CastleLocationBurgweg 166849 Landstuhl, GermanyCoordinates49°24′35.4″N 7°34′24.9″E / 49.409833°N 7.573583°E / 49.409833; 7.573583Builtc. 1152Built forFrederick I of GermanyCurrent useRuin, tourist attraction, festival hall, music venue, open-air theater, restaurantArchitectural style(s)Gothic, renaissance, otherGoverning bodyMunicipal Association of LandstuhlOwnerGovernment of Rhineland-PalatinateWebsiteNanstein CastleLocation in Germany Nanstein Castle (German: Burg Nanstein) is a ruined medieval spur castle above the town of Landstuhl, Germany, which has been partially reconstructed. Built in the 12th century, the red sandstone rock castle was once owned by Franz von Sickingen who was mortally wounded during a siege of the castle in 1523. History Franz von Sickingen Frederick I of Germany had Nanstein Castle built about 1152. The medieval hill (spur) castle, situated above a 49 feet (15 m) high sandstone ledge, was originally part of the Hohenstaufen defenses guarding the imperial lands in the south-western Palatinate. Imperial Knight and Protestant reformer Franz von Sickingen modernized the castle in the 16th century and turned it into a citadel that was supposed to withstand the artillery of the age. In 1523 (during the so-called "Knights' Revolt"), the castle was besieged by the Archbishop of Trier, Palatine Elector Louis V, and Landgrave of Hesse. Sickingen fell mortally wounded during the siege. Sickingen's sons received the partially destroyed castle back from Elector Louis V in 1542 (as a feudal tenure), and immediately rebuilt it in a Renaissance style. In 1668, the Elector Charles Louis captured the restored castle and had it partially destroyed. French troops destroyed other parts in 1689. In the following centuries several repairs were made, but it remains a castle ruin. References ^ a b c "Nanstein Castle, Landstuhl". Kreisverwaltung Kaiserslautern. January 13, 2017. Retrieved July 25, 2021. ^ a b "Nanstein Castle". Verbandsgemeinde Landstuhl. Retrieved July 25, 2021. Further reading Morris, Will (November 22, 2018). "Landstuhl's Nanstein Castle is worth a visit, even for the most jaded sightseers". Stars and Stripes. Washington, D.C. Retrieved July 25, 2021. External links Media related to Nanstein Castle at Wikimedia Commons Official website Nanstein Castle at Legendary Castles of the Palatinate Portals: Architecture Germany Holy Roman Empire Middle Ages Museums Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"ruined","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruins"},{"link_name":"medieval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"spur castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spur_castle"},{"link_name":"Landstuhl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landstuhl"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"reconstructed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"12th century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_century"},{"link_name":"sandstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstone"},{"link_name":"Franz von Sickingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_von_Sickingen"},{"link_name":"mortally wounded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortal_wound"},{"link_name":"siege of the castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights%27_Revolt"}],"text":"Castle ruin in Landstuhl, GermanyNanstein Castle (German: Burg Nanstein) is a ruined medieval spur castle above the town of Landstuhl, Germany, which has been partially reconstructed. Built in the 12th century, the red sandstone rock castle was once owned by Franz von Sickingen who was mortally wounded during a siege of the castle in 1523.","title":"Nanstein Castle"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Franz_von_Sickingen_(16_Jh).jpg"},{"link_name":"Frederick I of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Barbarossa"},{"link_name":"medieval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_castle"},{"link_name":"spur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spur_castle"},{"link_name":"Hohenstaufen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hohenstaufen"},{"link_name":"imperial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Palatinate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatinate_(region)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LK-1"},{"link_name":"Imperial Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Knight"},{"link_name":"Protestant reformer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformation"},{"link_name":"16th century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_century"},{"link_name":"citadel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citadel"},{"link_name":"artillery of the age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunpowder_artillery_in_the_Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Knights' Revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights%27_Revolt"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LK-1"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Trier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_von_Greiffenklau_zu_Vollrads"},{"link_name":"Palatine Elector Louis V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_V,_Elector_Palatine"},{"link_name":"Landgrave of Hesse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_I_of_Hesse"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VL-2"},{"link_name":"feudal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalism"},{"link_name":"tenure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_tenure"},{"link_name":"Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance"},{"link_name":"Elector Charles Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_Louis,_Elector_Palatine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LK-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VL-2"}],"text":"Franz von SickingenFrederick I of Germany had Nanstein Castle built about 1152. The medieval hill (spur) castle, situated above a 49 feet (15 m) high sandstone ledge, was originally part of the Hohenstaufen defenses guarding the imperial lands in the south-western Palatinate.[1]Imperial Knight and Protestant reformer Franz von Sickingen modernized the castle in the 16th century and turned it into a citadel that was supposed to withstand the artillery of the age. In 1523 (during the so-called \"Knights' Revolt\"),[1] the castle was besieged by the Archbishop of Trier, Palatine Elector Louis V, and Landgrave of Hesse. Sickingen fell mortally wounded during the siege.[2]Sickingen's sons received the partially destroyed castle back from Elector Louis V in 1542 (as a feudal tenure), and immediately rebuilt it in a Renaissance style. In 1668, the Elector Charles Louis captured the restored castle and had it partially destroyed.[1] French troops destroyed other parts in 1689. In the following centuries several repairs were made, but it remains a castle ruin.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Landstuhl's Nanstein Castle is worth a visit, even for the most jaded sightseers\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.stripes.com/landstuhl-s-nanstein-castle-is-worth-a-visit-even-for-the-most-jaded-sightseers-1.557675"},{"link_name":"Stars and Stripes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stars_and_Stripes_(newspaper)"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."}],"text":"Morris, Will (November 22, 2018). \"Landstuhl's Nanstein Castle is worth a visit, even for the most jaded sightseers\". Stars and Stripes. Washington, D.C. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Award_for_Quadruple_Threat_of_the_Year	MTV Video Music Award for Quadruple Threat of the Year	["1 References"]	The MTV Video Music Award for Quadruple Threat of the Year was introduced in 2007, as the VMAs were revamped that year and a few new categories were introduced to the show. This award was peculiar for the MTV Video Music Awards, though, for (like Best Artist Website in 1999) it did not reward music nor music videos. Instead, the category awarded musical artists who excelled in at least three other areas beside their music career, such as acting, entrepreneurship, and activism, among others. When the VMAs returned to their old format in 2008, though, this category did not come back. Year Winner Other nominees Ref. 2007 Justin Timberlake Beyoncé Bono Jay-Z Kanye West References ^ "MTV Video Music Awards 2007". MTV. Retrieved July 23, 2012. vteMTV Video Music AwardsYears 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Awards Video of the Year Artist of the Year Song of the Year Album of the Year Group of the Year New Artist Pop Rock R&B Hip-Hop Alternative Latin K-Pop Collaboration Direction Choreography Visual Effects Art Direction Editing Cinematography Song of Summer Show of the Summer Video for Good Global Icon Award Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award✯ Defunct Artist Website Breakthrough Video Concept Video Dance Female Video International Viewer's Choice Awards Latino Artist Longform Video Lyric Video Male Video Metaverse Performance Monster Single of the Year Most Experimental Video Most Share-Worthy Video MTV2 Award Overall Performance Performance in a Pepsi Rock Band Video Post-Modern Video Quadruple Threat of the Year Rap Video Ringtone of the Year Stage Performance UK Video Video Game Score Video Game Soundtrack Video from a Film Video (That Should Have Won a Moonman) Viewer's Choice Award Key: ✯ Have special significance and are not necessarily awarded annually	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"MTV Video Music Award for Quadruple Threat of the Year"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"MTV Video Music Awards 2007\". MTV. Retrieved July 23, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mtv.com/ontv/vma/2007/","url_text":"\"MTV Video Music Awards 2007\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.mtv.com/ontv/vma/2007/","external_links_name":"\"MTV Video Music Awards 2007\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crazy_Heart	Crazy Heart	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","3.1 Development of original novel","3.2 Pre-production","3.3 Music","4 Reception","4.1 Critical response","4.2 Accolades","5 Home media","6 References","7 External links"]	For the soundtrack, see Crazy Heart (soundtrack). For the Hank Williams song, see Crazy Heart (Hank Williams song). 2009 American filmCrazy HeartTheatrical release posterDirected byScott CooperScreenplay byScott CooperBased onCrazy Heartby Thomas CobbProduced by Robert Duvall Rob Carliner Judy Cairo T Bone Burnett Scott Cooper Starring Jeff Bridges Maggie Gyllenhaal Robert Duvall CinematographyBarry MarkowitzEdited by John Axelrad Jeffrey Ford Music by Stephen Bruton T Bone Burnett Ryan Bingham Productioncompanies Informant Media Butcher's Run Films Dune Entertainment Distributed byFox Searchlight PicturesRelease dates December 6, 2009 (2009-12-06) (Santa Fe Film Festival) December 16, 2009 (2009-12-16) (United States) Running time112 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget$7 millionBox office$47.4 million Crazy Heart is a 2009 American drama film, written and directed by Scott Cooper in his feature directorial debut. Based on the 1987 novel of the same name by Thomas Cobb, the story was inspired by country singer Hank Thompson. Starring Jeff Bridges, Maggie Gyllenhaal, Colin Farrell, and Robert Duvall, the film follows an alcoholic country singer and songwriter who tries to turn his life around after beginning a relationship with a young journalist. Bridges, Farrell, and Duvall also sing in the film. Filming took place in 2008 throughout New Mexico, as well as Houston and Los Angeles. Original music for the film was composed by T Bone Burnett, Stephen Bruton, and Ryan Bingham. It was dedicated to Bruton, who died the same year the film was made. The film was produced by Country Music Television and was originally acquired by Paramount Vantage for a direct-to-video release, but was later purchased by Fox Searchlight Pictures for theatrical release. Crazy Heart opened in theaters in the United States on December 16, 2009. From its $7 million budget, it amassed domestic earnings of $39.5 million plus $7.9 international for a worldwide total of $47.4 million. The film was met with critical acclaim and received three nominations at the 82nd Academy Awards, winning Best Actor for Bridges and Best Original Song for "The Weary Kind", written by Bingham and Burnett. Plot Otis "Bad" Blake is a 57-year-old alcoholic singer-songwriter who was once a country music star. He now earns a modest living by performing in small-town bars across the southwestern United States. Having a history of failed marriages (four that he admits to, although a reference is made to a fifth he does not discuss), Blake is without a family. He has a son, aged 28, with whom he has not had contact in 24 years. He is mostly on the road performing, staying in cheap motels, and travelling alone in his 1977 Chevrolet Suburban. The film opens with his arrival at a bowling alley for a show. In Santa Fe, he meets Jean Craddock, a young journalist after a story, divorced and with a four-year-old son, Buddy. She interviews Blake one evening after his gig, and then as they become close, Jean visits again ostensibly to gather more material, and the two enter into a relationship. Jean and her son become a catalyst for Blake to get his life back on track. In doing so, he lets himself be pushed into renewing a professional relationship with Tommy Sweet, a popular and successful country music star he once mentored, and plays as the opening act at one of his concerts, despite his initial balking and wounded pride at being the opening act to his former student. He asks Tommy to record an album with him, but Tommy says his record company insists on a couple more solo albums before a duet project can be recorded. He instead suggests that Blake concentrate on writing new songs that Tommy can record solo, telling him he writes better songs than anyone else. Blake's drinking soon gets out of control and he ends up running off the road while driving drunk. In the hospital, the doctor informs him that although he only sustained a broken ankle from the crash, he is slowly killing himself, and must stop drinking and smoking and lose 25 pounds if he wants to live more than a few more years. Blake's relationship with Jean makes him start to rethink his life. While in Houston, he calls up his son to make amends, only to learn that his mother, Bad's ex-wife, has died. Jean and her son begin to visit more frequently, but after Blake briefly loses Buddy at a shopping mall while drinking at a bar, Jean breaks up with him. Blake resolves to quit drinking. After going through a treatment program at a rehab center, and with support from an Alcoholics Anonymous group and old friend Wayne, Blake finally manages to get sober. Having cleaned up his act, he tries to reunite with Jean but, despite congratulating him on getting sober, she tells him that the best thing he can do for her and Buddy is to leave them alone. Later, Blake finishes writing a song that he thinks is his best ever, "The Weary Kind", and sells it to Tommy. Sixteen months later, Tommy plays "The Weary Kind" to an appreciative audience while Blake watches backstage, as his manager presents him with another of the large royalty checks for the song. As Blake is leaving, Jean approaches him, saying she has come to the show as writer for a large music publication. As they catch up, Blake sees an engagement ring on Jean's finger and tells her that she deserves a good man. He offers her the money from the royalty check for Buddy to have on his 18th birthday, which Jean initially refuses but eventually accepts after Blake says the song would not exist without her, and states that "it isn't money". Jean asks if Blake would like to see Buddy again, but Blake declines, saying it might be too unsettling for the boy. The film ends with Jean asking Blake for another interview, after which they walk away happily, chatting with each other. Cast Jeff Bridges as Otis "Bad" Blake Maggie Gyllenhaal as Jean Craddock Colin Farrell as Tommy Sweet Robert Duvall as Wayne Kramer Paul Herman as Jack Greene Jack Nation as Buddy, Jean's son Ryan Bingham as Tony of Tony and the Renegades, backup group at bowling alley Rick Dial as Wesley Barnes, Jean's uncle, Santa Fe piano player Tom Bower as Bill Wilson Production Development of original novel The New York Times said the novel, written by Thomas Cobb, "also functions as a shrewd and funny running critique of contemporary country music." Cobb based the character "Bad" Blake on country music entertainer Hank Thompson, Ramblin' Jack Elliott and Cobb's doctoral advisor in graduate school, Donald Barthelme; Cobb studied with Barthelme in a creative writing class in the University of Houston in the 1980s. When Cobb struggled between using an "upbeat" ending and a "downbeat" ending, Barthelme suggested that Cobb use the "downbeat" ending. The nickname "Bad" came from a sentence that popped into Cobb's mind, "Bad's got the sweats again." The name "Blake" came from W. Glenn Blake, a friend from graduate school who is now a senior editor at Boulevard magazine, and some people Cobb knew in Tucson, Arizona. The book, which was out of print since its original publication, went into print again when the film was released. Pre-production The process of creating a film adaptation took many years because the concept was optioned, but was never produced into an actual adaptation until director Scott Cooper produced the film. Cobb assumed that the film would use a more upbeat ending, because the Hollywood film industry often prefers "things that are generally positive". According to Cobb, he had nothing to do with the making of the film. The shooting of a sequence depicting the novel's ending – in which Bad falls off the wagon and dies of a heart attack – occurred; Cooper wanted to use it as the ending, but he did not get final authority to do so. A sequence of Bad Blake visiting his son in Los Angeles was also cut from the final film. Bridges initially passed on the role when he was first offered it. He explained to Vanity Fair that although he liked the script, he realized that the songs would make or break it and at the time the film had no musical attachments. A year later he talked with T Bone Burnett, who was approached to work on the film's soundtrack; together they both agreed to work on the film, and Bridges joined the project. Music Main article: Crazy Heart (soundtrack) The album entitled Crazy Heart: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack was released in 2009 to accompany the film. The 23-track album contains many songs written by Burnett, Bruton, and Bingham, but also some by John Goodwin, Bob Neuwirth, Sam Hopkins, Gary Nicholson, Townes Van Zandt, Sam Philips, Greg Brown, Billy Joe Shaver, and Eddy Shaver. The songs are performed by various artists including actors Bridges, Farrell, and Duvall, as well as singers Bingham (who sings the theme song "The Weary Kind" and plays Tony in the film), Buck Owens, The Louvin Brothers, Lightnin' Hopkins, Waylon Jennings, Townes Van Zandt, and Sam Philips. At the 82nd Grammy Awards, the theme song "The Weary Kind" by Ryan Bingham won for Best Song Written For Motion Picture, Television Or Other Visual Media and the soundtrack also won for Best Compilation Soundtrack Album For Motion Picture, Television Or Other Visual Media. Reception Critical response Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports that 90% of critics have given the film a positive review based on 212 reviews, with an average score of 7.40/10. The consensus reads, "Thanks to a captivating performance from Jeff Bridges, Crazy Heart transcends its overly familiar origins and finds new meaning in an old story." On Metacritic the film holds a score of 83 out of 100 based on 32 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim". Critics mainly praised the performance of Jeff Bridges as Bad Blake, with many claiming he elevated the film above its seemingly conventional story and languid pace. Tom Long from Detroit News writes, "It's a bit too easy, a bit too familiar, and maybe even a bit too much fun. But the easy magic Bridges brings to the screen makes it all work." The Toronto Star's Linda Barnard attests that "some goodwill evaporates in the final reel, when a few false endings lead to a choice that's not the best one for Crazy Heart, but the generosity of Bridges' performance puts us in a forgiving mood." Jeff Bridges' performance earned him the Academy Award for Best Actor, as well as Best Actor prizes from the Los Angeles Film Critics Association, Broadcast Film Critics Association, Golden Globe Awards, Screen Actors Guild and the Independent Spirit Awards. Bridges also received nominations from the Chicago Film Critics Association, London Critics Circle, Online Film Critics Society and the Satellite Awards. Gyllenhaal was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance. The song "The Weary Kind" earned Ryan Bingham and T Bone Burnett the 2009 Academy Award for Best Original Song and a Golden Globe. Accolades Year Association Category Nominated work Result 2009 Satellite Award Satellite Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Jeff Bridges Nominated Satellite Award for Best Original Song "The Weary Kind" Won Los Angeles Film Critics Association Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor Jeff Bridges Won Las Vegas Film Critics Society Las Vegas Film Critics Society Award for Best Song "The Weary Kind" Won Chicago Film Critics Association Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor Jeff Bridges Nominated 2010 Academy Award Academy Award for Best Actor Jeff Bridges Won Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress Maggie Gyllenhaal Nominated Academy Award for Best Original Song "The Weary Kind" Won British Academy Film Award BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role Jeff Bridges Nominated BAFTA Award for Best Film Music T Bone Burnett, Stephen Bruton Nominated Broadcast Film Critics Association Award Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor Jeff Bridges Won Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Song "The Weary Kind" Won Golden Globe Award Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama Jeff Bridges Won Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song "The Weary Kind" Won Independent Spirit Award Independent Spirit Award for Best First Feature Scott Cooper Won Independent Spirit Award for Best Male Lead Jeff Bridges Won Screen Actors Guild Award Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role Jeff Bridges Won Home media The film was released on April 20, 2010, on DVD and Blu-ray. The single-disc DVDs special features included six deleted scenes, while the Blu-ray 2-disc set contained eight deleted scenes (including one in which Bad reunites with his son), plus two alternative music cuts and a short documentary in which the stars discuss "What Brought Them to Crazy Heart". References ^ a b c d "Crazy Heart". Box Office Mojo. IMDb. Retrieved April 29, 2010. ^ "Crazy Heart (15)". British Board of Film Classification. December 21, 2009. Retrieved April 9, 2020. ^ Cobb, Thomas (1987). Crazy Heart. San Francisco: Harper & Row. ISBN 0-06-015803-4. ^ Lewis, Randy (December 2, 2009). "Hank Thompson: 'Crazy Heart's' real-life Bad Blake". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 6, 2010. ^ Cieply, Michael (November 1, 2009). "A Surprise Gets Buzz for Oscars". The New York Times. Retrieved January 26, 2010. ^ Honeycutt, Kirk (November 2, 2009). "Crazy Heart – Film Review". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on February 26, 2010. Retrieved February 27, 2010. ^ "Fox Searchlight Pictures Acquires 'Crazy Heart'". Content.FoxSearchlight.com. Archived from the original on July 24, 2009. Retrieved July 21, 2009. ^ "Oscar Watch: 'Crazy Hearts Bridges Joins Actors Fray". Anne Thompson/Blogs.IndieWire.com. Retrieved November 4, 2009. ^ a b c d "The Reading Life: Jeff Bridges and ‘Crazy Heart’: Channeling Donald Barthelme?" The New York Times. January 29, 2010. Retrieved on July 31, 2010. ^ a b Rourke, Bryan (November 2, 2009). "Foster author's 'Crazy Heart' gets reprint now that movie is on the way". projo.com. The Providence Journal Co. Retrieved September 22, 2010. ^ Johns Hopkins University Press website. Glenn Blake author biography for short story collection The Old and the Lost. ^ a b c Hoinski, Michael. "Q&A: Crazy Heart Author Thomas Cobb on His Character Bad Blake, Deer Tick, and Why Chet Atkins Killed Country Archived 2010-03-07 at the Wayback Machine." The Village Voice. Thursday March 4, 2010. Retrieved on July 31, 2010. ^ a b Smith, Krista (December 22, 2009). "Jeff Bridges: The Vanity Fair Interview". Vanity Fair. Retrieved February 9, 2015. ^ "Crazy Heart". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango. Retrieved October 29, 2022. ^ "Crazy Heart Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved April 9, 2020. ^ "Review: Jeff Bridges and memorable music elevate 'Crazy Heart'". Detroit News. Retrieved January 15, 2009. ^ Barnard, Linda. "Crazy Heart: Hurts so good". Toronto Star. Retrieved January 15, 2009. ^ "Oscar nominations announced". ew.com. 2010. Archived from the original on February 5, 2010. Retrieved February 2, 2010. ^ "Nominations and Winners 2009". Official Website of the Annual Golden Globe Awards. Hollywood Foreign Press Association. Archived from the original on December 15, 2009. Retrieved February 14, 2010. ^ "Buy now." Archived April 4, 2010, at the Wayback Machine by Thomas Dodson, Fox Searchlite movie Web site, March 29, 2010. Retrieved April 20, 2010. External links Crazy Heart at IMDb Crazy Heart at AllMovie Crazy Heart at Rotten Tomatoes Crazy Heart at Metacritic Crazy Heart at Box Office Mojo Crazy Heart script vteFilms directed by Scott Cooper Crazy Heart (2009) Out of the Furnace (2013) Black Mass (2015) Hostiles (2017) Antlers (2021) The Pale Blue Eye (2022) Portals: Film United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Crazy Heart (soundtrack)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crazy_Heart_(soundtrack)"},{"link_name":"Crazy Heart (Hank Williams song)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crazy_Heart_(Hank_Williams_song)"},{"link_name":"drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_(film_and_television)"},{"link_name":"Scott Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Cooper_(director)"},{"link_name":"feature directorial debut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_directorial_debuts"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bookCrazyHeart-3"},{"link_name":"Thomas Cobb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cobb_(author)"},{"link_name":"Hank Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hank_Thompson_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lewis2009-4"},{"link_name":"Jeff Bridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Bridges"},{"link_name":"Maggie Gyllenhaal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie_Gyllenhaal"},{"link_name":"Colin Farrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Farrell"},{"link_name":"Robert Duvall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Duvall"},{"link_name":"New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"T Bone Burnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_Bone_Burnett"},{"link_name":"Stephen Bruton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Bruton"},{"link_name":"Ryan Bingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Bingham"},{"link_name":"Country Music Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_Music_Television"},{"link_name":"Paramount Vantage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_Vantage"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cieply2009-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Honeycutt2009-6"},{"link_name":"Fox Searchlight Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Searchlight_Pictures"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BoxOfficeMojo-1"},{"link_name":"82nd Academy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/82nd_Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Best Actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Actor"},{"link_name":"Best Original Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Original_Song"},{"link_name":"The Weary Kind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Weary_Kind"}],"text":"For the soundtrack, see Crazy Heart (soundtrack). For the Hank Williams song, see Crazy Heart (Hank Williams song).2009 American filmCrazy Heart is a 2009 American drama film, written and directed by Scott Cooper in his feature directorial debut. Based on the 1987 novel[3] of the same name by Thomas Cobb, the story was inspired by country singer Hank Thompson.[4] Starring Jeff Bridges, Maggie Gyllenhaal, Colin Farrell, and Robert Duvall, the film follows an alcoholic country singer and songwriter who tries to turn his life around after beginning a relationship with a young journalist. Bridges, Farrell, and Duvall also sing in the film.Filming took place in 2008 throughout New Mexico, as well as Houston and Los Angeles. Original music for the film was composed by T Bone Burnett, Stephen Bruton, and Ryan Bingham. It was dedicated to Bruton, who died the same year the film was made. The film was produced by Country Music Television and was originally acquired by Paramount Vantage for a direct-to-video release,[5][6] but was later purchased by Fox Searchlight Pictures for theatrical release.[7]Crazy Heart opened in theaters in the United States on December 16, 2009.[8] From its $7 million budget, it amassed domestic earnings of $39.5 million plus $7.9 international for a worldwide total of $47.4 million.[1] The film was met with critical acclaim and received three nominations at the 82nd Academy Awards, winning Best Actor for Bridges and Best Original Song for \"The Weary Kind\", written by Bingham and Burnett.","title":"Crazy Heart"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"country music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"},{"link_name":"Chevrolet Suburban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet_Suburban"},{"link_name":"bowling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowling"},{"link_name":"Alcoholics Anonymous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholics_Anonymous"},{"link_name":"The Weary Kind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Weary_Kind"}],"text":"Otis \"Bad\" Blake is a 57-year-old alcoholic singer-songwriter who was once a country music star. He now earns a modest living by performing in small-town bars across the southwestern United States. Having a history of failed marriages (four that he admits to, although a reference is made to a fifth he does not discuss), Blake is without a family. He has a son, aged 28, with whom he has not had contact in 24 years. He is mostly on the road performing, staying in cheap motels, and travelling alone in his 1977 Chevrolet Suburban. The film opens with his arrival at a bowling alley for a show.In Santa Fe, he meets Jean Craddock, a young journalist after a story, divorced and with a four-year-old son, Buddy. She interviews Blake one evening after his gig, and then as they become close, Jean visits again ostensibly to gather more material, and the two enter into a relationship. Jean and her son become a catalyst for Blake to get his life back on track. In doing so, he lets himself be pushed into renewing a professional relationship with Tommy Sweet, a popular and successful country music star he once mentored, and plays as the opening act at one of his concerts, despite his initial balking and wounded pride at being the opening act to his former student. He asks Tommy to record an album with him, but Tommy says his record company insists on a couple more solo albums before a duet project can be recorded. He instead suggests that Blake concentrate on writing new songs that Tommy can record solo, telling him he writes better songs than anyone else.Blake's drinking soon gets out of control and he ends up running off the road while driving drunk. In the hospital, the doctor informs him that although he only sustained a broken ankle from the crash, he is slowly killing himself, and must stop drinking and smoking and lose 25 pounds if he wants to live more than a few more years. Blake's relationship with Jean makes him start to rethink his life. While in Houston, he calls up his son to make amends, only to learn that his mother, Bad's ex-wife, has died. Jean and her son begin to visit more frequently, but after Blake briefly loses Buddy at a shopping mall while drinking at a bar, Jean breaks up with him.Blake resolves to quit drinking. After going through a treatment program at a rehab center, and with support from an Alcoholics Anonymous group and old friend Wayne, Blake finally manages to get sober. Having cleaned up his act, he tries to reunite with Jean but, despite congratulating him on getting sober, she tells him that the best thing he can do for her and Buddy is to leave them alone. Later, Blake finishes writing a song that he thinks is his best ever, \"The Weary Kind\", and sells it to Tommy.Sixteen months later, Tommy plays \"The Weary Kind\" to an appreciative audience while Blake watches backstage, as his manager presents him with another of the large royalty checks for the song. As Blake is leaving, Jean approaches him, saying she has come to the show as writer for a large music publication. As they catch up, Blake sees an engagement ring on Jean's finger and tells her that she deserves a good man. He offers her the money from the royalty check for Buddy to have on his 18th birthday, which Jean initially refuses but eventually accepts after Blake says the song would not exist without her, and states that \"it isn't money\". Jean asks if Blake would like to see Buddy again, but Blake declines, saying it might be too unsettling for the boy. The film ends with Jean asking Blake for another interview, after which they walk away happily, chatting with each other.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jeff Bridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Bridges"},{"link_name":"Maggie Gyllenhaal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie_Gyllenhaal"},{"link_name":"Colin Farrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Farrell"},{"link_name":"Robert Duvall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Duvall"},{"link_name":"Paul Herman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Herman"},{"link_name":"Ryan Bingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Bingham"},{"link_name":"Tom Bower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Bower_(actor)"}],"text":"Jeff Bridges as Otis \"Bad\" Blake\nMaggie Gyllenhaal as Jean Craddock\nColin Farrell as Tommy Sweet\nRobert Duvall as Wayne Kramer\nPaul Herman as Jack Greene\nJack Nation as Buddy, Jean's son\nRyan Bingham as Tony of Tony and the Renegades, backup group at bowling alley\nRick Dial as Wesley Barnes, Jean's uncle, Santa Fe piano player\nTom Bower as Bill Wilson","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTArtsbeat-9"},{"link_name":"Hank Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hank_Thompson_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Ramblin' Jack Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramblin%27_Jack_Elliott"},{"link_name":"Donald Barthelme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Barthelme"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rourke2009-10"},{"link_name":"University of Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Houston"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTArtsbeat-9"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Tucson, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoinskyrev-12"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTArtsbeat-9"}],"sub_title":"Development of original novel","text":"The New York Times said the novel, written by Thomas Cobb, \"also functions as a shrewd and funny running critique of contemporary country music.\"[9] Cobb based the character \"Bad\" Blake on country music entertainer Hank Thompson, Ramblin' Jack Elliott and Cobb's doctoral advisor in graduate school, Donald Barthelme;[10] Cobb studied with Barthelme in a creative writing class in the University of Houston in the 1980s. When Cobb struggled between using an \"upbeat\" ending and a \"downbeat\" ending, Barthelme suggested that Cobb use the \"downbeat\" ending.[9] The nickname \"Bad\" came from a sentence that popped into Cobb's mind, \"Bad's got the sweats again.\" The name \"Blake\" came from W. Glenn Blake, a friend from graduate school who is now a senior editor at Boulevard magazine,[11] and some people Cobb knew in Tucson, Arizona.[12] The book, which was out of print since its original publication, went into print again when the film was released.[9]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoinskyrev-12"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTArtsbeat-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rourke2009-10"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoinskyrev-12"},{"link_name":"Vanity Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vanityfair-13"},{"link_name":"T Bone Burnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_Bone_Burnett"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vanityfair-13"}],"sub_title":"Pre-production","text":"The process of creating a film adaptation took many years because the concept was optioned, but was never produced into an actual adaptation until director Scott Cooper produced the film.[12] Cobb assumed that the film would use a more upbeat ending, because the Hollywood film industry often prefers \"things that are generally positive\".[9] According to Cobb, he had nothing to do with the making of the film.[10] The shooting of a sequence depicting the novel's ending – in which Bad falls off the wagon and dies of a heart attack – occurred; Cooper wanted to use it as the ending, but he did not get final authority to do so. A sequence of Bad Blake visiting his son in Los Angeles was also cut from the final film.[12]Bridges initially passed on the role when he was first offered it. He explained to Vanity Fair that although he liked the script, he realized that the songs would make or break it and at the time the film had no musical attachments.[13] A year later he talked with T Bone Burnett, who was approached to work on the film's soundtrack; together they both agreed to work on the film, and Bridges joined the project.[13]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bob Neuwirth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Neuwirth"},{"link_name":"Sam Hopkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightnin%27_Hopkins"},{"link_name":"Gary Nicholson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Nicholson_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Townes Van Zandt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townes_Van_Zandt"},{"link_name":"Sam Philips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Philips"},{"link_name":"Greg Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Brown_(folk_musician)"},{"link_name":"Billy Joe Shaver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Joe_Shaver"},{"link_name":"Eddy Shaver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddy_Shaver"},{"link_name":"The Weary Kind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Weary_Kind"},{"link_name":"Buck Owens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buck_Owens"},{"link_name":"The Louvin Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Louvin_Brothers"},{"link_name":"Lightnin' Hopkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightnin%27_Hopkins"},{"link_name":"Waylon Jennings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waylon_Jennings"},{"link_name":"Townes Van Zandt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townes_Van_Zandt"},{"link_name":"Sam Philips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Philips"},{"link_name":"Best Song Written For Motion Picture, Television Or Other Visual Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Song_Written_for_a_Motion_Picture,_Television_or_Other_Visual_Media"},{"link_name":"Best Compilation Soundtrack Album For Motion Picture, Television Or Other Visual Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Compilation_Soundtrack_Album_for_a_Motion_Picture,_Television_or_Other_Visual_Media"}],"sub_title":"Music","text":"The album entitled Crazy Heart: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack was released in 2009 to accompany the film. The 23-track album contains many songs written by Burnett, Bruton, and Bingham, but also some by John Goodwin, Bob Neuwirth, Sam Hopkins, Gary Nicholson, Townes Van Zandt, Sam Philips, Greg Brown, Billy Joe Shaver, and Eddy Shaver.The songs are performed by various artists including actors Bridges, Farrell, and Duvall, as well as singers Bingham (who sings the theme song \"The Weary Kind\" and plays Tony in the film), Buck Owens, The Louvin Brothers, Lightnin' Hopkins, Waylon Jennings, Townes Van Zandt, and Sam Philips.At the 82nd Grammy Awards, the theme song \"The Weary Kind\" by Ryan Bingham won for Best Song Written For Motion Picture, Television Or Other Visual Media and the soundtrack also won for Best Compilation Soundtrack Album For Motion Picture, Television Or Other Visual Media.","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Review aggregator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_aggregator"},{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RottenTomatoes-14"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Jeff Bridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Bridges"},{"link_name":"Detroit News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_News"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Toronto Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Star"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Academy Award for Best Actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Actor"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Film Critics Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Film_Critics_Association"},{"link_name":"Broadcast Film Critics Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_Film_Critics_Association"},{"link_name":"Golden Globe Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe_Awards"},{"link_name":"Screen Actors Guild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild"},{"link_name":"Independent Spirit Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Spirit_Awards"},{"link_name":"Chicago Film Critics Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Film_Critics_Association"},{"link_name":"London Critics Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Critics_Circle"},{"link_name":"Online Film Critics Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_Film_Critics_Society"},{"link_name":"Satellite Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_Awards"},{"link_name":"Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actress"},{"link_name":"The Weary Kind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Weary_Kind"},{"link_name":"Ryan Bingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Bingham"},{"link_name":"T Bone Burnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_Bone_Burnett"},{"link_name":"Academy Award for Best Original Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Original_Song"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Golden Globe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/67th_Golden_Globe_Awards"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GlodenGlobes-19"}],"sub_title":"Critical response","text":"Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports that 90% of critics have given the film a positive review based on 212 reviews, with an average score of 7.40/10. The consensus reads, \"Thanks to a captivating performance from Jeff Bridges, Crazy Heart transcends its overly familiar origins and finds new meaning in an old story.\"[14] On Metacritic the film holds a score of 83 out of 100 based on 32 reviews, indicating \"universal acclaim\".[15]Critics mainly praised the performance of Jeff Bridges as Bad Blake, with many claiming he elevated the film above its seemingly conventional story and languid pace. Tom Long from Detroit News writes, \"It's a bit too easy, a bit too familiar, and maybe even a bit too much fun. But the easy magic Bridges brings to the screen makes it all work.\"[16] The Toronto Star's Linda Barnard attests that \"some goodwill evaporates in the final reel, when a few false endings lead to a choice that's not the best one for Crazy Heart, but the generosity of Bridges' performance puts us in a forgiving mood.\"[17]Jeff Bridges' performance earned him the Academy Award for Best Actor, as well as Best Actor prizes from the Los Angeles Film Critics Association, Broadcast Film Critics Association, Golden Globe Awards, Screen Actors Guild and the Independent Spirit Awards. Bridges also received nominations from the Chicago Film Critics Association, London Critics Circle, Online Film Critics Society and the Satellite Awards. Gyllenhaal was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance. The song \"The Weary Kind\" earned Ryan Bingham and T Bone Burnett the 2009 Academy Award for Best Original Song[18] and a Golden Globe.[19]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Accolades","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD"},{"link_name":"Blu-ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"The film was released on April 20, 2010, on DVD and Blu-ray. The single-disc DVDs special features included six deleted scenes, while the Blu-ray 2-disc set contained eight deleted scenes (including one in which Bad reunites with his son), plus two alternative music cuts and a short documentary in which the stars discuss \"What Brought Them to Crazy Heart\".[20]","title":"Home media"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Crazy Heart\". Box Office Mojo. IMDb. Retrieved April 29, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=crazyheart.htm","url_text":"\"Crazy Heart\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_Office_Mojo","url_text":"Box Office Mojo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb","url_text":"IMDb"}]},{"reference":"\"Crazy Heart (15)\". British Board of Film Classification. December 21, 2009. Retrieved April 9, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/crazy-heart-film","url_text":"\"Crazy Heart (15)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Board_of_Film_Classification","url_text":"British Board of Film Classification"}]},{"reference":"Cobb, Thomas (1987). Crazy Heart. San Francisco: Harper & Row. ISBN 0-06-015803-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-015803-4","url_text":"0-06-015803-4"}]},{"reference":"Lewis, Randy (December 2, 2009). \"Hank Thompson: 'Crazy Heart's' real-life Bad Blake\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 6, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehandstand.org/archive/february-march2010/articles/film.htm","url_text":"\"Hank Thompson: 'Crazy Heart's' real-life Bad Blake\""}]},{"reference":"Cieply, Michael (November 1, 2009). \"A Surprise Gets Buzz for Oscars\". The New York Times. Retrieved January 26, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Cieply","url_text":"Cieply, Michael"},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/19/movies/19crazy.html","url_text":"\"A Surprise Gets Buzz for Oscars\""}]},{"reference":"Honeycutt, Kirk (November 2, 2009). \"Crazy Heart – Film Review\". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on February 26, 2010. Retrieved February 27, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100226132324/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/film-reviews/Crazy%2BHeart%2B--%2BFilm%2BReview-1004048527.story","url_text":"\"Crazy Heart – Film Review\""},{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/film-reviews/Crazy+Heart+--+Film+Review-1004048527.story","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Fox Searchlight Pictures Acquires 'Crazy Heart'\". Content.FoxSearchlight.com. Archived from the original on July 24, 2009. Retrieved July 21, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090724074324/http://content.foxsearchlight.com/inside/node/3656","url_text":"\"Fox Searchlight Pictures Acquires 'Crazy Heart'\""},{"url":"http://content.foxsearchlight.com/inside/node/3656","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Oscar Watch: 'Crazy Hearts Bridges Joins Actors Fray\". Anne Thompson/Blogs.IndieWire.com. Retrieved November 4, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://blogs.indiewire.com/thompsononhollywood/2009/11/04/oscar_watch_crazy_hearts_bridges_joins_actors_fray/","url_text":"\"Oscar Watch: 'Crazy Hearts Bridges Joins Actors Fray\""}]},{"reference":"Rourke, Bryan (November 2, 2009). \"Foster author's 'Crazy Heart' gets reprint now that movie is on the way\". projo.com. The Providence Journal Co. Retrieved September 22, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.projo.com/books/content/artsun-crazy_heart_11-22-09_HEGEML5_v32.1579da2.html","url_text":"\"Foster author's 'Crazy Heart' gets reprint now that movie is on the way\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, Krista (December 22, 2009). \"Jeff Bridges: The Vanity Fair Interview\". Vanity Fair. Retrieved February 9, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2009/12/jeff-bridges-the-vanity-fair-interview","url_text":"\"Jeff Bridges: The Vanity Fair Interview\""}]},{"reference":"\"Crazy Heart\". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango. Retrieved October 29, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/crazy_heart","url_text":"\"Crazy Heart\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes","url_text":"Rotten Tomatoes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fandango_(company)","url_text":"Fandango"}]},{"reference":"\"Crazy Heart Reviews\". Metacritic. Retrieved April 9, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/movie/crazy-heart","url_text":"\"Crazy Heart Reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"}]},{"reference":"\"Review: Jeff Bridges and memorable music elevate 'Crazy Heart'\". Detroit News. Retrieved January 15, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.detnews.com/article/20100115/OPINION03/1150332/1034/ent02/Review--Jeff-Bridges-and-memorable-music-elevate--Crazy-Heart-","url_text":"\"Review: Jeff Bridges and memorable music elevate 'Crazy Heart'\""}]},{"reference":"Barnard, Linda. \"Crazy Heart: Hurts so good\". Toronto Star. Retrieved January 15, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/movies/article/750978--crazy-heart-hurts-so-good","url_text":"\"Crazy Heart: Hurts so good\""}]},{"reference":"\"Oscar nominations announced\". ew.com. 2010. Archived from the original on February 5, 2010. Retrieved February 2, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100205043942/http://oscar-watch.ew.com/2010/02/02/oscar-nominations-announced/","url_text":"\"Oscar nominations announced\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"ew.com"},{"url":"http://oscar-watch.ew.com/2010/02/02/oscar-nominations-announced/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Nominations and Winners 2009\". Official Website of the Annual Golden Globe Awards. Hollywood Foreign Press Association. Archived from the original on December 15, 2009. Retrieved February 14, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091215200918/http://www.goldenglobes.org/nominations/","url_text":"\"Nominations and Winners 2009\""},{"url":"http://www.goldenglobes.org/nominations/","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=crazyheart.htm","external_links_name":"\"Crazy Heart\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/crazy-heart-film","external_links_name":"\"Crazy Heart (15)\""},{"Link":"http://www.thehandstand.org/archive/february-march2010/articles/film.htm","external_links_name":"\"Hank Thompson: 'Crazy Heart's' real-life Bad Blake\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/19/movies/19crazy.html","external_links_name":"\"A Surprise Gets Buzz for Oscars\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100226132324/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/film-reviews/Crazy%2BHeart%2B--%2BFilm%2BReview-1004048527.story","external_links_name":"\"Crazy Heart – Film Review\""},{"Link":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/film-reviews/Crazy+Heart+--+Film+Review-1004048527.story","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090724074324/http://content.foxsearchlight.com/inside/node/3656","external_links_name":"\"Fox Searchlight Pictures Acquires 'Crazy Heart'\""},{"Link":"http://content.foxsearchlight.com/inside/node/3656","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://blogs.indiewire.com/thompsononhollywood/2009/11/04/oscar_watch_crazy_hearts_bridges_joins_actors_fray/","external_links_name":"\"Oscar Watch: 'Crazy Hearts Bridges Joins Actors Fray\""},{"Link":"http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/01/29/the-reading-life-jeff-bridges-and-crazy-heart-channeling-donald-barthelme/","external_links_name":"The Reading Life: Jeff Bridges and ‘Crazy Heart’: Channeling Donald Barthelme?"},{"Link":"http://www.projo.com/books/content/artsun-crazy_heart_11-22-09_HEGEML5_v32.1579da2.html","external_links_name":"\"Foster author's 'Crazy Heart' gets reprint now that movie is on the way\""},{"Link":"https://jhupbooks.press.jhu.edu/title/old-and-lost/author-bio","external_links_name":"Glenn Blake author biography for short story collection The Old and the Lost."},{"Link":"http://blogs.villagevoice.com/music/archives/2010/03/qa_crazy_heart.php","external_links_name":"Q&A: Crazy Heart Author Thomas Cobb on His Character Bad Blake, Deer Tick, and Why Chet Atkins Killed Country"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100307155754/http://blogs.villagevoice.com/music/archives/2010/03/qa_crazy_heart.php","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2009/12/jeff-bridges-the-vanity-fair-interview","external_links_name":"\"Jeff Bridges: The Vanity Fair Interview\""},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/crazy_heart","external_links_name":"\"Crazy Heart\""},{"Link":"https://www.metacritic.com/movie/crazy-heart","external_links_name":"\"Crazy Heart Reviews\""},{"Link":"http://www.detnews.com/article/20100115/OPINION03/1150332/1034/ent02/Review--Jeff-Bridges-and-memorable-music-elevate--Crazy-Heart-","external_links_name":"\"Review: Jeff Bridges and memorable music elevate 'Crazy Heart'\""},{"Link":"https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/movies/article/750978--crazy-heart-hurts-so-good","external_links_name":"\"Crazy Heart: Hurts so good\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100205043942/http://oscar-watch.ew.com/2010/02/02/oscar-nominations-announced/","external_links_name":"\"Oscar nominations announced\""},{"Link":"http://oscar-watch.ew.com/2010/02/02/oscar-nominations-announced/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091215200918/http://www.goldenglobes.org/nominations/","external_links_name":"\"Nominations and Winners 2009\""},{"Link":"http://www.goldenglobes.org/nominations/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://content.foxsearchlight.com/inside/node/4373","external_links_name":"\"Buy now.\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100404004947/http://content.foxsearchlight.com/inside/node/4373","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1263670/","external_links_name":"Crazy Heart"},{"Link":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v494835","external_links_name":"Crazy Heart"},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/crazy_heart","external_links_name":"Crazy Heart"},{"Link":"https://www.metacritic.com/movie/crazy-heart","external_links_name":"Crazy Heart"},{"Link":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=crazyheart.htm","external_links_name":"Crazy Heart"},{"Link":"https://www.joblo.com/scripts/ch.pdf","external_links_name":"Crazy Heart"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronological_Classics	Chronological Classics	["1 Discography","2 References","3 External links"]	French compilation album series The Chronological Classics series consists of 965 jazz compact discs compiled by Gilles Pétard in France. Classics Records is a record company and label founded by Pétard in Paris in c. 1989. The company also reissued recording by Rhythm & blues artists in a series which ran to 190 CDs. The label set out to assemble comprehensive collections of jazz recordings by hundreds of artists previously issued on 78 rpm records, as European copyright laws allowed (issued recordings are protected for 50 years) and issue them on compact disc. The series was issued with discographical details and in colour-coordinated packaging. Classics largely concentrating on reissuing American jazz, while the American record companies were not producing their own editions of early jazz on anything like this scale. Classics had several European rivals in the early 1990s such as Masters of Jazz and Jazz Archives. The series was initially distributed by subscription, with five issues being released each month. The series began with number 500 in December 1989. The initial release was Ella Fitzgerald 1935–1937. The series contains the output of the greatest jazz musicians up to the early 1950s, including Louis Armstrong, Count Basie, Duke Ellington, and Benny Goodman, as well as lesser known artists, such as Jabbo Smith, Claude Hopkins and Tiny Parham. The Classics label regularly issued new collections until 2004, when its original distributor went bankrupt. The back catalogue was then acquired by Abeille Musique, which operated the label until July 2008. Five titles announced for an August 2008 release were never issued. Many of the titles have also been given a digital release under the label 'Complete Jazz Series' and are available on streaming services. For many years the cover of the CDs contained a typographical error. Instead of "Chronological", the typo at the top said "Chronogical". This mistake was corrected only in 2005, and a new logotype is used on the disc covers since number 1380 (Dizzy Gillespie 1953). Discography Further information: Chronological Classics complete discography References ^ a b c d Zwerin, Mike (September 8, 1999). "Classics Label Reissues 'Everything' by 200 Musicians: Jazz Greats, Before the LP". The New York Times. The International Herald Tribune. Retrieved May 1, 2021. ^ Kennedy, Gary (2002). Barry Kernfeld (ed.). The New Grove Dictionary of Jazz, vol. 1 (2nd ed.). New York: Grove's Dictionaries Inc. p. 454. ISBN 1561592846. Record company and label established in Paris around 1989. ^ a b Watrous, Peter (19 December 1993). "Ceding A Legacy To Europe". The New York Times. Retrieved 11 August 2021. External links Chronological Classics at Abeille Musique Chronological Classics' Project Authority control databases MusicBrainz series	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zwerin-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-New_Grove-2"},{"link_name":"Rhythm & blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_%26_blues"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zwerin-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Watrous-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zwerin-1"},{"link_name":"Ella Fitzgerald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald"},{"link_name":"Louis Armstrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Armstrong"},{"link_name":"Count Basie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_Basie"},{"link_name":"Duke Ellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Ellington"},{"link_name":"Benny Goodman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benny_Goodman"},{"link_name":"Jabbo Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabbo_Smith"},{"link_name":"Claude Hopkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Hopkins"},{"link_name":"Tiny Parham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiny_Parham"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zwerin-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Watrous-3"}],"text":"The Chronological Classics series consists of 965 jazz compact discs compiled by Gilles Pétard in France.[1] Classics Records is a record company and label founded by Pétard in Paris in c. 1989.[2] The company also reissued recording by Rhythm & blues artists in a series which ran to 190 CDs.The label set out to assemble comprehensive collections of jazz recordings by hundreds of artists previously issued on 78 rpm records, as European copyright laws allowed (issued recordings are protected for 50 years) and issue them on compact disc.[1] The series was issued with discographical details and in colour-coordinated packaging. Classics largely concentrating on reissuing American jazz, while the American record companies were not producing their own editions of early jazz on anything like this scale. Classics had several European rivals in the early 1990s such as Masters of Jazz and Jazz Archives.[3]The series was initially distributed by subscription, with five issues being released each month. The series began with number 500 in December 1989.[1] The initial release was Ella Fitzgerald 1935–1937. The series contains the output of the greatest jazz musicians up to the early 1950s, including Louis Armstrong, Count Basie, Duke Ellington, and Benny Goodman, as well as lesser known artists, such as Jabbo Smith, Claude Hopkins and Tiny Parham.[1][3]The Classics label regularly issued new collections until 2004, when its original distributor went bankrupt. The back catalogue was then acquired by Abeille Musique, which operated the label until July 2008. Five titles announced for an August 2008 release were never issued. Many of the titles have also been given a digital release under the label 'Complete Jazz Series' and are available on streaming services.For many years the cover of the CDs contained a typographical error. Instead of \"Chronological\", the typo at the top said \"Chronogical\". This mistake was corrected only in 2005, and a new logotype is used on the disc covers since number 1380 (Dizzy Gillespie 1953).","title":"Chronological Classics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chronological Classics complete discography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronological_Classics_complete_discography"}],"text":"Further information: Chronological Classics complete discography","title":"Discography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Zwerin, Mike (September 8, 1999). \"Classics Label Reissues 'Everything' by 200 Musicians: Jazz Greats, Before the LP\". The New York Times. The International Herald Tribune. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton_Corporation_of_India	Cotton Corporation of India	["1 References","2 External links"]	Central Public Sector Undertaking The Cotton Corporation of IndiaCompany typeCentral Public Sector UndertakingIndustryTextilesFounded1970HeadquartersMumbaiKey peopleLalit Kumar Gupta, (Chairman & Managing Director)WebsiteOfficial website The Cotton Corporation of India Limited or CCI is a central public sector undertaking under the ownership of the Ministry of Textiles, Government of India, engaged in diverse activities related to trade, procurement, and export of cotton. CCI is a public sector agency responsible for equitable distribution of cotton among the different constituents of the industry and for aiding in the import of cotton. It was incorporated on 31 July 1970 under the Companies Act 1956. CCI is governed by Textile Policy 1985 issued by the Ministry of Textiles, Government of India. References ^ "The Cotton Corporation of India Ltd". The Cotton Corporation of India Ltd. Archived from the original on 16 October 2010. Retrieved 22 December 2010. ^ "Board of Directors". The Cotton Corporation of India Ltd. 26 September 2016. Archived from the original on 10 February 2017. Retrieved 10 February 2017. ^ Madhvi Sally (14 October 2010). "High cotton prices hit CCI business plans". The Economic Times. Retrieved 25 January 2011. ^ "CCI treads cautiously as cotton ryots suffer - Times Of India". Times of India. 4 November 2012. Archived from the original on 4 November 2012. Retrieved 6 February 2024. ^ "Tamil Nadu / Madurai News : Cotton Corporation adopts Madurai village to raise output". The Hindu. 14 October 2010. Archived from the original on 19 October 2010. Retrieved 22 December 2010. ^ "CCI officials to look into plight of cotton farmers in Telangana". Jagranjosh.com. 27 October 2017. Retrieved 6 February 2024. External links Cotton Corporation of India — Official website Authority control databases International VIAF National United States This textile arts article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"central public sector undertaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_sector_undertakings_in_India"},{"link_name":"ownership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ownership"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Textiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Textiles_(India)"},{"link_name":"Government of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_India"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"cotton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Textiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Textiles"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The Cotton Corporation of India Limited or CCI is a central public sector undertaking under the ownership of the Ministry of Textiles, Government of India,[3] engaged in diverse activities related to trade, procurement, and export of cotton.[4] CCI is a public sector agency responsible for equitable distribution of cotton among the different constituents of the industry and for aiding in the import of cotton. It was incorporated on 31 July 1970 under the Companies Act 1956.[5]CCI is governed by Textile Policy 1985 issued by the Ministry of Textiles, Government of India.[6]","title":"Cotton Corporation of India"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"The Cotton Corporation of India Ltd\". The Cotton Corporation of India Ltd. Archived from the original on 16 October 2010. Retrieved 22 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101016070251/http://www.cotcorp.org.in","url_text":"\"The Cotton Corporation of India Ltd\""},{"url":"http://www.cotcorp.org.in/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Board of Directors\". The Cotton Corporation of India Ltd. 26 September 2016. Archived from the original on 10 February 2017. Retrieved 10 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170210034750/http://cotcorp.org.in/directors.aspx","url_text":"\"Board of Directors\""},{"url":"http://www.cotcorp.org.in/directors.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Madhvi Sally (14 October 2010). \"High cotton prices hit CCI business plans\". The Economic Times. Retrieved 25 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/commodities/high-cotton-prices-hit-cci-business-plans/articleshow/6745615.cms","url_text":"\"High cotton prices hit CCI business plans\""}]},{"reference":"\"CCI treads cautiously as cotton ryots suffer - Times Of India\". Times of India. 4 November 2012. Archived from the original on 4 November 2012. Retrieved 6 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121104065209/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-02/hyderabad/28226329_1_senior-cci-official-cotton-farmers-open-market","url_text":"\"CCI treads cautiously as cotton ryots suffer - Times Of India\""},{"url":"http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-02/hyderabad/28226329_1_senior-cci-official-cotton-farmers-open-market","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Tamil Nadu / Madurai News : Cotton Corporation adopts Madurai village to raise output\". The Hindu. 14 October 2010. Archived from the original on 19 October 2010. Retrieved 22 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101019001257/http://www.hindu.com/2010/10/14/stories/2010101460290200.htm","url_text":"\"Tamil Nadu / Madurai News : Cotton Corporation adopts Madurai village to raise output\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu","url_text":"The Hindu"},{"url":"http://www.hindu.com/2010/10/14/stories/2010101460290200.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"CCI officials to look into plight of cotton farmers in Telangana\". Jagranjosh.com. 27 October 2017. Retrieved 6 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/union-government-to-send-cci-officials-to-telangana-to-resolve-cotton-procurement-issue-1509082313-1","url_text":"\"CCI officials to look into plight of cotton farmers in Telangana\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.cotcorp.org.in/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101016070251/http://www.cotcorp.org.in","external_links_name":"\"The Cotton Corporation of India Ltd\""},{"Link":"http://www.cotcorp.org.in/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170210034750/http://cotcorp.org.in/directors.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Board of Directors\""},{"Link":"http://www.cotcorp.org.in/directors.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/commodities/high-cotton-prices-hit-cci-business-plans/articleshow/6745615.cms","external_links_name":"\"High cotton prices hit CCI business plans\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121104065209/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-02/hyderabad/28226329_1_senior-cci-official-cotton-farmers-open-market","external_links_name":"\"CCI treads cautiously as cotton ryots suffer - Times Of India\""},{"Link":"http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-02/hyderabad/28226329_1_senior-cci-official-cotton-farmers-open-market","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101019001257/http://www.hindu.com/2010/10/14/stories/2010101460290200.htm","external_links_name":"\"Tamil Nadu / Madurai News : Cotton Corporation adopts Madurai village to raise output\""},{"Link":"http://www.hindu.com/2010/10/14/stories/2010101460290200.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/union-government-to-send-cci-officials-to-telangana-to-resolve-cotton-procurement-issue-1509082313-1","external_links_name":"\"CCI officials to look into plight of cotton farmers in Telangana\""},{"Link":"https://www.cotcorp.org.in/","external_links_name":"Cotton Corporation of India"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/126565214","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50018188","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cotton_Corporation_of_India&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Inuit	Central Inuit	["1 References"]	Central Inuit are the Inuit of Northern Canada, their designation determined by geography and their tradition of snowhouses ("igloos"), fur clothing, and sled dogs. They are differentiated from Alaska's Iñupiat, Greenland's Kalaallit, and Russian Inuit. Central Inuit are subdivided into smaller groupings which include the Caribou, Netsilik, Iglulik, and Baffinland Inuit. Though Copper Inuit are geographically located in the central Arctic, they are considered to be socially and ideologically distinct from the Central Inuit. The Central Inuit conception of the world's structure has gender qualities. Women are connected to the sea, sea mammals, sea tools, and winter. Men are connected with the land, land animals, land tools, and summer. Gender concept also affects burials. They do not commonly create images of supernatural powers, preferring instead to make amulets using pieces of things including animals. Central Inuit lived in multiple types of dwellings. In addition to igloos, they also lived in qarmaqs. References ^ Waldman, Carl (September 2006). Encyclopedia of Native American tribes. Infobase Publishing. pp. 115–. ISBN 978-0-8160-6274-4. Retrieved 28 August 2011. ^ Shadian, Jessica; University of Delaware (2006). Reconceptualizing sovereignty through indigenous autonomy: A case study of Arctic governance and the Inuit Circumpolar Conference. pp. 57–. ISBN 978-0-542-81197-5. Retrieved 28 August 2011. ^ Cummins, B.D. (2004). Faces of the North: the ethnographic photography of John Honigmann. Toronto: Natural Heritage/Natural History. p. 149. ISBN 1-896219-79-9. Retrieved 2007-12-27. ^ Issenman, B. (1997). Sinews of survival: the living legacy of Inuit clothing (pdf). Vancouver: UBC Press. p. 136. ISBN 0-7748-0596-X. Retrieved 2007-12-27. ^ Fossett, Renée (2001). In Order to Live Untroubled: Inuit of the Central Arctic, 1550-1940. University of Manitoba Press. pp. 17–. ISBN 978-0-88755-171-0. Retrieved 9 December 2012. ^ Ruggles, Clive L. N. (2005). Ancient astronomy: an encyclopedia of cosmologies and myth. ABC-CLIO. pp. 193–. ISBN 978-1-85109-477-6. Retrieved 28 August 2011. ^ Auger, Emily Elisabeth (2005). The way of Inuit art: aesthetics and history in and beyond the Arctic. McFarland. pp. 54–. ISBN 978-0-7864-1888-6. Retrieved 28 August 2011. ^ Stern, Pamela R. (2004). Historical dictionary of the Inuit. Scarecrow Press. pp. 129–. ISBN 978-0-8108-5058-3. Retrieved 28 August 2011.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ruggles2005-6"},{"link_name":"amulets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amulet"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Auger2005-7"},{"link_name":"qarmaqs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qarmaq"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stern2004-8"}],"text":"The Central Inuit conception of the world's structure has gender qualities. Women are connected to the sea, sea mammals, sea tools, and winter. Men are connected with the land, land animals, land tools, and summer. Gender concept also affects burials.[6] They do not commonly create images of supernatural powers, preferring instead to make amulets using pieces of things including animals.[7]Central Inuit lived in multiple types of dwellings. In addition to igloos, they also lived in qarmaqs.[8]","title":"Central Inuit"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Waldman, Carl (September 2006). Encyclopedia of Native American tribes. Infobase Publishing. pp. 115–. ISBN 978-0-8160-6274-4. 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In Order to Live Untroubled: Inuit of the Central Arctic, 1550-1940. University of Manitoba Press. pp. 17–. ISBN 978-0-88755-171-0. Retrieved 9 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yK7cac_mXGgC&pg=PR17","url_text":"In Order to Live Untroubled: Inuit of the Central Arctic, 1550-1940"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88755-171-0","url_text":"978-0-88755-171-0"}]},{"reference":"Ruggles, Clive L. N. (2005). Ancient astronomy: an encyclopedia of cosmologies and myth. ABC-CLIO. pp. 193–. ISBN 978-1-85109-477-6. Retrieved 28 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_L._N._Ruggles","url_text":"Ruggles, Clive L. N."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Q9YYqiXm-lkC&pg=PA193","url_text":"Ancient astronomy: an encyclopedia of cosmologies and myth"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-477-6","url_text":"978-1-85109-477-6"}]},{"reference":"Auger, Emily Elisabeth (2005). The way of Inuit art: aesthetics and history in and beyond the Arctic. McFarland. pp. 54–. ISBN 978-0-7864-1888-6. Retrieved 28 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bO1WTEEHgH0C&pg=PA54","url_text":"The way of Inuit art: aesthetics and history in and beyond the Arctic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1888-6","url_text":"978-0-7864-1888-6"}]},{"reference":"Stern, Pamela R. (2004). Historical dictionary of the Inuit. Scarecrow Press. pp. 129–. ISBN 978-0-8108-5058-3. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Francorum_qui_ceperunt_Iherusalem	Historia Francorum qui ceperunt Iherusalem	["1 Editions","2 References"]	History of the Franks AuthorRaymond of AguilersOriginal titleHistoria Francorum qui ceperunt IherusalemTranslatorJohn H. and Laurita L. Hill (English)François Guizot (French)LanguageLatinSubjectFirst CrusadeGenrechroniclePublication date1098×1105Publication placeKingdom of JerusalemPages~100 in manuscript The Historia Francorum qui ceperunt Iherusalem (Ecclesiastical Latin: ; "History of the Franks who captured Jerusalem"), which has also been published under the simple title Liber ("Book"), is a Latin chronicle of the First Crusade written between 1098 and 1105, probably completed by 1101, by Pons of Balazun and Raymond of Aguilers. Pons was a knight who died during the crusade in the spring of 1099. Raymond was the chaplain of Count Raymond IV of Toulouse. Although the work is attributed to both of them, it seems that Pons did little beyond encouraging Raymond to begin writing before his death. The finished work is basically that of Raymond's. As an eyewitness of the events of the First Crusade, he is one of its most important chroniclers, comparable in importance to the Gesta Francorum and Fulcher of Chartres. The Historia Francorum was probably written during the crusade. It presumed to have been completed before 1105, because it does not mention the death of Raymond's patron, the count of Toulouse, in that year. Probably it was substantially complete by 1101, since it was certainly used by Fulcher of Chartres for his book, finished in that year. The Historia makes some limited use of the Gesta Francorum, but it is in the main a firsthand account with a completely different focus from the Gesta. Because he was close to the count, Raymond was better informed regarding the inner workings of the crusader leadership than the author of the Gesta. The Historia Francorum was one of the texts given to King Louis VII of France as a coronation gift in 1137. Besides Fulcher, the author of the Historia belli sacri and William of Tyre also used it as a source. Seven manuscripts of the Historia survive: three from the 12th century, two from the 13th and one each from the 14th and 15th. In most cases, it was bound in a codex alongside the works of Fulcher and Walter the Chancellor. Editions The Historia Francorum was translated into modern French at the beginning of the 19th century by the French scholar François Guizot, in Memoires sur l'histoire de France XXI (1824), 227–397. The Latin text was first published by Jacques Bongars in Gesta Dei per Francos, I, pp. 139–183, and again in the Recueil des historiens occidentaux des croisades (1866), pp. 235–309. The most recent translation into English was provided by John and Laurita Hill in 1968: Raymond d'Aguilers, Historia Francorum qui ceperunt Iherusalem tr. John Hugh Hill, Laurita L. Hill. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1968. References ^ a b c d e f Barbara Packard (2011), "Raymond of Aguilers", in David Thomas; Alex Mallett (eds.), Christian–Muslim Relations: A Bibliographical History, Brill, vol. 3 (1050–1200), pp. 297–300. ^ John France (1967), A Critical Edition of the Historia Francorum Qui Ceperunt Iherusalem of Raymond of Aguilers (PDF) (PhD dissertation), University of Nottingham, pp. iv–viii. ^ Susan B. Edgington (2006), "Raymond of Aguilers", in Alan V. Murray (ed.), The Crusades: An Encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO, vol. IV, p. 1009.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ecclesiastical Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin_language"},{"link_name":"[isˈtɔː.ri.a ˈfraŋ.kɔ.rum kwi ˈt͡ʃɛː.pɛ.runt i.ɛˈruː.za.lɛm]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Latin"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"First Crusade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Crusade"},{"link_name":"Pons of Balazun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pons_of_Balazun"},{"link_name":"Raymond of Aguilers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_of_Aguilers"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BP-1"},{"link_name":"Raymond IV of Toulouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_IV_of_Toulouse"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JF-2"},{"link_name":"Gesta Francorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesta_Francorum"},{"link_name":"Fulcher of Chartres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulcher_of_Chartres"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BP-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SBE-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BP-1"},{"link_name":"Louis VII of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_VII_of_France"},{"link_name":"Historia belli sacri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_belli_sacri"},{"link_name":"William of Tyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_of_Tyre"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BP-1"},{"link_name":"codex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex"},{"link_name":"Walter the Chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_the_Chancellor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BP-1"}],"text":"The Historia Francorum qui ceperunt Iherusalem (Ecclesiastical Latin: [isˈtɔː.ri.a ˈfraŋ.kɔ.rum kwi ˈt͡ʃɛː.pɛ.runt i.ɛˈruː.za.lɛm]; \"History of the Franks who captured Jerusalem\"), which has also been published under the simple title Liber (\"Book\"), is a Latin chronicle of the First Crusade written between 1098 and 1105, probably completed by 1101, by Pons of Balazun and Raymond of Aguilers.[1]Pons was a knight who died during the crusade in the spring of 1099. Raymond was the chaplain of Count Raymond IV of Toulouse. Although the work is attributed to both of them, it seems that Pons did little beyond encouraging Raymond to begin writing before his death. The finished work is basically that of Raymond's.[2] As an eyewitness of the events of the First Crusade, he is one of its most important chroniclers, comparable in importance to the Gesta Francorum and Fulcher of Chartres.[1]The Historia Francorum was probably written during the crusade.[3] It presumed to have been completed before 1105, because it does not mention the death of Raymond's patron, the count of Toulouse, in that year. Probably it was substantially complete by 1101, since it was certainly used by Fulcher of Chartres for his book, finished in that year. The Historia makes some limited use of the Gesta Francorum, but it is in the main a firsthand account with a completely different focus from the Gesta. Because he was close to the count, Raymond was better informed regarding the inner workings of the crusader leadership than the author of the Gesta.[1]The Historia Francorum was one of the texts given to King Louis VII of France as a coronation gift in 1137. Besides Fulcher, the author of the Historia belli sacri and William of Tyre also used it as a source.[1]Seven manuscripts of the Historia survive: three from the 12th century, two from the 13th and one each from the 14th and 15th. In most cases, it was bound in a codex alongside the works of Fulcher and Walter the Chancellor.[1]","title":"Historia Francorum qui ceperunt Iherusalem"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"François Guizot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot"},{"link_name":"Jacques Bongars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Bongars"},{"link_name":"Recueil des historiens occidentaux des croisades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recueil_des_historiens_occidentaux_des_croisades"},{"link_name":"American Philosophical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society"}],"text":"The Historia Francorum was translated into modern French at the beginning of the 19th century by the French scholar François Guizot, in Memoires sur l'histoire de France XXI (1824), 227–397. The Latin text was first published by Jacques Bongars in Gesta Dei per Francos, I, pp. 139–183, and again in the Recueil des historiens occidentaux des croisades (1866), pp. 235–309. The most recent translation into English was provided by John and Laurita Hill in 1968:Raymond d'Aguilers, Historia Francorum qui ceperunt Iherusalem tr. John Hugh Hill, Laurita L. Hill. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1968.","title":"Editions"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Barbara Packard (2011), \"Raymond of Aguilers\", in David Thomas; Alex Mallett (eds.), Christian–Muslim Relations: A Bibliographical History, Brill","urls":[{"url":"https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004216167/Bej.9789004195158.i-804_046.xml","url_text":"Christian–Muslim Relations: A Bibliographical History"}]},{"reference":"John France (1967), A Critical Edition of the Historia Francorum Qui Ceperunt Iherusalem of Raymond of Aguilers (PDF) (PhD dissertation), University of Nottingham","urls":[{"url":"http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/50918/1/553039.pdf","url_text":"A Critical Edition of the Historia Francorum Qui Ceperunt Iherusalem of Raymond of Aguilers"}]},{"reference":"Susan B. Edgington (2006), \"Raymond of Aguilers\", in Alan V. Murray (ed.), The Crusades: An Encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004216167/Bej.9789004195158.i-804_046.xml","external_links_name":"Christian–Muslim Relations: A Bibliographical History"},{"Link":"http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/50918/1/553039.pdf","external_links_name":"A Critical Edition of the Historia Francorum Qui Ceperunt Iherusalem of Raymond of Aguilers"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Degeorgi	Josef Degeorgi	["1 References","2 External links"]	Austrian footballer Josef Degeorgi Personal informationDate of birth (1960-01-19) 19 January 1960 (age 64)Place of birth Bad Vöslau, AustriaHeight 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in)Position(s) DefenderSenior careerYears Team Apps (Gls)1977–1982 Admira Wacker 61 (1)1982–1990 Austria Wien 188 (8)1990–1991 Admira Wacker 30 (1)1991–1993 VfB Mödling International career1982–1990 Austria 30 (1) Club domestic league appearances and goals Josef Degeorgi (born 19 January 1960) is a former international Austrian footballer. Degeorgi won the Austrian league four times and the Austrian cup three times while playing for Austria Wien from 1983 to 1990. References ^ "Ex-Teamverteidiger Degeorgi ist 50" (in German). Nachrichten. 19 January 2010. External links Josef Degeorgi at National-Football-Teams.com Profile - Austria-archiv vteAustria squad – 1982 FIFA World Cup 1 Koncilia 2 Krauss 3 Obermayer (c) 4 Degeorgi 5 Pezzey 6 Hattenberger 7 Schachner 8 Prohaska 9 Krankl 10 Hintermaier 11 Jara 12 Pichler 13 Hagmayr 14 Baumeister 15 Dihanich 16 Messlender 17 Pregesbauer 18 Jurtin 19 Weber 20 Welzl 21 Feurer 22 Lindenberger Coach: Latzke & Schmidt This biographical article related to association football in Austria, about a defender, is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Austrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_(soccer)"},{"link_name":"Austria Wien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria_Wien"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Josef Degeorgi (born 19 January 1960) is a former international Austrian footballer.Degeorgi won the Austrian league four times and the Austrian cup three times while playing for Austria Wien from 1983 to 1990.[1]","title":"Josef Degeorgi"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Ex-Teamverteidiger Degeorgi ist 50\" (in German). Nachrichten. 19 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nachrichten.at/sport/fussball/sportnet;art99,323388","url_text":"\"Ex-Teamverteidiger Degeorgi ist 50\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.nachrichten.at/sport/fussball/sportnet;art99,323388","external_links_name":"\"Ex-Teamverteidiger Degeorgi ist 50\""},{"Link":"https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/21828.html","external_links_name":"Josef Degeorgi"},{"Link":"http://www.austria-archiv.at/spieler.php?Spieler_ID=125","external_links_name":"Profile"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josef_Degeorgi&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ormuzd	Ahura Mazda	["1 Nomenclature","2 Characteristics","3 Zoroaster's revelation","4 Plutarch","5 History","5.1 Achaemenid Empire","5.2 Parthian Empire","5.3 Sasanian Empire","5.4 Present-day Zoroastrianism","6 In other religions","7 101 Names","8 See also","9 Notes","10 References","11 Bibliography","12 Further reading"]	Highest deity of Zoroastrianism "Ormuzd" redirects here. For the kingdom of Ohrmuzd, see Ormus. "Hormazd", "Hormozd", and "Hurmuzd" redirect here. For persons with these names, such as several Sassanid kings, see Hormizd. Ahura MazdaLord of WisdomGod of the SkySassanid-era relief at Naqsh-e Rostam depicting Ahura Mazda presenting the diadem of sovereignty to Ardashir INative name𐬀𐬵𐬎𐬭𐬋 𐬨𐬀𐬰𐬛𐬃اهورا مزداAffiliationZoroastrianismTextsAvestaRegionGreater IranEquivalentsAdversary equivalentAhriman Part of a series onZoroastrianism Primary topics Ahura Mazda Zarathustra Asha Vohu Manah Persia/Iran Faravahar Avestan Divine entities Amesha Spentas Yazatas Ahuras Daevas Fravashi Angra Mainyu Scripture and worship Zoroastrian literature Avesta Ashem Vohu Ahuna Vairya Yenghe hatam Airyaman ishya Fire Temples 101 Names of Ahura Mazda Adur Burzen-Mihr Adur Farnbag Adur Gushnasp Cypress of Kashmar Gathas Yasna Vendidad Visperad Yashts Khordeh Avesta The Rivayats Ab-Zohr Accounts and legends Dēnkard Bundahišn Book of Arda Viraf Book of Jamasp Story of Sanjan Chinvat Bridge Frashokereti History and culture Zurvanism Mazdakism Khurramites Calendar Festivals Initiation Kushti Sedreh Marriage Burial Adherents Zoroastrians in India Zoroastrians in Iran Parsis Zoroastrianism in the United States Iranis Persecution of Zoroastrians Related topics Criticism of Zoroastrianism Zoroastrian cosmology Religion portalvte Part of a series onTheism Types of faith Agnosticism Apatheism Atheism Classical theism Deism Henotheism Ietsism Ignosticism Monotheism Monism Dualism Monolatry Kathenotheism Omnism Pandeism Panentheism Pantheism Polytheism Transtheism Specific conceptions Brahman Creator Demiurge Deus Father Form of the Good God Great Architect Monad Mother Summum bonum Supreme Being Sustainer The Lord Trinity Tawhid Ditheism Monism Personal Unitarianism In particular religions Abrahamic Judaism Christianity Islam Baháʼí Faith Mormonism Mandaeism Samaritanism Indo-Iranian Hinduism Buddhism Jainism Sikhism Yungdrung Bon Zoroastrianism Chinese Tian Shangdi Hongjun Laozu Attributes Eternalness Existence Gender Names ("God") Omnibenevolence Omnipotence Omnipresence Omniscience Aseity Transcendence ExperiencesPractices Belief Esotericism Faith Fideism Gnosis Hermeticism Metaphysics Mysticism Prayer Revelation Worship Related topics Euthyphro dilemma God complex God gene Theology Ontology Problem of evil (theodicy) Religion philosophy texts Portrayals of God in popular media Religion portal vte Ahura Mazda (/əˌhʊərə ˈmæzdə/; Avestan: 𐬀𐬵𐬎𐬭𐬋 𐬨𐬀𐬰𐬛𐬃, romanized: Ahurō Mazdā̊; Persian: اهورا مزدا, romanized: Ahurâ Mazdâ), also known as Oromasdes, Ohrmazd, Ormazd, Ormusd, Hoormazd, Harzoo, Hormazd, Hormaz and Hurmuz, is the creator deity and god of the sky in the ancient Iranian religion Zoroastrianism. He is the first and most frequently invoked spirit in the Yasna. The literal meaning of the word Ahura is "lord", and that of Mazda is "wisdom". The first notable invocation of Ahura Mazda occurred during the Achaemenid period (c. 550–330 BC) with the Behistun Inscription of Darius the Great. Until the reign of Artaxerxes II (c. 405/404–358 BC), Ahura Mazda was worshipped and invoked alone in all extant royal inscriptions. With Artaxerxes II, Ahura Mazda was gathered in a triad with Mithra and Anahita. In the Achaemenid period, there are no known representations of Ahura Mazda at the royal court other than the custom for every emperor to have an empty chariot drawn by white horses to invite Ahura Mazda to accompany the Persian army on battles. Images of Ahura Mazda, however, were present from the 5th century BC but were stopped and replaced with stone-carved figures in the Sassanid period and later removed altogether through an iconoclastic movement supported by the Sassanid dynasty. Nomenclature The most likely etymology is from Proto-Indo-European h₂ḿ̥suros, from h₂ems- ("to engender, beget"), and therefore it is cognate with Proto-Germanic ansuz. Finnish Indologist Asko Parpola locates a borrowing from Proto-Indo-Aryan asera- to the Uralic languages, with the meaning 'lord, prince'. 'Mazda', or rather the Avestan stem-form Mazdā-, nominative Mazdå, reflects Proto-Iranian mazdáH (a feminine noun). It is generally taken to be the proper name of the spirit and, like its Vedic cognate medhā́, means "intelligence" or "wisdom". Both the Avestan and the Sanskrit words reflect Proto-Indo-Iranian mazdʰáH, from Proto-Indo-European mn̥sdʰh₁éh₂, literally meaning "placing (dʰeh₁) one's mind (mn̥-s)", hence "wise". The name was rendered as Ahuramazda (Old Persian) during the Achaemenid era, Hormazd during the Parthian era and Ohrmazd during the Sassanian era. The name may be attested on cuneiform tablets of Assyrian Assurbanipal, in the form Assara Mazaš, but that interpretation is very controversial. Characteristics This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Even though it is speculated that Ahura Mazda was a spirit in the Indo-Iranian religion, he had not yet been given the title of "uncreated spirit". This title was given by Zoroaster, who proclaimed Ahura Mazda as the uncreated spirit, wholly wise, benevolent, and sound, as well as the creator and upholder of Asha. Zoroaster's revelation According to Zoroastrian tradition, at the age of 30, Zoroaster received a revelation: while fetching water at dawn for a sacred ritual, he saw the shining figure of the Amesha Spenta, Vohu Manah, who led Zoroaster to the presence of Ahura Mazda, where he was taught the cardinal principles of the "Good Religion" later known as Zoroastrianism. As a result of this vision, Zoroaster felt that he was chosen to spread and preach the religion. He stated that this source of all goodness was the Ahura, worthy of the highest worship. He further stated that Ahura Mazda created spirits known as yazatas to aid him. Zoroaster proclaimed that some Iranian gods were daevas who deserved no worship. These "bad" deities were created by Angra Mainyu, the destructive spirit. Angra Mainyu was the source of all sin and misery in the universe. Zoroaster claimed that Ahura Mazda used the aid of humans in the cosmic struggle against Angra Mainyu. Nonetheless, Ahura Mazda is Angra Mainyu's superior, not his equal. Angra Mainyu and his daevas, which attempt to attract humans away from the Path of Asha, would eventually be defeated. Plutarch According to Plutarch, Zoroaster named "Arimanius" as one of the two rivals who were the artificers of good and evil. In terms of sense perception, Oromazes was to be compared to light, and Arimanius to darkness and ignorance; between these was Mithras the Mediator. Arimanius received offerings that pertained to warding off evil and mourning. In describing a ritual to Arimanius, Plutarch says the god was invoked as Hades:  68 gives the identification as Pluto, the name of the Greek ruler of the underworld used most commonly in texts and inscriptions pertaining to the mystery religions, and in Greek dramatists and philosophers of Athens in the Classical period. Turcan:  232 notes that Plutarch makes of Arimanius "a sort of tenebrous Pluto". Plutarch, however, names the Greek god as Hades, not the name Plouton used in the Eleusinian tradition ("The Hidden One") and darkness. The Arimanius ritual required an otherwise-unknown plant that Plutarch calls "omomi" (Haoma or Soma), which was to be pounded in a mortar and mixed with the blood of a sacrificed wolf. The substance was then carried to a place "where the sun never shines" and cast therein. He adds that "water-rats" belong to this god, and therefore proficient rat-killers are fortunate men. Plutarch then gives a cosmogonical myth: Oromazes, born from the purest light, and Areimanius, born from darkness, are constantly at war with each other; and Oromazes created six gods, the first of Good Thought, the second of Truth, the third of Order, and, of the rest, one of Wisdom, one of Wealth, and one the Artificer of Pleasure in what is Honourable. But Areimanius created rivals, as it were, equal to these in number. Then Oromazes enlarged himself to thrice his former size, and removed himself as far distant from the Sun as the Sun is distant from the Earth, and adorned the heavens with stars. One star he set there before all others as a guardian and watchman, the Dog-star. Twenty-four other gods he created and placed in an egg. But those created by Areimanius, who were equal in number to the others, pierced through the egg and made their way inside; hence evils are now combined with good. But a destined time shall come when it is decreed that Areimanius, engaged in bringing on pestilence and famine, shall by these be utterly annihilated and shall disappear; and then shall the earth become a level plain, and there shall be one manner of life and one form of government for a blessed people who shall all speak one tongue. — Plutarch:  47 Scholar Mary Boyce asserted that the passage shows a "fairly accurate" knowledge of basic Zoroastrianism. In his Life of Themistocles, Plutarch has the Persian king invoke Arimanius by name, asking the god to cause the king's enemies to behave in such a way as to drive away their own best men; de Jong (1997):  313 doubted that a Persian king would pray to his own national religion's god of evil, particularly in public. According to Plutarch, the king then made a sacrifice and got drunk – essentially a running gag on Persian kings in Plutarch's writing, and thus dubious evidence for actual behavior.:  314 History Drawing of the "leontocephaline figure" found at the mithraeum of C. Valerius Heracles and sons, dedicated 190 CE at Ostia Antica, Italy (CIMRM 312) Achaemenid Empire The Behistun Inscription contains many references to Ahura Mazda Stater of Tiribazos, Satrap of Lydia, c. 380 BC showing Ahura Mazda Whether the Achaemenids were Zoroastrians is a matter of much debate. However, it is known that the Achaemenids were worshipers of Ahura Mazda. The representation and invocation of Ahura Mazda can be seen on royal inscriptions written by Achaemenid kings. The most notable of all the inscriptions is the Behistun Inscription written by Darius the Great which contains many references to Ahura Mazda. An inscription written in Greek was found in a late Achaemenid temple at Persepolis, which invoked Ahura Mazda and two other deities, Mithra and Anahita. Artaxerxes III makes this invocation Ahuramazda again during his reign. In the Elamite language Persepolis Fortification Tablets dated between 509–494 BC, offerings to Ahura Mazda are recorded in tablets #377, #338 (notably alongside Mitra), #339, and #771. The early Achaemenid period contained no representation of Ahura Mazda. The winged symbol with a male figure formerly regarded by European scholars as Ahura Mazda has been now speculated to represent the royal khvarenah, the personification of divine power and regal glory. However, it was customary for every emperor from Cyrus until Darius III to have an empty chariot drawn by white horses as a place for Ahura Mazda to accompany the Persian army on battles. The use of images of Ahura Mazda began in the western satraps of the Achaemenid Empire in the late 5th century BC. Under Artaxerxes II, the first literary reference, as well as a statue of Ahura Mazda, was built by a Persian governor of Lydia in 365 BC. Parthian Empire It is known that the reverence for Ahura Mazda, as well as Anahita and Mithra, continued with the same traditions during this period. The worship of Ahura Mazda with symbolic images is noticed, but it stopped within the Sassanid period. Zoroastrian iconoclasm, which can be traced to the end of the Parthian period and the beginning of the Sassanid, eventually put an end to the use of all images of Ahura Mazda in worship. However, Ahura Mazda remained symbolized by a dignified male figure, standing or on horseback, which is found in Sassanian investiture. Sasanian Empire Ahura Mazda (on the right, with high crown) presents Ardashir I (left) with the ring of kingship. (Naqsh-e Rostam, 3rd century AD) Investiture scene: Anahita on the left as the patron yazata of the Sasanian dynasty behind Emperor Khosrow II, with Ahura Mazda presenting the khvarenah of sovereignty on the right. Taq-e Bostan, Iran During the Sassanid Empire, a heretical and divergent form of Zoroastrianism, termed Zurvanism, emerged. It gained adherents throughout the Sasanian Empire, most notably the royal lineage of Sasanian emperors. Under the reign of Shapur I, Zurvanism spread and became a widespread cult. Zurvanism revokes Zoroaster's original message of Ahura Mazda as the uncreated spirit and the "uncreated creator" of all and reduces him to a created spirit, one of two twin sons of Zurvan, their father and the primary spirit. Zurvanism also makes Ahura Mazda and Angra Mainyu of equal strength and only contrasting spirits. Besides Zurvanism, the Sassanian kings demonstrated their devotion to Ahura Mazda in different fashions. Five kings took the name Hormizd and Bahram II created the title of "Ohrmazd-mowbad", which was continued after the Muslim conquest of Persia and through Islamic times. All devotional acts in Zoroastrianism originating from the Sassanian period begin with homage to Ahura Mazda. The five Gāhs start with the declaration in Middle Persian that "Ohrmazd is Lord" and incorporate the Gathic verse "Whom, Mazda hast thou appointed my protector". Zoroastrian prayers are to be said in the presence of light, either in the form of fire or the sun. In the Iranian languages Yidgha and Munji, the sun is still called ormozd. Present-day Zoroastrianism In 1884, Martin Haug proposed a new interpretation of Yasna 30.3 that subsequently influenced Zoroastrian doctrine significantly. According to Haug's interpretation, the "twin spirits" of 30.3 were Angra Mainyu and Spenta Mainyu, the former being literally the "Destructive Spirit" and the latter being the "Bounteous Spirit" (of Ahura Mazda). Further, in Haug's scheme, Angra Mainyu was now not Ahura Mazda's binary opposite, but—like Spenta Mainyu—an emanation of Him. Haug also interpreted the concept of a free will of Yasna 45.9 as an accommodation to explain where Angra Mainyu came from since Ahura Mazda created only good. The free will made it possible for Angra Mainyu to choose to be evil. Although these latter conclusions were not substantiated by Zoroastrian tradition, at the time, Haug's interpretation was gratefully accepted by the Parsis of Bombay since it provided a defense against Christian missionary rhetoric, particularly the attacks on the Zoroastrian idea of an uncreated Evil that was as uncreated as God was. Following Haug, the Bombay Parsis began to defend themselves in the English-language press. The argument was that Angra Mainyu was not Mazda's binary opposite but his subordinate, who—as in Zurvanism also—chose to be evil. Consequently, Haug's theories were disseminated as a Parsi interpretation in the West, where they appeared to be corroborating Haug. Reinforcing themselves, Haug's ideas came to be iterated so often that they are today almost universally accepted as doctrine. In other religions Some scholars (Kuiper. IIJ I, 1957; Zimmer. Münchner Studien 1984:187–215) believe that Ahura Mazda originates from vouruna-miθra, or Vedic Varuna (and Mitra). According to William W. Malandra both Varuna (in Vedic period) and Ahura Mazda (in old Iranian religion) represented same Indo-Iranian concept of a supreme "wise, all-knowing lord". Kushan coinage of Huvishka with Ahuramazda on the reverse (Greek legend ωΡΟΜ, Orom). 150–180 AD In Manichaeism, the name Ohrmazd Bay ("god Ahura Mazda") was used for the primal figure Nāšā Qaḏmāyā, the "original man" and emanation of the Father of Greatness (in Manicheism called Zurvan) through whom after he sacrificed himself to defend the world of light was consumed by the forces of darkness. Although Ormuzd is freed from the world of darkness his "sons", often called his garments or weapons, remain. After a series of events, his sons, later known as the World Soul, will, for the most part, escape from matter and return to the world of light where they came from. Manicheans often identified many of Mani's cosmological figures with Zoroastrian ones. This may partly be because Mani was born in the greatly Zoroastrian Parthian Empire. In Sogdian Buddhism, Xwrmztʼ (Sogdian was written without a consistent representation of vowels) was the name used in place of Ahura Mazda. Via contacts with Turkic peoples like the Uyghurs, this Sogdian name came to the Mongols, who still name this deity Qormusta Tengri (also Qormusta or Qormusda) is now a popular enough deity to appear in many contexts that are not explicitly Buddhist. The pre-Christian Armenians held Aramazd as an important deity in their pantheon of gods. He is thought to be a syncretic deity, a combination of the autochthonous Armenian figures Aram and his son Ara and the Iranian Ahura Mazda. In modern-day Armenia, Aramazd is a male first name. 101 Names See also: 101 Names of God yazat ("Worthy of worship.") harvasp-tavãn ("Omnipotent.") harvasp-âgâh ("Omniscient.") harvasp-h'udhâ ("The Lord of all.") abadah ("Without beginning.") awî-añjâm ("Without end.") bûnastah ("The origin of the formation of the world.") frâxtañtah ("Broad end of all.") jamakh ("Greatest cause.") parjahtarah ("More exalted.") tum-afayah ("Most innocent.") abravañt ("Apart from everyone.") parvañdah ("Relation with all.") an-ayâfah ("Incomprehensible by anyone.") ham-ayâfah ("Comprehensible of all.") âdharô ("Most straight, most just.") gîrâ ("Holding fast all.") acim ("Without reason.") cimnâ ("Reason of reasons.") safinâ ("Increaser.") âwzâ ("Causer of increase. The Lord of purity") nâshâ ("Reaching all equally.") parvarâ ("Nourisher.") âyânah ("Protector of the world.") âyaîn-âyânah ("Not of various kinds.") an-âyanah ("Without form.") xraoshît-tum ("Firmest.") mînôtum ("Most invisible.") vâsnâ ("Omnipresent.") harvastum ("All in all.") husipâs ("Worthy of thanks.") har-hemît ("All good-natured.") harnekfareh ("All good auspicious-glory.") beshtarnâ ("Remover of affliction.") tarônîs ("The triumphant.") anaoshak ("Immortal.") farashak ("Fulfiller of wishes.") pazohadhad ("Creator of good nature.") xavâpar ("Beneficient.") awaxshâyâ ("Bestower of Love.") awarzâ ("Excessive bringer.") â-sitôh ("Undefeated, undistressed.") raxôh ("Independent, carefree.") varûn ("Protector from evil.") a-frîpah ("Undeceivable.") awe-frîftah ("Undeceived.") adhvaî ("Unparalleled.") kãme-rat ("Lord of wishes.") framãn-kãm ("Only wish is His command.") âyextan ("Without body.") â-framôsh ("Unforgetful.") hamârnâ ("Taker of accounts.") snâyâ ("Recognizable, worth recognition.") a-tars ("Fearless.") a-bîsh ("Without affliction or torment.") a-frâzdum ("Most exalted.") hamcûn ("Always uniform.") mînô-stîgar ("Creator of the Universe spiritually.") a-mînôgar ("Creator of much spirituality.") mînô-nahab ("Hidden in Spirits.") âdhar-bâtgar ("Air of fire, i.e. transformer into air.") âdhar-namgar ("Water of fire, i.e. transformer into water.") bât-âdhargar ("Transformer of air into fire.") bât-namgar ("Transformer of air into water.") bât-gelgar ("Transformer of air into earth.") bât-girdtum ("Transformer of air into girad, i.e. gathered.") âdhar-kîbarît-tum ("Transformer of fire into jewels.") bâtgarjâi ("Who creates air in all places.") âwtum ("Creator of most excessive water.") gel-âdhargar ("Transformer of the earth into fire.") gel-vâdhgar ("Transformer of the earth into air.") gel-namgar ("Transformer of the earth into water.") gargar ("Artisan of artisans.") garôgar ("Bestower of wishes.") garâgar ("Creator of man") garâgargar ("Creator of the entire creation") a-garâgar ("Creator of four elements") a-garâgargar ("Creator of clusters of the stars") a-gûmãn ("Without doubt.") a-jamãn ("Without time.") a-h'uãn ("Without sleep.") âmushthushyâr ("Intelligent.") frashûtanâ ("Eternal protector-increaser.") padhamãnî ("Maintainer of padman, i.e. the golden mean.") pîrôzgar ("Victorious.") h'udhâvañd ("Lord-Master of the Universe.") ahuramazda ("Lord Omniscient.") abarînkuhantavãn ("Of the most exalted rank in the power of maintaining the origin of the creations.") abarîn-nô-tavã ("Of the most exalted rank in the power of rendering the creations anew.") vaspãn ("Attainer to all the creations.") vaspâr ("Bringer of and attainer to all.") h'âwar ("Merciful.") ahû ("Lord of the world.") âwaxsîdâr ("Forgiver.") dâdhâr ("The just creator.") rayomañd ("Full of rae-lustre-splendour.") h'arehmand ("Full of khoreh, i.e. glory.") dâwar ("The just judge.") kerfagar ("Lord of meritorious deeds.") buxtâr ("Redeemer, saviour.") frashôgar ("Restorer through increase of the soul.") Coin of Hormizd I Kushanshah (277-286 AD). Pahlavi inscription: "The Mazda worshipper, the divine Hormizd the great Kushan king of kings"/ Pahlavi inscription: "Exalted god, Hormizd the great Kushan king of kings", Hormizd standing right, holding investiture wreath over altar and raising left hand in benedictional gesture to Anahita holding investiture wreath and sceptre. Merv mint See also Religion portal Asura Varuna Creator deity Names of God Mazda Notes ^ Old Persian: 𐏈 or 𐏉 or 𐏊 (genitive); Old Persian cuneiform logograms ^ Persian pronunciation: ^ For an explanation of the approximation of mainyu as "spirit", see Angra Mainyu. ^ Most prominent of these voices was that of the Scottish Presbyterian minister John Wilson, whose church was next door to the M. F. Cama Athornan Institute, the premier school for Zoroastrian priests. That the opinions of the Zoroastrian priesthood were barely represented in the debates that ensued was to some extent since the priesthood spoke Gujarati and not English, but also because they were (at the time) poorly equipped to debate with a classically trained theologian on his footing. Wilson had even taught himself Avestan. ^ For a scholastic review of the theological developments in Indian Zoroastrianism, particularly concerning the devaluation of Angra Mainyu to a position where the (epitome of) pure evil became viewed as a creation of Mazda (and so compromised their figure of pure good), see Maneck 1997 References ^ "Ahura Mazda \| Definition of Ahura Mazda by Merriam-Webster". Merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 11 January 2016. ^ Cristian, Radu. "Ahura Mazda". World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 17 May 2023. ^ Wilkinson, Philip (1999). Spilling, Michael; Williams, Sophie; Dent, Marion (eds.). Illustrated Dictionary of Religions (First American ed.). New York: DK. p. 70. ISBN 0-7894-4711-8. ^ Parpola, Asko (2015). The Roots of Hinduism: The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization. Oxford University Press. p. 114. ISBN 978-0190226923. ^ Blazek, Václav (2005). "Indo-Iranian elements in Fenno-Ugric mythological lexicon". Indogermanische Forschungen. 110 (1): 162. doi:10.1515/9783110185164.162. ^ a b c Boyce 1983, p. 685. ^ Boyce 1975, p. 14. ^ Nigosian 1993, p. 12. ^ Andrea & Overfield 2000, p. 86. ^ Plutarch (1936). Isis and Osiris. Translated by Thayer, Bill. Loeb Classical Library. pp. 46–47; available online: Plutarch (1936). Isis and Osiris. LacusCurtius. Translated by Thayer, Bill. University of Chicago. pp. 46–47. ^ Reinach, S. (1909). Orpheus: A general history of religions. Translated by Simmonds, F. London, UK: Heinemann. ^ Turcan, Robert (2001) . The Cults of the Roman Empire. Blackwell. originally published 1989 in French. ^ Plutarch. "Isis and Osiris". Moralia. University of Chicago – via Penelope.UChicago.edu. ^ Plutarch (1936). Isis and Osiris. Translated by Thayer, Bill. Loeb Classical Library. pp. 46–47; available online: Plutarch (1936). Isis and Osiris. Translated by Thayer, Bill. University of Chicago. pp. 46–47 – via LacusCurtius. ^ Boyce, M. & Grenet, F. (1991). A History of Zoroastrianism: Zoroastrianism under Macedonian and Roman rule. Brill. pp. 458–459. ^ a b de Jong, A. (1997). Traditions of the Magi: Zoroastrianism in Greek and Latin literature. Brill. ^ Bromiley 1995, p. 126. ^ Hanson, Victor Davis (18 December 2007). Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise to Western Power. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-307-42518-8. ^ Hallock, Richard (1969). Persepolis Fortification Tablets (PDF). Chicago, Illinois: The University of Chicago Press. pp. 151, 771. ^ a b c d Boyce 1983, p. 686. ^ Corduan 1998, p. 123. ^ King 2005, p. 314. ^ Whitrow 2003, p. 8. ^ Maneck 1997, pp. 182ff. ^ William W. Malandra. An Introduction to Ancient Iranian Religion. 1983. p. 46 ^ Dani, Ahmad Hasan; Harmatta, János (1999). History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. pp. 327–328. ISBN 978-81-208-1408-0. ^ Unknown 1999, p. 429. ^ Frye 1996, p. 247. ^ Sims-Williams 1992, p. 44. ^ For distinctions in usage between the two names, see Pluto in the mysteries and cult and Pluto in Greek literature and philosophy. ^ In Greek religion, Hades was the ruler of the dead or shades, but not an evil god per se, except in the sense that death might be considered a bad thing – κακόν, kakon. ^ Plutarch wrote in the second century BCE when the Roman Empire was deep in the middle of an ongoing, ultimately futile war of acquisition in Persia – the "Roman Vietnam". Denigrating the enemy Persian government in popular writing would have been a show of loyalty to the Empire’s shaky aspirations to repeat Alexander’s conquest ~600 years earlier. Bibliography Andrea, Alfred; Overfield, James H. (2000), The Human Record: Sources of Global History : To 1700, vol. 4 (Illustrated ed.), Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, ISBN 978-0-618-04245-6 Boyce, Mary (1975), History of Zoroastrianism, Vol. I, The early period, Leiden: Brill Boyce, Mary (1983), "Ahura Mazdā", Encyclopaedia Iranica, vol. 1, New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul, pp. 684–687 Maneck, Susan Stiles (1997), The Death of Ahriman: Culture, Identity and Theological Change Among the Parsis of India, Bombay: K. R. Cama Oriental Institute Sims-Williams, Nicholas (1992), Sogdian and other Iranian inscriptions of the Upper Indus, University of Michigan, ISBN 978-0-7286-0194-9 Corduan, Winfried (1998), Neighboring faiths: a Christian introduction to world religions, InterVarsity Press, ISBN 978-0-8308-1524-1 Frye, Richard Nelson (1996), The heritage of Central Asia from antiquity to the Turkish expansion, Markus Wiener Publishers, ISBN 978-1-55876-111-7 Unknown (1999), History of civilizations of Central Asia, Volume 3, Motilal Banarsidass Publ King, Karen L. (2005), What is Gnosticism?, Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-01762-7 Whitrow, G. J. (2003), What is time?, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-860781-6 Bromiley, Geoffrey (1995), The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: Q-Z, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, ISBN 978-0-8028-3784-4 Nigosian, Solomon (1993), The Zoroastrian faith: tradition and modern research, McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP, ISBN 978-0-7735-1144-6 Further reading Boyce, Mary (1982), History of Zoroastrianism, Vol. II, Under the Achamenians, Leiden: Brill Boyce, Mary (2001), "Mithra the King and Varuna the Master", Festschrift für Helmut Humbach zum 80., Trier: WWT, pp. 239–257 Dhalla, Maneckji Nusservanji (1938), History of Zoroastrianism, New York: OUP, ISBN 0-404-12806-8 Humbach, Helmut (1991), The Gathas of Zarathushtra and the other Old Avestan texts, Heidelberg: Winter, ISBN 3-533-04473-4 Kent, Roland G. (1945), "Old Persian Texts", Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 4 (4): 228–233, doi:10.1086/370756, S2CID 222444341 Kuiper, Bernardus Franciscus Jacobus (1983), "Ahura", Encyclopaedia Iranica, vol. 1, New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul, pp. 682–683 Kuiper, Bernardus Franciscus Jacobus (1976), "Ahura Mazdā 'Lord Wisdom'?", Indo-Iranian Journal, 18 (1–2): 25–42, doi:10.1163/000000076790079465 Kuiper, F. B. J. (1997). "Avestan Mazdā-". F.B.J. Kuiper Selected Writings on Indian Linguistics and Philology. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 321–330. doi:10.1163/9789004653764_012. ISBN 978-90-04-65376-4. Ware, James R.; Kent, Roland G. (1924), "The Old Persian Cuneiform Inscriptions of Artaxerxes II and Artaxerxes III", Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association, 55, The Johns Hopkins University Press: 52–61, doi:10.2307/283007, JSTOR 283007 Kent, Roland G. (1950), Old Persian: Grammar, texts, lexicon, New Haven: American Oriental Society, ISBN 0-940490-33-1 Andrea, Alfred; James H. Overfield (2000), The Human Record: Sources of Global History : To 1700, vol. 4 (Illustrated ed.), Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, ISBN 978-0-618-04245-6 Schlerath, Bernfried (1983), "Ahurānī", Encyclopaedia Iranica, vol. 1, New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul, pp. 683–684 vteNames of God In Hinduism In Zoroastrianism Abrahamic In Chinese In Christianity In Judaism In Islam Adonai Ahura Mazda Khuda Parvardigar Allah Amun Aten Atum Bathala Brahman Bhagavan Deva Trimurti Brahma Vishnu Rama Krishna Shiva Hiranyagarbha Ishvara Om Tad Ekam Purusha Svayam Bhagavan Cao Đài Chukwu Deus Devla Ein Sof El Elohim El Elyon El Shaddai God God the Father God the Son God the Holy Spirit Great Spirit Manitou/Gitche Manitou Wakan Tanka Haneunim Holy Spirit Huwa Hyang Acintya Sanghyang Adi Buddha Hypsistos I Am that I Am Jahbulon Jehovah 1 Kami Mawu Mulungu Ngai Nyame Nzambi a Mpungu Olodumare Ọlọrun Olofi Osanobua Shen Shangdi Tian Tianzhu Sol Invictus Elagabalus Tenri-Ō-no-Mikoto The One Umvelinqangi Unkulunkulu Waheguru Ik Onkar YHWH Jehovah Jah Yahweh Authority control databases International VIAF 2 National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ormus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ormus"},{"link_name":"Hormizd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormizd_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"/əˌhʊərə ˈmæzdə/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Avestan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avestan_language"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian"},{"link_name":"[n 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[n 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"creator deity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creator_deity"},{"link_name":"god of the sky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_deity"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-5"},{"link_name":"Zoroastrianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoroastrianism"},{"link_name":"Yasna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasna"},{"link_name":"Ahura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ahura"},{"link_name":"Mazda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mazda"},{"link_name":"Achaemenid period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire"},{"link_name":"Behistun Inscription","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behistun_Inscription"},{"link_name":"Darius the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darius_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Artaxerxes II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artaxerxes_II"},{"link_name":"Mithra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mithra"},{"link_name":"Anahita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anahita"},{"link_name":"Persian army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Iran#Achaemenid_Era"},{"link_name":"Sassanid period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire"},{"link_name":"iconoclastic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconoclasm"},{"link_name":"Sassanid dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_dynasty"}],"text":"\"Ormuzd\" redirects here. For the kingdom of Ohrmuzd, see Ormus.\"Hormazd\", \"Hormozd\", and \"Hurmuzd\" redirect here. For persons with these names, such as several Sassanid kings, see Hormizd.Ahura Mazda (/əˌhʊərə ˈmæzdə/;[1] Avestan: 𐬀𐬵𐬎𐬭𐬋 𐬨𐬀𐬰𐬛𐬃, romanized: Ahurō Mazdā̊; Persian: اهورا مزدا, romanized: Ahurâ Mazdâ),[n 1][n 2] also known as Oromasdes, Ohrmazd, Ormazd, Ormusd, Hoormazd, Harzoo, Hormazd, Hormaz and Hurmuz,[2] is the creator deity and god of the sky[3] in the ancient Iranian religion Zoroastrianism. He is the first and most frequently invoked spirit in the Yasna. The literal meaning of the word Ahura is \"lord\", and that of Mazda is \"wisdom\".The first notable invocation of Ahura Mazda occurred during the Achaemenid period (c. 550–330 BC) with the Behistun Inscription of Darius the Great. Until the reign of Artaxerxes II (c. 405/404–358 BC), Ahura Mazda was worshipped and invoked alone in all extant royal inscriptions. With Artaxerxes II, Ahura Mazda was gathered in a triad with Mithra and Anahita. In the Achaemenid period, there are no known representations of Ahura Mazda at the royal court other than the custom for every emperor to have an empty chariot drawn by white horses to invite Ahura Mazda to accompany the Persian army on battles. Images of Ahura Mazda, however, were present from the 5th century BC but were stopped and replaced with stone-carved figures in the Sassanid period and later removed altogether through an iconoclastic movement supported by the Sassanid dynasty.","title":"Ahura Mazda"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Proto-Indo-European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language"},{"link_name":"Proto-Germanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language"},{"link_name":"Asko Parpola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asko_Parpola"},{"link_name":"Proto-Indo-Aryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-Aryan_language"},{"link_name":"Uralic languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uralic_languages"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-asko-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"nominative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominative_case"},{"link_name":"Proto-Iranian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Iranian_language"},{"link_name":"feminine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminine_gender"},{"link_name":"Vedic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit"},{"link_name":"intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence"},{"link_name":"wisdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisdom"},{"link_name":"Proto-Indo-Iranian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_language"},{"link_name":"mazdʰáH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/mazd%CA%B0%C3%A1H"},{"link_name":"Proto-Indo-European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyce1983685-8"},{"link_name":"Old Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Persian"},{"link_name":"Achaemenid era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire"},{"link_name":"Parthian era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Sassanian era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyce1983685-8"},{"link_name":"cuneiform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuneiform"},{"link_name":"Assyrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyria"},{"link_name":"Assurbanipal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashurbanipal"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyce197514-9"}],"text":"The most likely etymology is from Proto-Indo-European h₂ḿ̥suros, from h₂ems- (\"to engender, beget\"), and therefore it is cognate with Proto-Germanic ansuz. Finnish Indologist Asko Parpola locates a borrowing from Proto-Indo-Aryan asera- to the Uralic languages, with the meaning 'lord, prince'.[4][5]'Mazda', or rather the Avestan stem-form Mazdā-, nominative Mazdå, reflects Proto-Iranian mazdáH (a feminine noun). It is generally taken to be the proper name of the spirit and, like its Vedic cognate medhā́, means \"intelligence\" or \"wisdom\". Both the Avestan and the Sanskrit words reflect Proto-Indo-Iranian mazdʰáH, from Proto-Indo-European mn̥sdʰh₁éh₂, literally meaning \"placing (dʰeh₁) one's mind (mn̥-s)\", hence \"wise\".[6]The name was rendered as Ahuramazda (Old Persian) during the Achaemenid era, Hormazd during the Parthian era and Ohrmazd during the Sassanian era.[6]The name may be attested on cuneiform tablets of Assyrian Assurbanipal, in the form Assara Mazaš, but that interpretation is very controversial.[7]","title":"Nomenclature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indo-Iranian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Iranians"},{"link_name":"Zoroaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoroaster"},{"link_name":"creator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creator_deity"},{"link_name":"Asha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asha"}],"text":"Even though it is speculated that Ahura Mazda was a spirit in the Indo-Iranian religion, he had not yet been given the title of \"uncreated spirit\". This title was given by Zoroaster, who proclaimed Ahura Mazda as the uncreated spirit, wholly wise, benevolent, and sound, as well as the creator and upholder of Asha.","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amesha Spenta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amesha_Spenta"},{"link_name":"Vohu Manah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vohu_Manah"},{"link_name":"Zoroastrianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoroastrianism"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENigosian199312-10"},{"link_name":"yazatas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazata"},{"link_name":"daevas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daeva"},{"link_name":"Angra Mainyu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahriman"},{"link_name":"Asha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asha"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndreaOverfield200086-11"}],"text":"According to Zoroastrian tradition, at the age of 30, Zoroaster received a revelation: while fetching water at dawn for a sacred ritual, he saw the shining figure of the Amesha Spenta, Vohu Manah, who led Zoroaster to the presence of Ahura Mazda, where he was taught the cardinal principles of the \"Good Religion\" later known as Zoroastrianism. As a result of this vision, Zoroaster felt that he was chosen to spread and preach the religion.[8] He stated that this source of all goodness was the Ahura, worthy of the highest worship. He further stated that Ahura Mazda created spirits known as yazatas to aid him. Zoroaster proclaimed that some Iranian gods were daevas who deserved no worship. These \"bad\" deities were created by Angra Mainyu, the destructive spirit. Angra Mainyu was the source of all sin and misery in the universe. Zoroaster claimed that Ahura Mazda used the aid of humans in the cosmic struggle against Angra Mainyu. Nonetheless, Ahura Mazda is Angra Mainyu's superior, not his equal. Angra Mainyu and his daevas, which attempt to attract humans away from the Path of Asha, would eventually be defeated.[9]","title":"Zoroaster's revelation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Plutarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarch"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Zoroaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoroaster"},{"link_name":"Arimanius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arimanius"},{"link_name":"Mithras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mithra"},{"link_name":"warding off evil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apotropaic_magic"},{"link_name":"mourning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mourning"},{"link_name":"Hades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hades"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Pluto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluto_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"mystery religions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries"},{"link_name":"Classical period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Greece"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Turcan1992-14"},{"link_name":"tenebrous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tenebrous"},{"link_name":"Hades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hades"},{"link_name":"Plouton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hades"},{"link_name":"Eleusinian tradition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleusinian_Mysteries"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"omomi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haoma"},{"link_name":"Haoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haoma"},{"link_name":"Soma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soma_(drink)"},{"link_name":"cosmogonical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmogony"},{"link_name":"Dog-star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirius"},{"link_name":"an egg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_egg"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PlutarchIsis-18"},{"link_name":"Mary Boyce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Boyce"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deJong1997-20"},{"link_name":"running gag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Running_gag"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deJong1997-20"}],"text":"According to Plutarch,[10] Zoroaster named \"Arimanius\" as one of the two rivals who were the artificers of good and evil. In terms of sense perception, Oromazes was to be compared to light, and Arimanius to darkness and ignorance; between these was Mithras the Mediator. Arimanius received offerings that pertained to warding off evil and mourning.In describing a ritual to Arimanius, Plutarch says the god was invoked as Hades[11]:  68 gives the identification as Pluto, the name of the Greek ruler of the underworld used most commonly in texts and inscriptions pertaining to the mystery religions, and in Greek dramatists and philosophers of Athens in the Classical period. Turcan[12]:  232 notes that Plutarch makes of Arimanius \"a sort of tenebrous Pluto\". Plutarch, however, names the Greek god as Hades, not the name Plouton used in the Eleusinian tradition[a] (\"The Hidden One\") and darkness.[b]The Arimanius ritual required an otherwise-unknown plant that Plutarch calls \"omomi\" (Haoma or Soma), which was to be pounded in a mortar and mixed with the blood of a sacrificed wolf. The substance was then carried to a place \"where the sun never shines\" and cast therein. He adds that \"water-rats\" belong to this god, and therefore proficient rat-killers are fortunate men.Plutarch then gives a cosmogonical myth:Oromazes, born from the purest light, and Areimanius, born from darkness, are constantly at war with each other; and Oromazes created six gods, the first of Good Thought, the second of Truth, the third of Order, and, of the rest, one of Wisdom, one of Wealth, and one the Artificer of Pleasure in what is Honourable. But Areimanius created rivals, as it were, equal to these in number. Then Oromazes enlarged himself to thrice his former size, and removed himself as far distant from the Sun as the Sun is distant from the Earth, and adorned the heavens with stars. One star he set there before all others as a guardian and watchman, the Dog-star. Twenty-four other gods he created and placed in an egg. But those created by Areimanius, who were equal in number to the others, pierced through the egg and made their way inside; hence evils are now combined with good. But a destined time shall come when it is decreed that Areimanius, engaged in bringing on pestilence and famine, shall by these be utterly annihilated and shall disappear; and then shall the earth become a level plain, and there shall be one manner of life and one form of government for a blessed people who shall all speak one tongue. — Plutarch[13][14]:  47Scholar Mary Boyce asserted that the passage shows a \"fairly accurate\" knowledge of basic Zoroastrianism.[15]In his Life of Themistocles, Plutarch has the Persian king invoke Arimanius by name, asking the god to cause the king's enemies to behave in such a way as to drive away their own best men; de Jong (1997)[16]:  313 doubted that a Persian king would pray to his own national religion's god of evil, particularly in public.According to Plutarch, the king then made a sacrifice and got drunk – essentially a running gag on Persian kings in Plutarch's writing,[c] and thus dubious evidence for actual behavior.[16]:  314","title":"Plutarch"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leontocephaline_at_Ostia_Antica_by_Franz_Cumont.jpg"},{"link_name":"\"leontocephaline figure\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mithraism#Lion_headed_figure"},{"link_name":"CE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Era"},{"link_name":"Ostia Antica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostia_Antica"}],"text":"Drawing of the \"leontocephaline figure\" found at the mithraeum of C. Valerius Heracles and sons, dedicated 190 CE at Ostia Antica, Italy (CIMRM 312)","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Darius_I_the_Great%27s_inscription.jpg"},{"link_name":"Behistun Inscription","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behistun_Inscription"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CILICIA,_Soloi._Tiribazos,_Satrap_of_Lydia._Second_reign,_388-380_BC.jpg"},{"link_name":"Stater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stater"},{"link_name":"Tiribazos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiribazus"},{"link_name":"Achaemenids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromiley1995126-22"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Behistun Inscription","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behistun_Inscription"},{"link_name":"Darius the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darius_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Persepolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persepolis"},{"link_name":"Mithra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mithra"},{"link_name":"Anahita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anahita"},{"link_name":"Artaxerxes III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artaxerxes_III"},{"link_name":"Elamite language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elamite_language"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"khvarenah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khvarenah"},{"link_name":"Cyrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Darius III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darius_III"},{"link_name":"Persian army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Iran#Achaemenid_Empire_(550%E2%80%93330_BCE)"},{"link_name":"satraps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satrap"},{"link_name":"Lydia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydia"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyce1983686-25"}],"sub_title":"Achaemenid Empire","text":"The Behistun Inscription contains many references to Ahura MazdaStater of Tiribazos, Satrap of Lydia, c. 380 BC showing Ahura MazdaWhether the Achaemenids were Zoroastrians is a matter of much debate. However, it is known that the Achaemenids were worshipers of Ahura Mazda.[17] The representation and invocation of Ahura Mazda can be seen on royal inscriptions written by Achaemenid kings.[18] The most notable of all the inscriptions is the Behistun Inscription written by Darius the Great which contains many references to Ahura Mazda. An inscription written in Greek was found in a late Achaemenid temple at Persepolis, which invoked Ahura Mazda and two other deities, Mithra and Anahita. Artaxerxes III makes this invocation Ahuramazda again during his reign.In the Elamite language Persepolis Fortification Tablets dated between 509–494 BC, offerings to Ahura Mazda are recorded in tablets #377, #338 (notably alongside Mitra), #339, and #771.[19]The early Achaemenid period contained no representation of Ahura Mazda. The winged symbol with a male figure formerly regarded by European scholars as Ahura Mazda has been now speculated to represent the royal khvarenah, the personification of divine power and regal glory. However, it was customary for every emperor from Cyrus until Darius III to have an empty chariot drawn by white horses as a place for Ahura Mazda to accompany the Persian army on battles. The use of images of Ahura Mazda began in the western satraps of the Achaemenid Empire in the late 5th century BC. Under Artaxerxes II, the first literary reference, as well as a statue of Ahura Mazda, was built by a Persian governor of Lydia in 365 BC.[20]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"iconoclasm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconoclasm"},{"link_name":"Parthian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthian_Empire"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyce1983686-25"}],"sub_title":"Parthian Empire","text":"It is known that the reverence for Ahura Mazda, as well as Anahita and Mithra, continued with the same traditions during this period. The worship of Ahura Mazda with symbolic images is noticed, but it stopped within the Sassanid period. Zoroastrian iconoclasm, which can be traced to the end of the Parthian period and the beginning of the Sassanid, eventually put an end to the use of all images of Ahura Mazda in worship. However, Ahura Mazda remained symbolized by a dignified male figure, standing or on horseback, which is found in Sassanian investiture.[20]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Irnp105-Grobowce_Naqsh-E_Rustam.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ardashir I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardashir_I"},{"link_name":"Naqsh-e Rostam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naqsh-e_Rostam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taghe_bostan.JPG"},{"link_name":"Investiture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investiture"},{"link_name":"Anahita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anahita"},{"link_name":"yazata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazata"},{"link_name":"Sasanian dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Emperor Khosrow II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khosrow_II"},{"link_name":"khvarenah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khvarenah"},{"link_name":"Taq-e Bostan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taq-e_Bostan"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorduan1998123-26"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2005314-27"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitrow20038-28"},{"link_name":"Zoroastrianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoroastrianism"},{"link_name":"Zurvanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zurvanism"},{"link_name":"Sasanian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Sasanian emperors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_the_Sasanian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Shapur I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shapur_I"},{"link_name":"Hormizd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormizd_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Bahram II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahram_II"},{"link_name":"Muslim conquest of Persia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia"},{"link_name":"Gāhs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C4%81h"},{"link_name":"Middle Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Persian"},{"link_name":"Gathic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatha_(Zoroaster)"},{"link_name":"Yidgha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yidgha_language"},{"link_name":"Munji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munji_language"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyce1983686-25"}],"sub_title":"Sasanian Empire","text":"Ahura Mazda (on the right, with high crown) presents Ardashir I (left) with the ring of kingship. (Naqsh-e Rostam, 3rd century AD)Investiture scene: Anahita on the left as the patron yazata of the Sasanian dynasty behind Emperor Khosrow II, with Ahura Mazda presenting the khvarenah of sovereignty on the right. Taq-e Bostan, IranDuring the Sassanid Empire, a heretical and divergent[21][22][23] form of Zoroastrianism, termed Zurvanism, emerged. It gained adherents throughout the Sasanian Empire, most notably the royal lineage of Sasanian emperors. Under the reign of Shapur I, Zurvanism spread and became a widespread cult.Zurvanism revokes Zoroaster's original message of Ahura Mazda as the uncreated spirit and the \"uncreated creator\" of all and reduces him to a created spirit, one of two twin sons of Zurvan, their father and the primary spirit. Zurvanism also makes Ahura Mazda and Angra Mainyu of equal strength and only contrasting spirits.Besides Zurvanism, the Sassanian kings demonstrated their devotion to Ahura Mazda in different fashions. Five kings took the name Hormizd and Bahram II created the title of \"Ohrmazd-mowbad\", which was continued after the Muslim conquest of Persia and through Islamic times.All devotional acts in Zoroastrianism originating from the Sassanian period begin with homage to Ahura Mazda. The five Gāhs start with the declaration in Middle Persian that \"Ohrmazd is Lord\" and incorporate the Gathic verse \"Whom, Mazda hast thou appointed my protector\". Zoroastrian prayers are to be said in the presence of light, either in the form of fire or the sun. In the Iranian languages Yidgha and Munji, the sun is still called ormozd.[20]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Martin Haug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Haug"},{"link_name":"[n 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"emanation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanationism"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyce1983685-8"},{"link_name":"Parsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsis"},{"link_name":"[n 4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyce1983686-25"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManeck1997182ff-31"},{"link_name":"[n 5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Present-day Zoroastrianism","text":"In 1884, Martin Haug proposed a new interpretation of Yasna 30.3 that subsequently influenced Zoroastrian doctrine significantly. According to Haug's interpretation, the \"twin spirits\" of 30.3 were Angra Mainyu and Spenta Mainyu, the former being literally the \"Destructive Spirit\"[n 3] and the latter being the \"Bounteous Spirit\" (of Ahura Mazda). Further, in Haug's scheme, Angra Mainyu was now not Ahura Mazda's binary opposite, but—like Spenta Mainyu—an emanation of Him. Haug also interpreted the concept of a free will of Yasna 45.9 as an accommodation to explain where Angra Mainyu came from since Ahura Mazda created only good. The free will made it possible for Angra Mainyu to choose to be evil. Although these latter conclusions were not substantiated by Zoroastrian tradition,[6] at the time, Haug's interpretation was gratefully accepted by the Parsis of Bombay since it provided a defense against Christian missionary rhetoric,[n 4] particularly the attacks on the Zoroastrian idea of an uncreated Evil that was as uncreated as God was. Following Haug, the Bombay Parsis began to defend themselves in the English-language press. The argument was that Angra Mainyu was not Mazda's binary opposite but his subordinate, who—as in Zurvanism also—chose to be evil. Consequently, Haug's theories were disseminated as a Parsi interpretation in the West, where they appeared to be corroborating Haug. Reinforcing themselves, Haug's ideas came to be iterated so often that they are today almost universally accepted as doctrine.[20][24][n 5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vedic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedic_mythology"},{"link_name":"Varuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varuna"},{"link_name":"Mitra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitra_(Vedic)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Huvihska_with_Ahuramazda.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kushan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushan_Empire"},{"link_name":"Huvishka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huvishka"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AHH327-34"},{"link_name":"Manichaeism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manichaeism"},{"link_name":"Father of Greatness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Father_of_Greatness"},{"link_name":"Zurvan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zurvanism"},{"link_name":"World Soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anima_mundi"},{"link_name":"Sogdian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sogdian_language"},{"link_name":"Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnknown1999429-35"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrye1996247-36"},{"link_name":"Turkic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_peoples"},{"link_name":"Uyghurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyghurs"},{"link_name":"Mongols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongols"},{"link_name":"Qormusta Tengri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qormusta_Tengri"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESims-Williams199244-37"},{"link_name":"Armenians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenians"},{"link_name":"Aramazd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aramazd"},{"link_name":"syncretic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_syncretism"},{"link_name":"Aram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_mythology"},{"link_name":"Ara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ara_the_Handsome"},{"link_name":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia"}],"text":"Some scholars (Kuiper. IIJ I, 1957; Zimmer. Münchner Studien 1984:187–215) believe that Ahura Mazda originates from *vouruna-miθra, or Vedic Varuna (and Mitra).[citation needed] According to William W. Malandra both Varuna (in Vedic period) and Ahura Mazda (in old Iranian religion) represented same Indo-Iranian concept of a supreme \"wise, all-knowing lord\".[25]Kushan coinage of Huvishka with Ahuramazda on the reverse (Greek legend ωΡΟΜ, Orom[zdo]). 150–180 AD[26]In Manichaeism, the name Ohrmazd Bay (\"god Ahura Mazda\") was used for the primal figure Nāšā Qaḏmāyā, the \"original man\" and emanation of the Father of Greatness (in Manicheism called Zurvan) through whom after he sacrificed himself to defend the world of light was consumed by the forces of darkness. Although Ormuzd is freed from the world of darkness his \"sons\", often called his garments or weapons, remain. After a series of events, his sons, later known as the World Soul, will, for the most part, escape from matter and return to the world of light where they came from. Manicheans often identified many of Mani's cosmological figures with Zoroastrian ones. This may partly be because Mani was born in the greatly Zoroastrian Parthian Empire.In Sogdian Buddhism, Xwrmztʼ (Sogdian was written without a consistent representation of vowels) was the name used in place of Ahura Mazda.[27][28] Via contacts with Turkic peoples like the Uyghurs, this Sogdian name came to the Mongols, who still name this deity Qormusta Tengri (also Qormusta or Qormusda) is now a popular enough deity to appear in many contexts that are not explicitly Buddhist.[29]The pre-Christian Armenians held Aramazd as an important deity in their pantheon of gods. He is thought to be a syncretic deity, a combination of the autochthonous Armenian figures Aram and his son Ara and the Iranian Ahura Mazda. In modern-day Armenia, Aramazd is a male first name.","title":"In other religions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"101 Names of God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/101_Names_of_God"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hormizd_I_Kushanshah_Merv_mint.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hormizd I Kushanshah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormizd_I_Kushanshah"},{"link_name":"Pahlavi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahlavi_scripts"},{"link_name":"Kushan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushan_Empire"},{"link_name":"Anahita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anahita"},{"link_name":"Merv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merv"}],"text":"See also: 101 Names of Godyazat (\"Worthy of worship.\")\nharvasp-tavãn (\"Omnipotent.\")\nharvasp-âgâh (\"Omniscient.\")\nharvasp-h'udhâ (\"The Lord of all.\")\nabadah (\"Without beginning.\")\nawî-añjâm (\"Without end.\")\nbûnastah (\"The origin of the formation of the world.\")\nfrâxtañtah (\"Broad end of all.\")\njamakh (\"Greatest cause.\")\nparjahtarah (\"More exalted.\")\ntum-afayah (\"Most innocent.\")\nabravañt (\"Apart from everyone.\")\nparvañdah (\"Relation with all.\")\nan-ayâfah (\"Incomprehensible by anyone.\")\nham-ayâfah (\"Comprehensible of all.\")\nâdharô (\"Most straight, most just.\")\ngîrâ (\"Holding fast all.\")\nacim (\"Without reason.\")\ncimnâ (\"Reason of reasons.\")\nsafinâ (\"Increaser.\")\nâwzâ (\"Causer of increase. The Lord of purity\")\nnâshâ (\"Reaching all equally.\")\nparvarâ (\"Nourisher.\")\nâyânah (\"Protector of the world.\")\nâyaîn-âyânah (\"Not of various kinds.\")\nan-âyanah (\"Without form.\")\nxraoshît-tum (\"Firmest.\")\nmînôtum (\"Most invisible.\")\nvâsnâ (\"Omnipresent.\")\nharvastum (\"All in all.\")\nhusipâs (\"Worthy of thanks.\")\nhar-hemît (\"All good-natured.\")\nharnekfareh (\"All good auspicious-glory.\")\nbeshtarnâ (\"Remover of affliction.\")\ntarônîs (\"The triumphant.\")\nanaoshak (\"Immortal.\")\nfarashak (\"Fulfiller of wishes.\")\npazohadhad (\"Creator of good nature.\")\nxavâpar (\"Beneficient.\")\nawaxshâyâ (\"Bestower of Love.\")\nawarzâ (\"Excessive bringer.\")\nâ-sitôh (\"Undefeated, undistressed.\")\nraxôh (\"Independent, carefree.\")\nvarûn (\"Protector from evil.\")\na-frîpah (\"Undeceivable.\")\nawe-frîftah (\"Undeceived.\")\nadhvaî (\"Unparalleled.\")\nkãme-rat (\"Lord of wishes.\")\nframãn-kãm (\"Only wish is His command.\")\nâyextan (\"Without body.\")\nâ-framôsh (\"Unforgetful.\")\nhamârnâ (\"Taker of accounts.\")\nsnâyâ (\"Recognizable, worth recognition.\")\na-tars (\"Fearless.\")\na-bîsh (\"Without affliction or torment.\")\na-frâzdum (\"Most exalted.\")\nhamcûn (\"Always uniform.\")\nmînô-stîgar (\"Creator of the Universe spiritually.\")\na-mînôgar (\"Creator of much spirituality.\")\nmînô-nahab (\"Hidden in Spirits.\")\nâdhar-bâtgar (\"Air of fire, i.e. transformer into air.\")\nâdhar-namgar (\"Water of fire, i.e. transformer into water.\")\nbât-âdhargar (\"Transformer of air into fire.\")\nbât-namgar (\"Transformer of air into water.\")\nbât-gelgar (\"Transformer of air into earth.\")\nbât-girdtum (\"Transformer of air into girad, i.e. gathered.\")\nâdhar-kîbarît-tum (\"Transformer of fire into jewels.\")\nbâtgarjâi (\"Who creates air in all places.\")\nâwtum (\"Creator of most excessive water.\")\ngel-âdhargar (\"Transformer of the earth into fire.\")\ngel-vâdhgar (\"Transformer of the earth into air.\")\ngel-namgar (\"Transformer of the earth into water.\")\ngargar (\"Artisan of artisans.\")\ngarôgar (\"Bestower of wishes.\")\ngarâgar (\"Creator of man\")\ngarâgargar (\"Creator of the entire creation\")\na-garâgar (\"Creator of four elements\")\na-garâgargar (\"Creator of clusters of the stars\")\na-gûmãn (\"Without doubt.\")\na-jamãn (\"Without time.\")\na-h'uãn (\"Without sleep.\")\nâmushthushyâr (\"Intelligent.\")\nfrashûtanâ (\"Eternal protector-increaser.\")\npadhamãnî (\"Maintainer of padman, i.e. the golden mean.\")\npîrôzgar (\"Victorious.\")\nh'udhâvañd (\"Lord-Master of the Universe.\")\nahuramazda (\"Lord Omniscient.\")\nabarînkuhantavãn (\"Of the most exalted rank in the power of maintaining the origin of the creations.\")\nabarîn-nô-tavã (\"Of the most exalted rank in the power of rendering the creations anew.\")\nvaspãn (\"Attainer to all the creations.\")\nvaspâr (\"Bringer of and attainer to all.\")\nh'âwar (\"Merciful.\")\nahû (\"Lord of the world.\")\nâwaxsîdâr (\"Forgiver.\")\ndâdhâr (\"The just creator.\")\nrayomañd (\"Full of rae-lustre-splendour.\")\nh'arehmand (\"Full of khoreh, i.e. glory.\")\ndâwar (\"The just judge.\")\nkerfagar (\"Lord of meritorious deeds.\")\nbuxtâr (\"Redeemer, saviour.\")\nfrashôgar (\"Restorer through increase of the soul.\")Coin of Hormizd I Kushanshah (277-286 AD). Pahlavi inscription: \"The Mazda worshipper, the divine Hormizd the great Kushan king of kings\"/ Pahlavi inscription: \"Exalted god, Hormizd the great Kushan king of kings\", Hormizd standing right, holding investiture wreath over altar and raising left hand in benedictional gesture to Anahita holding investiture wreath and sceptre. Merv mint","title":"101 Names"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Old Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Old Persian cuneiform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Persian_cuneiform"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"[æhuːɾɒː mæzdɒː]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Persian"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"Angra Mainyu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angra_Mainyu"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"John Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wilson_(scholar)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"Maneck 1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFManeck1997"}],"text":"^ Old Persian: 𐏈 or 𐏉 or 𐏊 (genitive); Old Persian cuneiform logograms\n\n^ Persian pronunciation: [æhuːɾɒː mæzdɒː]\n\n^ For an explanation of the approximation of mainyu as \"spirit\", see Angra Mainyu.\n\n^ Most prominent of these voices was that of the Scottish Presbyterian minister John Wilson, whose church was next door to the M. F. Cama Athornan Institute, the premier school for Zoroastrian priests. That the opinions of the Zoroastrian priesthood were barely represented in the debates that ensued was to some extent since the priesthood spoke Gujarati and not English, but also because they were (at the time) poorly equipped to debate with a classically trained theologian on his footing. Wilson had even taught himself Avestan.\n\n^ For a scholastic review of the theological developments in Indian Zoroastrianism, particularly concerning the devaluation of Angra Mainyu to a position where the (epitome of) pure evil became viewed as a creation of Mazda (and so compromised their figure of pure good), see Maneck 1997","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Human Record: Sources of Global History : To 1700","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=tiz6jbjgSjEC&q=ahura+mazda&pg=PA87"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-618-04245-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-04245-6"},{"link_name":"Boyce, Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Boyce"},{"link_name":"The Death of Ahriman: Culture, Identity and Theological Change Among the Parsis of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//repository.arizona.edu/handle/10150/186760"},{"link_name":"Sogdian and other Iranian inscriptions of the Upper Indus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=g2dmAAAAMAAJ&q=Xwrmzt"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7286-0194-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7286-0194-9"},{"link_name":"Neighboring faiths: a Christian introduction to world religions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=pZW6nwbyW5kC&q=zurvanism+heretic"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8308-1524-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-1524-1"},{"link_name":"The heritage of Central Asia from antiquity to the Turkish expansion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=zl5smQtGeLwC&q=Xwrmzt"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-55876-111-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55876-111-7"},{"link_name":"What is Gnosticism?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=df1Tz5Cn8BQC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-674-01762-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01762-7"},{"link_name":"What is time?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=iuLaoG7jK_YC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-860781-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860781-6"},{"link_name":"The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: Q-Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=6OJvO2jMCr8C"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8028-3784-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3784-4"},{"link_name":"The Zoroastrian faith: tradition and modern research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Uspf6eDDvjAC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7735-1144-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-1144-6"}],"text":"Andrea, Alfred; Overfield, James H. (2000), The Human Record: Sources of Global History : To 1700, vol. 4 (Illustrated ed.), Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, ISBN 978-0-618-04245-6\nBoyce, Mary (1975), History of Zoroastrianism, Vol. I, The early period, Leiden: Brill\nBoyce, Mary (1983), \"Ahura Mazdā\", Encyclopaedia Iranica, vol. 1, New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul, pp. 684–687\nManeck, Susan Stiles (1997), The Death of Ahriman: Culture, Identity and Theological Change Among the Parsis of India, Bombay: K. R. Cama Oriental Institute\nSims-Williams, Nicholas (1992), Sogdian and other Iranian inscriptions of the Upper Indus, University of Michigan, ISBN 978-0-7286-0194-9\nCorduan, Winfried (1998), Neighboring faiths: a Christian introduction to world religions, InterVarsity Press, ISBN 978-0-8308-1524-1\nFrye, Richard Nelson (1996), The heritage of Central Asia from antiquity to the Turkish expansion, Markus Wiener Publishers, ISBN 978-1-55876-111-7\nUnknown (1999), History of civilizations of Central Asia, Volume 3, Motilal Banarsidass Publ\nKing, Karen L. (2005), What is Gnosticism?, Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-01762-7\nWhitrow, G. J. (2003), What is time?, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-860781-6\nBromiley, Geoffrey (1995), The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: Q-Z, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, ISBN 978-0-8028-3784-4\nNigosian, Solomon (1993), The Zoroastrian faith: tradition and modern research, McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP, ISBN 978-0-7735-1144-6","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-404-12806-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-404-12806-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-533-04473-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-533-04473-4"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1086/370756","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1086%2F370756"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"222444341","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:222444341"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1163/000000076790079465","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1163%2F000000076790079465"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1163/9789004653764_012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004653764_012"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-90-04-65376-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-65376-4"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/283007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F283007"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"283007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/283007"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-940490-33-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-940490-33-1"},{"link_name":"The Human Record: Sources of Global History : To 1700","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=tiz6jbjgSjEC&q=ahura+mazda&pg=PA87"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-618-04245-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-04245-6"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Names_of_God"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Names_of_God"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Names_of_God"},{"link_name":"Names of God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_of_God"},{"link_name":"In Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahasranama"},{"link_name":"In Zoroastrianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/101_Names_of_God"},{"link_name":"In Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_names_for_the_God_of_Abrahamic_religions"},{"link_name":"In Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Christianity"},{"link_name":"In Judaism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism"},{"link_name":"In Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Islam"},{"link_name":"Adonai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adon"},{"link_name":"Ahura Mazda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Khuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khuda"},{"link_name":"Parvardigar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parvardigar"},{"link_name":"Allah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah"},{"link_name":"Amun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amun"},{"link_name":"Aten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aten"},{"link_name":"Atum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atum"},{"link_name":"Bathala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathala"},{"link_name":"Brahman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahman"},{"link_name":"Bhagavan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavan"},{"link_name":"Deva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)"},{"link_name":"Trimurti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimurti"},{"link_name":"Brahma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahma"},{"link_name":"Vishnu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu"},{"link_name":"Rama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama"},{"link_name":"Krishna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna"},{"link_name":"Shiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva"},{"link_name":"Hiranyagarbha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiranyagarbha"},{"link_name":"Ishvara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishvara"},{"link_name":"Om","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Om"},{"link_name":"Tad Ekam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasadiya_Sukta"},{"link_name":"Purusha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purusha"},{"link_name":"Svayam Bhagavan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svayam_Bhagavan"},{"link_name":"Cao Đài","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cao_%C4%90%C3%A0i"},{"link_name":"Chukwu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chukwu"},{"link_name":"Deus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deus"},{"link_name":"Devla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devla"},{"link_name":"Ein Sof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ein_Sof"},{"link_name":"El","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_(deity)"},{"link_name":"Elohim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elohim"},{"link_name":"El Elyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elyon"},{"link_name":"El Shaddai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Shaddai"},{"link_name":"God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God"},{"link_name":"God the Father","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_the_Father"},{"link_name":"God the Son","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_the_Son"},{"link_name":"God the Holy Spirit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity"},{"link_name":"Great Spirit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Spirit"},{"link_name":"Manitou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitou"},{"link_name":"Gitche Manitou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gitche_Manitou"},{"link_name":"Wakan Tanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakan_Tanka"},{"link_name":"Haneunim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haneunim"},{"link_name":"Holy Spirit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Spirit"},{"link_name":"Huwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huwa"},{"link_name":"Hyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyang"},{"link_name":"Acintya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acintya"},{"link_name":"Sanghyang Adi Buddha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanghyang_Adi_Buddha"},{"link_name":"Hypsistos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypsistos"},{"link_name":"I Am that I Am","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Am_that_I_Am"},{"link_name":"Jahbulon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahbulon"},{"link_name":"Jehovah 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_SubGenius"},{"link_name":"Kami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kami"},{"link_name":"Mawu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mawu"},{"link_name":"Mulungu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulungu"},{"link_name":"Ngai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngai"},{"link_name":"Nyame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyame"},{"link_name":"Nzambi a Mpungu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nzambi_a_Mpungu"},{"link_name":"Olodumare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olodumare"},{"link_name":"Ọlọrun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8Cl%E1%BB%8Drun"},{"link_name":"Olofi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olofi"},{"link_name":"Osanobua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osanobua"},{"link_name":"Shen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shen_(Chinese_religion)"},{"link_name":"Shangdi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangdi"},{"link_name":"Tian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tian"},{"link_name":"Tianzhu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianzhu_(Chinese_name_of_God)"},{"link_name":"Sol Invictus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol_Invictus"},{"link_name":"Elagabalus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elagabalus_(deity)"},{"link_name":"Tenri-Ō-no-Mikoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenri-%C5%8C-no-Mikoto"},{"link_name":"The One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plotinus"},{"link_name":"Umvelinqangi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umvelinqangi"},{"link_name":"Unkulunkulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unkulunkulu"},{"link_name":"Waheguru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waheguru"},{"link_name":"Ik Onkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ik_Onkar"},{"link_name":"YHWH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetragrammaton"},{"link_name":"Jehovah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehovah"},{"link_name":"Jah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jah"},{"link_name":"Yahweh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahweh"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179575#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/5729643"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/316443750"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15023119p"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15023119p"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/118898426"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007547410705171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2009000186"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo2016908792&CON_LNG=ENG"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/241474280"}],"text":"Boyce, Mary (1982), History of Zoroastrianism, Vol. II, Under the Achamenians, Leiden: Brill\nBoyce, Mary (2001), \"Mithra the King and Varuna the Master\", Festschrift für Helmut Humbach zum 80., Trier: WWT, pp. 239–257\nDhalla, Maneckji Nusservanji (1938), History of Zoroastrianism, New York: OUP, ISBN 0-404-12806-8\nHumbach, Helmut (1991), The Gathas of Zarathushtra and the other Old Avestan texts, Heidelberg: Winter, ISBN 3-533-04473-4\nKent, Roland G. (1945), \"Old Persian Texts\", Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 4 (4): 228–233, doi:10.1086/370756, S2CID 222444341\nKuiper, Bernardus Franciscus Jacobus (1983), \"Ahura\", Encyclopaedia Iranica, vol. 1, New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul, pp. 682–683\nKuiper, Bernardus Franciscus Jacobus (1976), \"Ahura Mazdā 'Lord Wisdom'?\", Indo-Iranian Journal, 18 (1–2): 25–42, doi:10.1163/000000076790079465\nKuiper, F. B. J. (1997). \"Avestan Mazdā-\". F.B.J. Kuiper Selected Writings on Indian Linguistics and Philology. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 321–330. doi:10.1163/9789004653764_012. ISBN 978-90-04-65376-4.\nWare, James R.; Kent, Roland G. (1924), \"The Old Persian Cuneiform Inscriptions of Artaxerxes II and Artaxerxes III\", Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association, 55, The Johns Hopkins University Press: 52–61, doi:10.2307/283007, JSTOR 283007\nKent, Roland G. (1950), Old Persian: Grammar, texts, lexicon, New Haven: American Oriental Society, ISBN 0-940490-33-1\nAndrea, Alfred; James H. Overfield (2000), The Human Record: Sources of Global History : To 1700, vol. 4 (Illustrated ed.), Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, ISBN 978-0-618-04245-6\nSchlerath, Bernfried (1983), \"Ahurānī\", Encyclopaedia Iranica, vol. 1, New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul, pp. 683–684vteNames of God\nIn Hinduism\nIn Zoroastrianism\nAbrahamic\nIn Chinese\nIn Christianity\nIn Judaism\nIn Islam\n\nAdonai\nAhura Mazda\nKhuda\nParvardigar\nAllah\nAmun\nAten\nAtum\nBathala\nBrahman\nBhagavan\nDeva\nTrimurti\nBrahma\nVishnu\nRama\nKrishna\nShiva\nHiranyagarbha\nIshvara\nOm\nTad Ekam\nPurusha\nSvayam Bhagavan\nCao Đài\nChukwu\nDeus\nDevla\nEin Sof\nEl\nElohim\nEl Elyon\nEl Shaddai\nGod\nGod the Father\nGod the Son\nGod the Holy Spirit\nGreat Spirit\nManitou/Gitche Manitou\nWakan Tanka\nHaneunim\nHoly Spirit\nHuwa\nHyang\nAcintya\nSanghyang Adi Buddha\nHypsistos\nI Am that I Am\nJahbulon\nJehovah 1\nKami\nMawu\nMulungu\nNgai\nNyame\nNzambi a Mpungu\nOlodumare\nỌlọrun\nOlofi\nOsanobua\nShen\nShangdi\nTian\nTianzhu\nSol Invictus\nElagabalus\nTenri-Ō-no-Mikoto\nThe One\nUmvelinqangi\nUnkulunkulu\nWaheguru\nIk Onkar\nYHWH\nJehovah\nJah\nYahwehAuthority control databases International\nVIAF\n2\nNational\nFrance\nBnF data\nGermany\nIsrael\nUnited States\nCzech Republic\nOther\nIdRef","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Drawing of the \"leontocephaline figure\" found at the mithraeum of C. Valerius Heracles and sons, dedicated 190 CE at Ostia Antica, Italy (CIMRM 312)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Leontocephaline_at_Ostia_Antica_by_Franz_Cumont.jpg/150px-Leontocephaline_at_Ostia_Antica_by_Franz_Cumont.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Behistun Inscription contains many references to Ahura Mazda","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Darius_I_the_Great%27s_inscription.jpg/220px-Darius_I_the_Great%27s_inscription.jpg"},{"image_text":"Stater of Tiribazos, Satrap of Lydia, c. 380 BC showing Ahura Mazda","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/CILICIA%2C_Soloi._Tiribazos%2C_Satrap_of_Lydia._Second_reign%2C_388-380_BC.jpg/220px-CILICIA%2C_Soloi._Tiribazos%2C_Satrap_of_Lydia._Second_reign%2C_388-380_BC.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ahura Mazda (on the right, with high crown) presents Ardashir I (left) with the ring of kingship. (Naqsh-e Rostam, 3rd century AD)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Irnp105-Grobowce_Naqsh-E_Rustam.jpg/220px-Irnp105-Grobowce_Naqsh-E_Rustam.jpg"},{"image_text":"Investiture scene: Anahita on the left as the patron yazata of the Sasanian dynasty behind Emperor Khosrow II, with Ahura Mazda presenting the khvarenah of sovereignty on the right. Taq-e Bostan, Iran","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Taghe_bostan.JPG/220px-Taghe_bostan.JPG"},{"image_text":"Kushan coinage of Huvishka with Ahuramazda on the reverse (Greek legend ωΡΟΜ, Orom[zdo]). 150–180 AD[26]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Huvihska_with_Ahuramazda.jpg/220px-Huvihska_with_Ahuramazda.jpg"},{"image_text":"Coin of Hormizd I Kushanshah (277-286 AD). Pahlavi inscription: \"The Mazda worshipper, the divine Hormizd the great Kushan king of kings\"/ Pahlavi inscription: \"Exalted god, Hormizd the great Kushan king of kings\", Hormizd standing right, holding investiture wreath over altar and raising left hand in benedictional gesture to Anahita holding investiture wreath and sceptre. Merv mint","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Hormizd_I_Kushanshah_Merv_mint.jpg/220px-Hormizd_I_Kushanshah_Merv_mint.jpg"}]	[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg"},{"title":"Religion portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Religion"},{"title":"Asura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asura_(Buddhism)"},{"title":"Varuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varuna"},{"title":"Creator deity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creator_deity"},{"title":"Names of God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_of_God"},{"title":"Mazda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazda"}]	[{"reference":"\"Ahura Mazda \| Definition of Ahura Mazda by Merriam-Webster\". Merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 11 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ahura%20mazda","url_text":"\"Ahura Mazda \| Definition of Ahura Mazda by Merriam-Webster\""}]},{"reference":"Cristian, Radu. \"Ahura Mazda\". World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 17 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/Ahura_Mazda/","url_text":"\"Ahura Mazda\""}]},{"reference":"Wilkinson, Philip (1999). Spilling, Michael; Williams, Sophie; Dent, Marion (eds.). Illustrated Dictionary of Religions (First American ed.). New York: DK. p. 70. ISBN 0-7894-4711-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Wilkinson_(author)","url_text":"Wilkinson, Philip"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DK_(publisher)","url_text":"DK"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7894-4711-8","url_text":"0-7894-4711-8"}]},{"reference":"Parpola, Asko (2015). The Roots of Hinduism: The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization. Oxford University Press. p. 114. ISBN 978-0190226923.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0190226923","url_text":"978-0190226923"}]},{"reference":"Blazek, Václav (2005). \"Indo-Iranian elements in Fenno-Ugric mythological lexicon\". Indogermanische Forschungen. 110 (1): 162. doi:10.1515/9783110185164.162.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Bla%C5%BEek","url_text":"Blazek, Václav"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110185164.162","url_text":"10.1515/9783110185164.162"}]},{"reference":"Reinach, S. (1909). Orpheus: A general history of religions. Translated by Simmonds, F. London, UK: Heinemann.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Turcan, Robert (2001) [1992]. The Cults of the Roman Empire. Blackwell.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Plutarch. \"Isis and Osiris\". Moralia. University of Chicago – via Penelope.UChicago.edu.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarch","url_text":"Plutarch"},{"url":"https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/H/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Moralia/Isis_and_Osiris/C.html","url_text":"\"Isis and Osiris\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago","url_text":"University of Chicago"}]},{"reference":"Plutarch (1936). Isis and Osiris. Translated by Thayer, Bill. Loeb Classical Library. pp. 46–47;","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarch","url_text":"Plutarch"}]},{"reference":"Plutarch (1936). Isis and Osiris. Translated by Thayer, Bill. University of Chicago. pp. 46–47 – via LacusCurtius.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarch","url_text":"Plutarch"},{"url":"https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Moralia/Isis_and_Osiris/C.html#46","url_text":"Isis and Osiris"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LacusCurtius","url_text":"LacusCurtius"}]},{"reference":"Boyce, M. & Grenet, F. (1991). A History of Zoroastrianism: Zoroastrianism under Macedonian and Roman rule. Brill. pp. 458–459.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Boyce","url_text":"Boyce, M."}]},{"reference":"de Jong, A. (1997). Traditions of the Magi: Zoroastrianism in Greek and Latin literature. Brill.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hanson, Victor Davis (18 December 2007). Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise to Western Power. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-307-42518-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XGr16-CxpH8C","url_text":"Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise to Western Power"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-42518-8","url_text":"978-0-307-42518-8"}]},{"reference":"Hallock, Richard (1969). Persepolis Fortification Tablets (PDF). Chicago, Illinois: The University of Chicago Press. pp. 151, 771.","urls":[{"url":"https://oi.uchicago.edu/sites/oi.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/shared/docs/oip92.pdf","url_text":"Persepolis Fortification Tablets"}]},{"reference":"Dani, Ahmad Hasan; Harmatta, János (1999). History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. pp. 327–328. ISBN 978-81-208-1408-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DguGWP0vGY8C&pg=PA327","url_text":"History of Civilizations of Central Asia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1408-0","url_text":"978-81-208-1408-0"}]},{"reference":"Andrea, Alfred; Overfield, James H. (2000), The Human Record: Sources of Global History : To 1700, vol. 4 (Illustrated ed.), Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, ISBN 978-0-618-04245-6","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tiz6jbjgSjEC&q=ahura+mazda&pg=PA87","url_text":"The Human Record: Sources of Global History : To 1700"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-04245-6","url_text":"978-0-618-04245-6"}]},{"reference":"Boyce, Mary (1975), History of Zoroastrianism, Vol. I, The early period, Leiden: Brill","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Boyce","url_text":"Boyce, Mary"}]},{"reference":"Boyce, Mary (1983), \"Ahura Mazdā\", Encyclopaedia Iranica, vol. 1, New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul, pp. 684–687","urls":[]},{"reference":"Maneck, Susan Stiles (1997), The Death of Ahriman: Culture, Identity and Theological Change Among the Parsis of India, Bombay: K. R. Cama Oriental Institute","urls":[{"url":"https://repository.arizona.edu/handle/10150/186760","url_text":"The Death of Ahriman: Culture, Identity and Theological Change Among the Parsis of India"}]},{"reference":"Sims-Williams, Nicholas (1992), Sogdian and other Iranian inscriptions of the Upper Indus, University of Michigan, ISBN 978-0-7286-0194-9","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=g2dmAAAAMAAJ&q=Xwrmzt","url_text":"Sogdian and other Iranian inscriptions of the Upper Indus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7286-0194-9","url_text":"978-0-7286-0194-9"}]},{"reference":"Corduan, Winfried (1998), Neighboring faiths: a Christian introduction to world religions, InterVarsity Press, ISBN 978-0-8308-1524-1","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pZW6nwbyW5kC&q=zurvanism+heretic","url_text":"Neighboring faiths: a Christian introduction to world religions"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-1524-1","url_text":"978-0-8308-1524-1"}]},{"reference":"Frye, Richard Nelson (1996), The heritage of Central Asia from antiquity to the Turkish expansion, Markus Wiener Publishers, ISBN 978-1-55876-111-7","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zl5smQtGeLwC&q=Xwrmzt","url_text":"The heritage of Central Asia from antiquity to the Turkish expansion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55876-111-7","url_text":"978-1-55876-111-7"}]},{"reference":"Unknown (1999), History of civilizations of Central Asia, Volume 3, Motilal Banarsidass Publ","urls":[]},{"reference":"King, Karen L. (2005), What is Gnosticism?, Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-01762-7","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=df1Tz5Cn8BQC","url_text":"What is Gnosticism?"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01762-7","url_text":"978-0-674-01762-7"}]},{"reference":"Whitrow, G. J. (2003), What is time?, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-860781-6","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iuLaoG7jK_YC","url_text":"What is time?"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860781-6","url_text":"978-0-19-860781-6"}]},{"reference":"Bromiley, Geoffrey (1995), The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: Q-Z, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, ISBN 978-0-8028-3784-4","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6OJvO2jMCr8C","url_text":"The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: Q-Z"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3784-4","url_text":"978-0-8028-3784-4"}]},{"reference":"Nigosian, Solomon (1993), The Zoroastrian faith: tradition and modern research, McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP, ISBN 978-0-7735-1144-6","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Uspf6eDDvjAC","url_text":"The Zoroastrian faith: tradition and modern research"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-1144-6","url_text":"978-0-7735-1144-6"}]},{"reference":"Boyce, Mary (1982), History of Zoroastrianism, Vol. II, Under the Achamenians, Leiden: Brill","urls":[]},{"reference":"Boyce, Mary (2001), \"Mithra the King and Varuna the Master\", Festschrift für Helmut Humbach zum 80., Trier: WWT, pp. 239–257","urls":[]},{"reference":"Dhalla, Maneckji Nusservanji (1938), History of Zoroastrianism, New York: OUP, ISBN 0-404-12806-8","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-404-12806-8","url_text":"0-404-12806-8"}]},{"reference":"Humbach, Helmut (1991), The Gathas of Zarathushtra and the other Old Avestan texts, Heidelberg: Winter, ISBN 3-533-04473-4","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-533-04473-4","url_text":"3-533-04473-4"}]},{"reference":"Kent, Roland G. (1945), \"Old Persian Texts\", Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 4 (4): 228–233, doi:10.1086/370756, S2CID 222444341","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F370756","url_text":"10.1086/370756"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:222444341","url_text":"222444341"}]},{"reference":"Kuiper, Bernardus Franciscus Jacobus (1983), \"Ahura\", Encyclopaedia Iranica, vol. 1, New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul, pp. 682–683","urls":[]},{"reference":"Kuiper, Bernardus Franciscus Jacobus (1976), \"Ahura Mazdā 'Lord Wisdom'?\", Indo-Iranian Journal, 18 (1–2): 25–42, doi:10.1163/000000076790079465","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F000000076790079465","url_text":"10.1163/000000076790079465"}]},{"reference":"Kuiper, F. B. J. (1997). \"Avestan Mazdā-\". F.B.J. Kuiper Selected Writings on Indian Linguistics and Philology. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 321–330. doi:10.1163/9789004653764_012. ISBN 978-90-04-65376-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004653764_012","url_text":"10.1163/9789004653764_012"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-65376-4","url_text":"978-90-04-65376-4"}]},{"reference":"Ware, James R.; Kent, Roland G. (1924), \"The Old Persian Cuneiform Inscriptions of Artaxerxes II and Artaxerxes III\", Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association, 55, The Johns Hopkins University Press: 52–61, doi:10.2307/283007, JSTOR 283007","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F283007","url_text":"10.2307/283007"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/283007","url_text":"283007"}]},{"reference":"Kent, Roland G. (1950), Old Persian: Grammar, texts, lexicon, New Haven: American Oriental Society, ISBN 0-940490-33-1","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-940490-33-1","url_text":"0-940490-33-1"}]},{"reference":"Andrea, Alfred; James H. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpetua_and_Felicitas	Perpetua and Felicity	["1 Imprisonment","2 Veneration","3 See also","4 References"]	Early-3rd-century Carthaginian Christian martyrs "Perpetua" redirects here. For other uses, see Perpetua (disambiguation). SaintsPerpetua and FelicityThe martyrdom of Perpetua, Felicitas, Revocatus, Saturninus and Saturus from the Menologion of Basil II (c. AD 1000)MartyrsBornc. 182Diedc. 203 (aged 20–21)Carthage, Roman province of AfricaVenerated inRoman Catholic ChurchEastern Orthodox ChurchesOriental Orthodox ChurchesAnglican CommunionLutheran ChurchCanonizedPre-congregationFeast 1 February (Eastern Orthodox) 6 March (Roman Catholic, Extraordinary Form) 7 March (Anglican, generally; Lutheran; Roman Catholic, Ordinary Form and before 1908) PatronageMothersExpectant MothersranchersbutchersCarthageCatalonia Perpetua and Felicity (Latin: Perpetua et Felicitas; c. 182 – c. 203) were Christian martyrs of the third century. Vibia Perpetua was a recently married, well-educated noblewoman, said to have been 22 years old at the time of her death, and mother of an infant son she was nursing. Felicity, a slave woman imprisoned with her and pregnant at the time, was martyred with her. They were put to death along with others at Carthage in the Roman province of Africa. The Passion of Saints Perpetua and Felicity narrates their death. According to the narrative, five people were arrested and executed at the military games in celebration of the emperor Septimius Severus's birthday. Along with Felicity and Perpetua, these included two free men, Saturninus and Secundulus, and an enslaved man named Revocatus; all were catechumens or Christians being instructed in the faith but not yet baptized. To this group of five was added a further man named Saturus, who voluntarily went before the magistrate and proclaimed himself a Christian. Perpetua's first person narrative was published posthumously as part of the Passion. Imprisonment Perpetua's account opens with conflict between her and her father, who wishes her to recant her belief. Perpetua refuses, and is soon baptized before being moved to prison. Perpetua was imprisoned in Carthage in the days leading up to her martyrdom. She described these days and what she endured in her diary. Perpetua described the physical and emotional torments that she suffered in the prison leading up to her martyrdom. Perpetua suffered physically due to the heat, rough prison guards, and the cessation of regular breastfeeding. Perpetua also described how the prison conditions improved after she was able to bribe the guards so that she and the other martyrs were moved to another part of the prison, with her infant. Her physical torment was also eased after she was able to breastfeed her child. Perpetua described bodily ailments in detail and the most common in her narrative was the cycle of pain and relief she would feel in her breasts. At the encouragement of her brother, Perpetua asks for and receives a vision, in which she climbs a dangerous ladder to which various weapons are attached. At the foot of a ladder is a serpent, which is faced first by Saturus and later by Perpetua. The serpent does not harm her, and she ascends to a garden. At the conclusion of her dream, Perpetua realizes that the martyrs will suffer. The day before her martyrdom, Perpetua envisions herself defeating a savage Egyptian and interprets this to mean that she would have to do battle not merely with wild beasts, but with the Devil himself. Veneration Mosaic of Saint Perpetua, Euphrasian Basilica, Poreč, Croatia In Carthage a basilica was erected over the tomb of the martyrs, the Basilica Maiorum, where an ancient inscription bearing the names of Perpetua and Felicitas has been found. Saints Felicitas and Perpetua are among the martyrs commemorated by name in the Roman Canon of the Mass. The feast day of Saints Perpetua and Felicitas, 7 March, was celebrated across the Roman Empire and was entered in the Philocalian Calendar, the fourth-century calendar of martyrs venerated publicly in Rome. When Saint Thomas Aquinas's feast was inserted into the Roman calendar, for celebration on the same day, the two African saints were thenceforth only commemorated. The Tridentine calendar, established by Pope Pius V, continued to commemorate the two until the year 1908, when Pope Pius X brought the date for celebrating them forward to 6 March. In the 1969 revision of the General Roman Calendar, the feast of Saint Thomas Aquinas was moved, and that of Saints Perpetua and Felicity was restored to their traditional 7 March date. Other Churches, including the Lutheran Church and the Episcopal Church, commemorate these two martyrs on 7 March, never having altered the date to 6 March. The Anglican Church of Canada, however, historically commemorated them on 6 March (The Book of Common Prayer, 1962), but have since changed to the traditional 7 March date (Book of Alternative Services, 1985). Perpetua and Felicity are remembered in the Church of England and the Episcopal Church on 7 March. In the Eastern Orthodox Church the feast day of Saints Perpetua of Carthage and the catechumens Saturus, Revocatus, Saturninus, Secundulus, and Felicitas is 1 February. See also Domnina, Berenice, and Prosdoce List of Christian women of the patristic age References ^ Holy Trinity Russian Orthodox Church ^ a b Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) Ἡ Ἁγία Περπέτουα ἡ Μάρτυς καὶ οἱ σὺν αὐτῇ. 1 Φεβρουαρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ. ^ a b Martyr Perpetua, a woman of Carthage. OCA – Feasts and Saints. ^ "The Calendar" (PDF). Church of England. Retrieved 11 March 2016. ^ Lutheran Woman Today, Volume 11. Publishing House of Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. 1998. Perpetua is commemorated by the church on March 7. ^ Salisbury, Joyce Ellen (3 March 2019). "Perpetua: Christian Martyr". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 7 July 2019. ^ a b MELISSA, PEREZ. VIBIA PERPETUA'S DIARY: A WOMAN'S WRITING IN A ROMAN TEXT OF ITS OWN (PDF) (Thesis). Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 January 2021. Retrieved 6 January 2021. She was "of good family, recently married, and well educated with an infant son at her breast." ^ Heffernan, Thomas J. (2012). The passion of Perpetua and Felicity. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199777570.001.0001. ISBN 9780199777570. ^ Gold, Barbara K. (2018). Perpetua: athlete of god. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oso/9780195385458.001.0001. ISBN 9780195385458. ^ Dova, Stamatia (2017). "Lactation Cessation and the Realities of Martyrdom in the Passion of Saint Perpetua". Illinois Classical Studies. 42: 245–265. doi:10.5406/illiclasstud.42.1.0245. S2CID 164888397 – via JSTOR. ^ "Calendarium", p. 89 ^ "Calendarium", p. 119 ^ "The Calendar". The Church of England. Retrieved 27 March 2021. ^ Lesser Feasts and Fasts 2018. Church Publishing, Inc. 1 December 2019. ISBN 978-1-64065-234-7. vteSaints of the Catholic ChurchDicastery for the Causes of SaintsStages of canonization: Servant of God → Venerable → Blessed → SaintVirgin Mary Mother of God (Theotokos) Immaculate Conception Perpetual virginity Assumption Marian apparition Titles of Mary Joseph (husband) Apostles Andrew Barnabas Bartholomew James of Alphaeus James the Great John Jude Matthew Matthias Paul Peter Philip Simon Thomas Archangels Gabriel Michael in the Catholic Church Raphael Confessors Anatolius Anthony of Kiev Athanasius the Confessor Chariton the Confessor Dominic Edward the Confessor Francis of Assisi Francis Borgia Homobonus Lazarus Zographos Louis Bertrand Maximus the Confessor Michael of Synnada Paphnutius the Confessor Paul I of Constantinople Peter Claver Salonius Sergius of Radonezh Theophanes the Confessor Pio of Pietrelcina Disciples Apollos Mary of Bethany Mary Magdalene Priscilla and Aquila Silvanus Stephen Timothy Titus Seventy disciples Doctors of the Church Gregory the Great Ambrose Augustine of Hippo Jerome John Chrysostom Basil of Caesarea Gregory of Nazianzus Athanasius of Alexandria Cyril of Alexandria Cyril of Jerusalem John of Damascus Bede the Venerable Ephrem the Syrian Thomas Aquinas Bonaventure Anselm of Canterbury Isidore of Seville Peter Chrysologus Leo the Great Peter Damian Bernard of Clairvaux Hilary of Poitiers Alphonsus Liguori Francis de Sales Peter Canisius John of the Cross Robert Bellarmine Albertus Magnus Anthony of Padua Lawrence of Brindisi Teresa of Ávila Catherine of Siena Thérèse of Lisieux John of Ávila Hildegard of Bingen Gregory of Narek Irenaeus Evangelists Matthew Mark Luke John ChurchFathers Alexander of Alexandria Alexander of Jerusalem Ambrose of Milan Anatolius Athanasius of Alexandria Augustine of Hippo Caesarius of Arles Caius Cappadocian Fathers Clement of Alexandria Clement of Rome Cyprian of Carthage Cyril of Alexandria Cyril of Jerusalem Damasus I Desert Fathers Desert Mothers Dionysius of Alexandria Dionysius of Corinth Dionysius Ephrem the Syrian Epiphanius of Salamis Fulgentius of Ruspe Gregory the Great Gregory of Nazianzus Gregory of Nyssa Hilary of Poitiers Hippolytus of Rome Ignatius of Antioch Irenaeus of Lyons Isidore of Seville Jerome of Stridonium John Chrysostom John of Damascus Maximus the Confessor Melito of Sardis Quadratus of Athens Papias of Hierapolis Peter Chrysologus Polycarp of Smyrna Theophilus of Antioch Victorinus of Pettau Vincent of Lérins Zephyrinus Martyrs Abda and Abdisho Boris and Gleb Charles de Foucauld Canadian Martyrs Carthusian Martyrs Child Martyrs of Tlaxcala Christina of Persia Devasahayam Pillai Dismas the Good Thief Forty Martyrs of England and Wales Four Crowned Martyrs Gerard of Csanád Great Martyr The Holy Innocents Irish Martyrs John Fisher Korean Martyrs Lorenzo Ruiz Martyrs of Lübeck Luigi Versiglia Martyrology Martyrs of Albania Martyrs of Algeria Martyrs of Cajonos Martyrs of Drina Martyrs of China Martyrs of Gorkum Martyrs of Japan 21 Martyrs of Libya Martyrs of La Rioja Martyrs of Laos Martyrs of Natal Martyrs of Otranto Martyrs of Prague Martyrs of Sandomierz Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War Martyrs of Zenta Maximilian Kolbe Óscar Romero Pedro Calungsod Perpetua and Felicity Peter Chanel Pietro Parenzo Philomena Saints of the Cristero War Stephen Teresa Benedicta of the Cross Titus Brandsma 17 Thomasian Martyrs Thomas Becket Thomas More Three Martyrs of Chimbote Ulma Family Uganda Martyrs Vietnamese Martyrs Valentine of Rome Victor and Corona Zanitas and Lazarus of Persia Missionaries Augustine of Canterbury Boniface Damien of Molokai Evermode of Ratzeburg Francis Xavier François de Laval Gregory the Illuminator Junípero Serra Nino of Georgia Patrick of Ireland Remigius Patriarchs Adam Abel Abraham Isaac Jacob Joseph Joseph (father of Jesus) David Noah Solomon Matriarchs Popes Adeodatus I Adeodatus II Adrian III Agapetus I Agatho Alexander I Anacletus Anastasius I Anicetus Anterus Benedict II Boniface I Boniface IV Caius Callixtus I Celestine I Celestine V Clement I Cornelius Damasus I Dionysius Eleuterus Eugene I Eusebius Eutychian Evaristus Fabian Felix I Felix III Felix IV Gelasius I Gregory I Gregory II Gregory III Gregory VII Hilarius Hormisdas Hyginus Innocent I John I John XXIII John Paul II Julius I Leo I Leo II Leo III Leo IV Leo IX Linus Lucius I Marcellinus Marcellus I Mark Martin I Miltiades Nicholas I Paschal I Paul I Paul VI Peter Pius I Pius V Pius X Pontian Sergius I Silverius Simplicius Siricius Sixtus I Sixtus II Sixtus III Soter Stephen I Stephen IV Sylvester I Symmachus Telesphorus Urban I Victor I Vitalian Zachary Zephyrinus Zosimus Prophets Agabus Amos Anna Baruch ben Neriah David Elijah Ezekiel Habakkuk Haggai Hosea Isaiah Jeremiah Job Joel John the Baptist Jonah Judas Barsabbas Malachi Melchizedek Micah Moses Nahum Obadiah Samuel Seven Maccabees and their mother Simeon Zechariah (prophet) Zechariah (NT) Zephaniah Virgins Agatha of Sicily Agnes of Rome Angela of the Cross Æthelthryth Bernadette Soubirous Catherine of Bologna Brigid of Kildare Catherine Labouré Catherine of Siena Cecilia Clare of Assisi Eulalia of Mérida Euphemia Faustina Kowalska Faustina and Liberata of Como Genevieve Hiltrude of Liessies Joan of Arc Kateri Tekakwitha Lucy of Syracuse Maria Goretti María de las Maravillas de Jesús Narcisa de Jesús Patricia of Naples Rosalia Rose of Lima Teresa of the Andes Teresa of Calcutta Trasilla and Emiliana Ubaldesca Taccini See also Calendar of saints Four Holy Marshals Fourteen Holy Helpers Martyr of charity Military saints Athleta Christi Miles Christianus Church Militant Seven Champions Virtuous pagan Catholic Church portal Saints portal Authority control databases Perpetua Spain France BnF data Catalonia Deutsche Biographie FAST Germany ISNI Israel United States Sweden Japan Czech Republic Australia Netherlands Poland IdRef Vatican VIAF 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Felicity Catalonia Deutsche Biographie FAST 2 Germany ISNI Israel United States Sweden Czech Republic Netherlands Poland IdRef Vatican VIAF 2 3 4	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Perpetua (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpetua_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Christian martyrs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_martyr"},{"link_name":"noblewoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobility"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thesis_PERPETUA_DIARY-7"},{"link_name":"slave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"Carthage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthage"},{"link_name":"Roman province of Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_province_of_Africa"},{"link_name":"Passion of Saints Perpetua and Felicity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passion_of_Saints_Perpetua_and_Felicity"},{"link_name":"Septimius 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For other uses, see Perpetua (disambiguation).Perpetua and Felicity (Latin: Perpetua et Felicitas; c. 182[6] – c. 203) were Christian martyrs of the third century. Vibia Perpetua was a recently married, well-educated noblewoman, said to have been 22 years old at the time of her death, and mother of an infant son she was nursing.[7] Felicity, a slave woman imprisoned with her and pregnant at the time, was martyred with her. They were put to death along with others at Carthage in the Roman province of Africa.The Passion of Saints Perpetua and Felicity narrates their death. According to the narrative, five people were arrested and executed at the military games in celebration of the emperor Septimius Severus's birthday. Along with Felicity and Perpetua, these included two free men, Saturninus and Secundulus, and an enslaved man named Revocatus; all were catechumens or Christians being instructed in the faith but not yet baptized. To this group of five was added a further man named Saturus, who voluntarily went before the magistrate and proclaimed himself a Christian. Perpetua's first person narrative was published posthumously as part of the Passion.[8][9]","title":"Perpetua and Felicity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thesis_PERPETUA_DIARY-7"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Perpetua's account opens with conflict between her and her father, who wishes her to recant her belief. Perpetua refuses, and is soon baptized before being moved to prison. Perpetua was imprisoned in Carthage in the days leading up to her martyrdom. She described these days and what she endured in her diary.[7]Perpetua described the physical and emotional torments that she suffered in the prison leading up to her martyrdom. Perpetua suffered physically due to the heat, rough prison guards, and the cessation of regular breastfeeding. Perpetua also described how the prison conditions improved after she was able to bribe the guards so that she and the other martyrs were moved to another part of the prison, with her infant. Her physical torment was also eased after she was able to breastfeed her child.[10] Perpetua described bodily ailments in detail and the most common in her narrative was the cycle of pain and relief she would feel in her breasts.At the encouragement of her brother, Perpetua asks for and receives a vision, in which she climbs a dangerous ladder to which various weapons are attached. At the foot of a ladder is a serpent, which is faced first by Saturus and later by Perpetua. The serpent does not harm her, and she ascends to a garden. At the conclusion of her dream, Perpetua realizes that the martyrs will suffer.The day before her martyrdom, Perpetua envisions herself defeating a savage Egyptian and interprets this to mean that she would have to do battle not merely with wild beasts, but with the Devil himself.","title":"Imprisonment"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Perpetua.jpg"},{"link_name":"Euphrasian Basilica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphrasian_Basilica"},{"link_name":"Poreč","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pore%C4%8D"},{"link_name":"basilica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica"},{"link_name":"Canon of the Mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_of_the_Mass"},{"link_name":"feast day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feast_day"},{"link_name":"Philocalian Calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronography_of_354"},{"link_name":"Thomas Aquinas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas"},{"link_name":"Tridentine calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tridentine_calendar"},{"link_name":"Pope Pius V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_V"},{"link_name":"Pope Pius X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_X"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"1969 revision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysterii_Paschalis"},{"link_name":"General Roman Calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Lutheran Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheran_Church"},{"link_name":"Episcopal Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"Anglican Church of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"The Book of Common Prayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Book_of_Common_Prayer"},{"link_name":"Book of Alternative Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Alternative_Services"},{"link_name":"remembered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Church_of_England)"},{"link_name":"Church of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England"},{"link_name":"Episcopal Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Episcopal_Church)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Eastern Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"catechumens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catechumens"},{"link_name":"1 February","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_February_(Eastern_Orthodox_liturgics)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SYNAX-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OCA-3"}],"text":"Mosaic of Saint Perpetua, Euphrasian Basilica, Poreč, CroatiaIn Carthage a basilica was erected over the tomb of the martyrs, the Basilica Maiorum, where an ancient inscription bearing the names of Perpetua and Felicitas has been found.Saints Felicitas and Perpetua are among the martyrs commemorated by name in the Roman Canon of the Mass.The feast day of Saints Perpetua and Felicitas, 7 March, was celebrated across the Roman Empire and was entered in the Philocalian Calendar, the fourth-century calendar of martyrs venerated publicly in Rome. When Saint Thomas Aquinas's feast was inserted into the Roman calendar, for celebration on the same day, the two African saints were thenceforth only commemorated. The Tridentine calendar, established by Pope Pius V, continued to commemorate the two until the year 1908, when Pope Pius X brought the date for celebrating them forward to 6 March.[11] In the 1969 revision of the General Roman Calendar, the feast of Saint Thomas Aquinas was moved, and that of Saints Perpetua and Felicity was restored to their traditional 7 March date.[12]Other Churches, including the Lutheran Church and the Episcopal Church, commemorate these two martyrs on 7 March, never having altered the date to 6 March. The Anglican Church of Canada, however, historically commemorated them on 6 March (The Book of Common Prayer, 1962), but have since changed to the traditional 7 March date (Book of Alternative Services, 1985).Perpetua and Felicity are remembered in the Church of England and the Episcopal Church on 7 March.[13][14]In the Eastern Orthodox Church the feast day of Saints Perpetua of Carthage and the catechumens Saturus, Revocatus, Saturninus, Secundulus, and Felicitas is 1 February.[2][3]","title":"Veneration"}]	[{"image_text":"Mosaic of Saint Perpetua, Euphrasian Basilica, Poreč, Croatia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Perpetua.jpg/180px-Perpetua.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Domnina, Berenice, and Prosdoce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domnina,_Berenice,_and_Prosdoce"},{"title":"List of Christian women of the patristic age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Christian_women_of_the_patristic_age"}]	[{"reference":"\"The Calendar\" (PDF). Church of England. Retrieved 11 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.churchofengland.org/media/41151/tandscalendar.pdf","url_text":"\"The Calendar\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England","url_text":"Church of England"}]},{"reference":"Lutheran Woman Today, Volume 11. Publishing House of Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. 1998. Perpetua is commemorated by the church on March 7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=swTrAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Lutheran Woman Today, Volume 11"}]},{"reference":"Salisbury, Joyce Ellen (3 March 2019). \"Perpetua: Christian Martyr\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 7 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joyce_E._Salisbury","url_text":"Salisbury, Joyce Ellen"},{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/Perpetua-Christian-martyr","url_text":"\"Perpetua: Christian Martyr\""}]},{"reference":"MELISSA, PEREZ. VIBIA PERPETUA'S DIARY: A WOMAN'S WRITING IN A ROMAN TEXT OF ITS OWN (PDF) (Thesis). Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 January 2021. Retrieved 6 January 2021. She was \"of good family, recently married, and well educated with an infant son at her breast.\"","urls":[{"url":"http://etd.fcla.edu/CF/CFE0002731/Perez_Melissa_C_200908_MA.pdf","url_text":"VIBIA PERPETUA'S DIARY: A WOMAN'S WRITING IN A ROMAN TEXT OF ITS OWN"},{"url":"https://archive.today/20210106183354/http://etd.fcla.edu/CF/CFE0002731/Perez_Melissa_C_200908_MA.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Heffernan, Thomas J. (2012). The passion of Perpetua and Felicity. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199777570.001.0001. ISBN 9780199777570.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aosobl%2F9780199777570.001.0001","url_text":"10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199777570.001.0001"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199777570","url_text":"9780199777570"}]},{"reference":"Gold, Barbara K. (2018). Perpetua: athlete of god. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oso/9780195385458.001.0001. ISBN 9780195385458.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780195385458.001.0001","url_text":"10.1093/oso/9780195385458.001.0001"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195385458","url_text":"9780195385458"}]},{"reference":"Dova, Stamatia (2017). \"Lactation Cessation and the Realities of Martyrdom in the Passion of Saint Perpetua\". Illinois Classical Studies. 42: 245–265. doi:10.5406/illiclasstud.42.1.0245. S2CID 164888397 – via JSTOR.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/","url_text":"\"Lactation Cessation and the Realities of Martyrdom in the Passion of Saint Perpetua\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5406%2Filliclasstud.42.1.0245","url_text":"10.5406/illiclasstud.42.1.0245"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164888397","url_text":"164888397"}]},{"reference":"\"The Calendar\". The Church of England. Retrieved 27 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/calendar","url_text":"\"The Calendar\""}]},{"reference":"Lesser Feasts and Fasts 2018. Church Publishing, Inc. 1 December 2019. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reality_Z	Reality Z	["1 Plot","2 Cast","2.1 Main","2.2 Special guest","3 Episodes","4 Production","4.1 Development","4.2 Casting","5 References","6 External links"]	Brazilian television series Reality ZGenreZombie horrorCreated byCláudio TorresBased onDead Setby Charlie BrookerWritten byCláudio TorresJoão CostaDirected byRodrigo MonteStarring Ana Hartmann Emílio de Mello Carla Ribas Ravel Andrade Guilherme Weber Luellem de Castro João Pedro Zappa Hanna Romanazzi Jesus Luz Country of originBrazilOriginal languagePortugueseNo. of seasons1No. of episodes10 (list of episodes)ProductionExecutive producersCharlie BrookerAnnabel JonesProducersCláudio TorresRenata BrandãoCinematographyRodrigo MonteEditorsSérgio MeklerIsadora BoschiroliRunning time40 minutesProduction companyConspiração FilmesOriginal releaseNetworkNetflixRelease10 June 2020 (2020-06-10) –present Reality Z is a Brazilian horror television series based on the British television miniseries Dead Set. Produced in partnership with Conspiração Filmes and directed by Cláudio Torres, the first season of 10 episodes premiered on Netflix on 10 June 2020. Plot The successful reality show Olympus – where TK, Jessica, Augusto, Marcos, Veronica, Madonna and Cleide were confined – is interrupted when a zombie apocalypse takes over Rio de Janeiro, forcing the production and the cast to remain locked up in the studios. A production runner, Nina, leads the fight against monsters. Cast Main Ana Hartmann as Nina Emílio de Mello as Alberto Levi Carla Ribas as Ana Schmidt Ravel Andrade as Leo Schmidt Guilherme Weber as Brandão and the voice of Zeus Luellem de Castro as Teresa João Pedro Zappa as TK and Hermes Hanna Romanazzi as Jessica and Aphrodite Jesus Luz as Lucas Pierre Baitelli as Robson Leandro Daniel as Augusto and Ares Gabriel Canella as Marcos and Apollo Natália Rosa as Veronica and Athena Wallie Ruy as Madonna and Dionysus Arlinda Di Baio as Cleide and Demeter Julia Ianina as Cristina Arlyson Gomes as Samuel Special guest Sabrina Sato as Davina McCall Leda Nagle as Nora Werneck Cinnara Leal as Clara Erom Cordeiro as Marcelo Bruno Bellarmino as Tysson Saulo Arcoverde as Eric Thelmo Fernandes as Peixe Mariah de Moraes as Producer assistant André Dale as José Peixoto Charles Fricks as Dr. Fábio Lima Episodes No.TitleDirected byWritten byOriginal release date 1"Olympus"UnknownUnknown10 June 2020 (2020-06-10) 2"The Show is Over"UnknownUnknown10 June 2020 (2020-06-10) 3"Grocery Store"UnknownUnknown10 June 2020 (2020-06-10) 4"Zeus"UnknownUnknown10 June 2020 (2020-06-10) 5"The End"UnknownUnknown10 June 2020 (2020-06-10) 6"Wild Thing"UnknownUnknown10 June 2020 (2020-06-10) 7"The Calling"UnknownUnknown10 June 2020 (2020-06-10) 8"The Future"UnknownUnknown10 June 2020 (2020-06-10) 9"The Gate"UnknownUnknown10 June 2020 (2020-06-10) 10"Be Human"UnknownUnknown10 June 2020 (2020-06-10) Production Development On April 24, 2019, the series was announced by Charlie Brooker, creator of Dead Set on the Netflix panel at the 2019 Rio2C (Rio Creative Conference) event. A teaser with Ted Sarandos, Netflix's head of content, convincing presenter Sabrina Sato that there is no problem happening as the attraction was released on the same day on Netflix Brazil social medias to announce the series. Casting Alongside the initial series announcement, it was reported that actors Guilherme Weber, Jesus Luz, Ana Hartmann, Emilio de Mello, Carla Ribas, Luellem de Castro, Ravel Andrade, and Wallie Ruy would be part of the cast and Sabrina Sato as a special guest. Soundtrack Pink Floyd - "Fat Old Sun" The Who - "Love, Reign o'er Me" The Velvet Underground - "After Hours" References ^ Brito, Carlos (24 April 2019). "Criador de 'Black mirror' vem ao Rio e diz que a série não é contrária à tecnologia". G1 (in Portuguese). Retrieved 25 April 2019. ^ "Reality Z – Listings". The Futon Critic. Retrieved 9 June 2020. ^ "Netflix Picks up Brazilian Zombie Series 'Reality Z'". What's on Netflix. 25 April 2019. Retrieved 25 April 2019. ^ "Conspiração to Adapt Zombie Drama Dead Set in Brazil". todotvnews. 26 April 2019. Retrieved 29 April 2019. ^ Portilho, Osmar (24 April 2019). "Sabrina Sato, zumbis e humor: Como será "Reality Z", da Netflix". Universo Online (in Portuguese). Retrieved 25 April 2019. ^ Harig, Bruce (24 April 2019). "Zombie Show 'Reality Z' Set For Netflix Brazil, Local Adaptation Of British 'Dead Set'". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved 25 April 2019. External links Reality Z on Netflix Reality Z at IMDb	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"horror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horror_fiction"},{"link_name":"Dead Set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Set"},{"link_name":"Cláudio Torres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cl%C3%A1udio_Torres&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Netflix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Reality Z is a Brazilian horror television series based on the British television miniseries Dead Set. Produced in partnership with Conspiração Filmes and directed by Cláudio Torres, the first season of 10 episodes premiered on Netflix on 10 June 2020.[1]","title":"Reality Z"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rio de Janeiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro"}],"text":"The successful reality show Olympus – where TK, Jessica, Augusto, Marcos, Veronica, Madonna and Cleide were confined – is interrupted when a zombie apocalypse takes over Rio de Janeiro, forcing the production and the cast to remain locked up in the studios. A production runner, Nina, leads the fight against monsters.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ana Hartmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ana_Hartmann&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Emílio de Mello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Em%C3%ADlio_de_Mello"},{"link_name":"Guilherme Weber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guilherme_Weber"},{"link_name":"Hanna Romanazzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanna_Romanazzi"},{"link_name":"Jesus Luz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_Luz"},{"link_name":"Arlyson Gomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arlyson_Gomes_(actor)&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Main","text":"Ana Hartmann as Nina\nEmílio de Mello as Alberto Levi\nCarla Ribas as Ana Schmidt\nRavel Andrade as Leo Schmidt\nGuilherme Weber as Brandão and the voice of Zeus\nLuellem de Castro as Teresa\nJoão Pedro Zappa as TK and Hermes\nHanna Romanazzi as Jessica and Aphrodite\nJesus Luz as Lucas\nPierre Baitelli as Robson\nLeandro Daniel as Augusto and Ares\nGabriel Canella as Marcos and Apollo\nNatália Rosa as Veronica and Athena\nWallie Ruy as Madonna and Dionysus\nArlinda Di Baio as Cleide and Demeter\nJulia Ianina as Cristina\nArlyson Gomes as Samuel","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sabrina Sato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabrina_Sato"},{"link_name":"Leda Nagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leda_Nagle"}],"sub_title":"Special guest","text":"Sabrina Sato as Davina McCall\nLeda Nagle as Nora Werneck\nCinnara Leal as Clara\nErom Cordeiro as Marcelo\nBruno Bellarmino as Tysson\nSaulo Arcoverde as Eric\nThelmo Fernandes as Peixe\nMariah de Moraes as Producer assistant\nAndré Dale as José Peixoto\nCharles Fricks as Dr. Fábio Lima","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charlie Brooker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Brooker"},{"link_name":"Dead Set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Set"},{"link_name":"Netflix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Ted Sarandos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Sarandos"},{"link_name":"Sabrina Sato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabrina_Sato"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Development","text":"On April 24, 2019, the series was announced by Charlie Brooker, creator of Dead Set on the Netflix panel at the 2019 Rio2C (Rio Creative Conference) event.[3][4] A teaser with Ted Sarandos, Netflix's head of content, convincing presenter Sabrina Sato that there is no problem happening as the attraction was released on the same day on Netflix Brazil social medias to announce the series.[5]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guilherme Weber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guilherme_Weber"},{"link_name":"Sabrina Sato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabrina_Sato"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Pink Floyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_Floyd"},{"link_name":"Fat Old Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat_Old_Sun"},{"link_name":"The Who","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Who"},{"link_name":"Love, Reign o'er Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love,_Reign_o%27er_Me"},{"link_name":"The Velvet Underground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Velvet_Underground"},{"link_name":"After Hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_Hours_(The_Velvet_Underground_song)"}],"sub_title":"Casting","text":"Alongside the initial series announcement, it was reported that actors Guilherme Weber, Jesus Luz, Ana Hartmann, Emilio de Mello, Carla Ribas, Luellem de Castro, Ravel Andrade, and Wallie Ruy would be part of the cast and Sabrina Sato as a special guest.[6]SoundtrackPink Floyd - \"Fat Old Sun\"\nThe Who - \"Love, Reign o'er Me\"\nThe Velvet Underground - \"After Hours\"","title":"Production"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Brito, Carlos (24 April 2019). \"Criador de 'Black mirror' vem ao Rio e diz que a série não é contrária à tecnologia\". G1 (in Portuguese). Retrieved 25 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://g1.globo.com/rj/rio-de-janeiro/noticia/2019/04/24/criador-de-black-mirror-vem-ao-rio-e-diz-que-a-serie-nao-e-contraria-a-tecnologia.ghtml","url_text":"\"Criador de 'Black mirror' vem ao Rio e diz que a série não é contrária à tecnologia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G1_(website)","url_text":"G1"}]},{"reference":"\"Reality Z – Listings\". The Futon Critic. Retrieved 9 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thefutoncritic.com/showatch/reality-z/listings/","url_text":"\"Reality Z – Listings\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Futon_Critic","url_text":"The Futon Critic"}]},{"reference":"\"Netflix Picks up Brazilian Zombie Series 'Reality Z'\". What's on Netflix. 25 April 2019. Retrieved 25 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.whats-on-netflix.com/news/netflix-picks-up-brazilian-zombie-series-reality-z/","url_text":"\"Netflix Picks up Brazilian Zombie Series 'Reality Z'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Conspiração to Adapt Zombie Drama Dead Set in Brazil\". todotvnews. 26 April 2019. Retrieved 29 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.todotvnews.com/news/Conspiracao-to-Adapt-Zombie-Drama-Dead-Set-in-Brazil.html","url_text":"\"Conspiração to Adapt Zombie Drama Dead Set in Brazil\""}]},{"reference":"Portilho, Osmar (24 April 2019). \"Sabrina Sato, zumbis e humor: Como será \"Reality Z\", da Netflix\". Universo Online (in Portuguese). Retrieved 25 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://entretenimento.uol.com.br/noticias/redacao/2019/04/24/sabrina-sato-zumbis-e-humor-como-sera-reality-z-da-netflix.htm","url_text":"\"Sabrina Sato, zumbis e humor: Como será \"Reality Z\", da Netflix\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universo_Online","url_text":"Universo Online"}]},{"reference":"Harig, Bruce (24 April 2019). \"Zombie Show 'Reality Z' Set For Netflix Brazil, Local Adaptation Of British 'Dead Set'\". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved 25 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2019/04/reality-z-netflix-brazil-zombie-dead-set-1202601629/","url_text":"\"Zombie Show 'Reality Z' Set For Netflix Brazil, Local Adaptation Of British 'Dead Set'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://g1.globo.com/rj/rio-de-janeiro/noticia/2019/04/24/criador-de-black-mirror-vem-ao-rio-e-diz-que-a-serie-nao-e-contraria-a-tecnologia.ghtml","external_links_name":"\"Criador de 'Black mirror' vem ao Rio e diz que a série não é contrária à tecnologia\""},{"Link":"http://www.thefutoncritic.com/showatch/reality-z/listings/","external_links_name":"\"Reality Z – Listings\""},{"Link":"https://www.whats-on-netflix.com/news/netflix-picks-up-brazilian-zombie-series-reality-z/","external_links_name":"\"Netflix Picks up Brazilian Zombie Series 'Reality Z'\""},{"Link":"http://www.todotvnews.com/news/Conspiracao-to-Adapt-Zombie-Drama-Dead-Set-in-Brazil.html","external_links_name":"\"Conspiração to Adapt Zombie Drama Dead Set in Brazil\""},{"Link":"https://entretenimento.uol.com.br/noticias/redacao/2019/04/24/sabrina-sato-zumbis-e-humor-como-sera-reality-z-da-netflix.htm","external_links_name":"\"Sabrina Sato, zumbis e humor: Como será \"Reality Z\", da Netflix\""},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2019/04/reality-z-netflix-brazil-zombie-dead-set-1202601629/","external_links_name":"\"Zombie Show 'Reality Z' Set For Netflix Brazil, Local Adaptation Of British 'Dead Set'\""},{"Link":"https://www.netflix.com/title/81003028","external_links_name":"Reality Z"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt10241238/","external_links_name":"Reality Z"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Washington	Oscar Washington	["1 Career","2 Death","3 References"]	American songwriter Oscar WashingtonBirth nameOscar Douglas WashingtonBornc.1912Died2004/05GenresJazzInstrument(s)GuitarMusical artist Oscar Douglas Washington (c. 1912 – 2004/05) was an American songwriter, guitarist, school teacher and record label owner. He is credited as co-writer of the jazz and rhythm and blues classic "Night Train", and was also influential in the early career of Chuck Berry. Career By the early 1950s, Washington was working in St Louis, Missouri as a school teacher and guitarist. There he collaborated with saxophonist Jimmy Forrest on the composition of "Night Train", which became a number 1 R&B hit in 1952. Most sources credit Washington with writing the lyrics of the song. He also recorded under the name Faith Douglass. In 1953, he started the small independent Ballad record label in St Louis. The label released a series of doo-wop singles by the Swans, which had some regional success. After hearing an unrecorded guitarist, Chuck Berry, playing in clubs, he persuaded Berry to make his first record as part of another group, Joe Alexander & the Cubans. They released a calypso record, "Oh Maria", in 1954, which was co-written by Washington. It has been suggested that Berry played guitar on the record, though Berry later denied any involvement. Although Washington did not continue to work with Berry, he continued to release occasional records on the Ballad label until the late 1950s. From 1966-1968 he revived the Ballad record label for a group called The Gifts and another called The Citations. In the late 1960s, he was involved in the small SaintMo label, which also released several singles with little success. Broadcast Music, Inc. (BMI) credits Washington with 70 compositions as a songwriter, including "Night Train". Death In August 2005, human remains unearthed at a property in St Louis were tentatively identified as those of Oscar Washington, aged 93, who had not been seen for over a year. Police had been looking for his son, Farand Washington, in connection with the cashing of Social Security checks made out to his father. After Farand Washington was killed in a crash when he lost control of his car, and following an anonymous tip-off by a neighbor, police undertook a search of the family's property, where they found the buried remains. It was reported that police believed that the remains were those of Oscar Washington, but an autopsy failed to determine the cause of his death. References ^ Library of Congress Catalog of copyright entries. Accessed 16 April 2012 ^ BMI Repertoire Search, "Night Train" Archived 2016-01-16 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed 16 April 2012 ^ a b c Marv Goldberg's R&B Notebooks, The Regals. Accessed 16 April 2012 ^ a b J.C.Marion, Forgotten Sessions, Ballad Records Archived 2016-05-13 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed 16 April 2012 ^ a b Bruce Pegg, Brown Eyed Handsome Man: The Life And Hard Times Of Chuck Berry, Routledge, 2005, ISBN 0415937515, pp.27-29 ^ SoulfulDetroit.com, SaintMo Records. Accessed 16 April 2012 ^ BMI Repertoire Search, Oscar Washington Archived 2012-07-19 at archive.today. Accessed 16 April 2012 ^ "Tip leads police to human bones in backyard", St Louis Post-Dispatch, August 10, 2005. Accessed 16 April 2012 ^ "Autopsy fails to find cause of man's death", St Louis Post-Dispatch, August 12, 2005. Accessed 16 April 2012 Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Czech Republic	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"record label","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_label"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz"},{"link_name":"rhythm and blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues"},{"link_name":"Night Train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_Train_(Jimmy_Forrest_composition)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Chuck Berry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Berry"}],"text":"Musical artistOscar Douglas Washington (c. 1912 – 2004/05) was an American songwriter, guitarist, school teacher and record label owner.[1] He is credited as co-writer of the jazz and rhythm and blues classic \"Night Train\",[2] and was also influential in the early career of Chuck Berry.","title":"Oscar Washington"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St Louis, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Louis,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marv-3"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Forrest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Forrest_(musician)"},{"link_name":"number 1 R&B hit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Songs"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marv-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marv-3"},{"link_name":"doo-wop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doo-wop"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marion-4"},{"link_name":"calypso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calypso_music"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pegg-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pegg-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marion-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Broadcast Music, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_Music,_Inc."},{"link_name":"Night Train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_Train_(Jimmy_Forrest_composition)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"By the early 1950s, Washington was working in St Louis, Missouri as a school teacher and guitarist.[3] There he collaborated with saxophonist Jimmy Forrest on the composition of \"Night Train\", which became a number 1 R&B hit in 1952. Most sources credit Washington with writing the lyrics of the song. He also recorded under the name Faith Douglass.[3]In 1953, he started the small independent Ballad record label in St Louis.[3] The label released a series of doo-wop singles by the Swans, which had some regional success.[4] After hearing an unrecorded guitarist, Chuck Berry, playing in clubs, he persuaded Berry to make his first record as part of another group, Joe Alexander & the Cubans. They released a calypso record, \"Oh Maria\", in 1954, which was co-written by Washington.[5] It has been suggested that Berry played guitar on the record, though Berry later denied any involvement. Although Washington did not continue to work with Berry,[5] he continued to release occasional records on the Ballad label until the late 1950s.[4] From 1966-1968 he revived the Ballad record label for a group called The Gifts and another called The Citations. In the late 1960s, he was involved in the small SaintMo label, which also released several singles with little success.[6]Broadcast Music, Inc. (BMI) credits Washington with 70 compositions as a songwriter, including \"Night Train\".[7]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Social Security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"autopsy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autopsy"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"In August 2005, human remains unearthed at a property in St Louis were tentatively identified as those of Oscar Washington, aged 93, who had not been seen for over a year. Police had been looking for his son, Farand Washington, in connection with the cashing of Social Security checks made out to his father. After Farand Washington was killed in a crash when he lost control of his car, and following an anonymous tip-off by a neighbor, police undertook a search of the family's property, where they found the buried remains. It was reported that police believed that the remains were those of Oscar Washington, but an autopsy failed to determine the cause of his death.[8][9]","title":"Death"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Y3HpAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Oscar+Washington%22+1911","external_links_name":"Library of Congress Catalog of copyright entries"},{"Link":"http://repertoire.bmi.com/title.asp?blnWriter=True&blnPublisher=True&blnArtist=True&keyid=1066243&ShowNbr=0&ShowSeqNbr=0&querytype=WorkID","external_links_name":"BMI Repertoire Search, \"Night Train\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160116222236/http://repertoire.bmi.com/title.asp?blnWriter=True&blnPublisher=True&blnArtist=True&keyid=1066243&ShowNbr=0&ShowSeqNbr=0&querytype=WorkID","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.uncamarvy.com/Regals/regals.html","external_links_name":"Marv Goldberg's R&B Notebooks, The Regals"},{"Link":"https://home.earthlink.net/~jaymar41/labels_four.html","external_links_name":"J.C.Marion, Forgotten Sessions, Ballad Records"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160513103125/http://home.earthlink.net/~jaymar41/labels_four.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jWO4gdorYBwC&q=Oscar+Washington&pg=PA29","external_links_name":"Bruce Pegg, Brown Eyed Handsome Man: The Life And Hard Times Of Chuck Berry"},{"Link":"http://soulfuldetroit.com/showthread.php?3903-Saintmo-Records-%28St-Louis%29-amp-Oscar-Washington","external_links_name":"SoulfulDetroit.com, SaintMo Records"},{"Link":"http://repertoire.bmi.com/writer.asp?blnWriter=True&blnPublisher=True&blnArtist=True&page=1&fromrow=1&torow=25&querytype=WriterID&keyid=362307&keyname=WASHINGTON+OSCAR&CAE=32541122&Affiliation=BMI","external_links_name":"BMI Repertoire Search, Oscar Washington"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120719060735/http://repertoire.bmi.com/writer.asp?blnWriter=True&blnPublisher=True&blnArtist=True&page=1&fromrow=1&torow=25&querytype=WriterID&keyid=362307&keyname=WASHINGTON+OSCAR&CAE=32541122&Affiliation=BMI","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.thumperscorner.com/discus/messages/11223/6706.html?1124223575","external_links_name":"\"Tip leads police to human bones in backyard\", St Louis Post-Dispatch, August 10, 2005"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160308234819/https://business.highbeam.com/435553/article-1G1-135087857/metropolitan-area-digest","external_links_name":"\"Autopsy fails to find cause of man's death\", St Louis Post-Dispatch, August 12, 2005"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/4105148814302345330001","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxWPwTqVHphCwF4jDCJDq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=pna2017942531&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Kekaaniau	Elizabeth Kekaʻaniau	["1 Early life and education","2 Marriage","3 Later life and civic involvement","4 Death and funeral","5 Descendants and legacy","5.1 Family tree","6 References","7 Bibliography","8 Further reading","9 External links"]	Hawaiian chief, great grandniece of Kamehameha I (1834–1928) Elizabeth KekaʻaniauElizabeth Kekaʻaniau, c. 1859Born(1834-09-11)September 11, 1834Laʻanui Estate, Waialua, Oahu, Kingdom of HawaiiDiedDecember 20, 1928(1928-12-20) (aged 94)Makiki, Honolulu, Oahu, Territory of HawaiiBurialDecember 23, 1928Oahu CemeterySpouseFranklin Seaver Pratt (m. 1864)IssueTheresa Owana Kaʻōhelelani Laʻanui (adopted)Eva Kuwailanimamao Cartwright (adopted)NamesElizabeth Kekaʻaniauokalani Kalaninuiohilaukapu Kekaikuihala LaʻanuiHouseHouse of KamehamehaHouse of LaʻanuiFatherGideon Peleʻioholani LaʻanuiMotherTheresa Owana Kaheiheimalie RivesSignature Elizabeth Kekaʻaniau Laʻanui Pratt, full name Elizabeth Kekaʻaniauokalani Kalaninuiohilaukapu Kekaikuihala Laʻanui Pratt (September 11, 1834 – December 20, 1928), was a Hawaiian high chiefess (aliʻi) and great-grandniece of Kamehameha I, being a great-granddaughter of Kalokuokamaile, the older brother of Kamehameha I, founder of the Kingdom of Hawaii. She was the daughter of Gideon Peleʻioholani Laʻanui and Theresa Owana Kaheiheimalie Rives. At a young age, Kekaʻaniau was chosen to attend the Chiefs' Children's School (later renamed the Royal School) taught by American missionaries and declared eligible to succeed to the Hawaiian throne by King Kamehameha III. She married American businessman Franklin Seaver Pratt and became known as Mrs. Pratt. Five of her classmates became reigning monarchs of Hawaii until the 1893 overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii. In 1920, she wrote History of Keoua Kalanikupuapa-i-nui: Father of Hawaii Kings, and His Descendants, a book about her ancestor Keōua and his descendants including her own branch of the family and the House of Kamehameha. Outliving all her royal classmates, she was the last surviving member of the Royal School. Early life and education High Chiefess Elizabeth Kekaʻaniauokalani Kalaninuiohilaukapu Kekaikuihala Laʻanui was born September 11, 1834, in her family home at Waialua. Her parents were Gideon Peleʻioholani Laʻanui and Theresa Owana Kaheiheimalie Rives. She was given the name Elizabeth after Kaʻahumanu who had adopted her mother and was baptized with the name. Kaʻahumanu was a favorite wife of Kamehameha I and the co-ruler of the kingdom under the title of Kuhina Nui. She was also the namesake of Kekaikuihala II, her father's older sister. Her younger brother Gideon Kailipalaki Laʻanui was born in 1840, and despite medical treatment by missionary physician Gerrit P. Judd, their mother died two months afterward from complications from childbirth. Laʻanui later married on July 9, 1842, to Amelia Puohu, who became the children's stepmother. Elizabeth Kekaʻaniau as a young woman, photograph by Henry L. Chase Her family were of the aliʻi class of the Hawaiian nobility and were collateral relations of the reigning House of Kamehameha, sharing common descent from the early 18th-century aliʻi Keōua Kalanikupuapaʻīkalaninui Ahilapalapa. From her father's side, Kekaʻaniau was a great-granddaughter of Kalokuokamaile, an elder half-brother of Kamehameha I. Both were sons of the aforementioned Keōua. Due to this familial tie, her father Laʻanui escaped the slaughter of Kawaihae in 1791 where Kamehameha I defeated and sacrificed his opponent Keōua Kūʻahuʻula in the process of unifying the Hawaiian Islands. Her mother Owana was the daughter of Kamehameha II's French secretary Jean Baptiste Rives and a relation of Kaʻahumanu through her mother Holau II, who was hānai (adopted) by the queen. Also through her father's first marriage to Namahana Piʻia, Kekaʻaniau was the stepniece of Kaʻahumanu. She was of one-fourth French and three-fourths Native Hawaiian descent. At a young age, Kekaʻaniau was placed in the Chiefs' Children's School, also known as the Royal School, a select school for the royal children of the highest rank who were eligible to be rulers. Along with her other classmates, she was chosen by Kamehameha III to be eligible for the throne of the Kingdom of Hawaii. Out of the sixteen children of the school, five of her cousins would rule as monarchs of the kingdom. Called Lizzy or Lizzie by her classmates, she was taught by the missionary couple Juliette Montague Cooke and Amos Starr Cooke. In the classroom students were divided by their age and length of time at the school. She was a member of the senior level class. During their Sunday procession to church, when it was customary for boys and girls to walk side by side, she would walk beside James Kaliokalani, the eldest brother of future monarchs Kalākaua and Liliʻuokalani. During their school years, Kekaʻaniau developed a close relationship with her cousins Emma (who married Kamehameha IV and became queen consort) and Bernice Pauahi Bishop, who later founded Kamehameha Schools. She was one of the few invited guests at the 1850 wedding of Bernice Pauahi to American businessman Charles Reed Bishop, which was conducted against the wishes of Pauahi's parents, and she also later served as bridesmaid to Queen Emma during her royal wedding in 1856. She was also one of the bridesmaids at the 1862 wedding of Liliʻuokalani and John Owen Dominis. Kekaʻaniau was among the young social elite active in the royal courts of Kamehameha IV and his successor Kamehameha V. On formal occasions, she would also serve as lady-in-waiting to Queen Emma. Marriage Kekaʻaniau married Franklin Seaver Pratt (1829–1894) on April 27, 1864. The wedding was held at the residence of the bride, and Reverend Eli S. Corwin, the pastor of the Fort Street (Congregational) Church, officiated the ceremony. According to contemporary opinion, she was "well-known as one of the brightest and most cultivated women of Honolulu" and "became his faithful companion and helper" after their marriage. A native of Boston, Massachusetts, and naturalized citizen of the kingdom, Pratt was a respected businessman and sugar plantation owner who held a few court and governmental positions during the monarchy, including Staff Colonel to Kamehameha V, member of the Privy Council for Queen Liliʻuokalani, Registrar of Public Accounts and Hawaiian Consul General in San Francisco. However, according to historian James L. Haley, he was kept on the "periphery of power." The Pratts did not have any children of their own, although they adopted Kekaʻaniau's niece, Theresa Owana Kaʻōhelelani Laʻanui, daughter of her younger brother High Chief Gideon Kailipalaki Laʻanui II, after he died in 1871. Theresa married four times and had descendants by her first and second husbands: Alexander Cartwright III, son of Honolulu fire chief Alexander Cartwright, and Robert William Wilcox, a Hawaiian revolutionary leader and the first Congressional Delegate from the Territory of Hawaii. The Pratts also later adopted Alexander and Theresa's younger daughter Eva Kuwailanimamao Cartwright, who married Dwight Jarvis Styne and had three children. The Pratts owned a beachside residence, which they called the Franklin Villa or Bath Villa, in the Waikīkī area of Honolulu. The property was sold in 1897 and is now part of Fort DeRussy. Kekaʻaniau was present at the deathbed of King Kamehameha V with Queen Emma, Pauahi and other members of the royal court. She later claimed that the dying monarch had offered her the throne before asking Pauahi to succeed him. Haley noted that if this was true she would have a been a strong candidate, being a descendant of an elder brother of the kingdom's founder. Neither woman accepted, and Kamehameha V died without naming an heir. Thus, the 1864 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii called for the legislature to elect the next monarch. By both popular vote and the unanimous vote of the legislature, her cousin Lunalilo became the first elected king of Hawaii. Kekaʻaniau was given a place of honor at the prorogation of the Legislative Assembly of 1873 alongside Queen Emma, High Chiefess Fanny Kekelaokalani, and wives of the king's cabinet ministers. After the death of Lunalilo, the Pratts became supporters of Queen Emma during her unsuccessful candidacy during the royal election of 1874 against Kalākaua. Emma had promised to reward their loyalty with a government appointment by removing John Owen Dominis as Governor of Oahu and appointing Pratt in his place if she had won. Despite popular support for the queen dowager, the assembly voted thirty-nine to six in favor of Kalākaua over Emma. The subsequent announcement triggered the Honolulu Courthouse riot as Emmaite supporters hunted down and attacked native legislators who supported Kalākaua. In order to quell the civil disruption, American and British troops were landed with the permission of the Hawaiian government, and the rioters were arrested. During the final years of the monarchy, the Pratts lived in San Francisco where her husband served as Hawaiian Consul General for the Pacific states of Oregon, Washington, California and Nevada, from 1892 until the time of the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii. In March 1893, she was elected as an honorary president of Hui Aloha ʻĀina o Na Wahine (Hawaiian Women's Patriotic League) or Hui Aloha ʻĀina for Women. This patriotic group was founded shortly after its male counterpart the Hui Aloha ʻĀina for Men to oppose the overthrow and plans to annex the islands to the United States and to support the deposed queen Liliʻuokalani. She resigned this position on April 17, 1893, after a dispute arose between two factions of the group over the wordings to the memorial seeking the restoration of the monarchy to be presented to the United States Commissioner James Henderson Blount sent by President Grover Cleveland to investigate the overthrow. Later life and civic involvement Bust of Kamehameha II, donated to the Bishop Museum by Kekaʻaniau in 1897 After the overthrow in 1893, her husband defended Kekaʻaniau's traditional claims to the Hawaiian crown lands as an heir of Kamehameha III and was removed from his government post as Hawaiian Consul. These lands transferred to the United States Federal Government after the annexation of the Hawaiian Islands in 1898. During Queen Liliʻuokalani's attempts to seek restitution and compensation for the lost crown lands, Kekaʻaniau and her niece Theresa Laʻanui petitioned in 1903 the Senate Subcommittee on the Pacific Islands and Puerto Rico in order to support the petition of the queen. In 1895, she helped founded the Hawaiian Relief Society to assist the victims of a cholera epidemic in the islands. She co-founded the organization with other leading Hawaiian women including Emma Kaili Metcalf Beckley Nakuina, Abigail Kuaihelani Campbell and Emilie Widemann Macfarlane. She served as the organization's first vice-president. Because of her rank and connection to the past, Kekaʻaniau participated in many civic ceremonies during her later life. On June 28, 1909, Kekaʻaniau officiated and unveiled the tablet of the 1795 Battle of Nuʻuanu, which was installed at the Pali lookout by the organization Daughters of Hawaii. On March 17, 1912, she officiated with Queen Liliʻuokalani when they both unveiled the Cooke Memorial Tablet, dedicated to Amos Starr and Juiette Montague Cooke and the sixteen students of the Royal School, in the vestibule of Kawaiahaʻo Church. The ceremony marked the 100th anniversary of the birth of Mrs. Cooke. On March 17, 1914, Kekaʻaniau officiated with Liliʻuokalani at the unveiling of the tablet for the 100th commemoration birthday of King Kamehameha III. During the ceremony, Queen Liliʻuokalani represented the Kalakaua Dynasty, and Kekaʻaniau represented the Kamehameha Dynasty, seated on opposite sides of the memorial stone in the nave of the church. The palace chairs in which they sat were draped with ancient Hawaiian feather capes. The Queen drew the cord releasing her Royal Standard or personal flag, while Kekaʻaniau released the Hawaiian flag covering the tablet. In 1897, Kekaʻaniau donated to the Bishop Museum the bust figure of Kamehameha II that was given by the British monarch, King George IV, when Kamehameha II died while on his state visit in London with his queen Kamāmalu in 1825. The British crown bought the lavish coffins and made the bust according to the English royal traditions during funeral services. She also donated to the Bishop Museum the following items: 2 pictures, 6 feather leis, 15 kāhili's, 5 kāhili handles, 13 ʻumeke, 5 coconut bowls and 1 Niʻihau mat. In 1996, two of her kahili's were featured in the museum exhibit in "The Legacy of Excellence, Highlights of Hawaiian Culture" and was described as being "the only ones of their kind". Following the death of Liliʻuokalani in 1917, Kekaʻaniau became the only survivor of the Royal School. In 1920, Kekaʻaniau wrote History of Keoua Kalanikupuapa-i-nui: Father of Hawaii Kings, and His Descendants, with Notes on Kamehameha I, First King of All Hawaii, as a tribute to her great-grandfather Keōua Kalanikupuapaʻīkalaninui Ahilapalapa and his descendants. The book consisted of a genealogical history of the branches of the House of Keōua Nui including her family and the House of Kamehameha. Death and funeral Gravestone at Oahu Cemetery In her later years, Kekaʻaniau lived at the home of her grandniece Eva Kuwailanimamao Cartwright Styne at 1036 Kinau Street, Makiki, Honolulu. On her 94th birthday on September 11, 1928, a large contingent of Honolulu residents made a pilgrimage to her home to bedeck the residence with floral tributes and offer expressions of affection and respect. The Honolulu Star-Bulletin noted the home of the nonagenarian "was a veritable bower of flowers, redolent with beauteous blossoms." One of her last functions, in October of the same year, was helping arrange partners for a quadrille in a historic reenactment of the court of Kamehameha IV and Queen Emma. Kekaʻaniau had been a participant in the original 1856 quadrille where she had danced with Kalākaua. After a brief illness, Kekaʻaniau died at the age of 94 at the home of her grandniece at 9am on December 20, 1928. Although not given a state funeral, the tradition of lying in state was observed on the night before the funeral. The watches were led by members of two Hawaiian royal societies of which she had been a ranking member: the Māmakakaua (Daughters and Sons of Hawaiian Warriors) and the ʻAhahui Kaʻahumanu (Kaʻahumanu Society), of which Kekaʻaniau was the first honorary president. Princess Elizabeth Kahanu Kalanianaʻole (Moʻi of Māmakakaua) and Emma Ahuena Taylor (Kuhina Nui of Māmakakaua) led the watches. The funeral services were conducted at Kawaiahaʻo Church by Reverend Akaiko Akana at 3:30 pm on December 23. The silver-gray coffin was draped with two ʻahuʻula, or feather cloaks, symbolizing the rank she held in the two royal societies. Territorial Governor and Mrs. Wallace Rider Farrington, former Governor and Mrs. Walter F. Frear, and former Honolulu Mayor John C. Lane joined prominent families of chiefly lineage and members of the two royal societies at the services. Lane and Colonel Curtis P. Iaukea served as two of the six pallbearers. After the simple ceremony, which only lasted half an hour, the mourners accompanied the casket to its final burial place where Akana read the burial service in Hawaiian. Per her request, Kekaʻaniau was buried with solemn ceremony next to her husband at Oʻahu Cemetery. Descendants and legacy Portrait of Elizabeth Kekaʻaniau at Kawaiahaʻo Church, by Mary Koski, c. 1985 The descendants from her niece Theresa Laʻanui to Cartwright and Wilcox continue to claim to be the rightful successors of the Kamehameha line and claimant to the Hawaiian crown lands. They base their claims through Kekaʻaniau's status as the last surviving member of the Royal School chosen by Kamehameha III to be eligible for the throne of the Kingdom of Hawaii. One notable contemporary member of this family is Hawaiian musician and activist Owana Salazar, who with her son were involved with the Hawaiian activist group Ka Lāhui Hawaiʻi from 1988 to 1998. Kekaʻaniau's 1920 book was republished in 1999 under the title Keoua: Father of Kings by her great-great-grandnephew, David Castro. It was republished again in 2009. Castro also wrote a biography of her titled Princess Elizabeth Kekaaniau Laanui: Member of the Kamehameha Dynasty, Eligible to the Hawaiian Throne in 2008. On September 15, 1985, a portrait painted of Kekaʻaniau was unveiled at the Kawaiahaʻo Church by Helena Kalokuokamaile Wilcox (mother of Owana Salazar). The artwork was created by commissioned artist Mary Koski, who was known for her Flemish-Dutch and realistic style of painting. This painting now stands on an easel within the royal pew of Kawaiahaʻo Church, where Kekaʻaniau once sat with King Kamehameha III and other students of the Royal School. In 1989, a second painting was installed in the library of the modern day Royal Elementary School in Honolulu. Family tree vteLaʻanui, Wilcox, Salazar family tree Key: Subjects with bold titles and blue bold box = Aliʻi line. Bold title and grey bolded box = Lower ranking Aliʻi line. Bold title and un-bolded box = European nobility. Regular name and box = makaʻāinana or untitled foreign subject. KeōuaKahikikalaokalaniKekuʻiapoiwa II KalokuokamaileKaloiokalaniKaʻahumanuKamehameha IKalākua Kaheiheimālie KaoheleNuhiJean Baptiste RivesHolau II Makole (k)Haupa (w)Namahana Piia (w)Gideon Peleioholani Laanui1797–1849né LaʻanuiTheresa Owana Kaheiheimalie Reeves Captain William Slocum Wilcox1814–1910Kalua1836–1865Gideon Kailipalaki Laanui1840–1871Elizabeth KamaikaopaElizabeth Kekaʻaniau Laʻanui Pratt1834–1928née Elizabeth Kekaʻaniau Gina Sobrero-Wilcox1863-1912(née Baroness Gina Sobrero)Robert William Kalanihiapo Wilcox(November 5, 1850 - October 30, 1919)Theresa Owana Kaʻohelelani LaʻanuiAlexander Joy Cartwright IIIElmer MillerMakalike Robert Kalanikupuapaikalaninui Keōua WilcoxHelen Kaleipuanani Simerson WilburtonJohn Kilioe MillerMay 26, 1896 - April 20, 1969Virginia Kahoa Kaʻahumanu Kaihikapumahana WilcoxElizabeth Kaʻakaualaninui WilcoxDaisy Emmalani Napulahaokalani CartwrightEva Kuwailanimamao Cartwright Henry Mario SalazarHelena Kalokuokamaile Wilcox Salazar-MachadoApril 13, 1917 – September 17, 1988(née Wilcox)Henry Machado, Sr. Henry C. Keaweikekahialiiokamoku SalazarPaul C. Kalokuokamaile SalazarMichael Carl Kauhiokalani SalazarStephen Craig Laanui SalazarOwana Kaohelelani Mahealani-Rose Salazar Notes: ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Hawaiian Native Claims Settlement Study Commission, Exhibit B, Genealogy Descent from the Kamehameha Royal Family . ^ Historical Dictionary of the Gilded Age lists Wilcox's full birth and death dating. ^ Marriage license of Jno K. Kilioe Miller to Virginia K. Wilcox list E.O Miller as father and Makalike as mother of Jno. ^ United States World War I Draft Registration Cards, 1917-1918. ^ Hawaii Marriages, 1826-1922. ^ United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. Subcommittee on Public Lands and Resources (1977). Hawaiian Native Claims Settlement Study Commission. U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 119–122. ASIN B003AILJ68. ^ Leonard C. Schlup; James Gilbert Ryan (2003). Historical Dictionary of the Gilded Age. M.E. Sharpe. p. 538. ISBN 978-0-7656-2106-1. ^ Marriage license of Jno Miller to Virginia K. Wilcox, E. O. Miller in entry for Jno. K. Miller and Virginia K. Wilcox, 11 Jun 1916; citing Honolulu, Honolulu, Hawaii, reference 12495B; FHL microfilm 1,711,737. "E.O.Miller". Family Search. Territory of Hawaii. Retrieved September 4, 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ Draft card, John K Miller, 1917-1918; citing Honolulu City no 1, Hawaii, United States, NARA microfilm publication M1509 (Washington D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.); FHL microfilm 1,452,096. "John K. Miller". Family Search. Territory of Hawaii. Retrieved September 4, 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ Marriage license, Jno. K. Miller and Virginia K. Wilcox, 11 Jun 1916; citing Honolulu, Honolulu, Hawaii, reference 12495B; FHL microfilm 1,711,737. "Virginia K. Wilcox". Family Search. Territory of Hawaii. Retrieved September 4, 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) References ^ Castro 2008, p. 13. ^ a b Pratt 1920, pp. 50–51. ^ Cooke & Cooke 1937, p. vi; Wyllie 1845, p. 130; "The following is a list of the young chiefs at present in the school of Mr. and Mrs. Cooke". The Friend. Vol. II, no. VIII. Honolulu. August 1, 1844. p. 36. Archived from the original on July 16, 2018. Retrieved July 16, 2018. ^ Hawaiʻi State Archives (2006). "Laanui-Puohu marriage record". Marriages – Oahu (1832–1910). Archived from the original on September 18, 2015. Retrieved June 5, 2014 – via Ulukau, the Hawaiian Electronic Library. ^ "Died". The Pacific Commercial Advertiser. Honolulu. July 22, 1896. p. 8. Archived from the original on July 3, 2018. Retrieved July 5, 2018.; "Died". The Independent. Honolulu. July 23, 1896. p. 3. Archived from the original on July 14, 2018. 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ISBN 978-0-8108-6772-7. OCLC 653483731. Dabagh, Jean; Lyons, Curtis Jere; Hitchcock, Harvey Rexford (1974). Dabagh, Jean (ed.). "A King is Elected: One Hundred Years Ago" (PDF). The Hawaiian Journal of History. 8: 76–89. hdl:10524/112. OCLC 60626541. Haley, James L. (2014). Captive Paradise: A History of Hawaii. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-60065-5. Hawaiian Mission Children's Society (1912). Sixteenth Annual Report of the Hawaiian Mission Children's Society. Vol. 60. Honolulu: Hawaiian Mission Children's Society. OCLC 7859883. Logan, Daniel, ed. (1907). A History of The Hawaiian Islands, Their Resources and People. New York: The Lewis Publishing Company. Kaeo, Peter; Queen Emma (1976). Korn, Alfons L. (ed.). News from Molokai, Letters Between Peter Kaeo & Queen Emma, 1873–1876. Honolulu: The University Press of Hawaii. hdl:10125/39980. ISBN 978-0-8248-0399-5. OCLC 2225064. Kam, Ralph Thomas (2017). Death Rites and Hawaiian Royalty: Funerary Practices in the Kamehameha and Kalakaua Dynasties, 1819–1953. S. I.: McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4766-6846-8. OCLC 966566652. Kanahele, George S. (1999). Emma: Hawaii's Remarkable Queen. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-2240-8. OCLC 40890919. Kanahele, George S. (2002) . Pauahi: The Kamehameha Legacy. Honolulu: Kamehameha Schools Press. ISBN 978-0-87336-005-0. OCLC 173653971. Kaomea, Julie (2014). "Education for Elimination in Nineteenth-Century Hawaiʻi: Settler Colonialism and the Native Hawaiian Chiefs' Children's Boarding School". History of Education Quarterly. 54 (2): 123–144. doi:10.1111/hoeq.12054. ISSN 0018-2680. OCLC 5571935029. S2CID 143224034. Kuykendall, Ralph Simpson (1953). The Hawaiian Kingdom 1854–1874, Twenty Critical Years. Vol. 2. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-87022-432-4. OCLC 47010821. Kuykendall, Ralph Simpson (1967). The Hawaiian Kingdom 1874–1893, The Kalakaua Dynasty. Vol. 3. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-87022-433-1. OCLC 500374815. Krout, Mary B. (1908). The Memoirs of Bernice Pauabi Bishop. New York: The Knickerbocker Press. OCLC 4683252. Liliuokalani (1898). Hawaii's Story by Hawaii's Queen, Liliuokalani. Boston: Lee and Shepard. ISBN 978-0-548-22265-2. OCLC 2387226. McKinzie, Edith Kawelohea (1983). Stagner, Ishmael W. (ed.). Hawaiian Genealogies: Extracted from Hawaiian Language Newspapers. Vol. 1. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. pp. 33–38. ISBN 978-0-939154-28-9. OCLC 12555087. Menton, Linda K. (1981). "The Royal School 1839–1850". Educational Perspectives. The Journal of the University of Hawaii at Mānoa. 20 (3): 17–21. hdl:10125/47174. ISSN 0013-1849. OCLC 220851876. Nucciarone, Monica (2009). Alexander Cartwright: The Life Behind the Baseball Legend. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-3353-9. OCLC 268789911. Pratt, Elizabeth Kekaaniauokalani Kalaninuiohilaukapu (1920). History of Keoua Kalanikupuapa-i-nui: Father of Hawaii Kings, and His Descendants, with Notes on Kamehameha I, First King of All Hawaii. Honolulu: Honolulu Star-Bulletin. OCLC 154181545. Silva, Noenoe K. (2004). Aloha Betrayed: Native Hawaiian Resistance to American Colonialism. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 0-8223-8622-4. OCLC 191222123. Smith, Bradford (1956). Yankees In Paradise The New England Impact On Hawaii. Philadelphia: Lippincott. OCLC 1439742. Van Dyke, Jon M. (2008). Who Owns the Crown Lands of Hawaiʻi?. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-6560-3. OCLC 257449971. Wyllie, Robert Crichton (1845). Simmonds, P. L. (ed.). Notes on the Sandwich, Or Hawaiian Islands. London: Simmonds and Ward. pp. 125–139. OCLC 405778069. {{cite book}}: \|work= ignored (help) Yzendoorn, Reginald (1927). History of the Catholic Mission in the Hawaiian Islands. Honolulu: Honolulu Star-Bulletin. OCLC 5524024. Further reading Castro, David (1998). High Chief Kalokuokamaile: The Older Brother of Kamehameha 1st. Honolulu: Ke Aliʻi Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9669586-0-7. OCLC 43286937. Cooke, Amos Starr; Cooke, Juliette Montague (1970) . Richards, Mary Atherton (ed.). The Hawaiian Chiefs' Children's School (Revised ed.). Rutland, VT: C. E. Tuttle Co. ISBN 978-0-8048-0881-1. OCLC 1185695. Menton, Lydia K. (1982). "Everything that is lovely and of good report" : the Hawaiian Chiefs' Children's School, 1839–1850. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa. OCLC 9551241. Patterson, Rosemary I. (2006) . Kula Keiki Aliʻi: A Novel Partially Based on the Effect of the Chief's Children's School on Hawaii's Monarchs (Second ed.). Rosemary I. Patterson, Ph.D. ISBN 978-1-4196-4875-5. Pratt, Elizabeth Kekaaniauokalani Kalaninuiohilaukapu (1999). Castro, David Allen Wolfers (ed.). Keoua: Father of Kings. Honolulu: Ke Aliʻi Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9669586-2-1. OCLC 45588513. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Elizabeth Kekaʻaniau. Castro, David. "Elizabeth Kekaʻaniau Laʻanui". The Royal Family of Hawaii Official Site. Ke Aliʻi Publishing. Archived from the original on October 22, 2009. Retrieved March 8, 2010. Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastro200813-1"},{"link_name":"aliʻi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali%CA%BBi"},{"link_name":"Kamehameha I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamehameha_I"},{"link_name":"Kalokuokamaile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalokuokamaile"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Gideon Peleʻioholani Laʻanui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gideon_Peleioholani_Laanui"},{"link_name":"Chiefs' Children's School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_School_(Hawaii)"},{"link_name":"Kamehameha III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamehameha_III"},{"link_name":"Franklin Seaver Pratt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Seaver_Pratt"},{"link_name":"overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Hawaiian_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Keōua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ke%C5%8Dua"},{"link_name":"branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Laanui"},{"link_name":"House of Kamehameha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Kamehameha"}],"text":"Hawaiian chief, great grandniece of Kamehameha I (1834–1928)Elizabeth Kekaʻaniau Laʻanui Pratt, full name Elizabeth Kekaʻaniauokalani Kalaninuiohilaukapu Kekaikuihala Laʻanui Pratt[1] (September 11, 1834 – December 20, 1928), was a Hawaiian high chiefess (aliʻi) and great-grandniece of Kamehameha I, being a great-granddaughter of Kalokuokamaile, the older brother of Kamehameha I, founder of the Kingdom of Hawaii. She was the daughter of Gideon Peleʻioholani Laʻanui and Theresa Owana Kaheiheimalie Rives.At a young age, Kekaʻaniau was chosen to attend the Chiefs' Children's School (later renamed the Royal School) taught by American missionaries and declared eligible to succeed to the Hawaiian throne by King Kamehameha III. She married American businessman Franklin Seaver Pratt and became known as Mrs. Pratt. Five of her classmates became reigning monarchs of Hawaii until the 1893 overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii. In 1920, she wrote History of Keoua Kalanikupuapa-i-nui: Father of Hawaii Kings, and His Descendants, a book about her ancestor Keōua and his descendants including her own branch of the family and the House of Kamehameha. Outliving all her royal classmates, she was the last surviving member of the Royal School.","title":"Elizabeth Kekaʻaniau"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Waialua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waialua,_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"Gideon Peleʻioholani Laʻanui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gideon_Peleioholani_Laanui"},{"link_name":"Kaʻahumanu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%CA%BBahumanu"},{"link_name":"Kamehameha I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamehameha_I"},{"link_name":"Kuhina Nui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuhina_Nui"},{"link_name":"namesake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namesake"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPratt192050%E2%80%9351-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CookesList-3"},{"link_name":"Gideon Kailipalaki Laʻanui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gideon_Kailipalaki_Laanui"},{"link_name":"Gerrit P. Judd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerrit_P._Judd"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPratt192050%E2%80%9351-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kekaaniau_H.L._Chase.jpg"},{"link_name":"aliʻi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali%CA%BBi"},{"link_name":"House of Kamehameha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Kamehameha"},{"link_name":"Keōua Kalanikupuapaʻīkalaninui Ahilapalapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ke%C5%8Dua"},{"link_name":"Kalokuokamaile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalokuokamaile"},{"link_name":"slaughter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pu%CA%BBukohol%C4%81_Heiau_National_Historic_Site"},{"link_name":"Kawaihae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawaihae,_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"Keōua Kūʻahuʻula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ke%C5%8Dua_K%C5%AB%CA%BBahu%CA%BBula"},{"link_name":"Kamehameha II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamehameha_II"},{"link_name":"Jean Baptiste Rives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Rives"},{"link_name":"hānai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%81nai"},{"link_name":"Namahana Piʻia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namahana_Pi%CA%BBia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPratt19209%E2%80%9317,_43%E2%80%9351-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELogan1907220%E2%80%93225-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYzendoorn192729-8"},{"link_name":"Native Hawaiian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Hawaiians"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaley2014216-9"},{"link_name":"Chiefs' Children's School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_School_(Hawaii)"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPratt192052%E2%80%9355-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Polynesian1844-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Dyke2008364-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaomea2014125-13"},{"link_name":"Juliette Montague Cooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juliette_Montague_Cooke"},{"link_name":"Amos Starr Cooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amos_Starr_Cooke"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKanahele199930%E2%80%9334-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMenton198117%E2%80%9321-15"},{"link_name":"James Kaliokalani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Kaliokalani"},{"link_name":"Kalākaua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kal%C4%81kaua"},{"link_name":"Liliʻuokalani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lili%CA%BBuokalani"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiliuokalani18981%E2%80%939-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1956224%E2%80%93231-17"},{"link_name":"Emma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Emma_of_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"Kamehameha IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamehameha_IV"},{"link_name":"Bernice Pauahi Bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernice_Pauahi_Bishop"},{"link_name":"Kamehameha Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamehameha_Schools"},{"link_name":"Charles Reed Bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Reed_Bishop"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"John Owen Dominis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Owen_Dominis"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Kamehameha V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamehameha_V"},{"link_name":"lady-in-waiting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady-in-waiting"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaeoQueen_Emma197690-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"High Chiefess Elizabeth Kekaʻaniauokalani Kalaninuiohilaukapu Kekaikuihala Laʻanui was born September 11, 1834, in her family home at Waialua. Her parents were Gideon Peleʻioholani Laʻanui and Theresa Owana Kaheiheimalie Rives. She was given the name Elizabeth after Kaʻahumanu who had adopted her mother and was baptized with the name. Kaʻahumanu was a favorite wife of Kamehameha I and the co-ruler of the kingdom under the title of Kuhina Nui. She was also the namesake of Kekaikuihala II, her father's older sister.[2][3] Her younger brother Gideon Kailipalaki Laʻanui was born in 1840, and despite medical treatment by missionary physician Gerrit P. Judd, their mother died two months afterward from complications from childbirth.[2] Laʻanui later married on July 9, 1842, to Amelia Puohu, who became the children's stepmother.[4][5]Elizabeth Kekaʻaniau as a young woman, photograph by Henry L. ChaseHer family were of the aliʻi class of the Hawaiian nobility and were collateral relations of the reigning House of Kamehameha, sharing common descent from the early 18th-century aliʻi Keōua Kalanikupuapaʻīkalaninui Ahilapalapa. From her father's side, Kekaʻaniau was a great-granddaughter of Kalokuokamaile, an elder half-brother of Kamehameha I. Both were sons of the aforementioned Keōua. Due to this familial tie, her father Laʻanui escaped the slaughter of Kawaihae in 1791 where Kamehameha I defeated and sacrificed his opponent Keōua Kūʻahuʻula in the process of unifying the Hawaiian Islands. Her mother Owana was the daughter of Kamehameha II's French secretary Jean Baptiste Rives and a relation of Kaʻahumanu through her mother Holau II, who was hānai (adopted) by the queen. Also through her father's first marriage to Namahana Piʻia, Kekaʻaniau was the stepniece of Kaʻahumanu.[6][7][8] She was of one-fourth French and three-fourths Native Hawaiian descent.[9]At a young age, Kekaʻaniau was placed in the Chiefs' Children's School, also known as the Royal School, a select school for the royal children of the highest rank who were eligible to be rulers. Along with her other classmates, she was chosen by Kamehameha III to be eligible for the throne of the Kingdom of Hawaii. Out of the sixteen children of the school, five of her cousins would rule as monarchs of the kingdom.[10][11][12][13] Called Lizzy or Lizzie by her classmates, she was taught by the missionary couple Juliette Montague Cooke and Amos Starr Cooke. In the classroom students were divided by their age and length of time at the school. She was a member of the senior level class.[14][15] During their Sunday procession to church, when it was customary for boys and girls to walk side by side, she would walk beside James Kaliokalani, the eldest brother of future monarchs Kalākaua and Liliʻuokalani.[16][17]During their school years, Kekaʻaniau developed a close relationship with her cousins Emma (who married Kamehameha IV and became queen consort) and Bernice Pauahi Bishop, who later founded Kamehameha Schools. She was one of the few invited guests at the 1850 wedding of Bernice Pauahi to American businessman Charles Reed Bishop, which was conducted against the wishes of Pauahi's parents, and she also later served as bridesmaid to Queen Emma during her royal wedding in 1856.[18] She was also one of the bridesmaids at the 1862 wedding of Liliʻuokalani and John Owen Dominis.[19] Kekaʻaniau was among the young social elite active in the royal courts of Kamehameha IV and his successor Kamehameha V. On formal occasions, she would also serve as lady-in-waiting to Queen Emma.[20][21]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Franklin Seaver Pratt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Seaver_Pratt"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PrattMarriage-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKanahele1999150-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PrattDeath-25"},{"link_name":"Boston, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-office-26"},{"link_name":"James L. Haley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_L._Haley"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaley2014216-9"},{"link_name":"Theresa Owana Kaʻōhelelani Laʻanui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theresa_La%CA%BBanui"},{"link_name":"Gideon Kailipalaki Laʻanui II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gideon_Kailipalaki_Laanui"},{"link_name":"Alexander Cartwright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Cartwright"},{"link_name":"Robert William Wilcox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_William_Wilcox"},{"link_name":"Territory of Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_of_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKinzie198333%E2%80%9338-27"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELogan1907220%E2%80%93225-7"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPratt1920361-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Dyke2008363-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENucciarone2009113-30"},{"link_name":"Waikīkī","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waikiki"},{"link_name":"Fort DeRussy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_DeRussy_Military_Reservation"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Kamehameha V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamehameha_V"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaley2014216-9"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastro200847%E2%80%9348-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrout1908210%E2%80%93211-34"},{"link_name":"1864 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1864_Constitution_of_the_Hawaiian_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislature_of_the_Hawaiian_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"popular vote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_election"},{"link_name":"Lunalilo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunalilo"},{"link_name":"elected king","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elective_monarchy"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Fanny Kekelaokalani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanny_Kekelaokalani"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"John Owen Dominis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Owen_Dominis"},{"link_name":"Governor of Oahu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governors_of_Oahu"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKanahele1999285-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDabaghLyonsHitchcock197483-39"},{"link_name":"Honolulu Courthouse riot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu_Courthouse_riot"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_(state)"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada"},{"link_name":"overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Hawaiian_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PrattDeath-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-office-26"},{"link_name":"Hui Aloha ʻĀina o Na Wahine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hui_Aloha_%CA%BB%C4%80ina_o_Na_Wahine"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SilvaPetition-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"James Henderson Blount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Henderson_Blount"},{"link_name":"Grover Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"text":"Kekaʻaniau married Franklin Seaver Pratt (1829–1894) on April 27, 1864.[22] The wedding was held at the residence of the bride, and Reverend Eli S. Corwin, the pastor of the Fort Street (Congregational) Church, officiated the ceremony.[23][24]\nAccording to contemporary opinion, she was \"well-known as one of the brightest and most cultivated women of Honolulu\" and \"became his faithful companion and helper\" after their marriage.[25] A native of Boston, Massachusetts, and naturalized citizen of the kingdom, Pratt was a respected businessman and sugar plantation owner who held a few court and governmental positions during the monarchy, including Staff Colonel to Kamehameha V, member of the Privy Council for Queen Liliʻuokalani, Registrar of Public Accounts and Hawaiian Consul General in San Francisco.[26] However, according to historian James L. Haley, he was kept on the \"periphery of power.\"[9]The Pratts did not have any children of their own, although they adopted Kekaʻaniau's niece, Theresa Owana Kaʻōhelelani Laʻanui, daughter of her younger brother High Chief Gideon Kailipalaki Laʻanui II, after he died in 1871. Theresa married four times and had descendants by her first and second husbands: Alexander Cartwright III, son of Honolulu fire chief Alexander Cartwright, and Robert William Wilcox, a Hawaiian revolutionary leader and the first Congressional Delegate from the Territory of Hawaii.[27][7][28][29] The Pratts also later adopted Alexander and Theresa's younger daughter Eva Kuwailanimamao Cartwright, who married Dwight Jarvis Styne and had three children.[30] The Pratts owned a beachside residence, which they called the Franklin Villa or Bath Villa, in the Waikīkī area of Honolulu. The property was sold in 1897 and is now part of Fort DeRussy.[31][32]Kekaʻaniau was present at the deathbed of King Kamehameha V with Queen Emma, Pauahi and other members of the royal court. She later claimed that the dying monarch had offered her the throne before asking Pauahi to succeed him. Haley noted that if this was true she would have a been a strong candidate, being a descendant of an elder brother of the kingdom's founder. Neither woman accepted, and Kamehameha V died without naming an heir.[9][33][34] Thus, the 1864 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii called for the legislature to elect the next monarch. By both popular vote and the unanimous vote of the legislature, her cousin Lunalilo became the first elected king of Hawaii.[35] Kekaʻaniau was given a place of honor at the prorogation of the Legislative Assembly of 1873 alongside Queen Emma, High Chiefess Fanny Kekelaokalani, and wives of the king's cabinet ministers.[36] After the death of Lunalilo, the Pratts became supporters of Queen Emma during her unsuccessful candidacy during the royal election of 1874 against Kalākaua. Emma had promised to reward their loyalty with a government appointment by removing John Owen Dominis as Governor of Oahu and appointing Pratt in his place if she had won.[37][38] Despite popular support for the queen dowager, the assembly voted thirty-nine to six in favor of Kalākaua over Emma.[39] The subsequent announcement triggered the Honolulu Courthouse riot as Emmaite supporters hunted down and attacked native legislators who supported Kalākaua. In order to quell the civil disruption, American and British troops were landed with the permission of the Hawaiian government, and the rioters were arrested.[40]During the final years of the monarchy, the Pratts lived in San Francisco where her husband served as Hawaiian Consul General for the Pacific states of Oregon, Washington, California and Nevada, from 1892 until the time of the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii.[25][26]In March 1893, she was elected as an honorary president of Hui Aloha ʻĀina o Na Wahine (Hawaiian Women's Patriotic League) or Hui Aloha ʻĀina for Women. This patriotic group was founded shortly after its male counterpart the Hui Aloha ʻĀina for Men to oppose the overthrow and plans to annex the islands to the United States and to support the deposed queen Liliʻuokalani.[41][42] She resigned this position on April 17, 1893, after a dispute arose between two factions of the group over the wordings to the memorial seeking the restoration of the monarchy to be presented to the United States Commissioner James Henderson Blount sent by President Grover Cleveland to investigate the overthrow.[43]","title":"Marriage"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bust_of_Kamehameha_II_(PP-97-6-005)_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Kamehameha II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamehameha_II"},{"link_name":"Bishop Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_Museum"},{"link_name":"Hawaiian crown lands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceded_lands"},{"link_name":"United States Federal Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Dyke2008229,_365-44"},{"link_name":"Emma Kaili Metcalf Beckley Nakuina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Kaili_Metcalf_Beckley_Nakuina"},{"link_name":"Abigail Kuaihelani Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abigail_Kuaihelani_Campbell"},{"link_name":"Emilie Widemann Macfarlane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilie_Widemann_Macfarlane"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Battle of Nuʻuanu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nu%CA%BBuanu"},{"link_name":"Pali lookout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nu%CA%BBuanu_Pali"},{"link_name":"Daughters of Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daughters_of_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawaiian_Mission_Children's_Society191232%E2%80%9333-47"},{"link_name":"Kalakaua Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Kal%C4%81kaua"},{"link_name":"Kamehameha Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Kamehameha"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Bishop Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_Museum"},{"link_name":"Kamehameha II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamehameha_II"},{"link_name":"George IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_IV"},{"link_name":"Kamehameha II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamehameha_II"},{"link_name":"Kamāmalu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kam%C4%81malu"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKam201732-50"},{"link_name":"kāhili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%81hili"},{"link_name":"Niʻihau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%CA%BBihau"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBishop_Museum190714-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Dyke2008363%E2%80%93364-53"},{"link_name":"House of Keōua Nui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Ke%C5%8Dua_Nui"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPratt1920front-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaley2014244-55"}],"text":"Bust of Kamehameha II, donated to the Bishop Museum by Kekaʻaniau in 1897After the overthrow in 1893, her husband defended Kekaʻaniau's traditional claims to the Hawaiian crown lands as an heir of Kamehameha III and was removed from his government post as Hawaiian Consul. These lands transferred to the United States Federal Government after the annexation of the Hawaiian Islands in 1898. During Queen Liliʻuokalani's attempts to seek restitution and compensation for the lost crown lands, Kekaʻaniau and her niece Theresa Laʻanui petitioned in 1903 the Senate Subcommittee on the Pacific Islands and Puerto Rico in order to support the petition of the queen.[44]In 1895, she helped founded the Hawaiian Relief Society to assist the victims of a cholera epidemic in the islands. She co-founded the organization with other leading Hawaiian women including Emma Kaili Metcalf Beckley Nakuina, Abigail Kuaihelani Campbell and Emilie Widemann Macfarlane. She served as the organization's first vice-president.[45]Because of her rank and connection to the past, Kekaʻaniau participated in many civic ceremonies during her later life. On June 28, 1909, Kekaʻaniau officiated and unveiled the tablet of the 1795 Battle of Nuʻuanu, which was installed at the Pali lookout by the organization Daughters of Hawaii.[46] On March 17, 1912, she officiated with Queen Liliʻuokalani when they both unveiled the Cooke Memorial Tablet, dedicated to Amos Starr and Juiette Montague Cooke and the sixteen students of the Royal School, in the vestibule of Kawaiahaʻo Church. The ceremony marked the 100th anniversary of the birth of Mrs. Cooke.[47] On March 17, 1914, Kekaʻaniau officiated with Liliʻuokalani at the unveiling of the tablet for the 100th commemoration birthday of King Kamehameha III. During the ceremony, Queen Liliʻuokalani represented the Kalakaua Dynasty, and Kekaʻaniau represented the Kamehameha Dynasty, seated on opposite sides of the memorial stone in the nave of the church. The palace chairs in which they sat were draped with ancient Hawaiian feather capes. The Queen drew the cord releasing her Royal Standard or personal flag, while Kekaʻaniau released the Hawaiian flag covering the tablet.[48][49]\nIn 1897, Kekaʻaniau donated to the Bishop Museum the bust figure of Kamehameha II that was given by the British monarch, King George IV, when Kamehameha II died while on his state visit in London with his queen Kamāmalu in 1825. The British crown bought the lavish coffins and made the bust according to the English royal traditions during funeral services.[50] She also donated to the Bishop Museum the following items: 2 pictures, 6 feather leis, 15 kāhili's, 5 kāhili handles, 13 ʻumeke, 5 coconut bowls and 1 Niʻihau mat.[51] In 1996, two of her kahili's were featured in the museum exhibit in \"The Legacy of Excellence, Highlights of Hawaiian Culture\" and was described as being \"the only ones of their kind\".[52]Following the death of Liliʻuokalani in 1917, Kekaʻaniau became the only survivor of the Royal School.[53] In 1920, Kekaʻaniau wrote History of Keoua Kalanikupuapa-i-nui: Father of Hawaii Kings, and His Descendants, with Notes on Kamehameha I, First King of All Hawaii, as a tribute to her great-grandfather Keōua Kalanikupuapaʻīkalaninui Ahilapalapa and his descendants. The book consisted of a genealogical history of the branches of the House of Keōua Nui including her family and the House of Kamehameha.[54][55]","title":"Later life and civic involvement"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OahuCemetery-PrattElizabethKekaaniauLaanui-tombstone.JPG"},{"link_name":"Oahu Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oahu_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Makiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makiki"},{"link_name":"Honolulu Star-Bulletin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu_Star-Bulletin"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"quadrille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrille"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKam2017170%E2%80%9371-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Death-60"},{"link_name":"lying in state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lying_in_state"},{"link_name":"Kaʻahumanu Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%CA%BBahumanu_Society"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Kahanu Kalanianaʻole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Kahanu_Kalaniana%CA%BBole"},{"link_name":"Emma Ahuena Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Ahuena_Taylor"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKam2017170%E2%80%9371-59"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HAFuneral-61"},{"link_name":"Akaiko Akana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akaiko_Akana"},{"link_name":"ʻahuʻula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBAhu_%CA%BBula"},{"link_name":"Wallace Rider Farrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_Rider_Farrington"},{"link_name":"Walter F. Frear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_F._Frear"},{"link_name":"John C. Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Lane"},{"link_name":"Curtis P. Iaukea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_P._Iaukea"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKam2017170%E2%80%9371-59"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HAFuneral-61"},{"link_name":"Oʻahu Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oahu_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKam2017170%E2%80%9371-59"}],"text":"Gravestone at Oahu CemeteryIn her later years, Kekaʻaniau lived at the home of her grandniece Eva Kuwailanimamao Cartwright Styne at 1036 Kinau Street, Makiki, Honolulu. On her 94th birthday on September 11, 1928, a large contingent of Honolulu residents made a pilgrimage to her home to bedeck the residence with floral tributes and offer expressions of affection and respect. The Honolulu Star-Bulletin noted the home of the nonagenarian \"was a veritable bower of flowers, redolent with beauteous blossoms.\"[56][57] One of her last functions, in October of the same year, was helping arrange partners for a quadrille in a historic reenactment of the court of Kamehameha IV and Queen Emma. Kekaʻaniau had been a participant in the original 1856 quadrille where she had danced with Kalākaua.[58]\nAfter a brief illness, Kekaʻaniau died at the age of 94 at the home of her grandniece at 9am on December 20, 1928.[59][60]Although not given a state funeral, the tradition of lying in state was observed on the night before the funeral. The watches were led by members of two Hawaiian royal societies of which she had been a ranking member: the Māmakakaua (Daughters and Sons of Hawaiian Warriors) and the ʻAhahui Kaʻahumanu (Kaʻahumanu Society), of which Kekaʻaniau was the first honorary president. Princess Elizabeth Kahanu Kalanianaʻole (Moʻi of Māmakakaua) and Emma Ahuena Taylor (Kuhina Nui of Māmakakaua) led the watches.[59][61]The funeral services were conducted at Kawaiahaʻo Church by Reverend Akaiko Akana at 3:30 pm on December 23. The silver-gray coffin was draped with two ʻahuʻula, or feather cloaks, symbolizing the rank she held in the two royal societies. Territorial Governor and Mrs. Wallace Rider Farrington, former Governor and Mrs. Walter F. Frear, and former Honolulu Mayor John C. Lane joined prominent families of chiefly lineage and members of the two royal societies at the services. Lane and Colonel Curtis P. Iaukea served as two of the six pallbearers.[59][61] After the simple ceremony, which only lasted half an hour, the mourners accompanied the casket to its final burial place where Akana read the burial service in Hawaiian. Per her request, Kekaʻaniau was buried with solemn ceremony next to her husband at Oʻahu Cemetery.[59]","title":"Death and funeral"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Keka%CA%BBaniau_in_Kawaiaha%CA%BBo_royal_pews.jpg"},{"link_name":"Owana Salazar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owana_Salazar"},{"link_name":"Ka Lāhui Hawaiʻi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_sovereignty_movement"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Dyke2008362%E2%80%93367-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECraig2011236%E2%80%93237-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-battle-64"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPratt1920front-54"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPratt1999front-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastro2008front-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Helena Kalokuokamaile Wilcox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_Kalokuokamaile_Wilcox"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"}],"text":"Portrait of Elizabeth Kekaʻaniau at Kawaiahaʻo Church, by Mary Koski, c. 1985The descendants from her niece Theresa Laʻanui to Cartwright and Wilcox continue to claim to be the rightful successors of the Kamehameha line and claimant to the Hawaiian crown lands. They base their claims through Kekaʻaniau's status as the last surviving member of the Royal School chosen by Kamehameha III to be eligible for the throne of the Kingdom of Hawaii. One notable contemporary member of this family is Hawaiian musician and activist Owana Salazar, who with her son were involved with the Hawaiian activist group Ka Lāhui Hawaiʻi from 1988 to 1998.[62][63][64]Kekaʻaniau's 1920 book was republished in 1999 under the title Keoua: Father of Kings by her great-great-grandnephew, David Castro. It was republished again in 2009. Castro also wrote a biography of her titled Princess Elizabeth Kekaaniau Laanui: Member of the Kamehameha Dynasty, Eligible to the Hawaiian Throne in 2008.[54][65][66][67]On September 15, 1985, a portrait painted of Kekaʻaniau was unveiled at the Kawaiahaʻo Church by Helena Kalokuokamaile Wilcox (mother of Owana Salazar). The artwork was created by commissioned artist Mary Koski, who was known for her Flemish-Dutch and realistic style of painting.[68] This painting now stands on an easel within the royal pew of Kawaiahaʻo Church, where Kekaʻaniau once sat with King Kamehameha III and other students of the Royal School. In 1989, a second painting was installed in the library of the modern day Royal Elementary School in Honolulu.[69][70]","title":"Descendants and legacy"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Family tree","title":"Descendants and legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Occasional Papers of Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=deY5AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA14"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1204376","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1204376"},{"link_name":"Princess Elizabeth Kekaaniau Laanui: Member of the Kamehameha Dynasty, Eligible to Hawaiian the 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Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/yankeesinparadis011986mbp"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1439742","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1439742"},{"link_name":"Who Owns the Crown Lands of Hawaiʻi?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//muse.jhu.edu/book/8305"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8248-6560-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-6560-3"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"257449971","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/257449971"},{"link_name":"Wyllie, Robert Crichton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Crichton_Wyllie"},{"link_name":"Notes on the Sandwich, Or Hawaiian Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=VwdLAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA125"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"405778069","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/405778069"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored"},{"link_name":"History of the Catholic Mission in the Hawaiian Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/ajg7678.0001.001.umich.edu"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"5524024","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/5524024"}],"text":"Bishop Museum (1907). Occasional Papers of Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum. Vol. 2. Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press. OCLC 1204376.\nCastro, David (2008). McKain, Tiffany (ed.). Princess Elizabeth Kekaaniau Laanui: Member of the Kamehameha Dynasty, Eligible to Hawaiian the Throne. Honolulu: Ke Aliʻi Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9669586-3-8. OCLC 317452010.\nCooke, Amos Starr; Cooke, Juliette Montague (1937). Richards, Mary Atherton (ed.). The Chiefs' Children School: A Record Compiled from the Diary and Letters of Amos Starr Cooke and Juliette Montague Cooke, by Their Granddaughter Mary Atherton Richards. Honolulu: Honolulu Star-Bulletin. OCLC 1972890.\nCraig, Robert D. (2011). Historical Dictionary of Polynesia (Third ed.). Lanham: The Scarecrow Press, Inc. ISBN 978-0-8108-6772-7. OCLC 653483731.\nDabagh, Jean; Lyons, Curtis Jere; Hitchcock, Harvey Rexford (1974). Dabagh, Jean (ed.). \"A King is Elected: One Hundred Years Ago\" (PDF). The Hawaiian Journal of History. 8: 76–89. hdl:10524/112. OCLC 60626541.\nHaley, James L. (2014). Captive Paradise: A History of Hawaii. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-60065-5.\nHawaiian Mission Children's Society (1912). Sixteenth Annual Report of the Hawaiian Mission Children's Society. Vol. 60. Honolulu: Hawaiian Mission Children's Society. OCLC 7859883.\nLogan, Daniel, ed. (1907). A History of The Hawaiian Islands, Their Resources and People. New York: The Lewis Publishing Company.\nKaeo, Peter; Queen Emma (1976). Korn, Alfons L. (ed.). News from Molokai, Letters Between Peter Kaeo & Queen Emma, 1873–1876. Honolulu: The University Press of Hawaii. hdl:10125/39980. ISBN 978-0-8248-0399-5. OCLC 2225064.\nKam, Ralph Thomas (2017). Death Rites and Hawaiian Royalty: Funerary Practices in the Kamehameha and Kalakaua Dynasties, 1819–1953. S. I.: McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4766-6846-8. OCLC 966566652.\nKanahele, George S. (1999). Emma: Hawaii's Remarkable Queen. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-2240-8. OCLC 40890919.\nKanahele, George S. (2002) [1986]. Pauahi: The Kamehameha Legacy. Honolulu: Kamehameha Schools Press. ISBN 978-0-87336-005-0. OCLC 173653971.\nKaomea, Julie (2014). \"Education for Elimination in Nineteenth-Century Hawaiʻi: Settler Colonialism and the Native Hawaiian Chiefs' Children's Boarding School\". History of Education Quarterly. 54 (2): 123–144. doi:10.1111/hoeq.12054. ISSN 0018-2680. OCLC 5571935029. S2CID 143224034.\nKuykendall, Ralph Simpson (1953). The Hawaiian Kingdom 1854–1874, Twenty Critical Years. Vol. 2. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-87022-432-4. OCLC 47010821.\nKuykendall, Ralph Simpson (1967). The Hawaiian Kingdom 1874–1893, The Kalakaua Dynasty. Vol. 3. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-87022-433-1. OCLC 500374815.\nKrout, Mary B. (1908). The Memoirs of Bernice Pauabi Bishop. New York: The Knickerbocker Press. OCLC 4683252.\nLiliuokalani (1898). Hawaii's Story by Hawaii's Queen, Liliuokalani. Boston: Lee and Shepard. ISBN 978-0-548-22265-2. OCLC 2387226.\nMcKinzie, Edith Kawelohea (1983). Stagner, Ishmael W. (ed.). Hawaiian Genealogies: Extracted from Hawaiian Language Newspapers. Vol. 1. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. pp. 33–38. ISBN 978-0-939154-28-9. OCLC 12555087.\nMenton, Linda K. (1981). \"The Royal School 1839–1850\". Educational Perspectives. The Journal of the University of Hawaii at Mānoa. 20 (3): 17–21. hdl:10125/47174. ISSN 0013-1849. OCLC 220851876.\nNucciarone, Monica (2009). Alexander Cartwright: The Life Behind the Baseball Legend. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-3353-9. OCLC 268789911.\nPratt, Elizabeth Kekaaniauokalani Kalaninuiohilaukapu (1920). History of Keoua Kalanikupuapa-i-nui: Father of Hawaii Kings, and His Descendants, with Notes on Kamehameha I, First King of All Hawaii. Honolulu: Honolulu Star-Bulletin. OCLC 154181545.\nSilva, Noenoe K. (2004). Aloha Betrayed: Native Hawaiian Resistance to American Colonialism. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 0-8223-8622-4. OCLC 191222123.\nSmith, Bradford (1956). Yankees In Paradise The New England Impact On Hawaii. Philadelphia: Lippincott. OCLC 1439742.\nVan Dyke, Jon M. (2008). Who Owns the Crown Lands of Hawaiʻi?. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-6560-3. OCLC 257449971.\nWyllie, Robert Crichton (1845). Simmonds, P. L. (ed.). Notes on the Sandwich, Or Hawaiian Islands. London: Simmonds and Ward. pp. 125–139. OCLC 405778069. {{cite book}}: \|work= ignored (help)\nYzendoorn, Reginald (1927). History of the Catholic Mission in the Hawaiian Islands. Honolulu: Honolulu Star-Bulletin. OCLC 5524024.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-9669586-0-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9669586-0-7"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"43286937","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/43286937"},{"link_name":"Cooke, Amos Starr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amos_Starr_Cooke"},{"link_name":"The Hawaiian Chiefs' Children's School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=kHBBAAAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8048-0881-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8048-0881-1"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1185695","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1185695"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9551241","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/9551241"},{"link_name":"Kula Keiki Aliʻi: A Novel Partially Based on the Effect of the Chief's Children's School on Hawaii's Monarchs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=7BdB5BpOajgC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4196-4875-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4196-4875-5"},{"link_name":"Pratt, Elizabeth Kekaaniauokalani Kalaninuiohilaukapu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Kekaaniau"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-9669586-2-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9669586-2-1"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"45588513","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/45588513"}],"text":"Castro, David (1998). High Chief Kalokuokamaile: The Older Brother of Kamehameha 1st. Honolulu: Ke Aliʻi Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9669586-0-7. OCLC 43286937.\nCooke, Amos Starr; Cooke, Juliette Montague (1970) [1937]. Richards, Mary Atherton (ed.). The Hawaiian Chiefs' Children's School (Revised ed.). Rutland, VT: C. E. Tuttle Co. ISBN 978-0-8048-0881-1. OCLC 1185695.\nMenton, Lydia K. (1982). \"Everything that is lovely and of good report\" : the Hawaiian Chiefs' Children's School, 1839–1850. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa. OCLC 9551241.\nPatterson, Rosemary I. (2006) [1996]. Kula Keiki Aliʻi: A Novel Partially Based on the Effect of the Chief's Children's School on Hawaii's Monarchs (Second ed.). Rosemary I. Patterson, Ph.D. ISBN 978-1-4196-4875-5.\nPratt, Elizabeth Kekaaniauokalani Kalaninuiohilaukapu (1999). Castro, David Allen Wolfers (ed.). Keoua: Father of Kings. Honolulu: Ke Aliʻi Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9669586-2-1. OCLC 45588513.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Elizabeth Kekaʻaniau as a young woman, photograph by Henry L. Chase","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Kekaaniau_H.L._Chase.jpg/220px-Kekaaniau_H.L._Chase.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bust of Kamehameha II, donated to the Bishop Museum by Kekaʻaniau in 1897","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Bust_of_Kamehameha_II_%28PP-97-6-005%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Bust_of_Kamehameha_II_%28PP-97-6-005%29_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gravestone at Oahu Cemetery","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/OahuCemetery-PrattElizabethKekaaniauLaanui-tombstone.JPG/220px-OahuCemetery-PrattElizabethKekaaniauLaanui-tombstone.JPG"},{"image_text":"Portrait of Elizabeth Kekaʻaniau at Kawaiahaʻo Church, by Mary Koski, c. 1985","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Portrait_of_Keka%CA%BBaniau_in_Kawaiaha%CA%BBo_royal_pews.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Keka%CA%BBaniau_in_Kawaiaha%CA%BBo_royal_pews.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. Subcommittee on Public Lands and Resources (1977). Hawaiian Native Claims Settlement Study Commission. U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 119–122. ASIN B003AILJ68.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4kq_epSklTgC","url_text":"Hawaiian Native Claims Settlement Study Commission"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)","url_text":"ASIN"},{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B003AILJ68","url_text":"B003AILJ68"}]},{"reference":"Leonard C. Schlup; James Gilbert Ryan (2003). Historical Dictionary of the Gilded Age. M.E. Sharpe. p. 538. ISBN 978-0-7656-2106-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lhRqUo9HzVwC&pg=PA538","url_text":"Historical Dictionary of the Gilded Age"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-2106-1","url_text":"978-0-7656-2106-1"}]},{"reference":"Marriage license of Jno Miller to Virginia K. Wilcox, E. O. Miller in entry for Jno. K. Miller and Virginia K. Wilcox, 11 Jun 1916; citing Honolulu, Honolulu, Hawaii, reference 12495B; FHL microfilm 1,711,737. \"E.O.Miller\". Family Search. Territory of Hawaii. Retrieved September 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:FW83-LJ3","url_text":"\"E.O.Miller\""}]},{"reference":"Draft card, John K Miller, 1917-1918; citing Honolulu City no 1, Hawaii, United States, NARA microfilm publication M1509 (Washington D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.); FHL microfilm 1,452,096. \"John K. Miller\". Family Search. Territory of Hawaii. Retrieved September 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:K6ZX-YQ6","url_text":"\"John K. Miller\""}]},{"reference":"Marriage license, Jno. K. Miller and Virginia K. Wilcox, 11 Jun 1916; citing Honolulu, Honolulu, Hawaii, reference 12495B; FHL microfilm 1,711,737. \"Virginia K. Wilcox\". Family Search. Territory of Hawaii. Retrieved September 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:FW83-LJS","url_text":"\"Virginia K. Wilcox\""}]},{"reference":"\"The following is a list of the young chiefs at present in the school of Mr. and Mrs. Cooke\". The Friend. Vol. II, no. VIII. Honolulu. August 1, 1844. p. 36. Archived from the original on July 16, 2018. Retrieved July 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://nupepa-hawaii.com/2014/01/11/the-chiefs-childrens-school-and-its-beginnings-1844/","url_text":"\"The following is a list of the young chiefs at present in the school of Mr. and Mrs. Cooke\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180716170737/https://nupepa-hawaii.com/2014/01/11/the-chiefs-childrens-school-and-its-beginnings-1844/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hawaiʻi State Archives (2006). \"Laanui-Puohu marriage record\". Marriages – Oahu (1832–1910). Archived from the original on September 18, 2015. Retrieved June 5, 2014 – via Ulukau, the Hawaiian Electronic Library.","urls":[{"url":"http://ulukau.org/algene/cgi-bin/algene?e=d-001off-algene--00CL1%2e10--2----0--010---4-------0-1l--10en-Zz-1---20-about---00-1-1-00-0-0-000utfZz-8-00&a=d&c=algene&cl=CL1.10&d=10-000208","url_text":"\"Laanui-Puohu marriage record\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150918223802/http://ulukau.org/algene/cgi-bin/algene?e=d-001off-algene--00CL1%2e10--2----0--010---4-------0-1l--10en-Zz-1---20-about---00-1-1-00-0-0-000utfZz-8-00&a=d&c=algene&cl=CL1.10&d=10-000208","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Died\". The Pacific Commercial Advertiser. Honolulu. July 22, 1896. p. 8. Archived from the original on July 3, 2018. Retrieved July 5, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85047084/1896-07-22/ed-1/seq-8/","url_text":"\"Died\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180703191941/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85047084/1896-07-22/ed-1/seq-8/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Died\". The Independent. Honolulu. July 23, 1896. p. 3. Archived from the original on July 14, 2018. Retrieved July 5, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85047097/1896-07-23/ed-1/seq-3/","url_text":"\"Died\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180714104756/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85047097/1896-07-23/ed-1/seq-3/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Died\". The Hawaiian Gazette. Honolulu. July 24, 1896. p. 4. Archived from the original on July 3, 2018. Retrieved July 5, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83025121/1896-07-24/ed-1/seq-4/","url_text":"\"Died\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180703163825/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83025121/1896-07-24/ed-1/seq-4/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Princes and Chiefs eligible to be Rulers\". The Polynesian. Vol. 1, no. 9. Honolulu. July 20, 1844. p. 1. Archived from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved December 22, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015408/1844-07-20/ed-1/seq-1/","url_text":"\"Princes and Chiefs eligible to be Rulers\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151222092650/http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015408/1844-07-20/ed-1/seq-1/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Na Mea Mare\". Ka Hoku o ka Pakipika. Vol. II, no. 52. Honolulu. September 18, 1862. p. 2. Retrieved September 26, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://nupepa.org/gsdl2.5/cgi-bin/nupepa?e=d-0nupepa--00-0-0--010---4----text-prev--0-1l--1haw-Zz-1--en-20-about--20-00031-0000utfZz-8-00-0003-1-0000utfZz-8-00&a=d&cl=CL1.10.2&d=HASH019b9459d02f1e2f7f745385.2","url_text":"\"Na Mea Mare\""}]},{"reference":"Taylor, Albert Pierce (June 12, 1910). \"Court Beauties of Fifty Years Ago\". The Pacific Commercial Advertiser. Vol. VII, no. 388. Honolulu. p. 13. Archived from the original on January 9, 2017. Retrieved September 26, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85047084/1910-06-12/ed-1/seq-13/","url_text":"\"Court Beauties of Fifty Years Ago\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170109054043/http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85047084/1910-06-12/ed-1/seq-13/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hawaiʻi State Archives (2006). \"Pratt marriage record\". Marriages – Oahu (1832–1910). Retrieved June 5, 2014 – via Ulukau, the Hawaiian Electronic Library.","urls":[{"url":"http://ulukau.org/algene/cgi-bin/algene?e=d-001off-algene--00CL1%2e10--2----0--010---4-------0-1l--10en-Zz-1---20-about-%22Laanui%2c+Elizabeth+K%2e%22--00-1-1-00-0-0-000utfZz-8-00&a=d&c=algene&cl=CL1.10&d=10-000202","url_text":"\"Pratt marriage record\""}]},{"reference":"\"Married\". Honolulu. April 30, 1864. p. 2. Archived from the original on July 15, 2018. Retrieved July 4, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015418/1864-04-30/ed-1/seq-2/","url_text":"\"Married\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180715011730/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015418/1864-04-30/ed-1/seq-2/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Late Frank S. Pratt – Some Particulars of His Private and Public Career\". The Daily Bulletin. Honolulu. January 12, 1894. p. 3. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. 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The Hawaiian Gazette. Honolulu. January 12, 1894. p. 4. Archived from the original on January 3, 2018. Retrieved July 4, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83025121/1894-01-12/ed-1/seq-4/","url_text":"\"Frank S. Pratt Dead – He Passes Away Late Yesterday Afternoon\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180103072512/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83025121/1894-01-12/ed-1/seq-4/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Pratt, Franklin S.office record\". state archives digital collections. state of Hawaii. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. 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Sixteenth Annual Report of the Hawaiian Mission Children's Society. Vol. 60. Honolulu: Hawaiian Mission Children's Society. OCLC 7859883.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=P8TTHtvuubwC&pg=PA32","url_text":"Sixteenth Annual Report of the Hawaiian Mission Children's Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7859883","url_text":"7859883"}]},{"reference":"Logan, Daniel, ed. (1907). A History of The Hawaiian Islands, Their Resources and People. New York: The Lewis Publishing Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyofhawaiia00loga","url_text":"A History of The Hawaiian Islands, Their Resources and People"}]},{"reference":"Kaeo, Peter; Queen Emma (1976). Korn, Alfons L. (ed.). News from Molokai, Letters Between Peter Kaeo & Queen Emma, 1873–1876. Honolulu: The University Press of Hawaii. hdl:10125/39980. ISBN 978-0-8248-0399-5. OCLC 2225064.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Kaeo","url_text":"Kaeo, Peter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Emma_of_Hawaii","url_text":"Queen Emma"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10125%2F39980","url_text":"10125/39980"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-0399-5","url_text":"978-0-8248-0399-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2225064","url_text":"2225064"}]},{"reference":"Kam, Ralph Thomas (2017). Death Rites and Hawaiian Royalty: Funerary Practices in the Kamehameha and Kalakaua Dynasties, 1819–1953. S. I.: McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4766-6846-8. OCLC 966566652.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4kvanAAACAAJ","url_text":"Death Rites and Hawaiian Royalty: Funerary Practices in the Kamehameha and Kalakaua Dynasties, 1819–1953"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-6846-8","url_text":"978-1-4766-6846-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/966566652","url_text":"966566652"}]},{"reference":"Kanahele, George S. (1999). Emma: Hawaii's Remarkable Queen. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-2240-8. 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S2CID 143224034.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fhoeq.12054","url_text":"10.1111/hoeq.12054"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2680","url_text":"0018-2680"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5571935029","url_text":"5571935029"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143224034","url_text":"143224034"}]},{"reference":"Kuykendall, Ralph Simpson (1953). The Hawaiian Kingdom 1854–1874, Twenty Critical Years. Vol. 2. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-87022-432-4. 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OCLC 12555087.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-YPNBdfvmDUC","url_text":"Hawaiian Genealogies: Extracted from Hawaiian Language Newspapers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-939154-28-9","url_text":"978-0-939154-28-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12555087","url_text":"12555087"}]},{"reference":"Menton, Linda K. (1981). \"The Royal School 1839–1850\". Educational Perspectives. The Journal of the University of Hawaii at Mānoa. 20 (3): 17–21. hdl:10125/47174. ISSN 0013-1849. OCLC 220851876.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10125%2F47174","url_text":"10125/47174"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0013-1849","url_text":"0013-1849"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/220851876","url_text":"220851876"}]},{"reference":"Nucciarone, Monica (2009). Alexander Cartwright: The Life Behind the Baseball Legend. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-3353-9. 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OCLC 154181545.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Kekaaniau","url_text":"Pratt, Elizabeth Kekaaniauokalani Kalaninuiohilaukapu"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyofkeouaka00prat","url_text":"History of Keoua Kalanikupuapa-i-nui: Father of Hawaii Kings, and His Descendants, with Notes on Kamehameha I, First King of All Hawaii"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/154181545","url_text":"154181545"}]},{"reference":"Silva, Noenoe K. (2004). Aloha Betrayed: Native Hawaiian Resistance to American Colonialism. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 0-8223-8622-4. OCLC 191222123.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=G3IFQ2YAsXgC","url_text":"Aloha Betrayed: Native Hawaiian Resistance to American Colonialism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8223-8622-4","url_text":"0-8223-8622-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/191222123","url_text":"191222123"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Bradford (1956). Yankees In Paradise The New England Impact On Hawaii. Philadelphia: Lippincott. OCLC 1439742.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/yankeesinparadis011986mbp","url_text":"Yankees In Paradise The New England Impact On Hawaii"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1439742","url_text":"1439742"}]},{"reference":"Van Dyke, Jon M. (2008). Who Owns the Crown Lands of Hawaiʻi?. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-6560-3. OCLC 257449971.","urls":[{"url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/book/8305","url_text":"Who Owns the Crown Lands of Hawaiʻi?"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-6560-3","url_text":"978-0-8248-6560-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/257449971","url_text":"257449971"}]},{"reference":"Wyllie, Robert Crichton (1845). Simmonds, P. L. (ed.). Notes on the Sandwich, Or Hawaiian Islands. London: Simmonds and Ward. pp. 125–139. OCLC 405778069.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Crichton_Wyllie","url_text":"Wyllie, Robert Crichton"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VwdLAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA125","url_text":"Notes on the Sandwich, Or Hawaiian Islands"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/405778069","url_text":"405778069"}]},{"reference":"Yzendoorn, Reginald (1927). History of the Catholic Mission in the Hawaiian Islands. Honolulu: Honolulu Star-Bulletin. OCLC 5524024.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ajg7678.0001.001.umich.edu","url_text":"History of the Catholic Mission in the Hawaiian Islands"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5524024","url_text":"5524024"}]},{"reference":"Castro, David (1998). High Chief Kalokuokamaile: The Older Brother of Kamehameha 1st. Honolulu: Ke Aliʻi Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9669586-0-7. OCLC 43286937.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9669586-0-7","url_text":"978-0-9669586-0-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/43286937","url_text":"43286937"}]},{"reference":"Cooke, Amos Starr; Cooke, Juliette Montague (1970) [1937]. Richards, Mary Atherton (ed.). The Hawaiian Chiefs' Children's School (Revised ed.). Rutland, VT: C. E. Tuttle Co. ISBN 978-0-8048-0881-1. OCLC 1185695.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amos_Starr_Cooke","url_text":"Cooke, Amos Starr"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kHBBAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"The Hawaiian Chiefs' Children's School"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8048-0881-1","url_text":"978-0-8048-0881-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1185695","url_text":"1185695"}]},{"reference":"Menton, Lydia K. (1982). \"Everything that is lovely and of good report\" : the Hawaiian Chiefs' Children's School, 1839–1850. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa. OCLC 9551241.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/9551241","url_text":"9551241"}]},{"reference":"Patterson, Rosemary I. (2006) [1996]. Kula Keiki Aliʻi: A Novel Partially Based on the Effect of the Chief's Children's School on Hawaii's Monarchs (Second ed.). Rosemary I. Patterson, Ph.D. ISBN 978-1-4196-4875-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7BdB5BpOajgC","url_text":"Kula Keiki Aliʻi: A Novel Partially Based on the Effect of the Chief's Children's School on Hawaii's Monarchs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4196-4875-5","url_text":"978-1-4196-4875-5"}]},{"reference":"Pratt, Elizabeth Kekaaniauokalani Kalaninuiohilaukapu (1999). Castro, David Allen Wolfers (ed.). Keoua: Father of Kings. Honolulu: Ke Aliʻi Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9669586-2-1. OCLC 45588513.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Kekaaniau","url_text":"Pratt, Elizabeth Kekaaniauokalani Kalaninuiohilaukapu"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9669586-2-1","url_text":"978-0-9669586-2-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/45588513","url_text":"45588513"}]},{"reference":"Castro, David. \"Elizabeth Kekaʻaniau Laʻanui\". The Royal Family of Hawaii Official Site. Ke Aliʻi Publishing. Archived from the original on October 22, 2009. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Madsen_(sociologist)	Richard Madsen (sociologist)	["1 Biography","2 Selected works","3 References"]	American Catholic priest and sociologist Richard Madsen is distinguished Professor of Sociology the University of California, San Diego, specializing in sociology of China. Biography Madsen received his A.B. at the Department of Philosophy at Maryknoll College and his B.D. (1967) and M.Th. (1968) at Maryknoll Seminary. He then moved to Taiwan to study at the Chinese Language Institute in Fu Jen Catholic University (1968-1970) and at the Department of Sociology at National Taiwan University (1970-1971). Upon his return to the United States, he completed his M.A. in Religious Studies (1972) and Ph.D. in Sociology (1977), both on East Asia from Harvard. He joined the University of California, San Diego since 1983 and was promoted to Professor in 1985. He was Chair of the Program in Chinese Studies between 1984 and 1987. He was a co-director of a Ford Foundation project to help revive the academic discipline of sociology in China and was Director of UC Fudan Center at the School of Global Policy and Strategy. He is the recipient of several book awards, including a Jury Nominee for the Pulitzer Prize in General Non-fiction and the L.A. Times Book Award for Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life (1985), as well as the C. Wright Mills Award for Morality and Power in a Chinese Village (1984). Selected works Yang-Hsu, Becky and Richard Madsen (2019). The Chinese Pursuit of Happiness Anxieties, Hopes, and Moral Tensions in Everyday Life. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 9780520306325 Madsen, Richard (2007). Democracy's Dharma: Religious Renaissance and Political Development in Taiwan. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 9780520252271 Madsen, Richard (1998). China's Catholics Tragedy and Hope in an Emerging Civil Society. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 9780520920736 Madsen, Richard (1995). China and the American Dream: A Moral Inquiry. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 9780520914926 Bellah, Robert Neelly, Richard Madsen, William M. Sullivan, Ann Swidler, and Steven M. Tipton (1985). Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 9780520053885 Madsen, Richard (1984). Morality and Power in a Chinese Village. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 9780520059252 Chan, Anita, Richard Madsen, and Jonathan Unger Berkeley: University of California Press. (1984). Chen Village Revolution to Globalization. ISBN 9780520259317 References ^ "Richard Madsen". sociology.ucsd.edu. Retrieved 2021-05-24. ^ "Richard Madsen". www.columbia.edu. Retrieved 2021-05-24. ^ Issues, Initiative for U. S.-China Dialogue on Global. "Richard Madsen". uschinadialogue.georgetown.edu. Retrieved 2021-05-24. ^ "Richard Madsen". gps.ucsd.edu. Retrieved 2021-05-24. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel Belgium United States Czech Republic Netherlands Academics CiNii Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sociology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology"},{"link_name":"University of California, San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Diego"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Richard Madsen is distinguished Professor of Sociology the University of California, San Diego, specializing in sociology of China.[1]","title":"Richard Madsen (sociologist)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Fu Jen Catholic University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fu_Jen_Catholic_University"},{"link_name":"National Taiwan University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Taiwan_University"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Religious Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_Studies"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Pulitzer Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize"},{"link_name":"L.A. Times Book Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times_Book_Prize"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Madsen received his A.B. at the Department of Philosophy at Maryknoll College and his B.D. (1967) and M.Th. (1968) at Maryknoll Seminary. He then moved to Taiwan to study at the Chinese Language Institute in Fu Jen Catholic University (1968-1970) and at the Department of Sociology at National Taiwan University (1970-1971). Upon his return to the United States, he completed his M.A. in Religious Studies (1972) and Ph.D. in Sociology (1977), both on East Asia from Harvard.[2]He joined the University of California, San Diego since 1983 and was promoted to Professor in 1985. He was Chair of the Program in Chinese Studies between 1984 and 1987. He was a co-director of a Ford Foundation project to help revive the academic discipline of sociology in China and was Director of UC Fudan Center at the School of Global Policy and Strategy.[3]He is the recipient of several book awards, including a Jury Nominee for the Pulitzer Prize in General Non-fiction and the L.A. Times Book Award for Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life (1985), as well as the C. Wright Mills Award for Morality and Power in a Chinese Village (1984).[4]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Yang-Hsu, Becky and Richard Madsen (2019). The Chinese Pursuit of Happiness Anxieties, Hopes, and Moral Tensions in Everyday Life. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 9780520306325\nMadsen, Richard (2007). Democracy's Dharma: Religious Renaissance and Political Development in Taiwan. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 9780520252271\nMadsen, Richard (1998). China's Catholics Tragedy and Hope in an Emerging Civil Society. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 9780520920736\nMadsen, Richard (1995). China and the American Dream: A Moral Inquiry. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 9780520914926\nBellah, Robert Neelly, Richard Madsen, William M. Sullivan, Ann Swidler, and Steven M. Tipton (1985). Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 9780520053885\nMadsen, Richard (1984). Morality and Power in a Chinese Village. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 9780520059252\nChan, Anita, Richard Madsen, and Jonathan Unger Berkeley: University of California Press. (1984). Chen Village Revolution to Globalization. ISBN 9780520259317","title":"Selected works"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Richard Madsen\". sociology.ucsd.edu. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seraucourt-le-Grand	Seraucourt-le-Grand	["1 Population","2 See also","3 References"]	Coordinates: 49°46′51″N 3°12′48″E / 49.7808°N 3.2133°E / 49.7808; 3.2133 You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French. (December 2008) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the French article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated\|fr\|Seraucourt-le-Grand}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Commune in Hauts-de-France, FranceSeraucourt-le-GrandCommuneThe town hall of Seraucourt-le-Grand Coat of armsLocation of Seraucourt-le-Grand Seraucourt-le-GrandShow map of FranceSeraucourt-le-GrandShow map of Hauts-de-FranceCoordinates: 49°46′51″N 3°12′48″E / 49.7808°N 3.2133°E / 49.7808; 3.2133CountryFranceRegionHauts-de-FranceDepartmentAisneArrondissementSaint-QuentinCantonRibemontIntercommunalityCA Saint-QuentinoisGovernment • Mayor (2020–2026) Roger LurinArea110.56 km2 (4.08 sq mi)Population (2021)723 • Density68/km2 (180/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code02710 /02790Elevation67–99 m (220–325 ft) (avg. 100 m or 330 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. Seraucourt-le-Grand (French pronunciation: ) is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France. Population Historical populationYearPop.±%1962615— 1968540−12.2%1975544+0.7%1982614+12.9%1990738+20.2%1999715−3.1%2008785+9.8%2012784−0.1% See also Communes of the Aisne department References ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 9 August 2021. ^ "Populations légales 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Seraucourt-le-Grand. vte Communes of the Aisne department Abbécourt Achery Acy Agnicourt-et-Séchelles Aguilcourt Aisonville-et-Bernoville Aizelles Aizy-Jouy Alaincourt Allemant Ambleny Ambrief Amifontaine Amigny-Rouy Ancienville Andelain Anguilcourt-le-Sart Anizy-le-Grand Annois Any-Martin-Rieux Archon Arcy-Sainte-Restitue Armentières-sur-Ourcq Arrancy Artemps Assis-sur-Serre Athies-sous-Laon Attilly Aubencheul-aux-Bois Aubenton Aubigny-aux-Kaisnes Aubigny-en-Laonnois Audignicourt Audigny Augy Aulnois-sous-Laon Les Autels Autremencourt Autreppes Autreville Azy-sur-Marne Bagneux Bancigny Barenton-Bugny Barenton-Cel Barenton-sur-Serre Barisis-aux-Bois Barzy-en-Thiérache Barzy-sur-Marne Bassoles-Aulers Bazoches-et-Saint-Thibaut Beaumé Beaumont-en-Beine Beaurevoir Beaurieux Beautor Beauvois-en-Vermandois Becquigny Belleau Bellenglise Belleu Bellicourt Benay Bergues-sur-Sambre Berlancourt Berlise Bernot Bernoy-le-Château Berny-Rivière Berrieux Berry-au-Bac Bertaucourt-Epourdon Berthenicourt Bertricourt Besmé Besmont Besny-et-Loizy Béthancourt-en-Vaux Beugneux Beuvardes Bézu-le-Guéry Bézu-Saint-Germain Bichancourt Bieuxy Bièvres Billy-sur-Aisne Billy-sur-Ourcq Blanzy-lès-Fismes Blérancourt Blesmes Bohain-en-Vermandois Bois-lès-Pargny Boncourt Bonneil Bonnesvalyn Bony Bosmont-sur-Serre Bouconville-Vauclair Boué Bouffignereux Bouresches Bourg-et-Comin Bourguignon-sous-Coucy Bourguignon-sous-Montbavin La Bouteille Braine Brancourt-en-Laonnois Brancourt-le-Grand Brasles Braye Braye-en-Laonnois Braye-en-Thiérache Bray-Saint-Christophe Brécy Brenelle Breny Brie Brissay-Choigny Brissy-Hamégicourt Brumetz Brunehamel Bruyères-et-Montbérault Bruyères-sur-Fère Bruys Bucilly Bucy-le-Long Bucy-lès-Cerny Bucy-lès-Pierrepont Buire Buironfosse Burelles Bussiares Buzancy Caillouël-Crépigny Camelin La Capelle Castres Le Catelet Caulaincourt Caumont Celles-lès-Condé Celles-sur-Aisne Cerizy Cerny-en-Laonnois Cerny-lès-Bucy Cerseuil Cessières-Suzy Chacrise Chaillevois Chalandry Chambry Chamouille Champs Chaourse La Chapelle-sur-Chézy Charly-sur-Marne Le Charmel Charmes Chartèves Chassemy Château-Thierrysubpr Châtillon-lès-Sons Châtillon-sur-Oise Chaudardes Chaudun Chauny Chavignon Chavigny Chavonne Chérêt Chermizy-Ailles Chéry-Chartreuve Chéry-lès-Pouilly Chéry-lès-Rozoy Chevennes Chevregny Chevresis-Monceau Chézy-en-Orxois Chézy-sur-Marne Chierry Chigny Chivres-en-Laonnois Chivres-Val Chivy-lès-Étouvelles Chouy Cierges Cilly Ciry-Salsogne Clacy-et-Thierret Clairfontaine Clamecy Clastres Clermont-les-Fermes Cœuvres-et-Valsery Coincy Coingt Colligis-Crandelain Colonfay Commenchon Concevreux Condé-en-Brie Condé-sur-Aisne Condé-sur-Suippe Condren Connigis Contescourt Corbeny Corcy Coucy-la-Ville Coucy-le-Château-Auffrique Coucy-lès-Eppes Coulonges-Cohan Coupru Courbes Courboin Courcelles-sur-Vesle Courchamps Courmelles Courmont Courtemont-Varennes Courtrizy-et-Fussigny Couvrelles Couvron-et-Aumencourt Coyolles Cramaille Craonne Craonnelle Crécy-au-Mont Crécy-sur-Serre Crépy Crézancy Croix-Fonsomme La Croix-sur-Ourcq Crouttes-sur-Marne Crouy Crupilly Cuffies Cugny Cuirieux Cuiry-Housse Cuiry-lès-Chaudardes Cuiry-lès-Iviers Cuissy-et-Geny Cuisy-en-Almont Cutry Cys-la-Commune Dagny-Lambercy Dallon Dammard Dampleux Danizy Dercy Deuillet Dhuizel Dhuys-et-Morin-en-Brie Dizy-le-Gros Dohis Dolignon Dommiers Domptin Dorengt Douchy Dravegny Droizy Dury Ébouleau Effry Englancourt Épagny Éparcy Épaux-Bézu Épieds L'Épine-aux-Bois Eppes Erlon Erloy Esquéhéries Essigny-le-Grand Essigny-le-Petit Essises Essômes-sur-Marne Estrées Étampes-sur-Marne Étaves-et-Bocquiaux Étouvelles Étréaupont Étreillers Étrépilly Étreux Évergnicourt Faverolles Fayet La Fère Fère-en-Tardenois La Ferté-Chevresis La Ferté-Milon Fesmy-le-Sart Festieux Fieulaine Filain La Flamengrie Flavigny-le-Grand-et-Beaurain Flavy-le-Martel Fleury Fluquières Folembray Fonsomme Fontaine-lès-Clercs Fontaine-lès-Vervins Fontaine-Notre-Dame Fontaine-Uterte Fontenelle Fontenoy Foreste Fossoy Fourdrain Francilly-Selency Franqueville Fresnes-en-Tardenois Fresnes-sous-Coucy Fresnoy-le-Grand Fressancourt Frières-Faillouël Froidestrées Froidmont-Cohartille Gandelu Gauchy Gercy Gergny Germaine Gibercourt Gizy Gland Goudelancourt-lès-Berrieux Goudelancourt-lès-Pierrepont Goussancourt Gouy Grandlup-et-Fay Grandrieux Grand-Rozoy Grand-Verly Gricourt Grisolles Gronard Grougis Grugies Guise Guivry Guny Guyencourt Hannapes Happencourt Haramont Harcigny Hargicourt Harly Hartennes-et-Taux Hary Hautevesnes Hauteville Haution La Hérie Le Hérie-la-Viéville Hinacourt Hirson Holnon Homblières Houry Housset Iron Itancourt Iviers Jaulgonne Jeancourt Jeantes Joncourt Jouaignes Jumencourt Jumigny Jussy Juvigny Juvincourt-et-Damary Laffaux Laigny Lanchy Landifay-et-Bertaignemont Landouzy-la-Cour Landouzy-la-Ville Landricourt Laniscourt Laonpref Lappion Largny-sur-Automne Latilly Launoy Laval-en-Laonnois Lavaqueresse Laversine Lehaucourt Lemé Lempire Lerzy Leschelle Lesdins Lesges Lesquielles-Saint-Germain Leuilly-sous-Coucy Leury Leuze Levergies Lhuys Licy-Clignon Lierval Liesse-Notre-Dame Liez Limé Lislet Logny-lès-Aubenton Longpont Lor Louâtre Loupeigne Lucy-le-Bocage Lugny Luzoir Ly-Fontaine Maast-et-Violaine Mâchecourt Macogny Macquigny Magny-la-Fosse Maissemy Maizy La Malmaison Malzy Manicamp Marchais Marcy Marcy-sous-Marle Marest-Dampcourt Mareuil-en-Dôle Marfontaine Margival Marigny-en-Orxois Marizy-Sainte-Geneviève Marizy-Saint-Mard Marle Marly-Gomont Martigny Martigny-Courpierre Mauregny-en-Haye Mayot Mennessis Mennevret Mercin-et-Vaux Merlieux-et-Fouquerolles Mesbrecourt-Richecourt Mesnil-Saint-Laurent Meurival Mézières-sur-Oise Mézy-Moulins Missy-aux-Bois Missy-lès-Pierrepont Missy-sur-Aisne Molain Molinchart Monampteuil Monceau-le-Neuf-et-Faucouzy Monceau-lès-Leups Monceau-le-Waast Monceau-sur-Oise Mondrepuis Monnes Mons-en-Laonnois Montaigu Montbavin Montbrehain Montchâlons Montcornet Mont-d'Origny Montescourt-Lizerolles Montfaucon Montgobert Montgru-Saint-Hilaire Monthenault Monthiers Monthurel Montigny-en-Arrouaise Montigny-l'Allier Montigny-le-Franc Montigny-Lengrain Montigny-lès-Condé Montigny-sous-Marle Montigny-sur-Crécy Montlevon Montloué Mont-Notre-Dame Montreuil-aux-Lions Mont-Saint-Jean Mont-Saint-Martin Mont-Saint-Père Morcourt Morgny-en-Thiérache Morsain Mortefontaine Mortiers Moulins Moussy-Verneuil Moÿ-de-l'Aisne Muret-et-Crouttes Muscourt Nampcelles-la-Cour Nampteuil-sous-Muret Nanteuil-la-Fosse Nanteuil-Notre-Dame Nauroy Nesles-la-Montagne Neufchâtel-sur-Aisne Neuflieux Neuilly-Saint-Front Neuve-Maison La Neuville-Bosmont La Neuville-en-Beine La Neuville-Housset La Neuville-lès-Dorengt Neuville-Saint-Amand Neuville-sur-Ailette Neuville-sur-Margival Neuvillette Nizy-le-Comte Nogentel Nogent-l'Artaud Noircourt Noroy-sur-Ourcq Le Nouvion-en-Thiérache Nouvion-et-Catillon Nouvion-le-Comte Nouvion-le-Vineux Nouvron-Vingré Noyales Œuilly Ognes Ohis Oigny-en-Valois Oisy Ollezy Omissy Orainville Orgeval Origny-en-Thiérache Origny-Sainte-Benoite Osly-Courtil Ostel Oulches-la-Vallée-Foulon Oulchy-la-Ville Oulchy-le-Château Paars Paissy Pancy-Courtecon Papleux Parcy-et-Tigny Parfondeval Parfondru Pargnan Pargny-Filain Pargny-la-Dhuys Pargny-les-Bois Parpeville Pasly Passy-en-Valois Passy-sur-Marne Pavant Pernant Petit-Verly Pierremande Pierrepont Pignicourt Pinon Pithon Pleine-Selve Le Plessier-Huleu Ploisy Plomion Ployart-et-Vaurseine Pommiers Pont-Arcy Pontavert Pontru Pontruet Pont-Saint-Mard Pouilly-sur-Serre Prémont Prémontré Presles-et-Boves Presles-et-Thierny Priez Prisces Proisy Proix Prouvais Proviseux-et-Plesnoy Puiseux-en-Retz Puisieux-et-Clanlieu Quierzy Quincy-Basse Quincy-sous-le-Mont Raillimont Ramicourt Regny Remaucourt Remies Remigny Renansart Renneval Résigny Ressons-le-Long Retheuil Reuilly-Sauvigny Ribeauville Ribemont Rocourt-Saint-Martin Rocquigny Rogécourt Rogny Romeny-sur-Marne Romery Ronchères Roucy Rougeries Roupy Rouvroy Rouvroy-sur-Serre Royaucourt-et-Chailvet Rozet-Saint-Albin Rozières-sur-Crise Rozoy-Bellevalle Rozoy-sur-Serre Saconin-et-Breuil Sains-Richaumont Saint-Algis Saint-Aubin Saint-Bandry Saint-Christophe-à-Berry Saint-Clément Sainte-Croix Sainte-Geneviève Sainte-Preuve Saint-Erme-Outre-et-Ramecourt Saint-Eugène Saint-Gengoulph Saint-Gobain Saint-Gobert Saint-Mard Saint-Martin-Rivière Saint-Michel Saint-Nicolas-aux-Bois Saint-Paul-aux-Bois Saint-Pierre-Aigle Saint-Pierre-lès-Franqueville Saint-Pierremont Saint-Quentinsubpr Saint-Rémy-Blanzy Saint-Simon Saint-Thomas Samoussy Sancy-les-Cheminots Saponay Saulchery Savy Seboncourt Selens La Selve Septmonts Les Septvallons Septvaux Sequehart Serain Seraucourt-le-Grand Serches Sergy Seringes-et-Nesles Sermoise Servais Serval Séry-lès-Mézières Silly-la-Poterie Sinceny Sissonne Sissy Soissonssubpr Soize Sommelans Sommeron Sommette-Eaucourt Sons-et-Ronchères Sorbais Soucy Soupir Le Sourd Surfontaine Taillefontaine Tannières Tartiers Tavaux-et-Pontséricourt Tergnier Terny-Sorny Thenailles Thenelles Thiernu Le Thuel Torcy-en-Valois Toulis-et-Attencourt Travecy Trefcon Trélou-sur-Marne Troësnes Trosly-Loire Trucy Tugny-et-Pont Tupigny Ugny-le-Gay Urcel Urvillers Vadencourt Vailly-sur-Aisne La Vallée-au-Blé La Vallée-Mulâtre Vallées en Champagne Variscourt Vassens Vasseny Vassogne Vaucelles-et-Beffecourt Vaudesson Vauxaillon Vaux-Andigny Vauxbuin Vaux-en-Vermandois Vauxrezis Vauxtin Vendelles Vendeuil Vendhuile Vendières Vendresse-Beaulne Vénérolles Venizel Verdilly Le Verguier Vermand Verneuil-sous-Coucy Verneuil-sur-Serre Versigny Vervinssubpr Vesles-et-Caumont Veslud Veuilly-la-Poterie Vézaponin Vézilly Vichel-Nanteuil Vic-sur-Aisne Viel-Arcy Viels-Maisons Vierzy Viffort Vigneux-Hocquet La Ville-aux-Bois-lès-Dizy La Ville-aux-Bois-lès-Pontavert Villemontoire Villeneuve-Saint-Germain Villeneuve-sur-Aisne Villeneuve-sur-Fère Villequier-Aumont Villeret Villers-Agron-Aiguizy Villers-Cotterêts Villers-Hélon Villers-le-Sec Villers-lès-Guise Villers-Saint-Christophe Villers-sur-Fère Ville-Savoye Villiers-Saint-Denis Vincy-Reuil-et-Magny Viry-Noureuil Vivaise Vivières Voharies Vorges Voulpaix Voyenne Vregny Vuillery Wassigny Watigny Wiège-Faty Wimy Wissignicourt pref: prefecture subpr: subprefecture This Saint-Quentin arrondissement geographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[səʁokuʁ lə ɡʁɑ̃]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_France"},{"link_name":"Aisne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aisne"},{"link_name":"department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France"},{"link_name":"Hauts-de-France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauts-de-France"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"}],"text":"Commune in Hauts-de-France, FranceSeraucourt-le-Grand (French pronunciation: [səʁokuʁ lə ɡʁɑ̃]) is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.","title":"Seraucourt-le-Grand"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Population"}]	[]	[{"title":"Communes of the Aisne department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_the_Aisne_department"}]	[{"reference":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 9 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/en/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","url_text":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\""}]},{"reference":"\"Populations légales 2021\" (in French). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Connors_(character)	Billy Connors (character)	["1 Publication history","2 Fictional character biography","3 Other versions","3.1 Ultimate Marvel","3.2 What If?","4 In other media","4.1 Television","4.2 Film","5 References","6 External links"]	This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's general notability guideline. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Billy Connors" character – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "Billy Connors" character – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Comics character Billy ConnorsBilly Connors as Lizard Jr. as seen in The Amazing Spider-Man Vol. 5 #16.Publication informationPublisherMarvel ComicsFirst appearanceThe Amazing Spider-Man #6 (Nov. 1963)Created byStan Lee (writer)Steve Ditko (artist)In-story informationAlter egoWilliam ConnorsSpeciesHuman MutateTeam affiliationsNew U TechnologiesNotable aliasesLizard Jr.AbilitiesAs a lizard: Superhuman strength, speed, agility, stamina, durability, and reflexes Regenerative healing factor Hardened scale-like skin Razor-sharp claws and teeth 6-foot-long tail capable of shattering concrete William "Billy" Connors is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. He is usually depicted as a supporting character of Spider-Man, and the son of Dr. Curt Connors, also known as the Lizard. Much of his character's story deals with the trauma of his father's uncontrollable powers. Billy was later injected with Curt's Lizard Formula to cure him of a deadly virus, which also mutated him into an anthropomorphic lizard. Publication history The character was created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko and first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #6 (November 1963). Fictional character biography Billy was born in Florida to Curt and Martha Connors, the former of whom is a biologist. The family moved to New York City so that Curt could continue his research in limb regrowth. The result was that Curt transformed into the Lizard and chased Billy in an attempt to eat him. Luckily, Billy was rescued by Spider-Man who turned his father back to normal with the antidote to the Lizard Formula. During a major story arc, Martha and Billy were kidnapped by the Maggia branch led by Silvermane who wanted Curt to decipher an ancient tablet. Once again, Curt transformed into the Lizard and it took the combined effort Spider-Man and the Human Torch save Martha and Billy who were happily reunited with a cured Curt. At one point, Billy was kidnapped by the villain Stegron who demanded that Curt aid him in reviving a dinosaur army. Spider-Man and Lizard fought Stegron and saved Billy from a terrible fate. Curt eventually chose to leave his family greatly saddening Billy and Martha. However, Curt came back and turned Billy into another lizard creature dubbed Lizard Jr., but the two were captured and turned back to normal by Spider-Man. Sometime later, Curt mentions that Martha and Billy contracted cancer. Martha died while Billy survived, but was forced to live with his aunt. During The Gauntlet and Grim Hunt storyline, Curt lost custody of Billy. Lizard later devoured Billy resulting in Lizard becoming a creature called the Shed. In a lead-up to the Dead No More: The Clone Conspiracy storyline, Billy was revived by Ben Reilly's Jackal appearance, along with Martha, to motivate Curt to work for him. When New U Technologies suddenly breaks out in a melee, Billy and Martha are taken away by Curt, who claims that he can cure them of the Carrion Virus. Billy and Martha are injected with the Lizard Formula, which saves their lives, but also mutates them into anthropomorphic lizards. While Billy and his family have begun to live peacefully in the sewers, getting occasional friendly visits from Peter Parker and Mary Jane Watson, he has started to openly talk of his longing to visit the outside world and attend a regular school; adding that kids with unusual appearances and abilities have begun going as well. Despite this, his father angrily rebuffs his pleas and he, in turn, has started to rebel. During the Hunted storyline, Billy is later captured and used as a hostage by Kraven the Hunter as part of Kraven's efforts to test his cloned "offspring" Last Son of Kraven and provoke Spider-Man into becoming the "hunter" Kraven feels his enemy should be. When trapped in a cage with Curt, Spider-Man learns that Curt took Billy to Doctor Strange after his resurrection, who confirmed that, for reasons he cannot understand (both unaware Reilly's "reanimation" method had restored the souls of all those cloned of the deceased), Billy is not "just" a clone of the original one, but is actually Billy's soul reborn in his cloned body, driving Curt to be willing to take any measures necessary to protect his son. Other versions Ultimate Marvel In the Ultimate Marvel Universe, Billy lives with his mother due to her divorcing Curt. What If? In an issue of What If? that asks "What If Spider-Man Killed the Lizard?", Billy learns that his father was the Lizard and swears revenge on Spider-Man for murdering him. Billy intentionally amputates his arm to be like his father and is later visited by Calypso who gives him an elixir that transforms him into another lizard monster. In other media Television Billy Connors, renamed Billy Conner, appears in Spider-Man (1967), voiced by Billie Mae Richards. Billy Connors appears in Spider-Man (1994), voiced by Toby Scott Ganger. Billy Connors appears in The Spectacular Spider-Man, voiced by Max Burkholder. This version displays a positive view on life and often hangs out at the Empire State University (ESU) lab where his scientist parents work. Film Billy Connors appears in a deleted scene that was cut from The Amazing Spider-Man, portrayed by Miles Elliot. References ^ The Amazing Spider-Man #6. Marvel Comics. ^ The Amazing Spider-Man #74-77. Marvel Comics. ^ The Amazing Spider-Man #165-166. Marvel Comics. ^ The Amazing Spider-Man #311-313. Marvel Comics. ^ The Sensational Spider-Man vol. 2 #23-27. Marvel Comics. ^ Spider-Man: Quality of Life #4. Marvel Comics. ^ The Amazing Spider-Man #631. Marvel Comics. ^ The Amazing Spider-Man vol. 4 #4. Marvel Comics. ^ The Clone Conspiracy #5. Marvel Comics. ^ The Clone Conspiracy Omega #1. Marvel Comics. ^ The Amazing Spider-Man vol. 5 #14-15. Marvel Comics. ^ The Amazing Spider-Man vol. 5 #21. Marvel Comics. ^ Ultimate Marvel Team-Up #10. Marvel Comics. ^ What If? vol. 2 #53. Marvel Comics. ^ Richardson, Bob (director); Gerry Conway, Stan Berkowitz, John Semper (writer) (November 19, 1994). "Night of the Lizard". Spider-Man: The Animated Series. Season 1. Episode 1. Fox Kids. ^ Bullock, Dave (director); Matt Wayne (writer) (March 15, 2008). "Natural Selection". The Spectacular Spider-Man. Season 1. Episode 3. Kids WB. ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: "DR CURT CONNORS AND HIS SON BILLY THE AMAZING SPIDER MAN". YouTube. External links Billy Connors at Marvel Wiki vteSpider-Man charactersSpider-Man familyBy secret identity Spider-Man Spider-Woman Scarlet Spider Spider-Girl By public identity Peter Parker Ben Reilly Jessica Drew Julia Carpenter Miguel O'Hara Mayday Parker Kaine Parker Mattie Franklin Anya Corazon Mac Gargan Ashley Barton Miles Morales Otto Octavius (Superior Spider-Man) Cindy Moon Gwen Stacy Supporting charactersMain support Liz Allan Aunt May Betty Brant Eddie Brock Black Cat/Felicia Hardy Cardiac Curt Connors Carlie Cooper Jean DeWolff Glory Grant J. 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This Magazine Is Haunted Independent Creepy Dark Dominion Djinn Eerie Killjoy The Mocker Mr. A Secret City Saga Static Warp! witzend	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American comic books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_comic_book"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"Spider-Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider-Man"},{"link_name":"Dr. Curt Connors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizard_(character)"}],"text":"Comics characterWilliam \"Billy\" Connors is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. He is usually depicted as a supporting character of Spider-Man, and the son of Dr. Curt Connors, also known as the Lizard. Much of his character's story deals with the trauma of his father's uncontrollable powers. Billy was later injected with Curt's Lizard Formula to cure him of a deadly virus, which also mutated him into an anthropomorphic lizard.","title":"Billy Connors (character)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stan Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Lee"},{"link_name":"Steve Ditko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Ditko"},{"link_name":"The Amazing Spider-Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Amazing_Spider-Man"}],"text":"The character was created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko and first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #6 (November 1963).","title":"Publication history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"Curt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizard_(character)"},{"link_name":"Martha Connors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Connors"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Spider-Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider-Man"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Maggia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggia_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Silvermane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvermane"},{"link_name":"Human Torch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Torch"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Stegron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stegron"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"The Gauntlet and Grim Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gauntlet_and_Grim_Hunt"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Dead No More: The Clone Conspiracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_No_More:_The_Clone_Conspiracy"},{"link_name":"Ben Reilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Reilly"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Carrion Virus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrion_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Mary Jane Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Jane_Watson"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Hunted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunted_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Kraven the Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraven_the_Hunter"},{"link_name":"Last Son of Kraven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Son_of_Kraven"},{"link_name":"Doctor Strange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Strange"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Billy was born in Florida to Curt and Martha Connors, the former of whom is a biologist. The family moved to New York City so that Curt could continue his research in limb regrowth. The result was that Curt transformed into the Lizard and chased Billy in an attempt to eat him. Luckily, Billy was rescued by Spider-Man who turned his father back to normal with the antidote to the Lizard Formula.[1]During a major story arc, Martha and Billy were kidnapped by the Maggia branch led by Silvermane who wanted Curt to decipher an ancient tablet. Once again, Curt transformed into the Lizard and it took the combined effort Spider-Man and the Human Torch save Martha and Billy who were happily reunited with a cured Curt.[2]At one point, Billy was kidnapped by the villain Stegron who demanded that Curt aid him in reviving a dinosaur army. Spider-Man and Lizard fought Stegron and saved Billy from a terrible fate.[3]Curt eventually chose to leave his family greatly saddening Billy and Martha.[4]However, Curt came back and turned Billy into another lizard creature dubbed Lizard Jr., but the two were captured and turned back to normal by Spider-Man.[5]Sometime later, Curt mentions that Martha and Billy contracted cancer. Martha died while Billy survived, but was forced to live with his aunt.[6]During The Gauntlet and Grim Hunt storyline, Curt lost custody of Billy. Lizard later devoured Billy resulting in Lizard becoming a creature called the Shed.[7]In a lead-up to the Dead No More: The Clone Conspiracy storyline, Billy was revived by Ben Reilly's Jackal appearance, along with Martha, to motivate Curt to work for him.[8] When New U Technologies suddenly breaks out in a melee, Billy and Martha are taken away by Curt, who claims that he can cure them of the Carrion Virus.[9] Billy and Martha are injected with the Lizard Formula, which saves their lives, but also mutates them into anthropomorphic lizards.[10]While Billy and his family have begun to live peacefully in the sewers, getting occasional friendly visits from Peter Parker and Mary Jane Watson, he has started to openly talk of his longing to visit the outside world and attend a regular school; adding that kids with unusual appearances and abilities have begun going as well. Despite this, his father angrily rebuffs his pleas and he, in turn, has started to rebel.[11]During the Hunted storyline, Billy is later captured and used as a hostage by Kraven the Hunter as part of Kraven's efforts to test his cloned \"offspring\" Last Son of Kraven and provoke Spider-Man into becoming the \"hunter\" Kraven feels his enemy should be. When trapped in a cage with Curt, Spider-Man learns that Curt took Billy to Doctor Strange after his resurrection, who confirmed that, for reasons he cannot understand (both unaware Reilly's \"reanimation\" method had restored the souls of all those cloned of the deceased), Billy is not \"just\" a clone of the original one, but is actually Billy's soul reborn in his cloned body, driving Curt to be willing to take any measures necessary to protect his son.[12]","title":"Fictional character biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Other versions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ultimate Marvel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_Marvel"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Ultimate Marvel","text":"In the Ultimate Marvel Universe, Billy lives with his mother due to her divorcing Curt.[13]","title":"Other versions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"What If?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_If_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Calypso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calypso_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"What If?","text":"In an issue of What If? that asks \"What If Spider-Man Killed the Lizard?\", Billy learns that his father was the Lizard and swears revenge on Spider-Man for murdering him. Billy intentionally amputates his arm to be like his father and is later visited by Calypso who gives him an elixir that transforms him into another lizard monster.[14]","title":"Other versions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"In other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spider-Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider-Man_(1967_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Billie Mae Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billie_Mae_Richards"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Spider-Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider-Man_(1994_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"The Spectacular Spider-Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spectacular_Spider-Man_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Max Burkholder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Burkholder"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Empire State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_State_University_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Television","text":"Billy Connors, renamed Billy Conner, appears in Spider-Man (1967), voiced by Billie Mae Richards.[citation needed]\nBilly Connors appears in Spider-Man (1994), voiced by Toby Scott Ganger.[15]\nBilly Connors appears in The Spectacular Spider-Man, voiced by Max Burkholder.[citation needed] This version displays a positive view on life and often hangs out at the Empire State University (ESU) lab where his scientist parents work.[16]","title":"In other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Amazing Spider-Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Amazing_Spider-Man_(2012_film)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Film","text":"Billy Connors appears in a deleted scene that was cut from The Amazing Spider-Man, portrayed by Miles Elliot.[17]","title":"In other media"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Richardson, Bob (director); Gerry Conway, Stan Berkowitz, John Semper (writer) (November 19, 1994). \"Night of the Lizard\". Spider-Man: The Animated Series. Season 1. Episode 1. Fox Kids.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Bullock, Dave (director); Matt Wayne (writer) (March 15, 2008). \"Natural Selection\". The Spectacular Spider-Man. Season 1. Episode 3. Kids WB.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"DR CURT CONNORS AND HIS SON BILLY [DELETED SCENE] THE AMAZING SPIDER MAN\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camilla_Arfwedson	Camilla Arfwedson	["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Filmography","3.1 Film","3.2 Television","3.3 Theatre","3.4 Video games","4 Awards and nominations","5 References","6 External links"]	England Camilla ArfwedsonBornCamilla Katrina Arfwedson (1981-10-16) 16 October 1981 (age 42)Westminster, LondonOccupationActressYears active2005–presentSpouse Jack Hawkins (m. 2019)Children2 Camilla Katrina Arfwedson (pronounced Arvedson; born 16 October 1981) is an English actress. She is known for her roles as Zosia March, a Core Training (year 2) Doctor in Holby City, and being the poster woman for Secret Escapes from 2012−2013. Early life Born in Westminster, London, to a Swedish father and English mother, Arfwedson was brought up in Chelsea and attended the Francis Holland School as a day girl. She then studied Classics at the University of Edinburgh. There, she joined the theatre society, and gained parts in the stage plays: Sore Throats and A Slight Ache both directed by Thom Tuck; Skylight directed by Michael Sophocles; Private Lives directed by Frederic Wake-Walker; Bedroom Farce directed by Simon Yadoo; the speaker in the Vagina Monologues directed by Alice Russell. Career Becoming a professional actress upon graduation, Arfwedson has since worked mainly in the theatre, including Portia in the Merchant of Venice, the first touring production of Festen, and the role of Evelyn in the Barons Court Theatre production of Neil LaBute's The Shape of Things directed by Ed Behrens. Arfwedson's television roles have included parts in Law & Order: UK and Agatha Christie's Marple: Murder Is Easy. Her film roles have included playing Lady Charlotte in The Duchess, and playing Burt Reynolds' daughter in the British comedy film A Bunch of Amateurs. In 2012, Arfwedson starred in a television commercial for travel website Secret Escapes. Follow-up adverts were also released in 2013. She played Sheriff Angela Carter in Wrong Turn 5: Bloodlines, and in 2013, appeared in the second episode of BBC Three sitcom Way to Go, before joining the cast of BBC One medical drama Holby City. In 2018, Arfwedson played the young Mrs Ayres in Lenny Abrahamson's film version of the novel The Little Stranger; the later life Mrs Ayres was played in the film by Charlotte Rampling. Filmography Film Year Title Role Notes 2005 A Waste of Shame Lucie's Maid Television film 2007 Sex, the City and Me Tamara Television film Drive In Woman Short film Breath Emily Short film 2008 The Duchess Lady Charlotte A Bunch of Amateurs Amanda Blacke 2009 Leave Penelope Short film Then, Voyager Elizabeth Short film 2012 Wrong Turn 5: Bloodlines Sheriff Angela Carter Direct to video Ideal Wife Shee Short film 2014 The Raven Club Jessica Short film 2015 Molly Moon and the Incredible Book of Hypnotism Publicist If It Looks Like Love Pippa Short film 2018 The Little Stranger Young Mrs Ayres 2021 Tom & Jerry: The Movie Linda Perrybottom Television Year Title Role Notes 2008 Agatha Christie's Marple Rose Humbleby Episode: "Murder Is Easy" 2009 Minder Henriette Phillips Episode: "The Art of the Matter" Law & Order: UK Laura Todd Episode: "Alesha" 2010 Lewis Scarlett Mortmaigne Episode: "The Dead of Winter" 2011 Pete Versus Life Helene Episode: "A Night at the Light Opera" 2013 Way to Go Kelly Episode: "The Business End of Things" Jo Charlotte Dumas Episode: "Invalides" Air Force One is Down Irena Miniseries, 2 episodes 2013–2019, 2022 Holby City Zosia March / Zosia Self Series regular, 182 episodes 2014 Wireless Emma Jay Television series short 2017 Silent Witness Policewoman #2 Episode: "Covenant" 2018 Midsomer Murders Serena Madison Episode: "Till Death Do Us Part" 2019 Casualty Zosia Self Crossover - 1 episode 2020 The Stranger Sally Prentice Episode: "Series 1, Episode 4" 2021 MacGyver Sofia Walker Episodes: "Quarantine + N95 + Landline + Telescope + Social Distance" & "Royalty + Marriage + Vivaah Sanskar + Zinc + Henna" 2022 The Lincoln Lawyer Gwen Episode: "Twelve Lemmings in a Box" Theatre Year Title Role Venue Notes 1999 Bash: Latter-Day Plays Woman Douglas Fairbanks Theater, New York City & Almeida Theatre, London with "Imperial House Productions" 2001 A Slight Ache Flora Bedlam Theatre, Edinburgh with "University of Edinburgh" Bedroom Farce Delia Bedlam Theatre, Edinburgh with "University of Edinburgh" 2002 Sore Throats Judy Bedlam Theatre, Edinburgh with "University of Edinburgh" 2003 Built of Strange Bricks Rebecca Bedlam Theatre, Edinburgh with "University of Edinburgh" 2004 Square One Diane Etcetera Theatre, London 2005 The Shape of Things Evelyn Ann Thompson Barons Court Theatre, London 2006 The Vagina Monologues Speaker Bedlam Theatre, Edinburgh with "University of Edinburgh" Festen Pia UK Tour with "Number 1 Tour" 2010 Antony and Cleopatra Octavia/Iras Nuffield Theatre, Southampton 2011 The Merchant of Venice Portia Derby Theatre, Derby with "Derby Live" Video games Year Title Role Notes 2021 Halo Infinite Spartan Sigrid Eklund 2023 Hi-Fi Rush Mimosa Awards and nominations Year Award Category Work Result 2015 National Television Awards Most Popular Newcomer Holby City Nominated References ^ England & Wales, Civil Registration Birth Index, 1916–2007 ^ Benita Adesuyan, What the doctor ordered: rising star Camilla Arfwedson is Holby's newest medic dated 8 September 2013 at express.co.uk, accessed 28 March 2014 ^ a b "Camilla Arfwedson". United Agents. Retrieved 5 August 2012. ^ "Camilla Arfwedson". sidebysidemovie.com. Archived from the original on 22 July 2012. Retrieved 5 August 2012. ^ "Secret Escapes Television Advert - February 2012". secretescapes.com. Retrieved 5 August 2012. ^ "Agent's website". unitedagents.co.uk. Retrieved 10 March 2018. ^ "IMDB Listing". imdb.com. Retrieved 10 March 2018. ^ "Women's History Month 2024". Halo Waypoint. Retrieved 1 March 2024. ^ "Camilla Arfwedson (visual voices guide)". Behind The Voice Actors. Retrieved 24 March 2023. External links Camilla Arfwedson at IMDb Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zosia March","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zosia_March"},{"link_name":"Holby City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holby_City"},{"link_name":"Secret Escapes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_Escapes"}],"text":"Camilla Katrina Arfwedson (pronounced Arvedson; born 16 October 1981) is an English actress. 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Her film roles have included playing Lady Charlotte in The Duchess, and playing Burt Reynolds' daughter in the British comedy film A Bunch of Amateurs.[4]In 2012, Arfwedson starred in a television commercial for travel website Secret Escapes. Follow-up adverts were also released in 2013.[5] She played Sheriff Angela Carter in Wrong Turn 5: Bloodlines, and in 2013, appeared in the second episode of BBC Three sitcom Way to Go, before joining the cast of BBC One medical drama Holby City.In 2018, Arfwedson played the young Mrs Ayres in Lenny Abrahamson's film version of the novel The Little Stranger;[6] the later life Mrs Ayres was played in the film by Charlotte Rampling.[7]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Theatre","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Video games","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Camilla Arfwedson\". United Agents. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_impedance_converter	Negative impedance converter	["1 Basic circuit and analysis","2 Application","2.1 Negative impedance circuits","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Negative impedance converter" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)Active circuit which injects energy into circuits The negative impedance converter (NIC) is an active circuit which injects energy into circuits in contrast to an ordinary load that consumes energy from them. This is achieved by adding or subtracting excessive varying voltage in series to the voltage drop across an equivalent positive impedance. This reverses the voltage polarity or the current direction of the port and introduces a phase shift of 180° (inversion) between the voltage and the current for any signal generator. The two versions obtained are accordingly a negative impedance converter with voltage inversion (VNIC) and a negative impedance converter with current inversion (INIC). The basic circuit of an INIC and its analysis is shown below. Basic circuit and analysis This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Negative impedance converter INIC is a non-inverting amplifier (the op-amp and the voltage divider R 1 {\displaystyle R_{1}} , R 2 {\displaystyle R_{2}} on the figure) with a resistor ( R 3 {\displaystyle R_{3}} ) connected between its output and input. The op-amp output voltage is V opamp = V S ( 1 + R 2 R 1 ) . {\displaystyle V_{\text{opamp}}=V_{\text{S}}\left(1+{\frac {R_{2}}{R_{1}}}\right).} The current going from the operational amplifier output through resistor R 3 {\displaystyle R_{3}} toward the source V S {\displaystyle V_{\text{S}}} is − I S {\displaystyle -I_{\text{S}}} , and − I S = V opamp − V S R 3 = V S R 2 R 1 R 3 . {\displaystyle -I_{\text{S}}={\frac {V_{\text{opamp}}-V_{\text{S}}}{R_{3}}}=V_{\text{S}}{\frac {~{\frac {R_{2}}{R_{1}}}~}{R_{3}}}.} So the input V S {\displaystyle V_{\text{S}}} experiences an opposing current − I S {\displaystyle -I_{\text{S}}} that is proportional to V S {\displaystyle V_{\text{S}}} , and the circuit acts like a resistor with negative resistance R in ≜ V S I S = − R 3 R 1 R 2 . {\displaystyle R_{\text{in}}\triangleq {\frac {V_{\text{S}}}{I_{\text{S}}}}=-R_{3}{\frac {R_{1}}{R_{2}}}.} In general, elements R 1 {\displaystyle R_{1}} , R 2 {\displaystyle R_{2}} , and R 3 {\displaystyle R_{3}} need not be pure resistances (i.e., they may be capacitors, inductors, or impedance networks). Application Main article: Negative resistance By using an NIC as a negative resistor, it is possible to let a real generator behave (almost) like an ideal generator, (i.e., the magnitude of the current or of the voltage generated does not depend on the load). Figure: Negative impedance converter An example for a current source is shown in the figure on the right. The current generator and the resistor within the dotted line is the Norton representation of a circuit comprising a real generator and R s {\displaystyle R_{s}} is its internal resistance. If an INIC is placed in parallel to that internal resistance, and the INIC has the same magnitude but inverted resistance value, there will be R s {\displaystyle R_{s}} and − R s {\displaystyle -R_{s}} in parallel. Hence, the equivalent resistance is lim R NIC → R s + R s ‖ ( − R INIC ) ≜ lim R INIC → R s + − R s R INIC R s + − R INIC = ∞ . {\displaystyle \lim \limits _{R_{\text{NIC}}\to R_{s}+}R_{s}\\|(-R_{\text{INIC}})\triangleq \lim \limits _{R_{\text{INIC}}\to R_{s}+}{\frac {-R_{s}R_{\text{INIC}}}{R_{s}+-R_{\text{INIC}}}}=\infty .} That is, the combination of the real generator and the INIC will now behave like a composed ideal current source; its output current will be the same for any load Z L {\displaystyle Z_{L}} . In particular, any current that is shunted away from the load into the Norton equivalent resistance R s {\displaystyle R_{s}} will be supplied by the INIC instead. The ideal behavior in this application depends upon the Norton resistance R s {\displaystyle R_{s}} and the INIC resistance R NIC {\displaystyle R_{\text{NIC}}} being matched perfectly. As long as R INIC > R s {\displaystyle R_{\text{INIC}}>R_{s}} , the equivalent resistance of the combination will be greater than R s {\displaystyle R_{s}} ; however, if R INIC ≫ R s {\displaystyle R_{\text{INIC}}\gg R_{s}} , then the effect of the INIC will be negligible. However, when 1 R INIC > 1 R s + 1 R L , (i.e., when R INIC < R s ‖ R L ) {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{R_{\text{INIC}}}}>{\frac {1}{R_{s}}}+{\frac {1}{R_{L}}},\quad {\text{(i.e., when}}\,R_{\text{INIC}}<R_{s}\\|R_{L}{\text{)}}\,} the circuit is unstable (e.g., when R INIC < R s {\displaystyle R_{\text{INIC}}<R_{s}} in an unloaded system). In particular, the surplus current from the INIC generates positive feedback that causes the voltage driving the load to reach its power supply limits. By reducing the impedance of the load (i.e., by causing the load to draw more current), the generator–NIC system can be rendered stable again. In principle, if the Norton equivalent current source was replaced with a Thévenin equivalent voltage source, a VNIC of equivalent magnitude could be placed in series with the voltage source's series resistance. Any voltage drop across the series resistance would then be added back to the circuit by the VNIC. However, a VNIC implemented as above with an operational amplifier must terminate on an electrical ground, and so this use is not practical. Because any voltage source with nonzero series resistance can be represented as an equivalent current source with finite parallel resistance, an INIC will typically be placed in parallel with a source when used to improve the impedance of the source. Negative impedance circuits The negative of any impedance can be produced by a negative impedance converter (INIC in the examples below), including negative capacitance and negative inductance. NIC can further be used to design floating impedances - like a floating negative inductor. Negative impedance circuit Z in = v i = − Z {\displaystyle Z_{\text{in}}={v \over i}=-Z} Negative resistance circuit R in = v i = − R {\displaystyle R_{\text{in}}={v \over i}=-R} Negative capacitance circuit Z in = v i = j ω C {\displaystyle Z_{\text{in}}={v \over i}={j \over {\omega C}}} Negative inductance circuit Z in = v i = − j ω C R 1 2 {\displaystyle Z_{\text{in}}={v \over i}=-j\omega CR_{1}^{2}} See also Miller theorem applications Gyrator References ^ Chen, W.-K. (2003). The Circuits and Filters Handbook. CRC Press. pp. 396–397. ISBN 0-8493-0912-3. ^ Mehrotra, S. R. (2005). "The Synthetic floating negative inductor using only two op-amps". Electronics World. 111 (1827): 47. ^ US patent 3493901, Deboo, G. J., "Gyrator type circuit", issued 1970-02-03, assigned to NASA External links Introduction to Negative Impedance Converters Nonlinear Circuit Analysis	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"port","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_(circuit_theory)"},{"link_name":"voltage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage"},{"link_name":"current","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_(electricity)"},{"link_name":"circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_network"}],"text":"Active circuit which injects energy into circuitsThe negative impedance converter (NIC) is an active circuit which injects energy into circuits in contrast to an ordinary load that consumes energy from them. This is achieved by adding or subtracting excessive varying voltage in series to the voltage drop across an equivalent positive impedance. This reverses the voltage polarity or the current direction of the port and introduces a phase shift of 180° (inversion) between the voltage and the current for any signal generator. The two versions obtained are accordingly a negative impedance converter with voltage inversion (VNIC) and a negative impedance converter with current inversion (INIC). The basic circuit of an INIC and its analysis is shown below.","title":"Negative impedance converter"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Op-Amp_Negative_Impedance_Converter.svg"},{"link_name":"non-inverting amplifier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_amplifier_applications#Non-inverting_amplifier"},{"link_name":"capacitors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitor"},{"link_name":"inductors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductor"}],"text":"Negative impedance converterINIC is a non-inverting amplifier (the op-amp and the voltage divider \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle R_{1}}\n \n, \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle R_{2}}\n \n on the figure) with a resistor (\n \n \n \n \n R\n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle R_{3}}\n \n) connected between its output and input. The op-amp output voltage isV\n \n opamp\n \n \n =\n \n V\n \n S\n \n \n \n (\n \n 1\n +\n \n \n \n R\n \n 2\n \n \n \n R\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle V_{\\text{opamp}}=V_{\\text{S}}\\left(1+{\\frac {R_{2}}{R_{1}}}\\right).}The current going from the operational amplifier output through resistor \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle R_{3}}\n \n toward the source \n \n \n \n \n V\n \n S\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle V_{\\text{S}}}\n \n is \n \n \n \n −\n \n I\n \n S\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle -I_{\\text{S}}}\n \n, and−\n \n I\n \n S\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n \n V\n \n opamp\n \n \n −\n \n V\n \n S\n \n \n \n \n R\n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n =\n \n V\n \n S\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n 2\n \n \n \n R\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle -I_{\\text{S}}={\\frac {V_{\\text{opamp}}-V_{\\text{S}}}{R_{3}}}=V_{\\text{S}}{\\frac {~{\\frac {R_{2}}{R_{1}}}~}{R_{3}}}.}So the input \n \n \n \n \n V\n \n S\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle V_{\\text{S}}}\n \n experiences an opposing current \n \n \n \n −\n \n I\n \n S\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle -I_{\\text{S}}}\n \n that is proportional to \n \n \n \n \n V\n \n S\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle V_{\\text{S}}}\n \n, and the circuit acts like a resistor with negative resistanceR\n \n in\n \n \n ≜\n \n \n \n V\n \n S\n \n \n \n I\n \n S\n \n \n \n \n =\n −\n \n R\n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n 1\n \n \n \n R\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle R_{\\text{in}}\\triangleq {\\frac {V_{\\text{S}}}{I_{\\text{S}}}}=-R_{3}{\\frac {R_{1}}{R_{2}}}.}In general, elements \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle R_{1}}\n \n, \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle R_{2}}\n \n, and \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle R_{3}}\n \n need not be pure resistances (i.e., they may be capacitors, inductors, or impedance networks).","title":"Basic circuit and analysis"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Use_of_a_negative_resistor.svg"},{"link_name":"current generator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_source"},{"link_name":"Norton representation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norton%27s_theorem"},{"link_name":"unstable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stability_theory"},{"link_name":"positive feedback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_feedback"},{"link_name":"electrical ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_ground"}],"text":"By using an NIC as a negative resistor, it is possible to let a real generator behave (almost) like an ideal generator, (i.e., the magnitude of the current or of the voltage generated does not depend on the load).Figure: Negative impedance converterAn example for a current source is shown in the figure on the right. The current generator and the resistor within the dotted line is the Norton representation of a circuit comprising a real generator and \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n s\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle R_{s}}\n \n is its internal resistance. If an INIC is placed in parallel to that internal resistance, and the INIC has the same magnitude but inverted resistance value, there will be \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n s\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle R_{s}}\n \n and \n \n \n \n −\n \n R\n \n s\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle -R_{s}}\n \n in parallel. Hence, the equivalent resistance islim\n \n \n R\n \n NIC\n \n \n →\n \n R\n \n s\n \n \n +\n \n \n \n R\n \n s\n \n \n ‖\n (\n −\n \n R\n \n INIC\n \n \n )\n ≜\n \n lim\n \n \n R\n \n INIC\n \n \n →\n \n R\n \n s\n \n \n +\n \n \n \n \n \n −\n \n R\n \n s\n \n \n \n R\n \n INIC\n \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n s\n \n \n +\n −\n \n R\n \n INIC\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n ∞\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\lim \\limits _{R_{\\text{NIC}}\\to R_{s}+}R_{s}\\\|(-R_{\\text{INIC}})\\triangleq \\lim \\limits _{R_{\\text{INIC}}\\to R_{s}+}{\\frac {-R_{s}R_{\\text{INIC}}}{R_{s}+-R_{\\text{INIC}}}}=\\infty .}That is, the combination of the real generator and the INIC will now behave like a composed ideal current source; its output current will be the same for any load \n \n \n \n \n Z\n \n L\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle Z_{L}}\n \n. In particular, any current that is shunted away from the load into the Norton equivalent resistance \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n s\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle R_{s}}\n \n will be supplied by the INIC instead.The ideal behavior in this application depends upon the Norton resistance \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n s\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle R_{s}}\n \n and the INIC resistance \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n NIC\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle R_{\\text{NIC}}}\n \n being matched perfectly. As long as \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n INIC\n \n \n >\n \n R\n \n s\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle R_{\\text{INIC}}>R_{s}}\n \n, the equivalent resistance of the combination will be greater than \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n s\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle R_{s}}\n \n; however, if \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n INIC\n \n \n ≫\n \n R\n \n s\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle R_{\\text{INIC}}\\gg R_{s}}\n \n, then the effect of the INIC will be negligible. However, when1\n \n R\n \n INIC\n \n \n \n \n >\n \n \n 1\n \n R\n \n s\n \n \n \n \n +\n \n \n 1\n \n R\n \n L\n \n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n (i.e., when\n \n \n \n R\n \n INIC\n \n \n <\n \n R\n \n s\n \n \n ‖\n \n R\n \n L\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {1}{R_{\\text{INIC}}}}>{\\frac {1}{R_{s}}}+{\\frac {1}{R_{L}}},\\quad {\\text{(i.e., when}}\\,R_{\\text{INIC}}<R_{s}\\\|R_{L}{\\text{)}}\\,}the circuit is unstable (e.g., when \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n INIC\n \n \n <\n \n R\n \n s\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle R_{\\text{INIC}}<R_{s}}\n \n in an unloaded system). In particular, the surplus current from the INIC generates positive feedback that causes the voltage driving the load to reach its power supply limits. By reducing the impedance of the load (i.e., by causing the load to draw more current), the generator–NIC system can be rendered stable again.In principle, if the Norton equivalent current source was replaced with a Thévenin equivalent voltage source, a VNIC of equivalent magnitude could be placed in series with the voltage source's series resistance. Any voltage drop across the series resistance would then be added back to the circuit by the VNIC. However, a VNIC implemented as above with an operational amplifier must terminate on an electrical ground, and so this use is not practical. Because any voltage source with nonzero series resistance can be represented as an equivalent current source with finite parallel resistance, an INIC will typically be placed in parallel with a source when used to improve the impedance of the source.","title":"Application"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Negative impedance circuits","text":"The negative of any impedance can be produced by a negative impedance converter (INIC in the examples below), including negative capacitance and negative inductance.[1] NIC can further be used to design floating impedances - like a floating negative inductor.[2][3]","title":"Application"}]	[{"image_text":"Negative impedance converter","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Op-Amp_Negative_Impedance_Converter.svg/300px-Op-Amp_Negative_Impedance_Converter.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Figure: Negative impedance converter","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Use_of_a_negative_resistor.svg/350px-Use_of_a_negative_resistor.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Negative impedance circuit\n \n \n \n \n Z\n \n in\n \n \n =\n \n \n v\n i\n \n \n =\n −\n Z\n \n \n {\\displaystyle Z_{\\text{in}}={v \\over i}=-Z}\n \n","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/92/General_negative_impedance_circuit.svg/200px-General_negative_impedance_circuit.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Negative resistance circuit\n \n \n \n \n R\n \n in\n \n \n =\n \n \n v\n i\n \n \n =\n −\n R\n \n \n {\\displaystyle R_{\\text{in}}={v \\over i}=-R}\n \n","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1a/Practical_negative_resistance_op_amp.svg/200px-Practical_negative_resistance_op_amp.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Negative capacitance circuit \n \n \n \n \n Z\n \n in\n \n \n =\n \n \n v\n i\n \n \n =\n \n \n j\n \n ω\n C\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle Z_{\\text{in}}={v \\over i}={j \\over {\\omega C}}}\n \n","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/86/Negative_capacitance_circuit.svg/200px-Negative_capacitance_circuit.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Negative inductance circuit \n \n \n \n \n Z\n \n in\n \n \n =\n \n \n v\n i\n \n \n =\n −\n j\n ω\n C\n \n R\n \n 1\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle Z_{\\text{in}}={v \\over i}=-j\\omega CR_{1}^{2}}\n \n","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/Negative_inductance_circuit.svg/200px-Negative_inductance_circuit.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"Miller theorem applications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller_theorem#Applications"},{"title":"Gyrator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyrator"}]	[{"reference":"Chen, W.-K. (2003). The Circuits and Filters Handbook. CRC Press. pp. 396–397. ISBN 0-8493-0912-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8493-0912-3","url_text":"0-8493-0912-3"}]},{"reference":"Mehrotra, S. R. (2005). \"The Synthetic floating negative inductor using only two op-amps\". Electronics World. 111 (1827): 47.","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Negative+impedance+converter%22","external_links_name":"\"Negative impedance converter\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Negative+impedance+converter%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Negative+impedance+converter%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Negative+impedance+converter%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Negative+impedance+converter%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Negative+impedance+converter%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US3493901","external_links_name":"US patent 3493901"},{"Link":"http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/technical-articles/negative-impedance-converters","external_links_name":"Introduction to Negative Impedance Converters"},{"Link":"http://nonlinear.eecs.berkeley.edu/chaos/introduction_nonlinear_circuit_analysis.pdf","external_links_name":"Nonlinear Circuit Analysis"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazarali_Khan_Shahsevan	Nazar Ali Khan Shahsevan	["1 Early life","2 Reign","3 Family","4 References","5 Sources"]	Khan of Ardabil Nazarali Khan ShahsevanKhan of ArdabilReignc. 1757 – 1792PredecessorBadr KhanSuccessorNasir Khan ShahsevanBornc. 1735Sarikhanlu, Safavid IranDied12 December 1792(1792-12-12) (aged 56–57)Ardabil, Ardabil KhanateClanSarikhanbayliDynastyShahsevanFatherBadr Khan ShahsevanReligionIslam Nazarali Khan Shahsevan was the khan of the Ardabil Khanate from c. 1757 to 1792. Early life He was born to Badr Khan c. 1735 in Sarikhanlu. However, according to German-Russian explorer Gustav Radde, he was Badr Khan's brother ruling in Ardabil. Reign He was attacked by Panah Ali Khan of Karabakh, who captured and installed his relative Dargahqoli beg Javanshir on Ardabil. He forced Nazarali's sister Shahnisa to marry his son Ibrahim in 1749. Being a member of Sarikhanbayli branch of Shahsevans, he was confirmed as the khan of Ardabil by Karim Khan Zand sometime during his reign. After Karim Khan's death in 1779 he was attacked by Hedayat-Allah Khan of Gilan, who imprisoned him in Bandar-e Anzali. However, he was later freed from captivity when population rose against Hedayat Khan. Taking advantage, Nazarali Khan gathered his troops and captured Rasht, forcing Hedayat Khan to flee on 17 May 1780. He was restored by the help of Amir-Guna Khan, ruler of Khalkhal Khanate and Ali-Morad Khan Zand. Nazar Ali Khan meanwhile went over to Karabakh Khanate. Fatali Khan of Quba, constantly striving to expand his possessions, soon undertook a campaign to the south. In the spring of 1784, having gathered a significant army, he crossed the Aras and in August captured the cities of Ardabil and Meshgin, expelling Nazar Ali Khan; appointed Tala Hassan Khan of Javad as governor in Ardabil, and certain Khodaverdi Bey in Meshgin. However, soon later Nazar Ali returned with combined forces of Ibrahim Khalil of Karabakh and Ahmad Khan Donboli of Khoy in 1785 and expelled the Quba puppets. He died on 12 December 1792 was succeeded by his son Nasir Khan. Family His second son Farajulla (d. 1830) was married to his own cousin Bakhshi Khanum, daughter of Ibrahim Khalil. His third son was named Kuchek Khan. References ^ Radde, Gustav (1886). Reisen an der Persisch-Russischen Grenze : Talysch und seine Bewohner (in German). Leipzig: F. A. Brockhaus AG. p. 444. ^ Qarabaghi, Jamal Javanshir; Qarābāghī, Jamāl Javānshīr; Bournoutian, George A. (1994). A History of Qarabagh: An Annotated Translation of Mirza Jamal Javanshir Qarabaghi's Tarikh-e Qarabagh. Mazda Publishers. p. 69. ISBN 978-1-56859-011-0. ^ Tapper 1997, p. 116. ^ Tapper 1997, p. 119. ^ Report of Alexander Suvorov on 30 June 1780: Nazar Ali Khan, who owned the city of Rasht after the departure of Hedayat Khan, having heard about the approach of the army sent from Isfahan from Ali Morad khan Sardar, taking the best estate from the inhabitants of Rasht, set out from the city to the Mugan steppe, and now, according to the latest news, roams in the land of his relative Ibraim Khan Shoshinsky. Before leaving Rasht, he burned many houses and gardens. ^ Leviatiov, Vadim Nikolayevich (1948). Очерки из истории Азербайджана в XVIII веке (in Russian). Baku: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan SSR. p. 144. ^ Tapper 1997, p. 120. ^ Dalili, Huseyn (1974). "Шаһсевән тајфалары вә онун Азәрбајҹанын сијаси һәјатында мөвгеји" . News of Azerbaijan Academy of Sciences. 4: 23–30. ^ Ismayilov, Eldar (2014-01-01). "The Khans of Karabakh: The Elder Line by Generations". The Caucasus & Globalization. Sources Tapper, Richard (1997). Frontier Nomads of Iran: A Political and Social History of the Shahsevan. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521583365. Preceded byBadr Khan Khan of Ardabil c. 1757 - 1792 Succeeded byNasir Khan Shahsevan	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khan_(title)"},{"link_name":"Ardabil Khanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardabil_Khanate"}],"text":"Nazarali Khan Shahsevan was the khan of the Ardabil Khanate from c. 1757 to 1792.","title":"Nazar Ali Khan Shahsevan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Badr Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badr_Khan_Shahsevan"},{"link_name":"Sarikhanlu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarikhanlu"},{"link_name":"Gustav Radde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Radde"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"He was born to Badr Khan c. 1735 in Sarikhanlu. However, according to German-Russian explorer Gustav Radde, he was Badr Khan's brother ruling in Ardabil.[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Panah Ali Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panah_Ali_Khan"},{"link_name":"Karabakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karabakh_Khanate"},{"link_name":"Ibrahim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Khalil_Khan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Shahsevans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahsevan"},{"link_name":"Karim Khan Zand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karim_Khan_Zand"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETapper1997116-3"},{"link_name":"Hedayat-Allah Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedayat-Allah_Khan"},{"link_name":"Gilan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilan_Province"},{"link_name":"Bandar-e Anzali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandar-e_Anzali"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETapper1997119-4"},{"link_name":"Rasht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasht"},{"link_name":"Khalkhal Khanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalkhal_Khanate"},{"link_name":"Ali-Morad Khan Zand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali-Morad_Khan_Zand"},{"link_name":"Karabakh Khanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karabakh_Khanate"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Fatali Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatali_Khan"},{"link_name":"Quba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quba_Khanate"},{"link_name":"Aras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aras_(river)"},{"link_name":"Ardabil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardabil"},{"link_name":"Meshgin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meshginshahr"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Javad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javad_Khanate"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETapper1997120-7"},{"link_name":"Ahmad Khan Donboli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Khan_Donboli"},{"link_name":"Khoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khoy_Khanate"},{"link_name":"Nasir Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_Khan_Shahsevan"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"He was attacked by Panah Ali Khan of Karabakh, who captured and installed his relative Dargahqoli beg Javanshir on Ardabil. He forced Nazarali's sister Shahnisa to marry his son Ibrahim in 1749.[2] Being a member of Sarikhanbayli branch of Shahsevans, he was confirmed as the khan of Ardabil by Karim Khan Zand sometime during his reign.[3]After Karim Khan's death in 1779 he was attacked by Hedayat-Allah Khan of Gilan, who imprisoned him in Bandar-e Anzali. However, he was later freed from captivity when population rose against Hedayat Khan.[4] Taking advantage, Nazarali Khan gathered his troops and captured Rasht, forcing Hedayat Khan to flee on 17 May 1780. He was restored by the help of Amir-Guna Khan, ruler of Khalkhal Khanate and Ali-Morad Khan Zand. Nazar Ali Khan meanwhile went over to Karabakh Khanate.[5]Fatali Khan of Quba, constantly striving to expand his possessions, soon undertook a campaign to the south. In the spring of 1784, having gathered a significant army, he crossed the Aras and in August captured the cities of Ardabil and Meshgin,[6] expelling Nazar Ali Khan; appointed Tala Hassan Khan of Javad as governor in Ardabil, and certain Khodaverdi Bey in Meshgin.[7] However, soon later Nazar Ali returned with combined forces of Ibrahim Khalil of Karabakh and Ahmad Khan Donboli of Khoy in 1785 and expelled the Quba puppets.He died on 12 December 1792 was succeeded by his son Nasir Khan.[8]","title":"Reign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ibrahim Khalil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Khalil_Khan"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"His second son Farajulla (d. 1830) was married to his own cousin Bakhshi Khanum, daughter of Ibrahim Khalil.[9] His third son was named Kuchek Khan.","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cambridge University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0521583365","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521583365"}],"text":"Tapper, Richard (1997). Frontier Nomads of Iran: A Political and Social History of the Shahsevan. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521583365.","title":"Sources"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Radde, Gustav (1886). Reisen an der Persisch-Russischen Grenze : Talysch und seine Bewohner (in German). Leipzig: F. A. Brockhaus AG. p. 444.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Radde","url_text":"Radde, Gustav"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig","url_text":"Leipzig"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._A._Brockhaus_AG","url_text":"F. A. Brockhaus AG"}]},{"reference":"Qarabaghi, Jamal Javanshir; Qarābāghī, Jamāl Javānshīr; Bournoutian, George A. (1994). A History of Qarabagh: An Annotated Translation of Mirza Jamal Javanshir Qarabaghi's Tarikh-e Qarabagh. Mazda Publishers. p. 69. ISBN 978-1-56859-011-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uuxoAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"A History of Qarabagh: An Annotated Translation of Mirza Jamal Javanshir Qarabaghi's Tarikh-e Qarabagh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56859-011-0","url_text":"978-1-56859-011-0"}]},{"reference":"Leviatiov, Vadim Nikolayevich (1948). Очерки из истории Азербайджана в XVIII веке [Essays from the history of Azerbaijan in the 18th century] (in Russian). Baku: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan SSR. p. 144.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baku","url_text":"Baku"}]},{"reference":"Dalili, Huseyn (1974). \"Шаһсевән тајфалары вә онун Азәрбајҹанын сијаси һәјатында мөвгеји\" [Shahsevan Tribes and its role in political life of Azerbaijan]. News of Azerbaijan Academy of Sciences. 4: 23–30.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ismayilov, Eldar (2014-01-01). \"The Khans of Karabakh: The Elder Line by Generations\". The Caucasus & Globalization.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/15364042","url_text":"\"The Khans of Karabakh: The Elder Line by Generations\""}]},{"reference":"Tapper, Richard (1997). Frontier Nomads of Iran: A Political and Social History of the Shahsevan. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521583365.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521583365","url_text":"0521583365"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uuxoAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"A History of Qarabagh: An Annotated Translation of Mirza Jamal Javanshir Qarabaghi's Tarikh-e Qarabagh"},{"Link":"https://www.vostlit.info/Texts/Dokumenty/Kavkaz/XVIII/1760-1780/Suvorov_arm/text.phtml?id=3016","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/15364042","external_links_name":"\"The Khans of Karabakh: The Elder Line by Generations\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralititan	Paralititan	["1 Discovery","2 Description","3 Palaeoenvironment","4 References","5 External links"]	Genus of a titanosaurian sauropod dinosaur ParalititanTemporal range: Late Cretaceous, 99.6–93.5 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Humeri at the Egyptian Geological Museum Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Clade: Dinosauria Clade: Saurischia Clade: †Sauropodomorpha Clade: †Sauropoda Clade: †Macronaria Clade: †Titanosauria Clade: †Lithostrotia Genus: †ParalititanSmith et al., 2001 Type species †Paralititan stromeriSmith et al., 2001 Paralititan (meaning "tidal giant") was a giant titanosaurian sauropod dinosaur genus discovered in coastal deposits in the Upper Cretaceous Bahariya Formation of Egypt. It lived between 99.6 and 93.5 million years ago. Discovery First caudal vertebra and other fossils Joshua Smith in 1999 in the Bahariya Oasis rediscovered the Gebel el Dist site where Richard Markgraf in 1912, 1913 and 1914 had excavated fossils for Ernst Stromer. In 2000, an American expedition was mounted to revisit the site. However, apparently Markgraf had already removed all more complete skeletons, leaving only limited remains behind. At a new site, the nearby Gebel Fagga, the expedition succeeded in locating a partial sauropod skeleton. It was identified by Lacovara as a species new to science. It was named and described by Joshua B. Smith, Matthew C. Lamanna, Kenneth J. Lacovara, Peter Dodson, Jennifer R. Smith, Jason Charles Poole, Robert Giegengack and Yousri Attia in 2001 as the type species Paralititan stromeri. The generic name means "Stromer's tidal (Greek para + halos "near sea") titan" or "Stromer's tidal giant", in reference to the "paralic" tidal flats the animal lived on. The specific name honors Ernst Stromer von Reichenbach, a German paleontologist and geologist who first established the presence of dinosaur fossils in this area in 1911. Paralititan represents the first tetrapod reported from the Bahariya Formation since Romer's publication of 1935. The holotype specimen of Paralititan, CGM 81119, was found in a layer of the Bahariya Formation, dating from the Cenomanian. It consists of a partial skeleton lacking the skull. It is incomplete, apart from bone fragments containing two fused posterior sacral vertebrae, two anterior caudal vertebrae, both incomplete scapulae, two humeri and a metacarpal. The Paralititan type specimen shows evidence of having been scavenged by a carnivorous dinosaur as it was disarticulated within an oval of eight metres length with the various bones being clustered. A Carcharodontosaurus tooth was discovered in between the clusters. The holotype is part of the collection of the Cairo Geological Museum. The large anterior dorsal vertebra 1912V11164, in 1932 by Stromer referred to an undetermined "Giant Sauropod", was in 2001 tentatively referred to Paralititan. Description Hypothetical scale diagram comparing Paralititan to some humans, with some of the known material in white. Joshua Smith, who informally led the research team that found the dinosaur fossils, told an interviewer, "It was a truly enormous dinosaur by any reckoning." Life restoration Little of Paralititan is known, so its exact size is difficult to estimate. However, the limited material, especially the long humeri, suggested that it is one of the most massive dinosaurs ever discovered, with an estimated weight of 59 t (65 short tons). The complete right humerus measured 1.69 meters (5.54 ft) long which at the time of discovery was the longest known in a Cretaceous sauropod; this was surpassed in 2016 with the discovery of Notocolossus which had a 1.76 m (5 ft 9 in) humerus. Using Saltasaurus as a guide, Carpenter estimated its length at around 26 m (85 ft) in 2006. Scott Hartman estimates an animal that is massive, but still smaller than the biggest titanosaurs such as Puertasaurus, Alamosaurus, and Argentinosaurus. In 2010, Gregory S. Paul estimated its length at 20+ meters (66+ ft), and its weight at 20 tonnes (24.2 short tons). In 2012 Holtz gave a length of 32 meters (105 ft) and an estimated weight of 65.3–72.5 tonnes (72–80 short tons). In 2016, using equations that estimate body mass based on the circumference of the humerus and femur of quadrupedal animals, it was given an estimated weight of ~50 t (55 short tons). In 2019 Gregory S. Paul estimated Paralititan between 30–55 tonnes (33–60.6 short tons). In 2020 Molina-Perez and Larramendi estimated the size of the animal at 27 meters (88.6 ft) and 30 tonnes (33 short tons). From the formation another sauropod had already been known, Aegyptosaurus. Paralititan differs from Aegyptosaurus in its larger size, the latter genus weighing only fifteen tons, possibly in not having pleurocoels in its front tail vertebrae, and in possessing a relatively longer deltopectoral crest on its humerus. Palaeoenvironment Restoration of Paralititan with contemporaneous animals of the Bahariya Formation The autochthonous, scavenged skeleton was preserved in tidal flat deposits containing in the form of fossil leaves and root systems, a mangrove vegetation of seed ferns, Weichselia reticulata. The mangrove ecosystem it inhabited was situated along the southern shore of the Tethys Sea. Paralititan is the first dinosaur demonstrated to have inhabited a mangrove habitat. It lived at approximately the same time and place as giant predators Carcharodontosaurus, Spinosaurus, and the sauropod Aegyptosaurus. References Dinosaurs portal ^ a b c d e f Smith JB, Lamanna MC, Lacovara KJ, Dodson P, Smith JR, Poole JC, Giegengack R, Attia Y (June 2001). "A giant sauropod dinosaur from an Upper Cretaceous mangrove deposit in Egypt" (PDF). Science. 292 (5522): 1704–6. Bibcode:2001Sci...292.1704S. doi:10.1126/science.1060561. PMID 11387472. S2CID 33454060. ^ a b Holtz, Thomas R. Jr. (2012) Dinosaurs: The Most Complete, Up-to-Date Encyclopedia for Dinosaur Lovers of All Ages, Winter 2011 Appendix. ^ Nothdurft, William; Joshua Smith; Matt Lamana; Ken Lacovara; Jason Poole & Jen Smith, 2002, The Lost Dinosaurs of Egypt: The Astonishing and Unlikely True Story of One of the Twentieth Century's Greatest Paleontological Discoveries, Random House, 272 pp ^ "Paralititan Stromeri". Paleobiology Database. Archived from the original on June 16, 2020. Retrieved December 31, 2012. ^ Roach, John (May 31, 2001). "'Tidal Giant' Roamed Coastal Swamps of Ancient Africa". National Geographic News. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on June 5, 2001. Retrieved December 31, 2012. ^ Burness, G.P. and Flannery, T. (2001). "Dinosaurs, Dragonslayer, and Dwarfs: The Evolution of Maximal Body Size." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 98(25): 14518-14523. ^ a b González Riga BJ, Lamanna MC, Ortiz David LD, Calvo JO, Coria JP (January 2016). "A gigantic new dinosaur from Argentina and the evolution of the sauropod hind foot". Scientific Reports. 6 (1): 19165. Bibcode:2016NatSR...619165G. doi:10.1038/srep19165. PMC 4725985. PMID 26777391. ^ Carpenter K (2006). Foster JR, Lucas SG (eds.). "Biggest of the Big: a Critical Re-evaluation of the Mega-sauropod Amphicoelias fragillimus Paleontology and Geology of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation" (PDF). New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 36: 131–138. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-08. ^ Hartman, Scott. "The biggest of the big". Skeletal Drawings. ^ Paul, G.S., 2010, The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs, Princeton University Press p. 209 ^ Paul, Gregory S. (2019). "Determining the largest known land animal: A critical comparison of differing methods for restoring the volume and mass of extinct animals" (PDF). Annals of the Carnegie Museum. 85 (4): 335–358. doi:10.2992/007.085.0403. S2CID 210840060. ^ Molina-Perez & Larramendi (2020). Dinosaur Facts and Figures: The Sauropods and Other Sauropodomorphs. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 267. Bibcode:2020dffs.book.....M. External links Paralititan in the Dino Directory vteSauropodomorpha Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Sauropsida Clade: Avemetatarsalia Clade: Dinosauria Avemetatarsalia see Avemetatarsalia Sauropodomorpha see below↓ SauropodomorphaSauropodomorpha Buriolestes Eoraptor Gigantoscelus Guaibasaurus Mbiresaurus Pampadromaeus Panphagia Saturnaliidae Buriolestes? Eoraptor? Chromogisaurus Nhandumirim Pampadromaeus? Panphagia? Saturnalia Bagualosauria Arcusaurus Asylosaurus Bagualosaurus Efraasia Nambalia Pantydraco Thecodontosaurus Unaysauridae Jaklapallisaurus Macrocollum Unaysaurus Plateosauria Plateosauravus Ruehleia Xixiposaurus Plateosauridae Euskelosaurus Gresslyosaurus Issi Pachysauriscus Plateosaurus Yimenosaurus Massopoda Gryponyx Gyposaurus Ignavusaurus Kholumolumo Musankwa Sarahsaurus Tuebingosaurus Riojasauridae Eucnemesaurus Riojasaurus Massospondylidae Adeopapposaurus Coloradisaurus Glacialisaurus Ignavusaurus? Leyesaurus Lufengosaurus Massospondylus Ngwevu Pradhania Sarahsaurus Xingxiulong? Sauropodiformes Chuxiongosaurus? Jingshanosaurus Qianlong Seitaad Xingxiulong? Yizhousaurus Yunnanosaurus Anchisauria Aardonyx Anchisaurus Camelotia Irisosaurus Lamplughsaura Leonerasaurus Melanorosaurus Meroktenos Mussaurus Pulanesaura Sefapanosaurus Sauropoda see below↓ SauropodaSauropoda Amygdalodon Blikanasaurus Chinshakiangosaurus Gongxianosaurus Isanosaurus Leonerasaurus? Pulanesaura? Protognathosaurus Schleitheimia Tuebingosaurus? Lessemsauridae Antetonitrus Ingentia Ledumahadi Lessemsaurus Gravisauria Archaeodontosaurus? Kotasaurus Ohmdenosaurus Rhoetosaurus Sanpasaurus? Zizhongosaurus? Vulcanodontidae Tazoudasaurus Vulcanodon Eusauropoda Algoasaurus Asiatosaurus Bagualia Barapasaurus Bellusaurus Cetiosauriscus Dashanpusaurus Dystrophaeus Janenschia Jobaria Nebulasaurus Perijasaurus Shunosaurus Spinophorosaurus Tehuelchesaurus Volkheimeria Cetiosauridae Cetiosaurus Chebsaurus Ferganasaurus? Lapparentosaurus? Patagosaurus? Mamenchisauridae Analong Anhuilong Cetiosauriscus? Chuanjiesaurus Datousaurus? Eomamenchisaurus Huangshanlong Hudiesaurus Jingiella Klamelisaurus? Mamenchisaurus Omeisaurus Qijianglong Rhomaleopakhus Tienshanosaurus Tonganosaurus Wamweracaudia Xinjiangtitan Yuanmousaurus Zigongosaurus Turiasauria Amanzia Bellusaurus? Haestasaurus? Janenschia? Losillasaurus Mierasaurus Moabosaurus Narindasaurus Oplosaurus? Tehuelchesaurus? Tendaguria Turiasaurus Zby NeosauropodaDiplodocoidea (see below ↓ ) Macronaria (see below ↓ ) Dubious sauropods Bothriospondylus Cardiodon Dinodocus Gigantosaurus Neosodon Qinlingosaurus Ultrasaurus DiplodocoideaDiplodocoidea Haplocanthosaurus DiplodocimorphaRebbachisauridae Agustinia Amazonsaurus Comahuesaurus Dzharatitanis? Histriasaurus Lavocatisaurus Maraapunisaurus? Sidersaura Xenoposeidon Zapalasaurus KhebbashiaLimaysaurinae Cathartesaura Limaysaurus Nopcsaspondylus? Rayososaurus? Rebbachisaurinae Demandasaurus Itapeuasaurus Katepensaurus Nigersaurus Rebbachisaurus Tataouinea FlagellicaudataDicraeosauridae Amargasaurus Amargatitanis Bajadasaurus Brachytrachelopan Dicraeosaurus Dyslocosaurus? Kaatedocus Lingwulong Pilmatueia Smitanosaurus Suuwassea Tharosaurus DiplodocidaeApatosaurinae Amphicoelias? Apatosaurus Atlantosaurus? Brontosaurus Diplodocinae Barosaurus Dinheirosaurus Diplodocus Galeamopus Kaatedocus? Leinkupal Supersaurus Tornieria MacronariaMacronaria Abrosaurus Aragosaurus Bashunosaurus? Daanosaurus Dashanpusaurus? Europasaurus Haestasaurus? Yuzhoulong Camarasauridae Camarasaurus Lourinhasaurus Titanosauriformes Astrodon Duriatitan Eucamerotus Fushanosaurus Fusuisaurus Ornithopsis Pelorosaurus Rugocaudia? Brachiosauridae Abydosaurus Atlasaurus Brachiosaurus Cedarosaurus Galvesaurus? Giraffatitan Lusotitan Sonorasaurus Soriatitan Venenosaurus Vouivria Somphospondyli Angolatitan Arkharavia Astrophocaudia Austrosaurus Brohisaurus Brontomerus Chubutisaurus Dongbeititan Europatitan Fukuititan Garumbatitan Jiangxititan? Jiutaisaurus Liaoningotitan Ligabuesaurus? Liubangosaurus Oceanotitan Padillasaurus Pukyongosaurus Ruixinia Sauroposeidon Sibirotitan Tastavinsaurus Triunfosaurus Euhelopodidae Australodocus? Chiayusaurus? Erketu Euhelopus Gannansaurus Gobititan Huabeisaurus Huanghetitan Jiangshanosaurus? Phuwiangosaurus Qiaowanlong Silutitan Tambatitanis Tangvayosaurus Yongjinglong Yunmenglong Diamantinasauria Australotitan Diamantinasaurus Sarmientosaurus Savannasaurus Wintonotitan? Titanosauria see below↓ TitanosauriaTitanosauria Abdarainurus Aegyptosaurus? Andesaurus Angolatitan? Arackar Argyrosaurus Atacamatitan Austroposeidon Baotianmansaurus Barrosasaurus Baurutitan? Bonatitan? Borealosaurus Brasilotitan Choconsaurus Daxiatitan Dongyangosaurus Dreadnoughtus? Elaltitan Epachthosaurus? Gandititan Hamititan Huabeisaurus Jiangshanosaurus? Kaijutitan Karongasaurus Laplatasaurus Ligabuesaurus? Magyarosaurus Malarguesaurus? Malawisaurus Mnyamawamtuka Narambuenatitan Ninjatitan Normanniasaurus Nullotitan Pellegrinisaurus? Petrobrasaurus Pitekunsaurus Rapetosaurus Rukwatitan Ruyangosaurus Tastavinsaurus? Tengrisaurus? Tiamat Traukutitan Trigonosaurus Sonidosaurus Uberabatitan Volgatitan Xianshanosaurus Diamantinasauria? Lirainosaurinae Ampelosaurus Atsinganosaurus Garrigatitan Lirainosaurus Lohuecotitan Mansourasaurus Paludititan Eutitanosauria Inawentu Menucocelsior Colossosauria Antarctosaurus Baalsaurus Bonitasaura Chucarosaurus Epachthosaurus? Jainosaurus Quetecsaurus Tengrisaurus? Vahiny Rinconsauria Adamantisaurus Maxakalisaurus? Muyelensaurus Overosaurus Panamericansaurus Rinconsaurus Aeolosaurini Aeolosaurus Arrudatitan Bravasaurus Caieiria Gondwanatitan Punatitan Shingopana Lognkosauria Argentinosaurus Drusilasaura Dzharatitanis? Futalognkosaurus Jiangxititan? Mendozasaurus Notocolossus Patagotitan Puertasaurus Saltasauroidea Bustingorrytitan Titanomachya Udelartitan Nemegtosauridae Nemegtosaurus Quaesitosaurus? Tapuiasaurus? Saltasauridae Igai Isisaurus? Qingxiusaurus Quaesitosaurus? Opisthocoelicaudiinae Alamosaurus Baurutitan? Dreadnoughtus? Opisthocoelicaudia Pellegrinisaurus? Zhuchengtitan? Saltasaurinae Abditosaurus Bonatitan? Ibirania Maxakalisaurus? Neuquensaurus Paralititan Rocasaurus Saltasaurus Yamanasaurus Dubious titanosaurs Bruhathkayosaurus? Campylodoniscus Clasmodosaurus Hypselosaurus Iuticosaurus Loricosaurus Macrurosaurus? Microcoelus Mongolosaurus? Titanosaurus Topics in sauropodomorph research Sauropod neck posture Sauropod hiatus List of sauropod species Taxon identifiersParalititan Wikidata: Q131636 Wikispecies: Paralititan EoL: 52572017 GBIF: 4821763 Open Tree of Life: 4127515 Paleobiology Database: 64373	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JSetal01-1"},{"link_name":"titanosaurian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanosauria"},{"link_name":"sauropod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauropoda"},{"link_name":"dinosaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinosaur"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"Cretaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous"},{"link_name":"Bahariya Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahariya_Formation"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holtz2008-2"}],"text":"Paralititan (meaning \"tidal giant\"[1]) was a giant titanosaurian sauropod dinosaur genus discovered in coastal deposits in the Upper Cretaceous Bahariya Formation of Egypt. It lived between 99.6 and 93.5 million years ago.[2]","title":"Paralititan"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paralititan_stromeri_by_Hatem_Moushir_3.JPG"},{"link_name":"Bahariya Oasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahariya_Oasis"},{"link_name":"Richard Markgraf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Markgraf"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nothdurft2002-3"},{"link_name":"Matthew C. Lamanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_C._Lamanna"},{"link_name":"Kenneth J. Lacovara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Lacovara"},{"link_name":"Peter Dodson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Dodson"},{"link_name":"Jennifer R. Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jennifer_R._Smith&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jason Charles Poole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jason_Charles_Poole&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Robert Giegengack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Giegengack&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yousri Attia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yousri_Attia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"type species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_species"},{"link_name":"titan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-paleo-4"},{"link_name":"specific name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_name_(zoology)"},{"link_name":"Ernst Stromer von Reichenbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Stromer"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"paleontologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontology"},{"link_name":"geologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologist"},{"link_name":"tetrapod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrapod"},{"link_name":"Bahariya Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahariya_Formation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JSetal01-1"},{"link_name":"holotype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holotype"},{"link_name":"Cenomanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenomanian"},{"link_name":"sacral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrum"},{"link_name":"vertebrae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebra"},{"link_name":"scapulae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scapula"},{"link_name":"humeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humerus"},{"link_name":"carnivorous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnivore"},{"link_name":"Carcharodontosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcharodontosaurus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JSetal01-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JSetal01-1"}],"text":"First caudal vertebra and other fossilsJoshua Smith in 1999 in the Bahariya Oasis rediscovered the Gebel el Dist site where Richard Markgraf in 1912, 1913 and 1914 had excavated fossils for Ernst Stromer. In 2000, an American expedition was mounted to revisit the site. However, apparently Markgraf had already removed all more complete skeletons, leaving only limited remains behind. At a new site, the nearby Gebel Fagga, the expedition succeeded in locating a partial sauropod skeleton.[3] It was identified by Lacovara as a species new to science. It was named and described by Joshua B. Smith, Matthew C. Lamanna, Kenneth J. Lacovara, Peter Dodson, Jennifer R. Smith, Jason Charles Poole, Robert Giegengack and Yousri Attia in 2001 as the type species Paralititan stromeri. The generic name means \"Stromer's tidal (Greek para + halos \"near sea\") titan\" or \"Stromer's tidal giant\", in reference to the \"paralic\" tidal flats the animal lived on.[4] The specific name honors Ernst Stromer von Reichenbach, a German paleontologist and geologist who first established the presence of dinosaur fossils in this area in 1911. Paralititan represents the first tetrapod reported from the Bahariya Formation since Romer's publication of 1935.[1]The holotype specimen of Paralititan, CGM 81119, was found in a layer of the Bahariya Formation, dating from the Cenomanian. It consists of a partial skeleton lacking the skull. It is incomplete, apart from bone fragments containing two fused posterior sacral vertebrae, two anterior caudal vertebrae, both incomplete scapulae, two humeri and a metacarpal. The Paralititan type specimen shows evidence of having been scavenged by a carnivorous dinosaur as it was disarticulated within an oval of eight metres length with the various bones being clustered. A Carcharodontosaurus tooth was discovered in between the clusters. The holotype is part of the collection of the Cairo Geological Museum.[1]The large anterior dorsal vertebra 1912V11164, in 1932 by Stromer referred to an undetermined \"Giant Sauropod\", was in 2001 tentatively referred to Paralititan.[1]","title":"Discovery"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paralititan-Scale-Diagram-SVG-Steveoc86.svg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-giant-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paralititan_stromeri.jpg"},{"link_name":"Life restoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_restoration"},{"link_name":"humeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humerus"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-burness&flannery2001-6"},{"link_name":"Notocolossus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notocolossus"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"Saltasaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltasaurus"},{"link_name":"Carpenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Carpenter"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-carpenter2006-8"},{"link_name":"Puertasaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puertasaurus"},{"link_name":"Alamosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamosaurus"},{"link_name":"Argentinosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinosaurus"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Gregory S. Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_S._Paul"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Holtz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_R._Holtz_Jr."},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holtz2008-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"Gregory S. Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_S._Paul"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Aegyptosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegyptosaurus"},{"link_name":"pleurocoels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleurocoel"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JSetal01-1"}],"text":"Hypothetical scale diagram comparing Paralititan to some humans, with some of the known material in white.Joshua Smith, who informally led the research team that found the dinosaur fossils, told an interviewer, \"It was a truly enormous dinosaur by any reckoning.\"[5]Life restorationLittle of Paralititan is known, so its exact size is difficult to estimate. However, the limited material, especially the long humeri, suggested that it is one of the most massive dinosaurs ever discovered, with an estimated weight of 59 t (65 short tons).[6] The complete right humerus measured 1.69 meters (5.54 ft) long which at the time of discovery was the longest known in a Cretaceous sauropod; this was surpassed in 2016 with the discovery of Notocolossus which had a 1.76 m (5 ft 9 in) humerus.[7] Using Saltasaurus as a guide, Carpenter estimated its length at around 26 m (85 ft) in 2006.[8]Scott Hartman estimates an animal that is massive, but still smaller than the biggest titanosaurs such as Puertasaurus, Alamosaurus, and Argentinosaurus.[9] In 2010, Gregory S. Paul estimated its length at 20+ meters (66+ ft), and its weight at 20 tonnes (24.2 short tons).[10] In 2012 Holtz gave a length of 32 meters (105 ft) and an estimated weight of 65.3–72.5 tonnes (72–80 short tons).[2] In 2016, using equations that estimate body mass based on the circumference of the humerus and femur of quadrupedal animals, it was given an estimated weight of ~50 t (55 short tons).[7] In 2019 Gregory S. Paul estimated Paralititan between 30–55 tonnes (33–60.6 short tons).[11] In 2020 Molina-Perez and Larramendi estimated the size of the animal at 27 meters (88.6 ft) and 30 tonnes (33 short tons).[12]From the formation another sauropod had already been known, Aegyptosaurus. Paralititan differs from Aegyptosaurus in its larger size, the latter genus weighing only fifteen tons, possibly in not having pleurocoels in its front tail vertebrae, and in possessing a relatively longer deltopectoral crest on its humerus.[1]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bahariya_Formation_McAfee.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bahariya Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahariya_Formation"},{"link_name":"autochthonous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taphonomy#Mixing_of_fossils_from_different_places"},{"link_name":"tidal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tide"},{"link_name":"mangrove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrove"},{"link_name":"seed ferns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed_ferns"},{"link_name":"Weichselia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weichselia"},{"link_name":"Tethys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tethys_Ocean"},{"link_name":"habitat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat"},{"link_name":"Carcharodontosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcharodontosaurus"},{"link_name":"Spinosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinosaurus"},{"link_name":"Aegyptosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegyptosaurus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JSetal01-1"}],"text":"Restoration of Paralititan with contemporaneous animals of the Bahariya FormationThe autochthonous, scavenged skeleton was preserved in tidal flat deposits containing in the form of fossil leaves and root systems, a mangrove vegetation of seed ferns, Weichselia reticulata. The mangrove ecosystem it inhabited was situated along the southern shore of the Tethys Sea. Paralititan is the first dinosaur demonstrated to have inhabited a mangrove habitat. It lived at approximately the same time and place as giant predators Carcharodontosaurus, Spinosaurus, and the sauropod Aegyptosaurus.[1]","title":"Palaeoenvironment"}]	[{"image_text":"First caudal vertebra and other fossils","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Paralititan_stromeri_by_Hatem_Moushir_3.JPG/220px-Paralititan_stromeri_by_Hatem_Moushir_3.JPG"},{"image_text":"Hypothetical scale diagram comparing Paralititan to some humans, with some of the known material in white.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Paralititan-Scale-Diagram-SVG-Steveoc86.svg/220px-Paralititan-Scale-Diagram-SVG-Steveoc86.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Life restoration","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Paralititan_stromeri.jpg/220px-Paralititan_stromeri.jpg"},{"image_text":"Restoration of Paralititan with contemporaneous animals of the Bahariya Formation","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Bahariya_Formation_McAfee.jpg/220px-Bahariya_Formation_McAfee.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Smith JB, Lamanna MC, Lacovara KJ, Dodson P, Smith JR, Poole JC, Giegengack R, Attia Y (June 2001). \"A giant sauropod dinosaur from an Upper Cretaceous mangrove deposit in Egypt\" (PDF). Science. 292 (5522): 1704–6. Bibcode:2001Sci...292.1704S. doi:10.1126/science.1060561. PMID 11387472. S2CID 33454060.","urls":[{"url":"http://doc.rero.ch/record/14792/files/PAL_E1924.pdf","url_text":"\"A giant sauropod dinosaur from an Upper Cretaceous mangrove deposit in Egypt\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Sci...292.1704S","url_text":"2001Sci...292.1704S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1060561","url_text":"10.1126/science.1060561"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11387472","url_text":"11387472"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33454060","url_text":"33454060"}]},{"reference":"\"Paralititan Stromeri\". Paleobiology Database. Archived from the original on June 16, 2020. Retrieved December 31, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200616134533/http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?taxon_no=64374&action=taxonInfo","url_text":"\"Paralititan Stromeri\""},{"url":"http://paleodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=basicTaxonInfo&taxon_no=64374","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Roach, John (May 31, 2001). \"'Tidal Giant' Roamed Coastal Swamps of Ancient Africa\". National Geographic News. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on June 5, 2001. Retrieved December 31, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20010605022420/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2001/05/0531_tidaldinosaur.html","url_text":"\"'Tidal Giant' Roamed Coastal Swamps of Ancient Africa\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic_Society","url_text":"National Geographic Society"},{"url":"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2001/05/0531_tidaldinosaur.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"González Riga BJ, Lamanna MC, Ortiz David LD, Calvo JO, Coria JP (January 2016). \"A gigantic new dinosaur from Argentina and the evolution of the sauropod hind foot\". Scientific Reports. 6 (1): 19165. Bibcode:2016NatSR...619165G. doi:10.1038/srep19165. PMC 4725985. PMID 26777391.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4725985","url_text":"\"A gigantic new dinosaur from Argentina and the evolution of the sauropod hind foot\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NatSR...619165G","url_text":"2016NatSR...619165G"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsrep19165","url_text":"10.1038/srep19165"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4725985","url_text":"4725985"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26777391","url_text":"26777391"}]},{"reference":"Carpenter K (2006). Foster JR, Lucas SG (eds.). \"Biggest of the Big: a Critical Re-evaluation of the Mega-sauropod Amphicoelias fragillimus Paleontology and Geology of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation\" (PDF). New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 36: 131–138. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160308031222/http://www.gardenparkdinos.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Biggest_of_the_big.pdf","url_text":"\"Biggest of the Big: a Critical Re-evaluation of the Mega-sauropod Amphicoelias fragillimus Paleontology and Geology of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation\""},{"url":"http://www.gardenparkdinos.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Biggest_of_the_big.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hartman, Scott. \"The biggest of the big\". Skeletal Drawings.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.skeletaldrawing.com/home/2013/06/the-biggest-of-big.html?rq","url_text":"\"The biggest of the big\""}]},{"reference":"Paul, Gregory S. (2019). \"Determining the largest known land animal: A critical comparison of differing methods for restoring the volume and mass of extinct animals\" (PDF). Annals of the Carnegie Museum. 85 (4): 335–358. doi:10.2992/007.085.0403. S2CID 210840060.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gspauldino.com/Titanomass.pdf","url_text":"\"Determining the largest known land animal: A critical comparison of differing methods for restoring the volume and mass of extinct animals\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2992%2F007.085.0403","url_text":"10.2992/007.085.0403"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:210840060","url_text":"210840060"}]},{"reference":"Molina-Perez & Larramendi (2020). Dinosaur Facts and Figures: The Sauropods and Other Sauropodomorphs. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 267. Bibcode:2020dffs.book.....M.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020dffs.book.....M","url_text":"2020dffs.book.....M"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://doc.rero.ch/record/14792/files/PAL_E1924.pdf","external_links_name":"\"A giant sauropod dinosaur from an Upper Cretaceous mangrove deposit in Egypt\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Sci...292.1704S","external_links_name":"2001Sci...292.1704S"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1060561","external_links_name":"10.1126/science.1060561"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11387472","external_links_name":"11387472"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33454060","external_links_name":"33454060"},{"Link":"http://www.geol.umd.edu/~tholtz/dinoappendix/HoltzappendixWinter2011.pdf","external_links_name":"Winter 2011 Appendix."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200616134533/http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?taxon_no=64374&action=taxonInfo","external_links_name":"\"Paralititan Stromeri\""},{"Link":"http://paleodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=basicTaxonInfo&taxon_no=64374","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20010605022420/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2001/05/0531_tidaldinosaur.html","external_links_name":"\"'Tidal Giant' Roamed Coastal Swamps of Ancient Africa\""},{"Link":"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2001/05/0531_tidaldinosaur.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4725985","external_links_name":"\"A gigantic new dinosaur from Argentina and the evolution of the sauropod hind foot\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NatSR...619165G","external_links_name":"2016NatSR...619165G"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsrep19165","external_links_name":"10.1038/srep19165"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4725985","external_links_name":"4725985"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26777391","external_links_name":"26777391"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160308031222/http://www.gardenparkdinos.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Biggest_of_the_big.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Biggest of the Big: a Critical Re-evaluation of the Mega-sauropod Amphicoelias fragillimus Paleontology and Geology of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation\""},{"Link":"http://www.gardenparkdinos.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Biggest_of_the_big.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.skeletaldrawing.com/home/2013/06/the-biggest-of-big.html?rq","external_links_name":"\"The biggest of the big\""},{"Link":"http://www.gspauldino.com/Titanomass.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Determining the largest known land animal: A critical comparison of differing methods for restoring the volume and mass of extinct animals\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2992%2F007.085.0403","external_links_name":"10.2992/007.085.0403"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:210840060","external_links_name":"210840060"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020dffs.book.....M","external_links_name":"2020dffs.book.....M"},{"Link":"http://www.nhm.ac.uk/jdsml/nature-online/dino-directory/detail.dsml?Genus=Paralititan","external_links_name":"Paralititan in the Dino Directory"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/52572017","external_links_name":"52572017"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/4821763","external_links_name":"4821763"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=4127515","external_links_name":"4127515"},{"Link":"https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=64373","external_links_name":"64373"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Olivier_(judge)	Pierre Olivier	["1 Early life and education","2 Legal and academic career","3 Free State Division: 1985–1995","4 Appellate Division: 1995–2003","5 Personal life and death","6 References"]	South African judge (1936–2003) Pierre OlivierJudge of the Supreme Court of AppealIn office1 April 1995 – 16 December 2003Appointed byNelson MandelaJudge of the Supreme CourtIn office1985 – 31 March 1995Appointed byP. W. BothaDivisionOrange Free State Personal detailsBorn1936 (1936)Usakos, South West AfricaDied(2003-12-16)16 December 2003 (aged 67)Bloemfontein, Free StateRepublic of South AfricaCitizenshipSouth AfricaEducationPaul Roos GymnasiumAlma materUniversity of Pretoria Pierre J. J. Olivier (1936 – 16 December 2003) was a South African jurist and judge who served in the Supreme Court of Appeal from 1995 until his death in 2003. He was an advocate and silk in Bloemfontein until he was appointed to the bench in 1985 as a judge of the Orange Free State Provincial Division of the Supreme Court of South Africa. Before entering legal practice, he taught law at the University of Pretoria from 1961 to 1969 and at the University of the Orange Free State from 1969 to 1973; he specialised in private law. Early life and education Olivier was born in Usakos, Namibia in 1936. He matriculated at Paul Roos Gymnasium in Stellenbosch, South Africa, and attended the University of Pretoria from 1957 to 1960, completing an LLB and a BA in law. Legal and academic career While a law student, Olivier clerked at a local firm in Pretoria, and he was admitted as an advocate in 1961. However, after his graduation, he entered legal academia, first as a lecturer in Roman-Dutch law at the University of Pretoria from 1961, then as a professor of law at the same university from 1965, and finally as a professor of private law at the University of the Orange Free State from 1969. On 15 December 1973, Olivier left academia to join the bar. He practised as an advocate in Bloemfontein, taking silk on 19 November 1981. In addition to local courts, he frequently appeared in courts in Windhoek and Lesotho. He also continued to publish, authoring the first Afrikaans-language textbook on family law and the law of persons. On 30 September 1982, he was appointed to the South African Law Reform Commission, based in Pretoria. Free State Division: 1985–1995 In late 1985, Olivier was appointed as a judge of the Orange Free State Provincial Division of the Supreme Court of South Africa. Soon afterwards, in 1986, he was seconded full-time to the Pretoria offices of the South African Law Reform Commission; he was a full-time member until 1 December 1988, when he began his lengthy as vice-chairperson of the commission (initially deputising judge H. J. O. van Heerden). His tenure coincided with the post-apartheid transition, and Olivier became a central figure in debates about a post-apartheid constitution and bill of rights. In particular, he led the Law Reform Commission project that drafted an authoritative 1989 working paper on group rights and human rights; among other things, the paper proposed a South African bill of rights based on individual rights rather than on group rights. During this period, in October 1994, he was an unsuccessful candidate for appointment to the new Constitutional Court of South Africa. Appellate Division: 1995–2003 In December 1994, the Judicial Service Commission interviewed Olivier as a candidate for one of three vacancies in the Supreme Court's Appellate Division. His candidacy was met with objections from gender advocacy groups, who argued that Olivier had handed lenient sentences to rapists. Cathi Albertyn of Witwatersrand University wrote in an open letter to the commission that Olivier's judgements in rape cases "appear to suggest that the judge does not believe that rape in itself is a serious offence, they appear to reinforce and perpetuate within the law many of the myths and stereotypes that surround rape and that have resulted in the unfair treatment of women as complainants in rape trials". Nonetheless, Olivier was appointed as an acting judge in the court's Appellate Division on 15 December 1994, and he joined the Appellate Division permanently with effect from 1 April 1995, alongside judges Robin Marais and Peter Schutz. He remained in the appellate court after it was reconfigured as the Supreme Court of Appeal, and he served until his death in 2003. During that time, he was also extraordinary professor in the law of evidence and procedure at the University of Pretoria. At the same time, he gained reappointment to the first post-apartheid Law Reform Commission (under chairperson Ismail Mahomed) in 1996, and he remained in the vice-chairmanship until the end of 1998, when he was succeeded by Yvonne Mokgoro. Personal life and death He was married to Helene Olivier (née De Beer), a writer and children's books publisher, with whom he had four sons. He died on 16 December 2003 at Rosepark Hospital in Bloemfontein, aged 67; he had been ill with cancer for some time and was hospitalised for three weeks prior. References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Die Appelafdeling: Regter Pierre Olivier" (PDF). Consultus (in Afrikaans). 8 (1): 60–61. April 1995. ^ a b c Wright, Germa (April 2004). "In memoriam". Advocate (in Afrikaans): 30. ^ a b Scholtz, Liezl (19 December 2003). "Onderskrif: Regter Pierre Olivier (67)". Beeld (in Afrikaans). Retrieved 17 January 2024. ^ a b c Fourth Annual Report of the South African Law Reform Commission (PDF). Department of Justice. 2013. pp. 11–12, 119–120. ^ Dugard, John (1 April 1990). "A Bill of Rights for South Africa". Cornell International Law Journal. 23 (3): 449–452. ISSN 0010-8812. ^ a b c "Appeal Court candidate in rape furore". The Mail & Guardian. 9 December 1994. Retrieved 17 January 2024. ^ Bonthuys, Elsje (2013). "Gender and the Chief Justice: Principle or Pretext?". Journal of Southern African Studies. 39 (1): 69. ISSN 0305-7070.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Supreme Court of Appeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Appeal_(South_Africa)"},{"link_name":"silk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senior_counsel"},{"link_name":"Bloemfontein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloemfontein"},{"link_name":"Orange Free State Provincial Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_Free_State_Provincial_Division"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"University of Pretoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pretoria"},{"link_name":"University of the Orange Free State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_Orange_Free_State"},{"link_name":"private law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_law"}],"text":"Pierre J. J. Olivier (1936 – 16 December 2003) was a South African jurist and judge who served in the Supreme Court of Appeal from 1995 until his death in 2003. He was an advocate and silk in Bloemfontein until he was appointed to the bench in 1985 as a judge of the Orange Free State Provincial Division of the Supreme Court of South Africa. Before entering legal practice, he taught law at the University of Pretoria from 1961 to 1969 and at the University of the Orange Free State from 1969 to 1973; he specialised in private law.","title":"Pierre Olivier"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Usakos, Namibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usakos"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Paul Roos Gymnasium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Roos_Gymnasium"},{"link_name":"Stellenbosch, South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellenbosch,_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"University of Pretoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pretoria"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"Olivier was born in Usakos, Namibia in 1936.[1] He matriculated at Paul Roos Gymnasium in Stellenbosch, South Africa, and attended the University of Pretoria from 1957 to 1960, completing an LLB and a BA in law.[1]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pretoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"advocate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advocates_in_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"Roman-Dutch law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman-Dutch_law"},{"link_name":"private law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_law"},{"link_name":"University of the Orange Free State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_Orange_Free_State"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"Bloemfontein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloemfontein"},{"link_name":"taking silk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senior_counsel"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"Windhoek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windhoek"},{"link_name":"Lesotho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesotho"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Afrikaans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans"},{"link_name":"family law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_law"},{"link_name":"law of persons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_persons_in_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"South African Law Reform Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Law_Reform_Commission"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-4"}],"text":"While a law student, Olivier clerked at a local firm in Pretoria,[1] and he was admitted as an advocate in 1961.[2] However, after his graduation, he entered legal academia, first as a lecturer in Roman-Dutch law at the University of Pretoria from 1961, then as a professor of law at the same university from 1965, and finally as a professor of private law at the University of the Orange Free State from 1969.[1]On 15 December 1973,[2] Olivier left academia to join the bar. He practised as an advocate in Bloemfontein, taking silk on 19 November 1981.[1][2] In addition to local courts, he frequently appeared in courts in Windhoek and Lesotho.[1] He also continued to publish, authoring the first Afrikaans-language textbook on family law and the law of persons.[3] On 30 September 1982, he was appointed to the South African Law Reform Commission, based in Pretoria.[4]","title":"Legal and academic career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Orange Free State Provincial Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_Free_State_Provincial_Division"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"H. J. O. van Heerden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._J._O._van_Heerden"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-4"},{"link_name":"post-apartheid transition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negotiations_to_end_apartheid_in_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"group rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_rights"},{"link_name":"human rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights"},{"link_name":"individual rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individual_and_group_rights"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Constitutional Court of South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-6"}],"text":"In late 1985, Olivier was appointed as a judge of the Orange Free State Provincial Division of the Supreme Court of South Africa.[1] Soon afterwards, in 1986, he was seconded full-time to the Pretoria offices of the South African Law Reform Commission;[1] he was a full-time member until 1 December 1988, when he began his lengthy as vice-chairperson of the commission (initially deputising judge H. J. O. van Heerden).[4] His tenure coincided with the post-apartheid transition, and Olivier became a central figure in debates about a post-apartheid constitution and bill of rights. In particular, he led the Law Reform Commission project that drafted an authoritative 1989 working paper on group rights and human rights; among other things, the paper proposed a South African bill of rights based on individual rights rather than on group rights.[5]During this period, in October 1994, he was an unsuccessful candidate for appointment to the new Constitutional Court of South Africa.[6]","title":"Free State Division: 1985–1995"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Judicial Service Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_Service_Commission_(South_Africa)"},{"link_name":"Appellate Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appellate_Division_(South_Africa)"},{"link_name":"rapists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rape"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Cathi Albertyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathi_Albertyn"},{"link_name":"Witwatersrand University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witwatersrand_University"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-6"},{"link_name":"Robin Marais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robin_Marais&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Peter Schutz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Schutz_(judge)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of Appeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Appeal_(South_Africa)"},{"link_name":"law of evidence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_evidence_in_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"procedure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procedural_law"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Ismail Mahomed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismail_Mahomed"},{"link_name":"Yvonne Mokgoro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvonne_Mokgoro"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-4"}],"text":"In December 1994, the Judicial Service Commission interviewed Olivier as a candidate for one of three vacancies in the Supreme Court's Appellate Division. His candidacy was met with objections from gender advocacy groups, who argued that Olivier had handed lenient sentences to rapists.[6][7] Cathi Albertyn of Witwatersrand University wrote in an open letter to the commission that Olivier's judgements in rape cases \"appear to suggest that the judge does not believe that rape in itself is a serious offence, [and] they appear to reinforce and perpetuate within the law many of the myths and stereotypes that surround rape and that have resulted in the unfair treatment of women as complainants in rape trials\".[6]Nonetheless, Olivier was appointed as an acting judge in the court's Appellate Division on 15 December 1994, and he joined the Appellate Division permanently with effect from 1 April 1995, alongside judges Robin Marais and Peter Schutz.[1] He remained in the appellate court after it was reconfigured as the Supreme Court of Appeal, and he served until his death in 2003. During that time, he was also extraordinary professor in the law of evidence and procedure at the University of Pretoria.[1] At the same time, he gained reappointment to the first post-apartheid Law Reform Commission (under chairperson Ismail Mahomed) in 1996, and he remained in the vice-chairmanship until the end of 1998, when he was succeeded by Yvonne Mokgoro.[4]","title":"Appellate Division: 1995–2003"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"}],"text":"He was married to Helene Olivier (née De Beer), a writer and children's books publisher, with whom he had four sons.[1] He died on 16 December 2003 at Rosepark Hospital in Bloemfontein, aged 67; he had been ill with cancer for some time and was hospitalised for three weeks prior.[3]","title":"Personal life and death"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Die Appelafdeling: Regter Pierre Olivier\" (PDF). Consultus (in Afrikaans). 8 (1): 60–61. April 1995.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gcbsa.co.za/law-journals/1995/april/1995-april-vol008-no1-pp57-64.pdf","url_text":"\"Die Appelafdeling: Regter Pierre Olivier\""}]},{"reference":"Wright, Germa (April 2004). \"In memoriam\". Advocate (in Afrikaans): 30.","urls":[{"url":"https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/AJA10128743_109","url_text":"\"In memoriam\""}]},{"reference":"Scholtz, Liezl (19 December 2003). \"Onderskrif: Regter Pierre Olivier (67)\". Beeld (in Afrikaans). Retrieved 17 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.familysearch.org/service/records/storage/das-mem/patron/v2/TH-904-57300-600-27/dist.txt?ctx=ArtCtxPublic","url_text":"\"Onderskrif: Regter Pierre Olivier (67)\""}]},{"reference":"Fourth Annual Report of the South African Law Reform Commission (PDF). Department of Justice. 2013. pp. 11–12, 119–120.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.justice.gov.za/salrc/anr/2012-2013-anr-salrc.pdf","url_text":"Fourth Annual Report of the South African Law Reform Commission"}]},{"reference":"Dugard, John (1 April 1990). \"A Bill of Rights for South Africa\". Cornell International Law Journal. 23 (3): 449–452. ISSN 0010-8812.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dugard","url_text":"Dugard, John"},{"url":"https://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/cilj/vol23/iss3/2","url_text":"\"A Bill of Rights for South Africa\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0010-8812","url_text":"0010-8812"}]},{"reference":"\"Appeal Court candidate in rape furore\". The Mail & Guardian. 9 December 1994. Retrieved 17 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://mg.co.za/article/1994-12-09-appeal-court-candidate-in-rape-furore/","url_text":"\"Appeal Court candidate in rape furore\""}]},{"reference":"Bonthuys, Elsje (2013). \"Gender and the Chief Justice: Principle or Pretext?\". Journal of Southern African Studies. 39 (1): 69. ISSN 0305-7070.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/42001336","url_text":"\"Gender and the Chief Justice: Principle or Pretext?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0305-7070","url_text":"0305-7070"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.gcbsa.co.za/law-journals/1995/april/1995-april-vol008-no1-pp57-64.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Die Appelafdeling: Regter Pierre Olivier\""},{"Link":"https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/AJA10128743_109","external_links_name":"\"In memoriam\""},{"Link":"https://www.familysearch.org/service/records/storage/das-mem/patron/v2/TH-904-57300-600-27/dist.txt?ctx=ArtCtxPublic","external_links_name":"\"Onderskrif: Regter Pierre Olivier (67)\""},{"Link":"https://www.justice.gov.za/salrc/anr/2012-2013-anr-salrc.pdf","external_links_name":"Fourth Annual Report of the South African Law Reform Commission"},{"Link":"https://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/cilj/vol23/iss3/2","external_links_name":"\"A Bill of Rights for South Africa\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0010-8812","external_links_name":"0010-8812"},{"Link":"https://mg.co.za/article/1994-12-09-appeal-court-candidate-in-rape-furore/","external_links_name":"\"Appeal Court candidate in rape furore\""},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/42001336","external_links_name":"\"Gender and the Chief Justice: Principle or Pretext?\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0305-7070","external_links_name":"0305-7070"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Trevor_II	John Trevor (died 1410)	["1 References"]	Welsh bishop For the first Bishop of St Asaph of this name, see John Trevor (died 1357). John Trevor (Welsh: Ieuan Trefor; died 10 April 1410), or John Trevaur, was Bishop of St. Asaph in Wales before becoming nominal Bishop of St Andrews in Scotland. His original name was Ieuan, which he later anglicised to John and took on the surname Trevor. Trevor's brother Adda was married to the sister of Owain Glyndŵr, who appointed him as an ambassador to the French court. Ieuan was provided to the see of St Asaph on 21 October 1394. He served as Richard II's diplomatic envoy to Scotland in 1395. In 1404 he supported the cause of Owain Glyndŵr and when the rising failed he was banished to Scotland. He was translated to St Andrews in 1408. As Bishop of St. Andrews, he was an anti-Bishop and never took possession of the see. This situation was the product of the Western Schism, in which the Scots supported the Avignon Popes, and so only candidates of the Avignon Popes could take possession of the see. He died in Rome. References ^ Haycock, Marged, "Early Welsh Poets Look North", in Woolf, Alex (ed.) (2013), Beyond the Gododdin: Dark Age Scotland in Medieval Wales, University of St. Andrews, pp. 7 - 39, ISBN 978-0-9512573-8-8 Dowden, John, The Bishops of Scotland, ed. J. Maitland Thomson, (Glasgow, 1912) Religious titles Preceded byAlexander Bache Bishop of St. Asaph 1394–1408 Succeeded byDavid Preceded byThomas de Arundel Anti-Bishop of St. Andrews 1408–1410 Succeeded by- This biography of a Scottish religious figure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a British Catholic bishop or archbishop is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Trevor (died 1357)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Trevor_(died_1357)"},{"link_name":"Welsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_language"},{"link_name":"Bishop of St. Asaph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_St_Asaph"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"Bishop of St Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_St_Andrews"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"anglicised","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicised"},{"link_name":"Owain Glyndŵr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owain_Glynd%C5%B5r"},{"link_name":"see","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_See"},{"link_name":"St Asaph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Asaph"},{"link_name":"Richard II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Western Schism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Schism"},{"link_name":"Avignon Popes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avignon_Papacy"}],"text":"For the first Bishop of St Asaph of this name, see John Trevor (died 1357).John Trevor (Welsh: Ieuan Trefor; died 10 April 1410), or John Trevaur, was Bishop of St. Asaph in Wales before becoming nominal Bishop of St Andrews in Scotland. His original name was Ieuan, which he later anglicised to John and took on the surname Trevor. Trevor's brother Adda was married to the sister of Owain Glyndŵr, who appointed him as an ambassador to the French court.Ieuan was provided to the see of St Asaph on 21 October 1394. He served as Richard II's diplomatic envoy to Scotland in 1395. In 1404 he supported the cause of Owain Glyndŵr and when the rising failed he was banished to Scotland.[1] He was translated to St Andrews in 1408. As Bishop of St. Andrews, he was an anti-Bishop and never took possession of the see. This situation was the product of the Western Schism, in which the Scots supported the Avignon Popes, and so only candidates of the Avignon Popes could take possession of the see.He died in Rome.","title":"John Trevor (died 1410)"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Trevor_(died_1410)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Trevor_(died_1410)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini-Titan_3	Gemini 3	["1 Crew","1.1 Backup crew","1.2 Original crew","1.3 Support crew","2 Mission parameters","3 Objectives","4 First orbital maneuver by crewed spacecraft","5 Flight","6 Insignia","7 Spacecraft location","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]	1965 American crewed space mission This article is about the American space mission in the mid-1960s. For the model of double-decker bus body, see Wright Eclipse Gemini 3. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Gemini 3" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Gemini 3Astronauts John Young and Gus Grissom walk up the ramp leading to the elevator that will carry them to the spacecraft for the first crewed Gemini missionMission typeTest flightOperatorNASACOSPAR ID1965-024A SATCAT no.1301Mission duration4 hours, 52 minutes, 31 secondsDistance travelled128,748 kilometers (80,000 mi)Orbits completed3 Spacecraft propertiesSpacecraftGemini SC3ManufacturerMcDonnellLaunch mass3,237 kilograms (7,136 lb) CrewCrew size2MembersVirgil I. "Gus" GrissomJohn W. YoungCallsignMolly Brown Start of missionLaunch dateMarch 23, 1965, 14:24:00 (1965-03-23UTC14:24Z) UTCRocketTitan II GLV, s/n 62-12558Launch siteCape Kennedy LC-19 End of missionRecovered byUSS IntrepidLanding dateMarch 23, 1965, 19:16:31 (1965-03-23UTC19:16:32Z) UTCLanding site22°26′N 70°51′W / 22.433°N 70.850°W / 22.433; -70.850 (Gemini 3 splashdown) Orbital parametersReference systemGeocentricRegimeLow Earth orbitPerigee altitude161 kilometers (87 nmi)Apogee altitude225 kilometers (121 nmi)Inclination32.6 degreesPeriod88.35 minutesEpochMarch 23, 1965 Gemini III Patch (L-R) Grissom, YoungProject Gemini← Gemini 2Gemini 4 → Gemini 3 was the first crewed mission in NASA's Project Gemini and was the first time two American astronauts flew together into space. On March 23, 1965, astronauts Gus Grissom and John Young flew three low Earth orbits in their spacecraft, which they nicknamed Molly Brown. It was the first U.S. mission in which the crew fired thrusters to change the size and shape of their orbit, a key test of spacecraft maneuverability vital for planned flights to the Moon. It was also the final crewed flight controlled from Cape Kennedy Air Force Station in Florida, before mission control functions were moved to a new control center at the newly opened Manned Spacecraft Center in Houston, Texas. Crew Position Astronaut Command Pilot Virgil I. "Gus" GrissomSecond and last spaceflight Pilot John W. YoungFirst spaceflight Backup crew Position Astronaut Command Pilot Walter M. Schirra Pilot Thomas P. Stafford (This was the prime crew on Gemini 6) Original crew Position Astronaut Command Pilot Alan B. Shepard Pilot Thomas P. Stafford The crew of Gemini 3 was changed after Shepard was grounded with an inner ear disorder in late 1963. Support crew Roger B. Chaffee (Houston CAPCOM) L. Gordon Cooper Jr. (Cape CAPCOM) Mission parameters Mass: 3,236.9 kg (7,136 lb) Perigee: 161.2 kilometers (100.2 mi) Apogee: 224.2 kilometers (139.3 mi) Inclination: 32.6 degrees Period: 88.3 minutes Objectives Young atop a Gemini spacecraft with Grissom in the water at left at the Manned Spacecraft Center during water egress training The mission's primary goal was to test the new, maneuverable Gemini spacecraft. In space, the crew fired thrusters to change the shape of their orbit, shift their orbital plane slightly, and drop to a lower altitude. Other firsts were achieved on Gemini 3: two people flew aboard an American spacecraft (the Soviet Union launched a three-person crew on Voskhod 1 in 1964 and a two-person crew just a few days earlier on Voskhod 2, upstaging the two-person Gemini and three-person Apollo programs), and the first crewed reentry where the spacecraft was able to produce lift to change its touchdown point. The mission also tested a system that had originally been designed for the cancelled Mercury-Atlas 10 mission, in which water was injected into the plasma sheath surrounding the capsule during re-entry. This had the effect of improving communications with the ground. First orbital maneuver by crewed spacecraft On March 23, 1965, at 15:57:00 UTC, at the end of the first orbit, over Corpus Christi, Texas, a 1-minute 14 second burn of the Orbit Attitude and Maneuvering System (OAMS) engines gave a reverse delta-V of 15.5 meters per second (51 ft/s), which changed the orbit from 161.2 by 224.2 kilometers (87.0 by 121.1 nautical miles) (with a period of 88.3 minutes), to an orbit of 158 by 169 kilometers (85 by 91 nmi) (period of 87.8 minutes). This was the first orbital maneuver made by any crewed spacecraft. Flight Launch of the first crewed Gemini flight Astronaut Roger B. Chaffee is shown at console in the Mission Control Center, Houston, Texas during Gemini 3's flight Gus Grissom, hoping to avoid duplication of the experience with his Mercury flight Liberty Bell 7 in which the capsule sank after splashdown, named the Gemini 3 spacecraft Molly Brown, in a playful reference to the Broadway musical The Unsinkable Molly Brown. NASA management did not like this name, and asked him to change it. Grissom replied, "How about the Titanic?". The managers relented and allowed Grissom to keep Molly Brown, but this was the last Gemini flight they allowed the astronauts to name. The only major incident during the orbital phase involved a contraband corned beef sandwich that Young had smuggled on board, hiding it in a pocket of his spacesuit (though Director of Flight Crew Operations Deke Slayton wrote in his autobiography that he gave Young permission to do so). Grissom found this to be highly amusing, saying later, "After the flight our superiors at NASA let us know in no uncertain terms that non-man-rated corned beef sandwiches were out for future space missions. But John's deadpan offer of this strictly non-regulation goodie remains one of the highlights of our flight for me." The crewmen each took a few bites before the sandwich was restowed. The crumbs it released could have wreaked havoc with the craft's electronics, so the crewmen were reprimanded when they returned to Earth. Other crews were warned not to pull the same type of stunt. Two small failures occurred in-flight. The first was an experiment testing the synergistic effect of zero gravity on sea urchin eggs. A lever essential to the experiment broke off when pulled. The second involved the photographic coverage objective. It was only partially successful due to an improper lens setting on the 16 mm camera. Early in the flight, the crew noticed the craft gradually yawing left: 00 18 41 (Command Pilot) I seem to have a leak. There must be a leak in one of the thrusters, because I get a continuous yaw left. 00 18 53 (CapCom) Roger. Understand that you get a continuous yaw left. 00 18 57 (Command Pilot) Very slight. Very slow drift. First attributed to a stuck thruster, the problem was traced to a venting water boiler. The crewmen made their first orbit change an hour and a half into the flight. The burn lasted 75 seconds and moved them from a 122-by-175-kilometer (66-by-94-nautical-mile) orbit to a nearly circular one with a drop in speed of 15 m/s (49 ft/s). The second burn, changing the orbital inclination by 0.02 degrees, was made 45 minutes later. The last burn, during the third orbit, lowered the perigee to 72 km (39 nmi). This was made so, in case the retrorockets had failed, the spacecraft would still have reentered the atmosphere. The experience of reentry initially matched expectations, with even the color and pattern of the plasma sheath that enveloped the capsule matching those produced for ground simulations. However, it soon became clear that Molly Brown was off course and would land 69 km (37 nmi) off target. Though wind tunnel studies had suggested the spacecraft could maneuver to make up for the discrepancy, Gemini's real lift was far less than predicted, and Grissom was unable to significantly adjust course. Molly Brown ultimately landed 84 km (45 nmi) short of its intended splashdown point. This was not the only unexpected event of the short descent: After its parachutes were deployed, the spacecraft shifted from a vertical to horizontal attitude. The change was so sudden that Grissom cracked his faceplate (made of acrylic) on the control panel in front of him. Later Gemini spacesuits and all Apollo and Space Shuttle (both launch-entry and EVA suits) used polycarbonate plastic. A U.S. Coast Guard HH-52A over the Gemini 3 capsule. Upon landing, the astronauts decided to stay in the capsule, not wanting to open the hatch before the arrival of the recovery ship. The crew spent an uncomfortable half-hour in a spacecraft not designed to be a boat. Due to unexpected smoke from the thrusters, the astronauts decided to deviate from the post landing checklist and to keep their helmets on with the face plates closed for some time after splashdown. USS Intrepid recovered the craft and crew. The Gemini III mission was supported by 10,185 personnel, 126 aircraft and 27 ships from the United States Department of Defense. Insignia Gemini 3 space-flown silver Fliteline Medallion The mission insignia was not worn by the flight crew as a patch, like those from Gemini 5 onwards. The Gemini 3 The Molly Brown emblem was designed and minted on gold-plated, sterling silver, 1-inch (25 mm) medallions. The crew carried a number of these medallions into space to give to their families and friends. The same design was printed on the cover of Grissom's book Gemini!: A Personal Account of Man's Venture Into Space. Young was seen wearing the emblem as a patch, produced post-flight, on his flightsuit as late as 1981. Spacecraft location The spacecraft is on display within the Grissom Memorial of Spring Mill State Park, two miles east of Grissom's hometown of Mitchell, Indiana. See also Spaceflight portal Space exploration Splashdown U.S. space exploration history on U.S. stamps References ^ McDowell, Jonathan. "SATCAT". Jonathan's Space Pages. Retrieved March 23, 2014. ^ a b "Gemini 3 (3)". Kennedy Space Center: Science, Technology, and Engineering. August 25, 2000. Archived from the original on March 4, 2012. Retrieved September 20, 2016. ^ NASA: Gemini 3 ^ "Our Gemini Astronauts Tell Their Own Story". newspapers.com. Miami News. April 2, 1965. Retrieved April 1, 2023. ^ "NASA History: Detailed Biographies of Apollo I Crew - Gus Grissom". NASA. Retrieved January 20, 2009. ^ a b "Gemini III radio transcript on Spacelog". National Astronaut and Space Administration. April 1965. Archived from the original on 2014-10-26. Retrieved 2011-05-01. ^ French, Francis and Burgess, Colin. "In the Shadow of the Moon". University of Nebraska Press, 2007, p. 11. ^ Hacker, Barton; Grimwood, James (1966). On the Shoulders of Titans. Washington D.C.: NASA. p. 236. This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gemini 3. "GEMINI 3 Launch to Staging" on YouTube Gemini III radio transcripts on Spacelog Archived 2011-05-05 at the Wayback Machine On The Shoulders of Titans: A History of Project Gemini Archived 2003-12-07 at the Wayback Machine Spaceflight Mission Patches Astronaut John W. Young tribute website Gemini 3 at A Field Guide To American Spacecraft NASA Gemini 3 Press Kit slideshow by Life magazine vteProject GeminiMissionsUncrewed Gemini 1 2 Crewed Gemini 3 4 5 7 6A 8 9A 10 11 12 Astronauts Gemini 3: Gus Grissom (command pilot), John Young (pilot) Gemini 4: James McDivitt (command pilot), Ed White (pilot) Gemini 5: Gordon Cooper (command pilot), Pete Conrad (pilot) Gemini 7: Frank Borman (command pilot), Jim Lovell (pilot) Gemini 6A: Wally Schirra (command pilot), Tom Stafford (pilot) Gemini 8: Neil Armstrong (command pilot), David Scott (pilot) Gemini 9A: Tom Stafford (command pilot), Gene Cernan (pilot) Gemini 10: John Young (command pilot), Michael Collins (pilot) Gemini 11: Pete Conrad (command pilot), Richard Gordon (pilot) Gemini 12: Jim Lovell (command pilot), Buzz Aldrin (pilot) Components Gemini spacecraft SC-2 Orbit Attitude and Maneuvering System Titan rocket Gemini Guidance Computer Agena target vehicle Gemini space suit Launch sites Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 19 / Launch Complex 14 Developments Advanced Gemini Blue Gemini / Military Orbital Development System Manned Orbiting Laboratory OPS 0855 Big Gemini Related Charles Bassett Elliot See Manned Space Flight Network Rendezvous Docking Simulator 1966 NASA T-38 crash vteNASAPolicy and historyHistory(creation) NACA (1915) National Aeronautics and Space Act (1958) Space Task Group (1958) Paine (1986) Rogers (1986) Ride (1987) Space Exploration Initiative (1989) Augustine (1990) U.S. National Space Policy (1996) CFUSAI (2002) CAIB (2003) Vision for Space Exploration (2004) Aldridge (2004) Augustine (2009) General Space Race Administrator and Deputy Administrator Chief Scientist Astronaut Corps Ranks and positions Chief Budget NASA research spinoff technologies NASA+ NASA TV NASA Social Launch Services Program Mercury Control Center Manned Space Flight Network Kennedy Space Center Vehicle Assembly Building Launch Complex 39 Launch Complex 48 Launch Control Center Operations and Checkout Building Johnson Space Center Mission Control Lunar Sample Laboratory Science Mission Directorate Human spaceflightprogramsPast X-15 (suborbital) Mercury Gemini Apollo Skylab Apollo–Soyuz (with the Soviet space program) Space Shuttle Shuttle–Mir (with Roscosmos State Corporation) Constellation Current International Space Station Commercial Orbital Transportation Services Commercial Crew Orion Artemis Lunar Gateway Robotic programsPast Hitchhiker Mariner Mariner Mark II MESUR Mars Surveyor '98 New Millennium Lunar Orbiter Pioneer Planetary Observer Ranger Surveyor Viking Project Prometheus Mars Exploration Mars Exploration Rover Current Living With a Star Lunar Precursor Robotic Program Earth Observing System Great Observatories program Explorers Voyager Discovery New Frontiers Solar Terrestrial Probes Commercial Lunar Payload Services SIMPLEx Individual featured missions(human and robotic)Past Apollo 11 COBE Mercury 3 Mercury-Atlas 6 Magellan Pioneer 10 Pioneer 11 Galileo timeline GALEX GRAIL WMAP Space Shuttle Spitzer Space Telescope Sojourner rover Spirit rover LADEE MESSENGER Aquarius Cassini Dawn Kepler space telescope Opportunity rover timeline observed RHESSI InSight Ingenuity helicopter flights Currentlyoperating Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter 2001 Mars Odyssey New Horizons International Space Station Hubble Space Telescope Swift THEMIS Mars Exploration Rover Curiosity rover timeline GOES 14 Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter GOES 15 Van Allen Probes Solar Dynamics Observatory Juno Mars Science Laboratory timeline NuSTAR Voyager 1 Voyager 2 WISE MAVEN MMS OSIRIS-REx Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite Mars 2020 Perseverance rover timeline James Webb Space Telescope timeline PACE Future Joint Polar Satellite System NISAR Europa Clipper Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope Communicationsand navigation Near Earth Network Space Network Deep Space Network (Goldstone Madrid Canberra Space Flight Operations Facility) Deep Space Atomic Clock NASA lists Astronauts by name by year Gemini astronauts Apollo astronauts Space Shuttle crews NASA aircraft NASA missions uncrewed missions Apollo missions Space Shuttle missions United States rockets NASA cancellations NASA cameras on spacecraft NASA imagesand artwork Earthrise The Blue Marble Family Portrait Pale Blue Dot Pillars of Creation Mystic Mountain Solar System Family Portrait The Day the Earth Smiled Fallen Astronaut Deep fields Lunar plaques Pioneer plaques Voyager Golden Record Apollo 11 goodwill messages NASA insignia Gemini and Apollo medallions Mission patches Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images Related "We choose to go to the Moon" Apollo 8 Genesis reading Apollo 15 postal covers incident Space Mirror Memorial The Astronaut Monument Lunar sample displays Moon rocks stolen or missing U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame Space program on U.S. stamps Apollo 17 Moon mice Moon tree Other primates in space NASA International Space Apps Challenge Astronauts Day Nikon NASA F4 Category Commons vte← 1964Orbital launches in 19651966 → Kosmos 52 OPS 3928 OPS 7040 OV1-1 TIROS-9 OPS 4703 Kosmos 53 OSO-2 LES-1 DS-P1-Yu No.2 Apollo AS-103 Pegasus 1 Ranger 8 DS-A1 No.6 Kosmos 54 Kosmos 55 Kosmos 56 Kosmos 57 OPS 4782 Kosmos 58 Surveyor SD-1 Kosmos 59 NRL PL142 GGSE-2 GGSE-3 SECOR 3 Solrad 7B Surcal 4 Dodecapole 1 OSCAR 3 OPS 7087 SECOR 2 Kosmos 60 OPS 4920 Kosmos 61 Kosmos 62 Kosmos 63 OPS 7353 Voskhod 2 Ranger 9 Gemini III Kosmos 64 OPS 4803 OPS 4682 SECOR 4 Intelsat I F1 Luna E-6 No.8 Kosmos 65 Molniya 1-01 OPS 4983 OPS 6717 Explorer 27 OPS 5023 LES-2 LCS-1 Kosmos 66 Luna 5 OPS 8431 OPS 8386 Apollo AS-104 Pegasus 2 Kosmos 67 OPS 5236 OV1-3 Explorer 28 Gemini IV Luna 6 OPS 8425 Kosmos 68 Titan 3C-7 OPS 8480 Kosmos 69 OPS 5501 OPS 6749 TIROS-10 Kosmos 70 OPS 5810 Zenit-2 No.28 Kosmos 71 Kosmos 72 Kosmos 73 Kosmos 74 Kosmos 75 Proton 1 OPS 8411 Zond 3 OPS 5543 OPS 6577 OPS 6564 ERS-17 Kosmos 76 Apollo AS-105 Pegasus 3 Kosmos 77 OPS 5698 OPS 6761 SEV SECOR 5 Surveyor SD-2 OPS 8464 Dodecapole 2 Tempsat-1 Long Rod Calsphere 4A Surcal 5 Kosmos 78 OPS 7208 Gemini V (REP) Kosmos 79 OSO-C OPS 3373 Kosmos 80 Kosmos 81 Kosmos 82 Kosmos 83 Kosmos 84 Kosmos 85 OPS 8068 Kosmos 86 Kosmos 87 Kosmos 88 Kosmos 89 Kosmos 90 OPS 7221 Kosmos 91 OPS 7208 Luna 7 OV1-2 OPS 5325 OGO-2 Molniya 1-02 OV2-1 LCS-2 Kosmos 92 Kosmos 93 GATV 5002 Kosmos 94 OPS 2155 Proton 2 Kosmos 95 Explorer 29 OPS 8293 OPS 6232 Venera 2 Venera 3 Solrad 8 Kosmos 96 Kosmos 97 Astérix Kosmos 98 Alouette 2 Explorer 31 Luna 8 Gemini VII FR-1 OPS 7249 Kosmos 99 Gemini VIA Pioneer 6 Kosmos 100 Kosmos 101 OV2-3 LES-3 LES-4 OSCAR 4 OPS 1509 OPS 4639 Kosmos 102 Kosmos 103 DS-K-40 No.1 Payloads are separated by bullets ( · ), launches by pipes ( \| ). Crewed flights are indicated in underline. Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in italics. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in (brackets). Authority control databases SNAC	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wright Eclipse Gemini 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_Eclipse_Gemini_3"},{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"Project Gemini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Gemini"},{"link_name":"Gus Grissom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gus_Grissom"},{"link_name":"John Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Young_(astronaut)"},{"link_name":"low Earth orbits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit"},{"link_name":"Molly Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molly_Brown"},{"link_name":"Cape Kennedy Air Force Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station"},{"link_name":"mission control functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_controller"},{"link_name":"a new control center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_C._Kraft_Jr._Mission_Control_Center"},{"link_name":"Manned Spacecraft Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_Space_Center"}],"text":"This article is about the American space mission in the mid-1960s. For the model of double-decker bus body, see Wright Eclipse Gemini 3.Gemini 3 was the first crewed mission in NASA's Project Gemini and was the first time two American astronauts flew together into space. On March 23, 1965, astronauts Gus Grissom and John Young flew three low Earth orbits in their spacecraft, which they nicknamed Molly Brown. It was the first U.S. mission in which the crew fired thrusters to change the size and shape of their orbit, a key test of spacecraft maneuverability vital for planned flights to the Moon. It was also the final crewed flight controlled from Cape Kennedy Air Force Station in Florida, before mission control functions were moved to a new control center at the newly opened Manned Spacecraft Center in Houston, Texas.","title":"Gemini 3"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Crew"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Backup crew","text":"(This was the prime crew on Gemini 6)","title":"Crew"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Original crew","text":"The crew of Gemini 3 was changed after Shepard was grounded with an inner ear disorder in late 1963.","title":"Crew"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roger B. Chaffee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_B._Chaffee"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ksc-2"},{"link_name":"L. Gordon Cooper Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Gordon_Cooper_Jr."},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ksc-2"}],"sub_title":"Support crew","text":"Roger B. Chaffee (Houston CAPCOM)[2]\nL. Gordon Cooper Jr. (Cape CAPCOM)[2]","title":"Crew"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass"},{"link_name":"Perigee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perigee"},{"link_name":"Apogee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apogee"},{"link_name":"Inclination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inclination"},{"link_name":"Period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_period"}],"text":"Mass: 3,236.9 kg (7,136 lb)\nPerigee: 161.2 kilometers (100.2 mi)\nApogee: 224.2 kilometers (139.3 mi)\nInclination: 32.6 degrees\nPeriod: 88.3 minutes","title":"Mission parameters"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gemini_water_egress_training_-_GPN-2006-000029.jpg"},{"link_name":"Voskhod 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voskhod_1"},{"link_name":"Voskhod 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voskhod_2"},{"link_name":"Mercury-Atlas 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_10"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Young atop a Gemini spacecraft with Grissom in the water at left at the Manned Spacecraft Center during water egress trainingThe mission's primary goal was to test the new, maneuverable Gemini spacecraft. In space, the crew fired thrusters to change the shape of their orbit, shift their orbital plane slightly, and drop to a lower altitude. Other firsts were achieved on Gemini 3: two people flew aboard an American spacecraft (the Soviet Union launched a three-person crew on Voskhod 1 in 1964 and a two-person crew just a few days earlier on Voskhod 2, upstaging the two-person Gemini and three-person Apollo programs), and the first crewed reentry where the spacecraft was able to produce lift to change its touchdown point.The mission also tested a system that had originally been designed for the cancelled Mercury-Atlas 10 mission, in which water was injected into the plasma sheath surrounding the capsule during re-entry. This had the effect of improving communications with the ground.[3]","title":"Objectives"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UTC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time"},{"link_name":"Corpus Christi, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_Christi,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Orbit Attitude and Maneuvering System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbit_Attitude_and_Maneuvering_System"},{"link_name":"delta-V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta-v"}],"text":"On March 23, 1965, at 15:57:00 UTC, at the end of the first orbit, over Corpus Christi, Texas, a 1-minute 14 second burn of the Orbit Attitude and Maneuvering System (OAMS) engines gave a reverse delta-V of 15.5 meters per second (51 ft/s), which changed the orbit from 161.2 by 224.2 kilometers (87.0 by 121.1 nautical miles) (with a period of 88.3 minutes), to an orbit of 158 by 169 kilometers (85 by 91 nmi) (period of 87.8 minutes). This was the first orbital maneuver made by any crewed spacecraft.","title":"First orbital maneuver by crewed spacecraft"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gemini_3.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roger_B._Chaffee_at_a_console_in_the_Mission_Control_Center,_Houston,_during_the_Gemini-Titan_3_flight.jpg"},{"link_name":"Roger B. Chaffee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_B._Chaffee"},{"link_name":"Mercury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Mercury"},{"link_name":"Liberty Bell 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Bell_7"},{"link_name":"splashdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splashdown_(spacecraft_landing)"},{"link_name":"The Unsinkable Molly Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Unsinkable_Molly_Brown_(musical)"},{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"Titanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanic"},{"link_name":"corned beef sandwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corned_beef_sandwich"},{"link_name":"smuggled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_objects_smuggled_into_space"},{"link_name":"Deke Slayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deke_Slayton"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"sea urchin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_urchin"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-transcript-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"orbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbit"},{"link_name":"wind tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_tunnel"},{"link_name":"splashdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splashdown_(spacecraft_landing)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-titans-8"},{"link_name":"parachutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parachute"},{"link_name":"acrylic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poly(methyl_methacrylate)"},{"link_name":"polycarbonate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycarbonate"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HH-52A_USCG_over_Gemini_3_capsule_1965.jpeg"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-transcript-6"},{"link_name":"USS Intrepid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Intrepid_(CV-11)"},{"link_name":"United States Department of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense"}],"text":"Launch of the first crewed Gemini flightAstronaut Roger B. Chaffee is shown at console in the Mission Control Center, Houston, Texas during Gemini 3's flightGus Grissom, hoping to avoid duplication of the experience with his Mercury flight Liberty Bell 7 in which the capsule sank after splashdown, named the Gemini 3 spacecraft Molly Brown, in a playful reference to the Broadway musical The Unsinkable Molly Brown. NASA management did not like this name, and asked him to change it. Grissom replied, \"How about the Titanic?\". The managers relented and allowed Grissom to keep Molly Brown, but this was the last Gemini flight they allowed the astronauts to name.The only major incident during the orbital phase involved a contraband corned beef sandwich that Young had smuggled on board, hiding it in a pocket of his spacesuit (though Director of Flight Crew Operations Deke Slayton wrote in his autobiography that he gave Young permission to do so). Grissom found this to be highly amusing, saying later, \"After the flight our superiors at NASA let us know in no uncertain terms that non-man-rated corned beef sandwiches were out for future space missions. But John's deadpan offer of this strictly non-regulation goodie remains one of the highlights of our flight for me.\"[4]The crewmen each took a few bites before the sandwich was restowed. The crumbs it released could have wreaked havoc with the craft's electronics, so the crewmen were reprimanded when they returned to Earth. Other crews were warned not to pull the same type of stunt.[5]Two small failures occurred in-flight. The first was an experiment testing the synergistic effect of zero gravity on sea urchin eggs. A lever essential to the experiment broke off when pulled. The second involved the photographic coverage objective. It was only partially successful due to an improper lens setting on the 16 mm camera.Early in the flight, the crew noticed the craft gradually yawing left:00 18 41 (Command Pilot) I seem to have a leak. There must be a leak in one of the thrusters, because I get a continuous yaw left.\n00 18 53 (CapCom) Roger. Understand that you get a continuous yaw left.\n00 18 57 (Command Pilot) Very slight. Very slow drift.[6]First attributed to a stuck thruster, the problem was traced to a venting water boiler.[7]The crewmen made their first orbit change an hour and a half into the flight. The burn lasted 75 seconds and moved them from a 122-by-175-kilometer (66-by-94-nautical-mile) orbit to a nearly circular one with a drop in speed of 15 m/s (49 ft/s). The second burn, changing the orbital inclination by 0.02 degrees, was made 45 minutes later. The last burn, during the third orbit, lowered the perigee to 72 km (39 nmi). This was made so, in case the retrorockets had failed, the spacecraft would still have reentered the atmosphere. The experience of reentry initially matched expectations, with even the color and pattern of the plasma sheath that enveloped the capsule matching those produced for ground simulations. However, it soon became clear that Molly Brown was off course and would land 69 km (37 nmi) off target. Though wind tunnel studies had suggested the spacecraft could maneuver to make up for the discrepancy, Gemini's real lift was far less than predicted, and Grissom was unable to significantly adjust course. Molly Brown ultimately landed 84 km (45 nmi) short of its intended splashdown point.[8]This was not the only unexpected event of the short descent: After its parachutes were deployed, the spacecraft shifted from a vertical to horizontal attitude. The change was so sudden that Grissom cracked his faceplate (made of acrylic) on the control panel in front of him. Later Gemini spacesuits and all Apollo and Space Shuttle (both launch-entry and EVA suits) used polycarbonate plastic.A U.S. Coast Guard HH-52A over the Gemini 3 capsule.Upon landing, the astronauts decided to stay in the capsule, not wanting to open the hatch before the arrival of the recovery ship. The crew spent an uncomfortable half-hour in a spacecraft not designed to be a boat. Due to unexpected smoke from the thrusters, the astronauts decided to deviate from the post landing checklist and to keep their helmets on with the face plates closed for some time after splashdown.[6] USS Intrepid recovered the craft and crew. The Gemini III mission was supported by 10,185 personnel, 126 aircraft and 27 ships from the United States Department of Defense.","title":"Flight"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gemini_3_Flown_Silver_Fliteline_Medallion.jpg"},{"link_name":"Fliteline Medallion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_space-flown_Robbins_medallions_of_the_Apollo_missions#Gemini_mission_space-flown_Fliteline_medallions"}],"text":"Gemini 3 space-flown silver Fliteline MedallionThe mission insignia was not worn by the flight crew as a patch, like those from Gemini 5 onwards. The Gemini 3 The Molly Brown emblem was designed and minted on gold-plated, sterling silver, 1-inch (25 mm) medallions. The crew carried a number of these medallions into space to give to their families and friends. The same design was printed on the cover of Grissom's book Gemini!: A Personal Account of Man's Venture Into Space. Young was seen wearing the emblem as a patch, produced post-flight, on his flightsuit as late as 1981.","title":"Insignia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spring Mill State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_Mill_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Mitchell, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitchell,_Indiana"}],"text":"The spacecraft is on display within the Grissom Memorial of Spring Mill State Park, two miles east of Grissom's hometown of Mitchell, Indiana.","title":"Spacecraft location"}]	[{"image_text":"Young atop a Gemini spacecraft with Grissom in the water at left at the Manned Spacecraft Center during water egress training","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Gemini_water_egress_training_-_GPN-2006-000029.jpg/220px-Gemini_water_egress_training_-_GPN-2006-000029.jpg"},{"image_text":"Launch of the first crewed Gemini flight","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Gemini_3.jpg/220px-Gemini_3.jpg"},{"image_text":"Astronaut Roger B. Chaffee is shown at console in the Mission Control Center, Houston, Texas during Gemini 3's flight","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Roger_B._Chaffee_at_a_console_in_the_Mission_Control_Center%2C_Houston%2C_during_the_Gemini-Titan_3_flight.jpg/220px-Roger_B._Chaffee_at_a_console_in_the_Mission_Control_Center%2C_Houston%2C_during_the_Gemini-Titan_3_flight.jpg"},{"image_text":"A U.S. Coast Guard HH-52A over the Gemini 3 capsule.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/HH-52A_USCG_over_Gemini_3_capsule_1965.jpeg/220px-HH-52A_USCG_over_Gemini_3_capsule_1965.jpeg"},{"image_text":"Gemini 3 space-flown silver Fliteline Medallion","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Gemini_3_Flown_Silver_Fliteline_Medallion.jpg/220px-Gemini_3_Flown_Silver_Fliteline_Medallion.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Spaceflight portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight"},{"title":"Space exploration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_exploration"},{"title":"Splashdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splashdown"},{"title":"U.S. space exploration history on U.S. stamps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._space_exploration_history_on_U.S._stamps"}]	[{"reference":"McDowell, Jonathan. \"SATCAT\". Jonathan's Space Pages. Retrieved March 23, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://planet4589.org/space/log/satcat.txt","url_text":"\"SATCAT\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gemini 3 (3)\". Kennedy Space Center: Science, Technology, and Engineering. August 25, 2000. Archived from the original on March 4, 2012. Retrieved September 20, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120304102608/http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/gemini/gemini-3/gemini-3.html","url_text":"\"Gemini 3 (3)\""},{"url":"http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/gemini/gemini-3/gemini-3.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Our Gemini Astronauts Tell Their Own Story\". newspapers.com. Miami News. April 2, 1965. Retrieved April 1, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/301285884/","url_text":"\"Our Gemini Astronauts Tell Their Own Story\""}]},{"reference":"\"NASA History: Detailed Biographies of Apollo I Crew - Gus Grissom\". NASA. Retrieved January 20, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://history.nasa.gov/Apollo204/zorn/grissom.htm","url_text":"\"NASA History: Detailed Biographies of Apollo I Crew - Gus Grissom\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gemini III radio transcript on Spacelog\". National Astronaut and Space Administration. April 1965. Archived from the original on 2014-10-26. Retrieved 2011-05-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141026181226/http://gemini3.spacelog.org/00:00:18:41/00:00:18:57/#log-line-1121","url_text":"\"Gemini III radio transcript on Spacelog\""},{"url":"http://gemini3.spacelog.org/00:00:18:41/00:00:18:57/#log-line-1121","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hacker, Barton; Grimwood, James (1966). On the Shoulders of Titans. Washington D.C.: NASA. p. 236.","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Gemini+3%22","external_links_name":"\"Gemini 3\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Gemini+3%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Gemini+3%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Gemini+3%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Gemini+3%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Gemini+3%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1965-024A","external_links_name":"1965-024A"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gemini_3&params=22_26_N_70_51_W_type:event&title=Gemini+3+splashdown","external_links_name":"22°26′N 70°51′W / 22.433°N 70.850°W / 22.433; -70.850 (Gemini 3 splashdown)"},{"Link":"http://planet4589.org/space/log/satcat.txt","external_links_name":"\"SATCAT\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120304102608/http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/gemini/gemini-3/gemini-3.html","external_links_name":"\"Gemini 3 (3)\""},{"Link":"http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/gemini/gemini-3/gemini-3.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1965-024A","external_links_name":"NASA: Gemini 3"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/301285884/","external_links_name":"\"Our Gemini Astronauts Tell Their Own Story\""},{"Link":"https://history.nasa.gov/Apollo204/zorn/grissom.htm","external_links_name":"\"NASA History: Detailed Biographies of Apollo I Crew - Gus Grissom\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141026181226/http://gemini3.spacelog.org/00:00:18:41/00:00:18:57/#log-line-1121","external_links_name":"\"Gemini III radio transcript on Spacelog\""},{"Link":"http://gemini3.spacelog.org/00:00:18:41/00:00:18:57/#log-line-1121","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.jsc.nasa.gov/policies.html#Guidelines","external_links_name":"public domain material"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m2YLeEjWUIs&list=PLZ4LzWgVGYi0n0VGYv-zBX9Ou3S3kphQb&index=4","external_links_name":"\"GEMINI 3 Launch to Staging\""},{"Link":"http://gemini3.spacelog.org/","external_links_name":"Gemini III radio transcripts on Spacelog"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110505174210/http://gemini3.spacelog.org/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4203/cover.htm","external_links_name":"On The Shoulders of Titans: A History of Project Gemini"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20031207111557/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4203/cover.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.genedorr.com/patches/Intro.html","external_links_name":"Spaceflight Mission Patches"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060501114220/http://www.johnwyoung.com/","external_links_name":"Astronaut John W. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michaela_Morkan	Michaela Morkan	["1 References","2 External links"]	Camogie player Michaela MorkanPersonal informationIrish name Micheáilín Ní MhurcháinSport CamogiePosition CentrefieldBorn 1990 (age 33–34)Offaly, IrelandClub(s)Years Club Apps (scores)2007 – present Shinrone ?Inter-county(ies)Years County Apps (scores)2007 – present Offaly ?Inter-county titlesAll Stars 1 club appearances and scores correct as of (16:31, 30 December 2009 (UTC)).**Inter County team apps and scores correct as of (16:31, 30 December 2009 (UTC)). Michaela Morkan is a camogie player and student. She won a Camogie All Stars award in 2008 having been nominated in 2006, a Soaring Star award in 2009 and won a 2009 All Ireland junior camogie medal. She won All-Ireland 'B' titles with Offaly in Under-16 (2005) and Under-18 (2008), as well as three Senior championships with her club. Attended Borrisokane Community College where she was female sportsperson of the year in 2008. Also Tipperary V.E.C. sportsperson of the year in 2007 and winner of Munster schools titles in the Junior, Intermediate and Senior grades. References ^ Offaly today: Michaela Morkan wins Offaly's first Camogie All Star ^ "All Ireland junior final". Irish Times. Irish Times. 13 September 2009. Retrieved 13 September 2009. ^ All Ireland camogie final programme 2009 External links Official Camogie Website Offaly Camogie website On The Ball Official Camogie Magazine Video Highlights of 2009 All Ireland Junior Final Report of Offaly v Waterford 2009 All Ireland junior final in Irish Times Independent, Examiner and Offaly Express. Video highlights of 2009 championship Part One and part two This Offaly camogie biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"camogie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camogie"},{"link_name":"Camogie All Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camogie_All_Stars"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camogie_All_Stars#2008"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Soaring Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camogie_All_Stars"},{"link_name":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camogie_All_Stars#Soaring_Stars"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Borrisokane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borrisokane"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Michaela Morkan is a camogie player and student. She won a Camogie All Stars award in 2008[1] having been nominated in 2006, a Soaring Star award in 2009 and won a 2009 All Ireland junior camogie medal.[2] She won All-Ireland 'B' titles with Offaly in Under-16 (2005) and Under-18 (2008), as well as three Senior championships with her club. Attended Borrisokane Community College where she was female sportsperson of the year in 2008. Also Tipperary V.E.C. sportsperson of the year in 2007 and winner of Munster schools titles in the Junior, Intermediate and Senior grades.[3]","title":"Michaela Morkan"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"All Ireland junior final\". Irish Times. Irish Times. 13 September 2009. Retrieved 13 September 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/sport/2009/0914/1224254474258.html","url_text":"\"All Ireland junior final\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.offalyexpress.ie/14133/Michaela-Morkan-wins-Offaly39s-first.4675759.jp","external_links_name":"Offaly today: Michaela Morkan wins Offaly's first Camogie All Star"},{"Link":"http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/sport/2009/0914/1224254474258.html","external_links_name":"\"All Ireland junior final\""},{"Link":"http://www.camogie.ie/","external_links_name":"Official Camogie Website"},{"Link":"http://offalycamogie.ie/","external_links_name":"Offaly Camogie website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090618114951/http://www.rte.ie/sport/gaa/championship/camogieroh.html","external_links_name":"On The Ball Official Camogie Magazine"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lvvK-xrGuJw","external_links_name":"Video Highlights of 2009 All Ireland Junior Final"},{"Link":"http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/sport/2009/0914/1224254474258.html","external_links_name":"Irish Times"},{"Link":"http://www.independent.ie/sport/hurling/dermody-stars-as-faithful-put-on-show-1885608.html","external_links_name":"Independent"},{"Link":"http://www.irishexaminer.com/archives/2009/0914/sport/darmody-proves-deadly-as-experienced-offaly-make-amends-100813.html","external_links_name":"Examiner"},{"Link":"http://www.offalyexpress.ie/14133/Offaly-girls-win-All-Ireland.5642709.jp","external_links_name":"Offaly Express"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KFuOUqa-ACg","external_links_name":"Part One"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Y81lhiXrz0","external_links_name":"part two"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michaela_Morkan&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Married_to_the_Game	Married to the Game	["1 Track listing","2 Personnel","3 Charts","4 References","5 External links"]	2003 studio album by Too ShortMarried to the GameStudio album by Too ShortReleasedNovember 4, 2003 (2003-11-04)Recorded2003StudioThe Hit Factory Criteria (Miami, FL)Circle House Studios (Miami, FL)The Enterprise (Burbank, CA)Sound On Sound Recording (New York, NY)Stankonia Recording (Atlanta, GA)Westlake Audio (Los Angeles, CA)GenreDirty rapcrunkgangsta rapLength1:02:23Label$hortJiveProducerAnt BanksDezJazze PhaLil JonToo Short chronology What's My Favorite Word?(2002) Married to the Game(2003) Blow the Whistle(2006) Singles from Married to the Game "Shake That Monkey"Released: July 22, 2003 "Choosin'"Released: 2004 Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicRapReviews8/10 Married to the Game is the fifteenth studio album by American rapper Too Short. It was released on November 4, 2003 through Jive Records, making it his 12th album on the label. Recording sessions took place at The Hit Factory Criteria and Circle House Studios in Miami, The Enterprise in Burbank, Sound On Sound Recording in New York, Stankonia Recording in Atlanta and Westlake Audio in Los Angeles. Production was handled by Dez, Lil Jon, Ant Banks and Jazze Pha, with Too $hort serving as executive producer. It features guest appearances from Cutty Cartel, Devin the Dude, Jagged Edge, Jazze Pha, Lil' Jon & the East Side Boyz, Noreaga, Oobie and Petey Pablo. The album peaked at number 49 on the Billboard 200 and number 7 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums in the United States. Its lead single, "Shake That Monkey", made it to number 84 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 56 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs. The album's second single, "Choosin'", reached number 61 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs. Track listing No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1."Choosin'" (featuring Jagged Edge and Jazze Pha)Todd ShawBrandon CaseyBrian CaseyPhalon AlexanderJazze Pha3:572."What She Gonna Do?"ShawAnthony BanksHoward HewettDana MeyersAnt Banks4:413."That's How It Goes Down" (featuring Oobie)ShawTenaia SandersJonathan SmithLil Jon5:014."You Can't Fuck with Us" (featuring Petey Pablo and N.O.R.E.)ShawMoses Barrett IIIVictor SantiagoJ. SmithLil Jon3:525."Shake That Monkey" (featuring Lil' Jon & the East Side Boyz)ShawJ. SmithLil Jon4:386."Burn Rubber"ShawJ. SmithRobert Arthur FordJames B. MooreRussell W. SimmonsLawrence SmithHarry PalmerLil Jon3:197."Hey, Let's Go" (featuring Devin the Dude and Cutty Cartel)ShawDevin CopelandRicardo LewisJ. SmithLil Jon4:238."Pimpandho.com"ShawDesmond MappDez3:449."Hobo Hoeing"ShawMappDez4:0910."Get It"ShawMappDez3:5611."Married to the Game"ShawMappDez2:3712."California Girls"ShawMappDez3:5213."What's a Pimp?"ShawShanell WoodgettMappDez5:5414."Don't Act Like That"ShawMappDez4:0015."Short Short"ShawJerry PerkinsMappDez4:21Total length:1:02:23 Sample credits Track 2 contains a portion of the composition "This Is for the Lover in You" written by Howard Hewett and Dana Meyers. Track 6 contains samples from "Tough" as performed by Kurtis Blow and "The Champ" as performed by The Mohawks. Personnel Todd "Too $hort" Shaw – vocals, executive producer Jagged Edge – vocals (track 1) Phalon "Jazze Pha" Alexander – vocals & producer (track 1) Keri Hilson – background vocals (track 1) Dionne Denham – background vocals (track 2) Tenaia "Oobie" Sanders – vocals (track 3) Moses "Petey Pablo" Barrett III – vocals (track 4) Victor "Noreaga" Santiago – vocals (track 4) Jonathan "Lil Jon" Smith – vocals (track 5), producer (tracks: 3-7) Devin "The Dude" Copeland – vocals (track 7) Ricardo "Cutty Cartel" Lewis – vocals (track 7) Desmond "Dez Dynamic" Mapp – background vocals (tracks: 9, 12, 15), producer (tracks: 8-15) Val Young – background vocals (tracks: 13, 14) Shanell Woodgett – background vocals (track 13) Jerry Perkins – background vocals (track 15) Craig Love – guitar (tracks: 3, 5, 7) James "LRoc" Phillips – keyboards (tracks: 3, 7) LaMarquis Jefferson – bass (tracks: 3, 5, 7) Rob MacDonald – keyboards (tracks: 4, 5) Nvs Styles – scratches (track 6) Charles Fearing – guitar (tracks: 8, 9, 11-13, 15) Anthony "Ant" Banks – producer (track 2), mixing (tracks: 2, 8-15) Ray Seay – mixing (tracks: 1, 3-7) Chaz Harper – mastering Patrick Hoelck – photography Charts Chart (2003) Peak position US Billboard 200 49 US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard) 7 References ^ Birchmeier, Jason. "Married to the Game - Too $hort \| Album \| AllMusic". AllMusic. Retrieved April 12, 2024. ^ Juon, Steve 'Flash' (November 11, 2003). "Too $hort :: Married to the Game :: Jive/Zomba". www.rapreviews.com. Retrieved April 12, 2024. ^ "Too hort Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard. Retrieved April 12, 2024. ^ "Too hort Chart History (Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved April 12, 2024. External links Too $hort – Married To The Game at Discogs (list of releases) vteToo ShortDiscographyAlbums Don't Stop Rappin' Players Raw, Uncut and X-Rated Born to Mack Life Is... Too Short Short Dog's in the House Shorty the Pimp Get in Where You Fit In Cocktails Gettin' It (Album Number Ten) Can't Stay Away You Nasty Chase the Cat What's My Favorite Word? Married to the Game Blow the Whistle Get off the Stage Still Blowin' No Trespassing The Pimp Tape The Vault EPs Respect the Pimpin' Collaboration albums History: Function Music History: Mob Music Snoop Cube 40 $hort Compilation albums Greatest Hits, Vol. 1: The Player Years, 1983–1988 Nationwide: Independence Day Bible of a Pimp Singles "The Ghetto" "Short But Funky" "I'm a Player" "Money in the Ghetto" "Cocktales" "Gettin' It" "Call Me" "Invasion of the Flat Booty Bitches" "Shake That Monkey" "Blow the Whistle" Featured singles "Rapper's Ball" "Bia' Bia'" "Bossy" "Life of da Party" "Bitch" "On My Level" "First Date" "Girls" "Loyal" "Or Nah" Related articles The Dangerous Crew Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Too Short","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Too_Short"},{"link_name":"Jive Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jive_Records"},{"link_name":"Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami"},{"link_name":"Burbank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burbank,_California"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop_production"},{"link_name":"Lil Jon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil_Jon"},{"link_name":"Ant Banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant_Banks"},{"link_name":"Jazze Pha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazze_Pha"},{"link_name":"guest appearances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guest_appearance"},{"link_name":"Devin the Dude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devin_the_Dude"},{"link_name":"Jagged Edge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagged_Edge_(American_group)"},{"link_name":"Noreaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N.O.R.E."},{"link_name":"Petey Pablo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petey_Pablo"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Albums"},{"link_name":"lead single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_single"},{"link_name":"Shake That Monkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shake_That_Monkey"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Songs"}],"text":"Married to the Game is the fifteenth studio album by American rapper Too Short. It was released on November 4, 2003 through Jive Records, making it his 12th album on the label. Recording sessions took place at The Hit Factory Criteria and Circle House Studios in Miami, The Enterprise in Burbank, Sound On Sound Recording in New York, Stankonia Recording in Atlanta and Westlake Audio in Los Angeles. Production was handled by Dez, Lil Jon, Ant Banks and Jazze Pha, with Too $hort serving as executive producer. It features guest appearances from Cutty Cartel, Devin the Dude, Jagged Edge, Jazze Pha, Lil' Jon & the East Side Boyz, Noreaga, Oobie and Petey Pablo. The album peaked at number 49 on the Billboard 200 and number 7 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums in the United States. Its lead single, \"Shake That Monkey\", made it to number 84 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 56 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs. The album's second single, \"Choosin'\", reached number 61 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs.","title":"Married to the Game"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jagged Edge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagged_Edge_(American_group)"},{"link_name":"Jazze Pha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazze_Pha"},{"link_name":"Todd Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Too_Short"},{"link_name":"Phalon Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazze_Pha"},{"link_name":"Jazze Pha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazze_Pha"},{"link_name":"Anthony Banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant_Banks"},{"link_name":"Howard Hewett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Hewett"},{"link_name":"Ant Banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant_Banks"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil_Jon"},{"link_name":"Lil Jon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil_Jon"},{"link_name":"Petey Pablo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petey_Pablo"},{"link_name":"N.O.R.E.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N.O.R.E."},{"link_name":"Moses Barrett III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petey_Pablo"},{"link_name":"Victor Santiago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N.O.R.E."},{"link_name":"Shake That Monkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shake_That_Monkey"},{"link_name":"Russell W. Simmons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Simmons"},{"link_name":"Lawrence Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Smith_(producer)"},{"link_name":"Devin the Dude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devin_the_Dude"},{"link_name":"Devin Copeland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devin_the_Dude"},{"link_name":"Shanell Woodgett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanell"},{"link_name":"This Is for the Lover in You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Is_for_the_Lover_in_You"},{"link_name":"Howard Hewett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Hewett"},{"link_name":"Kurtis Blow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurtis_Blow"},{"link_name":"The Champ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Champ_(The_Mohawks_song)"}],"text":"No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1.\"Choosin'\" (featuring Jagged Edge and Jazze Pha)Todd ShawBrandon CaseyBrian CaseyPhalon AlexanderJazze Pha3:572.\"What She Gonna Do?\"ShawAnthony BanksHoward HewettDana MeyersAnt Banks4:413.\"That's How It Goes Down\" (featuring Oobie)ShawTenaia SandersJonathan SmithLil Jon5:014.\"You Can't Fuck with Us\" (featuring Petey Pablo and N.O.R.E.)ShawMoses Barrett IIIVictor SantiagoJ. SmithLil Jon3:525.\"Shake That Monkey\" (featuring Lil' Jon & the East Side Boyz)ShawJ. SmithLil Jon4:386.\"Burn Rubber\"ShawJ. SmithRobert Arthur FordJames B. MooreRussell W. SimmonsLawrence SmithHarry PalmerLil Jon3:197.\"Hey, Let's Go\" (featuring Devin the Dude and Cutty Cartel)ShawDevin CopelandRicardo LewisJ. SmithLil Jon4:238.\"Pimpandho.com\"ShawDesmond MappDez3:449.\"Hobo Hoeing\"ShawMappDez4:0910.\"Get It\"ShawMappDez3:5611.\"Married to the Game\"ShawMappDez2:3712.\"California Girls\"ShawMappDez3:5213.\"What's a Pimp?\"ShawShanell WoodgettMappDez5:5414.\"Don't Act Like That\"ShawMappDez4:0015.\"Short Short\"ShawJerry PerkinsMappDez4:21Total length:1:02:23Sample creditsTrack 2 contains a portion of the composition \"This Is for the Lover in You\" written by Howard Hewett and Dana Meyers.\nTrack 6 contains samples from \"Tough\" as performed by Kurtis Blow and \"The Champ\" as performed by The Mohawks.","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Too $hort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Too_$hort"},{"link_name":"Jagged Edge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagged_Edge_(American_group)"},{"link_name":"Jazze Pha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazze_Pha"},{"link_name":"Keri Hilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keri_Hilson"},{"link_name":"Petey Pablo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petey_Pablo"},{"link_name":"Noreaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noreaga"},{"link_name":"Lil Jon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil_Jon"},{"link_name":"The Dude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devin_the_Dude"},{"link_name":"Val Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val_Young"},{"link_name":"Shanell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanell"},{"link_name":"LRoc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LRoc"},{"link_name":"Ant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant_Banks"},{"link_name":"Patrick Hoelck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Hoelck"}],"text":"Todd \"Too $hort\" Shaw – vocals, executive producer\nJagged Edge – vocals (track 1)\nPhalon \"Jazze Pha\" Alexander – vocals & producer (track 1)\nKeri Hilson – background vocals (track 1)\nDionne Denham – background vocals (track 2)\nTenaia \"Oobie\" Sanders – vocals (track 3)\nMoses \"Petey Pablo\" Barrett III – vocals (track 4)\nVictor \"Noreaga\" Santiago – vocals (track 4)\nJonathan \"Lil Jon\" Smith – vocals (track 5), producer (tracks: 3-7)\nDevin \"The Dude\" Copeland – vocals (track 7)\nRicardo \"Cutty Cartel\" Lewis – vocals (track 7)\nDesmond \"Dez Dynamic\" Mapp – background vocals (tracks: 9, 12, 15), producer (tracks: 8-15)\nVal Young – background vocals (tracks: 13, 14)\nShanell Woodgett – background vocals (track 13)\nJerry Perkins – background vocals (track 15)\nCraig Love – guitar (tracks: 3, 5, 7)\nJames \"LRoc\" Phillips – keyboards (tracks: 3, 7)\nLaMarquis Jefferson – bass (tracks: 3, 5, 7)\nRob MacDonald – keyboards (tracks: 4, 5)\nNvs Styles – scratches (track 6)\nCharles Fearing – guitar (tracks: 8, 9, 11-13, 15)\nAnthony \"Ant\" Banks – producer (track 2), mixing (tracks: 2, 8-15)\nRay Seay – mixing (tracks: 1, 3-7)\nChaz Harper – mastering\nPatrick Hoelck – photography","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Birchmeier, Jason. \"Married to the Game - Too $hort \| Album \| AllMusic\". AllMusic. Retrieved April 12, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/married-to-the-game-mw0000318140","url_text":"\"Married to the Game - Too $hort \| Album \| AllMusic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"Juon, Steve 'Flash' (November 11, 2003). \"Too $hort :: Married to the Game :: Jive/Zomba\". www.rapreviews.com. Retrieved April 12, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rapreviews.com/2003/11/too-hort-married-to-the-game/","url_text":"\"Too $hort :: Married to the Game :: Jive/Zomba\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/married-to-the-game-mw0000318140","external_links_name":"\"Married to the Game - Too $hort \| Album \| AllMusic\""},{"Link":"https://www.rapreviews.com/2003/11/too-hort-married-to-the-game/","external_links_name":"\"Too $hort :: Married to the Game :: Jive/Zomba\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Too-hort/chart-history/TLP","external_links_name":"\"Too hort Chart History (Billboard 200)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Too-hort/chart-history/BLP","external_links_name":"\"Too hort Chart History (Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums)\""},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/master/572379","external_links_name":"Too $hort – Married To The Game"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/9c95623a-c7d3-3189-bb66-b54286468bc7","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Talbot	Henry Fox Talbot	["1 Early life","2 Photographic inventions","3 The Calotype","4 Patenting controversy","5 1844 calotype of Thomas Moore and the Talbot household","6 Spectroscopic and optical investigations","7 Other activities","8 Selected works","9 Posthumous recognition","10 Notes","11 Bibliography","12 External links"]	English photography pioneer (1800–1877) Henry Fox TalbotDaguerreotype by Antoine Claudet, c. 1844BornWilliam Henry Fox Talbot(1800-02-11)11 February 1800Melbury, Dorset, EnglandDied17 September 1877(1877-09-17) (aged 77)Lacock, Wiltshire, EnglandOccupation(s)Scientist and inventorKnown forPioneering photographySpouseConstance TalbotChildrenEla (1835–1893)Rosamond (1837–1906) Matilda (1839–1927) Charles (1842–1916)Parent(s)William Davenport Talbot Elisabeth Fox StrangwaysAwardsRoyal Medal (1838)Rumford Medal (1842) William Henry Fox Talbot FRS FRSE FRAS (/ˈtɔːlbət/; 11 February 1800 – 17 September 1877) was an English scientist, inventor, and photography pioneer who invented the salted paper and calotype processes, precursors to photographic processes of the later 19th and 20th centuries. His work in the 1840s on photomechanical reproduction led to the creation of the photoglyphic engraving process, the precursor to photogravure. He was the holder of a controversial patent that affected the early development of commercial photography in Britain. He was also a noted photographer who contributed to the development of photography as an artistic medium. He published The Pencil of Nature (1844–1846), which was illustrated with original salted paper prints from his calotype negatives and made some important early photographs of Oxford, Paris, Reading, and York. A polymath, Talbot was elected to the Royal Society in 1831 for his work on the integral calculus, and researched in optics, chemistry, electricity and other subjects such as etymology, the decipherment of cuneiform, and ancient history. Early life Talbot was born in Melbury House in Dorset and was the only child of William Davenport Talbot, of Lacock Abbey, near Chippenham, Wiltshire, and his wife Lady Elisabeth Fox Strangways, daughter of the 2nd Earl of Ilchester. His governess was Agnes Porter who had also educated his mother. Talbot was educated at Rottingdean, Harrow School and at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he was awarded the Porson Prize in Classics in 1820, and graduated as twelfth wrangler in 1821. From 1822 to 1872, he communicated papers to the Royal Society, many of them on mathematical subjects. At an early period, he began optical research, which later bore fruit in connection with photography. To the Edinburgh Philosophical Journal in 1826 he contributed a paper on "Some Experiments on Coloured Flame"; to the Quarterly Journal of Science in 1827 a paper on "Monochromatic Light"; and to the Philosophical Magazine papers on chemical subjects, including one on "Chemical Changes of Colour". Photographic inventions Latticed window at Lacock Abbey, August 1835. A positive from what may be the oldest existing camera negative. Talbot invented a process for creating reasonably light-fast and permanent photographs that was the first made available to the public; however, his was neither the first such process invented nor the first one publicly announced. Shortly after Louis Daguerre's invention of the daguerreotype was announced in early January 1839, without details, Talbot asserted priority of invention based on experiments he had begun in early 1834. At a Friday Evening Discourse at the Royal Institution on 25 January 1839, Talbot exhibited several paper photographs he had made in 1835. Within a fortnight, he communicated the general nature of his process to the Royal Society, followed by more complete details a few weeks later. Daguerre did not publicly reveal any useful details until mid-August, although by the spring it had become clear that his process and Talbot's were very different. Talbot's early "salted paper" or "photogenic drawing" process, used writing paper bathed in a weak solution of ordinary table salt (sodium chloride), dried, then brushed on one side with a strong solution of silver nitrate, which created a tenacious coating of very light-sensitive silver chloride that darkened where it was exposed to light. Whether used to create shadow image photograms by placing objects on it and setting it out in the sunlight, or to capture the dim images formed by a lens in a camera, it was a "printing out" process, meaning that the exposure had to continue until the desired degree of darkening had been produced. In the case of camera images, that could require an exposure of an hour or two if something more than a silhouette of objects against a bright sky was wanted. Earlier experimenters such as Thomas Wedgwood and Nicéphore Niépce had captured shadows and camera images with silver salts years before, but they could find no way to prevent their photographs from fatally darkening all over when exposed to daylight. Talbot devised several ways of chemically stabilizing his results, making them sufficiently insensitive to further exposure that direct sunlight could be used to print the negative image produced in the camera onto another sheet of salted paper, creating a positive. The Calotype Main article: Calotype Horatia Feilding, half-sister of Talbot, playing the harp, c. 1842 Salted paper print of David Octavius Hill from a calotype by Robert Adamson, c. 1845 Photoglyptic gravure image of plants (c. 1860) The "calotype", or "talbotype", was a "developing out" process, Talbot's improvement of his earlier photogenic drawing process by the use of a different silver salt (silver iodide instead of silver chloride) and a developing agent (gallic acid and silver nitrate) to bring out an invisibly slight "latent" image on the exposed paper. This reduced the required exposure time in the camera to only a minute or two for subjects in bright sunlight. The translucent calotype negative made it possible to produce as many positive prints as desired by simple contact printing, whereas the daguerreotype was an opaque direct positive that could be reproduced only by being copied with a camera. On the other hand, the calotype, despite waxing of the negative to make the image clearer, still was not pin-sharp like the metallic daguerreotype, because the paper fibres blurred the printed image. The simpler salted paper process was normally used when making prints from calotype negatives. Talbot announced his calotype process in 1841, and in August he licensed Henry Collen, the miniature painter, as the first professional calotypist. The most celebrated practitioners of the process were Hill & Adamson. Another notable calotypist was Levett Landon Boscawen Ibbetson. In 1842, Talbot received the Rumford Medal of the Royal Society for his photographic discoveries. In 1852, Talbot discovered that gelatine treated with potassium dichromate, a sensitiser introduced by Mungo Ponton in 1839, is made less soluble by exposure to light. This later provided the basis for the important carbon printing process and related technologies. Dichromated gelatine is still used for some laser holography. Talbot's later photographic work was concentrated on photomechanical reproduction methods. In addition to making the mass reproduction of photographic images more practical and much less expensive, rendering a photograph into ink on paper, known to be permanent on a scale of hundreds if not thousands of years, was clearly one sure way to avoid the problems with fading that had soon become apparent in early types of silver image paper prints. Talbot created the photoglyphic (or "photoglyptic") engraving process, later perfected by others as the photogravure process. Patenting controversy The photographic workshop in Reading, 1846 Daguerre's work on his process had commenced at about the same time as Talbot's earliest work on his salted paper process. In 1839, Daguerre's agent applied for English and Scottish patents only a matter of days before France, having granted Daguerre a pension for it, declared his invention "free to the world." The United Kingdom, along with the British Empire, therefore became the only places where a licence was legally required to make and sell daguerreotypes. This exception is now usually regarded as both an expression of old national animosities, still smouldering just 24 years after Waterloo, and a reaction to Talbot's patent. Talbot never attempted to patent any part of his printed-out silver chloride "photogenic drawing" process and his calotype patent was not registered in Scotland. In February 1841, Talbot obtained an English patent for his developed-out calotype process. At first, he sold individual patent licences for £20 each; later, he lowered the fee for amateur use to £4. Professional photographers, however, had to pay up to £300 annually. In a business climate where many patent holders were attacked for enforcing their rights, and an academic world that viewed the patenting of new discoveries as a hindrance to scientific freedom and further progress, Talbot's behaviour was widely criticised. On the other hand, many scientists supported his patent and they gave expert evidence in later trials. In addition, the calotype method was free for scientific uses, an area that Talbot himself pioneered, such as photomicrography. One reason Talbot later gave for vigorously enforcing his rights was that he had spent, according to his own reckoning, about £5,000 on his various photographic endeavours over the years and wanted to at least recoup his expenses. London Street, Reading, c. 1845, a modern positive from Talbot's original calotype negative In 1844, Talbot helped set up an establishment in Russell Terrace (now Baker Street), Reading, for mass-producing salted paper prints from his calotype negatives. The Reading Establishment, as it was known, also offered services to the public, making prints from others' negatives, copying artwork and documents, and taking portraits at its studio. The enterprise was not a success. In 1851, the year of Daguerre's death, Frederick Scott Archer publicised the wet collodion process, which made it practical to use glass instead of paper as the support for making the camera negative. The lack of detail often criticised in prints made from calotype negatives was overcome, and sharp images, comparable in detail to daguerreotypes, could finally be provided by convenient paper prints. The collodion process soon replaced the calotype in commercial use, and by the end of the decade, the daguerreotype was virtually extinct as well. Asserting a very broad interpretation of his patent rights, Talbot declared that anyone using the collodion process would still need to get a calotype licence. In August 1852, The Times published an open letter by Lord Rosse, the president of the Royal Society, and Charles Lock Eastlake, the president of the Royal Academy, who called on Talbot to relieve the patent pressure that was perceived as stifling the development of photography. Talbot agreed to waive licensing fees for amateurs, but he continued to pursue professional portrait photographers, having filed several lawsuits. In 1854, Talbot applied for an extension of the 14-year patent. At that time, one of his lawsuits, against photographer Martin Laroche, was heard in court. The Talbot v. Laroche case proved to be pivotal. Laroche's side argued that the patent was invalid, as a similar process had been invented earlier by Joseph Reade, and that using the collodion process did not infringe the calotype patent in any case, because of significant differences between the two processes. In the verdict, the jury upheld the calotype patent but agreed that Laroche was not infringing upon it by using the collodion process. Disappointed by the outcome, Talbot chose not to extend his patent. 1844 calotype of Thomas Moore and the Talbot household Moore stands centre in a photograph by William Henry Fox Talbot dated April 1844 Talbot was a friend and neighbour in Wiltshire of the famed Irish poet and writer Thomas Moore. Dated April 1844, Talbot made a calotype of Moore as a visitor standing with members of his own household. The distinctive curls identify Talbot's half sister Henrietta Horatia Fielding standing to his left. Eliza Frayland, the nursemaid at the far left, had come into the family's employ with the birth of Charles Henry Talbot in 1842. Arranged in the front are Matilda Caroline (later Gilchrist-Clark, age 5); Ela Theresa (age 9); Rosamond Constance Talbot (age 7). The woman at the right is possibly Moore's wife Bessy. Moore took an early interest in Talbot's photogenic drawings. Talbot, in turn, took images of Moore's hand-written poetry possibly for inclusion in facsimile in an edition of The Pencil of Nature. Spectroscopic and optical investigations Photomicrograph of insect wings by Talbot using a solar microscope Talbot was one of the earliest researchers into the field of spectral analysis. He showed that the spectrum of each of the chemical elements was unique and that it was possible to identify the chemical elements from their spectra. Such analysis was to become important in examining the light from distant stars, and hence inferring their atomic composition. He also investigated the polarization of light using tourmaline crystals and iceland spar or calcite crystals, and pioneered the design and use of the polarizing microscope, now widely used by geologists for examining thin rock sections to identify minerals within them. Dandelion seeds (1858 or later) Talbot allowed free use of the calotype process for scientific applications, and he himself published the first known photomicrograph of a mineral crystal. Another photomicrograph shows insect wings as seen in the "solar microscope" he and others developed for projecting images onto a large screen of tiny objects using sunlight as a light source. The large projections could then be photographed by exposure to sensitized paper. He studied the diffraction of light using gratings and discovered a new phenomenon, now known as the Talbot effect. Talbot was very keen on applying the calotype method to recording natural phenomena, such as plants for example, as well as buildings and landscapes. The calotype technique was offered free by Talbot for scientific and amateur use. He was aware that the visible spectrum comprised a very small part of what we now know as electromagnetic radiation, and that powerful and invisible light beyond the violet was capable of inducing chemical effects, a type of radiation we now call ultra-violet radiation. Other activities Talbot family grave in Lacock village cemetery Talbot was active in politics, being a moderate Reformer who generally supported the Whig Ministers. He served as member of parliament for Chippenham between 1832 and 1835 when he retired from parliament. He also held the office of High Sheriff of Wiltshire in 1840. While engaged in his scientific researches, Talbot devoted much time to archaeology. He had a 20-year involvement in the field of Assyriology, the study of the history, archaeology and culture of Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq). With Henry Rawlinson and Edward Hincks he shares the honour of having been one of the first decipherers of the cuneiform inscriptions of Nineveh. He published Hermes, or Classical and Antiquarian Researches (1838–39), and Illustrations of the Antiquity of the Book of Genesis (1839). He was also the author of English Etymologies (1846). Talbot, William Henry Fox – Die drei Grazien (Zeno Fotografie) Selected works Hermes, or Classical and Antiquarian Researches (1838–39) Illustrations of the Antiquity of the Book of Genesis (1839) The Pencil of Nature (1844–46) Sun pictures in Scotland (1845) Loch Katrine (c. 1845) Salt print from calotype negative \| 8x9 in. Birmingham Museum of Art English Etymologies (1846) Posthumous recognition In 1966 Talbot was inducted into the International Photography Hall of Fame and Museum. Notes ^ Hugh Murray, Nathaniel Whittock's bird's-eye view of the City of York in the 1850s ^ "Melbury Sampford Parish Records, Dorset". opcdorset.org. Retrieved 10 January 2023. ^ Joanna Martin, 'Porter, (Ann) Agnes (c.1752–1814)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2009 accessed 11 Aug 2017 ^ "Talbot, William Henry Fox (TLBT817WH)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge. ^ a b Chisholm 1911. ^ A contemporary letter by Talbot states that his January 1839 Royal Institution exhibit included "...various pictures, representing the architecture of my house in the country ... made with the Camera Obscura in the summer of 1835." A basis for naming this famous image as the oldest among the surviving camera negatives of similar date is not apparent. ^ Boddington, Jennie & State Library of Victoria (1989). The new art : photographs by William Henry Fox Talbot (1800–1877), La Trobe Collection, State Library of Victoria : Fox Talbot and the invention of photography. State Library of Victoria, ^ Album of Photogenic Drawings (1839-1840) (in Italian : Album di disegni fotogenici) by William Henry Fox Talbot British & (likely) Sebastiano Tassinari (metmuseum.org) ^ "Talbot's Processes - Photographic Processes Series - Chapter 3 of 12". www.youtube.com. Retrieved 23 April 2024. ^ Talbot regarded the two names as interchangeable—see U.S. Patent 5171 ^ BBC – History – Historic Figures: William Henry Fox Talbot (1800–1877) BBC ^ Schaaf, Larry J. (9 December 2016). "The Reading establishment's 'hidden mysteries'". The Talbot Catalogue Raisonné. Retrieved 24 December 2017. ^ "Early photography processes – daguerreotype". Edinphoto.org.uk. Retrieved 1 June 2015. ^ Online label for a diptych view of the Reading Establishment, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Retrieved 5 June 2015. ^ Schaaf, Larry J. (16 September 2016). "Thomas Moore & the Ladies of Lacock". Retrieved 23 March 2021. ^ "Talbot Correspondence Project: MOORE Thomas (poet) to TALBOT William Henry Fox". foxtalbot.dmu.ac.uk. Retrieved 23 March 2021. ^ Volker Thomsen (1 May 2013). "William Henry Fox Talbot and the Foundations of Spectrochemical Analysis". Spectroscopy. Archived from the original on 20 November 2014. Retrieved 20 November 2014. ^ Talbot, H.F. (1826). "Some experiments on coloured flames". The Edinburgh Journal of Science. 5: 77–81. ^ Talbot, H.F. (1834). "Facts relating to optical science. No. 1". Philosophical Magazine. 3rd series. 4 (20): 112–114. ^ Talbot, H.F. (1835). "On the nature of light". Philosophical Magazine. 3rd series. 7: 113–118. ^ John S. Rigden (2003). Hydrogen: The Essential Element. Harvard University Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-674-01252-3. ^ Greenwood, Douglas (1999). "5: Scientists, Doctors, Businessmen, Engineers and Industrialists". Who's buried where in England (Third ed.). London: Constable. pp. 197–199. ISBN 0094793107. ^ "The talented Mr Fox Talbot Part 4 – Assyriology". blogs.bl.uk. ^ "William Henry Fox Talbot". International Photography Hall of Fame. Retrieved 22 July 2022. Bibliography This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Talbot, William Henry Fox". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 368. "Talbot, William Henry Fox" . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900. Andrews, Martin (2014). Fox Talbot and the Reading Establishment. Reading: Two Rivers. ISBN 978-1-901677-98-0. Booth, Arthur H. (1965). William Henry Fox Talbot: father of photography. London: Arthur Barker. Brusius, Mirjam; Dean, Katrina; Ramalingam, Chitra, eds. (2013). William Henry Fox Talbot: beyond photography. New Haven: Yale Center for British Art. ISBN 978-0-300-17934-7. Maimon, Vered (2015). Singular Images, Failed Copies: William Henry Fox Talbot and the Early Photograph. Minneapolis: Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-9471-6. Schaaf, Larry J. (2000). The Photographic Art of William Henry Fox Talbot. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-05000-7. Schaaf, Larry J. (2004). "Talbot, William Henry Fox (1800–1877)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/26946. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) Stenton, Michael, ed. (1976). Who's Who of Members of Parliament: Volume I 1832–1885. Hassocks: Harvester Press. ISBN 0-391-00613-4. Watson, Roger; Rappaport, Helen (2013). Capturing the Light. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-4472-1258-4. External links Media related to Henry Fox Talbot at Wikimedia Commons Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by William Fox Talbot Fox Talbot Museum The correspondence of William Henry Fox Talbot `Talbot' vs. `Fox Talbot' The Calotype Patent Lawsuit of Talbot v. Laroche, 1854, by R. D. Wood Talbot and Photogenic Drawing Talbot materials in the Digital Collections of the Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute, Williamstown, Mass. "William Henry Fox Talbot's Open Door: Picture of the day", The Guardian, 10 December 2012 O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Henry Fox Talbot", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews Works by Henry Fox Talbot at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Henry Fox Talbot at Internet Archive Works by Henry Fox Talbot at Open Library The William Henry Fox Talbot Catalogue Raisonné: online exhibit created by the Bodleian Library Parliament of the United Kingdom Preceded byJoseph Neeld and Henry George Boldero Member of Parliament for Chippenham 1832–1835 With: Joseph Neeld Succeeded byJoseph Neeld and Henry George Boldero vte19th-century English photographers William de Wiveleslie Abney William Makepeace Thackeray Sarah Angelina Acland Anna Atkins William Bambridge Alexander Bassano Richard Beard Robert Jefferson Bingham Graystone Bird Samuel Bourne Sarah Anne Bright Samuel Buckle Julia Margaret Cameron Lewis Carroll Philip Henry Delamotte Elliott & Fry William England Roger Fenton Francis Frith Peter Wickens Fry William Hayes Norman Heathcote John Herschel Alfred Horsley Hinton Frederick Hollyer Alice Hughes Richard Keene William Edward Kilburn Martin Laroche Richard Cockle Lucas Farnham Maxwell-Lyte William Eastman Palmer & Sons William Pumphrey James Robertson Henry Peach Robinson Alfred Seaman Alice Seeley Harris Charles Shepherd Jane Martha St. John Francis Meadow Sutcliffe Constance Fox Talbot Henry Fox Talbot Eveleen Myers Henry Van der Weyde Carl Vandyk Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain France BnF data Germany Italy Israel Belgium United States Sweden Japan Czech Republic Australia Greece Netherlands Poland Vatican Academics Talbot International Plant Names Index CiNii MathSciNet zbMATH Artists Scientific illustrators Museum of Modern Art Musée d'Orsay National Gallery of Canada Victoria Photographers' Identities RKD Artists ULAN People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other SNAC IdRef Te Papa (New Zealand)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FRS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society"},{"link_name":"FRSE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FRSE"},{"link_name":"FRAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Astronomical_Society"},{"link_name":"/ˈtɔːlbət/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"salted paper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_print"},{"link_name":"calotype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calotype"},{"link_name":"photogravure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photogravure"},{"link_name":"The Pencil of Nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pencil_of_Nature"},{"link_name":"negatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_(photography)"},{"link_name":"early photographs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_photographers_of_York"},{"link_name":"Reading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading,_Berkshire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"polymath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymath"},{"link_name":"Royal Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society"},{"link_name":"integral calculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integral_calculus"},{"link_name":"optics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optics"},{"link_name":"chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry"},{"link_name":"etymology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etymology"},{"link_name":"cuneiform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuneiform"},{"link_name":"ancient history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_history"}],"text":"William Henry Fox Talbot FRS FRSE FRAS (/ˈtɔːlbət/; 11 February 1800 – 17 September 1877) was an English scientist, inventor, and photography pioneer who invented the salted paper and calotype processes, precursors to photographic processes of the later 19th and 20th centuries. His work in the 1840s on photomechanical reproduction led to the creation of the photoglyphic engraving process, the precursor to photogravure. He was the holder of a controversial patent that affected the early development of commercial photography in Britain. He was also a noted photographer who contributed to the development of photography as an artistic medium. He published The Pencil of Nature (1844–1846), which was illustrated with original salted paper prints from his calotype negatives and made some important early photographs of Oxford, Paris, Reading, and York.[1]A polymath, Talbot was elected to the Royal Society in 1831 for his work on the integral calculus, and researched in optics, chemistry, electricity and other subjects such as etymology, the decipherment of cuneiform, and ancient history.","title":"Henry Fox Talbot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Melbury House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbury_House"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Lacock Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacock_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Chippenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chippenham"},{"link_name":"2nd Earl of Ilchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Fox-Strangways,_2nd_Earl_of_Ilchester"},{"link_name":"Agnes Porter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_Porter"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Rottingdean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rottingdean"},{"link_name":"Harrow School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrow_School"},{"link_name":"Trinity College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Porson Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porson_Prize"},{"link_name":"wrangler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrangler_(University_of_Cambridge)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh Philosophical Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_Philosophical_Journal"},{"link_name":"Quarterly Journal of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarterly_Journal_of_Science"},{"link_name":"Philosophical Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-5"}],"text":"Talbot was born in Melbury House in Dorset[2] and was the only child of William Davenport Talbot, of Lacock Abbey, near Chippenham, Wiltshire, and his wife Lady Elisabeth Fox Strangways, daughter of the 2nd Earl of Ilchester. His governess was Agnes Porter who had also educated his mother.[3] Talbot was educated at Rottingdean, Harrow School and at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he was awarded the Porson Prize in Classics in 1820, and graduated as twelfth wrangler in 1821.[4] From 1822 to 1872, he communicated papers to the Royal Society, many of them on mathematical subjects. At an early period, he began optical research, which later bore fruit in connection with photography. To the Edinburgh Philosophical Journal in 1826 he contributed a paper on \"Some Experiments on Coloured Flame\"; to the Quarterly Journal of Science in 1827 a paper on \"Monochromatic Light\"; and to the Philosophical Magazine papers on chemical subjects, including one on \"Chemical Changes of Colour\".[5]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Latticed_window_at_lacock_abbey_1835.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lacock Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacock_Abbey"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"the first such process invented","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/View_from_the_Window_at_Le_Gras"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Louis Daguerre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Daguerre"},{"link_name":"daguerreotype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daguerreotype"},{"link_name":"Royal Institution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Institution"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"sodium chloride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_chloride"},{"link_name":"silver nitrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_nitrate"},{"link_name":"silver chloride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_chloride"},{"link_name":"photograms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photogram"},{"link_name":"lens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_(optics)"},{"link_name":"camera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_obscura"},{"link_name":"Thomas Wedgwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Wedgwood_(photographer)"},{"link_name":"Nicéphore Niépce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nic%C3%A9phore_Ni%C3%A9pce"}],"text":"Latticed window at Lacock Abbey, August 1835. A positive from what may be the oldest existing camera negative.[6]Talbot invented a process for creating reasonably light-fast and permanent photographs that was the first made available to the public; however, his was neither the first such process invented nor the first one publicly announced.[7]Shortly after Louis Daguerre's invention of the daguerreotype was announced in early January 1839, without details, Talbot asserted priority of invention based on experiments he had begun in early 1834. At a Friday Evening Discourse at the Royal Institution on 25 January 1839, Talbot exhibited several paper photographs he had made in 1835. Within a fortnight, he communicated the general nature of his process to the Royal Society, followed by more complete details a few weeks later. Daguerre did not publicly reveal any useful details until mid-August, although by the spring it had become clear that his process and Talbot's were very different.Talbot's early \"salted paper\" or \"photogenic drawing\" process[8],[9] used writing paper bathed in a weak solution of ordinary table salt (sodium chloride), dried, then brushed on one side with a strong solution of silver nitrate, which created a tenacious coating of very light-sensitive silver chloride that darkened where it was exposed to light. Whether used to create shadow image photograms by placing objects on it and setting it out in the sunlight, or to capture the dim images formed by a lens in a camera, it was a \"printing out\" process, meaning that the exposure had to continue until the desired degree of darkening had been produced. In the case of camera images, that could require an exposure of an hour or two if something more than a silhouette of objects against a bright sky was wanted. Earlier experimenters such as Thomas Wedgwood and Nicéphore Niépce had captured shadows and camera images with silver salts years before, but they could find no way to prevent their photographs from fatally darkening all over when exposed to daylight. Talbot devised several ways of chemically stabilizing his results, making them sufficiently insensitive to further exposure that direct sunlight could be used to print the negative image produced in the camera onto another sheet of salted paper, creating a positive.","title":"Photographic inventions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Talbot_Harfe.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:David_Octavius_Hill.jpg"},{"link_name":"David Octavius Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Octavius_Hill"},{"link_name":"Robert Adamson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Adamson_(photographer)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Talbot_Gravur.jpg"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"silver iodide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_iodide"},{"link_name":"gallic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallic_acid"},{"link_name":"\"latent\" image","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latent_image"},{"link_name":"translucent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translucent"},{"link_name":"contact printing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact_print"},{"link_name":"daguerreotype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daguerreotype"},{"link_name":"Henry Collen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Collen"},{"link_name":"Hill & Adamson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_%26_Adamson"},{"link_name":"Levett Landon Boscawen Ibbetson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levett_Landon_Boscawen_Ibbetson"},{"link_name":"Rumford Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumford_Medal"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"gelatine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelatine"},{"link_name":"potassium dichromate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_dichromate"},{"link_name":"Mungo Ponton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mungo_Ponton"},{"link_name":"carbon printing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_print"},{"link_name":"holography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holography"}],"text":"Horatia Feilding, half-sister of Talbot, playing the harp, c. 1842Salted paper print of David Octavius Hill from a calotype by Robert Adamson, c. 1845Photoglyptic gravure image of plants (c. 1860)The \"calotype\", or \"talbotype\",[10] was a \"developing out\" process, Talbot's improvement of his earlier photogenic drawing process by the use of a different silver salt (silver iodide instead of silver chloride) and a developing agent (gallic acid and silver nitrate) to bring out an invisibly slight \"latent\" image on the exposed paper. This reduced the required exposure time in the camera to only a minute or two for subjects in bright sunlight. The translucent calotype negative made it possible to produce as many positive prints as desired by simple contact printing, whereas the daguerreotype was an opaque direct positive that could be reproduced only by being copied with a camera. On the other hand, the calotype, despite waxing of the negative to make the image clearer, still was not pin-sharp like the metallic daguerreotype, because the paper fibres blurred the printed image. The simpler salted paper process was normally used when making prints from calotype negatives.Talbot announced his calotype process in 1841, and in August he licensed Henry Collen, the miniature painter, as the first professional calotypist. The most celebrated practitioners of the process were Hill & Adamson. Another notable calotypist was Levett Landon Boscawen Ibbetson.In 1842, Talbot received the Rumford Medal of the Royal Society for his photographic discoveries.[11]In 1852, Talbot discovered that gelatine treated with potassium dichromate, a sensitiser introduced by Mungo Ponton in 1839, is made less soluble by exposure to light. This later provided the basis for the important carbon printing process and related technologies. Dichromated gelatine is still used for some laser holography.Talbot's later photographic work was concentrated on photomechanical reproduction methods. In addition to making the mass reproduction of photographic images more practical and much less expensive, rendering a photograph into ink on paper, known to be permanent on a scale of hundreds if not thousands of years, was clearly one sure way to avoid the problems with fading that had soon become apparent in early types of silver image paper prints. Talbot created the photoglyphic (or \"photoglyptic\") engraving process, later perfected by others as the photogravure process.","title":"The Calotype"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:William_Fox_Talbot_1853.jpg"},{"link_name":"Reading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading,_Berkshire"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Waterloo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo"},{"link_name":"licences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licence"},{"link_name":"photomicrography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photomicrography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:London_Street,_Reading,_c._1845.jpg"},{"link_name":"Reading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading,_Berkshire"},{"link_name":"Reading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading,_Berkshire"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Frederick Scott Archer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Scott_Archer"},{"link_name":"wet collodion process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collodion_process"},{"link_name":"The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"},{"link_name":"Lord Rosse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Parsons,_3rd_Earl_of_Rosse"},{"link_name":"Charles Lock Eastlake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lock_Eastlake"},{"link_name":"Royal Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy"},{"link_name":"Martin Laroche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Laroche"},{"link_name":"Talbot v. Laroche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talbot_v._Laroche"},{"link_name":"Joseph Reade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Bancroft_Reade"}],"text":"The photographic workshop in Reading, 1846[12]Daguerre's work on his process had commenced at about the same time as Talbot's earliest work on his salted paper process. In 1839, Daguerre's agent applied for English and Scottish patents only a matter of days before France, having granted Daguerre a pension for it, declared his invention \"free to the world.\" The United Kingdom, along with the British Empire, therefore became the only places where a licence was legally required to make and sell daguerreotypes.[13] This exception is now usually regarded as both an expression of old national animosities, still smouldering just 24 years after Waterloo, and a reaction to Talbot's patent. Talbot never attempted to patent any part of his printed-out silver chloride \"photogenic drawing\" process and his calotype patent was not registered in Scotland.In February 1841, Talbot obtained an English patent for his developed-out calotype process. At first, he sold individual patent licences for £20 each; later, he lowered the fee for amateur use to £4. Professional photographers, however, had to pay up to £300 annually. In a business climate where many patent holders were attacked for enforcing their rights, and an academic world that viewed the patenting of new discoveries as a hindrance to scientific freedom and further progress, Talbot's behaviour was widely criticised. On the other hand, many scientists supported his patent and they gave expert evidence in later trials. In addition, the calotype method was free for scientific uses, an area that Talbot himself pioneered, such as photomicrography. One reason Talbot later gave for vigorously enforcing his rights was that he had spent, according to his own reckoning, about £5,000 on his various photographic endeavours over the years and wanted to at least recoup his expenses.London Street, Reading, c. 1845, a modern positive from Talbot's original calotype negativeIn 1844, Talbot helped set up an establishment in Russell Terrace (now Baker Street), Reading, for mass-producing salted paper prints from his calotype negatives. The Reading Establishment, as it was known, also offered services to the public, making prints from others' negatives, copying artwork and documents, and taking portraits at its studio.[14] The enterprise was not a success.In 1851, the year of Daguerre's death, Frederick Scott Archer publicised the wet collodion process, which made it practical to use glass instead of paper as the support for making the camera negative. The lack of detail often criticised in prints made from calotype negatives was overcome, and sharp images, comparable in detail to daguerreotypes, could finally be provided by convenient paper prints. The collodion process soon replaced the calotype in commercial use, and by the end of the decade, the daguerreotype was virtually extinct as well.Asserting a very broad interpretation of his patent rights, Talbot declared that anyone using the collodion process would still need to get a calotype licence.In August 1852, The Times published an open letter by Lord Rosse, the president of the Royal Society, and Charles Lock Eastlake, the president of the Royal Academy, who called on Talbot to relieve the patent pressure that was perceived as stifling the development of photography. Talbot agreed to waive licensing fees for amateurs, but he continued to pursue professional portrait photographers, having filed several lawsuits.In 1854, Talbot applied for an extension of the 14-year patent. At that time, one of his lawsuits, against photographer Martin Laroche, was heard in court. The Talbot v. Laroche case proved to be pivotal. Laroche's side argued that the patent was invalid, as a similar process had been invented earlier by Joseph Reade, and that using the collodion process did not infringe the calotype patent in any case, because of significant differences between the two processes. In the verdict, the jury upheld the calotype patent but agreed that Laroche was not infringing upon it by using the collodion process. Disappointed by the outcome, Talbot chose not to extend his patent.","title":"Patenting controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thomas_Moore_1844.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Thomas Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Moore"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-15"},{"link_name":"The Pencil of Nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pencil_of_Nature"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Moore stands centre in a photograph by William Henry Fox Talbot dated April 1844Talbot was a friend and neighbour in Wiltshire of the famed Irish poet and writer Thomas Moore. Dated April 1844, Talbot made a calotype of Moore as a visitor standing with members of his own household.The distinctive curls identify Talbot's half sister Henrietta Horatia Fielding standing to his left. Eliza Frayland, the nursemaid at the far left, had come into the family's employ with the birth of Charles Henry Talbot in 1842. Arranged in the front are Matilda Caroline (later Gilchrist-Clark, age 5); Ela Theresa (age 9); Rosamond Constance Talbot (age 7). The woman at the right is possibly Moore's wife Bessy.[15]Moore took an early interest in Talbot's photogenic drawings. Talbot, in turn, took images of Moore's hand-written poetry possibly for inclusion in facsimile in an edition of The Pencil of Nature.[16]","title":"1844 calotype of Thomas Moore and the Talbot household"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Photomicrograph_of_insect_wings_-_By_William_Henry_Fox_Talbot.jpg"},{"link_name":"Photomicrograph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photomicrograph"},{"link_name":"solar microscope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projector#Solar_microscope"},{"link_name":"spectral analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectroscopy"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"chemical elements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_element"},{"link_name":"spectra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"polarization of light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarization_of_light"},{"link_name":"tourmaline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourmaline"},{"link_name":"iceland spar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland_spar"},{"link_name":"calcite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcite"},{"link_name":"polarizing microscope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarizing_microscope"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:-Dandelion_Seeds-_MET_DP106960.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dandelion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dandelion"},{"link_name":"calotype process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calotype_process"},{"link_name":"diffraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffraction"},{"link_name":"gratings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grating"},{"link_name":"Talbot effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talbot_effect"},{"link_name":"visible spectrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible_spectrum"},{"link_name":"electromagnetic radiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation"},{"link_name":"ultra-violet radiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-violet_radiation"}],"text":"Photomicrograph of insect wings by Talbot using a solar microscopeTalbot was one of the earliest researchers into the field of spectral analysis.[17][18][19][20] He showed that the spectrum of each of the chemical elements was unique and that it was possible to identify the chemical elements from their spectra. Such analysis was to become important in examining the light from distant stars, and hence inferring their atomic composition.[21] He also investigated the polarization of light using tourmaline crystals and iceland spar or calcite crystals, and pioneered the design and use of the polarizing microscope, now widely used by geologists for examining thin rock sections to identify minerals within them.Dandelion seeds (1858 or later)Talbot allowed free use of the calotype process for scientific applications, and he himself published the first known photomicrograph of a mineral crystal. Another photomicrograph shows insect wings as seen in the \"solar microscope\" he and others developed for projecting images onto a large screen of tiny objects using sunlight as a light source. The large projections could then be photographed by exposure to sensitized paper. He studied the diffraction of light using gratings and discovered a new phenomenon, now known as the Talbot effect.Talbot was very keen on applying the calotype method to recording natural phenomena, such as plants for example, as well as buildings and landscapes. The calotype technique was offered free by Talbot for scientific and amateur use. He was aware that the visible spectrum comprised a very small part of what we now know as electromagnetic radiation, and that powerful and invisible light beyond the violet was capable of inducing chemical effects, a type of radiation we now call ultra-violet radiation.","title":"Spectroscopic and optical investigations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fox_Talbot_grave.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lacock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacock"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Whig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)"},{"link_name":"Chippenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chippenham_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"High Sheriff of Wiltshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Wiltshire"},{"link_name":"Assyriology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyriology"},{"link_name":"Mesopotamia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Henry Rawlinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Henry_Rawlinson,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Edward Hincks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Hincks"},{"link_name":"cuneiform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuneiform_(script)"},{"link_name":"Nineveh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineveh"},{"link_name":"Book of Genesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Genesis"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Talbot,_William_Henry_Fox_-_%C2%BBDie_drei_Grazien%C2%AB_(Zeno_Fotografie).jpg"}],"text":"Talbot family grave in Lacock village cemetery[22]Talbot was active in politics, being a moderate Reformer who generally supported the Whig Ministers. He served as member of parliament for Chippenham between 1832 and 1835 when he retired from parliament. He also held the office of High Sheriff of Wiltshire in 1840.While engaged in his scientific researches, Talbot devoted much time to archaeology. He had a 20-year involvement in the field of Assyriology, the study of the history, archaeology and culture of Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq).[23] With Henry Rawlinson and Edward Hincks he shares the honour of having been one of the first decipherers of the cuneiform inscriptions of Nineveh. He published Hermes, or Classical and Antiquarian Researches (1838–39), and Illustrations of the Antiquity of the Book of Genesis (1839). He was also the author of English Etymologies (1846).[5]Talbot, William Henry Fox – Die drei Grazien (Zeno Fotografie)","title":"Other activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Birmingham Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_Museum_of_Art"}],"text":"Hermes, or Classical and Antiquarian Researches (1838–39)\nIllustrations of the Antiquity of the Book of Genesis (1839)\nThe Pencil of Nature (1844–46)\nSun pictures in Scotland (1845)\nLoch Katrine (c. 1845) Salt print from calotype negative \| 8x9 in. Birmingham Museum of Art\nEnglish Etymologies (1846)","title":"Selected works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Photography Hall of Fame and Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Photography_Hall_of_Fame_and_Museum"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"In 1966 Talbot was inducted into the International Photography Hall of Fame and Museum.[24]","title":"Posthumous recognition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Hugh Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Murray_(York_historian)"},{"link_name":"Nathaniel Whittock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Whittock"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Melbury Sampford Parish Records, Dorset\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.opcdorset.org/MelburySampfordFiles/MelburySampford.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"accessed 11 Aug 2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/67676,"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Talbot, William Henry Fox (TLBT817WH)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=TLBT817WH&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_5-1"},{"link_name":"Chisholm 1911","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFChisholm1911"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"A contemporary letter by Talbot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//foxtalbot.dmu.ac.uk/letters/transcriptDate.php?month=1&year=1839&pageNumber=8&pageTotal=11&referringPage=0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Boddington, Jennie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennie_Boddington"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Album di disegni fotogenici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/268303"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"Talbot's Processes - Photographic Processes Series - Chapter 3 of 12\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=v2zXypdzB8A"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"U.S. Patent 5171","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//patents.google.com/patent/US5171"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"BBC – History – Historic Figures: William Henry Fox Talbot (1800–1877)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/fox_talbot_william_henry.shtml"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"\"The Reading establishment's 'hidden mysteries'\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//foxtalbot.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/2016/12/09/hidden-mysteries-connected-with-the-subject/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"\"Early photography processes – daguerreotype\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.edinphoto.org.uk/1_early/1_early_photography_-_processes_-_daguerreotype.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"Online label for a diptych view of the Reading Establishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.metmuseum.org/collection/the-collection-online/search/283065"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_15-0"},{"link_name":"\"Thomas Moore & the Ladies of Lacock\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//talbot.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/2016/09/16/thomas-moore-the-ladies-of-lacock/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"\"Talbot Correspondence Project: MOORE Thomas (poet) to TALBOT William Henry Fox\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//foxtalbot.dmu.ac.uk/letters/transcriptDocnum.php?docnum=5028"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"\"William Henry Fox Talbot and the Foundations of Spectrochemical Analysis\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.spectroscopyonline.com/spectroscopy/Articles/William-Henry-Fox-Talbot-and-the-Foundations-of-Sp/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/807679?contextCategoryId=35802"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20141120211126/http://www.spectroscopyonline.com/spectroscopy/Articles/William-Henry-Fox-Talbot-and-the-Foundations-of-Sp/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/807679?contextCategoryId=35802"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"\"Some experiments on coloured flames\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Mfo7AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA77"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"\"Facts relating to optical science. No. 1\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=mKo0I60JlggC&pg=PA112"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"\"On the nature of light\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3728374;view=1up;seq=127"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"Hydrogen: The Essential Element","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=FhFxn_lUvz0C"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-674-01252-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01252-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0094793107","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0094793107"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"\"The talented Mr Fox Talbot Part 4 – Assyriology\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//blogs.bl.uk/untoldlives/2014/06/the-talented-mr-fox-talbot-part-4-assyriology.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"\"William Henry Fox Talbot\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//iphf.org/inductees/william-henry-fox-talbot/"}],"text":"^ Hugh Murray, Nathaniel Whittock's bird's-eye view of the City of York in the 1850s\n\n^ \"Melbury Sampford Parish Records, Dorset\". opcdorset.org. Retrieved 10 January 2023.\n\n^ Joanna Martin, 'Porter, (Ann) Agnes (c.1752–1814)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2009 accessed 11 Aug 2017\n\n^ \"Talbot, William Henry Fox (TLBT817WH)\". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.\n\n^ a b Chisholm 1911.\n\n^ A contemporary letter by Talbot states that his January 1839 Royal Institution exhibit included \"...various pictures, representing the architecture of my house in the country ... made with the Camera Obscura in the summer of 1835.\" A basis for naming this famous image as the oldest among the surviving camera negatives of similar date is not apparent.\n\n^ Boddington, Jennie & State Library of Victoria (1989). The new art : photographs by William Henry Fox Talbot (1800–1877), La Trobe Collection, State Library of Victoria : Fox Talbot and the invention of photography. State Library of Victoria, [Melbourne, Vic.]\n\n^ Album of Photogenic Drawings (1839-1840) (in Italian : Album di disegni fotogenici) by William Henry Fox Talbot British & (likely) Sebastiano Tassinari (metmuseum.org)\n\n^ \"Talbot's Processes - Photographic Processes Series - Chapter 3 of 12\". www.youtube.com. Retrieved 23 April 2024.\n\n^ Talbot regarded the two names as interchangeable—see U.S. Patent 5171\n\n^ BBC – History – Historic Figures: William Henry Fox Talbot (1800–1877) BBC\n\n^ Schaaf, Larry J. (9 December 2016). \"The Reading establishment's 'hidden mysteries'\". The Talbot Catalogue Raisonné. Retrieved 24 December 2017.\n\n^ \"Early photography processes – daguerreotype\". Edinphoto.org.uk. Retrieved 1 June 2015.\n\n^ Online label for a diptych view of the Reading Establishment, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Retrieved 5 June 2015.\n\n^ Schaaf, Larry J. (16 September 2016). \"Thomas Moore & the Ladies of Lacock\". Retrieved 23 March 2021.\n\n^ \"Talbot Correspondence Project: MOORE Thomas (poet) to TALBOT William Henry Fox\". foxtalbot.dmu.ac.uk. Retrieved 23 March 2021.\n\n^ Volker Thomsen (1 May 2013). \"William Henry Fox Talbot and the Foundations of Spectrochemical Analysis\". Spectroscopy. Archived from the original on 20 November 2014. Retrieved 20 November 2014.\n\n^ Talbot, H.F. (1826). \"Some experiments on coloured flames\". The Edinburgh Journal of Science. 5: 77–81.\n\n^ Talbot, H.F. (1834). \"Facts relating to optical science. No. 1\". Philosophical Magazine. 3rd series. 4 (20): 112–114.\n\n^ Talbot, H.F. (1835). \"On the nature of light\". Philosophical Magazine. 3rd series. 7: 113–118.\n\n^ John S. Rigden (2003). Hydrogen: The Essential Element. Harvard University Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-674-01252-3.\n\n^ Greenwood, Douglas (1999). \"5: Scientists, Doctors, Businessmen, Engineers and Industrialists\". Who's buried where in England (Third ed.). London: Constable. pp. 197–199. ISBN 0094793107.\n\n^ \"The talented Mr Fox Talbot Part 4 – Assyriology\". blogs.bl.uk.\n\n^ \"William Henry Fox Talbot\". International Photography Hall of Fame. Retrieved 22 July 2022.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"Chisholm, Hugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm"},{"link_name":"Talbot, William Henry Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Talbot,_William_Henry_Fox"},{"link_name":"Encyclopædia Britannica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition"},{"link_name":"\"Talbot, William Henry Fox\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Talbot,_William_Henry_Fox"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of National Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-901677-98-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-901677-98-0"},{"link_name":"Brusius, Mirjam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirjam_Brusius"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-300-17934-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-17934-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8166-9471-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-9471-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-691-05000-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-05000-7"},{"link_name":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/26946","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F26946"},{"link_name":"UK public library membership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public"},{"link_name":"Who's Who of Members of Parliament: Volume I 1832–1885","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/whoswhoofbritish0002unse"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-391-00613-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-391-00613-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4472-1258-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4472-1258-4"}],"text":"This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Talbot, William Henry Fox\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 368.\n\"Talbot, William Henry Fox\" . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.\nAndrews, Martin (2014). Fox Talbot and the Reading Establishment. Reading: Two Rivers. ISBN 978-1-901677-98-0.\nBooth, Arthur H. (1965). William Henry Fox Talbot: father of photography. London: Arthur Barker.\nBrusius, Mirjam; Dean, Katrina; Ramalingam, Chitra, eds. (2013). William Henry Fox Talbot: beyond photography. New Haven: Yale Center for British Art. ISBN 978-0-300-17934-7.\nMaimon, Vered (2015). Singular Images, Failed Copies: William Henry Fox Talbot and the Early Photograph. Minneapolis: Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-9471-6.\nSchaaf, Larry J. (2000). The Photographic Art of William Henry Fox Talbot. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-05000-7.\nSchaaf, Larry J. (2004). \"Talbot, William Henry Fox (1800–1877)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/26946. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)\nStenton, Michael, ed. (1976). Who's Who of Members of Parliament: Volume I 1832–1885. Hassocks: Harvester Press. ISBN 0-391-00613-4.\nWatson, Roger; Rappaport, Helen (2013). Capturing the Light. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-4472-1258-4.","title":"Bibliography"}]	[{"image_text":"Latticed window at Lacock Abbey, August 1835. A positive from what may be the oldest existing camera negative.[6]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Latticed_window_at_lacock_abbey_1835.jpg/170px-Latticed_window_at_lacock_abbey_1835.jpg"},{"image_text":"Horatia Feilding, half-sister of Talbot, playing the harp, c. 1842","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Talbot_Harfe.jpg/220px-Talbot_Harfe.jpg"},{"image_text":"Salted paper print of David Octavius Hill from a calotype by Robert Adamson, c. 1845","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/David_Octavius_Hill.jpg/220px-David_Octavius_Hill.jpg"},{"image_text":"Photoglyptic gravure image of plants (c. 1860)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Talbot_Gravur.jpg/220px-Talbot_Gravur.jpg"},{"image_text":"The photographic workshop in Reading, 1846[12]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/55/William_Fox_Talbot_1853.jpg/220px-William_Fox_Talbot_1853.jpg"},{"image_text":"London Street, Reading, c. 1845, a modern positive from Talbot's original calotype negative","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/London_Street%2C_Reading%2C_c._1845.jpg/220px-London_Street%2C_Reading%2C_c._1845.jpg"},{"image_text":"Moore stands centre in a photograph by William Henry Fox Talbot dated April 1844","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b0/Thomas_Moore_1844.jpeg/220px-Thomas_Moore_1844.jpeg"},{"image_text":"Photomicrograph of insect wings by Talbot using a solar microscope","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Photomicrograph_of_insect_wings_-_By_William_Henry_Fox_Talbot.jpg/220px-Photomicrograph_of_insect_wings_-_By_William_Henry_Fox_Talbot.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dandelion seeds (1858 or later)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/-Dandelion_Seeds-_MET_DP106960.jpg/170px--Dandelion_Seeds-_MET_DP106960.jpg"},{"image_text":"Talbot family grave in Lacock village cemetery[22]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Fox_Talbot_grave.jpg/220px-Fox_Talbot_grave.jpg"},{"image_text":"Talbot, William Henry Fox – Die drei Grazien (Zeno Fotografie)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Talbot%2C_William_Henry_Fox_-_%C2%BBDie_drei_Grazien%C2%AB_%28Zeno_Fotografie%29.jpg/220px-Talbot%2C_William_Henry_Fox_-_%C2%BBDie_drei_Grazien%C2%AB_%28Zeno_Fotografie%29.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Melbury Sampford Parish Records, Dorset\". opcdorset.org. Retrieved 10 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.opcdorset.org/MelburySampfordFiles/MelburySampford.htm","url_text":"\"Melbury Sampford Parish Records, Dorset\""}]},{"reference":"\"Talbot, William Henry Fox (TLBT817WH)\". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.","urls":[{"url":"http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=TLBT817WH&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50","url_text":"\"Talbot, William Henry Fox (TLBT817WH)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Talbot's Processes - Photographic Processes Series - Chapter 3 of 12\". www.youtube.com. Retrieved 23 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v2zXypdzB8A","url_text":"\"Talbot's Processes - Photographic Processes Series - Chapter 3 of 12\""}]},{"reference":"Schaaf, Larry J. (9 December 2016). \"The Reading establishment's 'hidden mysteries'\". The Talbot Catalogue Raisonné. Retrieved 24 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://foxtalbot.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/2016/12/09/hidden-mysteries-connected-with-the-subject/","url_text":"\"The Reading establishment's 'hidden mysteries'\""}]},{"reference":"Schaaf, Larry J. (16 September 2016). \"Thomas Moore & the Ladies of Lacock\". Retrieved 23 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://talbot.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/2016/09/16/thomas-moore-the-ladies-of-lacock/","url_text":"\"Thomas Moore & the Ladies of Lacock\""}]},{"reference":"\"Talbot Correspondence Project: MOORE Thomas (poet) to TALBOT William Henry Fox\". foxtalbot.dmu.ac.uk. Retrieved 23 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://foxtalbot.dmu.ac.uk/letters/transcriptDocnum.php?docnum=5028","url_text":"\"Talbot Correspondence Project: MOORE Thomas (poet) to TALBOT William Henry Fox\""}]},{"reference":"Volker Thomsen (1 May 2013). \"William Henry Fox Talbot and the Foundations of Spectrochemical Analysis\". Spectroscopy. Archived from the original on 20 November 2014. Retrieved 20 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.spectroscopyonline.com/spectroscopy/Articles/William-Henry-Fox-Talbot-and-the-Foundations-of-Sp/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/807679?contextCategoryId=35802","url_text":"\"William Henry Fox Talbot and the Foundations of Spectrochemical Analysis\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141120211126/http://www.spectroscopyonline.com/spectroscopy/Articles/William-Henry-Fox-Talbot-and-the-Foundations-of-Sp/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/807679?contextCategoryId=35802","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Talbot, H.F. (1826). \"Some experiments on coloured flames\". The Edinburgh Journal of Science. 5: 77–81.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Mfo7AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA77","url_text":"\"Some experiments on coloured flames\""}]},{"reference":"Talbot, H.F. (1834). \"Facts relating to optical science. No. 1\". Philosophical Magazine. 3rd series. 4 (20): 112–114.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mKo0I60JlggC&pg=PA112","url_text":"\"Facts relating to optical science. No. 1\""}]},{"reference":"Talbot, H.F. (1835). \"On the nature of light\". Philosophical Magazine. 3rd series. 7: 113–118.","urls":[{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3728374;view=1up;seq=127","url_text":"\"On the nature of light\""}]},{"reference":"John S. Rigden (2003). Hydrogen: The Essential Element. Harvard University Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-674-01252-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FhFxn_lUvz0C","url_text":"Hydrogen: The Essential Element"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01252-3","url_text":"978-0-674-01252-3"}]},{"reference":"Greenwood, Douglas (1999). \"5: Scientists, Doctors, Businessmen, Engineers and Industrialists\". Who's buried where in England (Third ed.). London: Constable. pp. 197–199. ISBN 0094793107.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0094793107","url_text":"0094793107"}]},{"reference":"\"The talented Mr Fox Talbot Part 4 – Assyriology\". blogs.bl.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://blogs.bl.uk/untoldlives/2014/06/the-talented-mr-fox-talbot-part-4-assyriology.html","url_text":"\"The talented Mr Fox Talbot Part 4 – Assyriology\""}]},{"reference":"\"William Henry Fox Talbot\". International Photography Hall of Fame. Retrieved 22 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://iphf.org/inductees/william-henry-fox-talbot/","url_text":"\"William Henry Fox Talbot\""}]},{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Talbot, William Henry Fox\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 368.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Talbot,_William_Henry_Fox","url_text":"Talbot, William Henry Fox"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"\"Talbot, William Henry Fox\" . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Talbot,_William_Henry_Fox","url_text":"\"Talbot, William Henry Fox\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of National Biography"}]},{"reference":"Andrews, Martin (2014). Fox Talbot and the Reading Establishment. Reading: Two Rivers. ISBN 978-1-901677-98-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-901677-98-0","url_text":"978-1-901677-98-0"}]},{"reference":"Booth, Arthur H. (1965). William Henry Fox Talbot: father of photography. London: Arthur Barker.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Brusius, Mirjam; Dean, Katrina; Ramalingam, Chitra, eds. (2013). William Henry Fox Talbot: beyond photography. New Haven: Yale Center for British Art. ISBN 978-0-300-17934-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirjam_Brusius","url_text":"Brusius, Mirjam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-17934-7","url_text":"978-0-300-17934-7"}]},{"reference":"Maimon, Vered (2015). Singular Images, Failed Copies: William Henry Fox Talbot and the Early Photograph. Minneapolis: Minnesota Press. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_jelly	Royal jelly	["1 Production","2 Composition","2.1 Proteins","3 Epigenetic effects","4 Use by humans","4.1 Cultivation","4.2 Adverse effects","5 See also","6 Notes","7 References","8 External links"]	Secretion from the glands of nurse bees For other uses, see Royal jelly (disambiguation). Developing queen larvae surrounded by royal jelly Royal jelly is a honey bee secretion that is used in the nutrition of larvae and adult queens. It is secreted from the glands in the hypopharynx of nurse bees, and fed to all larvae in the colony, regardless of sex or caste. Queen larva in a cell on a frame with bees During the process of creating new queens, the workers construct special queen cells. The larvae in these cells are fed with copious amounts of royal jelly. This type of feeding triggers the development of queen morphology, including the fully developed ovaries needed to lay eggs. Royal jelly is sometimes used in alternative medicine under the category apitherapy. It is often sold as a dietary supplement for humans, but the European Food Safety Authority has concluded that current evidence does not support the claim that consuming royal jelly offers health benefits to humans. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration has taken legal action against companies that have marketed royal jelly products using unfounded claims of health benefits. Production Royal jelly is secreted from the glands in the heads of worker bees and is fed to all bee larvae, whether they are destined to become drones (males), workers (sterile females), or queens (fertile females). After three days, the drone and worker larvae are no longer fed with royal jelly, but queen larvae continue to be fed this special substance throughout their development. Composition Royal jelly is 67% water, 12.5% protein, 11% simple sugars (monosaccharides), 6% fatty acids and 3.5% 10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid (10-HDA). It also contains trace minerals, antibacterial and antibiotic components, pantothenic acid (vitamin B5), pyridoxine (vitamin B6) and trace amounts of vitamin C, but none of the fat-soluble vitamins: A, D, E or K. Proteins Main article: Major royal jelly protein Major royal jelly proteins (MRJPs) are a family of proteins secreted by honey bees. The family consists of nine proteins, of which MRJP1 (also called royalactin), MRJP2, MRJP3, MRJP4, and MRJP5 are present in the royal jelly secreted by worker bees. MRJP1 is the most abundant, and largest in size. The five proteins constitute 83–90% of the total proteins in royal jelly. They are synthesised by a family of nine genes (mrjp genes), which are in turn members of the yellow family of genes such as in the fruitfly (Drosophila) and bacteria. They are attributed to be involved in differential development of queen larva and worker larvae, thus establishing division of labour in the bee colony. Epigenetic effects The honey bee queens and workers represent one of the most striking examples of environmentally controlled phenotypic polymorphism. Even if two larvae had identical DNA, one raised to be a worker, the other a queen, the two adults would be strongly differentiated across a wide range of characteristics including anatomical and physiological differences, longevity, and reproductive capacity. Queens constitute the female sexual caste and have large active ovaries, whereas female workers have only rudimentary, inactive ovaries and are functionally sterile. The queen–worker developmental divide is controlled epigenetically by differential feeding with royal jelly; this appears to be due specifically to the protein royalactin. A female larva destined to become a queen is fed large quantities of royal jelly; this triggers a cascade of molecular events resulting in development of a queen. It has been shown that this phenomenon is mediated by an epigenetic modification of DNA known as CpG methylation. Silencing the expression of an enzyme that methylates DNA in newly hatched larvae led to a royal jelly-like effect on the larval developmental trajectory; the majority of individuals with reduced DNA methylation levels emerged as queens with fully developed ovaries. This finding suggests that DNA methylation in honey bees allows the expression of epigenetic information to be differentially altered by nutritional input. Use by humans Cultivation Royal jelly is harvested by stimulating colonies with movable frame hives to produce queen bees. Royal jelly is collected from each individual queen cell (honeycomb) when the queen larvae are about four days old. These are the only cells in which large amounts are deposited. This is because when royal jelly is fed to worker larvae, it is fed directly to them, and they consume it as it is produced, while the cells of queen larvae are "stocked" with royal jelly much faster than the larvae can consume it. Therefore, only in queen cells is the harvest of royal jelly practical. A well-managed hive during a season of 5–6 months can produce approximately 500 g (18 oz) of royal jelly. Since the product is perishable, producers must have immediate access to proper cold storage (e.g., a household refrigerator or freezer) in which the royal jelly is stored until it is sold or conveyed to a collection center. Sometimes honey or beeswax is added to the royal jelly, which is thought to aid its preservation. The Vegetarian Society considers royal jelly to be non-vegan. Adverse effects Royal jelly may cause allergic reactions in humans, ranging from hives or asthma (or both), to even fatal anaphylaxis. The incidence of allergic side effects in people who consume royal jelly is unknown. The risk of having an allergy to royal jelly is higher in people who have other allergies. See also 3-Hydroxydecanoic acid 3,10-Dihydroxydecanoic acid 3,11-Dihydroxydodecanoic acid Apifresh Bee propolis Queen bee acid Notes ^ Jung-Hoffmann, L (1966). "Die Determination von Königin und Arbeiterin der Honigbiene". Z Bienenforsch. 8: 296–322. ^ a b Graham, J. (ed.) (1992) The Hive and the Honey Bee (Revised Edition). Dadant & Sons. ^ a b Maleszka, Ryszard (27 October 2014). "Epigenetic integration of environmental and genomic signals in honey bees: the critical interplay of nutritional, brain and reproductive networks". Epigenetics. 3 (4): 188–192. doi:10.4161/epi.3.4.6697. PMID 18719401. ^ "Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to: anthocyanidins and proanthocyanidins (ID 1787, 1788, 1789, 1790, 1791); sodium alginate and ulva (ID 1873); vitamins, minerals, trace elements and standardised ginseng G115 extract (ID". EFSA Journal. 9 (4): 2083. April 2011. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2083. ^ "Federal Government Seizes Dozens of Misbranded Drug Products: FDA warned company about making medical claims for bee-derived products". Food and Drug Administration. Apr 5, 2010. ^ "Inspections, Compliance, Enforcement, and Criminal Investigations: Beehive Botanicals, Inc". Food and Drug Administration. March 2, 2007. ^ "Value-added products from beekeeping. Chapter 6". ^ a b Buttstedt, Anja; Moritz, Robin F. A.; Erler, Silvio (May 2014). "Origin and function of the major royal jelly proteins of the honeybee (Apis mellifera) as members of the yellow gene family". Biological Reviews. 89 (2): 255–269. doi:10.1111/brv.12052. PMID 23855350. S2CID 29361726. ^ Albert, Stefan; Bhattacharya, Debashish; Klaudiny, Jaroslav; Schmitzová, Jana; Simúth, Jozef (August 1999). "The Family of Major Royal Jelly Proteins and Its Evolution". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 49 (2): 290–297. Bibcode:1999JMolE..49..290A. doi:10.1007/pl00006551. PMID 10441680. S2CID 27316541. ^ Winston, M, The Biology of the Honey Bee, 1987, Harvard University Press ^ Kucharski, R.; Maleszka, J.; Foret, S.; Maleszka, R. (13 March 2008). "Nutritional Control of Reproductive Status in Honeybees via DNA Methylation". Science. 319 (5871): 1827–1830. Bibcode:2008Sci...319.1827K. doi:10.1126/science.1153069. PMID 18339900. S2CID 955740. ^ Kucharski, R.; Maleszka, J.; Foret, S.; Maleszka, R. (2008). "Nutritional Control of Reproductive Status in Honeybees via DNA Methylation". Science. 319 (5871): 1827–1830. Bibcode:2008Sci...319.1827K. doi:10.1126/science.1153069. PMID 18339900. S2CID 955740. ^ "Trademark Criteria". ^ a b Leung, R; Ho, A; Chan, J; Choy, D; Lai, CK (March 1997). "Royal jelly consumption and hypersensitivity in the community". Clin. Exp. Allergy. 27 (3): 333–6. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2222.1997.tb00712.x. PMID 9088660. S2CID 19626487. ^ Takahama H, Shimazu T (2006). "Food-induced anaphylaxis caused by ingestion of royal jelly". J. Dermatol. 33 (6): 424–426. doi:10.1111/j.1346-8138.2006.00100.x. PMID 16700835. S2CID 37561982. ^ Lombardi C, Senna GE, Gatti B, Feligioni M, Riva G, Bonadonna P, Dama AR, Canonica GW, Passalacqua G (1998). "Allergic reactions to honey and royal jelly and their relationship with sensitization to compositae". Allergol. Immunopathol. 26 (6): 288–290. PMID 9934408. ^ Thien FC, Leung R, Baldo BA, Weiner JA, Plomley R, Czarny D (1996). "Asthma and anaphylaxis induced by royal jelly". Clin. Exp. Allergy. 26 (2): 216–222. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2222.1996.tb00082.x. PMID 8835130. S2CID 12422547. ^ Leung R, Thien FC, Baldo B, Czarny D (1995). "Royal jelly-induced asthma and anaphylaxis: clinical characteristics and immunologic correlations". J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 96 (6 Pt 1): 1004–1007. doi:10.1016/S0091-6749(95)70242-3. PMID 8543734. ^ Bullock RJ, Rohan A, Straatmans JA (1994). "Fatal royal jelly-induced asthma". Med. J. Aust. 160 (1): 44. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1994.tb138207.x. PMID 8271989. S2CID 37201999. References Balch, Phyllis A.; Balch, James F. (2000). Prescription for Nutritional Healing, Third Edition. New York: Avery. ISBN 978-1-58333-077-7. Ammon, R.; Zoch, E. (1957). "Zur Biochemie des Futtersaftes der Bienenkoenigin". Arzneimittel-Forschung. 7: 699–702. Blum, M.S.; Novak, A.F.; Taber, S. (1959). "10-Hydroxydecenoic Acid, an antibiotic found in royal jelly". Science. 130 (3373): 452–453. doi:10.1126/science.130.3373.452. PMID 13675771. S2CID 83635354. Bonomi, A (1983). "Acquisizioni in tema di composizione chimica e di attivita' biologica della pappa reale". Apitalia. 10 (15): 7–13. Braines, L.N. (1959). Royal jelly I. Inform. Bull. Inst. Pchelovodstva, 31 pp (with various articles) Braines, L.N. (1960). Royal jelly II. Inform. Bull. Inst. Pchelovodstva, 40 pp. Braines, L.N. (1962). Royal jelly III. Inform. Bull. Inst. Pchelovodstva, 40 Chauvin, R. and Louveaux, 1. (1956) Etdue macroscopique et microscopique de lagelee royale. L'apiculteur. Cho, Y.T. (1977). "Studies on royal jelly and abnormal cholesterol and triglycerides". Amer. Bee. 117: 36–38. De Belfever, B. (1958) La gelee royale des abeilles. Maloine, Paris. Destrem, H. (1956) Experimentation de la gelee royale d'abeille en pratique geriatrique (134 cas). Rev. Franc. Geront, 3. Giordani, G (1961). "". Avicoltura. 30 (6): 114–120. Hattori N, Nomoto H, Fukumitsu H, Mishima S, Furukawa S. Biomed Res. 2007 Oct;28(5):261-6. Hashimoto, M; Kanda, M; Ikeno, K; Hayashi, Y; Nakamura, T; Ogawa, Y; Fukumitsu, H; Nomoto, H; Furukawa, S (Apr 2005). "Oral administration of royal jelly facilitates mRNA expression of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and neurofilament H in the hippocampus of the adult mouse brain". Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 69 (4): 800–5. doi:10.1271/bbb.69.800. PMID 15849420. S2CID 14746946. Inoue, T. (1986). The use and utilization of royal jelly and the evaluation of the medical efficacy of royal jelly in Japan. Proceedings of the XXXth International Congress of Apiculture, Nagoya, 1985, Apimondia, 444-447 Jean, E (1956). "A process of royal jelly absorption for its incorporation into assimilable substances". Fr. Pat. 1 (118): 123. Jacoli, G (1956). "Ricerche sperimentali su alcune proprieta' biologiche della gelatina reale". Apicoltore d'Italia. 23 (9–10): 211–214. Jung-Hoffmann, L (1966). "Die Determination von Königin und Arbeiterin der Honigbiene". Z. Bienenforsch. 8: 296–322. Karaali, A.; Meydanoglu, F.; Eke, D. (1988). "Studies on composition, freeze drying and storage of Turkish royal jelly". J. Apic. Res. 27 (3): 182–185. Bibcode:1988JApiR..27..182K. doi:10.1080/00218839.1988.11100799. Kucharski R, Maleszka, J, Foret, S, Maleszka, R, Nutritional Control of Reproductive Status in Honeybees via DNA Methylation. Science. 2008 Mar 28;319(5871):1827-3 Lercker, G.; Capella, P.; Conte, L.S.; Ruini, F.; Giordani, G. (1982). "Components of royal jelly: II. The lipid fraction, hydrocarbons and sterols". J. Apic. Res. 21 (3): 178–184. Bibcode:1982JApiR..21..178L. doi:10.1080/00218839.1982.11100538. Lercker, G.; Vecchi, M.A.; Sabatini, A.G.; Nanetti, A. (1984). "Controllo chimicoanalitico della gelatina reale". Riv. Merceol. 23 (1): 83–94. Lercker, G.; Savioli, S.; Vecchi, M.A.; Sabatini, A.G.; Nanetti, A.; Piana, L. (1986). "Carbohydrate Determination of Royal Jelly by Gas-liquid chromatography–High Resolution Gas Chromatography (HRGC)". 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Nitrogen components and carboxylic acids of royal jelly. In Chemistry and biology of social insects (edited by Eder, J., Rembold, H.). Munich, German Federal Republic, Verlag J. Papemy (1987): 162–163. Wagner, H.; Dobler, I.; Thiem, I. (1970). "Effect of royal jelly on the peirpheral blood and survival rate of mice after irradiation of the entire body with X-rays". Radiobiologia Radiotherapia. 11 (3): 323–328. Winston, M, The Biology of the Honey Bee, 1987, Harvard University Press External links Media related to Royal jelly at Wikimedia Commons vteDietary supplementsTypes Bodybuilding supplement Energy drink Energy bar Fatty acids Herbal supplements Minerals Prebiotics Probiotics (Lactobacillus Bifidobacterium) Protein supplements Vitamins Vitamins andchemical elements ("minerals") Retinol (Vitamin A) B vitamins Thiamine (B1) Riboflavin (B2) Niacin (B3) Pantothenic acid (B5) Pyridoxine (B6) Biotin (B7) Folic acid (B9) Cyanocobalamin (B12) Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) Ergocalciferol and Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D) Tocopherol (Vitamin E) Naphthoquinone (Vitamin K) Calcium Choline Chromium Cobalt Copper Fluorine Iodine Iron Magnesium Manganese Molybdenum Phosphorus Potassium Selenium Sodium Sulfur Zinc Other common ingredients AAKG β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate Carnitine Chondroitin sulfate Cod liver oil Copper gluconate Creatine Dietary fiber Echinacea Ephedra Fish oil Folic acid Ginseng 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(disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_jelly_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Weiselzellen_68a.jpg"},{"link_name":"honey bee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey_bee"},{"link_name":"larvae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larva"},{"link_name":"queens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_bee"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"glands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gland"},{"link_name":"hypopharynx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect_mouthparts#Hypopharynx"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Graham-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Larvae_in_royal_jelly.jpg"},{"link_name":"morphology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_(biology)"},{"link_name":"ovaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovary"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maleszka,_R_2008-3"},{"link_name":"alternative medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_medicine"},{"link_name":"apitherapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apitherapy"},{"link_name":"dietary supplement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_supplement"},{"link_name":"European Food Safety Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Food_Safety_Authority"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Food and Drug Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"For other uses, see Royal jelly (disambiguation).Developing queen larvae surrounded by royal jellyRoyal jelly is a honey bee secretion that is used in the nutrition of larvae and adult queens.[1] It is secreted from the glands in the hypopharynx of nurse bees, and fed to all larvae in the colony, regardless of sex or caste.[2]Queen larva in a cell on a frame with beesDuring the process of creating new queens, the workers construct special queen cells. The larvae in these cells are fed with copious amounts of royal jelly. This type of feeding triggers the development of queen morphology, including the fully developed ovaries needed to lay eggs.[3]Royal jelly is sometimes used in alternative medicine under the category apitherapy. It is often sold as a dietary supplement for humans, but the European Food Safety Authority has concluded that current evidence does not support the claim that consuming royal jelly offers health benefits to humans.[4] In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration has taken legal action against companies that have marketed royal jelly products using unfounded claims of health benefits.[5][6]","title":"Royal jelly"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Royal jelly is secreted from the glands in the heads of worker bees and is fed to all bee larvae, whether they are destined to become drones (males), workers (sterile females), or queens (fertile females). After three days, the drone and worker larvae are no longer fed with royal jelly, but queen larvae continue to be fed this special substance throughout their development.[citation needed]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"},{"link_name":"sugars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar"},{"link_name":"monosaccharides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monosaccharide"},{"link_name":"fatty acids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acid"},{"link_name":"10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_bee_acid"},{"link_name":"minerals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_mineral"},{"link_name":"pantothenic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantothenic_acid"},{"link_name":"vitamin B6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B6"},{"link_name":"vitamin C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_C"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Graham-2"},{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinol"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_d"},{"link_name":"E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocopherol"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_K"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-urlValue-added_products_from_beekeeping._Chapter_6.-7"}],"text":"Royal jelly is 67% water, 12.5% protein, 11% simple sugars (monosaccharides), 6% fatty acids and 3.5% 10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid (10-HDA). It also contains trace minerals, antibacterial and antibiotic components, pantothenic acid (vitamin B5), pyridoxine (vitamin B6) and trace amounts of vitamin C,[2] but none of the fat-soluble vitamins: A, D, E or K.[7]","title":"Composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"proteins secreted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretory_protein"},{"link_name":"worker bees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worker_bees"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buttstedt2014-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-albert99-9"},{"link_name":"synthesised","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Drosophila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drosophila"},{"link_name":"division of labour in the bee colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_honey_bee#Social_caste"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buttstedt2014-8"}],"sub_title":"Proteins","text":"Major royal jelly proteins (MRJPs) are a family of proteins secreted by honey bees. The family consists of nine proteins, of which MRJP1 (also called royalactin), MRJP2, MRJP3, MRJP4, and MRJP5 are present in the royal jelly secreted by worker bees. MRJP1 is the most abundant, and largest in size. The five proteins constitute 83–90% of the total proteins in royal jelly.[8][9] They are synthesised by a family of nine genes (mrjp genes), which are in turn members of the yellow family of genes such as in the fruitfly (Drosophila) and bacteria. They are attributed to be involved in differential development of queen larva and worker larvae, thus establishing division of labour in the bee colony.[8]","title":"Composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"phenotypic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotype"},{"link_name":"polymorphism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymorphism_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"epigenetically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenetics"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maleszka,_R_2008-3"},{"link_name":"CpG methylation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenetics#DNA_methylation_and_chromatin_remodeling"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"DNA methylation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_methylation"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The honey bee queens and workers represent one of the most striking examples of environmentally controlled phenotypic polymorphism. Even if two larvae had identical DNA, one raised to be a worker, the other a queen, the two adults would be strongly differentiated across a wide range of characteristics including anatomical and physiological differences, longevity, and reproductive capacity.[10] Queens constitute the female sexual caste and have large active ovaries, whereas female workers have only rudimentary, inactive ovaries and are functionally sterile. The queen–worker developmental divide is controlled epigenetically by differential feeding with royal jelly; this appears to be due specifically to the protein royalactin. A female larva destined to become a queen is fed large quantities of royal jelly; this triggers a cascade of molecular events resulting in development of a queen.[3] It has been shown that this phenomenon is mediated by an epigenetic modification of DNA known as CpG methylation.[11] Silencing the expression of an enzyme that methylates DNA in newly hatched larvae led to a royal jelly-like effect on the larval developmental trajectory; the majority of individuals with reduced DNA methylation levels emerged as queens with fully developed ovaries. This finding suggests that DNA methylation in honey bees allows the expression of epigenetic information to be differentially altered by nutritional input.[12]","title":"Epigenetic effects"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Use by humans"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"honeycomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeycomb"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"honey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey"},{"link_name":"beeswax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beeswax"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Vegetarian Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarian_Society"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Cultivation","text":"Royal jelly is harvested by stimulating colonies with movable frame hives to produce queen bees. Royal jelly is collected from each individual queen cell (honeycomb) when the queen larvae are about four days old. These are the only cells in which large amounts are deposited. This is because when royal jelly is fed to worker larvae, it is fed directly to them, and they consume it as it is produced, while the cells of queen larvae are \"stocked\" with royal jelly much faster than the larvae can consume it. Therefore, only in queen cells is the harvest of royal jelly practical.A well-managed hive during a season of 5–6 months can produce approximately 500 g (18 oz) of royal jelly.[citation needed] Since the product is perishable, producers must have immediate access to proper cold storage (e.g., a household refrigerator or freezer) in which the royal jelly is stored until it is sold or conveyed to a collection center. Sometimes honey or beeswax is added to the royal jelly, which is thought to aid its preservation.[citation needed]The Vegetarian Society considers royal jelly to be non-vegan.[13]","title":"Use by humans"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urticaria"},{"link_name":"asthma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthma"},{"link_name":"anaphylaxis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaphylaxis"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-14"}],"sub_title":"Adverse effects","text":"Royal jelly may cause allergic reactions in humans, ranging from hives or asthma (or both), to even fatal anaphylaxis.[14][15][16][17][18][19] The incidence of allergic side effects in people who consume royal jelly is unknown. The risk of having an allergy to royal jelly is higher in people who have other allergies.[14]","title":"Use by humans"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Graham_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Graham_2-1"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Maleszka,_R_2008_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Maleszka,_R_2008_3-1"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.4161/epi.3.4.6697","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.4161%2Fepi.3.4.6697"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"18719401","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18719401"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to: anthocyanidins and proanthocyanidins (ID 1787, 1788, 1789, 1790, 1791); sodium alginate and ulva (ID 1873); vitamins, minerals, trace elements and standardised ginseng G115 extract (ID\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2903%2Fj.efsa.2011.2083"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2083","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2903%2Fj.efsa.2011.2083"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Federal Government Seizes Dozens of Misbranded Drug Products: FDA warned company about making medical claims for bee-derived products\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm207416.htm"},{"link_name":"Food and Drug Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Inspections, Compliance, Enforcement, and Criminal Investigations: Beehive Botanicals, Inc\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.fda.gov/ICECI/EnforcementActions/WarningLetters/2006/ucm076314.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-urlValue-added_products_from_beekeeping._Chapter_6._7-0"},{"link_name":"\"Value-added products from beekeeping. Chapter 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Jung-Hoffmann, L (1966). \"Die Determination von Königin und Arbeiterin der Honigbiene\". Z Bienenforsch. 8: 296–322.\n\n^ a b Graham, J. (ed.) (1992) The Hive and the Honey Bee (Revised Edition). Dadant & Sons.[page needed]\n\n^ a b Maleszka, Ryszard (27 October 2014). \"Epigenetic integration of environmental and genomic signals in honey bees: the critical interplay of nutritional, brain and reproductive networks\". Epigenetics. 3 (4): 188–192. doi:10.4161/epi.3.4.6697. PMID 18719401.\n\n^ \"Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to: anthocyanidins and proanthocyanidins (ID 1787, 1788, 1789, 1790, 1791); sodium alginate and ulva (ID 1873); vitamins, minerals, trace elements and standardised ginseng G115 extract (ID\". EFSA Journal. 9 (4): 2083. April 2011. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2083.\n\n^ \"Federal Government Seizes Dozens of Misbranded Drug Products: FDA warned company about making medical claims for bee-derived products\". Food and Drug Administration. Apr 5, 2010.\n\n^ \"Inspections, Compliance, Enforcement, and Criminal Investigations: Beehive Botanicals, Inc\". Food and Drug Administration. March 2, 2007.\n\n^ \"Value-added products from beekeeping. Chapter 6\".\n\n^ a b Buttstedt, Anja; Moritz, Robin F. A.; Erler, Silvio (May 2014). \"Origin and function of the major royal jelly proteins of the honeybee (Apis mellifera) as members of the yellow gene family\". Biological Reviews. 89 (2): 255–269. doi:10.1111/brv.12052. PMID 23855350. S2CID 29361726.\n\n^ Albert, Stefan; Bhattacharya, Debashish; Klaudiny, Jaroslav; Schmitzová, Jana; Simúth, Jozef (August 1999). \"The Family of Major Royal Jelly Proteins and Its Evolution\". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 49 (2): 290–297. Bibcode:1999JMolE..49..290A. doi:10.1007/pl00006551. PMID 10441680. S2CID 27316541.\n\n^ Winston, M, The Biology of the Honey Bee, 1987, Harvard University Press[page needed]\n\n^ Kucharski, R.; Maleszka, J.; Foret, S.; Maleszka, R. (13 March 2008). \"Nutritional Control of Reproductive Status in Honeybees via DNA Methylation\". Science. 319 (5871): 1827–1830. Bibcode:2008Sci...319.1827K. doi:10.1126/science.1153069. PMID 18339900. S2CID 955740.\n\n^ Kucharski, R.; Maleszka, J.; Foret, S.; Maleszka, R. (2008). \"Nutritional Control of Reproductive Status in Honeybees via DNA Methylation\". Science. 319 (5871): 1827–1830. Bibcode:2008Sci...319.1827K. doi:10.1126/science.1153069. PMID 18339900. S2CID 955740.\n\n^ \"Trademark Criteria\".\n\n^ a b Leung, R; Ho, A; Chan, J; Choy, D; Lai, CK (March 1997). \"Royal jelly consumption and hypersensitivity in the community\". Clin. Exp. Allergy. 27 (3): 333–6. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2222.1997.tb00712.x. PMID 9088660. S2CID 19626487.\n\n^ Takahama H, Shimazu T (2006). \"Food-induced anaphylaxis caused by ingestion of royal jelly\". J. Dermatol. 33 (6): 424–426. doi:10.1111/j.1346-8138.2006.00100.x. PMID 16700835. S2CID 37561982.\n\n^ Lombardi C, Senna GE, Gatti B, Feligioni M, Riva G, Bonadonna P, Dama AR, Canonica GW, Passalacqua G (1998). \"Allergic reactions to honey and royal jelly and their relationship with sensitization to compositae\". Allergol. Immunopathol. 26 (6): 288–290. PMID 9934408.\n\n^ Thien FC, Leung R, Baldo BA, Weiner JA, Plomley R, Czarny D (1996). \"Asthma and anaphylaxis induced by royal jelly\". Clin. Exp. Allergy. 26 (2): 216–222. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2222.1996.tb00082.x. PMID 8835130. S2CID 12422547.\n\n^ Leung R, Thien FC, Baldo B, Czarny D (1995). \"Royal jelly-induced asthma and anaphylaxis: clinical characteristics and immunologic correlations\". J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 96 (6 Pt 1): 1004–1007. doi:10.1016/S0091-6749(95)70242-3. PMID 8543734.\n\n^ Bullock RJ, Rohan A, Straatmans JA (1994). \"Fatal royal jelly-induced asthma\". Med. J. Aust. 160 (1): 44. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1994.tb138207.x. PMID 8271989. S2CID 37201999.","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Developing queen larvae surrounded by royal jelly","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Weiselzellen_68a.jpg/300px-Weiselzellen_68a.jpg"},{"image_text":"Queen larva in a cell on a frame with bees","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Larvae_in_royal_jelly.jpg/220px-Larvae_in_royal_jelly.jpg"}]	[{"title":"3-Hydroxydecanoic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-Hydroxydecanoic_acid"},{"title":"3,10-Dihydroxydecanoic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3,10-Dihydroxydecanoic_acid"},{"title":"3,11-Dihydroxydodecanoic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3,11-Dihydroxydodecanoic_acid"},{"title":"Apifresh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apifresh"},{"title":"Bee propolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bee_propolis"},{"title":"Queen bee acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_bee_acid"}]	[{"reference":"Jung-Hoffmann, L (1966). \"Die Determination von Königin und Arbeiterin der Honigbiene\". 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April 2011. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2083.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2903%2Fj.efsa.2011.2083","url_text":"\"Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to: anthocyanidins and proanthocyanidins (ID 1787, 1788, 1789, 1790, 1791); sodium alginate and ulva (ID 1873); vitamins, minerals, trace elements and standardised ginseng G115 extract (ID\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2903%2Fj.efsa.2011.2083","url_text":"10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2083"}]},{"reference":"\"Federal Government Seizes Dozens of Misbranded Drug Products: FDA warned company about making medical claims for bee-derived products\". Food and Drug Administration. 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PMID 8543734.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0091-6749%2895%2970242-3","url_text":"10.1016/S0091-6749(95)70242-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8543734","url_text":"8543734"}]},{"reference":"Bullock RJ, Rohan A, Straatmans JA (1994). \"Fatal royal jelly-induced asthma\". Med. J. Aust. 160 (1): 44. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1994.tb138207.x. PMID 8271989. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A1ssy_Gyula_German_Language_University_of_Budapest	Andrássy University Budapest	["1 History","2 Studies","3 Building","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	Coordinates: 47°29′30″N 19°03′51″E / 47.4918°N 19.0642°E / 47.4918; 19.0642This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Andrássy University Budapest" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in German. (August 2011) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the German article. 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For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Andrássy University BudapestAndrássy Gyula Budapesti Német Nyelvű EgyetemAndrássy Gyula Deutschsprachige Universität BudapestOther nameAUBTypeUniversityEstablished2001EndowmentPublic Foundation for the German-Language UniversityRectorZoltán Tibor PállingerStudents250LocationBudapest, HungaryCampus1088 Budapest, Pollack Mihály tér 3.Websitewww.andrassyuni.eu Andrássy University Budapest (AUB) (full name: Andrássy Gyula German Speaking University Budapest/Andrássy Gyula Deutschsprachige Universität Budapest) is a private university in Budapest, the capital of Hungary. Andrássy University Budapest was founded in 2001 and is the only completely German-language university outside the German-speaking countries. As a European university in Hungary, it is supported by five partner states (Austria, Baden-Württemberg, Bavaria, Germany, Hungary) and also by Switzerland and the autonomous region of Trentino-South Tyrol. History Gyula Andrássy (portrait by Gyula Benczúr, 1884)The idea to found AUB goes back to the “Ulm Declaration” of 22 February 2001. The prime ministers of Hungary, the Republic of Austria, the State of Baden-Württemberg and the Free State of Bavaria came to an agreement during a summit meeting in Ulm to support a German-language university in Budapest which Hungary had been planning, and to take active part in its implementation. Thus the cornerstone for a multinational community project was laid. The then-planned expansion of the European Union was the tone-setting impulse; a contribution to the integration process of the Central European area into the European Union was made which continues to this day. Founded in the same year by Hungary, the “Public Foundation for the German Language University in Budapest” served as agent. In June 2001, AUB received state recognition by the Hungarian Parliament. Just one year thereafter, the “Andrássy Gyula German-Language University in Budapest” (Andrássy University Budapest – AUB) initiated its teaching programme. With the name “Andrássy Gyula German-Language University in Budapest“, the founders placed the institution and its future role in the historic traditional lineage of Central Europe. Its namesake, Count Gyula Andrássy (1823-1890), was an active participant of the revolution of 1848/49, from 1867 to 1871 Hungarian prime minister and finally, until his resignation in 1879, foreign minister of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. He was an involved proponent of the Austro-Hungarian Compromise, which was bound into the foundation of the Dual Monarchy. He was committed to the promotion of understanding among the nations, and through his extraordinary endeavours for the close cooperation of the Central European states, he is known as one of the most prominent diplomats of the 19th century. AUB was the first university outside of Germany to be accredited according to German rules and criteria. With its quality assurance system certified by the evalag evaluation agency from Baden-Württemberg, the university guarantees the best study and teaching conditions. It was the fifth in Hungary to be accepted into the excellence program of Hungarian colleges, thus earning the title “University of National Excellence”.Main building Studies Master's degree Programmes (German-language): International Relations – European Studies (also as a double master's programme together with the University of Leipzig, the University of Passau and the University of Wuppertal) International Economy and Business (also as a double master's programme together with the University of Bamberg) Management and Leadership (also as a double master's programme together with the Technical University of Dresden) LL.M. Comparative Political Science and Jurisprudence European and International Administration Central European Studies – Diplomacy ("Cultural Diplomacy") Ph.D. Programme: AUB's German-language interdisciplinary Ph.D. programme offers a graduate course in four subjects under the guiding perspective, “The Future of Central Europe in the European Union”: History Political science Jurisprudence Economics Building Spiegelsaal Home of the AUB is the historical Festetics Palota, Budapest built by the Hungarian architect Miklós Ybl for the Hungarian statesman György Festetics and located in the centre of Budapest in the neighbourhood of the Hungarian National Museum. See also Austria–Hungary relations Germany–Hungary relations References ^ "History / AUB". Andrássy Universität Budapest. Retrieved 20 April 2017. ^ "Accredited Quality Assurance System in Studies and Instruction / AUB". Andrássy Universität Budapest. Retrieved 20 April 2017. ^ "University of National Excellence / AUB". Andrássy Universität Budapest. Retrieved 20 April 2017. ^ "Degree Programmes / AUB". Andrássy Universität Budapest. Retrieved 20 April 2017. ^ "Ph.D. Programme / AUB". Andrássy Universität Budapest. Retrieved 20 April 2017. 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Soroksár Events andtraditions Budapest Fashion Week Budapest Fringe Festival Budapest Spring Festival Budapest Opera Ball Café Budapest Contemporary Arts Festival Hungarian Cuisine Hungarian National Ballet LOW Festival Sziget Festival Universities Budapest Business School Budapest University of Technology Corvinus University Eötvös Loránd University Hungarian University of Fine Arts Liszt Ferenc Academy of Music Moholy-Nagy University of Art and Design National University of Public Service Óbuda University Semmelweis University University of Physical Education Academy of Drama and Film Andrássy University Aquincum Institute of Technology Budapest Metropolitan University Budapest University of Jewish Studies Central European University International Business School Károli Gáspár University of Reformed Church Pázmány Péter Catholic University Economy Budapest Stock Exchange Economy of Budapest List of companies based in Budapest Budapest Metropolitan Area Transport Budapest Ferenc Liszt International Airport Budapest Metro Budapest Tram Network Budapest Commuter Railway BuBi Bicycle M0 Ring Road Eastern railway station Western railway station Southern railway station History of Budapest Category vteUniversities in HungaryPublic universitiesBudapest Budapest Business School Budapest University of Technology and Economics Corvinus University of Budapest Eötvös Loránd University Hungarian University of Fine Arts Franz Liszt Academy of Music Moholy-Nagy University of Art and Design National University of Public Service Óbuda University Semmelweis University University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest University of Physical Education University of Theatre and Film Arts Counties Szent István University Széchenyi István University University of Debrecen University of Dunaújváros University of Kaposvár University of Miskolc University of Nyíregyháza University of Pannonia University of Pécs University of Sopron University of Szeged Private universitiesBudapest Andrássy University Budapest Aquincum Institute of Technology Budapest Metropolitan University Budapest University of Jewish Studies Central European University International Business School Károli Gáspár University of the Hungarian Reformed Church Pázmány Péter Catholic University Counties Debrecen Reformed Theological University Eszterházy Károly Catholic University Kodolányi János University Other Hungarian-language universities Babeș-Bolyai University (Romania) Ferenc Rákóczi II. Transcarpathian Hungarian Institute (Ukraine) Sapientia – Hungarian University of Transylvania (Romania) Selye János University (Slovakia) University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Târgu Mureș (Romania) Category Commons List vteDanube Rectors' ConferencePublic Agricultural (Moldova) Agronomic Sciences Bucharest Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine (Cluj-Napoca) Aurel Vlaicu Babeș-Bolyai Banat Agricultural and Veterinary Belgrade Bodenkultur Wien Comenius Craiova Corvinus Czech Technical Czech University of Life Sciences Faculty of Communication and Public Relations David Ogilvy East Sarajevo Eötvös Loránd Free University of Bozen-Bolzano Graz Graz TU Juraj Dobrila (Pula) Krems Linz Leoben Maribor Masaryk Military Academy (Serbia) Mostar Novi Sad Odessa Oradea Osijek Ovidius Pécs Pitești Politehnica Bucharest Primorska Pristina Regensburg Ruse Sarajevo Semmelweis Slovak University of Agriculture Suceava TU Cluj-Napoca TU Moldova Technische Hochschule Ulm Tomas Bata Trieste Trnava Tuzla Ulm Uzhhorod Vienna Timișoara Zadar Zagreb Private Andrássy University Budapest Catholic University of Eichstätt-Ingolstadt Megatrend Nova Gorica Spiru Haret Vasile Goldiș 47°29′30″N 19°03′51″E / 47.4918°N 19.0642°E / 47.4918; 19.0642 Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National France BnF data Germany United States Czech Republic People ISIL HU-100	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"private university","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_university"},{"link_name":"Budapest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"}],"text":"Andrássy University Budapest (AUB) (full name: Andrássy Gyula German Speaking University Budapest/Andrássy Gyula Deutschsprachige Universität Budapest) is a private university in Budapest, the capital of Hungary. Andrássy University Budapest was founded in 2001 and is the only completely German-language university outside the German-speaking countries. As a European university in Hungary, it is supported by five partner states (Austria, Baden-Württemberg, Bavaria, Germany, Hungary) and also by Switzerland and the autonomous region of Trentino-South Tyrol.","title":"Andrássy University Budapest"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Benczur-andrassy_gyula.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gyula Benczúr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyula_Bencz%C3%BAr"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bej%C3%A1rat.tif"}],"text":"Gyula Andrássy (portrait by Gyula Benczúr, 1884)The idea to found AUB goes back to the “Ulm Declaration” of 22 February 2001. The prime ministers of Hungary, the Republic of Austria, the State of Baden-Württemberg and the Free State of Bavaria came to an agreement during a summit meeting in Ulm to support a German-language university in Budapest which Hungary had been planning, and to take active part in its implementation.[citation needed] Thus the cornerstone for a multinational community project was laid. The then-planned expansion of the European Union was the tone-setting impulse; a contribution to the integration process of the Central European area into the European Union was made which continues to this day.[citation needed]Founded in the same year by Hungary, the “Public Foundation for the German Language University in Budapest” served as agent. In June 2001, AUB received state recognition by the Hungarian Parliament. Just one year thereafter, the “Andrássy Gyula German-Language University in Budapest” (Andrássy University Budapest – AUB) initiated its teaching programme.[citation needed]With the name “Andrássy Gyula German-Language University in Budapest“, the founders placed the institution and its future role in the historic traditional lineage of Central Europe. Its namesake, Count Gyula Andrássy (1823-1890), was an active participant of the revolution of 1848/49, from 1867 to 1871 Hungarian prime minister and finally, until his resignation in 1879, foreign minister of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. He was an involved proponent of the Austro-Hungarian Compromise, which was bound into the foundation of the Dual Monarchy. He was committed to the promotion of understanding among the nations, and through his extraordinary endeavours for the close cooperation of the Central European states, he is known as one of the most prominent diplomats of the 19th century.[1]AUB was the first university outside of Germany to be accredited according to German rules and criteria. With its quality assurance system certified by the evalag evaluation agency from Baden-Württemberg, the university guarantees the best study and teaching conditions.[2] It was the fifth in Hungary to be accepted into the excellence program of Hungarian colleges, thus earning the title “University of National Excellence”.[3]Main building","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"University of Leipzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig_University"},{"link_name":"University of Passau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Passau"},{"link_name":"University of Wuppertal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wuppertal"},{"link_name":"University of Bamberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bamberg"},{"link_name":"Technical University of Dresden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_University_of_Dresden"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Master's degree Programmes (German-language):[4]International Relations – European Studies (also as a double master's programme together with the University of Leipzig, the University of Passau and the University of Wuppertal)\nInternational Economy and Business (also as a double master's programme together with the University of Bamberg)\nManagement and Leadership (also as a double master's programme together with the Technical University of Dresden)\nLL.M. Comparative Political Science and Jurisprudence\nEuropean and International Administration\nCentral European Studies – Diplomacy (\"Cultural Diplomacy\")Ph.D. Programme:[5]AUB's German-language interdisciplinary Ph.D. programme offers a graduate course in four subjects under the guiding perspective, “The Future of Central Europe in the European Union”:History\nPolitical science\nJurisprudence\nEconomics","title":"Studies"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Andreas_R%C3%B6dder_(4).jpg"},{"link_name":"Festetics Palota, Budapest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Festetics_Palota,_Budapest&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Miklós Ybl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Ybl"},{"link_name":"György Festetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Festetics"},{"link_name":"Hungarian National Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_National_Museum"}],"text":"SpiegelsaalHome of the AUB is the historical Festetics Palota, Budapest built by the Hungarian architect Miklós Ybl for the Hungarian statesman György Festetics and located in the centre of Budapest in the neighbourhood of the Hungarian National Museum.","title":"Building"}]	[{"image_text":"Gyula Andrássy (portrait by Gyula Benczúr, 1884)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Benczur-andrassy_gyula.jpg/220px-Benczur-andrassy_gyula.jpg"},{"image_text":"Main building","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Bej%C3%A1rat.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Bej%C3%A1rat.tif.jpg"},{"image_text":"Spiegelsaal","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Andreas_R%C3%B6dder_%284%29.jpg/220px-Andreas_R%C3%B6dder_%284%29.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Austria–Hungary relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria%E2%80%93Hungary_relations"},{"title":"Germany–Hungary relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Hungary_relations"}]	[{"reference":"\"History / AUB\". Andrássy Universität Budapest. Retrieved 20 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.andrassyuni.eu/en/university/about-the-university/history.html","url_text":"\"History / AUB\""}]},{"reference":"\"Accredited Quality Assurance System in Studies and Instruction / AUB\". Andrássy Universität Budapest. Retrieved 20 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.andrassyuni.eu/en/university/about-the-university/accredited-quality-assurance-system-in-studies-and-instruction.html","url_text":"\"Accredited Quality Assurance System in Studies and Instruction / AUB\""}]},{"reference":"\"University of National Excellence / AUB\". Andrássy Universität Budapest. Retrieved 20 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.andrassyuni.eu/en/university/about-the-university/university-of-national-excellence.html","url_text":"\"University of National Excellence / AUB\""}]},{"reference":"\"Degree Programmes / AUB\". Andrássy Universität Budapest. Retrieved 20 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.andrassyuni.eu/en/academics/degree-programmes.html","url_text":"\"Degree Programmes / AUB\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ph.D. Programme / AUB\". Andrássy Universität Budapest. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyper-IgM_syndrome_type_3	Hyper-IgM syndrome type 3	["1 Hyper IgM syndromes","2 Signs and symptoms","3 Cause","4 Pathophysiology","5 Diagnosis","6 Treatment","7 References"]	Primary immune deficiency disorder Medical conditionHyper IgM syndrome type 3Immunoglobulin MSpecialtyHematology TypesHyper-IgM syndrome type 1,2,3,4 and 5Diagnostic methodMRI, Chest radiography and genetic testingTreatmentAllogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation Hyper-IgM syndrome type 3 is a form of hyper IgM syndrome characterized by mutations of the CD40 gene. In this type, Immature B cells cannot receive signal 2 from helper T cells which is necessary to mature into mature B cells. Hyper IgM syndromes Hyper IgM syndromes is a group of primary immune deficiency disorders characterized by defective CD40 signaling; via B cells affecting class switch recombination (CSR) and somatic hypermutation. Immunoglobulin (Ig) class switch recombination deficiencies are characterized by elevated serum IgM levels and a considerable deficiency in Immunoglobulins G (IgG), A (IgA) and E (IgE). As a consequence, people with HIGM have an increased susceptibility to infections. Signs and symptoms Hyper IgM syndrome can have the following syndromes: Infection/Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP), which is common in infants with hyper IgM syndrome, is a serious illness. PCP is one of the most frequent and severe opportunistic infections in people with weakened immune systems. Hepatitis (Hepatitis C) Chronic diarrhea Hypothyroidism Neutropenia Arthritis Encephalopathy (degenerative) Cause Class switch recombination Different genetic defects cause HIgM syndrome, the vast majority are inherited as an X-linked recessive genetic trait and most sufferers are male. IgM is the form of antibody that all B cells produce initially before they undergo class switching. Healthy B cells efficiently switch to other types of antibodies as needed to attack invading bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens. In people with hyper IgM syndromes, the B cells keep making IgM antibodies because can not switch to a different antibody. This results in an overproduction of IgM antibodies and an underproduction of IgA, IgG, and IgE. Pathophysiology CD40 is a costimulatory receptor on B cells that, when bound to CD40 ligand (CD40L), sends a signal to the B-cell receptor. When there is a defect in CD40, this leads to defective T-cell interaction with B cells. Consequently, humoral immune response is affected. Patients are more susceptible to infection. Diagnosis The diagnosis of hyper IgM syndrome can be done via the following methods and tests: MRI Chest radiography Pulmonary function test Lymph node test Laboratory test (to measure CD40) Treatment In terms of treatment for hyper IgM syndrome, there is the use of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Additionally, anti-microbial therapy, use of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, immunosuppressants, as well as other treatments, may be needed. References ^ a b "OMIM Entry – # 308230 – IMMUNODEFICIENCY WITH HYPER-IgM, TYPE 1; HIGM1". omim.org. Retrieved 16 November 2016. ^ a b "OMIM Entry – # 605258 – IMMUNODEFICIENCY WITH HYPER-IgM, TYPE 2; HIGM2". omim.org. Retrieved 16 November 2016. ^ a b "OMIM Entry – # 606843 – IMMUNODEFICIENCY WITH HYPER-IgM, TYPE 3; HIGM3". omim.org. Retrieved 16 November 2016. ^ a b "OMIM Entry – # 608106 – IMMUNODEFICIENCY WITH HYPER-IgM, TYPE 5; HIGM5". omim.org. Retrieved 16 November 2016. ^ "OMIM Entry – 608184 – IMMUNODEFICIENCY WITH HYPER-IgM, TYPE 4; HIGM4". omim.org. Retrieved 2 January 2018. ^ a b c d "X-linked Immunodeficiency With Hyper IgM Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes". emedicine.medscape.com. Retrieved 27 November 2016. ^ a b c d e Johnson, Judith; Filipovich, Alexandra H.; Zhang, Kejian (1 January 1993). "X-Linked Hyper IgM Syndrome". GeneReviews. PMID 20301576. Retrieved 12 November 2016.update 2013 ^ "OMIM Entry- # 606843 – IMMUNODEFICIENCY WITH HYPER-IgM, TYPE 3; HIGM3". omim.org. Retrieved 23 February 2018. ^ a b Etzioni, Amos; Ochs, Hans D. (1 October 2004). "The Hyper IgM Syndrome—An Evolving Story". Pediatric Research. 56 (4): 519–525. doi:10.1203/01.PDR.0000139318.65842.4A. ISSN 0031-3998. PMID 15319456. ^ "Hyper-Immunoglobulin M (Hyper-IgM) Syndromes \| NIH: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases". niaid.nih.gov. Retrieved 27 November 2016. ^ Davies, E Graham; Thrasher, Adrian J (27 November 2016). "Update on the hyper immunoglobulin M syndromes". British Journal of Haematology. 149 (2): 167–180. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2010.08077.x. ISSN 0007-1048. PMC 2855828. PMID 20180797. ^ Lougaris V, Badolato R, Ferrari S, Plebani A (2005). "Hyper immunoglobulin M syndrome due to CD40 deficiency: clinical, molecular, and immunological features". Immunol. Rev. 203: 48–66. doi:10.1111/j.0105-2896.2005.00229.x. PMID 15661021. S2CID 6678540.subscription needed ^ Reference, Genetics Home. "X-linked hyper IgM syndrome". Genetics Home Reference. Retrieved 27 November 2016. ^ Reference, Genetics Home. "CD40 gene". Genetics Home Reference. Retrieved 27 November 2016. ClassificationDICD-10: D80.5OMIM: 608106External resourcesOrphanet: 101092 vteLymphoid and complement disorders causing immunodeficiencyPrimaryAntibody/humoral(B)Hypogammaglobulinemia X-linked agammaglobulinemia Transient hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy Dysgammaglobulinemia IgA deficiency IgG deficiency IgM deficiency Hyper IgM syndrome (1 2 3 4 5) Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome Hyper-IgE syndrome Other Common variable immunodeficiency ICF syndrome T cell deficiency(T) thymic hypoplasia: hypoparathyroid (Di George's syndrome) euparathyroid (Nezelof syndrome Ataxia–telangiectasia) peripheral: Purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency Hyper IgM syndrome (1) Severe combined(B+T) x-linked: X-SCIDautosomal: Adenosine deaminase deficiency Omenn syndrome ZAP70 deficiency Bare lymphocyte syndrome Acquired HIV/AIDS Leukopenia:Lymphocytopenia Idiopathic CD4+ lymphocytopenia Complementdeficiency C1-inhibitor (Angioedema/Hereditary angioedema) Complement 2 deficiency/Complement 4 deficiency MBL deficiency Properdin deficiency Complement 3 deficiency Terminal complement pathway deficiency Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria Complement receptor deficiency	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hyper IgM syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyper_IgM_syndrome"},{"link_name":"CD40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD40"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Medical conditionHyper-IgM syndrome type 3 is a form of hyper IgM syndrome characterized by mutations of the CD40 gene.[8] In this type, Immature B cells cannot receive signal 2 from helper T cells which is necessary to mature into mature B cells.","title":"Hyper-IgM syndrome type 3"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"primary immune deficiency disorders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_immunodeficiency"},{"link_name":"CD40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD40"},{"link_name":"B cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_cell"},{"link_name":"class switch recombination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin_class_switching"},{"link_name":"somatic hypermutation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatic_hypermutation"},{"link_name":"Immunoglobulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin"},{"link_name":"Immunoglobulins G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin_G"},{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin_A"},{"link_name":"E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin_E"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nat-9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gen-7"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Hyper IgM syndromes is a group of primary immune deficiency disorders characterized by defective CD40 signaling; via B cells affecting class switch recombination (CSR) and somatic hypermutation. Immunoglobulin (Ig) class switch recombination deficiencies are characterized by elevated serum IgM levels and a considerable deficiency in Immunoglobulins G (IgG), A (IgA) and E (IgE). As a consequence, people with HIGM have an increased susceptibility to infections.[9][7][10]","title":"Hyper IgM syndromes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-emed-6"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Infection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infection"},{"link_name":"Pneumocystis pneumonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumocystis_pneumonia"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nat-9"},{"link_name":"Hepatitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis"},{"link_name":"diarrhea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarrhea"},{"link_name":"Hypothyroidism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothyroidism"},{"link_name":"Neutropenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutropenia"},{"link_name":"Arthritis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthritis"},{"link_name":"Encephalopathy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encephalopathy"}],"text":"Hyper IgM syndrome can have the following syndromes:[6][11]Infection/Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP), which is common in infants with hyper IgM syndrome, is a serious illness.[9] PCP is one of the most frequent and severe opportunistic infections in people with weakened immune systems.\nHepatitis (Hepatitis C)\nChronic diarrhea\nHypothyroidism\nNeutropenia\nArthritis\nEncephalopathy (degenerative)","title":"Signs and symptoms"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Class_switch_recombination.png"},{"link_name":"X-linked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-linked"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gen-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-om1-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-om2-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-om3-3"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-om5-4"},{"link_name":"antibody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody"},{"link_name":"class switching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody#Class_switching"},{"link_name":"B cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_cells"},{"link_name":"IgA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IgA"},{"link_name":"IgG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin_G"},{"link_name":"IgE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IgE"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gen-7"}],"text":"Class switch recombinationDifferent genetic defects cause HIgM syndrome, the vast majority are inherited as an X-linked recessive genetic trait and most sufferers are male.[7][1][2][3][12][4]IgM is the form of antibody that all B cells produce initially before they undergo class switching. Healthy B cells efficiently switch to other types of antibodies as needed to attack invading bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens. In people with hyper IgM syndromes, the B cells keep making IgM antibodies because can not switch to a different antibody. This results in an overproduction of IgM antibodies and an underproduction of IgA, IgG, and IgE.[13][7]","title":"Cause"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"costimulatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-stimulation"},{"link_name":"CD40L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD40L"},{"link_name":"B-cell receptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-cell_receptor"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"humoral immune response","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humoral_immune_response"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-emed-6"}],"text":"CD40 is a costimulatory receptor on B cells that, when bound to CD40 ligand (CD40L), sends a signal to the B-cell receptor.[14] When there is a defect in CD40, this leads to defective T-cell interaction with B cells. Consequently, humoral immune response is affected. Patients are more susceptible to infection.[6]","title":"Pathophysiology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-emed-6"},{"link_name":"MRI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRI"},{"link_name":"radiography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiography"},{"link_name":"Pulmonary function test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_function_test"},{"link_name":"Lymph node","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymph_node"}],"text":"The diagnosis of hyper IgM syndrome can be done via the following methods and tests:[6]MRI\nChest radiography\nPulmonary function test\nLymph node test\nLaboratory test (to measure CD40)","title":"Diagnosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"allogeneic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allogeneic"},{"link_name":"hematopoietic cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematopoietic_cell"},{"link_name":"granulocyte colony-stimulating factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granulocyte_colony-stimulating_factor"},{"link_name":"immunosuppressants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunosuppressants"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gen-7"}],"text":"In terms of treatment for hyper IgM syndrome, there is the use of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Additionally, anti-microbial therapy, use of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, immunosuppressants, as well as other treatments, may be needed.[7]","title":"Treatment"}]	[{"image_text":"Class switch recombination","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Class_switch_recombination.png/150px-Class_switch_recombination.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"OMIM Entry – # 308230 – IMMUNODEFICIENCY WITH HYPER-IgM, TYPE 1; HIGM1\". omim.org. Retrieved 16 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.omim.org/entry/308230","url_text":"\"OMIM Entry – # 308230 – IMMUNODEFICIENCY WITH HYPER-IgM, TYPE 1; HIGM1\""}]},{"reference":"\"OMIM Entry – # 605258 – IMMUNODEFICIENCY WITH HYPER-IgM, TYPE 2; HIGM2\". omim.org. Retrieved 16 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://omim.org/entry/605258","url_text":"\"OMIM Entry – # 605258 – IMMUNODEFICIENCY WITH HYPER-IgM, TYPE 2; HIGM2\""}]},{"reference":"\"OMIM Entry – # 606843 – IMMUNODEFICIENCY WITH HYPER-IgM, TYPE 3; HIGM3\". omim.org. Retrieved 16 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.omim.org/entry/606843","url_text":"\"OMIM Entry – # 606843 – IMMUNODEFICIENCY WITH HYPER-IgM, TYPE 3; HIGM3\""}]},{"reference":"\"OMIM Entry – # 608106 – IMMUNODEFICIENCY WITH HYPER-IgM, TYPE 5; HIGM5\". omim.org. Retrieved 16 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://omim.org/entry/608106","url_text":"\"OMIM Entry – # 608106 – IMMUNODEFICIENCY WITH HYPER-IgM, TYPE 5; HIGM5\""}]},{"reference":"\"OMIM Entry – 608184 – IMMUNODEFICIENCY WITH HYPER-IgM, TYPE 4; HIGM4\". omim.org. Retrieved 2 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.omim.org/entry/608184","url_text":"\"OMIM Entry – 608184 – IMMUNODEFICIENCY WITH HYPER-IgM, TYPE 4; HIGM4\""}]},{"reference":"\"X-linked Immunodeficiency With Hyper IgM Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes\". emedicine.medscape.com. Retrieved 27 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/889104-clinical","url_text":"\"X-linked Immunodeficiency With Hyper IgM Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes\""}]},{"reference":"Johnson, Judith; Filipovich, Alexandra H.; Zhang, Kejian (1 January 1993). \"X-Linked Hyper IgM Syndrome\". GeneReviews. PMID 20301576. Retrieved 12 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1402/","url_text":"\"X-Linked Hyper IgM Syndrome\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20301576","url_text":"20301576"}]},{"reference":"\"OMIM Entry- # 606843 – IMMUNODEFICIENCY WITH HYPER-IgM, TYPE 3; HIGM3\". omim.org. Retrieved 23 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://omim.org/entry/606843","url_text":"\"OMIM Entry- # 606843 – IMMUNODEFICIENCY WITH HYPER-IgM, TYPE 3; HIGM3\""}]},{"reference":"Etzioni, Amos; Ochs, Hans D. (1 October 2004). \"The Hyper IgM Syndrome—An Evolving Story\". Pediatric Research. 56 (4): 519–525. doi:10.1203/01.PDR.0000139318.65842.4A. ISSN 0031-3998. PMID 15319456.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1203%2F01.PDR.0000139318.65842.4A","url_text":"\"The Hyper IgM Syndrome—An Evolving Story\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1203%2F01.PDR.0000139318.65842.4A","url_text":"10.1203/01.PDR.0000139318.65842.4A"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0031-3998","url_text":"0031-3998"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15319456","url_text":"15319456"}]},{"reference":"\"Hyper-Immunoglobulin M (Hyper-IgM) Syndromes \| NIH: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases\". niaid.nih.gov. Retrieved 27 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.niaid.nih.gov/diseases-conditions/hyper-immunoglobulin-m-hyper-igm-syndromes","url_text":"\"Hyper-Immunoglobulin M (Hyper-IgM) Syndromes \| NIH: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases\""}]},{"reference":"Davies, E Graham; Thrasher, Adrian J (27 November 2016). \"Update on the hyper immunoglobulin M syndromes\". British Journal of Haematology. 149 (2): 167–180. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2010.08077.x. ISSN 0007-1048. PMC 2855828. PMID 20180797.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2855828","url_text":"\"Update on the hyper immunoglobulin M syndromes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2141.2010.08077.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1365-2141.2010.08077.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0007-1048","url_text":"0007-1048"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2855828","url_text":"2855828"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20180797","url_text":"20180797"}]},{"reference":"Lougaris V, Badolato R, Ferrari S, Plebani A (2005). \"Hyper immunoglobulin M syndrome due to CD40 deficiency: clinical, molecular, and immunological features\". Immunol. Rev. 203: 48–66. doi:10.1111/j.0105-2896.2005.00229.x. PMID 15661021. S2CID 6678540.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0105-2896.2005.00229.x","url_text":"\"Hyper immunoglobulin M syndrome due to CD40 deficiency: clinical, molecular, and immunological features\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0105-2896.2005.00229.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.0105-2896.2005.00229.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15661021","url_text":"15661021"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6678540","url_text":"6678540"}]},{"reference":"Reference, Genetics Home. \"X-linked hyper IgM syndrome\". Genetics Home Reference. Retrieved 27 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/x-linked-hyper-igm-syndrome#","url_text":"\"X-linked hyper IgM syndrome\""}]},{"reference":"Reference, Genetics Home. \"CD40 gene\". Genetics Home Reference. Retrieved 27 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/CD40","url_text":"\"CD40 gene\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.omim.org/entry/308230","external_links_name":"\"OMIM Entry – # 308230 – IMMUNODEFICIENCY WITH HYPER-IgM, TYPE 1; HIGM1\""},{"Link":"http://omim.org/entry/605258","external_links_name":"\"OMIM Entry – # 605258 – IMMUNODEFICIENCY WITH HYPER-IgM, TYPE 2; HIGM2\""},{"Link":"http://www.omim.org/entry/606843","external_links_name":"\"OMIM Entry – # 606843 – IMMUNODEFICIENCY WITH HYPER-IgM, TYPE 3; HIGM3\""},{"Link":"http://omim.org/entry/608106","external_links_name":"\"OMIM Entry – # 608106 – IMMUNODEFICIENCY WITH HYPER-IgM, TYPE 5; HIGM5\""},{"Link":"https://www.omim.org/entry/608184","external_links_name":"\"OMIM Entry – 608184 – IMMUNODEFICIENCY WITH HYPER-IgM, TYPE 4; HIGM4\""},{"Link":"http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/889104-clinical","external_links_name":"\"X-linked Immunodeficiency With Hyper IgM Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1402/","external_links_name":"\"X-Linked Hyper IgM Syndrome\""},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20301576","external_links_name":"20301576"},{"Link":"https://omim.org/entry/606843","external_links_name":"\"OMIM Entry- # 606843 – IMMUNODEFICIENCY WITH HYPER-IgM, TYPE 3; HIGM3\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1203%2F01.PDR.0000139318.65842.4A","external_links_name":"\"The Hyper IgM Syndrome—An Evolving Story\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1203%2F01.PDR.0000139318.65842.4A","external_links_name":"10.1203/01.PDR.0000139318.65842.4A"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0031-3998","external_links_name":"0031-3998"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15319456","external_links_name":"15319456"},{"Link":"https://www.niaid.nih.gov/diseases-conditions/hyper-immunoglobulin-m-hyper-igm-syndromes","external_links_name":"\"Hyper-Immunoglobulin M (Hyper-IgM) Syndromes \| NIH: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2855828","external_links_name":"\"Update on the hyper immunoglobulin M syndromes\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2141.2010.08077.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1365-2141.2010.08077.x"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0007-1048","external_links_name":"0007-1048"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2855828","external_links_name":"2855828"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20180797","external_links_name":"20180797"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0105-2896.2005.00229.x","external_links_name":"\"Hyper immunoglobulin M syndrome due to CD40 deficiency: clinical, molecular, and immunological features\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0105-2896.2005.00229.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.0105-2896.2005.00229.x"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15661021","external_links_name":"15661021"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6678540","external_links_name":"6678540"},{"Link":"https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/x-linked-hyper-igm-syndrome#","external_links_name":"\"X-linked hyper IgM syndrome\""},{"Link":"https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/CD40","external_links_name":"\"CD40 gene\""},{"Link":"https://omim.org/entry/608106","external_links_name":"608106"},{"Link":"https://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?lng=en&Expert=101092","external_links_name":"101092"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laumesfeld	Laumesfeld	["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]	Coordinates: 49°22′11″N 6°26′41″E / 49.3697°N 6.4447°E / 49.3697; 6.4447 Commune in Grand Est, FranceLaumesfeld LaumëschfeldCommuneThe church in Laumesfeld Coat of armsLocation of Laumesfeld LaumesfeldShow map of FranceLaumesfeldShow map of Grand EstCoordinates: 49°22′11″N 6°26′41″E / 49.3697°N 6.4447°E / 49.3697; 6.4447CountryFranceRegionGrand EstDepartmentMoselleArrondissementThionvilleCantonBouzonvilleIntercommunalityBouzonvillois-Trois FrontièresGovernment • Mayor (2020–2026) Gilbert TritzArea18.3 km2 (3.2 sq mi)Population (2021)292 • Density35/km2 (91/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code57387 /57480Elevation234–306 m (768–1,004 ft) (avg. 215 m or 705 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. Laumesfeld is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France. See also Communes of the Moselle department References ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020. ^ "Populations légales 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023. External links Media related to Laumesfeld at Wikimedia Commons vte Communes of the Moselle department Aboncourt Aboncourt-sur-Seille Abreschviller Achain Achen Adaincourt Adelange Ajoncourt Alaincourt-la-Côte Albestroff Algrange Alsting Altrippe Altviller Alzing Amanvillers Amelécourt Amnéville Ancerville Ancy-Dornot Angevillers Antilly Anzeling Apach Argancy Arraincourt Arriance Arry Ars-Laquenexy Ars-sur-Moselle Arzviller Aspach Assenoncourt Attilloncourt Aube Audun-le-Tiche Augny Aulnois-sur-Seille Aumetz Avricourt Ay-sur-Moselle Azoudange Bacourt Baerenthal Bambiderstroff Bannay Le Ban-Saint-Martin Barchain Baronville Barst Basse-Ham Basse-Rentgen Bassing Baudrecourt Bazoncourt Bébing Béchy Behren-lès-Forbach Bellange Belles-Forêts Bénestroff Béning-lès-Saint-Avold Berg-sur-Moselle Bérig-Vintrange Berling Bermering Berthelming Bertrange Berviller-en-Moselle Bettange Bettborn Bettelainville Betting Bettviller Beux Beyren-lès-Sierck Bezange-la-Petite Bibiche Bickenholtz Bidestroff Biding Bining Bioncourt Bionville-sur-Nied Bisten-en-Lorraine Bistroff Bitche Blanche-Église Bliesbruck Blies-Ébersing Blies-Guersviller Boucheporn Boulange Boulay-Moselle Bourdonnay Bourgaltroff Bourscheid Bousbach Bousse Bousseviller Boust Boustroff Bouzonville Bréhain Breidenbach Breistroff-la-Grande Brettnach Bronvaux Brouck Brouderdorff Brouviller Brulange Buchy Buding Budling Buhl-Lorraine Burlioncourt Burtoncourt Cappel Carling Cattenom Chailly-lès-Ennery Chambrey Chanville Charleville-sous-Bois Charly-Oradour Château-Bréhain Château-Rouge Château-Salins Château-Voué Châtel-Saint-Germain Chémery-les-Deux Cheminot Chenois Chérisey Chesny Chicourt Chieulles Clouange Cocheren Coincy Coin-lès-Cuvry Coin-sur-Seille Colligny-Maizery Colmen Condé-Northen Conthil Contz-les-Bains Corny-sur-Moselle Coume Courcelles-Chaussy Courcelles-sur-Nied Craincourt Créhange Creutzwald Cutting Cuvry Dabo Dalem Dalhain Dalstein Danne-et-Quatre-Vents Dannelbourg Delme Denting Desseling Destry Diane-Capelle Diebling Diesen Dieuze Diffembach-lès-Hellimer Distroff Dolving Domnom-lès-Dieuze Donjeux Donnelay Ébersviller Éblange Éguelshardt Eincheville Elvange Elzange Enchenberg Ennery Entrange Epping Erching Ernestviller Erstroff Escherange Les Étangs Etting Etzling Évrange Failly Falck Fameck Farébersviller Farschviller Faulquemont Fénétrange Fèves Féy Filstroff Fixem Flastroff Fleisheim Flétrange Fleury Flévy Flocourt Florange Folkling Folschviller Fonteny Fontoy Forbachsubpr Fossieux Foulcrey Fouligny Foville Francaltroff Fraquelfing Frauenberg Freistroff Frémery Frémestroff Fresnes-en-Saulnois Freybouse Freyming-Merlebach Fribourg Gandrange Garrebourg Gavisse Gelucourt Gerbécourt Givrycourt Glatigny Goetzenbruck Goin Gomelange Gondrexange Gorze Gosselming Gravelotte Grémecey Gréning Grindorff-Bizing Gros-Réderching Grosbliederstroff Grostenquin Grundviller Guebenhouse Guébestroff Guéblange-lès-Dieuze Guébling Guénange Guenviller Guermange Guerstling Guerting Guessling-Hémering Guinglange Guinkirchen Guinzeling Guntzviller Haboudange Hagen Hagondange Hallering Halstroff Ham-sous-Varsberg Hambach Hampont Hangviller Hannocourt Han-sur-Nied Hanviller Haraucourt-sur-Seille Hargarten-aux-Mines Harprich Harreberg Hartzviller Haselbourg Haspelschiedt Hattigny Hauconcourt Haut-Clocher Haute-Kontz Haute-Vigneulles Havange Hayange Hayes Hazembourg Heining-lès-Bouzonville Hellering-lès-Fénétrange Hellimer Helstroff Hémilly Héming Henridorff Henriville Hérange Hermelange Herny Hertzing Hesse Hestroff Hettange-Grande Hilbesheim Hilsprich Hinckange Holacourt Holling Holving Hombourg-Budange Hombourg-Haut Hommarting Hommert Honskirch L'Hôpital Hoste Hottviller Hultehouse Hundling Hunting Ibigny Illange Imling Inglange Insming Insviller Ippling Jallaucourt Jouy-aux-Arches Jury Jussy Juvelize Juville Kalhausen Kanfen Kappelkinger Kédange-sur-Canner Kemplich Kerbach Kerling-lès-Sierck Kerprich-aux-Bois Kirsch-lès-Sierck Kirschnaumen Kirviller Klang Knutange Kœnigsmacker Kuntzig Lachambre Lafrimbolle Lagarde Lambach Landange Landroff Laneuveville-en-Saulnois Laneuveville-lès-Lorquin Langatte Languimberg Laning Laquenexy Laudrefang Laumesfeld Launstroff Lelling Lemberg Lemoncourt Lemud Lengelsheim Léning Lesse Lessy Ley Leyviller Lezey Lhor Lidrezing Liederschiedt Liéhon Lindre-Basse Lindre-Haute Liocourt Lixheim Lixing-lès-Rouhling Lixing-lès-Saint-Avold Lommerange Longeville-lès-Metz Longeville-lès-Saint-Avold Lorquin Lorry-lès-Metz Lorry-Mardigny Lostroff Loudrefing Loupershouse Loutzviller Louvigny Lubécourt Lucy Luppy Luttange Lutzelbourg Macheren Mainvillers Maizeroy Maizières-lès-Metz Maizières-lès-Vic Malaucourt-sur-Seille Malling Malroy Manderen-Ritzing Manhoué Manom Many Marange-Silvange Marange-Zondrange Marieulles Marimont-lès-Bénestroff Marly Marsal Marsilly Marthille La Maxe Maxstadt Mécleuves Mégange Meisenthal Menskirch Merschweiller Merten Métairies-Saint-Quirin Metting Metzpref Metzeresche Metzervisse Metzing Mey Mittelbronn Mittersheim Molring Momerstroff Moncheux Moncourt Mondelange Mondorff Monneren Montbronn Montdidier Montenach Montigny-lès-Metz Montois-la-Montagne Morhange Morsbach Morville-lès-Vic Morville-sur-Nied Moulins-lès-Metz Moussey Mouterhouse Moyenvic Moyeuvre-Grande Moyeuvre-Petite Mulcey Munster Narbéfontaine Nébing Nelling Neufchef Neufgrange Neufmoulins Neufvillage Neunkirchen-lès-Bouzonville Niderhoff Niderviller Niederstinzel Niedervisse Nilvange Nitting Noisseville Norroy-le-Veneur Nouilly Nousseviller-lès-Bitche Nousseviller-Saint-Nabor Novéant-sur-Moselle Oberdorff Obergailbach Oberstinzel Obervisse Obreck Œting Ogy-Montoy-Flanville Ommeray Oriocourt Ormersviller Orny Oron Ottange Ottonville Oudrenne Pagny-lès-Goin Pange Peltre Petite-Rosselle Petit-Réderching Petit-Tenquin Pettoncourt Pévange Phalsbourg Philippsbourg Piblange Pierrevillers Plaine-de-Walsch Plappeville Plesnois Pommérieux Pontoy Pontpierre Porcelette Postroff Pouilly Pournoy-la-Chétive Pournoy-la-Grasse Prévocourt Puttelange-aux-Lacs Puttelange-lès-Thionville Puttigny Puzieux Racrange Rahling Ranguevaux Raville Réchicourt-le-Château Rédange Réding Rémelfang Rémelfing Rémeling Rémering-lès-Puttelange Rémilly Réning Retonfey Rettel Reyersviller Rezonville-Vionville Rhodes Riche Richeling Richemont Richeval Rimling Rochonvillers Rodalbe Rodemack Rohrbach-lès-Bitche Rolbing Rombas Romelfing Roncourt Roppeviller Rorbach-lès-Dieuze Rosbruck Rosselange Rouhling Roupeldange Roussy-le-Village Rozérieulles Rurange-lès-Thionville Russange Rustroff Sailly-Achâtel Saint-Avold Sainte-Barbe Sainte-Marie-aux-Chênes Saint-Epvre Sainte-Ruffine Saint-François-Lacroix Saint-Georges Saint-Hubert Saint-Jean-de-Bassel Saint-Jean-Kourtzerode Saint-Jean-Rohrbach Saint-Julien-lès-Metz Saint-Jure Saint-Louis Saint-Louis-lès-Bitche Saint-Médard Saint-Privat-la-Montagne Saint-Quirin Salonnes Sanry-lès-Vigy Sanry-sur-Nied Sarralbe Sarraltroff Sarrebourgsubpr Sarregueminessubpr Sarreinsming Saulny Schalbach Schmittviller Schneckenbusch Schœneck Schorbach Schwerdorff Schweyen Scy-Chazelles Secourt Seingbouse Semécourt Serémange-Erzange Servigny-lès-Raville Servigny-lès-Sainte-Barbe Sierck-les-Bains Siersthal Sillegny Silly-en-Saulnois Silly-sur-Nied Solgne Sorbey Sotzeling Soucht Spicheren Stiring-Wendel Stuckange Sturzelbronn Suisse Talange Tarquimpol Tenteling Terville Téterchen Teting-sur-Nied Théding Thicourt Thimonville Thionvillesubpr Thonville Tincry Torcheville Tragny Trémery Tressange Tritteling-Redlach Troisfontaines Tromborn Turquestein-Blancrupt Uckange Vahl-Ebersing Vahl-lès-Bénestroff Vahl-lès-Faulquemont Val-de-Bride Le Val-de-Guéblange Vallerange Valmestroff Valmont Valmunster Vannecourt Vantoux Vany Varize-Vaudoncourt Varsberg Vasperviller Vatimont Vaudreching Vaux Vaxy Veckersviller Veckring Velving Vergaville Vernéville Verny Vescheim Vibersviller Vic-sur-Seille Vieux-Lixheim Vigny Vigy Viller Villers-Stoncourt Villers-sur-Nied Villing Vilsberg Virming Vitry-sur-Orne Vittersbourg Vittoncourt Viviers Vœlfling-lès-Bouzonville Voimhaut Volmerange-lès-Boulay Volmerange-les-Mines Volmunster Volstroff Voyer Vry Vulmont Waldhouse Waldweistroff Waldwisse Walschbronn Walscheid Waltembourg Wiesviller Willerwald Wintersbourg Wittring Wœlfling-lès-Sarreguemines Woippy Woustviller Wuisse Xanrey Xocourt Xouaxange Yutz Zarbeling Zetting Zilling Zimming Zommange Zoufftgen pref: prefecture subpr: subprefecture Authority control databases: National France BnF data This Arrondissement of Thionville geographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_France"},{"link_name":"Moselle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moselle_(department)"},{"link_name":"department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France"},{"link_name":"Grand Est","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Est"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"}],"text":"Commune in Grand Est, FranceLaumesfeld is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.","title":"Laumesfeld"}]	[]	[{"title":"Communes of the Moselle department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_the_Moselle_department"}]	[{"reference":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","url_text":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\""}]},{"reference":"\"Populations légales 2021\" (in French). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scattered_disk_object	Scattered disc	["1 Discovery","2 Subdivisions of trans-Neptunian space","2.1 Scattered disc versus Kuiper belt","2.2 Detached objects","3 Orbits","4 Formation","5 Composition","6 Comets","7 See also","8 Notes","9 References"]	Collection of bodies in the extreme Solar System Eris (center), the largest known scattered-disc object, and its moon Dysnomia (left of object) Types of distant minor planets Centaurs Neptune trojans Trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) Kuiper belt objects (KBOs) Classical KBOs (cubewanos) Resonant KBOs Plutinos (2:3 resonance) Twotinos (1:2 resonance) Scattered disc objects (SDOs) Resonant SDOs Extreme trans-Neptunian object Detached objects Sednoids Oort cloud objects (ICO/OCOs) vte The scattered disc (or scattered disk) is a distant circumstellar disc in the Solar System that is sparsely populated by icy small Solar System bodies, which are a subset of the broader family of trans-Neptunian objects. The scattered-disc objects (SDOs) have orbital eccentricities ranging as high as 0.8, inclinations as high as 40°, and perihelia greater than 30 astronomical units (4.5×109 km; 2.8×109 mi). These extreme orbits are thought to be the result of gravitational "scattering" by the gas giants, and the objects continue to be subject to perturbation by the planet Neptune. Although the closest scattered-disc objects approach the Sun at about 30–35 AU, their orbits can extend well beyond 100 AU. This makes scattered objects among the coldest and most distant objects in the Solar System. The innermost portion of the scattered disc overlaps with a torus-shaped region of orbiting objects traditionally called the Kuiper belt, but its outer limits reach much farther away from the Sun and farther above and below the ecliptic than the Kuiper belt proper. Because of its unstable nature, astronomers now consider the scattered disc to be the place of origin for most periodic comets in the Solar System, with the centaurs, a population of icy bodies between Jupiter and Neptune, being the intermediate stage in an object's migration from the disc to the inner Solar System. Eventually, perturbations from the giant planets send such objects towards the Sun, transforming them into periodic comets. Many objects of the proposed Oort cloud are also thought to have originated in the scattered disc. Detached objects are not sharply distinct from scattered disc objects, and some such as Sedna have sometimes been considered to be included in this group. Discovery See also: History of the Kuiper belt Traditionally, devices like a blink comparator were used in astronomy to detect objects in the Solar System, because these objects would move between two exposures—this involved time-consuming steps like exposing and developing photographic plates or films, and people then using a blink comparator to manually detect prospective objects. During the 1980s, the use of CCD-based cameras in telescopes made it possible to directly produce electronic images that could then be readily digitized and transferred to digital images. Because the CCD captured more light than film (about 90% versus 10% of incoming light) and the blinking could now be done at an adjustable computer screen, the surveys allowed for higher throughput. A flood of new discoveries was the result: over a thousand trans-Neptunian objects were detected between 1992 and 2006. The first scattered-disc object (SDO) to be recognised as such was 1996 TL66, originally identified in 1996 by astronomers based at Mauna Kea in Hawaii. Three more were identified by the same survey in 1999: 1999 CV118, 1999 CY118, and 1999 CF119. The first object presently classified as an SDO to be discovered was 1995 TL8, found in 1995 by Spacewatch. As of 2011, over 200 SDOs have been identified, including Gǃkúnǁʼhòmdímà (discovered by Schwamb, Brown, and Rabinowitz), Gonggong (Schwamb, Brown, and Rabinowitz) 2002 TC302 (NEAT), Eris (Brown, Trujillo, and Rabinowitz), Sedna (Brown, Trujillo, and Rabinowitz) and 474640 Alicanto (Deep Ecliptic Survey). Although the numbers of objects in the Kuiper belt and the scattered disc are hypothesized to be roughly equal, observational bias due to their greater distance means that far fewer SDOs have been observed to date. Subdivisions of trans-Neptunian space Main article: Trans-Neptunian object The eccentricity and inclination of the scattered-disc population compared to the classical and 5:2 resonant Kuiper-belt objects Known trans-Neptunian objects are often divided into two subpopulations: the Kuiper belt and the scattered disc. A third reservoir of trans-Neptunian objects, the Oort cloud, has been hypothesized, although no confirmed direct observations of the Oort cloud have been made. Some researchers further suggest a transitional space between the scattered disc and the inner Oort cloud, populated with "detached objects". Scattered disc versus Kuiper belt See also: Kuiper belt The Kuiper belt is a relatively thick torus (or "doughnut") of space, extending from about 30 to 50 AU comprising two main populations of Kuiper belt objects (KBOs): the classical Kuiper-belt objects (or "cubewanos"), which lie in orbits untouched by Neptune, and the resonant Kuiper-belt objects, those which Neptune has locked into a precise orbital ratio such as 2:3 (the object goes around twice for every three Neptune orbits) and 1:2 (the object goes around once for every two Neptune orbits). These ratios, called orbital resonances, allow KBOs to persist in regions which Neptune's gravitational influence would otherwise have cleared out over the age of the Solar System, since the objects are never close enough to Neptune to be scattered by its gravity. Those in 2:3 resonances are known as "plutinos", because Pluto is the largest member of their group, whereas those in 1:2 resonances are known as "twotinos". In contrast to the Kuiper belt, the scattered-disc population can be disturbed by Neptune. Scattered-disc objects come within gravitational range of Neptune at their closest approaches (~30 AU) but their farthest distances reach many times that. Ongoing research suggests that the centaurs, a class of icy planetoids that orbit between Jupiter and Neptune, may simply be SDOs thrown into the inner reaches of the Solar System by Neptune, making them "cis-Neptunian" rather than trans-Neptunian scattered objects. Some objects, like (29981) 1999 TD10, blur the distinction and the Minor Planet Center (MPC), which officially catalogues all trans-Neptunian objects, now lists centaurs and SDOs together. The MPC, however, makes a clear distinction between the Kuiper belt and the scattered disc, separating those objects in stable orbits (the Kuiper belt) from those in scattered orbits (the scattered disc and the centaurs). However, the difference between the Kuiper belt and the scattered disc is not clear-cut, and many astronomers see the scattered disc not as a separate population but as an outward region of the Kuiper belt. Another term used is "scattered Kuiper-belt object" (or SKBO) for bodies of the scattered disc. Morbidelli and Brown propose that the difference between objects in the Kuiper belt and scattered-disc objects is that the latter bodies "are transported in semi-major axis by close and distant encounters with Neptune," but the former experienced no such close encounters. This delineation is inadequate (as they note) over the age of the Solar System, since bodies "trapped in resonances" could "pass from a scattering phase to a non-scattering phase (and vice versa) numerous times." That is, trans-Neptunian objects could travel back and forth between the Kuiper belt and the scattered disc over time. Therefore, they chose instead to define the regions, rather than the objects, defining the scattered disc as "the region of orbital space that can be visited by bodies that have encountered Neptune" within the radius of a Hill sphere, and the Kuiper belt as its "complement ... in the a > 30 AU region"; the region of the Solar System populated by objects with semi-major axes greater than 30 AU. Detached objects Main article: Detached object See also: Sednoid The Minor Planet Center classifies the trans-Neptunian object 90377 Sedna as a scattered-disc object. Its discoverer Michael E. Brown has suggested instead that it should be considered an inner Oort-cloud object rather than a member of the scattered disc, because, with a perihelion distance of 76 AU, it is too remote to be affected by the gravitational attraction of the outer planets. Under this definition, an object with a perihelion greater than 40 AU could be classified as outside the scattered disc. Sedna is not the only such object: (148209) 2000 CR105 (discovered before Sedna) and 474640 Alicanto have a perihelion too far away from Neptune to be influenced by it. This led to a discussion among astronomers about a new minor planet set, called the extended scattered disc (E-SDO). 2000 CR105 may also be an inner Oort-cloud object or (more likely) a transitional object between the scattered disc and the inner Oort cloud. More recently, these objects have been referred to as "detached", or distant detached objects (DDO). There are no clear boundaries between the scattered and detached regions. Gomes et al. define SDOs as having "highly eccentric orbits, perihelia beyond Neptune, and semi-major axes beyond the 1:2 resonance." By this definition, all distant detached objects are SDOs. Since detached objects' orbits cannot be produced by Neptune scattering, alternative scattering mechanisms have been put forward, including a passing star or a distant, planet-sized object. Alternatively, it has been suggested that these objects have been captured from a passing star. A scheme introduced by a 2005 report from the Deep Ecliptic Survey by J. L. Elliott et al. distinguishes between two categories: scattered-near (i.e. typical SDOs) and scattered-extended (i.e. detached objects). Scattered-near objects are those whose orbits are non-resonant, non-planetary-orbit-crossing and have a Tisserand parameter (relative to Neptune) less than 3. Scattered-extended objects have a Tisserand parameter (relative to Neptune) greater than 3 and have a time-averaged eccentricity greater than 0.2. An alternative classification, introduced by B. J. Gladman, B. G. Marsden and C. Van Laerhoven in 2007, uses 10-million-year orbit integration instead of the Tisserand parameter. An object qualifies as an SDO if its orbit is not resonant, has a semi-major axis no greater than 2000 AU, and, during the integration, its semi-major axis shows an excursion of 1.5 AU or more. Gladman et al. suggest the term scattering disk object to emphasize this present mobility. If the object is not an SDO as per the above definition, but the eccentricity of its orbit is greater than 0.240, it is classified as a detached TNO. (Objects with smaller eccentricity are considered classical.) In this scheme, the disc extends from the orbit of Neptune to 2000 AU, the region referred to as the inner Oort cloud. Orbits Distribution of trans-Neptunian objects, with semi-major axis on the horizontal, and inclination on the vertical axis. Scattered disc objects are shown in grey, objects that are in resonance with Neptune in red. Classical Kuiper belt objects (cubewanos) and sednoids are blue and yellow, respectively. The scattered disc is a very dynamic environment. Because they are still capable of being perturbed by Neptune, SDOs' orbits are always in danger of disruption; either of being sent outward to the Oort cloud or inward into the centaur population and ultimately the Jupiter family of comets. For this reason Gladman et al. prefer to refer to the region as the scattering disc, rather than scattered. Unlike Kuiper-belt objects (KBOs), the orbits of scattered-disc objects can be inclined as much as 40° from the ecliptic. SDOs are typically characterized by orbits with medium and high eccentricities with a semi-major axis greater than 50 AU, but their perihelia bring them within influence of Neptune. Having a perihelion of roughly 30 AU is one of the defining characteristics of scattered objects, as it allows Neptune to exert its gravitational influence. The classical objects (cubewanos) are very different from the scattered objects: more than 30% of all cubewanos are on low-inclination, near-circular orbits whose eccentricities peak at 0.25. Classical objects possess eccentricities ranging from 0.2 to 0.8. Though the inclinations of scattered objects are similar to the more extreme KBOs, very few scattered objects have orbits as close to the ecliptic as much of the KBO population. Although motions in the scattered disc are random, they do tend to follow similar directions, which means that SDOs can become trapped in temporary resonances with Neptune. Examples of possible resonant orbits within the scattered disc include 1:3, 2:7, 3:11, 5:22 and 4:79. Formation See also: Formation and evolution of the Solar System Simulation showing Outer Planets and Kuiper Belt: a) Before Jupiter/Saturn 2:1 resonance b) Scattering of Kuiper-belt objects into the Solar System after the orbital shift of Neptune c) After ejection of Kuiper-belt bodies by Jupiter The scattered disc is still poorly understood: no model of the formation of the Kuiper belt and the scattered disc has yet been proposed that explains all their observed properties. According to contemporary models, the scattered disc formed when Kuiper belt objects (KBOs) were "scattered" into eccentric and inclined orbits by gravitational interaction with Neptune and the other outer planets. The amount of time for this process to occur remains uncertain. One hypothesis estimates a period equal to the entire age of the Solar System; a second posits that the scattering took place relatively quickly, during Neptune's early migration epoch. Models for a continuous formation throughout the age of the Solar System illustrate that at weak resonances within the Kuiper belt (such as 5:7 or 8:1), or at the boundaries of stronger resonances, objects can develop weak orbital instabilities over millions of years. The 4:7 resonance in particular has large instability. KBOs can also be shifted into unstable orbits by close passage of massive objects, or through collisions. Over time, the scattered disc would gradually form from these isolated events. Computer simulations have also suggested a more rapid and earlier formation for the scattered disc. Modern theories indicate that neither Uranus nor Neptune could have formed in situ beyond Saturn, as too little primordial matter existed at that range to produce objects of such high mass. Instead, these planets, and Saturn, may have formed closer to Jupiter, but were flung outwards during the early evolution of the Solar System, perhaps through exchanges of angular momentum with scattered objects. Once the orbits of Jupiter and Saturn shifted to a 2:1 resonance (two Jupiter orbits for each orbit of Saturn), their combined gravitational pull disrupted the orbits of Uranus and Neptune, sending Neptune into the temporary "chaos" of the proto-Kuiper belt. As Neptune traveled outward, it scattered many trans-Neptunian objects into higher and more eccentric orbits. This model states that 90% or more of the objects in the scattered disc may have been "promoted into these eccentric orbits by Neptune's resonances during the migration epoch... the scattered disc might not be so scattered." Composition The infrared spectra of both Eris and Pluto, highlighting their common methane absorption lines Scattered objects, like other trans-Neptunian objects, have low densities and are composed largely of frozen volatiles such as water and methane. Spectral analysis of selected Kuiper belt and scattered objects has revealed signatures of similar compounds. Both Pluto and Eris, for instance, show signatures for methane. Astronomers originally supposed that the entire trans-Neptunian population would show a similar red surface colour, as they were thought to have originated in the same region and subjected to the same physical processes. Specifically, SDOs were expected to have large amounts of surface methane, chemically altered into tholins by sunlight from the Sun. This would absorb blue light, creating a reddish hue. Most classical objects display this colour, but scattered objects do not; instead, they present a white or greyish appearance. One explanation is the exposure of whiter subsurface layers by impacts; another is that the scattered objects' greater distance from the Sun creates a composition gradient, analogous to the composition gradient of the terrestrial and gas giant planets. Michael E. Brown, discoverer of the scattered object Eris, suggests that its paler colour could be because, at its current distance from the Sun, its atmosphere of methane is frozen over its entire surface, creating an inches-thick layer of bright white ice. Pluto, conversely, being closer to the Sun, would be warm enough that methane would freeze only onto cooler, high-albedo regions, leaving low-albedo tholin-covered regions bare of ice. Comets Main article: Comet § Short period Tempel 1, a Jupiter-family comet The Kuiper belt was initially thought to be the source of the Solar System's ecliptic comets. However, studies of the region since 1992 have shown that the orbits within the Kuiper belt are relatively stable, and that ecliptic comets originate from the scattered disc, where orbits are generally less stable. Comets can loosely be divided into two categories: short-period and long-period—the latter being thought to originate in the Oort cloud. The two major categories of short-period comets are Jupiter-family comets (JFCs) and Halley-type comets. Halley-type comets, which are named after their prototype, Halley's Comet, are thought to have originated in the Oort cloud but to have been drawn into the inner Solar System by the gravity of the giant planets, whereas the JFCs are thought to have originated in the scattered disc. The centaurs are thought to be a dynamically intermediate stage between the scattered disc and the Jupiter family. There are many differences between SDOs and JFCs, even though many of the Jupiter-family comets may have originated in the scattered disc. Although the centaurs share a reddish or neutral coloration with many SDOs, their nuclei are bluer, indicating a fundamental chemical or physical difference. One hypothesis is that comet nuclei are resurfaced as they approach the Sun by subsurface materials which subsequently bury the older material. See also List of possible dwarf planets List of trans-Neptunian objects Notes ^ The literature is inconsistent in the use of the phrases "scattered disc" and "Kuiper belt". For some, they are distinct populations; for others, the scattered disc is part of the Kuiper belt. Authors may even switch between these two uses in a single publication. In this article, the scattered disc will be considered a separate population from the Kuiper belt. References ^ Maggie Masetti. (2007). Cosmic Distance Scales – The Solar System. Website of NASA's High Energy Astrophysics Science Archive Research Center. Retrieved 2008 07-12. ^ a b Morbidelli, Alessandro (2005). "Origin and dynamical evolution of comets and their reservoirs". arXiv:astro-ph/0512256. ^ McFadden, Weissman, & Johnson (2007). Encyclopedia of the Solar System, footnote p. 584 ^ Horner, J.; Evans, N. W.; Bailey, Mark E. (2004). "Simulations of the Population of Centaurs I: The Bulk Statistics". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 354 (3): 798. arXiv:astro-ph/0407400. Bibcode:2004MNRAS.354..798H. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.08240.x. S2CID 16002759. ^ Sheppard, Scott S. (October 16–18, 2005). "Small Bodies in the Outer Solar System" (PDF). New Horizons in Astronomy: Frank N. Bash Symposium 2005. Austin, Texas: Astronomical Society of the Pacific. pp. 3–14. ISBN 1-58381-220-2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-10-12. Retrieved 2008-08-14. ^ Luu, Jane X.; Marsden, Brian G.; Jewitt, David C. (5 June 1997). "A new dynamical class of object in the outer Solar System" (PDF). Nature. 387 (6633): 573–575. Bibcode:1997Natur.387..573L. doi:10.1038/42413. S2CID 4370529. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 12, 2007. Retrieved 2008-08-02. ^ Davies, John Keith (2001). Beyond Pluto: Exploring the Outer Limits of the Solar System. Cambridge University Press. p. 111. ISBN 978-0-521-80019-8. Retrieved 2008-07-02. ^ a b Jewitt, David C. (August 2009). "Scattered Kuiper Belt Objects (SKBOs)". Institute for Astronomy. Retrieved 2010-01-23. ^ Schmadel, Lutz D. (2003); Dictionary of Minor Planet Names (5th rev. and enlarged ed. edition). Berlin: Springer. Page 925 (Appendix 10). Also see McFadden, Lucy-Ann; Weissman, Paul & Johnson, Torrence (1999). Encyclopedia of the Solar System. San Diego: Academic Press. Page 218. ^ a b c IAU: Minor Planet Center (2011-01-03). "List Of Centaurs and Scattered-Disk Objects". Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. Retrieved 2011-01-03. ^ Schwamb, M. E.; Brown, Michael E.; Rabinowitz, Davdi; Marsden, Brian G. (2008). "2007 UK126". 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Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-05-03. vteDwarf planets List of possible dwarf planets Former dwarf planets Phoebe Triton Vesta Pallas Mesoplanet Planemo Consensus Ceres Geology Atmosphere Orcus Moon Pluto Geology Atmosphere Moons Haumea Moons Ring Makemake Moon Quaoar Moon Rings Eris Moon Gonggong Moon Sedna PossibleAsteroid belt Hygiea Interamnia Centaurs Chariklo Chiron Pholus 1999 OX3 2013 TC146 2014 NW65 Plutinos Huya Ixion 2001 QF298 2002 VR128 2002 XV93 2003 AZ84 2003 UZ413 2003 VS2 2007 JH43 2017 OF69 Twotinos 2002 WC19 Cubewanos Chaos Salacia Varda Varuna 1998 SN165 2002 AW197 2002 CY248 2002 KX14 2002 MS4 2002 UX25 2003 QW90 2004 GV9 2004 NT33 2004 PF115 2004 TY364 2004 UX10 2005 RN43 2005 UQ513 2010 FX86 Other KBOs 1999 CD158 1999 DE9 2000 YW134 2002 XW93 2010 JO179 2010 VK201 2011 FW62 2011 GM27 2013 FZ27 2014 UM33 2015 AM281 2015 RR245 Scattered disc Gǃkúnǁʼhòmdímà Dziewanna 1996 GQ21 1996 TL66 2001 UR163 2002 TC302 2004 XA192 2005 QU182 2005 RM43 2006 QH181 2008 OG19 2010 KZ39 2010 RE64 2010 RF43 2010 JO179 2010 TJ 2010 VZ98 2013 FY27 2014 AN55 2014 EZ51 2014 UZ224 2014 WK509 2015 KH162 2015 RR245 2017 FO161 2018 AG37 2018 VG18 2021 DR15 2021 LL37 Detached objects 2003 FY128 2003 QX113 2004 XR190 2005 TB190 2007 JJ43 2008 ST291 Sednoids 2012 VP113 Category vteSmall Solar System bodiesMinor planets Designation Groups List Moon Meanings of names Asteroid Active Aten asteroid Asteroid belt Family Jupiter trojan Near-Earth Spectral types Distant minor planet Centaur Neptune trojan Damocloid Trans-Neptunian object Detached Kuiper belt Oort cloud Scattered disc Comets Extinct Great Halley-type Hyperbolic Long-period Lost Near-parabolic Periodic Sungrazing Other Cosmic dust Meteoroids Space debris vteSolar System Sun Mercury Venus Earth Mars Ceres Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Orcus Pluto Haumea Quaoar Makemake Gonggong Eris Sedna Planets anddwarfs Terrestrials Mercury Venus Earth Mars Giants Gas Jupiter Saturn Ice Uranus Neptune Dwarfs Ceres Orcus Pluto Haumea Quaoar Makemake Gonggong Eris Sedna Moons Earth Moon other near-Earth objects Mars Phobos Deimos Jupiter Ganymede Callisto Io Europa all 95 Saturn Titan Rhea Iapetus Dione Tethys Enceladus Mimas Hyperion Phoebe all 146 Uranus Titania Oberon Umbriel Ariel Miranda all 28 Neptune Triton Proteus Nereid all 16 Orcus Vanth Pluto Charon Nix Hydra Kerberos Styx Haumea Hiʻiaka Namaka Quaoar Weywot Makemake S/2015 (136472) 1 Gonggong Xiangliu Eris Dysnomia Rings Jovian Saturnian (Rhean?) Charikloan Chironean Uranian Neptunian Haumean Quaoarian Small Solar System bodies Comets Damocloids Meteoroids Minor planets names and meanings moons Planetesimal Planetary orbit-crossing minor planets Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Trojans Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Trojan camp Greek camp Saturn Moons Uranus Neptune Near-Earth objects Asteroid belt Asteroids Ceres Vesta Pallas Hygiea active first 1000 families PHA exceptional Kirkwood gap Centaurs Neptune trojans Trans-Neptunian objects Kuiper belt Cubewanos Plutinos Detached objects Sednoids Scattered disc Oort cloud Hills cloud Hypothetical objects Fifth giant Nemesis Phaeton Planet Nine Planet V Planet X Subsatellites Theia Tyche Vulcan Vulcanoids Exploration (outline) Colonization Discovery astronomy historical models timeline Space probes timeline list Human spaceflight space stations list programs Mercury Venus Moon mining Mars Ceres Asteroids mining Comets Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto Deep space Formation and evolution Star formation Accretion Accretion disk Excretion disk Circumplanetary disk Circumstellar disc Circumstellar envelope Coatlicue Cosmic dust Debris disk Detached object EXCEDE Exozodiacal dust Extraterrestrial materials Sample curation Sample-return mission Frost/Ice/Snow line Giant-impact hypothesis Gravitational collapse Hills cloud Hill sphere Interplanetary dust cloud Interplanetary medium/space Interstellar cloud Interstellar medium Interstellar space Kuiper belt Kuiper cliff Molecular cloud Nebular hypothesis Oort cloud Outer space Planet Disrupted Migration System Planetesimal Formation Merging stars Protoplanetary disk Ring system Roche limit vs. Hill sphere Rubble pile Scattered disc Lists Comets Possible dwarf planets Gravitationally rounded objects Minor planets Natural satellites Solar System models Solar System objects by size by discovery date Interstellar and circumstellar molecules Related Double planet Lagrangian points Moonlets Syzygy Tidal locking Outline of the Solar System Solar System portal Astronomy portal Earth sciences portal Solar System → Local Interstellar Cloud → Local Bubble → Gould Belt → Orion Arm → Milky Way → Milky Way subgroup → Local Group → Local Sheet → Virgo Supercluster → Laniakea Supercluster → Local Hole → Observable universe → UniverseEach arrow (→) may be read as "within" or "part of". Portals: Astronomy Spaceflight Outer space Solar system	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eris_and_dysnomia2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Eris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)"},{"link_name":"Dysnomia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysnomia_(moon)"},{"link_name":"circumstellar disc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumstellar_disc"},{"link_name":"Solar System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_System"},{"link_name":"small Solar System bodies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_Solar_System_bodies"},{"link_name":"trans-Neptunian objects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Neptunian_object"},{"link_name":"orbital eccentricities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity"},{"link_name":"inclinations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inclinations"},{"link_name":"perihelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perihelia"},{"link_name":"astronomical units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_unit"},{"link_name":"gas giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_giant"},{"link_name":"perturbation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perturbation_(astronomy)"},{"link_name":"Neptune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptune"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"torus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torus"},{"link_name":"Kuiper belt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper_belt"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morbidelli2008-2"},{"link_name":"ecliptic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecliptic"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"periodic comets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_comet"},{"link_name":"centaurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centaur_(minor_planet)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Horner2004a-5"},{"link_name":"Oort cloud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oort_cloud"},{"link_name":"Detached objects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detached_object"},{"link_name":"Sedna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/90377_Sedna"}],"text":"Collection of bodies in the extreme Solar SystemEris (center), the largest known scattered-disc object, and its moon Dysnomia (left of object)The scattered disc (or scattered disk) is a distant circumstellar disc in the Solar System that is sparsely populated by icy small Solar System bodies, which are a subset of the broader family of trans-Neptunian objects. The scattered-disc objects (SDOs) have orbital eccentricities ranging as high as 0.8, inclinations as high as 40°, and perihelia greater than 30 astronomical units (4.5×109 km; 2.8×109 mi). These extreme orbits are thought to be the result of gravitational \"scattering\" by the gas giants, and the objects continue to be subject to perturbation by the planet Neptune.Although the closest scattered-disc objects approach the Sun at about 30–35 AU, their orbits can extend well beyond 100 AU. This makes scattered objects among the coldest and most distant objects in the Solar System.[1] The innermost portion of the scattered disc overlaps with a torus-shaped region of orbiting objects traditionally called the Kuiper belt,[2] but its outer limits reach much farther away from the Sun and farther above and below the ecliptic than the Kuiper belt proper.[a]Because of its unstable nature, astronomers now consider the scattered disc to be the place of origin for most periodic comets in the Solar System, with the centaurs, a population of icy bodies between Jupiter and Neptune, being the intermediate stage in an object's migration from the disc to the inner Solar System.[4] Eventually, perturbations from the giant planets send such objects towards the Sun, transforming them into periodic comets. Many objects of the proposed Oort cloud are also thought to have originated in the scattered disc. Detached objects are not sharply distinct from scattered disc objects, and some such as Sedna have sometimes been considered to be included in this group.","title":"Scattered disc"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"History of the Kuiper belt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper_belt#History"},{"link_name":"blink comparator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blink_comparator"},{"link_name":"photographic plates or films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_film"},{"link_name":"CCD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge-coupled_device"},{"link_name":"telescopes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telescope"},{"link_name":"digitized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing"},{"link_name":"digital images","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_image"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"1996 TL66","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(15874)_1996_TL66"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davies1-8"},{"link_name":"astronomers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomer"},{"link_name":"Mauna Kea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauna_Kea"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jewitt2000-9"},{"link_name":"1995 TL8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(48639)_1995_TL8"},{"link_name":"Spacewatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacewatch"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MPC-11"},{"link_name":"Gǃkúnǁʼhòmdímà","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/229762_G%C7%83k%C3%BAn%C7%81%CA%BCh%C3%B2md%C3%ADm%C3%A0"},{"link_name":"Gonggong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/225088_Gonggong"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"2002 TC302","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(84522)_2002_TC302"},{"link_name":"NEAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_Earth_Asteroid_Tracking"},{"link_name":"Eris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Sedna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/90377_Sedna"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"474640 Alicanto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/474640_Alicanto"},{"link_name":"Deep Ecliptic Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Ecliptic_Survey"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dynam-16"}],"text":"See also: History of the Kuiper beltTraditionally, devices like a blink comparator were used in astronomy to detect objects in the Solar System, because these objects would move between two exposures—this involved time-consuming steps like exposing and developing photographic plates or films, and people then using a blink comparator to manually detect prospective objects. During the 1980s, the use of CCD-based cameras in telescopes made it possible to directly produce electronic images that could then be readily digitized and transferred to digital images. Because the CCD captured more light than film (about 90% versus 10% of incoming light) and the blinking could now be done at an adjustable computer screen, the surveys allowed for higher throughput. A flood of new discoveries was the result: over a thousand trans-Neptunian objects were detected between 1992 and 2006.[5]The first scattered-disc object (SDO) to be recognised as such was 1996 TL66,[6][7] originally identified in 1996 by astronomers based at Mauna Kea in Hawaii. Three more were identified by the same survey in 1999: 1999 CV118, 1999 CY118, and 1999 CF119.[8] The first object presently classified as an SDO to be discovered was 1995 TL8, found in 1995 by Spacewatch.[9]As of 2011, over 200 SDOs have been identified,[10] including Gǃkúnǁʼhòmdímà (discovered by Schwamb, Brown, and Rabinowitz), Gonggong (Schwamb, Brown, and Rabinowitz)[11] 2002 TC302 (NEAT), Eris (Brown, Trujillo, and Rabinowitz),[12] Sedna (Brown, Trujillo, and Rabinowitz)[13] and 474640 Alicanto (Deep Ecliptic Survey).[14] Although the numbers of objects in the Kuiper belt and the scattered disc are hypothesized to be roughly equal, observational bias due to their greater distance means that far fewer SDOs have been observed to date.[15]","title":"Discovery"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TheKuiperBelt_Projections_100AU_Classical_SDO.svg"},{"link_name":"5:2 resonant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonant_trans-Neptunian_object"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MorbidBrown-17"},{"link_name":"Oort cloud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oort_cloud"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morbidelli2008-2"},{"link_name":"detached objects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detached_object"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gomes-18"}],"text":"The eccentricity and inclination of the scattered-disc population compared to the classical and 5:2 resonant Kuiper-belt objectsKnown trans-Neptunian objects are often divided into two subpopulations: the Kuiper belt and the scattered disc.[16] A third reservoir of trans-Neptunian objects, the Oort cloud, has been hypothesized, although no confirmed direct observations of the Oort cloud have been made.[2] Some researchers further suggest a transitional space between the scattered disc and the inner Oort cloud, populated with \"detached objects\".[17]","title":"Subdivisions of trans-Neptunian space"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kuiper belt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper_belt"},{"link_name":"torus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torus"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Kuiper belt objects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper_belt_object"},{"link_name":"classical Kuiper-belt objects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Kuiper-belt_object"},{"link_name":"resonant Kuiper-belt objects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonant_trans-Neptunian_object"},{"link_name":"orbital resonances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_resonance"},{"link_name":"plutinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutino"},{"link_name":"Pluto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluto"},{"link_name":"twotinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonant_trans-Neptunian_object#1:2_resonance_(%22twotinos%22,_period_~330_years)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dynam2-20"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gomes-18"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-horner2003-21"},{"link_name":"centaurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centaur_(minor_planet)"},{"link_name":"planetoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_planet"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Minor Planet Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_Planet_Center"},{"link_name":"trans-Neptunian objects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Neptunian_object"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MPC-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MPC-11"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MorbidBrown-17"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MorbidBrown-17"},{"link_name":"Hill sphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_sphere"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MorbidBrown-17"}],"sub_title":"Scattered disc versus Kuiper belt","text":"See also: Kuiper beltThe Kuiper belt is a relatively thick torus (or \"doughnut\") of space, extending from about 30 to 50 AU[18] comprising two main populations of Kuiper belt objects (KBOs): the classical Kuiper-belt objects (or \"cubewanos\"), which lie in orbits untouched by Neptune, and the resonant Kuiper-belt objects, those which Neptune has locked into a precise orbital ratio such as 2:3 (the object goes around twice for every three Neptune orbits) and 1:2 (the object goes around once for every two Neptune orbits). These ratios, called orbital resonances, allow KBOs to persist in regions which Neptune's gravitational influence would otherwise have cleared out over the age of the Solar System, since the objects are never close enough to Neptune to be scattered by its gravity. Those in 2:3 resonances are known as \"plutinos\", because Pluto is the largest member of their group, whereas those in 1:2 resonances are known as \"twotinos\".In contrast to the Kuiper belt, the scattered-disc population can be disturbed by Neptune.[19] Scattered-disc objects come within gravitational range of Neptune at their closest approaches (~30 AU) but their farthest distances reach many times that.[17] Ongoing research[20] suggests that the centaurs, a class of icy planetoids that orbit between Jupiter and Neptune, may simply be SDOs thrown into the inner reaches of the Solar System by Neptune, making them \"cis-Neptunian\" rather than trans-Neptunian scattered objects.[21] Some objects, like (29981) 1999 TD10, blur the distinction[22] and the Minor Planet Center (MPC), which officially catalogues all trans-Neptunian objects, now lists centaurs and SDOs together.[10]The MPC, however, makes a clear distinction between the Kuiper belt and the scattered disc, separating those objects in stable orbits (the Kuiper belt) from those in scattered orbits (the scattered disc and the centaurs).[10] However, the difference between the Kuiper belt and the scattered disc is not clear-cut, and many astronomers see the scattered disc not as a separate population but as an outward region of the Kuiper belt. Another term used is \"scattered Kuiper-belt object\" (or SKBO) for bodies of the scattered disc.[23]Morbidelli and Brown propose that the difference between objects in the Kuiper belt and scattered-disc objects is that the latter bodies \"are transported in semi-major axis by close and distant encounters with Neptune,\"[16] but the former experienced no such close encounters. This delineation is inadequate (as they note) over the age of the Solar System, since bodies \"trapped in resonances\" could \"pass from a scattering phase to a non-scattering phase (and vice versa) numerous times.\"[16] That is, trans-Neptunian objects could travel back and forth between the Kuiper belt and the scattered disc over time. Therefore, they chose instead to define the regions, rather than the objects, defining the scattered disc as \"the region of orbital space that can be visited by bodies that have encountered Neptune\" within the radius of a Hill sphere, and the Kuiper belt as its \"complement ... in the a > 30 AU region\"; the region of the Solar System populated by objects with semi-major axes greater than 30 AU.[16]","title":"Subdivisions of trans-Neptunian space"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sednoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sednoid"},{"link_name":"90377 Sedna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/90377_Sedna"},{"link_name":"Michael E. Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_E._Brown"},{"link_name":"perihelion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perihelion"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sedna-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kobe-26"},{"link_name":"(148209) 2000 CR105","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(148209)_2000_CR105"},{"link_name":"474640 Alicanto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/474640_Alicanto"},{"link_name":"Neptune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptune"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"2000 CR105","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_CR105"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jewitt2006-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gomez_2006-29"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kobe-26"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gomes-18"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morbidelli2004-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"planet-sized object","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planets_beyond_Neptune"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gomez_2006-29"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DES_Elliot2006-33"},{"link_name":"Tisserand parameter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tisserand_parameter"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DES_Elliot2006-33"},{"link_name":"Tisserand parameter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tisserand_parameter"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DES_Elliot2006-33"},{"link_name":"B. J. Gladman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_J._Gladman"},{"link_name":"B. G. Marsden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_G._Marsden"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArizonaBook_Gladman2007-34"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArizonaBook_Gladman2007-34"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArizonaBook_Gladman2007-34"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArizonaBook_Gladman2007-34"}],"sub_title":"Detached objects","text":"See also: SednoidThe Minor Planet Center classifies the trans-Neptunian object 90377 Sedna as a scattered-disc object. Its discoverer Michael E. Brown has suggested instead that it should be considered an inner Oort-cloud object rather than a member of the scattered disc, because, with a perihelion distance of 76 AU, it is too remote to be affected by the gravitational attraction of the outer planets.[24] Under this definition, an object with a perihelion greater than 40 AU could be classified as outside the scattered disc.[25]Sedna is not the only such object: (148209) 2000 CR105 (discovered before Sedna) and 474640 Alicanto have a perihelion too far away from Neptune to be influenced by it. This led to a discussion among astronomers about a new minor planet set, called the extended scattered disc (E-SDO).[26] 2000 CR105 may also be an inner Oort-cloud object or (more likely) a transitional object between the scattered disc and the inner Oort cloud. More recently, these objects have been referred to as \"detached\",[27] or distant detached objects (DDO).[28]There are no clear boundaries between the scattered and detached regions.[25] Gomes et al. define SDOs as having \"highly eccentric orbits, perihelia beyond Neptune, and semi-major axes beyond the 1:2 resonance.\" By this definition, all distant detached objects are SDOs.[17] Since detached objects' orbits cannot be produced by Neptune scattering, alternative scattering mechanisms have been put forward, including a passing star[29][30] or a distant, planet-sized object.[28] Alternatively, it has been suggested that these objects have been captured from a passing star.[31]A scheme introduced by a 2005 report from the Deep Ecliptic Survey by J. L. Elliott et al. distinguishes between two categories: scattered-near (i.e. typical SDOs) and scattered-extended (i.e. detached objects).[32] Scattered-near objects are those whose orbits are non-resonant, non-planetary-orbit-crossing and have a Tisserand parameter (relative to Neptune) less than 3.[32] Scattered-extended objects have a Tisserand parameter (relative to Neptune) greater than 3 and have a time-averaged eccentricity greater than 0.2.[32]An alternative classification, introduced by B. J. Gladman, B. G. Marsden and C. Van Laerhoven in 2007, uses 10-million-year orbit integration instead of the Tisserand parameter.[33] An object qualifies as an SDO if its orbit is not resonant, has a semi-major axis no greater than 2000 AU, and, during the integration, its semi-major axis shows an excursion of 1.5 AU or more.[33] Gladman et al. suggest the term scattering disk object to emphasize this present mobility.[33] If the object is not an SDO as per the above definition, but the eccentricity of its orbit is greater than 0.240, it is classified as a detached TNO.[33] (Objects with smaller eccentricity are considered classical.) In this scheme, the disc extends from the orbit of Neptune to 2000 AU, the region referred to as the inner Oort cloud.","title":"Subdivisions of trans-Neptunian space"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KBOs_and_resonances.png"},{"link_name":"sednoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sednoid"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dynam-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dynam-16"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArizonaBook_Gladman2007-34"},{"link_name":"ecliptic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecliptic"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bertoldi_Altenhoff_et_al._2006-35"},{"link_name":"semi-major axis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-major_axis"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tjl2000-36"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jewitt2000-9"},{"link_name":"cubewanos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubewanos"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Levison2003-37"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dynam-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gomes-18"}],"text":"Distribution of trans-Neptunian objects, with semi-major axis on the horizontal, and inclination on the vertical axis. Scattered disc objects are shown in grey, objects that are in resonance with Neptune in red. Classical Kuiper belt objects (cubewanos) and sednoids are blue and yellow, respectively.The scattered disc is a very dynamic environment.[15] Because they are still capable of being perturbed by Neptune, SDOs' orbits are always in danger of disruption; either of being sent outward to the Oort cloud or inward into the centaur population and ultimately the Jupiter family of comets.[15] For this reason Gladman et al. prefer to refer to the region as the scattering disc, rather than scattered.[33] Unlike Kuiper-belt objects (KBOs), the orbits of scattered-disc objects can be inclined as much as 40° from the ecliptic.[34]SDOs are typically characterized by orbits with medium and high eccentricities with a semi-major axis greater than 50 AU, but their perihelia bring them within influence of Neptune.[35] Having a perihelion of roughly 30 AU is one of the defining characteristics of scattered objects, as it allows Neptune to exert its gravitational influence.[8]The classical objects (cubewanos) are very different from the scattered objects: more than 30% of all cubewanos are on low-inclination, near-circular orbits whose eccentricities peak at 0.25.[36] Classical objects possess eccentricities ranging from 0.2 to 0.8. Though the inclinations of scattered objects are similar to the more extreme KBOs, very few scattered objects have orbits as close to the ecliptic as much of the KBO population.[15]Although motions in the scattered disc are random, they do tend to follow similar directions, which means that SDOs can become trapped in temporary resonances with Neptune. Examples of possible resonant orbits within the scattered disc include 1:3, 2:7, 3:11, 5:22 and 4:79.[17]","title":"Orbits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Formation and evolution of the Solar System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lhborbits.png"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MorbidBrown-17"},{"link_name":"Kuiper belt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper_belt"},{"link_name":"eccentric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eccentricity_(orbit)"},{"link_name":"inclined","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inclination"},{"link_name":"outer planets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_planets"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Duncan_Levison_1997-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"migration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptune#Formation_and_migration"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shuffle-40"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gomes-18"},{"link_name":"Uranus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranus"},{"link_name":"angular momentum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular_momentum"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-migration-41"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shuffle-40"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Duncan_Levison_1997-38"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-migration-41"}],"text":"See also: Formation and evolution of the Solar SystemSimulation showing Outer Planets and Kuiper Belt: a) Before Jupiter/Saturn 2:1 resonance b) Scattering of Kuiper-belt objects into the Solar System after the orbital shift of Neptune c) After ejection of Kuiper-belt bodies by JupiterThe scattered disc is still poorly understood: no model of the formation of the Kuiper belt and the scattered disc has yet been proposed that explains all their observed properties.[16]According to contemporary models, the scattered disc formed when Kuiper belt objects (KBOs) were \"scattered\" into eccentric and inclined orbits by gravitational interaction with Neptune and the other outer planets.[37] The amount of time for this process to occur remains uncertain. One hypothesis estimates a period equal to the entire age of the Solar System;[38] a second posits that the scattering took place relatively quickly, during Neptune's early migration epoch.[39]Models for a continuous formation throughout the age of the Solar System illustrate that at weak resonances within the Kuiper belt (such as 5:7 or 8:1), or at the boundaries of stronger resonances, objects can develop weak orbital instabilities over millions of years. The 4:7 resonance in particular has large instability. KBOs can also be shifted into unstable orbits by close passage of massive objects, or through collisions. Over time, the scattered disc would gradually form from these isolated events.[17]Computer simulations have also suggested a more rapid and earlier formation for the scattered disc. Modern theories indicate that neither Uranus nor Neptune could have formed in situ beyond Saturn, as too little primordial matter existed at that range to produce objects of such high mass. Instead, these planets, and Saturn, may have formed closer to Jupiter, but were flung outwards during the early evolution of the Solar System, perhaps through exchanges of angular momentum with scattered objects.[40] Once the orbits of Jupiter and Saturn shifted to a 2:1 resonance (two Jupiter orbits for each orbit of Saturn), their combined gravitational pull disrupted the orbits of Uranus and Neptune, sending Neptune into the temporary \"chaos\" of the proto-Kuiper belt.[39] As Neptune traveled outward, it scattered many trans-Neptunian objects into higher and more eccentric orbits.[37][41] This model states that 90% or more of the objects in the scattered disc may have been \"promoted into these eccentric orbits by Neptune's resonances during the migration epoch...[therefore] the scattered disc might not be so scattered.\"[40]","title":"Formation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2003_UB313_near-infrared_spectrum.png"},{"link_name":"volatiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatile_(astrogeology)"},{"link_name":"methane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dynam3-43"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-methane-44"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dynam3-43"},{"link_name":"tholins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tholins"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dynam3-43"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dynam3-43"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dynam3-43"},{"link_name":"albedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albedo"},{"link_name":"tholin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tholin"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-methane-44"}],"text":"The infrared spectra of both Eris and Pluto, highlighting their common methane absorption linesScattered objects, like other trans-Neptunian objects, have low densities and are composed largely of frozen volatiles such as water and methane.[42] Spectral analysis of selected Kuiper belt and scattered objects has revealed signatures of similar compounds. Both Pluto and Eris, for instance, show signatures for methane.[43]Astronomers originally supposed that the entire trans-Neptunian population would show a similar red surface colour, as they were thought to have originated in the same region and subjected to the same physical processes.[42] Specifically, SDOs were expected to have large amounts of surface methane, chemically altered into tholins by sunlight from the Sun. This would absorb blue light, creating a reddish hue.[42] Most classical objects display this colour, but scattered objects do not; instead, they present a white or greyish appearance.[42]One explanation is the exposure of whiter subsurface layers by impacts; another is that the scattered objects' greater distance from the Sun creates a composition gradient, analogous to the composition gradient of the terrestrial and gas giant planets.[42] Michael E. Brown, discoverer of the scattered object Eris, suggests that its paler colour could be because, at its current distance from the Sun, its atmosphere of methane is frozen over its entire surface, creating an inches-thick layer of bright white ice. Pluto, conversely, being closer to the Sun, would be warm enough that methane would freeze only onto cooler, high-albedo regions, leaving low-albedo tholin-covered regions bare of ice.[43]","title":"Composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tempel_1_(PIA02127).jpg"},{"link_name":"Tempel 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempel_1"},{"link_name":"Jupiter-family comet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter-family_comet"},{"link_name":"ecliptic comets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecliptic_comet"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Jupiter-family comets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter-family_comet"},{"link_name":"Halley-type comets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halley-type_comet"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dynam-16"},{"link_name":"Halley's Comet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halley%27s_Comet"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-matter-46"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dynam2-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-horner2003-21"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-matter-46"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-matter-46"}],"text":"Tempel 1, a Jupiter-family cometThe Kuiper belt was initially thought to be the source of the Solar System's ecliptic comets. However, studies of the region since 1992 have shown that the orbits within the Kuiper belt are relatively stable, and that ecliptic comets originate from the scattered disc, where orbits are generally less stable.[44]Comets can loosely be divided into two categories: short-period and long-period—the latter being thought to originate in the Oort cloud. The two major categories of short-period comets are Jupiter-family comets (JFCs) and Halley-type comets.[15] Halley-type comets, which are named after their prototype, Halley's Comet, are thought to have originated in the Oort cloud but to have been drawn into the inner Solar System by the gravity of the giant planets,[45] whereas the JFCs are thought to have originated in the scattered disc.[19] The centaurs are thought to be a dynamically intermediate stage between the scattered disc and the Jupiter family.[20]There are many differences between SDOs and JFCs, even though many of the Jupiter-family comets may have originated in the scattered disc. Although the centaurs share a reddish or neutral coloration with many SDOs, their nuclei are bluer, indicating a fundamental chemical or physical difference.[45] One hypothesis is that comet nuclei are resurfaced as they approach the Sun by subsurface materials which subsequently bury the older material.[45]","title":"Comets"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"^ The literature is inconsistent in the use of the phrases \"scattered disc\" and \"Kuiper belt\". For some, they are distinct populations; for others, the scattered disc is part of the Kuiper belt. Authors may even switch between these two uses in a single publication.[3] In this article, the scattered disc will be considered a separate population from the Kuiper belt.","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Eris (center), the largest known scattered-disc object, and its moon Dysnomia (left of object)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Eris_and_dysnomia2.jpg/300px-Eris_and_dysnomia2.jpg"},{"image_text":"The eccentricity and inclination of the scattered-disc population compared to the classical and 5:2 resonant Kuiper-belt objects","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/TheKuiperBelt_Projections_100AU_Classical_SDO.svg/210px-TheKuiperBelt_Projections_100AU_Classical_SDO.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Distribution of trans-Neptunian objects, with semi-major axis on the horizontal, and inclination on the vertical axis. Scattered disc objects are shown in grey, objects that are in resonance with Neptune in red. Classical Kuiper belt objects (cubewanos) and sednoids are blue and yellow, respectively.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/KBOs_and_resonances.png/660px-KBOs_and_resonances.png"},{"image_text":"Simulation showing Outer Planets and Kuiper Belt: a) Before Jupiter/Saturn 2:1 resonance b) Scattering of Kuiper-belt objects into the Solar System after the orbital shift of Neptune c) After ejection of Kuiper-belt bodies by Jupiter","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Lhborbits.png/400px-Lhborbits.png"},{"image_text":"The infrared spectra of both Eris and Pluto, highlighting their common methane absorption lines","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/2003_UB313_near-infrared_spectrum.png/200px-2003_UB313_near-infrared_spectrum.png"},{"image_text":"Tempel 1, a Jupiter-family comet","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Tempel_1_%28PIA02127%29.jpg/220px-Tempel_1_%28PIA02127%29.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Solar_System_Template_2.png"}]	[{"title":"List of possible dwarf planets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_possible_dwarf_planets"},{"title":"List of trans-Neptunian objects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_trans-Neptunian_objects"}]	[{"reference":"Morbidelli, Alessandro (2005). \"Origin and dynamical evolution of comets and their reservoirs\". arXiv:astro-ph/0512256.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0512256","url_text":"astro-ph/0512256"}]},{"reference":"Horner, J.; Evans, N. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycosyl_acceptor	Glycosyl acceptor	["1 Background","2 Examples","3 See also","4 References"]	A glycosyl acceptor is any suitable nucleophile-containing molecule that will react with a glycosyl donor to form a new glycosidic bond. By convention, the acceptor is the member of this pair which did not contain the resulting anomeric carbon of the new glycosidic bond. Since the nucleophilic atom of the acceptor is typically an oxygen atom, this can be remembered using the mnemonic of the acceptor is the alcohol. A glycosyl acceptor can be a mono- or oligosaccharide that contains an available nucleophile, such as an unprotected hydroxyl. Background This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (July 2010) Examples glucose to haemoglobin This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (July 2010) See also Chemical glycosylation Glycosyl halide Armed and disarmed saccharides Carbohydrate chemistry References Van Der Vorm, S.; Hansen, T.; Van Hengst, J.M.; Overkleeft, H.S.; Van Der Marel, G.A.; Codée, J.D. (2019). "Acceptor reactivity in glycosylation reactions". Chemical Society Reviews. 48 (17): 4688–4706. doi:10.1039/C8CS00369F. hdl:1887/79489. PMID 31287452.	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Glycosyl acceptor"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"glucose to haemoglobin","title":"Examples"}]	[]	[{"title":"Chemical glycosylation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_glycosylation"},{"title":"Glycosyl halide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycosyl_halide"},{"title":"Armed and disarmed saccharides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_and_disarmed_saccharides"},{"title":"Carbohydrate chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate_chemistry"}]	[{"reference":"Van Der Vorm, S.; Hansen, T.; Van Hengst, J.M.; Overkleeft, H.S.; Van Der Marel, G.A.; Codée, J.D. (2019). \"Acceptor reactivity in glycosylation reactions\". Chemical Society Reviews. 48 (17): 4688–4706. doi:10.1039/C8CS00369F. hdl:1887/79489. PMID 31287452.","urls":[{"url":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2019/cs/c8cs00369f","url_text":"\"Acceptor reactivity in glycosylation reactions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1039%2FC8CS00369F","url_text":"10.1039/C8CS00369F"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1887%2F79489","url_text":"1887/79489"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31287452","url_text":"31287452"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glycosyl_acceptor&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glycosyl_acceptor&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2019/cs/c8cs00369f","external_links_name":"\"Acceptor reactivity in glycosylation reactions\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1039%2FC8CS00369F","external_links_name":"10.1039/C8CS00369F"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/1887%2F79489","external_links_name":"1887/79489"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31287452","external_links_name":"31287452"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_New_Caledonia	New Caledonia	["1 History","1.1 French colonisation","1.2 World War II","1.3 French overseas territory","1.3.1 The Events","1.3.2 Nouméa Accord and independence referendums","2 Politics","2.1 Customary authority","2.2 Military and Gendarmerie","2.3 Status","3 Administrative divisions","4 Geography","4.1 Climate","5 Environment","5.1 Flora","5.2 Fauna","6 Demographics","6.1 Ethnic groups","6.2 Languages","6.3 Religion","7 Education","8 Economy","8.1 Nickel sector","9 Culture","10 Media","11 Sport","12 Cuisine","13 Transport","14 See also","15 Notes","16 References","17 Sources","18 External links"]	Coordinates: 21°15′S 165°18′E / 21.25°S 165.30°E / -21.25; 165.30French special collectivity in the southwest Pacific Ocean For the former North American fur-trading district, see New Caledonia (Canada). For the former colony of Scotland, see Darien scheme. Sui generis collectivity of FranceNew CaledoniaNouvelle-Calédonie (French)Sui generis collectivity of France FlagSymbolMotto: "Terre de parole, terre de partage" (French)(English: "Land of speech, land of sharing")Anthem: La Marseillaise("The Marseillaise")"Soyons unis, devenons frères"Show globeMap of New CaledoniaLocation of New CaledoniaSovereign state FranceAnnexed by France24 September 1853Overseas territory1946Nouméa Accord5 May 1998Capitaland largest cityNouméa22°16′S 166°28′E / 22.267°S 166.467°E / -22.267; 166.467Official languagesFrenchRecognised regional languagesNengonePaicîAjiëDrehu35 other native languagesDemonym(s)New CaledonianGovernmentDevolved parliamentary dependency• President Emmanuel Macron• High Commissioner Louis Le Franc• President of the Government Louis Mapou• President of the Congress Roch Wamytan• President of the Customary Senate Yvon Kona LegislatureCongressFrench Parliament• Senate2 senators (of 348)• National Assembly2 seats (of 577)Area• Total18,575 km2 (7,172 sq mi)• Land18,275 km2 (7,056 sq mi)• Water (%)1.6Highest elevation (Mont Panie)1,628 m (5,341 ft)Population• 2019 census271,407 (184th)• Density14.5/km2 (37.6/sq mi) (200th)GDP (nominal)2019 estimate• TotalUS$9.44 billion• Per capitaUS$34,780CurrencyCFP franc (₣) (XPF)Time zoneUTC+11:00Driving siderightCalling code+687ISO 3166 codeNCFR-NCNCLInternet TLD.nc This article is part of a series on theAdministrativedivisions of France Administrative divisions Regions Departments Arrondissements Cantons Intercommunality Métropole Communauté urbaine Communauté d'agglomération Communauté de communes Communes Associated communes Municipal arrondissements Overseas France Overseas departments and regions Overseas collectivities Overseas country (French Polynesia) Sui generis collectivity (New Caledonia) Overseas territory (French Southern and Antarctic Lands) Clipperton Island Geocodes of France ISO NUTS France portalvte New Caledonia (/ˌkælɪˈdoʊniə/ ⓘ KAL-ih-DOH-nee-ə; French: Nouvelle-Calédonie ⓘ) is a sui generis collectivity of overseas France in the southwest Pacific Ocean, south of Vanuatu, about 1,210 km (750 mi) east of Australia, and 17,000 km (11,000 mi) from Metropolitan France. The archipelago, part of the Melanesia subregion, includes the main island of Grande Terre, the Loyalty Islands, the Chesterfield Islands, the Belep archipelago, the Isle of Pines, and a few remote islets. The Chesterfield Islands are in the Coral Sea. French people, especially locals, call Grande Terre le Caillou (pron. , lit. 'the pebble'), a nickname also used more generally for the entire New Caledonia. Pro-independence Kanak parties use the name (la) Kanaky (pron. ) to refer to New Caledonia, a term coined in the 1980s from the ethnic name of the indigenous Melanesian Kanak people who make up 41% of New Caledonia's population. New Caledonia is one of the European Union's Overseas Countries and Territories (OCTs), but it is not part of the European Union. New Caledonia has a land area of 18,575 km2 (7,172 sq mi) divided into three provinces. The North and South Provinces are on the New Caledonian mainland, while the Loyalty Islands Province is a series of four inhabited islands off the east coast of mainland (from north to south: Ouvéa, Lifou, Tiga, and Maré). New Caledonia's population of 271,407 (October 2019 census) is of diverse origins and varies by geography; in the North and Loyalty Islands Provinces, the indigenous Kanak people predominate, while the wealthy South Province contains significant populations of European (Caldoches and Metropolitan French), Kanak, and Polynesian (mostly Wallisian) origin, as well as smaller groups of Southeast Asian, Pied-Noir, and North African heritage. The capital of New Caledonia is Nouméa. History New Caledonia was part of the continent Zealandia, which broke off from the supercontinent Gondwana between 79 million and 83 million years ago. The earliest traces of human presence in New Caledonia date back to the period when the Lapita culture was influential in large parts of the Pacific, c. 1600–500 BC or 1300–200 BC. The Lapita were highly skilled navigators and agriculturists. The first settlements were concentrated around the coast and date back to the period between c. 1100 BC and AD 200. Two Kanak warriors posing with penis gourds and spears, around 1880 British explorer James Cook was one of the first Europeans to sight New Caledonia, on 4 September 1774, during his second voyage. He named it "New Caledonia", as the northeast of the island reminded him of Scotland. The west coast of Grande Terre was approached by the Comte de Lapérouse in 1788, shortly before his disappearance, and the Loyalty Islands were first visited between 1793 and 1796 when Mare, Lifou, Tiga, and Ouvea were mapped by English whaler William Raven. Raven encountered the island, then named Britania, and today known as Maré (Loyalty Is.), in November 1793. From 1796 until 1840, only a few sporadic contacts with the archipelago were recorded. About 50 American whalers left record of being in the region (Grande Terre, Loyalty Is., Walpole and Hunter) between 1793 and 1887. Contacts with visiting ships became more frequent after 1840, because of their interest in sandalwood. As trade in sandalwood declined, it was replaced by a new business enterprise, "blackbirding", a euphemism for taking Melanesian or Western Pacific Islanders from New Caledonia, the Loyalty Islands, New Hebrides, New Guinea, and the Solomon Islands into slavery, indentured or forced labour in the sugarcane plantations in Fiji and Queensland by various methods of trickery and deception. Blackbirding was practised by both French and Australian traders, but in New Caledonia's case, the trade in the early decades of the twentieth century involved kidnapping children from the Loyalty Islands to the Grand Terre for forced labour in plantation agriculture. New Caledonia's primary experience with blackbirding revolved around a trade from the New Hebrides (now Vanuatu) to the Grand Terre for labour in plantation agriculture, mines, as well as guards over convicts and in some public works. In the early years of the trade, coercion was used to lure Melanesian islanders onto ships. In later years indenture systems were developed; however, when it came to the French slave trade, which took place between its Melanesian colonies of the New Hebrides and New Caledonia, very few regulations were implemented. This represented a departure from contemporary developments in Australia, since increased regulations were developed to mitigate the abuses of blackbirding and 'recruitment' strategies on the coastlines. The first missionaries from the London Missionary Society and the Marist Brothers arrived in the 1840s. In 1849, the crew of the American ship Cutter was killed and eaten by the Pouma clan. Human cannibalism was widespread throughout New Caledonia. French colonisation Further information: Communards § Life in New Caledonia On 24 September 1853, under orders from Emperor Napoleon III, Admiral Febvrier Despointes took formal possession of New Caledonia. Captain Louis-Marie-François Tardy de Montravel founded Port-de-France (Nouméa) on 25 June 1854. A few dozen free settlers settled on the west coast in the following years. New Caledonia became a penal colony in 1864, and from the 1860s until the end of the transportations in 1897, France sent about 22,000 criminals and political prisoners to New Caledonia. The Bulletin de la Société générale des prisons for 1888 indicates that 10,428 convicts, including 2,329 freed ones, were on the island as of 1 May 1888, by far the largest number of convicts detained in French overseas penitentiaries. The convicts included many Communards, arrested after the failed Paris Commune of 1871, including Henri de Rochefort and Louise Michel. Between 1873 and 1876, 4,200 political prisoners were "relegated" to New Caledonia. Only 40 of them settled in the colony; the rest returned to France after being granted amnesty in 1879 and 1880. Chief King Jacques and his Queen In 1864, nickel was discovered on the banks of the Diahot River; with the establishment of the Société Le Nickel in 1876, mining began in earnest. To work the mines the French imported labourers from neighbouring islands and from the New Hebrides, and later from Japan, the Dutch East Indies, and French Indochina. The French government also attempted to encourage European immigration, without much success. The indigenous Kanak people were excluded from the French economy and from mining work, and ultimately confined to reservations. This sparked a violent reaction in 1878, when High Chief Ataï of La Foa managed to unite many of the central tribes and launched a guerrilla war that killed 200 Frenchmen and 1,000 Kanaks. A second uprising occurred in 1917, with Protestant missionaries like Maurice Leenhardt functioning as witnesses to the events of this war. Leenhardt would pen a number of ethnographic works on the Kanak of New Caledonia. Noël of Tiamou led the 1917 rebellion, which resulted in a number of orphaned children, one of whom was taken into the care of Protestant missionary Alphonse Rouel. This child, Wenceslas Thi, would become the father of Jean-Marie Tjibaou (1936–1989). Europeans brought new diseases such as smallpox and measles, which caused the deaths of many natives. The Kanak population declined from around 60,000 in 1878 to 27,100 in 1921, and their numbers did not increase again until the 1930s. World War II Further information: Pacific Islands home front during World War II § Employment In June 1940, after the fall of France, the General Council of New Caledonia voted to reject the Vichy government and continue supporting the Allied military effort against Germany. However, the colonial governor Georges-Marc Pélicier promulgated the Vichy government's Constitutional Law, which sparked street demonstrations and an assassination attempt. By this time Caldoches had been in contact with Charles de Gaulle who encouraged them to form a Free French committee and appointed Henri Sautot as governor. The Vichy government despatched a warship, Dumont d'Urville, at Pélicier's request, but soon deemed him incompetent and appointed an acting governor. By this time the Australian government had agreed to intervene and despatched HMAS Adelaide to oversee the installation of Sautot as governor. A stand-off between Dumont d'Urville and Adelaide followed, with Pélicier and other pro-Vichy officials ultimately deported to French Indochina. In 1941, some 300 men from the territory volunteered for service overseas. They were joined, in April, by 300 men from French Polynesia ('the Tahitians'), plus a handful from the French districts of the New Hebrides: together they formed the Bataillon du Pacifique. The Caledonians formed two of the companies, and the Polynesians the other two. In May 1941, they sailed to Australia and boarded the RMS Queen Elizabeth for the onward voyage to Africa. They joined the other Free French (FF) battalions in Qastina in August, before moving to the Western Desert with the 1st FF Brigade (1re BFL). There they were one of the four battalions who took part in the breakout after the Battle of Bir Hakeim in 1942. Their losses could not easily be replaced from the Pacific and they were therefore amalgamated with the Frenchmen of another battalion wearing the anchor of la Coloniale, the BIM, to form the Bataillon de l'infanterie de marine et du Pacifique. The combined battalion formed part of the Gaulliste 1re Division Motorisée d'Infanterie/Division de Marche d'Infanterie, alongside three divisions from the French North African forces, in the French Expeditionary Corps during the Italian Campaign. They landed in Provence in 1944, when they were posted out and replaced by local French volunteers and résistants. Meanwhile, in March 1942, with the assistance of Australia, New Caledonia became an important Allied base, and the main South Pacific Fleet base of the United States Navy in the South Pacific moved to Nouméa in 1942–1943. The fleet that turned back the Japanese Navy in the Battle of the Coral Sea in May 1942 was based at Nouméa. American troops stationed on New Caledonia numbered as many as 50,000, matching the entire local population at the time. French overseas territory In 1946, New Caledonia became an overseas territory. By 1953, French citizenship had been granted to all New Caledonians, regardless of ethnicity. During the late 1940s and early 1950s, New Caledonia strengthened its economic links with Australia, particularly as turmoil within France and its empire weakened New Caledonia's traditional economic links to metropolitan France; New Caledonia supplied nickel to Australia in exchange for coal vital for smelting nickel. New Caledonian exports of iron ore and timber to Australia also increased during this time period. The European and Polynesian populations gradually increased in the years leading to the nickel boom of 1969–1972, and the indigenous Kanak Melanesians became a minority, though they were still the largest ethnic group. The Events Between 1976 and 1988, a period referred to as "the Events" (French: Les Événements), conflicts between French government actions and the Kanak independence movement saw periods of serious violence and disorder. In 1983, a statute of "enlarged autonomy" for the territory proposed a five-year transition period and a referendum in 1989. In March 1984, the Front Indépendantiste, a Kanak resistance group, seized farms and the Kanak and Socialist National Liberation Front (FLNKS) formed a provisional government. In January 1985, the French Socialist government offered sovereignty to the Kanaks and legal protection for European settlers. The plan faltered as violence escalated. The government declared a state of emergency; however, regional elections went ahead, and the FLNKS won control of three out of four provinces. The centre-right government elected in France in March 1986 began eroding the arrangements established under the Socialists, redistributing lands mostly without consideration of native land claims, resulting in over two-thirds going to Europeans and less than a third to the Kanaks. By the end of 1987, roadblocks, gun battles and the destruction of property culminated in the Ouvéa cave hostage taking, a dramatic hostage crisis just days before the 1988 French presidential election began. Pro-independence militants on Ouvéa killed four gendarmes and took 27 hostage. The military assaulted the cave to rescue the hostages. Nineteen Kanak hostage takers were killed and another three died in custody, while two soldiers were killed during the assault. Nouméa Accord and independence referendums Flags side by side on the same pole, Nouméa, March 2011 The Matignon Agreements, signed on 26 June 1988, ensured a decade of stability. The Nouméa Accord, signed 5 May 1998, set the groundwork for a 20-year transition that gradually transfers competences to the local government. Following the timeline set by the Nouméa Accord that stated a vote must take place by the end of 2018, the groundwork was laid for a referendum on full independence from France at a meeting chaired by the French Prime Minister Édouard Philippe on 2 November 2017, to be held by November 2018. Voter list eligibility was the subject of a long dispute, but the details were resolved in an electoral list that granted automatic eligibility to voters of Kanak origin but excluded those of other origins who had not been longtime residents of the territory. The referendum was held on 4 November 2018, with independence being rejected. Another referendum was held in October 2020, with voters once again choosing to remain a part of France. In the 2018 referendum, 56.7% of voters chose to remain in France. In the 2020 referendum, this percentage dropped with 53.4% of voters choosing to remain part of France. The third referendum was held on 12 December 2021. The referendum was boycotted by pro-independence forces, who argued for a delayed vote due to the impact caused by the COVID-19 pandemic; when the French government declined to do so, they called for a boycott. This led to 96% of voters choosing to stay with France. In May 2024, riots broke out amid debate over a proposed electoral reform in the territory. Politics Main article: Politics of New CaledoniaNew Caledonia is a territory sui generis to which France has gradually transferred certain powers. As such its citizens have French nationality and vote for the president of France. They have the right to vote in elections to the European Parliament. It is governed by a 54-member Territorial Congress, a legislative body composed of members of three provincial assemblies. The French State is represented in the territory by a High Commissioner. At a national level, New Caledonia is represented in the French Parliament by two deputies and two senators. At the 2012 French presidential election, the voter turnout in New Caledonia was 61.19%. For 25 years, the party system in New Caledonia was dominated by the anti-independence The Rally–UMP. This dominance ended with the emergence of a new party, Avenir Ensemble, also opposed to independence, but considered more open to dialogue with the Kanak movement, which is part of the Kanak and Socialist National Liberation Front, a coalition of several pro-independence groups. Customary authority Kanak society has several layers of customary authority, from the 4,000–5,000 family-based clans to the eight customary areas (aires coutumières) that make up the territory. Clans are led by clan chiefs and constitute 341 tribes, each headed by a tribal chief. The tribes are further grouped into 57 customary chiefdoms (chefferies), each headed by a head chief, and forming the administrative subdivisions of the customary areas. Jean Lèques during a ceremony honouring U.S. service members who helped ensure the freedom of New Caledonia during World War II The Customary Senate is the assembly of the various traditional councils of the Kanaks, and has jurisdiction over the law proposals concerning the Kanak identity. The Customary Senate is composed of 16 members appointed by each traditional council, with two representatives per customary area. In its advisory role, the Customary Senate must be consulted on law proposals "concerning the Kanak identity" as defined in the Nouméa Accord. It also has a deliberative role on law proposals that would affect identity, the civil customary statute, and the land system. A new president is appointed each year in August or September, and the presidency rotates between the eight customary areas. Kanak people have recourse to customary authorities regarding civil matters such as marriage, adoption, inheritance, and some land issues. The French administration typically respects decisions made in the customary system. However, their jurisdiction is sharply limited in penal matters, as some matters relating to the customary justice system, including the use of corporal punishment, are seen as clashing with the human rights obligations of France. Military and Gendarmerie The Armed Forces of New Caledonia (French: Forces armées de Nouvelle-Calédonie, or FANC) include about 2,000 soldiers, mainly deployed in Koumac, Nandaï, Tontouta, Plum, and Nouméa. The land forces consist of a regiment of the Troupes de marine, the Régiment d'infanterie de marine du Pacifique. About 80 percent of the 700-member regiment is composed of soldiers on short-term (four month) deployments from metropolitan France. As of 2018, only about 30 personnel in the regiment were locally recruited. The naval forces incorporate several vessels of the French Navy including: one Floréal-class frigate, Vendémiaire, the patrol and support vessel D'Entrecasteaux and Auguste Benebig, the lead ship of the Félix Éboué class of patrol vessels. The French Navy will further reinforce its offshore patrol capabilities in New Caledonia by deploying a second vessel of the Félix Éboué class (Jean Tranape) to the territory by 2025. One Engins de Débarquement Amphibie – Standards (EDA-S) landing craft is also to be delivered to naval forces based in New Caledonia by 2025. The landing craft is to better support coastal and riverine operations in the territory. As of the latter 2010s, French naval aviation and air force elements in New Caledonia included two Navy Falcon 200 Gardian maritime surveillance aircraft (drawn from Flotilla 25F), which are to be replaced by the more modern Falcon 2000 Albatros starting in 2025, and two Casa CN235 transport aircraft and three Puma helicopters from the Air Force's 52 "Tontouta" Squadron. Prior to 2022, the frigate Vendémiaire operated the Alouette III helicopter. However, with the retirement of the type in 2022, it is being replaced by the Eurocopter Dauphin N3. In 2022, the French Air Force demonstrated a capacity to reinforce the territory by deploying three Rafale fighters, supported by A400M transport aircraft and A330 MRTT Phénix tankers, from France to New Caledonia for a three-week exercise. In addition, some 855 personnel from the National Gendarmerie are stationed on the archipelago divided into 4 companies, 27 brigades and several specialized and mobile Gendarmerie units. During periods such the 2021 referendum on independence, these forces have been significantly reinforced with personnel deployed from metropolitan France. The air component includes two Écureuil helicopters while the Maritime Gendarmerie deploys the patrol boat Dumbea in the territory. Status New Caledonia has been a member of the Pacific Community since 1983 with Nouméa the home of the organization's regional headquarters. Since 1986, the United Nations Committee on Decolonization has included New Caledonia on the United Nations list of non-self-governing territories. An independence referendum was held the following year, but independence was rejected by a large majority.Pyramid graph illustrating the administration of New Caledonia Under the Nouméa Accord, signed in 1998 following a period of secessionist unrest in the 1980s and approved in a referendum, New Caledonia was granted special status. Twenty years after inception, the Nouméa Accord required an referendum on independence which was held on 4 November 2018. The result was that 56.9% of voters chose to remain with France. The Nouméa Accord required another independence referendum, which was held on 4 October 2020. The result was that 53.26% of voters chose to remain with France. The third and last referendum permitted by the Nouméa Accord was held on 12 December 2021, confirming New Caledonia as part of the French Republic with 96% voting "no" to independence after the vote was boycotted by the bulk of the Kanak population. The official name of the territory, Nouvelle-Calédonie, could be changed in the near future due to the accord, which states that "a name, a flag, an anthem, a motto, and the design of banknotes will have to be sought by all parties together, to express the Kanak identity and the future shared by all parties." To date, however, there has been no consensus on a new name for the territory, although Kanak Republic is popular among 40% of the population. New Caledonia has increasingly adopted its own symbols, choosing an anthem, a motto, and a new design for its banknotes. In July 2010, the Congress of New Caledonia voted in favour of a wish to fly the Kanak flag of the independence movement FLNKS alongside the French tricolour, as dual flags of the territory. The wish, legally non-binding, proved controversial. A majority of New Caledonian communes, but not all, now fly both flags, the rest flying only the French Tricolour. The non-official adoption made New Caledonia one of the few countries or territories in the world with two flags. The decision to wish for the use of two flags has been a constant battleground between the two sides and led the coalition government to collapse in February 2011. Administrative divisions Main article: Administrative divisions of New Caledonia Map of the New Caledonian communes. Light gray and dark grey denotes northern and southern province, respectively. Thio Yaté L'Île-des-Pins Le Mont-Dore Nouméa Dumbéa Païta Boulouparis LaFoa Moindou Sarraméa Farino Bourail Poya Pouem-bout Koné Voh Kaala-Gomen Koumac Poum Belep Oué-goa Pouébo Hien-ghène Touho Poindimié Ponéri-houen Houaïlou Kouaoua Canala Ouvéa Lifou Maré The institutional organization is the result of the organic law and ordinary law passed by the Parliament on 16 February 1999. The archipelago is divided into three provinces: South Province (province Sud). Provincial capital: Nouméa. Area: 9,407 km2. Population: 212,082 inhabitants (2019). North Province (province Nord). Provincial capital: Koné. Area: 7,348 km2. Population: 49,910 inhabitants (2019). Loyalty Islands Province (province des îles Loyauté). Provincial capital: Lifou. Area: 1,981 km2. Population: 18,353 inhabitants (2019). New Caledonia is further divided into 33 communes (municipalities). One commune, Poya, is divided between two provinces. The northern half of Poya, with the main settlement and most of the population, is part of the North Province, while the southern half of the commune, with only 210 inhabitants in 2019, is part of the South Province. Geography Main article: Geography of New Caledonia New Caledonia from space Coral reefs of New Caledonia from ISS, September 9, 2020 New Caledonia is part of Zealandia, a fragment of the ancient Gondwana super-continent, which is part of Oceania. It is speculated that New Caledonia separated from Australia roughly 66 million years ago, subsequently drifting in a north-easterly direction, reaching its present position about 50 million years ago. The mainland is divided in length by a central mountain range whose highest peaks are Mont Panié (1,629 m or 5,344 ft) in the north and Mont Humboldt (1,618 m or 5,308 ft) in the southeast. The east coast is covered by a lush vegetation. The west coast, with its large savannahs and plains suitable for farming, is a drier area. Many ore-rich massifs are found along this coast. The Diahot River is the longest river of New Caledonia, flowing for some 100 kilometres (62 mi). It has a catchment area of 620 km2 (240 sq mi) and opens north-westward into the Baie d'Harcourt, flowing towards the northern point of the island along the western escarpment of the Mount Panié. Most of the island is covered by wet evergreen forests, while savannahs dominate the lower elevations. The New Caledonian lagoon, with a total area of 24,000 square kilometres (9,300 sq mi) is one of the largest lagoons in the world. The lagoon and the surrounding New Caledonia Barrier Reef was named a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2008 for its exceptional beauty and marine biodiversity. In May 2023, there was an earthquake and tsunami in New Caledonia. This triggered a tsunami warning here as well as in other nearby countries. Climate The climate is tropical, with a hot and humid season from November to March with temperatures between 27 and 30 °C (81 and 86 °F), and a cooler, dry season from June to August with temperatures between 20 and 23 °C (68 and 73 °F), linked by two short interstices. The tropical climate is strongly moderated by the oceanic influence and the trade winds that attenuate humidity, which can be close to 80%. The average annual temperature is 23 °C, with historical extremes of 2.3 and 39.1 °C (36.1 and 102.4 °F). The rainfall records show that precipitation differs greatly within the island. The 3,000 millimetres (120 in) of rainfall recorded in Galarino are three times the average of the west coast. There are also dry periods, because of the effects of El Niño. Between December and April, tropical depressions and cyclones can cause winds to exceed a speed of 100 kilometres per hour (62 mph), with gusts of 250 kilometres per hour (160 mph) and very abundant rainfall. The last cyclone affecting New Caledonia was Cyclone Niran, in March 2021. Environment See also: Biodiversity of New Caledonia Landscape in the south of New Caledonia New Caledonia has many unique taxa, especially birds and plants. It has the richest diversity in the world per square kilometre. The biodiversity is caused by Grande Terre's central mountain range, which has created a variety of niches, landforms and micro-climates where endemic species thrive. Largely due to its nickel industry, New Caledonia emits a high level of carbon dioxide per person compared to other countries. In 2019, it emitted 55.25 tons of CO2 per person, compared to 4.81 for France. The combination of the exceptional biodiversity of New Caledonia and its threatened status has made it one of the most critical biodiversity hotspots on Earth. In 2001, Bruno Van Peteghem was awarded the Goldman Environmental Prize for his efforts on behalf of the Caledonian ecological protection movement in the face of "serious challenges" from Jacques Lafleur's RPCR party. Progress has been made in a few areas in addressing the protection of New Caledonia's ecological diversity from fire, industrial and residential development, unrestricted agricultural activity and mining (such as the judicial revocation of INCO's mining licence in June 2006 owing to claimed abuses). In 2008, six lagoons of the New Caledonian barrier reef, the world's longest continuous barrier reef system, were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List. Flora Amborella, the world's oldest living lineage of flowering plant Araucaria columnaris on the Isle of Pines New Caledonia's fauna and flora derive from ancestral species isolated in the region when it broke away from Gondwana many tens of millions of years ago. Not only endemic species have evolved here, but entire genera, families, and even orders are unique to the islands. More tropical gymnosperm species are endemic to New Caledonia than to any similar region on Earth. Of the 44 indigenous species of gymnosperms, 43 are endemic, including the only known parasitic gymnosperm (Parasitaxus usta). Also, of the 35 known species of Araucaria, 13 are endemic to New Caledonia. New Caledonia also has the world's most divergent lineage of flowering plant, Amborella trichopoda, which is at, or near, the base of the clade of all flowering plants. The world's largest extant species of fern, Cyathea intermedia, also is endemic to New Caledonia. It is very common on acidic soil, usually found on fallow ground or in forest clearings, and grows about one metre per year on the east coast. There also are other species of Cyathea, notably Cyathea novae-caledoniae. New Caledonia also is one of five regions on the planet where species of southern beeches (Nothofagus) are indigenous; five species are known to occur here. New Caledonia has its own version of maquis (maquis minier) occurring on metalliferous soils, mostly in the south. The soils of ultramafic rocks (mining terrains) have been a refuge for many native flora species which are adapted to the toxic mineral content of the soils, to which most foreign species of plants are poorly suited, which has therefore prevented invasion into the habitat or displacement of indigenous plants. Two terrestrial ecoregions lie within New Caledonia's territory: New Caledonia rain forests and New Caledonia dry forests. Fauna Main article: List of birds of New Caledonia In addition to its outstanding plant diversity and endemism, New Caledonia also provides habitat for a wide diversity of animals. Over 100 bird species live in New Caledonia, of which 24 are endemic. One of these endemic bird species is the New Caledonian crow, a bird noted for its tool-making abilities, which rival those of primates. These crows are renowned for their extraordinary intelligence and ability to fashion tools to solve problems, and make the most complex tools of any animal yet studied apart from humans. The kagu, an endemic flightless bird The endemic kagu, agile and able to run quickly, is a flightless bird, but it is able to use its wings to climb branches or glide. Its sound is similar to the bark of a dog. It is the surviving member of monotypic family Rhynochetidae, order Eurypygiformes. There are 11 endemic fish species and 14 endemic species of decapod crustaceans in the rivers and lakes of New Caledonia. Some, such as Neogalaxias, exist only in small areas. The nautilus—considered a living fossil and related to the ammonites, which became extinct at the end of the Mesozoic era—occurs in Pacific waters around New Caledonia. There is a large diversity of marine fish in the surrounding waters, which are within the extents of the Coral Sea. Despite its large number of bird, reptile, and fish species, New Caledonia has remarkably few mammal species: nine, of which six are endemic. Several species of New Caledonia are remarkable for their size: Ducula goliath is the largest extant species of arboreal pigeon; Rhacodactylus leachianus, the largest gecko in the world; Phoboscincus bocourti, a large skink thought to be extinct until rediscovered in 2003. Much of New Caledonia's fauna present before human settlement is now extinct, including Sylviornis, a bird over a metre tall not closely related to any living species, and Meiolania, a giant horned turtle that diverged from living turtles during the Jurassic period. In January 2024, a court in the Capital Nouméa issued a ruling banning the culling of sharks citing it as disproportionate. The culls began after an Australian tourist was killed by a shark in the previous year. Demographics Main article: Demographics of New Caledonia Historical populationsYearPop.±% p.a.1956 68,480— 1963 86,519+3.72%1969 100,579+2.60%1976 133,233+4.03%1983 145,368+1.26%1989 164,173+2.06%1996 196,836+2.61%2009 245,580+1.68%2014 268,767+1.79%2019 271,407+0.19% 2022 269,815−0.25% 2023 268,510−0.48%ISEE At the last census in 2019, New Caledonia had a population of 271,407. Of these, 18,353 lived in the Loyalty Islands Province, 49,910 in the North Province, and 203,144 in the South Province. Population growth has slowed down recently with a yearly increase of 0.2% between 2014 and 2019. Population growth is higher in the North Province (0.3% per year between 2014 and 2019) than in the Loyalty Islands (0.1%) and South Province (−0.2%). 30% of the population was under the age of 20, with the ratio of older people in the total population increasing. Two out of three residents of New Caledonia live in Greater Nouméa. 78% were born in New Caledonia. The total fertility rate decreased from 2.2 children per woman in 2014 to 1.9 in 2019. Ethnic groups Ethnic Groups in New Caledonia (2019 Census) Ethnic Groups percent Kanak 41.2% European 24.1% "Caledonian" or not stated 7.5% Mixed 11.3% Wallisian/Futunian 8.3% Tahitian 2.0% Javanese 1.4% Ni-Vanuatu 0.9% Vietnamese 0.8% Other Asian 0.4% Other 2.1% At the 2019 census, 41.2% of the population reported belonging to the Kanak community (up from 39.1% at the 2014 census) and 24.1% to the European (Caldoche and Zoreille) community (down from 27.2% at the 2014 census). A further 7.5% of the population either self-identified as "Caledonian" or refused to declare an ethnic group (down from 9.9% at the 2014 census). Most of the people who self-identify as "Caledonian" or refuse to declare an ethnic group are thought to be ethnically European. The other self-reported communities were Wallisians and Futunians (8.3% of the total population, up from 8.2% at the 2014 census), Indonesians who are from the Javanese ethnic group (1.4% of the total population, the same as in 2014), Tahitians (2.0% of the total population, down from 2.1% at the 2014 census), Ni-Vanuatu (0.9%, down from 1.0% at the 2014 census), Vietnamese (0.8%, down from 0.9% at the 2014 census), and other Asians (primarily ethnic Chinese; 0.4% of the total population, the same as in 2014). 11.3% of the population reported belonging to multiple communities (mixed race) (up from 8.6% at the 2014 census). The question on community belonging, which had been left out of the 2004 census, was reintroduced in 2009 under a new formulation, different from the 1996 census, allowing multiple choices (mixed race) and the possibility to clarify the choice "other" (which led many Europeans to self-identify as "Caledonian" in the category "other", or to select several ethnic communities, such as both European and Kanak, thus appearing as mixed race, which is particularly the case for the Caldoches living in the bush, who often have mixed ancestry). Finally, 2.1% of the population reported belonging to other communities to the exclusion of "Caledonian" (up from 1.3% at the 2014 census). The Kanak people, part of the ethnic Melanesian group, are indigenous to New Caledonia. Their social organization is traditionally based on clans, which identify as either "land" or "sea" clans, depending on their original location and the occupation of their ancestors. According to the 2019 census, the Kanak constitute 95% of the population in the Loyalty Islands Province, 72% in the North Province and 29% in the South Province. The Kanak tend to be of lower socio-economic status than the Europeans and other settlers. Europeans first settled in New Caledonia when France established a penal colony on the archipelago. Once the prisoners had completed their sentences, they were given land to settle. According to the 2014 census, of the 73,199 Europeans in New Caledonia, 30,484 were native-born, 36,975 were born in Metropolitan France, 488 were born in French Polynesia, 86 were born in Wallis and Futuna, and 5,166 were born abroad. The Europeans are divided into several groups. The Caldoches are usually defined as those born in New Caledonia who have ancestral ties that span back to the early French settlers. They often settled in the rural areas of the western coast of Grande Terre, where many continue to run large cattle properties. Distinct from the Caldoches are those who were born in New Caledonia from families that had settled more recently, and are called simply Caledonians. The Metropolitan French-born migrants who come to New Caledonia are called Métros or Zoreilles, indicating their origins in metropolitan France. There is also a community of about 2,000 pieds noirs, descended from European settlers in France's former North African colonies; some of them are prominent in anti-independence politics, including Pierre Maresca, a leader of the RPCR. A 2015 documentary by Al Jazeera English asserted that up to 10% of New Caledonia's population is descended from around 2,000 Arab-Berber people deported from French Algeria in the late 19th century to prisons on the island in reprisal for the Mokrani Revolt in 1871. After serving their sentences, they were released and given land to own and cultivate as part of colonisation efforts on the island. As the overwhelming majority of the Algerians imprisoned on New Caledonia were men, the community was continued through intermarriage with women of other ethnic groups, mainly French women from nearby women's prisons. Despite facing both assimilation into the Euro-French population and discrimination for their ethnic background, descendants of the deportees have succeeded in preserving a common identity as Algerians, including maintaining certain cultural practices (such as Arabic names) and in some cases Islamic religion. Some travel to Algeria as a rite of passage, though obtaining Algerian citizenship is often a difficult process. The largest population of Algerian-Caledonians lives in the commune of Bourail (particularly in the Nessadiou district, where there is an Islamic cultural centre and cemetery), with smaller communities in Nouméa, Koné, Pouembout, and Yaté. Kanak women Rodeos (here at the annual fair of Bourail) are part of Caldoche culture. Languages Main article: Languages of New Caledonia The French language began to spread with the establishment of French settlements, and French is now spoken even in the most secluded villages. For a long time the level of fluency varied significantly across the population as a whole, primarily due to the absence of universal access to public education before 1953, and also due to immigration and ethnic diversity, but the French language has now become universal among the younger generations as shown by the censuses of population. At the 2009 census, 97.3% of people aged 15 or older reported that they could speak, read and write French, whereas only 1.1% reported that they had no knowledge of French. No questions regarding the knowledge of French were asked in the 2014 and 2019 censuses, on account of the population's nearly universal understanding of it. The 28 Kanak languages spoken in New Caledonia are part of the Oceanic group of the Austronesian family. Eight of these can be chosen by parents as optional subjects for their children from kindergarten to high school (four languages are taught up to the bachelor's degree) and an academy is responsible for their promotion. The three most widely spoken indigenous languages are Drehu (spoken in Lifou), Nengone (spoken on Maré) and Paicî (northern part of Grande Terre). Others include Iaai (spoken on Ouvéa). At the 2019 census, 44.0% of people whose age was 15 or older reported that they had some form of knowledge of at least one Kanak language (up from 41.3% at the 2009 census), whereas 56.0% reported that they had no knowledge of any of the Kanak languages (down from 58.7% at the 2009 census). Other significant language communities among immigrant populations include speakers of Wallisian, Futunian, Tahitian, Javanese, Vietnamese, Chinese, and Bislama. Religion Religion in New Caledonia according to the Global Religious Landscape survey by the Pew Forum, 2012 Christianity (85.2%) No religion (10.4%) Islam (2.8%) Buddhism (0.6%) Folk religion (0.2%) Others (0.8%) The predominant religion is Christianity; half of the population is Catholic, including most of the Europeans, West Uveans, and Vietnamese and half of the Melanesian and Polynesian minorities. Catholicism was introduced by French colonists. The island also has numerous Protestant churches, of which the Free Evangelical Church and the Evangelical Church in New Caledonia and the Loyalty Islands have the largest number of adherents; their memberships are almost entirely Melanesian. Protestantism gained ground in the late 20th century and continues to expand. There are also numerous other Christian groups and more than 6,000 Muslims. (See Islam in New Caledonia and Baháʼí Faith in New Caledonia.) Nouméa is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Nouméa. Education Education in New Caledonia is based on the French curriculum and delivered by both French teachers and French-trained teachers. Under the terms of the 1998 Nouméa Accord, primary education is the responsibility of the three provinces. As of 2010, secondary education was in the process of being transferred to the provinces. The majority of schools are located in Nouméa but some are found in the islands and the north of New Caledonia. When students reach high school age, most are sent to Nouméa to continue their secondary education. Education is compulsory from the age of six years. New Caledonia's main tertiary education institution is the University of New Caledonia (Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie), which was founded in 1993 and comes under the supervision of the Ministry of Higher Education, Research and Innovation. It is based in Nouméa and offers a range of vocational, Bachelor, MA, and PhD programmes and courses. The University of New Caledonia consists of three academic departments, one institute of technology, one PhD school, and one teachers' college. As of 2013, the university has approximately 3,000 students, 107 academics, and 95 administrative and library staff. Many New Caledonian students also pursue scholarships to study in metropolitan France. As part of the Nouméa Accord process, a Cadre Avenir provides scholarships for Kanak professionals to study in France. Economy Main article: Economy of New Caledonia Region Total GDP, nominal, 2019 (billion US$) GDP per capita, nominal, 2019 (US$) Australia 1,386.64 54,255 New Zealand 211.04 42,329 Hawaii 91.78 62,818 Papua New Guinea 24.75 2,878 New Caledonia 9.44 34,780 Guam 6.36 41,259 French Polynesia 6.01 21,615 Fiji 5.50 6,143 Solomon Islands 1.57 2,344 Northern Mariana Islands 1.18 24,731 Vanuatu 0.93 3,187 Samoa 0.85 4,323 American Samoa 0.65 12,928 Tonga 0.51 5,101 Micronesia 0.42 3,979 Cook Islands 0.36 17,676 Palau 0.27 15,675 Marshall Islands 0.24 4,293 Kiribati 0.18 1,514 Nauru 0.12 9,365 Tuvalu 0.05 5,052 Sources: New Caledonia has one of the largest economies in the South Pacific, with a GDP of US$9.44 billion in 2019. The nominal GDP per capita was US$34,780 (at market exchange rates) in 2019. It is lower than the nominal GDP per capita of Hawaii, Australia, New Zealand, and Guam, but higher than all other independent and non-sovereign countries and territories in Oceania, although there is significant inequality in income distribution, and long-standing structural imbalances between the economically dominant South Province and the less developed North Province and Loyalty Islands. The currency in use in New Caledonia is the CFP franc, as of May 2020, pegged to the euro at a rate of 119.3 CFP to 1.00 euros. It is issued by the Institut d'Émission d'Outre-Mer. Real GDP grew by an average of +3.3% per year in the first half of the 2010s, boosted by rising worldwide nickel prices and an increase in domestic demand due to rising employment, as well as strong business investments, but by only +0.2% per year in the second half of the 2010s, as the local nickel industry entered a period of crisis and the repeated independence referendums have generated economic uncertainty. In 2011, exports of goods and services from New Caledonia amounted to 2.11 billion US dollars, 75.6% of which were mineral products and alloys (mainly nickel ore and ferronickel). Imports of goods and services amounted to 5.22 billion US dollars. 22.1% of the imports of goods came from Metropolitan France and its overseas departments, 16.1% from other countries in the European Union, 14.6% from Singapore (essentially fuel), 9.6% from Australia, 4.5% from the United States, 4.2% from New Zealand, 2.0% from Japan, and 27.0% from other countries. The trade deficit in goods and services stood at 3.11 billion US dollars in 2011. Financial support from France is substantial, representing more than 15% of the GDP, and contributes to the health of the economy. Tourism is underdeveloped, with 100,000 visitors a year, compared to 400,000 in the Cook Islands and 200,000 in Vanuatu. Much of the land is unsuitable for agriculture, and food accounts for about 20% of imports. According to FAOSTAT, New Caledonia is a significant producer of: yams (33rd); taro (44th); plantains (50th); coconuts (52nd). The exclusive economic zone of New Caledonia covers 1.4 million square kilometres (0.54 million square miles). The construction sector accounts for roughly 12% of GDP, employing 9.9% of the salaried population in 2010. Manufacturing is largely confined to small-scale activities such as the transformation of foodstuffs, textiles and plastics. GDP (nominal) per capita in 2019 (US$) $0 – $5,000 $5,000 – $10,000 $10,000 – $20,000 $20,000 – $30,000 $30,000 – $45,000 $45,000 – $60,000 $60,000 – $90,000 54,255 42,329 62,818 34,780 41,259 2,878 21,615 3,187 2,344 6,143 4,323 12,928 17,676 5,101 24,731 15,675 3,979 4,293 1,514 9,365 5,052 Nickel sector Main article: Nickel mining in New Caledonia See also: Geology of New Caledonia A creek in southern New Caledonia. Red colours reveal the richness of the ground in iron oxides and nickel. New Caledonian soils contain about 25% of the world's nickel resources. The late-2000s recession has gravely affected the nickel industry, as the sector faced a significant drop in nickel prices (−31.0% year-on-year in 2009) for the second consecutive year. The fall in prices has led a number of producers to reduce or stop altogether their activity, resulting in a reduction of the global supply of nickel by 6% compared to 2008. This context, combined with bad weather, has forced the operators in the sector to revise downwards their production target. Thus, the activity of mineral extraction has declined by 8% in volume year on year. The share of the nickel sector as a percentage of GDP fell from 8% in 2008 to 5% in 2009. A trend reversal and a recovery in demand have been recorded early in the second half of 2009, allowing a 2.0% increase in the local metal production. A March 2020 report stated that "New Caledonia is the world's fourth largest nickel producer, which has seen a 26% rally in prices in the past year". According to industry sources however, the Goro mine has never met its potential capacity to produce "60,000 tpy of nickel in the form of nickel oxide, due to design flaws and operational commissioning issues" In 2019, it produced slightly over a third of its annual capacity". In March 2021, Tesla agreed to a partnership with the Goro Mine, a "technical and industrial partnership to help with product and sustainability standards along with taking nickel for its battery production, according to the agreement", according to a BBC News report. The majority owner, Vale, said that the deal will be of long-term benefit in terms of jobs and the economy. Tesla is a heavy user of nickel for making the lithium-ion batteries and wanted to "secure its long-term supply". Also in March 2021, a part of Vale's nickel business was sold "to a consortium called Prony, which includes Swiss commodity trader Trafigura". Provincial authorities and businesses in New Caledonia would have a 51% stake in the Vale operation. Culture Caldoches, European people born in New Caledonia Wood carving, especially of the houp (Montrouziera cauliflora), is a contemporary reflection of the beliefs of the traditional tribal society, and includes totems, masks, chambranles, or flèche faîtière, a kind of arrow that adorns the roofs of Kanak houses. Basketry is a craft widely practised by tribal women, creating objects of daily use. The Jean-Marie Tjibaou Cultural Centre, designed by Italian architect Renzo Piano and opened in 1998, is the icon of the Kanak culture. The Kaneka is a form of local music, inspired by reggae and originating in the 1980s. The Mwâ Ka is a 12-metre (39 ft) totem pole commemorating the French annexation of New Caledonia, and was inaugurated in 2005. Media Les Nouvelles Calédoniennes was the only daily newspaper in the archipelago. A monthly publication, Le Chien bleu, parodies the news from New Caledonia. There are five radio stations: the public service broadcaster RFO radio Nouvelle-Calédonie, Océane FM (the collectivity's newest station), the youth-oriented station NRJ, Radio Djiido (established by Jean-Marie Tjibaou), and Radio Rythmes Bleus. The last two stations are primarily targeted to the various Kanak groups who are indigenous to New Caledonia ("Djiido" is a term from the Fwâi language, spoken in Hienghène in the North Province, denoting a metal spike used to secure straw thatching to the roof of a traditional Kanak house). As for television, the public service broadcaster France Télévisions operates a local channel, Réseau Outre-Mer 1re, along with France 2, France 3, France 4, France 5, France 24 and Arte. Canal Plus Calédonie carries 17 digital channels in French, including Canal+ and TF1. Analogue television broadcasts ended in September 2011, completing the digital television transition in New Caledonia. Bids for two new local television stations, NCTV and NC9, were considered by the French broadcasting authorities. NCTV was launched in December 2013. The media are considered to be able to operate freely, but Reporters Without Borders raised concerns in 2006 about "threats and intimidation" of RFO staff by members of a pro-independence group. Sport New Caledonian footballer Christian Karembeu, 1998 FIFA World Cup winner with France The largest sporting event to be held in New Caledonia is a round of the FIA Asia Pacific Rally Championship (APRC). The New Caledonia football team began playing in 1950, and was admitted into FIFA, the international association of football leagues, in 2004. Prior to joining FIFA, New Caledonia held observer status with the Oceania Football Confederation, and became an official member of the OFC with its FIFA membership. They have won the South Pacific Games five times, most recently in 2007, and have placed third on two occasions in the OFC Nations Cup. Christian Karembeu is a prominent New Caledonian former footballer. The under-17 team qualified for the FIFA under 17 World Cup in 2017. The sport of basketball gets much public attention in New Caledonia by both press and fans. Its national team has won plenty of medals in the Oceania region. New Caledonia's top basketball club teams are AS 6e Km and AS Dumbea. Horse racing is also very popular in New Caledonia, as are women's cricket matches. The rugby league team participated in the Pacific Cup in 2004. In 2020, plans were formed to create a Rugby League team in New Caledonia, Pacifique Trieze, to eventually join the majority Australian Queensland Cup. New Caledonia also has a national synchronised swimming team, which tours abroad. The "Tour Cycliste de Nouvelle-Calédonie" is a multi-day cycling stage race that is held usually in October. The race is organised by the Comite Cycliste New Caledonia. The race attracts riders from Australia, New Zealand, France, Réunion, Europe and Tahiti. Australian Brendan Washington has finished last three times in the race between 2005 and 2009, and is known in New Caledonia as "The Lanterne Rouge". The New Caledonia Handball team won the Oceania Handball Nations Cup in 2008 held in Wellington, New Zealand. They beat Australia in the final. The Internationaux de Nouvelle-Calédonie is a tennis tournament that is held in the first week of January. Since 2004, the tournament is part of the ATP Challenger Tour, and players usually compete as a preparation for the Australian Open. the first Grand Slam of the year. The New Caledonia women's national volleyball team won the gold medal on several occasions. Cuisine Due to low levels of domestic horticulture, fresh tropical fruits feature less highly in New Caledonian cuisine than in other Pacific nations, instead relying on rice, fish and root vegetables such as taro. One way this is frequently prepared is in a buried-oven-style feast, known as bougna. Wrapped in banana leaves, the fish, taro, banana and other seafood are buried with hot rocks to cook, then dug up and eaten. Transport La Tontouta International Airport is 50 km (31 mi) northwest of Nouméa, and connects New Caledonia with the airports of Paris, Tokyo, Sydney, Auckland, Brisbane, Melbourne, Osaka, Papeete, Nadi, Wallis and Port Vila. Most internal air services are operated by the International carrier Aircalin. Cruise ships dock at the Gare Maritime in Nouméa. The passenger-and-cargo boat Havannah sails to Port Vila, Malicolo and Santo in Vanuatu once a month. New Caledonia's road network consists of: Route territoriale 1 (RT1), going from the exit from Nouméa to the Néhoué River, north of Koumac; Route territoriale 2, on Lifou Island and from the Lifou Airport to the south of Wé; Route territoriale 3, from the junction with RT1 in Nandi up to the Tiwaka River; Route territoriale 4, from the junction with RT1 near Muéo to the power plant. See also Geography portalIslands portalOceania portal d'Entrecasteaux Ridge – Double oceanic ridge in the south-west Pacific Ocean Kanak and Socialist National Liberation Front Lists of islands Notes ^ "Soyons unis, devenons frères" is officially a national anthem but is generally used only on regal and viceregal occasions. ^ Previously known officially as the "Territory of New Caledonia and Dependencies" (Territoire de la Nouvelle-Calédonie et dépendances), then simply as the "Territory of New Caledonia" (Territoire de la Nouvelle-Calédonie), the official French name is now only Nouvelle-Calédonie (Organic Law of 19 March 1999, article 222 IV). 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Gross Domestic Product". Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA). Archived from the original on 27 January 2022. Retrieved 1 February 2022. ^ "Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands – Table 1.1. Gross Domestic Product". Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA). Archived from the original on 14 May 2021. Retrieved 14 May 2021. ^ "Table 1: Cook Islands Gross Domestic Product at Current Prices by Industry". Government of the Cook Islands – Ministry of Finance and Economic Management. Archived from the original on 1 February 2022. Retrieved 1 February 2022. ^ a b c "New Caledonia – Information Paper". NZ Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Archived from the original on 28 January 2013. Retrieved 30 January 2013. ^ "XE: Convert EUR/XPF. Euro Member Countries to Comptoirs Français du Pacifique (CFP) Franc". xe.com. Archived from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 16 May 2020. ^ "Vie pratique – L'Outre-Mer". Outre-mer.gouv.fr. Archived from the original on 30 March 2012. Retrieved 30 January 2013. ^ "Commerce extérieur – Séries longues" (in French). Nouméa: Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies (ISEE-NC). Archived from the original (XLS) on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 1 August 2013. ^ a b "New Caledonia". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2021. ^ "FAOSTAT 2008 by Production". Faostat.fao.org. Archived from the original on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 6 June 2008. ^ "Nickel gleams again in New Caledonia". Metal Bulletin. 3 December 2001. Archived from the original on 9 September 2009. Retrieved 13 March 2009. ^ a b c d e f "Les comptes économiques rapides de Nouvelle-Calédonie" (PDF). Nouméa: Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies (ISEE-NC). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 November 2011. Retrieved 30 January 2013. ^ a b "Tesla partners with nickel mine amid shortage fears". BBC News. 5 March 2021. Archived from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2021. ^ a b "Tesla gets involved in New Caledonia mine to secure nickel supply". 5 March 2021. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2021. ^ a b c d "La Culture". Tourisme Nouvelle-Calédonie. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 30 January 2013. ^ "Mwâ Ka in Noumea, New Caledonia". Lonely Planet. Archived from the original on 17 March 2013. Retrieved 30 January 2013. ^ The name is a pun, and can be read in English as "The Caledonian News" or "Women of New Caledonia" ^ "PFF stands in solidarity with Les Nouvelles Calédoniennes". Scoop. 11 March 2014. Archived from the original on 25 April 2016. Retrieved 25 April 2016. ^ a b "Vivre en Nouvelle-Calédonie". Gîtes Nouvelle Calédonie. Archived from the original on 19 January 2012. Retrieved 30 January 2013. ^ "Le Chien bleu : Journal satirique de Nouvelle-Calédonie. Y en aura pour tout le monde!". Lechienbleu.nc. Archived from the original on 26 July 2018. Retrieved 17 July 2018. ^ "Télévision Numérique Terrestre (TNT)". Gouv.nc. 31 January 2016. Archived from the original on 29 June 2014. Retrieved 17 July 2018. ^ "Grille TV – Canal+ Calédonie". Canalplus-caledonie.com. Archived from the original on 18 July 2018. Retrieved 17 July 2018. ^ "L'Outre-mer dit adieu à l'analogique – Audiovisuel – Info – Nouvelle-Calédonie – La 1ère". nouvellecaledonie.la1ere.fr. Archived from the original on 30 September 2011. ^ "Two new New Caledonia television channels proposed". Rnzi.com. 12 October 2011. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 30 January 2013. ^ "NCTV, c'est parti!". Les Nouvelles Calédoniennes (in French). 9 December 2013. Archived from the original on 27 April 2016. Retrieved 19 April 2016. ^ "Regions and territories: New Caledonia". BBC News. 16 January 2013. Archived from the original on 13 October 2011. Retrieved 30 January 2013. ^ Swaminathan, Swaroop (12 October 2018). "Karembeu, France & New Caledonia – a complex relationship". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 5 November 2018. Retrieved 4 November 2018. ^ "New Caledonia joins the world football community". FIFA. 24 May 2004. Archived from the original on 18 July 2007. Retrieved 6 August 2009. ^ "New Caledonia National Basketball Team – An Unknown Champion". VisitNewCaledonia.com. 13 November 2019. Archived from the original on 30 September 2021. Retrieved 30 September 2021. ^ "Beniela Adjouhgniope,le colosse de l'AS 6e Km". Les Nouvelles Calédoniennes (in French). Archived from the original on 1 October 2021. Retrieved 1 October 2021. ^ "Women's Cricket". Lonely Planet. Archived from the original on 16 May 2011. Retrieved 30 January 2013. ^ Darbyshire, Drew (8 May 2020). "Pacifique Treize: The French-speaking Pacific team who want to join Queensland Cup". LoveRugbyLeague. Archived from the original on 30 June 2022. Retrieved 30 June 2022. ^ Shreya Kumar (20 March 2021). "Let's Go Local: The Sand Dunes And Café Planet For Drau". Fiji Sun. Archived from the original on 27 September 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2021. ^ "What Do People Eat in New Caledonia?". Newcaledoniatoday.wordpress.com. 30 January 2013. Archived from the original on 14 February 2014. Retrieved 16 February 2014. ^ "Présentation". Aéroport international de Nouméa la Tontouta. Archived from the original on 18 January 2012. Retrieved 30 January 2013. ^ "Transport" (PDF). Nouméa: Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies (ISEE-NC). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 November 2011. ^ a b "Transport in New Caledonia". Lonely Planet. Archived from the original on 25 August 2011. Retrieved 30 January 2013. ^ "Site de la DITTT – Infrastructures routières". Dittt.gouv.nc. Archived from the original on 8 September 2015. Retrieved 17 July 2018. Sources Anaya, James (23 November 2011). "Report of the Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples on the situation of Kanak people in New Caledonia, France" (PDF). United Nations General Assembly. A/HRC/18/35/Add.6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 November 2017 – via JamesAnaya.org. External links New Caledonia at Wikipedia's sister projects Definitions from WiktionaryMedia from CommonsNews from WikinewsQuotations from WikiquoteTexts from WikisourceTextbooks from WikibooksResources from WikiversityTravel information from Wikivoyage Government of New Caledonia Archived 24 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine (in French) New Caledonia : picture post card beautiful – Official Government of France website (in English) Tourism New Caledonia Archived 13 September 2016 at the Wayback Machine New Caledonia at Curlie Biodiversité Néo-Calédonienne Archived 1 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine vteNew Caledonia articlesHistory Blackbirding Kanak and Socialist National Liberation Front Matignon Agreements Nouméa Accord Geography Barrier reef Biodiversity Cities Geology (Zealandia) Islands Melanesia Mont Panié Provinces Rivers Politics Congress President Elections High Commissioner Political parties President Vice President Economy CFP franc (currency) Telecommunications Tourism Transport Society Culture Demographics Emblem Flag Kanak people Languages Music Religion Sports OutlineBibliography Category vte Administrative divisions of New CaledoniaProvinces Loyalty Islands Province North Province South Province Communes Belep Boulouparis Bourail Canala Dumbéa Farino Hienghène Houaïlou L'Île-des-Pins Kaala-Gomen Koné Kouaoua Koumac La Foa Lifou Maré Moindou Le Mont-Dore Nouméa Ouégoa Ouvéa Païta Poindimié Ponérihouen Pouébo Pouembout Poum Poya Sarraméa Thio Touho Voh Yaté vteOverseas FranceInhabited territoriesOverseas regions1 French Guiana Guadeloupe Martinique Mayotte2 Réunion Overseas collectivities French Polynesia Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Wallis and Futuna Sui generis collectivity New Caledonia Uninhabited territoriesNorth Pacific Ocean Clipperton Island Overseas territory (French Southern and Antarctic Lands) Adélie Land Crozet Islands French domains of Saint Helena French domains of the Holy Land Kerguelen Islands Saint Paul and Amsterdam Islands Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean Bassas da India3 Europa Island3 Glorioso Islands2, 3 Banc du Geyser Juan de Nova Island3 Tromelin Island4 1 Also known as overseas departments 2 Claimed by the Comoros 3 Claimed by Madagascar 4 Claimed by Mauritius vtePacific Islands Forum (PIF)Members Australia Cook Islands Fiji French Polynesia Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Niue Palau Papua New Guinea New Caledonia Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Associate members Tokelau Observers American Samoa East Timor Guam Northern Mariana Islands Wallis and Futuna Observer Organisations ACP Secretariat Asian Development Bank Commonwealth Secretariat International Organization for Migration United Nations Secretariat Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC) World Bank Dialogue partners Canada Chile China Cuba European Union France Germany India Indonesia Italy Japan Malaysia Norway Philippines Singapore South Korea Spain Thailand Turkey United Kingdom United States Meetings 45th 51st Articles relating to New Caledonia's locale vteMelanesiaSovereign states Fiji Papua New Guinea Solomon Islands Vanuatu Other territories Aru Islands Bougainville New Caledonia Rotuma Western New Guinea Central Papua Highland Papua Papua South Papua Southwest Papua West Papua Culture People Languages Music Mythology Universities Geography Island Melanesia New Guinea Louisiade archipelago Bismarck Archipelago Santa Cruz Islands Loyalty Islands Lau Islands d'Entrecasteaux Islands Raja Ampat Islands Schouten Islands Torres Strait Islands Trobriand Islands Woodlark Island Organizations Melanesian Spearhead Group Melanesia 2000 Politics Political parties Sports Melanesia Cup Melanesian Super Cup Category vteCountries and territories of Oceania List of Oceanian countries by area List of Oceanian countries by population Sovereign statesEntire Australia Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu In part Chile Easter Island Juan Fernández Islands Ecuador Galápagos Islands Indonesia Central Papua Highland Papua Papua South Papua Southwest Papua West Papua Japan Daitō Islands Nanpō Islands United States Hawaii Palmyra Atoll Associated states Cook Islands Niue Dependencies andother territoriesAustralia Ashmore and Cartier Islands Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Coral Sea Islands Norfolk Island France Clipperton Island French Polynesia New Caledonia Wallis and Futuna New Zealand Tokelau United Kingdom Pitcairn Islands United States American Samoa Baker Island Guam Howland Island Jarvis Island Johnston Atoll Kingman Reef Midway Atoll Northern Mariana Islands Wake Island British Overseas Territories Overseas France Overseas collectivity Overseas country of France Realm of New Zealand Political status of the Cook Islands and Niue States and territories of Australia Australian Indian Ocean Territories Territories of the United States Commonwealth (U.S. insular area) Insular area United States Minor Outlying Islands Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Spain France 2 3 BnF data 2 3 Germany Israel United States Japan Czech Republic Australia Geographic MusicBrainz area People UK Parliament Other NARA IdRef 21°15′S 165°18′E / 21.25°S 165.30°E / -21.25; 165.30	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Caledonia (Canada)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Caledonia_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"Darien 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French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_France"},{"link_name":"Kanak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanak_people"},{"link_name":"Wallisian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna"},{"link_name":"Southeast Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia"},{"link_name":"Pied-Noir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pied-Noir"},{"link_name":"North African","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerians_of_the_Pacific"},{"link_name":"Nouméa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noum%C3%A9a"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-enc-pres-7"}],"text":"French special collectivity in the southwest Pacific OceanFor the former North American fur-trading district, see New Caledonia (Canada). For the former colony of Scotland, see Darien scheme.Sui generis collectivity of FranceNew Caledonia (/ˌkælɪˈdoʊniə/ ⓘ KAL-ih-DOH-nee-ə; French: Nouvelle-Calédonie [nuvɛl kaledɔni] ⓘ)[nb 2] is a sui generis collectivity of overseas France in the southwest Pacific Ocean, south of Vanuatu, about 1,210 km (750 mi) east of Australia,[5] and 17,000 km (11,000 mi) from Metropolitan France. The archipelago, part of the Melanesia subregion, includes the main island of Grande Terre, the Loyalty Islands, the Chesterfield Islands, the Belep archipelago, the Isle of Pines, and a few remote islets.[6] The Chesterfield Islands are in the Coral Sea. French people, especially locals, call Grande Terre le Caillou (pron. [lə kaju], lit. 'the pebble'), a nickname also used more generally for the entire New Caledonia.[7] Pro-independence Kanak parties use the name (la) Kanaky (pron. [(la) kanaki][nb 3]) to refer to New Caledonia, a term coined in the 1980s from the ethnic name of the indigenous Melanesian Kanak people who make up 41% of New Caledonia's population. New Caledonia is one of the European Union's Overseas Countries and Territories (OCTs),[8] but it is not part of the European Union.[9]New Caledonia has a land area of 18,575 km2 (7,172 sq mi) divided into three provinces. The North and South Provinces are on the New Caledonian mainland, while the Loyalty Islands Province is a series of four inhabited islands off the east coast of mainland (from north to south: Ouvéa, Lifou, Tiga, and Maré). New Caledonia's population of 271,407 (October 2019 census)[10] is of diverse origins and varies by geography; in the North and Loyalty Islands Provinces, the indigenous Kanak people predominate, while the wealthy South Province contains significant populations of European (Caldoches and Metropolitan French), Kanak, and Polynesian (mostly Wallisian) origin, as well as smaller groups of Southeast Asian, Pied-Noir, and North African heritage. The capital of New Caledonia is Nouméa.[5]","title":"New Caledonia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zealandia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zealandia"},{"link_name":"Gondwana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondwana"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Lapita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapita"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pres-hist-15"},{"link_name":"navigators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigators"},{"link_name":"agriculturists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculturists"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LoganCole2001-16"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pres-hist-15"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Two_Kanak_(Canaque)_warriors_posing_with_penis_gourds_and_spears,_New_Caledonia.jpg"},{"link_name":"penis gourds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koteka"},{"link_name":"James Cook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ped-17"},{"link_name":"Caledonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caledonia"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ped-17"},{"link_name":"Comte de Lapérouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Galaup,_comte_de_Lap%C3%A9rouse"},{"link_name":"William Raven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Raven"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maritimeheritage.org-19"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maritimeheritage.org-19"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"sandalwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandalwood"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pres-hist-15"},{"link_name":"blackbirding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackbirding"},{"link_name":"New Hebrides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu"},{"link_name":"slavery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery"},{"link_name":"indentured","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indentured_servitude"},{"link_name":"forced labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_labour"},{"link_name":"sugarcane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarcane"},{"link_name":"plantations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantation"},{"link_name":"Fiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiji"},{"link_name":"Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kanaka-21"},{"link_name":"Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australians"},{"link_name":"Loyalty Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyalty_Islands"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"London Missionary Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Missionary_Society"},{"link_name":"Marist Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marist_Brothers"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abcau-22"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-logan-23"},{"link_name":"Human cannibalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_cannibalism"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Knauft1999-24"}],"text":"New Caledonia was part of the continent Zealandia, which broke off from the supercontinent Gondwana between 79 million and 83 million years ago.[11] The earliest traces of human presence in New Caledonia date back to the period when the Lapita culture was influential in large parts of the Pacific, c. 1600–500 BC or 1300–200 BC.[12] The Lapita were highly skilled navigators and agriculturists.[13] The first settlements were concentrated around the coast and date back to the period between c. 1100 BC and AD 200.[12]Two Kanak warriors posing with penis gourds and spears, around 1880British explorer James Cook was one of the first Europeans to sight New Caledonia, on 4 September 1774, during his second voyage.[14] He named it \"New Caledonia\", as the northeast of the island reminded him of Scotland.[14] The west coast of Grande Terre was approached by the Comte de Lapérouse in 1788, shortly before his disappearance, and the Loyalty Islands were first visited between 1793 and 1796 when Mare, Lifou, Tiga, and Ouvea were mapped by English whaler William Raven.[15] Raven encountered the island, then named Britania, and today known as Maré (Loyalty Is.), in November 1793.[16] From 1796 until 1840, only a few sporadic contacts with the archipelago were recorded. About 50 American whalers left record of being in the region (Grande Terre, Loyalty Is., Walpole and Hunter) between 1793 and 1887.[16][17] Contacts with visiting ships became more frequent after 1840, because of their interest in sandalwood.[12]As trade in sandalwood declined, it was replaced by a new business enterprise, \"blackbirding\", a euphemism for taking Melanesian or Western Pacific Islanders from New Caledonia, the Loyalty Islands, New Hebrides, New Guinea, and the Solomon Islands into slavery, indentured or forced labour in the sugarcane plantations in Fiji and Queensland by various methods of trickery and deception.[18] Blackbirding was practised by both French and Australian traders, but in New Caledonia's case, the trade in the early decades of the twentieth century involved kidnapping children from the Loyalty Islands to the Grand Terre for forced labour in plantation agriculture. New Caledonia's primary experience with blackbirding revolved around a trade from the New Hebrides (now Vanuatu) to the Grand Terre for labour in plantation agriculture, mines, as well as guards over convicts and in some public works. In the early years of the trade, coercion was used to lure Melanesian islanders onto ships. In later years indenture systems were developed; however, when it came to the French slave trade, which took place between its Melanesian colonies of the New Hebrides and New Caledonia, very few regulations were implemented. This represented a departure from contemporary developments in Australia, since increased regulations were developed to mitigate the abuses of blackbirding and 'recruitment' strategies on the coastlines.[citation needed]The first missionaries from the London Missionary Society and the Marist Brothers arrived in the 1840s.[19] In 1849, the crew of the American ship Cutter was killed and eaten by the Pouma clan.[20] Human cannibalism was widespread throughout New Caledonia.[21]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Communards § Life in New Caledonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communards#Life_in_New_Caledonia"},{"link_name":"Napoleon III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_III"},{"link_name":"Febvrier Despointes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_Febvrier_Despointes"},{"link_name":"Louis-Marie-François Tardy de Montravel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Marie-Fran%C3%A7ois_Tardy_de_Montravel"},{"link_name":"Port-de-France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port-de-France"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ped-17"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ped-17"},{"link_name":"penal colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penal_colony"},{"link_name":"[nb 4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Communards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communards#Life_in_New_Caledonia"},{"link_name":"Paris Commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Commune"},{"link_name":"Henri de Rochefort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Henri_Rochefort,_Marquis_de_Rochefort-Lu%C3%A7ay"},{"link_name":"Louise Michel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Michel"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gb-1-27"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ped-17"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ped-17"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_Jacques_and_his_Queen.jpg"},{"link_name":"nickel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gb-1-27"},{"link_name":"Diahot River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diahot_River"},{"link_name":"Société Le Nickel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_Le_Nickel"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gb-2-28"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Dutch East Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies"},{"link_name":"French Indochina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Indochina"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gb-1-27"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gb-1-27"},{"link_name":"Kanak people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanak_people"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gb-1-27"},{"link_name":"Ataï","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ata%C3%AF&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ata%C3%AF"},{"link_name":"La Foa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Foa"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gb-2-28"},{"link_name":"second uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1917_Kanak_revolt&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9volte_kanak_de_1917"},{"link_name":"Maurice Leenhardt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Leenhardt"},{"link_name":"Jean-Marie Tjibaou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Marie_Tjibaou"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"smallpox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox"},{"link_name":"measles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measles"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-logan-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gb-2-28"}],"sub_title":"French colonisation","text":"Further information: Communards § Life in New CaledoniaOn 24 September 1853, under orders from Emperor Napoleon III, Admiral Febvrier Despointes took formal possession of New Caledonia. Captain Louis-Marie-François Tardy de Montravel founded Port-de-France (Nouméa) on 25 June 1854.[14] A few dozen free settlers settled on the west coast in the following years.[14] New Caledonia became a penal colony in 1864, and from the 1860s until the end of the transportations in 1897, France sent about 22,000 criminals and political prisoners to New Caledonia. The Bulletin de la Société générale des prisons for 1888 indicates that 10,428 convicts, including 2,329 freed ones, were on the island as of 1 May 1888, by far the largest number of convicts detained in French overseas penitentiaries.[nb 4] The convicts included many Communards, arrested after the failed Paris Commune of 1871, including Henri de Rochefort and Louise Michel.[23] Between 1873 and 1876, 4,200 political prisoners were \"relegated\" to New Caledonia.[14] Only 40 of them settled in the colony; the rest returned to France after being granted amnesty in 1879 and 1880.[14]Chief King Jacques and his QueenIn 1864, nickel was discovered[23] on the banks of the Diahot River; with the establishment of the Société Le Nickel in 1876, mining began in earnest.[24] To work the mines the French imported labourers from neighbouring islands and from the New Hebrides, and later from Japan, the Dutch East Indies, and French Indochina.[23] The French government also attempted to encourage European immigration, without much success.[23]The indigenous Kanak people were excluded from the French economy and from mining work, and ultimately confined to reservations.[23] This sparked a violent reaction in 1878, when High Chief Ataï [fr] of La Foa managed to unite many of the central tribes and launched a guerrilla war that killed 200 Frenchmen and 1,000 Kanaks.[24] A second uprising [fr] occurred in 1917, with Protestant missionaries like Maurice Leenhardt functioning as witnesses to the events of this war. Leenhardt would pen a number of ethnographic works on the Kanak of New Caledonia. Noël of Tiamou led the 1917 rebellion, which resulted in a number of orphaned children, one of whom was taken into the care of Protestant missionary Alphonse Rouel. This child, Wenceslas Thi, would become the father of Jean-Marie Tjibaou[25] (1936–1989).Europeans brought new diseases such as smallpox and measles, which caused the deaths of many natives.[20] The Kanak population declined from around 60,000 in 1878 to 27,100 in 1921, and their numbers did not increase again until the 1930s.[24]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pacific Islands home front during World War II § Employment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islands_home_front_during_World_War_II#Employment"},{"link_name":"fall of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_France"},{"link_name":"General Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_councils_(France)"},{"link_name":"Vichy government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichy_France"},{"link_name":"Georges-Marc Pélicier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georges-Marc_P%C3%A9licier&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Constitutional Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Constitutional_Law_of_1940"},{"link_name":"Charles de Gaulle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle"},{"link_name":"Free French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_France"},{"link_name":"Henri Sautot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Sautot"},{"link_name":"Dumont d'Urville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_aviso_Dumont_d%27Urville"},{"link_name":"HMAS Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMAS_Adelaide_(1918)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"RMS Queen Elizabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMS_Queen_Elizabeth"},{"link_name":"Battle of Bir Hakeim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bir_Hakeim"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Allied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gb-2-28"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rottman2002-32"},{"link_name":"Japanese Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Coral Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gb-2-28"},{"link_name":"stationed on New Caledonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islands_home_front_during_World_War_II#Employment"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ped-17"}],"sub_title":"World War II","text":"Further information: Pacific Islands home front during World War II § EmploymentIn June 1940, after the fall of France, the General Council of New Caledonia voted to reject the Vichy government and continue supporting the Allied military effort against Germany. However, the colonial governor Georges-Marc Pélicier promulgated the Vichy government's Constitutional Law, which sparked street demonstrations and an assassination attempt. By this time Caldoches had been in contact with Charles de Gaulle who encouraged them to form a Free French committee and appointed Henri Sautot as governor. The Vichy government despatched a warship, Dumont d'Urville, at Pélicier's request, but soon deemed him incompetent and appointed an acting governor. By this time the Australian government had agreed to intervene and despatched HMAS Adelaide to oversee the installation of Sautot as governor. A stand-off between Dumont d'Urville and Adelaide followed, with Pélicier and other pro-Vichy officials ultimately deported to French Indochina.[26]In 1941, some 300 men from the territory volunteered for service overseas. They were joined, in April, by 300 men from French Polynesia ('the Tahitians'), plus a handful from the French districts of the New Hebrides: together they formed the Bataillon du Pacifique. The Caledonians formed two of the companies, and the Polynesians the other two. In May 1941, they sailed to Australia and boarded the RMS Queen Elizabeth for the onward voyage to Africa. They joined the other Free French (FF) battalions in Qastina in August, before moving to the Western Desert with the 1st FF Brigade (1re BFL). There they were one of the four battalions who took part in the breakout after the Battle of Bir Hakeim in 1942. Their losses could not easily be replaced from the Pacific and they were therefore amalgamated with the Frenchmen of another battalion wearing the anchor of la Coloniale, the BIM, to form the Bataillon de l'infanterie de marine et du Pacifique. The combined battalion formed part of the Gaulliste 1re Division Motorisée d'Infanterie/Division de Marche d'Infanterie, alongside three divisions from the French North African forces, in the French Expeditionary Corps during the Italian Campaign. They landed in Provence in 1944, when they were posted out and replaced by local French volunteers and résistants.[citation needed]Meanwhile, in March 1942, with the assistance of Australia,[27] New Caledonia became an important Allied base,[24] and the main South Pacific Fleet base of the United States Navy in the South Pacific moved to Nouméa in 1942–1943.[28] The fleet that turned back the Japanese Navy in the Battle of the Coral Sea in May 1942 was based at Nouméa.[24] American troops stationed on New Caledonia numbered as many as 50,000, matching the entire local population at the time.[14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ped-17"},{"link_name":"French citizenship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_citizenship"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ncbrit-33"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Polynesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynesians"},{"link_name":"Kanak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanak_people"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ncbrit-33"}],"sub_title":"French overseas territory","text":"In 1946, New Caledonia became an overseas territory.[14] By 1953, French citizenship had been granted to all New Caledonians, regardless of ethnicity.[29]During the late 1940s and early 1950s, New Caledonia strengthened its economic links with Australia, particularly as turmoil within France and its empire weakened New Caledonia's traditional economic links to metropolitan France; New Caledonia supplied nickel to Australia in exchange for coal vital for smelting nickel. New Caledonian exports of iron ore and timber to Australia also increased during this time period.[30]The European and Polynesian populations gradually increased in the years leading to the nickel boom of 1969–1972, and the indigenous Kanak Melanesians became a minority, though they were still the largest ethnic group.[29]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lm-mdg-24-35"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-vb-caled-24-36"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-horowitz-may-2009-pol-geo-37"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fisher-anu-2013-38"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ped-17"},{"link_name":"Kanak and Socialist National Liberation Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanak_and_Socialist_National_Liberation_Front"},{"link_name":"regional elections went ahead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985_New_Caledonian_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"elected in France in March 1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_French_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"Ouvéa cave hostage taking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouv%C3%A9a_cave_hostage_taking"},{"link_name":"1988 French presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_French_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Ouvéa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouv%C3%A9a"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"sub_title":"French overseas territory - The Events","text":"Between 1976 and 1988, a period referred to as \"the Events\"[31][32] (French: Les Événements[33][34]), conflicts between French government actions and the Kanak independence movement saw periods of serious violence and disorder.[14] In 1983, a statute of \"enlarged autonomy\" for the territory proposed a five-year transition period and a referendum in 1989. In March 1984, the Front Indépendantiste, a Kanak resistance group, seized farms and the Kanak and Socialist National Liberation Front (FLNKS) formed a provisional government. In January 1985, the French Socialist government offered sovereignty to the Kanaks and legal protection for European settlers. The plan faltered as violence escalated. The government declared a state of emergency; however, regional elections went ahead, and the FLNKS won control of three out of four provinces. The centre-right government elected in France in March 1986 began eroding the arrangements established under the Socialists, redistributing lands mostly without consideration of native land claims, resulting in over two-thirds going to Europeans and less than a third to the Kanaks. By the end of 1987, roadblocks, gun battles and the destruction of property culminated in the Ouvéa cave hostage taking, a dramatic hostage crisis just days before the 1988 French presidential election began. Pro-independence militants on Ouvéa killed four gendarmes and took 27 hostage. The military assaulted the cave to rescue the hostages. Nineteen Kanak hostage takers were killed and another three died in custody, while two soldiers were killed during the assault.[35]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Two_official_flags_of_New_Caledonia_on_same_flagpole.png"},{"link_name":"Matignon Agreements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matignon_Agreements_(1988)"},{"link_name":"Nouméa Accord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noum%C3%A9a_Accord"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ped-17"},{"link_name":"referendum on full independence from France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_New_Caledonian_independence_referendum"},{"link_name":"Édouard Philippe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Philippe"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"on 4 November 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_New_Caledonian_independence_referendum"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"held in October 2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_New_Caledonian_independence_referendum"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"third referendum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_New_Caledonian_independence_referendum"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Caledonia"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"riots broke out amid debate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_New_Caledonia_unrest"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"}],"sub_title":"French overseas territory - Nouméa Accord and independence referendums","text":"Flags side by side on the same pole, Nouméa, March 2011The Matignon Agreements, signed on 26 June 1988, ensured a decade of stability. The Nouméa Accord, signed 5 May 1998, set the groundwork for a 20-year transition that gradually transfers competences to the local government.[14]Following the timeline set by the Nouméa Accord that stated a vote must take place by the end of 2018, the groundwork was laid for a referendum on full independence from France at a meeting chaired by the French Prime Minister Édouard Philippe on 2 November 2017, to be held by November 2018. Voter list eligibility was the subject of a long dispute, but the details were resolved in an electoral list that granted automatic eligibility to voters of Kanak origin but excluded those of other origins who had not been longtime residents of the territory.[36] The referendum was held on 4 November 2018,[37] with independence being rejected.[38]Another referendum was held in October 2020, with voters once again choosing to remain a part of France.[39] In the 2018 referendum, 56.7% of voters chose to remain in France. In the 2020 referendum, this percentage dropped with 53.4% of voters choosing to remain part of France.[40]The third referendum was held on 12 December 2021.[41] The referendum was boycotted by pro-independence forces, who argued for a delayed vote due to the impact caused by the COVID-19 pandemic; when the French government declined to do so, they called for a boycott. This led to 96% of voters choosing to stay with France.[42]In May 2024, riots broke out amid debate over a proposed electoral reform in the territory.[43]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui_generis_collectivity"},{"link_name":"sui generis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui_generis#Politics_and_society"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jc-48"},{"link_name":"French nationality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_nationality_law"},{"link_name":"president of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_France"},{"link_name":"European Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Territorial Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_New_Caledonia"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-undcol-49"},{"link_name":"High Commissioner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_and_Departmental_Heads_of_New_Caledonia"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-undcol-49"},{"link_name":"French Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Parliament"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anom-50"},{"link_name":"2012 French presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_French_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"voter turnout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voter_turnout"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"The Rally–UMP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rally%E2%80%93UMP"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-undcol-49"},{"link_name":"Avenir Ensemble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avenir_Ensemble"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-undcol-49"},{"link_name":"Kanak and Socialist National Liberation Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanak_and_Socialist_National_Liberation_Front"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-undcol-49"}],"text":"New Caledonia is a territory sui generis to which France has gradually transferred certain powers.[44] As such its citizens have French nationality and vote for the president of France. They have the right to vote in elections to the European Parliament. It is governed by a 54-member Territorial Congress, a legislative body composed of members of three provincial assemblies.[45] The French State is represented in the territory by a High Commissioner.[45] At a national level, New Caledonia is represented in the French Parliament by two deputies and two senators.[46] At the 2012 French presidential election, the voter turnout in New Caledonia was 61.19%.[47]For 25 years, the party system in New Caledonia was dominated by the anti-independence The Rally–UMP.[45] This dominance ended with the emergence of a new party, Avenir Ensemble, also opposed to independence, but considered more open to dialogue with the Kanak movement,[45] which is part of the Kanak and Socialist National Liberation Front, a coalition of several pro-independence groups.[45]","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnaya20118-52"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnaya20118-52"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Navy_090925-N-8721D-037_Capt._Thom_Burke,_commanding_officer_of_the_amphibious_command_ship_USS_Blue_Ridge_(LCC_19)_receives_a_wreath_to_lay_at_the_U.S._war_memorial_during_a_ceremony.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jean Lèques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_L%C3%A8ques"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cs-fra-53"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cs-fra-53"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cs-fra-53"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cs-fra-53"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cs-fra-53"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnaya20118-52"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnaya20118-52"},{"link_name":"corporal punishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_corporal_punishment"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnaya20118-52"}],"sub_title":"Customary authority","text":"Kanak society has several layers of customary authority, from the 4,000–5,000 family-based clans to the eight customary areas (aires coutumières) that make up the territory.[48] Clans are led by clan chiefs and constitute 341 tribes, each headed by a tribal chief. The tribes are further grouped into 57 customary chiefdoms (chefferies), each headed by a head chief, and forming the administrative subdivisions of the customary areas.[48]Jean Lèques during a ceremony honouring U.S. service members who helped ensure the freedom of New Caledonia during World War IIThe Customary Senate is the assembly of the various traditional councils of the Kanaks, and has jurisdiction over the law proposals concerning the Kanak identity.[49] The Customary Senate is composed of 16 members appointed by each traditional council, with two representatives per customary area.[49] In its advisory role, the Customary Senate must be consulted on law proposals \"concerning the Kanak identity\" as defined in the Nouméa Accord.[49] It also has a deliberative role on law proposals that would affect identity, the civil customary statute, and the land system.[49] A new president is appointed each year in August or September, and the presidency rotates between the eight customary areas.[49]Kanak people have recourse to customary authorities regarding civil matters such as marriage, adoption, inheritance, and some land issues.[48] The French administration typically respects decisions made in the customary system.[48] However, their jurisdiction is sharply limited in penal matters, as some matters relating to the customary justice system, including the use of corporal punishment, are seen as clashing with the human rights obligations of France.[48]","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Koumac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koumac"},{"link_name":"Nandaï","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nanda%C3%AF,_New_Caledonia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tontouta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Tontouta_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Plum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plum,_New_Caledonia"},{"link_name":"Nouméa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noum%C3%A9a"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fanc-54"},{"link_name":"Troupes de marine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troupes_de_marine"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Floréal-class frigate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flor%C3%A9al-class_frigate"},{"link_name":"Vendémiaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_frigate_Vend%C3%A9miaire"},{"link_name":"D'Entrecasteaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27Entrecasteaux-class_patrol_ship"},{"link_name":"Félix Éboué class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrouilleur_Outre-mer"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brestboulogne-57"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Falcon 200 Gardian maritime surveillance aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dassault_Falcon_20"},{"link_name":"Falcon 2000 Albatros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dassault_Falcon_2000"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Casa CN235","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CASA/IPTN_CN-235"},{"link_name":"Puma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%A9rospatiale_SA_330_Puma"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Alouette III helicopter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%A9rospatiale_Alouette_III"},{"link_name":"Eurocopter Dauphin N3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocopter_AS365_Dauphin"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"French Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Rafale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dassault_Rafale"},{"link_name":"A400M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A400M_Atlas"},{"link_name":"A330 MRTT Phénix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A330_MRTT"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"National Gendarmerie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gendarmerie"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Écureuil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocopter_AS350_%C3%89cureuil"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Maritime Gendarmerie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_Gendarmerie"},{"link_name":"Dumbea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedette_c%C3%B4ti%C3%A8re_de_surveillance_maritime"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fanc-54"}],"sub_title":"Military and Gendarmerie","text":"The Armed Forces of New Caledonia (French: Forces armées de Nouvelle-Calédonie, or FANC) include about 2,000 soldiers, mainly deployed in Koumac, Nandaï, Tontouta, Plum, and Nouméa.[50] The land forces consist of a regiment of the Troupes de marine, the Régiment d'infanterie de marine du Pacifique. About 80 percent of the 700-member regiment is composed of soldiers on short-term (four month) deployments from metropolitan France. As of 2018, only about 30 personnel in the regiment were locally recruited.[51]The naval forces incorporate several vessels of the French Navy including: one Floréal-class frigate, Vendémiaire, the patrol and support vessel D'Entrecasteaux and Auguste Benebig, the lead ship of the Félix Éboué class of patrol vessels. The French Navy will further reinforce its offshore patrol capabilities in New Caledonia by deploying a second vessel of the Félix Éboué class (Jean Tranape) to the territory by 2025.[52][53] One Engins de Débarquement Amphibie – Standards (EDA-S) landing craft is also to be delivered to naval forces based in New Caledonia by 2025. The landing craft is to better support coastal and riverine operations in the territory.[54]As of the latter 2010s, French naval aviation and air force elements in New Caledonia included two Navy Falcon 200 Gardian maritime surveillance aircraft (drawn from Flotilla 25F), which are to be replaced by the more modern Falcon 2000 Albatros starting in 2025,[55] and two Casa CN235 transport aircraft and three Puma helicopters from the Air Force's 52 \"Tontouta\" Squadron.[56][57] Prior to 2022, the frigate Vendémiaire operated the Alouette III helicopter. However, with the retirement of the type in 2022, it is being replaced by the Eurocopter Dauphin N3.[58][59] In 2022, the French Air Force demonstrated a capacity to reinforce the territory by deploying three Rafale fighters, supported by A400M transport aircraft and A330 MRTT Phénix tankers, from France to New Caledonia for a three-week exercise.[60][61]In addition, some 855 personnel from the National Gendarmerie are stationed on the archipelago divided into 4 companies, 27 brigades and several specialized and mobile Gendarmerie units. During periods such the 2021 referendum on independence, these forces have been significantly reinforced with personnel deployed from metropolitan France.[62] The air component includes two Écureuil helicopters[63] while the Maritime Gendarmerie deploys the patrol boat Dumbea in the territory.[64][50]","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pacific Community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Community"},{"link_name":"United Nations Committee on Decolonization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Committee_on_Decolonization"},{"link_name":"United Nations list of non-self-governing territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_list_of_non-self-governing_territories"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"independence referendum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_New_Caledonian_independence_referendum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Administrative_divisions_of_New_Caledonia.svg"},{"link_name":"Nouméa Accord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noum%C3%A9a_Accord"},{"link_name":"a referendum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_New_Caledonian_Noum%C3%A9a_Accord_referendum"},{"link_name":"referendum on independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_New_Caledonian_independence_referendum"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"another independence referendum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_New_Caledonian_independence_referendum"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"was held on 12 December 2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_New_Caledonian_independence_referendum"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monde1-76"},{"link_name":"Congress of New Caledonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_New_Caledonia"},{"link_name":"Kanak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanak_people"},{"link_name":"FLNKS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanak_and_Socialist_National_Liberation_Front"},{"link_name":"French tricolour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_France"},{"link_name":"dual flags of the territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_New_Caledonia"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-congress-77"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-voeux-78"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fr24-80"}],"sub_title":"Status","text":"New Caledonia has been a member of the Pacific Community since 1983 with Nouméa the home of the organization's regional headquarters. Since 1986, the United Nations Committee on Decolonization has included New Caledonia on the United Nations list of non-self-governing territories.[65] An independence referendum was held the following year, but independence was rejected by a large majority.Pyramid graph illustrating the administration of New CaledoniaUnder the Nouméa Accord, signed in 1998 following a period of secessionist unrest in the 1980s and approved in a referendum, New Caledonia was granted special status. Twenty years after inception, the Nouméa Accord required an referendum on independence which was held on 4 November 2018.[66][67] The result was that 56.9% of voters chose to remain with France.[68] The Nouméa Accord required another independence referendum, which was held on 4 October 2020. The result was that 53.26% of voters chose to remain with France.[69] The third and last referendum permitted by the Nouméa Accord was held on 12 December 2021, confirming New Caledonia as part of the French Republic with 96% voting \"no\" to independence after the vote was boycotted by the bulk of the Kanak population.The official name of the territory, Nouvelle-Calédonie, could be changed in the near future due to the accord, which states that \"a name, a flag, an anthem, a motto, and the design of banknotes will have to be sought by all parties together, to express the Kanak identity and the future shared by all parties.\"[70] To date, however, there has been no consensus on a new name for the territory, although Kanak Republic is popular among 40% of the population.[71] New Caledonia has increasingly adopted its own symbols, choosing an anthem, a motto, and a new design for its banknotes.[72] In July 2010, the Congress of New Caledonia voted in favour of a wish to fly the Kanak flag of the independence movement FLNKS alongside the French tricolour, as dual flags of the territory. The wish, legally non-binding, proved controversial.[73][74] A majority of New Caledonian communes, but not all, now fly both flags, the rest flying only the French Tricolour.[75] The non-official adoption made New Caledonia one of the few countries or territories in the world with two flags. The decision to wish for the use of two flags has been a constant battleground between the two sides and led the coalition government to collapse in February 2011.[76]","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jc-48"},{"link_name":"South Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Province,_New_Caledonia"},{"link_name":"Nouméa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noum%C3%A9a"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-81"},{"link_name":"North Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Province,_New_Caledonia"},{"link_name":"Koné","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kon%C3%A9,_New_Caledonia"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-81"},{"link_name":"Loyalty Islands Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyalty_Islands_Province"},{"link_name":"Lifou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifou"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-81"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jc-48"},{"link_name":"Poya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poya,_New_Caledonia"}],"text":"The institutional organization is the result of the organic law and ordinary law passed by the Parliament on 16 February 1999.[44]The archipelago is divided into three provinces:South Province (province Sud). Provincial capital: Nouméa. Area: 9,407 km2. Population: 212,082 inhabitants (2019).[77]\nNorth Province (province Nord). Provincial capital: Koné. Area: 7,348 km2. Population: 49,910 inhabitants (2019).[77]\nLoyalty Islands Province (province des îles Loyauté). Provincial capital: Lifou. Area: 1,981 km2. Population: 18,353 inhabitants (2019).[77]New Caledonia is further divided into 33 communes (municipalities).[44] One commune, Poya, is divided between two provinces. The northern half of Poya, with the main settlement and most of the population, is part of the North Province, while the southern half of the commune, with only 210 inhabitants in 2019, is part of the South Province.","title":"Administrative divisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_Caledonia_-_S199828000484.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Reefs_of_New_Caledonia_from_ISS,_September_9,_2020.jpg"},{"link_name":"Zealandia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zealandia"},{"link_name":"Gondwana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondwana"},{"link_name":"Oceania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceania"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"Mont Panié","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Pani%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Mont Humboldt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mont_Humboldt&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-geo-jc-83"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-geo-jc-83"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-geo-jc-83"},{"link_name":"Diahot River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diahot_River"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB-84"},{"link_name":"Baie d'Harcourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baie_d%27Harcourt&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB-84"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UNU-85"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gbrs-86"},{"link_name":"New Caledonia Barrier Reef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Caledonia_Barrier_Reef"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"World Heritage Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-geo-jc-83"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unesco-87"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"}],"text":"New Caledonia from spaceCoral reefs of New Caledonia from ISS, September 9, 2020New Caledonia is part of Zealandia, a fragment of the ancient Gondwana super-continent, which is part of Oceania. It is speculated that New Caledonia separated from Australia roughly 66 million years ago, subsequently drifting in a north-easterly direction, reaching its present position about 50 million years ago.[78]The mainland is divided in length by a central mountain range whose highest peaks are Mont Panié (1,629 m or 5,344 ft) in the north and Mont Humboldt (1,618 m or 5,308 ft) in the southeast.[79] The east coast is covered by a lush vegetation.[79] The west coast, with its large savannahs and plains suitable for farming, is a drier area. Many ore-rich massifs are found along this coast.[79]The Diahot River is the longest river of New Caledonia, flowing for some 100 kilometres (62 mi).[80] It has a catchment area of 620 km2 (240 sq mi) and opens north-westward into the Baie d'Harcourt, flowing towards the northern point of the island along the western escarpment of the Mount Panié.[80][81] Most of the island is covered by wet evergreen forests, while savannahs dominate the lower elevations.[82] The New Caledonian lagoon, with a total area of 24,000 square kilometres (9,300 sq mi) is one of the largest lagoons in the world. The lagoon and the surrounding New Caledonia Barrier Reef was named a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2008 for its exceptional beauty and marine biodiversity.[79][83] In May 2023, there was an earthquake and tsunami in New Caledonia. This triggered a tsunami warning here as well as in other nearby countries.[84]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tropical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_climate"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-geo-jc-83"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-geo-jc-83"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ped-17"},{"link_name":"trade winds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_winds"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-geo-jc-83"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ped-17"},{"link_name":"Galarino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Galarino&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"El Niño","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ped-17"},{"link_name":"tropical depressions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_depressions"},{"link_name":"cyclones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclones"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ped-17"},{"link_name":"Cyclone Niran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclone_Niran"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"The climate is tropical, with a hot and humid season from November to March with temperatures between 27 and 30 °C (81 and 86 °F),[79] and a cooler, dry season from June to August with temperatures between 20 and 23 °C (68 and 73 °F),[79] linked by two short interstices.[14] The tropical climate is strongly moderated by the oceanic influence and the trade winds that attenuate humidity, which can be close to 80%.[79] The average annual temperature is 23 °C, with historical extremes of 2.3 and 39.1 °C (36.1 and 102.4 °F).[14]The rainfall records show that precipitation differs greatly within the island. The 3,000 millimetres (120 in) of rainfall recorded in Galarino are three times the average of the west coast. There are also dry periods, because of the effects of El Niño.[14] Between December and April, tropical depressions and cyclones can cause winds to exceed a speed of 100 kilometres per hour (62 mph), with gusts of 250 kilometres per hour (160 mph) and very abundant rainfall.[14] The last cyclone affecting New Caledonia was Cyclone Niran, in March 2021.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Biodiversity of New Caledonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity_of_New_Caledonia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Landscape,_south_of_New_Caledonia.jpg"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hjnc-89"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hjnc-89"},{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hjnc-89"},{"link_name":"emits a high level of carbon dioxide per person","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_carbon_dioxide_emissions_per_capita"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"biodiversity hotspots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity_hotspots"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-myers-91"},{"link_name":"Bruno Van Peteghem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Van_Peteghem"},{"link_name":"Goldman Environmental Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldman_Environmental_Prize"},{"link_name":"Jacques Lafleur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Lafleur"},{"link_name":"RPCR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rally_for_Caledonia_in_the_Republic"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"INCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INCO"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"New Caledonian barrier reef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Caledonian_barrier_reef"},{"link_name":"UNESCO World Heritage List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_List"}],"text":"See also: Biodiversity of New CaledoniaLandscape in the south of New CaledoniaNew Caledonia has many unique taxa, especially birds and plants.[85] It has the richest diversity in the world per square kilometre.[85] The biodiversity is caused by Grande Terre's central mountain range, which has created a variety of niches, landforms and micro-climates where endemic species thrive.[85]Largely due to its nickel industry, New Caledonia emits a high level of carbon dioxide per person compared to other countries. In 2019, it emitted 55.25 tons of CO2 per person, compared to 4.81 for France.[86] The combination of the exceptional biodiversity of New Caledonia and its threatened status has made it one of the most critical biodiversity hotspots on Earth.[87]In 2001, Bruno Van Peteghem was awarded the Goldman Environmental Prize for his efforts on behalf of the Caledonian ecological protection movement in the face of \"serious challenges\" from Jacques Lafleur's RPCR party.[88] Progress has been made in a few areas in addressing the protection of New Caledonia's ecological diversity from fire, industrial and residential development, unrestricted agricultural activity and mining (such as the judicial revocation of INCO's mining licence in June 2006 owing to claimed abuses).[89]In 2008, six lagoons of the New Caledonian barrier reef, the world's longest continuous barrier reef system, were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List.","title":"Environment"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amborella_trichopoda_(3065968016)_fragment.jpg"},{"link_name":"Amborella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amborella"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:0_Araucaria_columnaris_New_Caledonia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Araucaria columnaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araucaria_columnaris"},{"link_name":"Isle of Pines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Pines_(New_Caledonia)"},{"link_name":"Gondwana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondwana"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"gymnosperm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnosperm"},{"link_name":"Parasitaxus usta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitaxus_usta"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-futura1-95"},{"link_name":"Araucaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araucaria"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hjnc-89"},{"link_name":"flowering plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_plant"},{"link_name":"Amborella trichopoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amborella_trichopoda"},{"link_name":"fern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fern"},{"link_name":"Cyathea intermedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyathea_intermedia"},{"link_name":"Cyathea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyathea"},{"link_name":"Cyathea novae-caledoniae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyathea_novae-caledoniae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ncd2-96"},{"link_name":"Nothofagus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nothofagus"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-futura1-95"},{"link_name":"maquis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maquis_shrubland"},{"link_name":"maquis minier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maquis_minier"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gbrs-86"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-futura1-95"},{"link_name":"New Caledonia rain forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Caledonia_rain_forests"},{"link_name":"New Caledonia dry forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Caledonia_dry_forests"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DinersteinOlson2017-97"}],"sub_title":"Flora","text":"Amborella, the world's oldest living lineage of flowering plantAraucaria columnaris on the Isle of PinesNew Caledonia's fauna and flora derive from ancestral species isolated in the region when it broke away from Gondwana many tens of millions of years ago.[90] Not only endemic species have evolved here, but entire genera, families, and even orders are unique to the islands.More tropical gymnosperm species are endemic to New Caledonia than to any similar region on Earth. Of the 44 indigenous species of gymnosperms, 43 are endemic, including the only known parasitic gymnosperm (Parasitaxus usta).[91] Also, of the 35 known species of Araucaria, 13 are endemic to New Caledonia.[85] New Caledonia also has the world's most divergent lineage of flowering plant, Amborella trichopoda, which is at, or near, the base of the clade of all flowering plants.The world's largest extant species of fern, Cyathea intermedia, also is endemic to New Caledonia. It is very common on acidic soil, usually found on fallow ground or in forest clearings, and grows about one metre per year on the east coast. There also are other species of Cyathea, notably Cyathea novae-caledoniae.[92]New Caledonia also is one of five regions on the planet where species of southern beeches (Nothofagus) are indigenous; five species are known to occur here.[91]New Caledonia has its own version of maquis (maquis minier) occurring on metalliferous soils, mostly in the south.[82] The soils of ultramafic rocks (mining terrains) have been a refuge for many native flora species which are adapted to the toxic mineral content of the soils, to which most foreign species of plants are poorly suited, which has therefore prevented invasion into the habitat or displacement of indigenous plants.[91]Two terrestrial ecoregions lie within New Caledonia's territory: New Caledonia rain forests and New Caledonia dry forests.[93]","title":"Environment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Palmas-98"},{"link_name":"New Caledonian crow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Caledonian_crow"},{"link_name":"tool-making","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tool_use_in_animals"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nccbbc-100"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cagou.jpg"},{"link_name":"kagu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kagu"},{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemic"},{"link_name":"kagu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kagu"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"monotypic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotypic"},{"link_name":"Rhynochetidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhynochetidae"},{"link_name":"Eurypygiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurypygiformes"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kagu-102"},{"link_name":"decapod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decapoda"},{"link_name":"crustaceans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crustaceans"},{"link_name":"Neogalaxias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neogalaxias&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ncnau-103"},{"link_name":"nautilus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautilus"},{"link_name":"ammonites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonite"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ncnau-103"},{"link_name":"marine fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fishes_of_the_Coral_Sea"},{"link_name":"Coral Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_Sea"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Palmas-98"},{"link_name":"Ducula goliath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducula_goliath"},{"link_name":"Rhacodactylus leachianus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhacodactylus_leachianus"},{"link_name":"Phoboscincus bocourti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoboscincus_bocourti"},{"link_name":"rediscovered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazarus_taxon"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ncnau-103"},{"link_name":"Sylviornis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylviornis"},{"link_name":"Meiolania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiolania"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"}],"sub_title":"Fauna","text":"In addition to its outstanding plant diversity and endemism, New Caledonia also provides habitat for a wide diversity of animals. Over 100 bird species live in New Caledonia, of which 24 are endemic.[94] One of these endemic bird species is the New Caledonian crow, a bird noted for its tool-making abilities, which rival those of primates.[95] These crows are renowned for their extraordinary intelligence and ability to fashion tools to solve problems, and make the most complex tools of any animal yet studied apart from humans.[96]The kagu, an endemic flightless birdThe endemic kagu,[97] agile and able to run quickly, is a flightless bird, but it is able to use its wings to climb branches or glide. Its sound is similar to the bark of a dog. It is the surviving member of monotypic family Rhynochetidae, order Eurypygiformes.[98]There are 11 endemic fish species and 14 endemic species of decapod crustaceans in the rivers and lakes of New Caledonia. Some, such as Neogalaxias, exist only in small areas.[99] The nautilus—considered a living fossil and related to the ammonites, which became extinct at the end of the Mesozoic era—occurs in Pacific waters around New Caledonia.[99] There is a large diversity of marine fish in the surrounding waters, which are within the extents of the Coral Sea.Despite its large number of bird, reptile, and fish species, New Caledonia has remarkably few mammal species: nine, of which six are endemic.[94]Several species of New Caledonia are remarkable for their size: Ducula goliath is the largest extant species of arboreal pigeon; Rhacodactylus leachianus, the largest gecko in the world; Phoboscincus bocourti, a large skink thought to be extinct until rediscovered in 2003.[99]Much of New Caledonia's fauna present before human settlement is now extinct, including Sylviornis, a bird over a metre tall not closely related to any living species, and Meiolania, a giant horned turtle that diverged from living turtles during the Jurassic period.In January 2024, a court in the Capital Nouméa issued a ruling banning the culling of sharks citing it as disproportionate. The culls began after an Australian tourist was killed by a shark in the previous year.[100]","title":"Environment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-censuspop-13"},{"link_name":"Loyalty Islands Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyalty_Islands_Province"},{"link_name":"North Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Province,_New_Caledonia"},{"link_name":"South Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Province,_New_Caledonia"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Population_at_Different_Censuse-105"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Population_at_Different_Censuse-105"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-106"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-insee-1-107"},{"link_name":"Greater Nouméa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noum%C3%A9a"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-insee-1-107"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-insee-1-107"},{"link_name":"total fertility rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_fertility_rate"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-106"}],"text":"At the last census in 2019, New Caledonia had a population of 271,407.[10] Of these, 18,353 lived in the Loyalty Islands Province, 49,910 in the North Province, and 203,144 in the South Province. Population growth has slowed down recently with a yearly increase of 0.2% between 2014 and 2019.[101]Population growth is higher in the North Province (0.3% per year between 2014 and 2019) than in the Loyalty Islands (0.1%) and South Province (−0.2%).[101]30% of the population was under the age of 20,[102] with the ratio of older people in the total population increasing.[103] Two out of three residents of New Caledonia live in Greater Nouméa.[103] 78% were born in New Caledonia.[103] The total fertility rate decreased from 2.2 children per woman in 2014 to 1.9 in 2019.[102]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Population_Structure_of_Communities-108"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Population_Structure_of_Communities-108"},{"link_name":"Kanak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanak_people"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Caldoche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldoche"},{"link_name":"Zoreille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoreilles"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LoganCole2001b-110"},{"link_name":"Wallisians and Futunians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna"},{"link_name":"Indonesians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_Indonesian"},{"link_name":"Javanese ethnic group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_New_Caledonians"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"Tahitians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahitians"},{"link_name":"Ni-Vanuatu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni-Vanuatu"},{"link_name":"Vietnamese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_people"},{"link_name":"ethnic Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_Chinese"},{"link_name":"mixed race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiracial_people"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eth09-112"},{"link_name":"Melanesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanesians"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnaya20115-113"},{"link_name":"clans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnaya20115-113"},{"link_name":"Loyalty Islands Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyalty_Islands_Province"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnaya20115-113"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnaya20115-113"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-isee.nc-114"},{"link_name":"Europeans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europeans_in_Oceania"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnaya20115-113"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnaya20115-113"},{"link_name":"native-born","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldoche"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoreilles"},{"link_name":"French Polynesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Polynesia"},{"link_name":"Wallis and Futuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ridet-115"},{"link_name":"Caldoches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldoche"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LoganCole2001b-110"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LoganCole2001b-110"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LoganCole2001-16"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_France"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LoganCole2001-16"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LoganCole2001-16"},{"link_name":"pieds noirs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pied-Noir"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"Pierre Maresca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Maresca"},{"link_name":"RPCR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rally_for_Caledonia_in_the_Republic"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"Al Jazeera English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English"},{"link_name":"dubious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement"},{"link_name":"discuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:New_Caledonia#Dubious"},{"link_name":"Arab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabs"},{"link_name":"Berber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imazighen"},{"link_name":"French Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Algeria"},{"link_name":"prisons on the island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penal_colony"},{"link_name":"Mokrani Revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokrani_Revolt"},{"link_name":"Algerians imprisoned on New Caledonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerians_of_the_Pacific"},{"link_name":"Islamic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"Bourail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourail"},{"link_name":"Nessadiou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nessadiou"},{"link_name":"cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimeti%C3%A8re_des_Arabes_de_Nessadiou"},{"link_name":"Nouméa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noum%C3%A9a"},{"link_name":"Koné","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kon%C3%A9,_New_Caledonia"},{"link_name":"Pouembout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pouembout"},{"link_name":"Yaté","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yat%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Femmes_kanak2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kanak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanak_people"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rod%C3%A9o_cheval.JPG"},{"link_name":"Rodeos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodeo"},{"link_name":"Bourail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourail"},{"link_name":"Caldoche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldoche"}],"sub_title":"Ethnic groups","text":"Ethnic Groups in New Caledonia (2019 Census)[104]\n\nEthnic Groups\n\npercent\n\n\nKanak\n \n41.2%\n\n\nEuropean\n \n24.1%\n\n\n\"Caledonian\" or not stated\n \n7.5%\n\n\nMixed\n \n11.3%\n\n\nWallisian/Futunian\n \n8.3%\n\n\nTahitian\n \n2.0%\n\n\nJavanese\n \n1.4%\n\n\nNi-Vanuatu\n \n0.9%\n\n\nVietnamese\n \n0.8%\n\n\nOther Asian\n \n0.4%\n\n\nOther\n \n2.1%At the 2019 census,[104] 41.2% of the population reported belonging to the Kanak community (up from 39.1% at the 2014 census[105]) and 24.1% to the European (Caldoche and Zoreille) community (down from 27.2% at the 2014 census). A further 7.5% of the population either self-identified as \"Caledonian\" or refused to declare an ethnic group (down from 9.9% at the 2014 census). Most of the people who self-identify as \"Caledonian\" or refuse to declare an ethnic group are thought to be ethnically European.[106]The other self-reported communities were Wallisians and Futunians (8.3% of the total population, up from 8.2% at the 2014 census), Indonesians who are from the Javanese ethnic group (1.4% of the total population, the same as in 2014),[107] Tahitians (2.0% of the total population, down from 2.1% at the 2014 census), Ni-Vanuatu (0.9%, down from 1.0% at the 2014 census), Vietnamese (0.8%, down from 0.9% at the 2014 census), and other Asians (primarily ethnic Chinese; 0.4% of the total population, the same as in 2014).11.3% of the population reported belonging to multiple communities (mixed race) (up from 8.6% at the 2014 census). The question on community belonging, which had been left out of the 2004 census, was reintroduced in 2009 under a new formulation, different from the 1996 census, allowing multiple choices (mixed race) and the possibility to clarify the choice \"other\" (which led many Europeans to self-identify as \"Caledonian\" in the category \"other\", or to select several ethnic communities, such as both European and Kanak, thus appearing as mixed race, which is particularly the case for the Caldoches living in the bush, who often have mixed ancestry).[108]Finally, 2.1% of the population reported belonging to other communities to the exclusion of \"Caledonian\" (up from 1.3% at the 2014 census).The Kanak people, part of the ethnic Melanesian group, are indigenous to New Caledonia.[109] Their social organization is traditionally based on clans, which identify as either \"land\" or \"sea\" clans, depending on their original location and the occupation of their ancestors.[109] According to the 2019 census, the Kanak constitute 95% of the population in the Loyalty Islands Province, 72% in the North Province and 29% in the South Province.[109] The Kanak tend to be of lower socio-economic status than the Europeans and other settlers.[109][110]Europeans first settled in New Caledonia when France established a penal colony on the archipelago.[109] Once the prisoners had completed their sentences, they were given land to settle.[109] According to the 2014 census, of the 73,199 Europeans in New Caledonia, 30,484 were native-born, 36,975 were born in Metropolitan France, 488 were born in French Polynesia, 86 were born in Wallis and Futuna, and 5,166 were born abroad.[111] The Europeans are divided into several groups. The Caldoches are usually defined as those born in New Caledonia who have ancestral ties that span back to the early French settlers.[106] They often settled in the rural areas of the western coast of Grande Terre, where many continue to run large cattle properties.[106]Distinct from the Caldoches are those who were born in New Caledonia from families that had settled more recently, and are called simply Caledonians.[13] The Metropolitan French-born migrants who come to New Caledonia are called Métros or Zoreilles, indicating their origins in metropolitan France.[13] There is also a community of about 2,000[13] pieds noirs, descended from European settlers in France's former North African colonies;[112] some of them are prominent in anti-independence politics, including Pierre Maresca, a leader of the RPCR.[113]A 2015 documentary by Al Jazeera English asserted that up to 10%[dubious – discuss] of New Caledonia's population is descended from around 2,000 Arab-Berber people deported from French Algeria in the late 19th century to prisons on the island in reprisal for the Mokrani Revolt in 1871. After serving their sentences, they were released and given land to own and cultivate as part of colonisation efforts on the island. As the overwhelming majority of the Algerians imprisoned on New Caledonia were men, the community was continued through intermarriage with women of other ethnic groups, mainly French women from nearby women's prisons. Despite facing both assimilation into the Euro-French population and discrimination for their ethnic background, descendants of the deportees have succeeded in preserving a common identity as Algerians, including maintaining certain cultural practices (such as Arabic names) and in some cases Islamic religion. Some travel to Algeria as a rite of passage, though obtaining Algerian citizenship is often a difficult process. The largest population of Algerian-Caledonians lives in the commune of Bourail (particularly in the Nessadiou district, where there is an Islamic cultural centre and cemetery), with smaller communities in Nouméa, Koné, Pouembout, and Yaté.[114]Kanak women\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRodeos (here at the annual fair of Bourail) are part of Caldoche culture.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rl-lang-119"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cen-lang-120"},{"link_name":"Kanak languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanak_languages"},{"link_name":"Oceanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic_languages"},{"link_name":"Austronesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian_languages"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-macc-121"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maskan-122"},{"link_name":"Drehu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drehu"},{"link_name":"Lifou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifou"},{"link_name":"Nengone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nengone_language"},{"link_name":"Maré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Paicî","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paic%C3%AE"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maskan-122"},{"link_name":"Iaai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iaai_language"},{"link_name":"Ouvéa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouv%C3%A9a"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cen-lang-120"},{"link_name":"Wallisian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallisian"},{"link_name":"Futunian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futunan_language"},{"link_name":"Tahitian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahitian_language"},{"link_name":"Javanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_language"},{"link_name":"Vietnamese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_language"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"Bislama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bislama"}],"sub_title":"Languages","text":"The French language began to spread with the establishment of French settlements, and French is now spoken even in the most secluded villages. For a long time the level of fluency varied significantly across the population as a whole, primarily due to the absence of universal access to public education before 1953, and also due to immigration and ethnic diversity,[115] but the French language has now become universal among the younger generations as shown by the censuses of population. At the 2009 census, 97.3% of people aged 15 or older reported that they could speak, read and write French, whereas only 1.1% reported that they had no knowledge of French.[116] No questions regarding the knowledge of French were asked in the 2014 and 2019 censuses, on account of the population's nearly universal understanding of it.The 28 Kanak languages spoken in New Caledonia are part of the Oceanic group of the Austronesian family.[117] Eight of these can be chosen by parents as optional subjects for their children from kindergarten to high school (four languages are taught up to the bachelor's degree) and an academy is responsible for their promotion.[118] The three most widely spoken indigenous languages are Drehu (spoken in Lifou), Nengone (spoken on Maré) and Paicî (northern part of Grande Terre).[118] Others include Iaai (spoken on Ouvéa). At the 2019 census, 44.0% of people whose age was 15 or older reported that they had some form of knowledge of at least one Kanak language (up from 41.3% at the 2009 census), whereas 56.0% reported that they had no knowledge of any of the Kanak languages (down from 58.7% at the 2009 census).[119][116]Other significant language communities among immigrant populations include speakers of Wallisian, Futunian, Tahitian, Javanese, Vietnamese, Chinese, and Bislama.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pew Forum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Survey-124"},{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic"},{"link_name":"West Uveans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Uvean"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ncbrit-33"},{"link_name":"Protestant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant"},{"link_name":"Free Evangelical Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Evangelical_Church"},{"link_name":"Evangelical Church in New Caledonia and the Loyalty Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical_Church_in_New_Caledonia_and_the_Loyalty_Islands"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ncbrit-33"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ncbrit-33"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"Islam in New Caledonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_New_Caledonia"},{"link_name":"Baháʼí Faith in New Caledonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_New_Caledonia"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Nouméa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Noum%C3%A9a"}],"sub_title":"Religion","text":"Religion in New Caledonia according to the Global Religious Landscape survey by the Pew Forum, 2012[120]\n\n Christianity (85.2%) No religion (10.4%) Islam (2.8%) Buddhism (0.6%) Folk religion (0.2%) Others (0.8%)The predominant religion is Christianity; half of the population is Catholic, including most of the Europeans, West Uveans, and Vietnamese and half of the Melanesian and Polynesian minorities.[29] Catholicism was introduced by French colonists. The island also has numerous Protestant churches, of which the Free Evangelical Church and the Evangelical Church in New Caledonia and the Loyalty Islands have the largest number of adherents; their memberships are almost entirely Melanesian.[29] Protestantism gained ground in the late 20th century and continues to expand. There are also numerous other Christian groups and more than 6,000 Muslims.[29][121] (See Islam in New Caledonia and Baháʼí Faith in New Caledonia.[citation needed]) Nouméa is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Nouméa.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French curriculum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_France"},{"link_name":"Nouméa Accord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noum%C3%A9a_Accord"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CSC_Australia_2010-126"},{"link_name":"Nouméa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noum%C3%A9a"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"unreliable source?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources"},{"link_name":"University of New Caledonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_New_Caledonia"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Higher Education, Research and Innovation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Higher_Education,_Research_and_Innovation"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CSC_Australia_2010-126"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CSC_Australia_2010-126"}],"text":"Education in New Caledonia is based on the French curriculum and delivered by both French teachers and French-trained teachers. Under the terms of the 1998 Nouméa Accord, primary education is the responsibility of the three provinces. As of 2010, secondary education was in the process of being transferred to the provinces.[122] The majority of schools are located in Nouméa but some are found in the islands and the north of New Caledonia. When students reach high school age, most are sent to Nouméa to continue their secondary education. Education is compulsory from the age of six years.[123][unreliable source?]New Caledonia's main tertiary education institution is the University of New Caledonia (Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie), which was founded in 1993 and comes under the supervision of the Ministry of Higher Education, Research and Innovation. It is based in Nouméa and offers a range of vocational, Bachelor, MA, and PhD programmes and courses. The University of New Caledonia consists of three academic departments, one institute of technology, one PhD school, and one teachers' college. As of 2013, the university has approximately 3,000 students, 107 academics, and 95 administrative and library staff.[124][122] Many New Caledonian students also pursue scholarships to study in metropolitan France. As part of the Nouméa Accord process, a Cadre Avenir provides scholarships for Kanak professionals to study in France.[122]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDP-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDP-4"},{"link_name":"Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Guam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guam"},{"link_name":"Oceania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceania"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nzmin-136"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-undcol-49"},{"link_name":"CFP franc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFP_franc"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-viep-138"},{"link_name":"Real GDP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_gross_domestic_product"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDP-4"},{"link_name":"ferronickel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferronickel"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDP-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDP-4"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_France"},{"link_name":"overseas departments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_department"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-exp-imp-139"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDP-4"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cia-140"},{"link_name":"Cook Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook_Islands"},{"link_name":"Vanuatu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monde1-76"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cia-140"},{"link_name":"FAOSTAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAOSTAT"},{"link_name":"yams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yam_(vegetable)"},{"link_name":"taro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taro"},{"link_name":"plantains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantain_(cooking)"},{"link_name":"coconuts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FAOSTAT_Production_statistics_2008-141"},{"link_name":"exclusive economic zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pres-om-8"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nzmin-136"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nzmin-136"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oceania_political_map.png"},{"link_name":"54,255","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"42,329","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"62,818","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii"},{"link_name":"41,259","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guam"},{"link_name":"2,878","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"21,615","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Polynesia"},{"link_name":"3,187","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu"},{"link_name":"2,344","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Islands"},{"link_name":"6,143","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiji"},{"link_name":"4,323","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa"},{"link_name":"12,928","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Samoa"},{"link_name":"17,676","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook_Islands"},{"link_name":"5,101","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga"},{"link_name":"24,731","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands"},{"link_name":"15,675","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palau"},{"link_name":"3,979","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micronesia"},{"link_name":"4,293","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia"},{"link_name":"1,514","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiribati"},{"link_name":"9,365","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauru"},{"link_name":"5,052","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu"}],"text":"New Caledonia has one of the largest economies in the South Pacific, with a GDP of US$9.44 billion in 2019.[3] The nominal GDP per capita was US$34,780 (at market exchange rates) in 2019.[3] It is lower than the nominal GDP per capita of Hawaii, Australia, New Zealand, and Guam, but higher than all other independent and non-sovereign countries and territories in Oceania, although there is significant inequality in income distribution,[132] and long-standing structural imbalances between the economically dominant South Province and the less developed North Province and Loyalty Islands.[45] The currency in use in New Caledonia is the CFP franc, as of May 2020, pegged to the euro at a rate of 119.3 CFP to 1.00 euros.[133] It is issued by the Institut d'Émission d'Outre-Mer.[134]Real GDP grew by an average of +3.3% per year in the first half of the 2010s, boosted by rising worldwide nickel prices and an increase in domestic demand due to rising employment, as well as strong business investments, but by only +0.2% per year in the second half of the 2010s, as the local nickel industry entered a period of crisis and the repeated independence referendums have generated economic uncertainty.[3] In 2011, exports of goods and services from New Caledonia amounted to 2.11 billion US dollars, 75.6% of which were mineral products and alloys (mainly nickel ore and ferronickel).[3] Imports of goods and services amounted to 5.22 billion US dollars.[3] 22.1% of the imports of goods came from Metropolitan France and its overseas departments, 16.1% from other countries in the European Union, 14.6% from Singapore (essentially fuel), 9.6% from Australia, 4.5% from the United States, 4.2% from New Zealand, 2.0% from Japan, and 27.0% from other countries.[135] The trade deficit in goods and services stood at 3.11 billion US dollars in 2011.[3]Financial support from France is substantial, representing more than 15% of the GDP, and contributes to the health of the economy.[136] Tourism is underdeveloped, with 100,000 visitors a year, compared to 400,000 in the Cook Islands and 200,000 in Vanuatu.[72] Much of the land is unsuitable for agriculture, and food accounts for about 20% of imports.[136] According to FAOSTAT, New Caledonia is a significant producer of: yams (33rd); taro (44th); plantains (50th); coconuts (52nd).[137] The exclusive economic zone of New Caledonia covers 1.4 million square kilometres (0.54 million square miles).[6] The construction sector accounts for roughly 12% of GDP, employing 9.9% of the salaried population in 2010.[132] Manufacturing is largely confined to small-scale activities such as the transformation of foodstuffs, textiles and plastics.[132]54,255\n42,329\n62,818\n34,780\n41,259\n2,878\n21,615\n3,187\n2,344\n6,143\n4,323\n12,928\n17,676\n5,101\n24,731\n15,675\n3,979\n4,293\n1,514\n9,365\n5,052","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Geology of New Caledonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology_of_New_Caledonia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Creek_South_New_Caledonia.JPG"},{"link_name":"iron oxides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_oxide"},{"link_name":"nickel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"late-2000s recession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late-2000s_recession"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-comptes-143"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-comptes-143"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-comptes-143"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-comptes-143"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-comptes-143"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-comptes-143"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc.com-144"},{"link_name":"Goro mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goro_mine"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mining.com-145"},{"link_name":"Tesla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc."},{"link_name":"BBC News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc.com-144"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mining.com-145"}],"sub_title":"Nickel sector","text":"See also: Geology of New CaledoniaA creek in southern New Caledonia. Red colours reveal the richness of the ground in iron oxides and nickel.New Caledonian soils contain about 25% of the world's nickel resources.[138] The late-2000s recession has gravely affected the nickel industry, as the sector faced a significant drop in nickel prices (−31.0% year-on-year in 2009) for the second consecutive year.[139] The fall in prices has led a number of producers to reduce or stop altogether their activity, resulting in a reduction of the global supply of nickel by 6% compared to 2008.[139]This context, combined with bad weather, has forced the operators in the sector to revise downwards their production target.[139] Thus, the activity of mineral extraction has declined by 8% in volume year on year.[when?][139] The share of the nickel sector as a percentage of GDP fell from 8% in 2008 to 5% in 2009.[139] A trend reversal and a recovery in demand have been recorded early in the second half of 2009, allowing a 2.0% increase in the local metal production.[139] A March 2020 report stated that \"New Caledonia is the world's fourth largest nickel producer, which has seen a 26% rally in prices in the past year\".[140] According to industry sources however, the Goro mine has never met its potential capacity to produce \"60,000 tpy of nickel in the form of nickel oxide, due to design flaws and operational commissioning issues\" In 2019, it produced slightly over a third of its annual capacity\".[141]In March 2021, Tesla agreed to a partnership with the Goro Mine, a \"technical and industrial partnership to help with product and sustainability standards along with taking nickel for its battery production, according to the agreement\", according to a BBC News report. The majority owner, Vale, said that the deal will be of long-term benefit in terms of jobs and the economy. Tesla is a heavy user of nickel for making the lithium-ion batteries and wanted to \"secure its long-term supply\".[140]Also in March 2021, a part of Vale's nickel business was sold \"to a consortium called Prony, which includes Swiss commodity trader Trafigura\". Provincial authorities and businesses in New Caledonia would have a 51% stake in the Vale operation.[141]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Foire_chevaux.JPG"},{"link_name":"Caldoches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldoche"},{"link_name":"European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_emigration"},{"link_name":"Wood carving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_carving"},{"link_name":"Montrouziera cauliflora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montrouziera_cauliflora"},{"link_name":"totems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totem"},{"link_name":"chambranles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chambranle"},{"link_name":"flèche faîtière","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fl%C3%A8che_fa%C3%AEti%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-desc-146"},{"link_name":"Basketry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketry"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-desc-146"},{"link_name":"Jean-Marie Tjibaou Cultural Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Marie_Tjibaou_Cultural_Centre"},{"link_name":"Renzo Piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renzo_Piano"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-desc-146"},{"link_name":"Kaneka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kaneka_(music)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"reggae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-desc-146"},{"link_name":"Mwâ Ka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mw%C3%A2_Ka&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"totem pole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totem_pole"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mka-147"}],"text":"Caldoches, European people born in New CaledoniaWood carving, especially of the houp (Montrouziera cauliflora), is a contemporary reflection of the beliefs of the traditional tribal society, and includes totems, masks, chambranles, or flèche faîtière,[142] a kind of arrow that adorns the roofs of Kanak houses. Basketry is a craft widely practised by tribal women, creating objects of daily use.[142]The Jean-Marie Tjibaou Cultural Centre, designed by Italian architect Renzo Piano and opened in 1998, is the icon of the Kanak culture.[142]The Kaneka is a form of local music, inspired by reggae and originating in the 1980s.[142]The Mwâ Ka is a 12-metre (39 ft) totem pole commemorating the French annexation of New Caledonia, and was inaugurated in 2005.[143]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Les Nouvelles Calédoniennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Nouvelles_Cal%C3%A9doniennes"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-149"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vivmed-150"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-151"},{"link_name":"RFO radio Nouvelle-Calédonie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outre-Mer_1%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"Océane FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oc%C3%A9ane_FM&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"NRJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NRJ"},{"link_name":"Radio Djiido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radio_Djiido&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jean-Marie Tjibaou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Marie_Tjibaou"},{"link_name":"Radio Rythmes Bleus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radio_Rythmes_Bleus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vivmed-150"},{"link_name":"Kanak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanak_people"},{"link_name":"Fwâi language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fw%C3%A2i_language"},{"link_name":"Hienghène","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiengh%C3%A8ne"},{"link_name":"North Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Province,_New_Caledonia"},{"link_name":"France Télévisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9visions"},{"link_name":"Réseau Outre-Mer 1re","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9seau_Outre-Mer_1re"},{"link_name":"France 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_2"},{"link_name":"France 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_3"},{"link_name":"France 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_4"},{"link_name":"France 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_5"},{"link_name":"France 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_24"},{"link_name":"Arte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_TV"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-152"},{"link_name":"Canal Plus Calédonie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CanalSat_Cal%C3%A9donie"},{"link_name":"Canal+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal%2B_(French_TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"TF1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TF1"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-153"},{"link_name":"digital television transition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_television_transition"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tnt-154"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rnzitv-155"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-156"},{"link_name":"Reporters Without Borders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-cp-157"}],"text":"Les Nouvelles Calédoniennes[144] was the only daily newspaper in the archipelago.[145][146] A monthly publication, Le Chien bleu, parodies the news from New Caledonia.[147]There are five radio stations: the public service broadcaster RFO radio Nouvelle-Calédonie, Océane FM (the collectivity's newest station), the youth-oriented station NRJ, Radio Djiido (established by Jean-Marie Tjibaou), and Radio Rythmes Bleus.[146] The last two stations are primarily targeted to the various Kanak groups who are indigenous to New Caledonia (\"Djiido\" is a term from the Fwâi language, spoken in Hienghène in the North Province, denoting a metal spike used to secure straw thatching to the roof of a traditional Kanak house).As for television, the public service broadcaster France Télévisions operates a local channel, Réseau Outre-Mer 1re, along with France 2, France 3, France 4, France 5, France 24 and Arte.[148] Canal Plus Calédonie carries 17 digital channels in French, including Canal+ and TF1.[149] Analogue television broadcasts ended in September 2011, completing the digital television transition in New Caledonia.[150] Bids for two new local television stations, NCTV and NC9, were considered by the French broadcasting authorities.[151] NCTV was launched in December 2013.[152]The media are considered to be able to operate freely, but Reporters Without Borders raised concerns in 2006 about \"threats and intimidation\" of RFO staff by members of a pro-independence group.[153]","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Christian_Karembeu_-_2014.jpg"},{"link_name":"Christian Karembeu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Karembeu"},{"link_name":"1998 FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-158"},{"link_name":"FIA Asia Pacific Rally Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIA_Asia_Pacific_Rally_Championship"},{"link_name":"New Caledonia football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Caledonia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"FIFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-159"},{"link_name":"Oceania Football Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceania_Football_Confederation"},{"link_name":"South Pacific Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Pacific_Games"},{"link_name":"OFC Nations Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OFC_Nations_Cup"},{"link_name":"Christian Karembeu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Karembeu"},{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Caledonia_men%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-160"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-161"},{"link_name":"Horse racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_racing"},{"link_name":"cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-162"},{"link_name":"rugby league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league"},{"link_name":"Pacific Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Cup"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-163"},{"link_name":"Queensland Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Cup"},{"link_name":"Lanterne Rouge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanterne_rouge"},{"link_name":"Handball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handball"},{"link_name":"Oceania Handball Nations Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceania_Handball_Nations_Cup"},{"link_name":"Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_men%27s_national_handball_team"},{"link_name":"Internationaux de Nouvelle-Calédonie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BNP_Paribas_de_Nouvelle-Cal%C3%A9donie"},{"link_name":"ATP Challenger Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATP_Challenger_Tour"},{"link_name":"Australian Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Open"},{"link_name":"New Caledonia women's national volleyball team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Caledonia_women%27s_national_volleyball_team"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-164"}],"text":"New Caledonian footballer Christian Karembeu, 1998 FIFA World Cup winner with France[154]The largest sporting event to be held in New Caledonia is a round of the FIA Asia Pacific Rally Championship (APRC).The New Caledonia football team began playing in 1950, and was admitted into FIFA, the international association of football leagues, in 2004.[155] Prior to joining FIFA, New Caledonia held observer status with the Oceania Football Confederation, and became an official member of the OFC with its FIFA membership. They have won the South Pacific Games five times, most recently in 2007, and have placed third on two occasions in the OFC Nations Cup. Christian Karembeu is a prominent New Caledonian former footballer. The under-17 team qualified for the FIFA under 17 World Cup in 2017.The sport of basketball gets much public attention in New Caledonia by both press and fans. Its national team has won plenty of medals in the Oceania region.[156] New Caledonia's top basketball club teams are AS 6e Km and AS Dumbea.[157]Horse racing is also very popular in New Caledonia, as are women's cricket matches.[158]The rugby league team participated in the Pacific Cup in 2004. In 2020, plans were formed to create a Rugby League team in New Caledonia, Pacifique Trieze,[159] to eventually join the majority Australian Queensland Cup.New Caledonia also has a national synchronised swimming team, which tours abroad.The \"Tour Cycliste de Nouvelle-Calédonie\" is a multi-day cycling stage race that is held usually in October. The race is organised by the Comite Cycliste New Caledonia. The race attracts riders from Australia, New Zealand, France, Réunion, Europe and Tahiti. Australian Brendan Washington has finished last three times in the race between 2005 and 2009, and is known in New Caledonia as \"The Lanterne Rouge\".The New Caledonia Handball team won the Oceania Handball Nations Cup in 2008 held in Wellington, New Zealand. They beat Australia in the final.The Internationaux de Nouvelle-Calédonie is a tennis tournament that is held in the first week of January. Since 2004, the tournament is part of the ATP Challenger Tour, and players usually compete as a preparation for the Australian Open. the first Grand Slam of the year.The New Caledonia women's national volleyball team won the gold medal on several occasions.[160]","title":"Sport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"taro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taro"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-165"},{"link_name":"bougna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bougna"},{"link_name":"banana leaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_leaves"}],"text":"Due to low levels of domestic horticulture, fresh tropical fruits feature less highly in New Caledonian cuisine than in other Pacific nations, instead relying on rice, fish and root vegetables such as taro.[161] One way this is frequently prepared is in a buried-oven-style feast, known as bougna. Wrapped in banana leaves, the fish, taro, banana and other seafood are buried with hot rocks to cook, then dug up and eaten.","title":"Cuisine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"La Tontouta International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Tontouta_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aport-166"},{"link_name":"Aircalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircalin"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tppdf-167"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lptra-168"},{"link_name":"Port Vila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Vila"},{"link_name":"Malicolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malakula"},{"link_name":"Santo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luganville"},{"link_name":"Vanuatu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lptra-168"},{"link_name":"Nouméa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noum%C3%A9a"},{"link_name":"Koumac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koumac"},{"link_name":"Lifou Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifou_Island"},{"link_name":"Lifou Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifou_Airport"},{"link_name":"Wé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Nandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nandi,_New_Caledonia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tiwaka River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiwaka_River"},{"link_name":"Muéo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mu%C3%A9o&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rtne-169"}],"text":"La Tontouta International Airport is 50 km (31 mi) northwest of Nouméa, and connects New Caledonia with the airports of Paris, Tokyo, Sydney, Auckland, Brisbane, Melbourne, Osaka, Papeete, Nadi, Wallis and Port Vila.[162] Most internal air services are operated by the International carrier Aircalin.[163] Cruise ships dock at the Gare Maritime in Nouméa.[164] The passenger-and-cargo boat Havannah sails to Port Vila, Malicolo and Santo in Vanuatu once a month.[164]New Caledonia's road network consists of:Route territoriale 1 (RT1), going from the exit from Nouméa to the Néhoué River, north of Koumac;\nRoute territoriale 2, on Lifou Island and from the Lifou Airport to the south of Wé;\nRoute territoriale 3, from the junction with RT1 in Nandi up to the Tiwaka River;\nRoute territoriale 4, from the junction with RT1 near Muéo to the power plant.[165]","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"definite article","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definite_article"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"^ \"Soyons unis, devenons frères\" is officially a national anthem but is generally used only on regal and viceregal occasions.\n\n^ Previously known officially as the \"Territory of New Caledonia and Dependencies\" (Territoire de la Nouvelle-Calédonie et dépendances), then simply as the \"Territory of New Caledonia\" (Territoire de la Nouvelle-Calédonie), the official French name is now only Nouvelle-Calédonie (Organic Law of 19 March 1999, article 222 IV[4]). The French courts often continue to use the appellation Territoire de la Nouvelle-Calédonie.\n\n^ The definite article la is often omitted by pro-independence parties and militants, as in l'indépendance de Kanaky (\"the independence of Kanaky\") or le futur de Kanaky (\"the future of Kanaky\") for example, where French grammar would normally require a definite article.\n\n^ As compared to 4,053 convicts, including 1,176 freed ones, in French Guiana at the same date.[22]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anaya, James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Anaya"},{"link_name":"\"Report of the Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples on the situation of Kanak people in New Caledonia, France\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20171109131805/http://unsr.jamesanaya.org/docs/countries/2011-newcaledonia-a-hrc-18-35-add6_en.pdf"},{"link_name":"United Nations General Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//unsr.jamesanaya.org/docs/countries/2011-newcaledonia-a-hrc-18-35-add6_en.pdf"}],"text":"Anaya, James (23 November 2011). \"Report of the Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples on the situation of Kanak people in New Caledonia, France\" (PDF). United Nations General Assembly. A/HRC/18/35/Add.6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 November 2017 – via JamesAnaya.org.","title":"Sources"}]	[{"image_text":"Two Kanak warriors posing with penis gourds and spears, around 1880","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Two_Kanak_%28Canaque%29_warriors_posing_with_penis_gourds_and_spears%2C_New_Caledonia.jpg/170px-Two_Kanak_%28Canaque%29_warriors_posing_with_penis_gourds_and_spears%2C_New_Caledonia.jpg"},{"image_text":"Chief King Jacques and his Queen","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/King_Jacques_and_his_Queen.jpg/220px-King_Jacques_and_his_Queen.jpg"},{"image_text":"Flags side by side on the same pole, Nouméa, March 2011","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Two_official_flags_of_New_Caledonia_on_same_flagpole.png/220px-Two_official_flags_of_New_Caledonia_on_same_flagpole.png"},{"image_text":"Jean Lèques during a ceremony honouring U.S. service members who helped ensure the freedom of New Caledonia during World War II","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/US_Navy_090925-N-8721D-037_Capt._Thom_Burke%2C_commanding_officer_of_the_amphibious_command_ship_USS_Blue_Ridge_%28LCC_19%29_receives_a_wreath_to_lay_at_the_U.S._war_memorial_during_a_ceremony.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pyramid graph illustrating the administration of New Caledonia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Administrative_divisions_of_New_Caledonia.svg/260px-Administrative_divisions_of_New_Caledonia.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Map of the New Caledonian communes. Light gray and dark grey denotes northern and southern province, respectively.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Map_of_New_Caledonian_Communes_%28Unlabeled%29.svg/500px-Map_of_New_Caledonian_Communes_%28Unlabeled%29.svg.png"},{"image_text":"New Caledonia from space","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/New_Caledonia_-_S199828000484.jpg/220px-New_Caledonia_-_S199828000484.jpg"},{"image_text":"Coral reefs of New Caledonia from ISS, September 9, 2020","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Reefs_of_New_Caledonia_from_ISS%2C_September_9%2C_2020.jpg/220px-Reefs_of_New_Caledonia_from_ISS%2C_September_9%2C_2020.jpg"},{"image_text":"Landscape in the south of New Caledonia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Landscape%2C_south_of_New_Caledonia.jpg/250px-Landscape%2C_south_of_New_Caledonia.jpg"},{"image_text":"Amborella, the world's oldest living lineage of flowering plant","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Amborella_trichopoda_%283065968016%29_fragment.jpg/220px-Amborella_trichopoda_%283065968016%29_fragment.jpg"},{"image_text":"Araucaria columnaris on the Isle of Pines","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/0_Araucaria_columnaris_New_Caledonia.jpg/220px-0_Araucaria_columnaris_New_Caledonia.jpg"},{"image_text":"The kagu, an endemic flightless bird","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Cagou.jpg/220px-Cagou.jpg"},{"image_text":"A creek in southern New Caledonia. Red colours reveal the richness of the ground in iron oxides and nickel.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Creek_South_New_Caledonia.JPG/220px-Creek_South_New_Caledonia.JPG"},{"image_text":"Caldoches, European people born in New Caledonia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Foire_chevaux.JPG/220px-Foire_chevaux.JPG"},{"image_text":"New Caledonian footballer Christian Karembeu, 1998 FIFA World Cup winner with France[154]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Christian_Karembeu_-_2014.jpg/170px-Christian_Karembeu_-_2014.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Geography portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Geography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg"},{"title":"Islands portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Islands"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png"},{"title":"Oceania portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Oceania"},{"title":"d'Entrecasteaux Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27Entrecasteaux_Ridge"},{"title":"Kanak and Socialist National Liberation Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanak_and_Socialist_National_Liberation_Front"},{"title":"Lists of islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_islands"}]	[{"reference":"\"New Caledonia\". Central Intelligence Agency. 6 December 2023. Archived from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2021 – via CIA.gov.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/new-caledonia/","url_text":"\"New Caledonia\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220407121006/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/new-caledonia/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Structure de la population et évolutions\". Nouméa: Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies (ISEE-NC). Archived from the original on 13 November 2014. Retrieved 16 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.isee.nc/population/recensement/structure-de-la-population-et-evolutions","url_text":"\"Structure de la population et évolutions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Statistics_and_Economic_Studies","url_text":"Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141113142325/http://www.isee.nc/population/recensement/structure-de-la-population-et-evolutions","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Evolution du PIB et du PIB par habitant\". Nouméa: Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies (ISEE-NC). Archived from the original on 14 May 2021. Retrieved 14 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.isee.nc/component/phocadownload/category/82-donnees?download=566:pib","url_text":"\"Evolution du PIB et du PIB par habitant\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Statistics_and_Economic_Studies","url_text":"Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210514113755/https://www.isee.nc/component/phocadownload/category/82-donnees?download=566:pib","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"LOI no 1999-209 du 19 mars 1999 organique relative a la Novelle Calédonie\" (PDF). Journal officiel de la République française. 21 March 1999. p. 4223. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 June 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070614081856/http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/imagesJOALL/1999/041/JO199904197ALL.pdf","url_text":"\"LOI no 1999-209 du 19 mars 1999 organique relative a la Novelle Calédonie\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_officiel_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise","url_text":"Journal officiel de la République française"},{"url":"http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/imagesJOALL/1999/041/JO199904197ALL.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Présentation\". Nouvelle-caledonie.gouv.fr (in French). Archived from the original on 30 October 2012. Retrieved 30 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121030174803/http://www.nouvelle-caledonie.gouv.fr/site/La-Nouvelle-Caledonie/Presentation","url_text":"\"Présentation\""},{"url":"http://www.nouvelle-caledonie.gouv.fr/site/La-Nouvelle-Caledonie/Presentation","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Présentation – L'Outre-Mer\". Outre-mer.gouv.fr. Archived from the original on 9 November 2017. Retrieved 30 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.outre-mer.gouv.fr/?presentation-nouvelle-caledonie.html","url_text":"\"Présentation – L'Outre-Mer\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171109131754/http://www.outre-mer.gouv.fr/?presentation-nouvelle-caledonie.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"David Stanley (1989). South Pacific Handbook. David Stanley. p. 549. ISBN 978-0-918373-29-8. Archived from the original on 13 April 2016. Retrieved 18 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=unz2v_HT5q0C&pg=PA549","url_text":"South Pacific Handbook"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-918373-29-8","url_text":"978-0-918373-29-8"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160413093620/https://books.google.com/books?id=unz2v_HT5q0C&pg=PA549","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"European Union Overseas Territories and Countries\". OCTA. Archived from the original on 10 December 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.overseas-association.eu/octs/","url_text":"\"European Union Overseas Territories and Countries\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231210070244/https://www.overseas-association.eu/octs/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Overseas Countries and Territories - European Commission\". international-partnerships.ec.europa.eu. Archived from the original on 27 December 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://international-partnerships.ec.europa.eu/countries/overseas-countries-and-territories_en","url_text":"\"Overseas Countries and Territories - European Commission\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231227101600/https://international-partnerships.ec.europa.eu/countries/overseas-countries-and-territories_en","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"268 767 habitants en 2014\". Nouméa: Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies (ISEE-NC). Archived from the original on 13 November 2014. 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Archived from the original on 13 April 2016. Retrieved 18 October 2015 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lly95WF8n-cC&pg=PA13","url_text":"New Caledonia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86450-202-2","url_text":"978-1-86450-202-2"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160413093509/https://books.google.com/books?id=lly95WF8n-cC&pg=PA13","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Rapport annuel 2010\" (PDF). IEOM Nouvelle-Calédonie. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 30 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ieom.fr/IMG/pdf/ra2010_nouvelle-caledonie.pdf","url_text":"\"Rapport annuel 2010\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210310075134/https://www.ieom.fr/IMG/pdf/ra2010_nouvelle-caledonie.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Quanchi, Max; Robson, John (2005). Historical Dictionary of the Discovery and Exploration of the Pacific Islands. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810865280. Archived from the original on 31 May 2022. Retrieved 30 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FUwDzM94jGUC&pg=RA1-PA15","url_text":"Historical Dictionary of the Discovery and Exploration of the Pacific Islands"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810865280","url_text":"9780810865280"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220531052523/https://books.google.com/books?id=FUwDzM94jGUC&pg=RA1-PA15","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"New Caledonia and International Seaport History. The Maritime Heritage Project\". Maritimeheritage.org. Archived from the original on 13 November 2017. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimpster	Jimpster	["1 History","2 Discography","2.1 Studio albums","2.2 Singles and EPs","2.3 Compilations","3 References","4 External links"]	JimpsterBirth nameJamie OdellOriginBraintree, Essex, United KingdomGenresDeep house, house, jungle, acid jazz, electronicaOccupation(s)Producer, DJYears active1997–presentWebsitewww.myspace.com/jimpsterMusical artist Jimpster (a.k.a. Audiomontage, a.k.a. Franc Spangler, real name Jamie Odell) is a British deep house producer and DJ. Together with Tom Roberts, he founded the labels Freerange Records and Delusions of Grandeur. While producing his own tracks and playing live shows, Jimpster has also worked on remixes, including a remix of the song 400 years by Bob Marley. History Born into a musical family, Jimpster was influenced and encouraged by his father Roger Odell who is the drummer in the jazz-funk band Shakatak. It was there that he was first exposed to electronic synthesizers and recording equipment at around age 10. He also has two children named Stan & Spike (Aged 16 & 13) He started Freerange records in 1996, a label that has since found a niche in deep house with artists like Shur-I-Kan and Milton Jackson. Jimpster played in a live electronica band, The Bays, from 2002 until 2007, but eventually decided to focus on djing and his record label. In 2007 his label Freerange was voted Best British Label by Dj Mag, in 2010 he won the Beatport titles: Best Deep House Producer and Best Deep House Remix of the year. Discography Studio albums Martian Arts (1997), Instinct Ambient Messages From the Hub (1999), Kudos Live At Soundofspeed (2000), Soundofspeed Domestic Science (2002), Kudos Amour (2006), Freerange Records Porchlight and Rocking Chairs (2013), Freerange Records Silent Stars (2017), Freerange Records Singles and EPs Initial EP (1996), Freerange Records Interconnect EP (1997), Kudos Deepdown EP (2001), Kudos Martian Arts (1996), Freerange Records Perennial Pleasures (1997), Kudos Seeing Is Believing (2000), Kudos State of Mind (2002), Kudos Armour LP Sampler (2006), Freerange Square Up (2006), Buzzin' Fly Records Dangly Panther (2008), Freerange Records Sleeper (2009), Freerange Records Forever And A Day EP (2010), Delusions of Grandeur Painted Lady EP (2014), Delusions of Grandeur The Sun Comes Up (2017), Freerange Crave (2017), Freerange Burning Up / Becoming Cyclonic (2018), Burn Curve EP (2018), Freerange Compilations Special Double Artist Ten Inch Set (1997), Instinct Ambient Scrambled (2000), Shadow Records References ^ a b "Jimpster Biography". Beatport. Retrieved 31 March 2015. ^ Rico, Zack (2007-09-10). "Bob Marley '400 Years' (Jimpster Remix)". Beatportal. Retrieved 2010-08-31. ^ Interview: Jimpster by Juno Plus on 18.12.2009 at 12:49pm (2010-08-27). "Interview: Jimpster \| Juno Plus". Junodownload.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-20. Retrieved 2010-08-31.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ Rico, Zack (2010-02-25). "When Jimpster met Ralph Lawson". Beatportal. Retrieved 2010-08-31. External links Jimpster on SoundCloud Authority control databases International VIAF National Czech Republic Artists MusicBrainz 2 3 4	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"deep house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_house"},{"link_name":"producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_producer"},{"link_name":"DJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc_jockey"},{"link_name":"labels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_label"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-biobeat-1"},{"link_name":"Bob Marley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Marley"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Musical artistJimpster (a.k.a. Audiomontage, a.k.a. Franc Spangler, real name Jamie Odell) is a British deep house producer and DJ. Together with Tom Roberts, he founded the labels Freerange Records and Delusions of Grandeur.[1] While producing his own tracks and playing live shows, Jimpster has also worked on remixes, including a remix of the song 400 years by Bob Marley.[2]","title":"Jimpster"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"jazz-funk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz-funk"},{"link_name":"Shakatak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakatak"},{"link_name":"Milton Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Jackson"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"The Bays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bays_(band)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Dj Mag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Magazine"},{"link_name":"Beatport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatport"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-biobeat-1"}],"text":"Born into a musical family, Jimpster was influenced and encouraged by his father Roger Odell who is the drummer in the jazz-funk band Shakatak. It was there that he was first exposed to electronic synthesizers and recording equipment at around age 10. He also has two children named Stan & Spike (Aged 16 & 13) He started Freerange records in 1996, a label that has since found a niche in deep house with artists like Shur-I-Kan and Milton Jackson.[3] Jimpster played in a live electronica band, The Bays, from 2002 until 2007, but eventually decided to focus on djing and his record label.[4]In 2007 his label Freerange was voted Best British Label by Dj Mag, in 2010 he won the Beatport titles: Best Deep House Producer and Best Deep House Remix of the year.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Instinct Ambient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instinct_Records"}],"sub_title":"Studio albums","text":"Martian Arts (1997), Instinct Ambient\nMessages From the Hub (1999), Kudos\nLive At Soundofspeed (2000), Soundofspeed\nDomestic Science (2002), Kudos\nAmour (2006), Freerange Records\nPorchlight and Rocking Chairs (2013), Freerange Records\nSilent Stars (2017), Freerange Records","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Buzzin' Fly Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Watt#Buzzin'_Fly"}],"sub_title":"Singles and EPs","text":"Initial EP (1996), Freerange Records\nInterconnect EP (1997), Kudos\nDeepdown EP (2001), Kudos\nMartian Arts (1996), Freerange Records\nPerennial Pleasures (1997), Kudos\nSeeing Is Believing (2000), Kudos\nState of Mind (2002), Kudos\nArmour LP Sampler (2006), Freerange\nSquare Up (2006), Buzzin' Fly Records\nDangly Panther (2008), Freerange Records\nSleeper (2009), Freerange Records\nForever And A Day EP (2010), Delusions of Grandeur\nPainted Lady EP (2014), Delusions of Grandeur\nThe Sun Comes Up (2017), Freerange\nCrave (2017), Freerange\nBurning Up / Becoming Cyclonic (2018), Burn\nCurve EP (2018), Freerange","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Instinct Ambient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instinct_Records"},{"link_name":"Shadow Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_Records"}],"sub_title":"Compilations","text":"Special Double Artist Ten Inch Set (1997), Instinct Ambient\nScrambled (2000), Shadow Records","title":"Discography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Jimpster Biography\". Beatport. Retrieved 31 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://dj.beatport.com/jimpster","url_text":"\"Jimpster Biography\""}]},{"reference":"Rico, Zack (2007-09-10). \"Bob Marley '400 Years' (Jimpster Remix)\". Beatportal. Retrieved 2010-08-31.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.beatportal.com/feed/item/bob-marley-400-years-jimpster-remix/","url_text":"\"Bob Marley '400 Years' (Jimpster Remix)\""}]},{"reference":"Interview: Jimpster by Juno Plus on 18.12.2009 at 12:49pm (2010-08-27). \"Interview: Jimpster \| Juno Plus\". Junodownload.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-20. Retrieved 2010-08-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100920140140/http://www.junodownload.com/plus/2009/12/18/interview-jimpster/","url_text":"\"Interview: Jimpster \| Juno Plus\""},{"url":"http://www.junodownload.com/plus/2009/12/18/interview-jimpster/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rico, Zack (2010-02-25). \"When Jimpster met Ralph Lawson\". Beatportal. Retrieved 2010-08-31.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.beatportal.com/feed/item/when-jimpster-met-ralph-lawson/","url_text":"\"When Jimpster met Ralph Lawson\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.myspace.com/jimpster","external_links_name":"www.myspace.com/jimpster"},{"Link":"http://dj.beatport.com/jimpster","external_links_name":"\"Jimpster Biography\""},{"Link":"http://www.beatportal.com/feed/item/bob-marley-400-years-jimpster-remix/","external_links_name":"\"Bob Marley '400 Years' (Jimpster Remix)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100920140140/http://www.junodownload.com/plus/2009/12/18/interview-jimpster/","external_links_name":"\"Interview: Jimpster \| Juno Plus\""},{"Link":"http://www.junodownload.com/plus/2009/12/18/interview-jimpster/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.beatportal.com/feed/item/when-jimpster-met-ralph-lawson/","external_links_name":"\"When Jimpster met Ralph Lawson\""},{"Link":"https://soundcloud.com/jimpster","external_links_name":"Jimpster"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/159676386","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0075082&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/0f5a9adc-fcca-4d04-bf31-d7d1164133f9","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/c9bf50f1-2d35-4158-9908-a9b7aff3e825","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/629605d3-70fb-4665-9bce-c283a2aa0f5c","external_links_name":"3"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/4d6402b7-ad25-4021-a741-1698d1638431","external_links_name":"4"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem_on_the_Prairie	Harlem on the Prairie	["1 Plot summary","2 Cast","3 Background","4 References","5 External links"]	1937 film Harlem on the PrairieHarlem on the Prairie Movie PosterDirected bySam NewfieldJed Buell (co-director)Written byFlournoy E. MillerFred MytonProduced byJed BuellStarringHerbert JeffreySpencer WilliamsConnie HarrisMantan MorelandGeorge RandolCinematographyWilliam HyerEdited byRobert JahnsMusic byLew PorterProductioncompanyAssociated FeaturesDistributed bySack AmusementsRelease date December 9, 1937 (1937-12-09) Running time57 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget$50,000 Harlem on the Prairie (1937) is American race movie, billed as the first "all-colored" Western musical. The movie reminded audiences that there were black cowboys and corrected a popular Hollywood image of an all-white Old West. It was produced by Associated Features, which was organized in 1937. The picture premiered at the Paramount Theatre in Los Angeles and was first shown in New York City at the Rialto Theatre on Broadway. The company had offices at 937 N. Sycamore Ave., Hollywood, California, and the officers of the company were Jed Buell, president; Bert Sternbach, vice president; and Sabin W. Carr, secretary-treasurer. Harlem on the Prairie was filmed on location at the Walker Ranch in Newhall, California, and the Iverson Ranch, Chatsworth, California. President and chief producer Jed Buell spent less than $50,000 on this picture. Plot summary Doc Clayburn returns with his medicine show and young daughter Carolina to the country where 20 years before he had been a rider with an outlaw gang and assisted in a gold robbery; the gold, which was hidden when all but Doc were killed in a fight with a posse, has never been recovered. When Doc is on his way to retrieve it and wipe out the memory of those early days, his caravan, which was trailed by a rival gang, is attacked and he is mortally wounded. Just before he dies, he gives a map of the gold cache to Jeff Kincaid, a younger rider he entrusts with the plan of finding the gold and restoring it to its rightful owners. In doing this, Jeff encounters the heavies, and Mistletoe and Crawfish supply the comedy relief. Cast Herbert Jeffrey: Jeff Kincaid Spencer Williams: Doc Clayburn Connie Harris: Carolina, Doc's daughter George Randol: Sheriff Maceo Bruce Sheffield: Wolf Cain Mantan Moreland: Mistletoe Flournoy E. Miller: Crawfish (is credited with some of the writing) Lucius Brooks: Musician (as The Four Tones) Leon Buck: Musician (as The Four Tones) Ira Hardin: Musician (as The Four Tones) Rudolph Hunter: Musician (as The Four Tones) Background The film combines all the typical elements of a good old-fashioned western. Melodrama, comedy, romance, action, and suspense are woven together as the characters strive to complete the old man's last wish and search for the gold. Somewhere within all of the riding, shooting and fighting bad guys Kincaid and his pistol-toting back-up group, The Four Tones, manage to sing both the title song, "Harlem on the Prairie", and the once-popular hit "Romance in the Rain". The film's hero, Herbert Jeffrey, who at the time was a popular singer with Earl "Fatha" Hines Band, initially conceived of making an all-black cowboy picture. He intended to distribute the film to the hundreds of movie houses across the South that catered exclusively to black audiences, as the strict racial segregation in effect in the South at the time forbade blacks and whites from being in the same theater at the same time. However, with the help of Gene Autry, another well-known screen cowboy, Jeffrey made a deal with Dallas-based Sack Amusements for national distribution. The film was so successful that Sack Amusements executive Richard C. Kahn approached Jeffrey about continuing the saga of the black cowboy. Since rights to the original character of Jeff Kincaid were tied up with the original producer, Jed Buell, Kahn and Jeffrey created the character of Bob Blake and introduced his trusty horse Stardusk. The first film produced through this new partnership was Two-Gun Man from Harlem (1938). A 1940 newspaper credited the film with holding the largest box-office profits of any all-African-American film. References ^ Sampson, Henry T. Blacks in Black and White: A Source Book on Black Films (1997), p. 63, ISBN 0-8108-2605-4 ^ Berry, S. Torriano. The 50 Most Influential Black Films: A Celebration of African-American Talent, Determination, and Creativity, Citadel Press (2001), p. 43, ISBN 0-8065-2133-3 ^ "The New Pictures", Time, December 13, 1937. (Retrieved August 14, 2007) ^ Epstein, Robert (March 12, 1992). "A West That Wasn't:Roundup Time For Singing Cowboys". The Los Angeles Times. pp. F1, F3 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Harlem on the Prairie (1937) Full Cast & Crew". imdb.com. Retrieved October 5, 2022. ^ Michael R., Pitts. Hollywood Songsters: Singers Who Act and Actors Who Sing: A Biographical Dictionary, Routledge (2001) page 413 - ISBN 0-415-93775-2 ^ a b Berry, S. Torriano. The 50 Most Influential Black Films (2001), page 45 ^ "Two-Gun Man from Harlem (1938)". imdb.com. Retrieved October 5, 2022. ^ ""New Motion Picture Company Enters Negro Field in the South," The New York Age, Mar. 9, 1940, page 4" (PDF). Retrieved August 1, 2012. External links Harlem on the Prairie (1937) at IMDb Harlem on the Prairie at the TCM Movie Database Harlem on the Prairie at AllMovie Harlem on the Prairie at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"race movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_movie"},{"link_name":"all-colored","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_people"},{"link_name":"Western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_(genre)"},{"link_name":"musical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_film"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"black cowboys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_cowboys"},{"link_name":"Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_(film_industry)"},{"link_name":"Old West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_West"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Paramount Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_Theatre_(Los_Angeles)"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Rialto Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rialto_Theatre_(New_York_City)"},{"link_name":"Hollywood, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood,_California"},{"link_name":"Bert Sternbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bert_Sternbach&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Harlem on the Prairie (1937) is American race movie, billed as the first \"all-colored\" Western musical.[1] The movie reminded audiences that there were black cowboys and corrected a popular Hollywood image of an all-white Old West.[2]It was produced by Associated Features, which was organized in 1937. The picture premiered at the Paramount Theatre in Los Angeles and was first shown in New York City at the Rialto Theatre on Broadway. The company had offices at 937 N. Sycamore Ave., Hollywood, California, and the officers of the company were Jed Buell, president; Bert Sternbach, vice president; and Sabin W. Carr, secretary-treasurer.Harlem on the Prairie was filmed on location at the Walker Ranch in Newhall, California, and the Iverson Ranch, Chatsworth, California. President and chief producer Jed Buell spent less than $50,000 on this picture.[3][4]","title":"Harlem on the Prairie"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Doc Clayburn returns with his medicine show and young daughter Carolina to the country where 20 years before he had been a rider with an outlaw gang and assisted in a gold robbery; the gold, which was hidden when all but Doc were killed in a fight with a posse, has never been recovered. When Doc is on his way to retrieve it and wipe out the memory of those early days, his caravan, which was trailed by a rival gang, is attacked and he is mortally wounded. Just before he dies, he gives a map of the gold cache to Jeff Kincaid, a younger rider he entrusts with the plan of finding the gold and restoring it to its rightful owners. In doing this, Jeff encounters the heavies, and Mistletoe and Crawfish supply the comedy relief.","title":"Plot summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Herbert Jeffrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb_Jeffries"},{"link_name":"Spencer Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer_Williams_(actor)"},{"link_name":"George Randol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Randol"},{"link_name":"Maceo Bruce Sheffield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maceo_Bruce_Sheffield"},{"link_name":"Mantan Moreland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantan_Moreland"},{"link_name":"Flournoy E. Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._E._Miller"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Lucius Brooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Brooks"}],"text":"Herbert Jeffrey: Jeff Kincaid\nSpencer Williams: Doc Clayburn\nConnie Harris: Carolina, Doc's daughter\nGeorge Randol: Sheriff\nMaceo Bruce Sheffield: Wolf Cain\nMantan Moreland: Mistletoe\nFlournoy E. Miller: Crawfish (is credited with some of the writing)[5]\nLucius Brooks: Musician (as The Four Tones)\nLeon Buck: Musician (as The Four Tones)\nIra Hardin: Musician (as The Four Tones)\nRudolph Hunter: Musician (as The Four Tones)","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"manage to sing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singing_cowboy"},{"link_name":"Herbert Jeffrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb_Jeffries"},{"link_name":"Earl \"Fatha\" Hines Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Hines"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Gene Autry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Autry"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Berry,_S._Torriano_2001_page_45-7"},{"link_name":"Richard C. Kahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_C._Kahn"},{"link_name":"Two-Gun Man from Harlem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-Gun_Man_from_Harlem"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Berry,_S._Torriano_2001_page_45-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The film combines all the typical elements of a good old-fashioned western. Melodrama, comedy, romance, action, and suspense are woven together as the characters strive to complete the old man's last wish and search for the gold. Somewhere within all of the riding, shooting and fighting bad guys Kincaid and his pistol-toting back-up group, The Four Tones, manage to sing both the title song, \"Harlem on the Prairie\", and the once-popular hit \"Romance in the Rain\". The film's hero, Herbert Jeffrey, who at the time was a popular singer with Earl \"Fatha\" Hines Band,[6] initially conceived of making an all-black cowboy picture. He intended to distribute the film to the hundreds of movie houses across the South that catered exclusively to black audiences, as the strict racial segregation in effect in the South at the time forbade blacks and whites from being in the same theater at the same time. However, with the help of Gene Autry, another well-known screen cowboy, Jeffrey made a deal with Dallas-based Sack Amusements for national distribution.[7]The film was so successful that Sack Amusements executive Richard C. Kahn approached Jeffrey about continuing the saga of the black cowboy. Since rights to the original character of Jeff Kincaid were tied up with the original producer, Jed Buell, Kahn and Jeffrey created the character of Bob Blake and introduced his trusty horse Stardusk. The first film produced through this new partnership was Two-Gun Man from Harlem (1938).[7][8]A 1940 newspaper credited the film with holding the largest box-office profits of any all-African-American film.[9]","title":"Background"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Epstein, Robert (March 12, 1992). \"A West That Wasn't:Roundup Time For Singing Cowboys\". The Los Angeles Times. pp. F1, F3 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/177339852/?terms=%22Harlem%20Rides%20the%20Range%22","url_text":"\"A West That Wasn't:Roundup Time For Singing Cowboys\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"The Los Angeles Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Harlem on the Prairie (1937) Full Cast & Crew\". imdb.com. Retrieved October 5, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0028978/fullcredits","url_text":"\"Harlem on the Prairie (1937) Full Cast & Crew\""}]},{"reference":"\"Two-Gun Man from Harlem (1938)\". imdb.com. Retrieved October 5, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0135694","url_text":"\"Two-Gun Man from Harlem (1938)\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"New Motion Picture Company Enters Negro Field in the South,\" The New York Age, Mar. 9, 1940, page 4\" (PDF). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rising_factorial	Falling and rising factorials	["1 Examples and combinatorial interpretation","2 Properties","2.1 Real numbers and negative n","2.2 Calculus","3 Connection coefficients and identities","4 Relation to umbral calculus","5 Alternative notations","6 Generalizations","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]	Mathematical functions In mathematics, the falling factorial (sometimes called the descending factorial, falling sequential product, or lower factorial) is defined as the polynomial ( x ) n = x n _ = x ( x − 1 ) ( x − 2 ) ⋯ ( x − n + 1 ) ⏞ n factors = ∏ k = 1 n ( x − k + 1 ) = ∏ k = 0 n − 1 ( x − k ) . {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}(x)_{n}=x^{\underline {n}}&=\overbrace {x(x-1)(x-2)\cdots (x-n+1)} ^{n{\text{ factors}}}\\&=\prod _{k=1}^{n}(x-k+1)=\prod _{k=0}^{n-1}(x-k).\end{aligned}}} The rising factorial (sometimes called the Pochhammer function, Pochhammer polynomial, ascending factorial, rising sequential product, or upper factorial) is defined as x ( n ) = x n ¯ = x ( x + 1 ) ( x + 2 ) ⋯ ( x + n − 1 ) ⏞ n factors = ∏ k = 1 n ( x + k − 1 ) = ∏ k = 0 n − 1 ( x + k ) . {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}x^{(n)}=x^{\overline {n}}&=\overbrace {x(x+1)(x+2)\cdots (x+n-1)} ^{n{\text{ factors}}}\\&=\prod _{k=1}^{n}(x+k-1)=\prod _{k=0}^{n-1}(x+k).\end{aligned}}} The value of each is taken to be 1 (an empty product) when n = 0 . These symbols are collectively called factorial powers. The Pochhammer symbol, introduced by Leo August Pochhammer, is the notation (x)n , where n is a non-negative integer. It may represent either the rising or the falling factorial, with different articles and authors using different conventions. Pochhammer himself actually used (x)n with yet another meaning, namely to denote the binomial coefficient ( x n ) . {\displaystyle {\tbinom {x}{n}}.} In this article, the symbol (x)n is used to represent the falling factorial, and the symbol x(n) is used for the rising factorial. These conventions are used in combinatorics, although Knuth's underline and overline notations x n _ {\displaystyle x^{\underline {n}}} and x n ¯ {\displaystyle x^{\overline {n}}} are increasingly popular. In the theory of special functions (in particular the hypergeometric function) and in the standard reference work Abramowitz and Stegun, the Pochhammer symbol (x)n is used to represent the rising factorial. When x is a positive integer, (x)n gives the number of n-permutations (sequences of distinct elements) from an x-element set, or equivalently the number of injective functions from a set of size n to a set of size x. The rising factorial x(n) gives the number of partitions of an n-element set into x ordered sequences (possibly empty). Examples and combinatorial interpretation The first few falling factorials are as follows: ( x ) 0 = 1 ( x ) 1 = x ( x ) 2 = x ( x − 1 ) = x 2 − x ( x ) 3 = x ( x − 1 ) ( x − 2 ) = x 3 − 3 x 2 + 2 x ( x ) 4 = x ( x − 1 ) ( x − 2 ) ( x − 3 ) = x 4 − 6 x 3 + 11 x 2 − 6 x {\displaystyle {\begin{alignedat}{2}(x)_{0}&&&=1\\(x)_{1}&&&=x\\(x)_{2}&=x(x-1)&&=x^{2}-x\\(x)_{3}&=x(x-1)(x-2)&&=x^{3}-3x^{2}+2x\\(x)_{4}&=x(x-1)(x-2)(x-3)&&=x^{4}-6x^{3}+11x^{2}-6x\end{alignedat}}} The first few rising factorials are as follows: x ( 0 ) = 1 x ( 1 ) = x x ( 2 ) = x ( x + 1 ) = x 2 + x x ( 3 ) = x ( x + 1 ) ( x + 2 ) = x 3 + 3 x 2 + 2 x x ( 4 ) = x ( x + 1 ) ( x + 2 ) ( x + 3 ) = x 4 + 6 x 3 + 11 x 2 + 6 x {\displaystyle {\begin{alignedat}{2}x^{(0)}&&&=1\\x^{(1)}&&&=x\\x^{(2)}&=x(x+1)&&=x^{2}+x\\x^{(3)}&=x(x+1)(x+2)&&=x^{3}+3x^{2}+2x\\x^{(4)}&=x(x+1)(x+2)(x+3)&&=x^{4}+6x^{3}+11x^{2}+6x\end{alignedat}}} The coefficients that appear in the expansions are Stirling numbers of the first kind (see below). When the variable x is a positive integer, the number (x)n is equal to the number of n-permutations from a set of x items, that is, the number of ways of choosing an ordered list of length n consisting of distinct elements drawn from a collection of size x. For example, (8)3 = 8 × 7 × 6 = 336 is the number of different podiums—assignments of gold, silver, and bronze medals—possible in an eight-person race. In this context, other notations like xPn, xPn, Pnx, or P(x, n) are also sometimes used. On the other hand, x(n) is "the number of ways to arrange n flags on x flagpoles", where all flags must be used and each flagpole can have any number of flags. Equivalently, this is the number of ways to partition a set of size n (the flags) into x distinguishable parts (the poles), with a linear order on the elements assigned to each part (the order of the flags on a given pole). Properties The rising and falling factorials are simply related to one another: ( x ) n = ( x − n + 1 ) ( n ) = ( − 1 ) n ( − x ) ( n ) , x ( n ) = ( x + n − 1 ) n = ( − 1 ) n ( − x ) n . {\displaystyle {\begin{alignedat}{2}{(x)}_{n}&={(x-n+1)}^{(n)}&&=(-1)^{n}(-x)^{(n)},\\x^{(n)}&={(x+n-1)}_{n}&&=(-1)^{n}(-x)_{n}.\end{alignedat}}} Falling and rising factorials of integers are directly related to the ordinary factorial: n ! = 1 ( n ) = ( n ) n , ( m ) n = m ! ( m − n ) ! , m ( n ) = ( m + n − 1 ) ! ( m − 1 ) ! . {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}n!&=1^{(n)}=(n)_{n},\\(m)_{n}&={\frac {m!}{(m-n)!}},\\m^{(n)}&={\frac {(m+n-1)!}{(m-1)!}}.\end{aligned}}} Rising factorials of half integers are directly related to the double factorial: [ 1 2 ] ( n ) = ( 2 n − 1 ) ! ! 2 n , [ 2 m + 1 2 ] ( n ) = ( 2 ( n + m ) − 1 ) ! ! 2 n ( 2 m − 1 ) ! ! . {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\left^{(n)}={\frac {(2n-1)!!}{2^{n}}},\quad \left^{(n)}={\frac {(2(n+m)-1)!!}{2^{n}(2m-1)!!}}.\end{aligned}}} The falling and rising factorials can be used to express a binomial coefficient: ( x ) n n ! = ( x n ) , x ( n ) n ! = ( x + n − 1 n ) . {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\frac {(x)_{n}}{n!}}&={\binom {x}{n}},\\{\frac {x^{(n)}}{n!}}&={\binom {x+n-1}{n}}.\end{aligned}}} Thus many identities on binomial coefficients carry over to the falling and rising factorials. The rising and falling factorials are well defined in any unital ring, and therefore x can be taken to be, for example, a complex number, including negative integers, or a polynomial with complex coefficients, or any complex-valued function. Real numbers and negative n The falling factorial can be extended to real values of x using the gamma function provided x and x + n are real numbers that are not negative integers: ( x ) n = Γ ( x + 1 ) Γ ( x − n + 1 ) , {\displaystyle (x)_{n}={\frac {\Gamma (x+1)}{\Gamma (x-n+1)}}\ ,} and so can the rising factorial: x ( n ) = Γ ( x + n ) Γ ( x ) . {\displaystyle x^{(n)}={\frac {\Gamma (x+n)}{\Gamma (x)}}\ .} Calculus Falling factorials appear in multiple differentiation of simple power functions: ( d d x ) n x a = ( a ) n ⋅ x a − n . {\displaystyle \left({\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} x}}\right)^{n}x^{a}=(a)_{n}\cdot x^{a-n}.} The rising factorial is also integral to the definition of the hypergeometric function: The hypergeometric function is defined for \|z\| < 1 by the power series 2 F 1 ( a , b ; c ; z ) = ∑ n = 0 ∞ a ( n ) b ( n ) c ( n ) z n n ! {\displaystyle {}_{2}F_{1}(a,b;c;z)=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {a^{(n)}b^{(n)}}{c^{(n)}}}{\frac {z^{n}}{n!}}} provided that c ≠ 0, −1, −2, ... . Note, however, that the hypergeometric function literature typically uses the notation (a)n for rising factorials. Connection coefficients and identities Falling and rising factorials are closely related to Stirling numbers. Indeed, expanding the product reveals Stirling numbers of the first kind ( x ) n = ∑ k = 0 n s ( n , k ) x k = ∑ k = 0 n [ n k ] ( − 1 ) n − k x k x ( n ) = ∑ k = 0 n [ n k ] x k {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}(x)_{n}&=\sum _{k=0}^{n}s(n,k)x^{k}\\&=\sum _{k=0}^{n}{\begin{bmatrix}n\\k\end{bmatrix}}(-1)^{n-k}x^{k}\\x^{(n)}&=\sum _{k=0}^{n}{\begin{bmatrix}n\\k\end{bmatrix}}x^{k}\\\end{aligned}}} And the inverse relations uses Stirling numbers of the second kind x n = ∑ k = 0 n { n k } ( x ) k = ∑ k = 0 n { n k } ( − 1 ) n − k x ( k ) . {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}x^{n}&=\sum _{k=0}^{n}{\begin{Bmatrix}n\\k\end{Bmatrix}}(x)_{k}\\&=\sum _{k=0}^{n}{\begin{Bmatrix}n\\k\end{Bmatrix}}(-1)^{n-k}x^{(k)}.\end{aligned}}} The falling and rising factorials are related to one another through the Lah numbers L ( n , k ) = ( n − 1 k − 1 ) n ! k ! {\textstyle L(n,k)={\binom {n-1}{k-1}}{\frac {n!}{k!}}} : ( x ) n = ∑ k = 0 n L ( n , k ) x ( k ) x ( n ) = ∑ k = 0 n L ( n , k ) ( − 1 ) n − k ( x ) k {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}(x)_{n}&=\sum _{k=0}^{n}L(n,k)x^{(k)}\\x^{(n)}&=\sum _{k=0}^{n}L(n,k)(-1)^{n-k}(x)_{k}\end{aligned}}} Since the falling factorials are a basis for the polynomial ring, one can express the product of two of them as a linear combination of falling factorials: ( x ) m ( x ) n = ∑ k = 0 m ( m k ) ( n k ) k ! ⋅ ( x ) m + n − k . {\displaystyle (x)_{m}(x)_{n}=\sum _{k=0}^{m}{\binom {m}{k}}{\binom {n}{k}}k!\cdot (x)_{m+n-k}\ .} The coefficients ( m k ) ( n k ) k ! {\displaystyle {\tbinom {m}{k}}{\tbinom {n}{k}}k!} are called connection coefficients, and have a combinatorial interpretation as the number of ways to identify (or "glue together") k elements each from a set of size m and a set of size n. There is also a connection formula for the ratio of two rising factorials given by x ( n ) x ( i ) = ( x + i ) ( n − i ) , for n ≥ i . {\displaystyle {\frac {x^{(n)}}{x^{(i)}}}=(x+i)^{(n-i)},\quad {\text{for }}n\geq i.} Additionally, we can expand generalized exponent laws and negative rising and falling powers through the following identities:(p 52) ( x ) m + n = ( x ) m ( x − m ) n = ( x ) n ( x − n ) m x ( m + n ) = x ( m ) ( x + m ) ( n ) = x ( n ) ( x + n ) ( m ) x ( − n ) = Γ ( x − n ) Γ ( x ) = ( x − n − 1 ) ! ( x − 1 ) ! = 1 ( x − n ) ( n ) = 1 ( x − 1 ) n = 1 ( x − 1 ) ( x − 2 ) ⋯ ( x − n ) = ( − n ) ! ( x − n − 1 − n ) ( x ) − n = Γ ( x + 1 ) Γ ( x + n − 1 ) = x ! ( x + n ) ! = 1 ( x + n ) n = 1 ( x + 1 ) ( n ) = 1 ( x + 1 ) ( x + 2 ) ⋯ ( x + n ) = ( − n ) ! ( x − n ) . {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}(x)_{m+n}&=(x)_{m}(x-m)_{n}=(x)_{n}(x-n)_{m}\\x^{(m+n)}&=x^{(m)}(x+m)^{(n)}=x^{(n)}(x+n)^{(m)}\\x^{(-n)}&={\frac {\Gamma (x-n)}{\Gamma (x)}}={\frac {(x-n-1)!}{(x-1)!}}={\frac {1}{(x-n)^{(n)}}}={\frac {1}{(x-1)_{n}}}={\frac {1}{(x-1)(x-2)\cdots (x-n)}}=(-n)!{\binom {x-n-1}{-n}}\\(x)_{-n}&={\frac {\Gamma (x+1)}{\Gamma (x+n-1)}}={\frac {x!}{(x+n)!}}={\frac {1}{(x+n)_{n}}}={\frac {1}{(x+1)^{(n)}}}={\frac {1}{(x+1)(x+2)\cdots (x+n)}}=(-n)!{\binom {x}{-n}}.\end{aligned}}} Finally, duplication and multiplication formulas for the falling and rising factorials provide the next relations: ( x ) k + m n = x ( k ) m m n ∏ j = 0 m − 1 ( x − k − j m ) n , for m ∈ N x ( k + m n ) = x ( k ) m m n ∏ j = 0 m − 1 ( x + k + j m ) ( n ) , for m ∈ N ( a x + b ) ( n ) = x n ∏ j = 0 n − 1 ( a + b + j x ) , for x ∈ Z + ( 2 x ) ( 2 n ) = 2 2 n x ( n ) ( x + 1 2 ) ( n ) . {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}(x)_{k+mn}&=x^{(k)}m^{mn}\prod _{j=0}^{m-1}\left({\frac {x-k-j}{m}}\right)_{n}\,,&{\text{for }}m&\in \mathbb {N} \\x^{(k+mn)}&=x^{(k)}m^{mn}\prod _{j=0}^{m-1}\left({\frac {x+k+j}{m}}\right)^{(n)},&{\text{for }}m&\in \mathbb {N} \\(ax+b)^{(n)}&=x^{n}\prod _{j=0}^{n-1}\left(a+{\frac {b+j}{x}}\right),&{\text{for }}x&\in \mathbb {Z} ^{+}\\(2x)^{(2n)}&=2^{2n}x^{(n)}\left(x+{\frac {1}{2}}\right)^{(n)}.\end{aligned}}} Relation to umbral calculus The falling factorial occurs in a formula which represents polynomials using the forward difference operator Δ f ( x ) = d e f f ( x + 1 ) − f ( x ) , {\displaystyle \Delta f(x){\stackrel {\mathrm {def} }{=}}f(x{+}1)-f(x),} and which is formally similar to Taylor's theorem: f ( x ) = ∑ n = 0 ∞ Δ n f ( 0 ) n ! ( x ) n . {\displaystyle f(x)=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {\Delta ^{n}f(0)}{n!}}(x)_{n}.} In this formula and in many other places, the falling factorial (x)n in the calculus of finite differences plays the role of xn in differential calculus. Note for instance the similarity of Δ (x)n = n (x)n−1 to d/d x xn = n xn−1 . A similar result holds for the rising factorial and the backward difference operator. The study of analogies of this type is known as umbral calculus. A general theory covering such relations, including the falling and rising factorial functions, is given by the theory of polynomial sequences of binomial type and Sheffer sequences. Falling and rising factorials are Sheffer sequences of binomial type, as shown by the relations: ( a + b ) n = ∑ j = 0 n ( n j ) ( a ) n − j ( b ) j ( a + b ) ( n ) = ∑ j = 0 n ( n j ) a ( n − j ) b ( j ) {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}(a+b)_{n}&=\sum _{j=0}^{n}{\binom {n}{j}}(a)_{n-j}(b)_{j}\\(a+b)^{(n)}&=\sum _{j=0}^{n}{\binom {n}{j}}a^{(n-j)}b^{(j)}\end{aligned}}} where the coefficients are the same as those in the binomial theorem. Similarly, the generating function of Pochhammer polynomials then amounts to the umbral exponential, ∑ n = 0 ∞ ( x ) n t n n ! = ( 1 + t ) x , {\displaystyle \sum _{n=0}^{\infty }(x)_{n}{\frac {t^{n}}{n!}}=\left(1+t\right)^{x},} since Δ x ⁡ ( 1 + t ) x = t ⋅ ( 1 + t ) x . {\displaystyle \operatorname {\Delta } _{x}\left(1+t\right)^{x}=t\cdot \left(1+t\right)^{x}.} Alternative notations An alternative notation for the rising factorial x m ¯ ≡ ( x ) + m ≡ ( x ) m = x ( x + 1 ) … ( x + m − 1 ) ⏞ m factors for integer m ≥ 0 {\displaystyle x^{\overline {m}}\equiv (x)_{+m}\equiv (x)_{m}=\overbrace {x(x+1)\ldots (x+m-1)} ^{m{\text{ factors}}}\quad {\text{for integer }}m\geq 0} and for the falling factorial x m _ ≡ ( x ) − m = x ( x − 1 ) … ( x − m + 1 ) ⏞ m factors for integer m ≥ 0 {\displaystyle x^{\underline {m}}\equiv (x)_{-m}=\overbrace {x(x-1)\ldots (x-m+1)} ^{m{\text{ factors}}}\quad {\text{for integer }}m\geq 0} goes back to A. Capelli (1893) and L. Toscano (1939), respectively. Graham, Knuth, and Patashnik(pp 47, 48) propose to pronounce these expressions as "x to the m rising" and "x to the m falling", respectively. Other notations for the falling factorial include P(x,n), xPn, Px,n, Pnx, or xPn. (See permutation and combination.) An alternative notation for the rising factorial x(n) is the less common (x)+n . When (x)+n is used to denote the rising factorial, the notation (x)−n is typically used for the ordinary falling factorial, to avoid confusion. Generalizations The Pochhammer symbol has a generalized version called the generalized Pochhammer symbol, used in multivariate analysis. There is also a q-analogue, the q-Pochhammer symbol. For any fixed arithmetic function f : N → C {\displaystyle f:\mathbb {N} \rightarrow \mathbb {C} } and symbolic parameters x, t, related generalized factorial products of the form ( x ) n , f , t := ∏ k = 0 n − 1 ( x + f ( k ) t k ) {\displaystyle (x)_{n,f,t}:=\prod _{k=0}^{n-1}\left(x+{\frac {f(k)}{t^{k}}}\right)} may be studied from the point of view of the classes of generalized Stirling numbers of the first kind defined by the following coefficients of the powers of x in the expansions of (x)n,f,t and then by the next corresponding triangular recurrence relation: [ n k ] f , t = [ x k − 1 ] ( x ) n , f , t = f ( n − 1 ) t 1 − n [ n − 1 k ] f , t + [ n − 1 k − 1 ] f , t + δ n , 0 δ k , 0 . {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\left_{f,t}&=\left(x)_{n,f,t}\\&=f(n-1)t^{1-n}\left_{f,t}+\left_{f,t}+\delta _{n,0}\delta _{k,0}.\end{aligned}}} These coefficients satisfy a number of analogous properties to those for the Stirling numbers of the first kind as well as recurrence relations and functional equations related to the f-harmonic numbers, F n ( r ) ( t ) := ∑ k ≤ n t k f ( k ) r . {\displaystyle F_{n}^{(r)}(t):=\sum _{k\leq n}{\frac {t^{k}}{f(k)^{r}}}\,.} See also Pochhammer k-symbol Vandermonde identity References ^ Here the parts are distinct; for example, when x = n = 2, the (2)(2) = 6 partitions are ( 12 , − ) {\displaystyle (12,-)} , ( 21 , − ) {\displaystyle (21,-)} , ( 1 , 2 ) {\displaystyle (1,2)} , ( 2 , 1 ) {\displaystyle (2,1)} , ( − , 12 ) {\displaystyle (-,12)} , and ( − , 21 ) {\displaystyle (-,21)} , where − denotes an empty part. ^ a b Steffensen, J.F. (17 March 2006). Interpolation (2nd ed.). Dover Publications. p. 8. ISBN 0-486-45009-0. — A reprint of the 1950 edition by Chelsea Publishing. ^ a b c Knuth, D.E. The Art of Computer Programming. Vol. 1 (3rd ed.). p. 50. ^ a b Knuth, D.E. (1992). "Two notes on notation". American Mathematical Monthly. 99 (5): 403–422. arXiv:math/9205211. doi:10.2307/2325085. JSTOR 2325085. S2CID 119584305. The remark about the Pochhammer symbol is on page 414. ^ Olver, P.J. (1999). Classical Invariant Theory. Cambridge University Press. p. 101. ISBN 0-521-55821-2. MR 1694364. ^ Harris; Hirst; Mossinghoff (2008). Combinatorics and Graph Theory. Springer. ch. 2. ISBN 978-0-387-79710-6. ^ Abramowitz, Milton; Stegun, Irene A., eds. (December 1972) . Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables. National Bureau of Standards Applied Mathematics Series. Vol. 55. Washington, DC: United States Department of Commerce. p. 256 eqn. 6.1.22. LCCN 64-60036. ^ Slater, Lucy J. (1966). Generalized Hypergeometric Functions. Cambridge University Press. Appendix I. MR 0201688. — Gives a useful list of formulas for manipulating the rising factorial in (x)n notation. ^ Feller, William. An Introduction to Probability Theory and Its Applications. Vol. 1. Ch. 2. ^ "Introduction to the factorials and binomials". Wolfram Functions Site. ^ Rosas, Mercedes H. (2002). "Specializations of MacMahon symmetric functions and the polynomial algebra". Discrete Math. 246 (1–3): 285–293. doi:10.1016/S0012-365X(01)00263-1. hdl:11441/41678. ^ a b Graham, Ronald L.; Knuth, Donald E. & Patashnik, Oren (1988). Concrete Mathematics. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. pp. 47, 48, 52. ISBN 0-201-14236-8. ^ Schmidt, Maxie D. (2018). "Combinatorial identities for generalized Stirling numbers expanding f-factorial functions and the f-harmonic numbers". Journal of Integer Sequences. 21 (2) 18.2.7. arXiv:1611.04708v2. MR 3779776. External links Weisstein, Eric W. "Pochhammer Symbol". MathWorld.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steffensen-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steffensen-1"},{"link_name":"empty product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empty_product"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Art_of_Computer_Programming-2"},{"link_name":"Leo August Pochhammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_August_Pochhammer"},{"link_name":"non-negative integer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-negative_integer"},{"link_name":"binomial coefficient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_coefficient"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Knuth-3"},{"link_name":"combinatorics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combinatorics"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Knuth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Knuth"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Art_of_Computer_Programming-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"special functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_functions"},{"link_name":"hypergeometric function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypergeometric_function"},{"link_name":"Abramowitz and Stegun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abramowitz_and_Stegun"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"n-permutations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-permutation"},{"link_name":"injective functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injective_function"},{"link_name":"partitions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_a_set"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"In mathematics, the falling factorial (sometimes called the descending factorial,[1] falling sequential product, or lower factorial) is defined as the polynomial(\n x\n \n )\n \n n\n \n \n =\n \n x\n \n \n n\n _\n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n \n x\n (\n x\n −\n 1\n )\n (\n x\n −\n 2\n )\n ⋯\n (\n x\n −\n n\n +\n 1\n )\n \n ⏞\n \n \n \n n\n \n factors\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n ∏\n \n k\n =\n 1\n \n \n n\n \n \n (\n x\n −\n k\n +\n 1\n )\n =\n \n ∏\n \n k\n =\n 0\n \n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n (\n x\n −\n k\n )\n .\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}(x)_{n}=x^{\\underline {n}}&=\\overbrace {x(x-1)(x-2)\\cdots (x-n+1)} ^{n{\\text{ factors}}}\\\\&=\\prod _{k=1}^{n}(x-k+1)=\\prod _{k=0}^{n-1}(x-k).\\end{aligned}}}The rising factorial (sometimes called the Pochhammer function, Pochhammer polynomial, ascending factorial,[1] rising sequential product, or upper factorial) is defined asx\n \n (\n n\n )\n \n \n =\n \n x\n \n \n n\n ¯\n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n \n x\n (\n x\n +\n 1\n )\n (\n x\n +\n 2\n )\n ⋯\n (\n x\n +\n n\n −\n 1\n )\n \n ⏞\n \n \n \n n\n \n factors\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n ∏\n \n k\n =\n 1\n \n \n n\n \n \n (\n x\n +\n k\n −\n 1\n )\n =\n \n ∏\n \n k\n =\n 0\n \n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n (\n x\n +\n k\n )\n .\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}x^{(n)}=x^{\\overline {n}}&=\\overbrace {x(x+1)(x+2)\\cdots (x+n-1)} ^{n{\\text{ factors}}}\\\\&=\\prod _{k=1}^{n}(x+k-1)=\\prod _{k=0}^{n-1}(x+k).\\end{aligned}}}The value of each is taken to be 1 (an empty product) when n = 0 . These symbols are collectively called factorial powers.[2]The Pochhammer symbol, introduced by Leo August Pochhammer, is the notation (x)n , where n is a non-negative integer. It may represent either the rising or the falling factorial, with different articles and authors using different conventions. Pochhammer himself actually used (x)n with yet another meaning, namely to denote the binomial coefficient \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n x\n n\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\tbinom {x}{n}}.}\n \n[3]In this article, the symbol (x)n is used to represent the falling factorial, and the symbol x(n) is used for the rising factorial. These conventions are used in combinatorics,[4]\nalthough Knuth's underline and overline notations \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n \n n\n _\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x^{\\underline {n}}}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n \n n\n ¯\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x^{\\overline {n}}}\n \n are increasingly popular.[2][5]\nIn the theory of special functions (in particular the hypergeometric function) and in the standard reference work Abramowitz and Stegun, the Pochhammer symbol (x)n is used to represent the rising factorial.[6][7]When x is a positive integer, (x)n gives the number of n-permutations (sequences of distinct elements) from an x-element set, or equivalently the number of injective functions from a set of size n to a set of size x. The rising factorial x(n) gives the number of partitions of an n-element set into x ordered sequences (possibly empty).[a]","title":"Falling and rising factorials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"n-permutations from a set of x items","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-permutation"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Feller-9"}],"text":"The first few falling factorials are as follows:(\n x\n \n )\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n 1\n \n \n \n \n (\n x\n \n )\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n x\n \n \n \n \n (\n x\n \n )\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n x\n (\n x\n −\n 1\n )\n \n \n \n \n =\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n −\n x\n \n \n \n \n (\n x\n \n )\n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n x\n (\n x\n −\n 1\n )\n (\n x\n −\n 2\n )\n \n \n \n \n =\n \n x\n \n 3\n \n \n −\n 3\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n 2\n x\n \n \n \n \n (\n x\n \n )\n \n 4\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n x\n (\n x\n −\n 1\n )\n (\n x\n −\n 2\n )\n (\n x\n −\n 3\n )\n \n \n \n \n =\n \n x\n \n 4\n \n \n −\n 6\n \n x\n \n 3\n \n \n +\n 11\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n −\n 6\n x\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{alignedat}{2}(x)_{0}&&&=1\\\\(x)_{1}&&&=x\\\\(x)_{2}&=x(x-1)&&=x^{2}-x\\\\(x)_{3}&=x(x-1)(x-2)&&=x^{3}-3x^{2}+2x\\\\(x)_{4}&=x(x-1)(x-2)(x-3)&&=x^{4}-6x^{3}+11x^{2}-6x\\end{alignedat}}}x\n \n (\n 0\n )\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n (\n 1\n )\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n x\n \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n (\n 2\n )\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n x\n (\n x\n +\n 1\n )\n \n \n \n \n =\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n x\n \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n (\n 3\n )\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n x\n (\n x\n +\n 1\n )\n (\n x\n +\n 2\n )\n \n \n \n \n =\n \n x\n \n 3\n \n \n +\n 3\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n 2\n x\n \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n (\n 4\n )\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n x\n (\n x\n +\n 1\n )\n (\n x\n +\n 2\n )\n (\n x\n +\n 3\n )\n \n \n \n \n =\n \n x\n \n 4\n \n \n +\n 6\n \n x\n \n 3\n \n \n +\n 11\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n 6\n x\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{alignedat}{2}x^{(0)}&&&=1\\\\x^{(1)}&&&=x\\\\x^{(2)}&=x(x+1)&&=x^{2}+x\\\\x^{(3)}&=x(x+1)(x+2)&&=x^{3}+3x^{2}+2x\\\\x^{(4)}&=x(x+1)(x+2)(x+3)&&=x^{4}+6x^{3}+11x^{2}+6x\\end{alignedat}}}Stirling numbers of the first kindWhen the variable x is a positive integer, the number (x)n is equal to the number of n-permutations from a set of x items, that is, the number of ways of choosing an ordered list of length n consisting of distinct elements drawn from a collection of size x. For example, (8)3 = 8 × 7 × 6 = 336 is the number of different podiums—assignments of gold, silver, and bronze medals—possible in an eight-person race. In this context, other notations like xPn, xPn, Pnx, or P(x, n) are also sometimes used. On the other hand, x(n) is \"the number of ways to arrange n flags on x flagpoles\",[8]\nwhere all flags must be used and each flagpole can have any number of flags. Equivalently, this is the number of ways to partition a set of size n (the flags) into x distinguishable parts (the poles), with a linear order on the elements assigned to each part (the order of the flags on a given pole).","title":"Examples and combinatorial interpretation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"factorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factorial"},{"link_name":"double factorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_factorial"},{"link_name":"binomial coefficient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_coefficient"},{"link_name":"unital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unital_ring"},{"link_name":"ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"complex number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_number"},{"link_name":"polynomial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynomial"},{"link_name":"complex-valued function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex-valued_function"}],"text":"The rising and falling factorials are simply related to one another:(\n x\n )\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n (\n x\n −\n n\n +\n 1\n )\n \n \n (\n n\n )\n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n (\n −\n 1\n \n )\n \n n\n \n \n (\n −\n x\n \n )\n \n (\n n\n )\n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n (\n n\n )\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n (\n x\n +\n n\n −\n 1\n )\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n (\n −\n 1\n \n )\n \n n\n \n \n (\n −\n x\n \n )\n \n n\n \n \n .\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{alignedat}{2}{(x)}_{n}&={(x-n+1)}^{(n)}&&=(-1)^{n}(-x)^{(n)},\\\\x^{(n)}&={(x+n-1)}_{n}&&=(-1)^{n}(-x)_{n}.\\end{alignedat}}}Falling and rising factorials of integers are directly related to the ordinary factorial:n\n !\n \n \n \n =\n \n 1\n \n (\n n\n )\n \n \n =\n (\n n\n \n )\n \n n\n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n \n (\n m\n \n )\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n m\n !\n \n \n (\n m\n −\n n\n )\n !\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n \n \n m\n \n (\n n\n )\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n (\n m\n +\n n\n −\n 1\n )\n !\n \n \n (\n m\n −\n 1\n )\n !\n \n \n \n .\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}n!&=1^{(n)}=(n)_{n},\\\\[6pt](m)_{n}&={\\frac {m!}{(m-n)!}},\\\\[6pt]m^{(n)}&={\\frac {(m+n-1)!}{(m-1)!}}.\\end{aligned}}}Rising factorials of half integers are directly related to the double factorial:[\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n ]\n \n \n (\n n\n )\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n (\n 2\n n\n −\n 1\n )\n !\n !\n \n \n 2\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n [\n \n \n \n 2\n m\n +\n 1\n \n 2\n \n \n ]\n \n \n (\n n\n )\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n (\n 2\n (\n n\n +\n m\n )\n −\n 1\n )\n !\n !\n \n \n \n 2\n \n n\n \n \n (\n 2\n m\n −\n 1\n )\n !\n !\n \n \n \n .\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}\\left[{\\frac {1}{2}}\\right]^{(n)}={\\frac {(2n-1)!!}{2^{n}}},\\quad \\left[{\\frac {2m+1}{2}}\\right]^{(n)}={\\frac {(2(n+m)-1)!!}{2^{n}(2m-1)!!}}.\\end{aligned}}}The falling and rising factorials can be used to express a binomial coefficient:(\n x\n \n )\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n n\n !\n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n x\n n\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n (\n n\n )\n \n \n \n n\n !\n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n x\n +\n n\n −\n 1\n \n n\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n .\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}{\\frac {(x)_{n}}{n!}}&={\\binom {x}{n}},\\\\[6pt]{\\frac {x^{(n)}}{n!}}&={\\binom {x+n-1}{n}}.\\end{aligned}}}Thus many identities on binomial coefficients carry over to the falling and rising factorials.The rising and falling factorials are well defined in any unital ring, and therefore x can be taken to be, for example, a complex number, including negative integers, or a polynomial with complex coefficients, or any complex-valued function.","title":"Properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"real","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_number"},{"link_name":"gamma function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_function"}],"sub_title":"Real numbers and negative n","text":"The falling factorial can be extended to real values of x using the gamma function provided x and x + n are real numbers that are not negative integers:(\n x\n \n )\n \n n\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n Γ\n (\n x\n +\n 1\n )\n \n \n Γ\n (\n x\n −\n n\n +\n 1\n )\n \n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (x)_{n}={\\frac {\\Gamma (x+1)}{\\Gamma (x-n+1)}}\\ ,}x\n \n (\n n\n )\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n Γ\n (\n x\n +\n n\n )\n \n \n Γ\n (\n x\n )\n \n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x^{(n)}={\\frac {\\Gamma (x+n)}{\\Gamma (x)}}\\ .}","title":"Properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"differentiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivative"},{"link_name":"hypergeometric function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypergeometric_function"},{"link_name":"power series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_series"}],"sub_title":"Calculus","text":"Falling factorials appear in multiple differentiation of simple power functions:(\n \n \n \n d\n \n \n \n d\n \n x\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n x\n \n a\n \n \n =\n (\n a\n \n )\n \n n\n \n \n ⋅\n \n x\n \n a\n −\n n\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left({\\frac {\\mathrm {d} }{\\mathrm {d} x}}\\right)^{n}x^{a}=(a)_{n}\\cdot x^{a-n}.}The rising factorial is also integral to the definition of the hypergeometric function: The hypergeometric function is defined for \|z\| < 1 by the power series2\n \n \n \n F\n \n 1\n \n \n (\n a\n ,\n b\n ;\n c\n ;\n z\n )\n =\n \n ∑\n \n n\n =\n 0\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n (\n n\n )\n \n \n \n b\n \n (\n n\n )\n \n \n \n \n c\n \n (\n n\n )\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n z\n \n n\n \n \n \n n\n !\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {}_{2}F_{1}(a,b;c;z)=\\sum _{n=0}^{\\infty }{\\frac {a^{(n)}b^{(n)}}{c^{(n)}}}{\\frac {z^{n}}{n!}}}c ≠ 0, −1, −2, ... .(a)n","title":"Properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stirling numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling_number"},{"link_name":"Stirling numbers of the first kind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling_numbers_of_the_first_kind"},{"link_name":"Stirling numbers of the second kind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling_numbers_of_the_second_kind"},{"link_name":"Lah numbers \n \n \n \n L\n (\n n\n ,\n k\n )\n =\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n k\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n \n \n n\n !\n \n \n k\n !\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\textstyle L(n,k)={\\binom {n-1}{k-1}}{\\frac {n!}{k!}}}","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lah_numbers"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wolfram_functions-10"},{"link_name":"polynomial ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynomial_ring"},{"link_name":"linear combination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_combination"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Graham-Knuth-Patashnik-1988-12"},{"link_name":"duplication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duplication_formula"},{"link_name":"multiplication formulas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplication_formula"}],"text":"Falling and rising factorials are closely related to Stirling numbers. Indeed, expanding the product reveals Stirling numbers of the first kind(\n x\n \n )\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n ∑\n \n k\n =\n 0\n \n \n n\n \n \n s\n (\n n\n ,\n k\n )\n \n x\n \n k\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n ∑\n \n k\n =\n 0\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n [\n \n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n k\n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n (\n −\n 1\n \n )\n \n n\n −\n k\n \n \n \n x\n \n k\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n (\n n\n )\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n ∑\n \n k\n =\n 0\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n [\n \n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n k\n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n \n x\n \n k\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}(x)_{n}&=\\sum _{k=0}^{n}s(n,k)x^{k}\\\\&=\\sum _{k=0}^{n}{\\begin{bmatrix}n\\\\k\\end{bmatrix}}(-1)^{n-k}x^{k}\\\\x^{(n)}&=\\sum _{k=0}^{n}{\\begin{bmatrix}n\\\\k\\end{bmatrix}}x^{k}\\\\\\end{aligned}}}And the inverse relations uses Stirling numbers of the second kindx\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n ∑\n \n k\n =\n 0\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\n \n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n k\n \n \n \n }\n \n \n (\n x\n \n )\n \n k\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n ∑\n \n k\n =\n 0\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\n \n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n k\n \n \n \n }\n \n \n (\n −\n 1\n \n )\n \n n\n −\n k\n \n \n \n x\n \n (\n k\n )\n \n \n .\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}x^{n}&=\\sum _{k=0}^{n}{\\begin{Bmatrix}n\\\\k\\end{Bmatrix}}(x)_{k}\\\\&=\\sum _{k=0}^{n}{\\begin{Bmatrix}n\\\\k\\end{Bmatrix}}(-1)^{n-k}x^{(k)}.\\end{aligned}}}The falling and rising factorials are related to one another through the Lah numbers \n \n \n \n L\n (\n n\n ,\n k\n )\n =\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n k\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n \n \n n\n !\n \n \n k\n !\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\textstyle L(n,k)={\\binom {n-1}{k-1}}{\\frac {n!}{k!}}}\n \n:[9](\n x\n \n )\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n ∑\n \n k\n =\n 0\n \n \n n\n \n \n L\n (\n n\n ,\n k\n )\n \n x\n \n (\n k\n )\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n (\n n\n )\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n ∑\n \n k\n =\n 0\n \n \n n\n \n \n L\n (\n n\n ,\n k\n )\n (\n −\n 1\n \n )\n \n n\n −\n k\n \n \n (\n x\n \n )\n \n k\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}(x)_{n}&=\\sum _{k=0}^{n}L(n,k)x^{(k)}\\\\x^{(n)}&=\\sum _{k=0}^{n}L(n,k)(-1)^{n-k}(x)_{k}\\end{aligned}}}Since the falling factorials are a basis for the polynomial ring, one can express the product of two of them as a linear combination of falling factorials:[10](\n x\n \n )\n \n m\n \n \n (\n x\n \n )\n \n n\n \n \n =\n \n ∑\n \n k\n =\n 0\n \n \n m\n \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n m\n k\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n n\n k\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n k\n !\n ⋅\n (\n x\n \n )\n \n m\n +\n n\n −\n k\n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (x)_{m}(x)_{n}=\\sum _{k=0}^{m}{\\binom {m}{k}}{\\binom {n}{k}}k!\\cdot (x)_{m+n-k}\\ .}The coefficients \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n m\n k\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n n\n k\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n k\n !\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\tbinom {m}{k}}{\\tbinom {n}{k}}k!}\n \n are called connection coefficients, and have a combinatorial interpretation as the number of ways to identify (or \"glue together\") k elements each from a set of size m and a set of size n.There is also a connection formula for the ratio of two rising factorials given byx\n \n (\n n\n )\n \n \n \n x\n \n (\n i\n )\n \n \n \n \n =\n (\n x\n +\n i\n \n )\n \n (\n n\n −\n i\n )\n \n \n ,\n \n \n for \n \n n\n ≥\n i\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {x^{(n)}}{x^{(i)}}}=(x+i)^{(n-i)},\\quad {\\text{for }}n\\geq i.}Additionally, we can expand generalized exponent laws and negative rising and falling powers through the following identities:[11](p 52)(\n x\n \n )\n \n m\n +\n n\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n (\n x\n \n )\n \n m\n \n \n (\n x\n −\n m\n \n )\n \n n\n \n \n =\n (\n x\n \n )\n \n n\n \n \n (\n x\n −\n n\n \n )\n \n m\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n (\n m\n +\n n\n )\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n x\n \n (\n m\n )\n \n \n (\n x\n +\n m\n \n )\n \n (\n n\n )\n \n \n =\n \n x\n \n (\n n\n )\n \n \n (\n x\n +\n n\n \n )\n \n (\n m\n )\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n (\n −\n n\n )\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n Γ\n (\n x\n −\n n\n )\n \n \n Γ\n (\n x\n )\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n (\n x\n −\n n\n −\n 1\n )\n !\n \n \n (\n x\n −\n 1\n )\n !\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n 1\n \n (\n x\n −\n n\n \n )\n \n (\n n\n )\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n 1\n \n (\n x\n −\n 1\n \n )\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n 1\n \n (\n x\n −\n 1\n )\n (\n x\n −\n 2\n )\n ⋯\n (\n x\n −\n n\n )\n \n \n \n =\n (\n −\n n\n )\n !\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n x\n −\n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n −\n n\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n (\n x\n \n )\n \n −\n n\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n Γ\n (\n x\n +\n 1\n )\n \n \n Γ\n (\n x\n +\n n\n −\n 1\n )\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n x\n !\n \n \n (\n x\n +\n n\n )\n !\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n 1\n \n (\n x\n +\n n\n \n )\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n 1\n \n (\n x\n +\n 1\n \n )\n \n (\n n\n )\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n 1\n \n (\n x\n +\n 1\n )\n (\n x\n +\n 2\n )\n ⋯\n (\n x\n +\n n\n )\n \n \n \n =\n (\n −\n n\n )\n !\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n x\n \n −\n n\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n .\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}(x)_{m+n}&=(x)_{m}(x-m)_{n}=(x)_{n}(x-n)_{m}\\\\[6pt]x^{(m+n)}&=x^{(m)}(x+m)^{(n)}=x^{(n)}(x+n)^{(m)}\\\\[6pt]x^{(-n)}&={\\frac {\\Gamma (x-n)}{\\Gamma (x)}}={\\frac {(x-n-1)!}{(x-1)!}}={\\frac {1}{(x-n)^{(n)}}}={\\frac {1}{(x-1)_{n}}}={\\frac {1}{(x-1)(x-2)\\cdots (x-n)}}=(-n)!{\\binom {x-n-1}{-n}}\\\\[6pt](x)_{-n}&={\\frac {\\Gamma (x+1)}{\\Gamma (x+n-1)}}={\\frac {x!}{(x+n)!}}={\\frac {1}{(x+n)_{n}}}={\\frac {1}{(x+1)^{(n)}}}={\\frac {1}{(x+1)(x+2)\\cdots (x+n)}}=(-n)!{\\binom {x}{-n}}.\\end{aligned}}}Finally, duplication and multiplication formulas for the falling and rising factorials provide the next relations:(\n x\n \n )\n \n k\n +\n m\n n\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n x\n \n (\n k\n )\n \n \n \n m\n \n m\n n\n \n \n \n ∏\n \n j\n =\n 0\n \n \n m\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n x\n −\n k\n −\n j\n \n m\n \n \n )\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n for \n \n m\n \n \n \n ∈\n \n N\n \n \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n (\n k\n +\n m\n n\n )\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n x\n \n (\n k\n )\n \n \n \n m\n \n m\n n\n \n \n \n ∏\n \n j\n =\n 0\n \n \n m\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n x\n +\n k\n +\n j\n \n m\n \n \n )\n \n \n (\n n\n )\n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n for \n \n m\n \n \n \n ∈\n \n N\n \n \n \n \n \n (\n a\n x\n +\n b\n \n )\n \n (\n n\n )\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n \n ∏\n \n j\n =\n 0\n \n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n (\n \n a\n +\n \n \n \n b\n +\n j\n \n x\n \n \n \n )\n \n ,\n \n \n \n for \n \n x\n \n \n \n ∈\n \n \n Z\n \n \n +\n \n \n \n \n \n \n (\n 2\n x\n \n )\n \n (\n 2\n n\n )\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n 2\n \n 2\n n\n \n \n \n x\n \n (\n n\n )\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n x\n +\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n (\n n\n )\n \n \n .\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}(x)_{k+mn}&=x^{(k)}m^{mn}\\prod _{j=0}^{m-1}\\left({\\frac {x-k-j}{m}}\\right)_{n}\\,,&{\\text{for }}m&\\in \\mathbb {N} \\\\[6pt]x^{(k+mn)}&=x^{(k)}m^{mn}\\prod _{j=0}^{m-1}\\left({\\frac {x+k+j}{m}}\\right)^{(n)},&{\\text{for }}m&\\in \\mathbb {N} \\\\[6pt](ax+b)^{(n)}&=x^{n}\\prod _{j=0}^{n-1}\\left(a+{\\frac {b+j}{x}}\\right),&{\\text{for }}x&\\in \\mathbb {Z} ^{+}\\\\[6pt](2x)^{(2n)}&=2^{2n}x^{(n)}\\left(x+{\\frac {1}{2}}\\right)^{(n)}.\\end{aligned}}}","title":"Connection coefficients and identities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"polynomials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynomial"},{"link_name":"difference operator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difference_operator"},{"link_name":"Taylor's theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor%27s_theorem"},{"link_name":"finite differences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite_difference"},{"link_name":"umbral calculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbral_calculus"},{"link_name":"polynomial sequences of binomial type","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_type"},{"link_name":"Sheffer sequences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffer_sequence"},{"link_name":"binomial theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_theorem"}],"text":"The falling factorial occurs in a formula which represents polynomials using the forward difference operator \n \n \n \n Δ\n f\n (\n x\n )\n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n d\n e\n f\n \n \n \n \n \n f\n (\n x\n \n +\n \n 1\n )\n −\n f\n (\n x\n )\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Delta f(x){\\stackrel {\\mathrm {def} }{=}}f(x{+}1)-f(x),}\n \n and which is formally similar to Taylor's theorem:f\n (\n x\n )\n =\n \n ∑\n \n n\n =\n 0\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Δ\n \n n\n \n \n f\n (\n 0\n )\n \n \n n\n !\n \n \n \n (\n x\n \n )\n \n n\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f(x)=\\sum _{n=0}^{\\infty }{\\frac {\\Delta ^{n}f(0)}{n!}}(x)_{n}.}In this formula and in many other places, the falling factorial (x)n in the calculus of finite differences plays the role of xn in differential calculus. Note for instance the similarity of Δ (x)n = n (x)n−1 to d/d x xn = n xn−1 .A similar result holds for the rising factorial and the backward difference operator.The study of analogies of this type is known as umbral calculus. A general theory covering such relations, including the falling and rising factorial functions, is given by the theory of polynomial sequences of binomial type and Sheffer sequences. Falling and rising factorials are Sheffer sequences of binomial type, as shown by the relations:(\n a\n +\n b\n \n )\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n ∑\n \n j\n =\n 0\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n n\n j\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n (\n a\n \n )\n \n n\n −\n j\n \n \n (\n b\n \n )\n \n j\n \n \n \n \n \n \n (\n a\n +\n b\n \n )\n \n (\n n\n )\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n ∑\n \n j\n =\n 0\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n n\n j\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n a\n \n (\n n\n −\n j\n )\n \n \n \n b\n \n (\n j\n )\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}(a+b)_{n}&=\\sum _{j=0}^{n}{\\binom {n}{j}}(a)_{n-j}(b)_{j}\\\\[6pt](a+b)^{(n)}&=\\sum _{j=0}^{n}{\\binom {n}{j}}a^{(n-j)}b^{(j)}\\end{aligned}}}where the coefficients are the same as those in the binomial theorem.Similarly, the generating function of Pochhammer polynomials then amounts to the umbral exponential,∑\n \n n\n =\n 0\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n (\n x\n \n )\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n \n t\n \n n\n \n \n \n n\n !\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n (\n \n 1\n +\n t\n \n )\n \n \n x\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sum _{n=0}^{\\infty }(x)_{n}{\\frac {t^{n}}{n!}}=\\left(1+t\\right)^{x},}sinceΔ\n \n \n x\n \n \n ⁡\n \n \n (\n \n 1\n +\n t\n \n )\n \n \n x\n \n \n =\n t\n ⋅\n \n \n (\n \n 1\n +\n t\n \n )\n \n \n x\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\operatorname {\\Delta } _{x}\\left(1+t\\right)^{x}=t\\cdot \\left(1+t\\right)^{x}.}","title":"Relation to umbral calculus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Art_of_Computer_Programming-2"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Graham-Knuth-Patashnik-1988-12"},{"link_name":"permutation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permutation"},{"link_name":"combination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combination"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Knuth-3"}],"text":"An alternative notation for the rising factorialx\n \n \n m\n ¯\n \n \n \n ≡\n (\n x\n \n )\n \n +\n m\n \n \n ≡\n (\n x\n \n )\n \n m\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n \n x\n (\n x\n +\n 1\n )\n …\n (\n x\n +\n m\n −\n 1\n )\n \n ⏞\n \n \n \n m\n \n factors\n \n \n \n \n \n for integer \n \n m\n ≥\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x^{\\overline {m}}\\equiv (x)_{+m}\\equiv (x)_{m}=\\overbrace {x(x+1)\\ldots (x+m-1)} ^{m{\\text{ factors}}}\\quad {\\text{for integer }}m\\geq 0}and for the falling factorialx\n \n \n m\n _\n \n \n \n ≡\n (\n x\n \n )\n \n −\n m\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n \n x\n (\n x\n −\n 1\n )\n …\n (\n x\n −\n m\n +\n 1\n )\n \n ⏞\n \n \n \n m\n \n factors\n \n \n \n \n \n for integer \n \n m\n ≥\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x^{\\underline {m}}\\equiv (x)_{-m}=\\overbrace {x(x-1)\\ldots (x-m+1)} ^{m{\\text{ factors}}}\\quad {\\text{for integer }}m\\geq 0}goes back to A. Capelli (1893) and L. Toscano (1939), respectively.[2] Graham, Knuth, and Patashnik[11](pp 47, 48)\npropose to pronounce these expressions as \"x to the m rising\" and \"x to the m falling\", respectively.Other notations for the falling factorial include P(x,n), xPn, Px,n, Pnx, or xPn. (See permutation and combination.)An alternative notation for the rising factorial x(n) is the less common (x)+n . When (x)+n is used to denote the rising factorial, the notation (x)−n is typically used for the ordinary falling factorial, to avoid confusion.[3]","title":"Alternative notations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"generalized Pochhammer symbol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized_Pochhammer_symbol"},{"link_name":"analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_analysis"},{"link_name":"q-analogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q-analog"},{"link_name":"q-Pochhammer symbol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q-Pochhammer_symbol"},{"link_name":"Stirling numbers of the first kind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling_numbers_of_the_first_kind"},{"link_name":"Stirling numbers of the first kind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling_numbers_of_the_first_kind"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"The Pochhammer symbol has a generalized version called the generalized Pochhammer symbol, used in multivariate analysis. There is also a q-analogue, the q-Pochhammer symbol.For any fixed arithmetic function \n \n \n \n f\n :\n \n N\n \n →\n \n C\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle f:\\mathbb {N} \\rightarrow \\mathbb {C} }\n \n and symbolic parameters x, t, related generalized factorial products of the form(\n x\n \n )\n \n n\n ,\n f\n ,\n t\n \n \n :=\n \n ∏\n \n k\n =\n 0\n \n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n (\n \n x\n +\n \n \n \n f\n (\n k\n )\n \n \n t\n \n k\n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle (x)_{n,f,t}:=\\prod _{k=0}^{n-1}\\left(x+{\\frac {f(k)}{t^{k}}}\\right)}may be studied from the point of view of the classes of generalized Stirling numbers of the first kind defined by the following coefficients of the powers of x in the expansions of (x)n,f,t and then by the next corresponding triangular recurrence relation:[\n \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n k\n \n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n f\n ,\n t\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n [\n \n x\n \n k\n −\n 1\n \n \n ]\n \n (\n x\n \n )\n \n n\n ,\n f\n ,\n t\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n f\n (\n n\n −\n 1\n )\n \n t\n \n 1\n −\n n\n \n \n \n \n [\n \n \n \n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n k\n \n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n f\n ,\n t\n \n \n +\n \n \n [\n \n \n \n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n k\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n f\n ,\n t\n \n \n +\n \n δ\n \n n\n ,\n 0\n \n \n \n δ\n \n k\n ,\n 0\n \n \n .\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}\\left[{\\begin{matrix}n\\\\k\\end{matrix}}\\right]_{f,t}&=\\left[x^{k-1}\\right](x)_{n,f,t}\\\\&=f(n-1)t^{1-n}\\left[{\\begin{matrix}n-1\\\\k\\end{matrix}}\\right]_{f,t}+\\left[{\\begin{matrix}n-1\\\\k-1\\end{matrix}}\\right]_{f,t}+\\delta _{n,0}\\delta _{k,0}.\\end{aligned}}}These coefficients satisfy a number of analogous properties to those for the Stirling numbers of the first kind as well as recurrence relations and functional equations related to the f-harmonic numbers,[12]F\n \n n\n \n \n (\n r\n )\n \n \n (\n t\n )\n :=\n \n ∑\n \n k\n ≤\n n\n \n \n \n \n \n t\n \n k\n \n \n \n f\n (\n k\n \n )\n \n r\n \n \n \n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle F_{n}^{(r)}(t):=\\sum _{k\\leq n}{\\frac {t^{k}}{f(k)^{r}}}\\,.}","title":"Generalizations"}]	[]	[{"title":"Pochhammer k-symbol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pochhammer_k-symbol"},{"title":"Vandermonde identity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandermonde_identity"}]	[{"reference":"Steffensen, J.F. (17 March 2006). Interpolation (2nd ed.). Dover Publications. p. 8. ISBN 0-486-45009-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Frederik_Steffensen","url_text":"Steffensen, J.F."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-45009-0","url_text":"0-486-45009-0"}]},{"reference":"Knuth, D.E. The Art of Computer Programming. Vol. 1 (3rd ed.). p. 50.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Knuth","url_text":"Knuth, D.E."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Art_of_Computer_Programming","url_text":"The Art of Computer Programming"}]},{"reference":"Knuth, D.E. (1992). \"Two notes on notation\". American Mathematical Monthly. 99 (5): 403–422. arXiv:math/9205211. doi:10.2307/2325085. JSTOR 2325085. S2CID 119584305.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Knuth","url_text":"Knuth, D.E."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Mathematical_Monthly","url_text":"American Mathematical Monthly"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/math/9205211","url_text":"math/9205211"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2325085","url_text":"10.2307/2325085"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2325085","url_text":"2325085"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119584305","url_text":"119584305"}]},{"reference":"Olver, P.J. (1999). Classical Invariant Theory. Cambridge University Press. p. 101. ISBN 0-521-55821-2. MR 1694364.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_J._Olver","url_text":"Olver, P.J."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-55821-2","url_text":"0-521-55821-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1694364","url_text":"1694364"}]},{"reference":"Harris; Hirst; Mossinghoff (2008). Combinatorics and Graph Theory. Springer. ch. 2. ISBN 978-0-387-79710-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-79710-6","url_text":"978-0-387-79710-6"}]},{"reference":"Abramowitz, Milton; Stegun, Irene A., eds. (December 1972) [June 1964]. Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables. National Bureau of Standards Applied Mathematics Series. Vol. 55. Washington, DC: United States Department of Commerce. p. 256 eqn. 6.1.22. LCCN 64-60036.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abramowitz_and_Stegun","url_text":"Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Standards","url_text":"National Bureau of Standards"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_Mathematics","url_text":"Applied Mathematics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce","url_text":"United States Department of Commerce"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/64-60036","url_text":"64-60036"}]},{"reference":"Slater, Lucy J. (1966). Generalized Hypergeometric Functions. Cambridge University Press. Appendix I. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_tax_havens	Corporate haven	["1 Global BEPS hubs","1.1 Tools","1.2 Execution","2 Aspects","2.1 Misnomer","2.2 Financial impact","2.3 Conduits and Sinks","2.4 Employment tax","2.5 U.K. transformation","2.6 Distorted GDP/GNP","3 Intellectual-property–based BEPS tools","3.1 Raw materials of tax avoidance","3.2 Encoding IP–based BEPS tools","3.3 The \"Knowledge Economy\"","3.4 German \"Royalty Barrier\" failure","3.5 IP and post-tax margins","4 IP–based Tax inversions","4.1 Apple vs. Pfizer–Allergan","4.2 Apple's IP–based BEPS inversion","5 Debt–based BEPS tools","5.1 Dutch \"Double Dip\"","5.2 Irish Section 110 SPV","6 Ranking corporate tax havens","6.1 Proxy tests","6.2 Quantitative measures","6.3 Ireland as global leader","7 Failure of OECD BEPS Project","7.1 Reasons for the failure","7.2 Departure of U.S. and EU","7.3 U.S. as BEPS winner","8 Corporate tax haven lists","8.1 Types of corporate tax haven lists","8.2 Ten major corporate tax havens","8.3 Hines Corporate tax havens","8.4 Zucman Corporate tax havens","8.5 CORPNET Corporate tax havens","8.6 ITEP Corporate tax havens","8.7 Bloomberg Corporate tax inversions","9 GDP-per-capita tax haven proxy","10 See also","11 Notes","12 External links"]	Low "effective" tax rates for foreign corporations Part of a series onTaxation An aspect of fiscal policy Policies Government revenue Property tax equalization Tax revenue Non-tax revenue Tax law Tax bracket Flat tax Tax threshold Exemption Credit Deduction Tax shift Tax cut Tax holiday Tax amnesty Tax advantage Tax incentive Tax reform Tax harmonization Tax competition Tax withholding Double taxation Representation Unions Medical savings account Economics General Theory Price effect Excess burden Tax incidence Laffer curve Optimal tax Theories Optimal capital income taxation Distribution of Tax Tax rate Flat Progressive Regressive Proportional Collection Revenue service Revenue stamp Tax assessment Taxable income Tax lien Tax refund Tax shield Tax residence Tax preparation Tax investigation Tax shelter Tax collector Private tax collection Tax farming Noncompliance General Tax avoidance Repatriation tax avoidance Tax evasion Tax resistance Tax shelter Debtors' prison Smuggling Black market Unreported employment Corporate Tax inversion Transfer mispricing Base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) Double Irish Dutch Sandwich Single Malt CAIA Locations Tax havens Corporate havens Offshore financial centres (OFCs) Offshore magic circle Conduit and sink OFCs Financial centres Financial Secrecy Index Major examples Ireland as a tax haven Ireland v. Commission Leprechaun economics Liechtenstein tax affair Luxembourg Leaks Offshore Leaks Paradise Papers Panama Papers Swiss Leaks United States as a tax haven Panama as a tax haven Types Direct Indirect Per unit Ad valorem Aviation Airport improvement Landing Solidarity Capital gains Expatriation Consumption Departure Hotel Sales Stamp Television Tourist Value-added Dividend Environmental tax Carbon Eco-tariff Landfill Natural resources consumption Severance Steering Stumpage Excise Alcohol Cigarette Fat Meat Sin Sugary drink Tobacco General Georgist Gift Gross receipts Hypothecated Income Inheritance (estate) Land value Luxury Payroll Pigouvian Property Resource rent Single Surtax Turnover Use User charge/fee Congestion Fuel Road/GNSS Toll Vehicle miles traveled Corporate profit Excess profits Windfall Negative (income) Wealth International Financial transaction tax Currency transaction tax European Union Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base (CCCTB) Global minimum corporate tax rate Tobin tax Spahn tax Tax equalization Tax treaty Exchange of Information Permanent establishment Transfer pricing European Union FTT Foreign revenue rule Trade Custom Duty Tariff Import Export Tariff war Free trade Free-trade zone Trade agreement ATA Carnet Research Academic Mihir A. Desai Dhammika Dharmapala James R. Hines Jr. Ronen Palan Joel Slemrod Gabriel Zucman Advocacy groups Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy (ITEP) Oxfam (UK) Tax Foundation (US) Tax Justice Network (TJN) Tax Policy Center (US) Religious Church tax Eight per thousand Teind Tithe Fiscus Judaicus Leibzoll Temple tax Tolerance tax Jizya Kharaj Khums Nisab Zakat By country All Countries List of countries by tax rates Tax revenue to GDP ratio Tax rates in Europe Individual Countries Albania Algeria Argentina Armenia Australia Azerbaijan Bangladesh Bhutan Brazil Bulgaria BVI Canada China Colombia Croatia Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hong Kong Iceland India Indonesia Iran Ireland Israel Italy Japan Kazakhstan Lithuania Malta Morocco Namibia Netherlands New Zealand Norway Pakistan Palestine Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Russia South Africa Sri Lanka Sweden Switzerland Taiwan Tanzania United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Uruguay Business portal Money portalvte Corporate haven, corporate tax haven, or multinational tax haven is used to describe a jurisdiction that multinational corporations find attractive for establishing subsidiaries or incorporation of regional or main company headquarters, mostly due to favourable tax regimes (not just the headline tax rate), and/or favourable secrecy laws (such as the avoidance of regulations or disclosure of tax schemes), and/or favourable regulatory regimes (such as weak data-protection or employment laws). Unlike traditional tax havens, modern corporate tax havens reject they have anything to do with near-zero effective tax rates, due to their need to encourage jurisdictions to enter into bilateral tax treaties which accept the haven's base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) tools. CORPNET show each corporate tax haven is strongly connected with specific traditional tax havens (via additional BEPS tool "backdoors" like the double Irish, the dutch sandwich, and single malt). Corporate tax havens promote themselves as "knowledge economies", and IP as a "new economy" asset, rather than a tax management tool, which is encoded into their statute books as their primary BEPS tool. This perceived respectability encourages corporates to use these IFCs as regional headquarters (i.e. Google, Apple, and Facebook use Ireland in EMEA over Luxembourg, and Singapore in APAC over Hong Kong/Taiwan). While the "headline" corporate tax rate in jurisdictions most often implicated in BEPS is always above zero (e.g. Netherlands at 25%, U.K. at 19%, Singapore at 17%, and Ireland at 12.5%), the "effective" tax rate (ETR) of multinational corporations, net of the BEPS tools, is closer to zero. To increase respectability, and access to tax treaties, some jurisdictions like Singapore and Ireland require corporates to have a "substantive presence", equating to an "employment tax" of approximately 2–3% of profits shielded and if these are real jobs, the tax is mitigated. In corporate tax haven lists, CORPNET's "Orbis connections", ranks the Netherlands, U.K., Switzerland, Ireland, and Singapore as the world's key corporate tax havens, while Zucman's "quantum of funds" ranks Ireland as the largest global corporate tax haven. In proxy tests, Ireland is the largest recipient of U.S. tax inversions (the U.K. is third, the Netherlands is fifth). Ireland's double Irish BEPS tool is credited with the largest build-up of untaxed corporate offshore cash in history. Luxembourg and Hong Kong and the Caribbean "triad" (BVI-Cayman-Bermuda), have elements of corporate tax havens, but also of traditional tax havens. Economic Substance legislation introduced in recent years has identified that BEPS is not a material part of the financial services business for Cayman, BVI and Bermuda. While the legislation was originally resisted on extraterritoriality, human rights, privacy, international justice, jurisprudence and colonialism grounds, the introduction of these regulations have had the effect of putting these jurisdictions far ahead of onshore regulatory regimes. Global BEPS hubs See also: Base erosion and profit shifting Modern corporate tax havens, such as Ireland, Singapore, the Netherlands and the U.K., are different from traditional "offshore" financial centres like Bermuda, the Cayman Islands or Jersey. Corporate havens offer the ability to reroute untaxed profits from higher-tax jurisdictions back to the haven; as long as these jurisdictions have bi-lateral tax treaties with the corporate haven. This makes modern corporate tax havens more potent than more traditional tax havens, who have more limited tax treaties, due to their acknowledged status. The Cayman Islands, BVI, Bermuda, Jersey and Guernsey are more properly now known as IFCs or OFCs. Tools Tax academics identify that extracting untaxed profits from higher-tax jurisdictions requires several components: § IP-based BEPS tools, which enable the profits to be extracted via the cross-border charge-out of group IP (known as "intergroup IP charging"); and/or§ Debt-based BEPS tools, which enable the profits to be extracted via the cross-border charge-out artificially high interest (known as "earnings stripping"); and/or§ TP-based BEPS tools, which enable profits to be extracted by claiming that a process performed on the product in the jurisdiction justifies a large increase in the transfer price ("TP") at which the finished product is charged-out at, in the jurisdiction, to higher-tax jurisdictions (known as contract manufacturing); andBilateral tax treaties with the corporate tax haven, which accept these BEPS tools as deductible against tax in the higher-tax jurisdictions. Once the untaxed funds are rerouted back to the corporate tax haven, additional BEPS tools shield against paying taxes in the haven. It is important these BEPS tools are complex and obtuse so that the higher-tax jurisdictions do not feel the corporate haven is a traditional tax haven (or they will suspend the bilateral tax treaties). These complex BEPS tools often have interesting labels: Royalty payment BEPS tools to reroute the funds to a low tax jurisdiction (i.e. double Irish and single malt in Ireland or dutch sandwich in the Netherlands); orCapital allowance BEPS tools that allow IP assets to be written off against taxes in the jurisdiction (i.e. Apple's 2015 capital allowances for intangibles tool in leprechaun economics); orLower IP-sourced income tax regimes, offering explicitly lower ETRs against charging out of cross-border group IP (i.e. the U.K. patent box, or the Irish knowledge box); orBeneficial treatment of interest income (from § Debt-based BEPS tools), enabling it to be treated as non-taxable (i.e. the Dutch "double dipping" interest regime); orRestructuring the income into a securitisation vehicle (by owning the IP, or other asset, with debt), and then "washing" the debt by "back-to-backing" with a Eurobond (i.e. Orphaned Super-QIAIF). Execution Building the tools requires advanced legal and accounting skills that can create the BEPS tools in a manner that is acceptable to major global jurisdictions and that can be encoded into bilateral tax-treaties, and do not look like "tax haven" type activity. Most modern corporate tax havens therefore come from established financial centres where advanced skills are in-situ for financial structuring. In addition to being able to create the tools, the haven needs the respectability to use them. Large high-tax jurisdictions like Germany do not accept IP–based BEPS tools from Bermuda but do from Ireland. Similarly, Australia accepts limited IP–based BEPS tools from Hong Kong but accepts the full range from Singapore. Tax academics identify a number of elements corporate havens employ in supporting respectability: Non-zero headline tax rates. While corporate tax havens have ETRs of close to zero, they all maintain non-zero "headline" tax rates. Many of the corporate tax havens have accounting studies to prove that their "effective" tax rates are similar to their "headline" tax rates, but this is because they are net of the § IP-based BEPS tools which consider much of the income exempt from tax; Make no mistake: the headline rate is not what triggers tax evasion and aggressive tax planning. That comes from schemes that facilitate profit shifting .— Pierre Moscovici, Financial Times, 11 March 2018OECD compliance and endorsement. Most corporate tax structures in modern corporate tax havens are OECD–whitelisted. The OECD has been a long-term supporter of IP–based BEPS tools and cross-border intergroup IP charging. All the corporate tax havens signed the 2017 OECD MLI and marketed their compliance, however, they all opted out of the key article 12 section; Under BEPS, new requirements for country-by-country reporting of tax and profits and other initiatives will give this further impetus, and mean even more foreign investment in Ireland.— Fordham Intellectual Property, Media & Entertainment Law Journal, "IP and Tax Avoidance in Ireland", 30 August 2016§ Employment tax strategies. Leading corporate tax havens distance themselves from zero tax jurisdictions by requiring corporates to establish a "presence of substance" in their jurisdiction. This equates to an effective "employment tax" of circa 2–3% but it gives the corporate, and the jurisdiction, defense against accusations as being a tax haven, and is supported in OCED MLI Article 5. If BEPS sees itself to a conclusion, it will be good for Ireland.— Feargal O'Rourke, CEO PwC Ireland, The Irish Times, May 2015.Data protection laws. To maintain OECD–whitelist status, corporate tax havens cannot use the secrecy legislation. Activists assert that companies keep the "effective" tax rates of corporations hidden with data protection and privacy laws which prevent the public filing of accounts and also limit the sharing of data across State departments (see here for examples), however most of the situation that have reached the media have been based on information published by the subject companies. Local subsidiaries of multinationals must always be required to file their accounts on public record, which is not the case at present. Ireland is not just a tax haven at present, it is also a corporate secrecy jurisdiction.— Richard Murphy, co-founder of the Tax Justice Network and the Financial Secrecy Index, June 2018. Aspects Misnomer Whereas jurisdictions traditionally labelled as tax havens have often marketed themselves as such, modern Offshore Financial Centres robustly refute the tax haven label. This is to ensure that other higher-tax jurisdictions, from which the corporate's main income and profits often derive, will sign bilateral tax-treaties with the haven, and also to avoid being black-listed. This issue has caused debate on what constitutes a tax haven, with the OECD most focused on transparency (the key issue of traditional tax havens), but others focused on outcomes such as total effective corporate taxes paid. It is common to see the media, and elected representatives, of a modern corporate tax haven ask the question, "Are we a tax haven ?" For example, when it was shown in 2014, prompted by an October 2013 Bloomberg piece, that the effective tax rate of U.S. multinationals in Ireland was 2.2% (using the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis method), it led to denials by the Irish Government and the production of studies claiming Ireland's effective tax rate was 12.5%. However, when the EU fined Apple in 2016, Ireland's largest company, €13 billion in Irish back taxes (the largest tax fine in corporate history), the EU stated that Apple's effective tax rate in Ireland was approximately 0.005% for the 2004-2014 period. The EU's position was found, on appeal in the EU's court, to be unsupported by the facts. However, the G7 leaders in the wake of reporting about a Microsoft subsidiary's level of taxation in 2020, have proposed an agreement on a global minimum corporate tax rate of 15%. Applying a 12.5% rate in a tax code that shields most corporate profits from taxation, is indistinguishable from applying a near 0% rate in a normal tax code.— Jonathan Weil, Bloomberg View, 11 February 2014 Activists in the Tax Justice Network propose that Ireland's effective corporate tax rate was not 12.5%, but closer to the BEA calculation. Studies cited by The Irish Times and other outlets suggest that the effective tax rate is close to the headline 12.5 percent rate – but this is a theoretical result based on a theoretical "standard firm with 60 employees" and no exports: in reality, multinational businesses and their corporate structures vary significantly. It is not just Ireland, however. The same BEA calculation showed that the ETRs of U.S. corporates in other jurisdictions was also very low: Luxembourg (2.4%), the Netherlands (3.4%) and the US for multinationals based in other parts of the World. When Gabriel Zucman, published a multi-year investigation into corporate tax havens in June 2018, showing that Ireland is the largest global corporate tax haven (having allegedly shielded $106 billion in profits in 2015), and that Ireland's effective tax rate was 4% (including all non-Irish corporates), the Irish Government countered that they could not be a tax haven as they are OECD-compliant. There is a broad consensus that Ireland must defend its 12.5 per cent corporate tax rate. But that rate is defensible only if it is real. The great risk to Ireland is that we are trying to defend the indefensible. It is morally, politically and economically wrong for Ireland to allow vastly wealthy corporations to escape the basic duty of paying tax. If we don't recognise that now, we will soon find that a key plank of Irish policy has become untenable.— The Irish Times, "Editorial View: Corporate tax: defending the indefensible", 2 December 2017 Financial impact See also: Corporation tax in the Republic of Ireland § Effective tax rate (ETR) It is difficult to calculate the financial effect of tax havens in general due to the obfuscation of financial data. Most estimates have wide ranges (see financial effect of tax havens). By focusing on "headline" vs. "effective" corporate tax rates, researchers have been able to more accurately estimate the annual financial tax losses (or "profits shifted"), due to corporate tax havens specifically. This is not easy, however. As discussed above, havens are sensitive to discussions on "effective" corporate tax rates and obfuscate data that does not show the "headline" tax rate mirroring the "effective" tax rate. Two academic groups have estimated the "effective" tax rates of corporate tax havens using very different approaches: 2014 Bureau of Economic Analysis (or BEA) calculation applied to get the "effective" tax rates of U.S. corporates in the haven (per above § Denial of status); and2018 Gabriel Zucman "The Missing Profits of Nations" analysis which uses national accounts data to estimate effective tax rates of all non-domestic corporates in the haven. They are summarised in the following table (BVI and the Caymans counted as one), as listed in Zucman's analysis (from Appendix, table 2). Profits shifted(2015 $ bn) Jurisdiction Headline rate(all firms) Effective rate(foreign firms) BEA rate(U.S. firms) Comment 106 Ireland 12.5% 4% 2.2% headline rate appears cosmetic 97 Caribbean (ex. Bermuda) <3% 2% 1.2% traditional tax haven, rates are negligible 70 Singapore 17% 8% - headline rate appears cosmetic 58 Switzerland 21% 16% 6.7% - 57 Netherlands 25% 10% 3.4% headline rate appears cosmetic 47 Luxembourg 29% 3% 2.4% headline rate appears cosmetic 42 Puerto Rico 37.5% 3% - - 39 Hong Kong 18% 18% - - 24 Bermuda 0% 0% 0.4% zero headline rate 13 Belgium 25% 19% - - 12 Malta 35% 5% - - Zucman used this analysis to estimate that the annual financial impact of corporate tax havens was $250 billion in 2015. This is beyond the upper limit of the OECD's 2017 range of $100–200 billion per annum for base erosion and profit shifting activities. The World Bank, in its 2019 World Development Report on the future of work suggests that tax avoidance by large corporations limits the ability of governments to make vital human capital investments. Conduits and Sinks Main article: Conduit and Sink OFCs Modern corporate tax havens like Ireland, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands have become more popular for U.S. corporate tax inversions than leading traditional tax havens, even Bermuda. "Uncovering Offshore Financial Centers": Relationship of Conduit and Sink Offshore Financial Centres However, corporate tax havens still retain close connections with traditional tax havens as there are instances where a corporation cannot "retain" the untaxed funds in the corporate tax haven, and will instead use the corporate tax haven like a "conduit", to route the funds to more explicitly zero-tax, and more secretive traditional tax havens. Google does this with the Netherlands to route EU funds untaxed to Bermuda (i.e. dutch sandwich to avoid EU withholding taxes), and Russian banks do this with Ireland to avoid international sanctions and access capital markets (i.e. Irish Section 110 SPVs). A study published in Nature in 2017 (see Conduit and Sink OFCs), highlighted an emerging gap between corporation tax haven specialists (called Conduit OFCs), and more traditional tax havens (called Sink OFCs). It also highlighted that each Conduit OFC was highly connected to specific Sink OFC(s). For example, Conduit OFC Switzerland was highly tied to Sink OFC Jersey. Conduit OFC Ireland was tied to Sink OFC Luxembourg, while Conduit OFC Singapore was connected to Sink OFCs Taiwan and Hong Kong (the study clarified that Luxembourg and Hong Kong were more like traditional tax havens). The separation of tax havens into Conduit OFCs and Sink OFCs, enables the corporate tax haven specialist to promote "respectability" and maintain OECD-compliance (critical to extracting untaxed profits from higher-taxed jurisdictions via cross-border intergroup IP charging), while enabling the corporate to still access the benefits of a full tax haven (via double Irish, dutch sandwich type BEPS tools), as needed. We increasingly find offshore magic circle law firms, such as Maples and Calder and Appleby, setting up offices in major Conduit OFCs, such as Ireland. A key architect was Baker McKenzie, a huge law firm based in Chicago. The firm has a reputation for devising creative offshore structures for multinationals and defending them to tax regulators. It has also fought international proposals for tax avoidance crackdowns. Baker McKenzie wanted to use a local Appleby office to maintain an offshore arrangement for Apple. For Appleby, Mr. Adderley said, this assignment was "a tremendous opportunity for us to shine on a global basis with Baker McKenzie."— The New York Times, "After a Tax Crackdown, Apple Found a New Shelter for Its Profits", 6 November 2017 Employment tax Several modern corporate tax havens, such as Singapore and the United Kingdom, ask that in return for corporates using their IP-based BEPS tools, they must perform "work" on the IP in the jurisdiction of the haven. The corporation thus pays an effective "employment tax" of circa 2–3% by having to hire staff in the corporate tax haven. This gives the haven more respectability (i.e. not a "brass plate" location), and gives the corporate additional "substance" against challenges by taxing authorities. The OECD's Article 5 of the MLI supports havens with "employment taxes" at the expense of traditional tax havens. Mr. Chris Woo, tax leader at PwC Singapore, is adamant the Republic is not a tax haven. "Singapore has always had clear law and regulations on taxation. Our incentive regimes are substance-based and require substantial economic commitment. For example, types of business activity undertaken, level of headcount and commitment to spending in Singapore", he said.— The Straits Times, 14 December 2016 Irish IP-based BEPS tools (e.g. the "capital allowances for intangible assets" BEPS scheme), have the need to perform a "relevant trade" and "relevant activities" on Irish-based IP, encoded in their legislation, which requires specified employment levels and salary levels (discussed here), which roughly equates to an "employment tax" of circa 2–3% of profits (based on Apple and Google in Ireland). For example, Apple employs 6,000 people in Ireland, mostly in the Apple Hollyhill Cork plant. The Cork plant is Apple's only self-operated manufacturing plant in the world (i.e. Apple almost always contracts to 3rd party manufacturers). It is considered a low-technology facility, building iMacs to order by hand, and in this regard is more akin to a global logistics hub for Apple (albeit located on the "island" of Ireland). No research is carried out in the facility. Unusually for a plant, over 700 of the 6,000 employees work from home (the largest remote percentage of any Irish technology company). When the EU Commission completed their State aid investigation into Apple, they found Apple Ireland's ETR for 2004–2014, was 0.005%, on over €100bn of globally sourced, and untaxed, profits. The "employment tax" is, therefore, a modest price to pay for achieving very low taxes on global profits, and it can be mitigated to the extent that the job functions are real and would be needed regardless. "Employment taxes" are considered a distinction between modern corporate tax havens, and near-corporate tax havens, like Luxembourg and Hong Kong (who are classed as Sink OFCs). The Netherlands has been introducing new "employment tax" type regulations, to ensure it is seen as a modern corporate tax haven (more like Ireland, Singapore, and the U.K.), than a traditional tax haven (e.g. Hong Kong). The Netherlands is fighting back against its reputation as a tax haven with reforms to make it more difficult for companies to set up without a real business presence. Menno Snel, the Dutch secretary of state for finance, told parliament last week that his government was determined to "overturn the Netherlands' image as a country that makes it easy for multinationals to avoid taxation".— Financial Times, 27 February 2018 U.K. transformation The United Kingdom was traditionally a "donor" to corporate tax havens (e.g. the last one being Shire plc's tax inversion to Ireland in 2008). However, the speed at which the U.K. changed to becoming one of the leading modern corporate tax havens (at least up until pre-Brexit), makes it an interesting case (it still does not appear on all § Corporate tax haven lists). British Overseas Territories (same geographic scale) includes leading traditional and corporate global tax havens including the Caymans, the BVI and Bermuda, as well as the U.K. itself. The U.K. changed its tax regime in 2009–2013. It lowered its corporate tax rate to 19%, brought in new IP-based BEPS tools, and moved to a territorial tax system. The U.K. became a "recipient" of U.S. corporate tax inversions, and ranked as one of Europe's leading havens. A major study now ranks the U.K. as the second largest global Conduit OFC (a corporate haven proxy). The U.K. was particularly fortunate as 18 of the 24 jurisdictions that are identified as Sink OFCs, the traditional tax havens, are current or past dependencies of the U.K. (and embedded into U.K. tax and legal statute books). New IP legislation was encoded into the U.K. statute books and the concept of IP significantly broadened in U.K. law. The U.K.'s Patent Office was overhauled and renamed the Intellectual Property Office. A new U.K. Minister for Intellectual Property was announced with the 2014 Intellectual Property Act. The U.K. is now 2nd in the 2018 Global IP Index. A growing array of tax benefits have made London the city of choice for big firms to put everything from "letterbox" subsidiaries to full-blown headquarters. A loose regime for "controlled foreign corporations" makes it easy for British-registered businesses to park profits offshore. Tax breaks on income from patents are more generous than almost anywhere else. Britain has more tax treaties than any of the three countries on the naughty step—and an ever-falling corporate-tax rate. In many ways, Britain is leading the race to the bottom.— The Economist, "Still slipping the net", 8 October 2015 The U.K.'s successful transformation from "donor" to corporate tax havens, to a major global corporate tax haven in its own right, was quoted as a blueprint for type of changes that the U.S. needed to make in the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 tax reforms (e.g. territorial system, lower headline rate, beneficial IP-rate). Distorted GDP/GNP The distorted GNI to GDP ratio in some EU states indicates a profound disproportionality in corporate havens as Ireland and Luxembourg. Some leading modern corporate tax havens are synonymous with offshore financial centres (or OFCs), as the scale of the multinational flows rivals their own domestic economies (the IMF's sign of an OFC). The American Chamber of Commerce Ireland estimated that the value of U.S. investment in Ireland was €334bn, exceeding Irish GDP (€291bn in 2016). An extreme example was Apple's "onshoring" of circa $300 billion in intellectual property to Ireland, creating the leprechaun economics affair. However Luxembourg's GNI is only 70% of GDP. The distortion of Ireland's economic data from corporates using Irish IP-based BEPS tools (especially the capital allowances for intangible assets tool), is so great, that it distorts EU-28 aggregate data. A stunning $12 trillion—almost 40 percent of all foreign direct investment positions globally—is completely artificial: it consists of financial investment passing through empty corporate shells with no real activity. These investments in empty corporate shells almost always pass through well-known tax havens. The eight major pass-through economies—the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Hong Kong SAR, the British Virgin Islands, Bermuda, the Cayman Islands, Ireland, and Singapore—host more than 85 percent of the world's investment in special purpose entities, which are often set up for tax reasons. — "Piercing the Veil", International Monetary Fund, June 2018 This distortion means that all corporate tax havens, and particularly smaller ones like Ireland, Singapore, Luxembourg and Hong Kong, rank at the top in global GDP-per-capita league tables. In fact, not being a county with oil & gas resources and still ranking in the top 10 of world GDP-per-capita league tables, is considered a strong proxy sign of a corporate (or traditional) tax haven. GDP-per-capita tables with identification of haven types are here § GDP-per-capita tax haven proxy. Ireland's distorted economic statistics, post leprechaun economics and the introduction of modified GNI, is captured on page 34 of the OECD 2018 Ireland survey: On a Gross Public Debt-to-GDP basis, Ireland's 2015 figure at 78.8% is not of concern;On a Gross Public Debt-to-GNI* basis, Ireland's 2015 figure at 116.5% is more serious, but not alarming;On a Gross Public Debt Per Capita basis, Ireland's 2015 figure at over $62,686 per capita, exceeds every other OECD country, except Japan. This distortion leads to exaggerated credit cycles. The artificial/distorted "headline" GDP growth increases optimism and borrowing in the haven, which is financed by global capital markets (who are misled by the artificial/distorted "headline" GDP figures and misprice the capital provided). The resulting bubble in asset/property prices from the build-up in credit can unwind quickly if global capital markets withdraw the supply of capital. Extreme credit cycles have been seen in several of the corporate tax havens (i.e. Ireland in 2009-2012 is an example). Traditional tax havens like Jersey have also experienced this. The statistical distortions created by the impact on the Irish National Accounts of the global assets and activities of a handful of large multinational corporations have now become so large as to make a mockery of conventional uses of Irish GDP.— Patrick Honohan, ex-Governor of the Central Bank of Ireland, 13 July 2016 Intellectual-property–based BEPS tools See also: Base erosion and profit shifting and Double Irish arrangement John Oliver, who made an HBO program on IP-based BEPS tools Raw materials of tax avoidance Whereas traditional corporate tax havens facilitated avoiding domestic taxes (e.g. U.S. corporate tax inversion), modern corporate tax havens provide base erosion and profit shifting (or BEPS) tools, which facilitate avoiding taxes in all global jurisdictions in which the corporation operates. This is as long as the corporate tax haven has tax-treaties with the jurisdictions that accept "royalty payment" schemes (i.e. how the IP is charged out), as a deduction against tax. A crude indicator of a corporate tax haven is the amount of full bilateral tax treaties that it has signed. The U.K. is the leader with over 122, followed by the Netherlands with over 100. BEPS tools abuse intellectual property (or IP), GAAP accounting techniques, to create artificial internal intangible assets, which facilitate BEPS actions, via: Royalty payment schemes, used to route untaxed funds to the haven, by charging-out the IP as a tax-deductible expense to the higher-tax jurisdictions; and/orCapital allowance for intangible assets schemes, used to avoid corporate taxes within the haven, by allowing corporates write-off their IP against tax. IP is described as the "raw material" of tax planning. Modern corporate tax havens have IP-based BEPS tools, and are in all their bilateral tax-treaties. IP is a powerful tax management and BEPS tool, with almost no other equal, for four reasons: Hard to value. IP made in a U.S. R&D laboratory, can be sold to the group's Caribbean subsidiary for a small sum (and a tiny U.S. taxable gain is realised), but then repackaged and revalued upwards by billions after an expensive valuation audit by a major accounting firm (from a corporate tax haven);Perpetually replenishable. The firms that have IP (i.e. Google, Apple, Facebook), have "product cycles" where new versions/new ideas emerge. This product cycle thus creates new IP which can replace older IP that has been used up and/or written-off against taxes;Very mobile. Because IP is a virtual asset which only exists in contracts (i.e. on paper), it is easy to move/relocate around the world; it can be restructured into vehicles that provide secrecy and confidentiality around the scale, ownership, and location, of the IP;Accepted as an intergroup charge. Many jurisdictions accept IP royalty payments as a deductible against tax, even intergroup charges; Google Germany is unprofitable because of intergroup IP royalties it pays Google Bermuda (via Google Ireland), which is profitable. When corporate tax havens quote "effective rates of tax", they exclude large amounts of income not considered taxable due to the IP-based tools. Thus, in a self-fulfilling manner, their "effective" tax rates equal their "headline" tax rates. As discussed earlier (§ Denials of status), Ireland claims an "effective" tax rate of circa 12.5%, while the IP-based BEPS tools used by Ireland's largest companies, mostly U.S. multinationals, are marketed with effective tax rates of <0-3%. These 0-3% rates have been verified in the EU Commission's investigation of Apple (see above), and other sources. It is hard to imagine any business, under the current IP regime, which could not generate substantial intangible assets under Irish GAAP that would be eligible for relief under capital allowances . ... This puts the attractive 2.5% Irish IP-tax rate within reach of almost any global business that relocates to Ireland.— KPMG, "Intellectual Property Tax", 4 December 2017 Encoding IP–based BEPS tools See also: Ireland as a tax haven § Captured state The creation of IP-based BEPS tools requires advanced legal and tax structuring capabilities, as well as a regulatory regime willing to carefully encode the complex legislation into the jurisdiction's statute books (note that BEPS tools bring increased risks of tax abuse by the domestic tax base in corporate tax haven's own jurisdiction, see § Irish Section 110 SPV for an example). Modern corporate tax havens, therefore, tend to have large global legal and accounting professional service firms in-situ (many classical tax havens lack this) who work with the government to build the legislation. In this regard, havens are accused of being captured states by their professional services firms. The close relationship between Ireland's International Financial Services Centre professional service firms and the State in Ireland, is often described as the "green jersey agenda". The speed at which Ireland was able to replace its double Irish IP-based BEPS tool, is a noted example. It was interesting that when Matt Carthy put that to the Minister's predecessor (Michael Noonan), his response was that this was very unpatriotic and he should wear the "green jersey". That was the former Minister's response to the fact there is a major loophole, whether intentional or unintentional, in our tax code that has allowed large companies to continue to use the double Irish .— Pearse Doherty TD, Sinn Féin Deputy Leader, "Dail Eireann Debate, 23 November 2017". Irish Taoiseach Enda Kenny and PwC (Ireland) Managing Partner Feargal O'Rourke It is considered that this type of legal and tax work is beyond the normal trust-structuring of offshore magic circle-type firms. This is substantive and complex legislation that needs to integrate with tax treaties that involve G20 jurisdictions, as well as advanced accounting concepts that will meet U.S. GAAP, SEC and IRS regulations (U.S. multinationals are leading users of IP-based BEPS tools). It is also why most modern corporate tax havens started as financial centres, where a critical mass of advanced professional services firms develop around complex financial structuring (almost half of the main 10 corporate tax havens are in the 2017 top 10 Global Financial Centres Index, see § Corporate tax haven lists). "Why should Ireland be the policeman for the US?" he asks. "They can change the law like that!" He snaps his fingers. "I could draft a bill for them in an hour." "Under no circumstances is Ireland a tax haven. I'm a player in this game and we play by the rules." said PwC Ireland International Financial Services Centre Managing Partner, Feargal O'Rourke— Jesse Drucker, Bloomberg, "Man Making Ireland Tax Avoidance Hub Proves Local Hero", 28 October 2013 That is until the former venture-capital executive at ABN Amro Holding NV Joop Wijn becomes State Secretary of Economic Affairs in May 2003. It's not long before the Wall Street Journal reports about his tour of the US, during which he pitches the new Netherlands tax policy to dozens of American tax lawyers, accountants and corporate tax directors. In July 2005, he decides to abolish the provision that was meant to prevent tax dodging by American companies , in order to meet criticism from tax consultants.— Oxfam/De Correspondent, "How the Netherlands became a Tax Haven", 31 May 2017. The EU Commission has been trying to break the close relationship in the main EU corporate tax havens (i.e. Ireland, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Malta and Cyprus; the main Conduit and Sink OFCs in the EU-28, post Brexit), between law and accounting advisory firms, and their regulatory authorities (including taxing and statistical authorities) from a number of approaches: EU Commission State aid cases, such as the €13 billion fine on Apple in Ireland for Irish taxes avoided, despite protests from the Irish Government and the Irish Revenue Commissioners;EU Commission regulations on advisory firms, the most recent example being of the new disclosure rules on regarding "potentially aggressive" tax schemes from 2020 onwards. The "Knowledge Economy" Modern corporate havens present IP-based BEPS tools as "innovation economy", "new economy" or "knowledge economy" business activities (e.g. some use the term "knowledge box" or "patent box" for a class of IP-based BEPS tools, such as in Ireland and in the U.K.), however, their development as a GAAP accounting entry, with few exceptions, is for the purposes of tax management. A lawyer said "Intellectual property (IP) has become the leading tax-avoidance vehicle." When Apple "onshored" $300 billion of IP to Ireland in 2015 (leprechaun economics), the Irish Central Statistics Office suppressed its regular data release to protect the identity of Apple (unverifiable for 3 years, until 2018), but then described the artificial 26.3% rise in Irish GDP as "meeting the challenges of a modern globalised economy". The behaviour of the CSO was described as putting on the "green jersey". Leprechaun economics an example of how Ireland was able to meet with the OECD's transparency requirements (and score well in the Financial Secrecy Index), and still hide the largest BEPS action in history. As noted earlier (§ U.K. transformation), the U.K. has a Minister for Intellectual Property and an Intellectual Property Office, as does Singapore (Intellectual Property Office of Singapore). The top 10 list of the 2018 Global Intellectual Property Center IP Index, the leaders in IP management, features the five largest modern corporate tax havens: United Kingdom (#2), Ireland (#6), the Netherlands (#7), Singapore (#9) and Switzerland (#10). This is despite the fact that patent-protection has traditionally been synonymous with the largest, and longest established, legal jurisdictions (i.e. mainly older G7-type countries). German "Royalty Barrier" failure In June 2017, the German Federal Council approved a new law called an IP "Royalty Barrier" (Lizenzschranke) that restricts the ability of corporates to deduct intergroup cross-border IP charges against German taxation (and also encourage corporates to allocate more employees to Germany to maximise German tax-relief). The law also enforces a minum "effective" 25% tax rate on IP. While there was initial concern amongst global corporate tax advisors (who encode the IP legislation) that a "Royalty Barrier" was the "beginning of the end" for IP-based BEPS tools, the final law was instead a boost for modern corporate tax havens, whose OECD-compliant, and more carefully encoded and embedded IP tax regimes, are effectively exempted. More traditional corporate tax havens, which do not always have the level of sophistication and skill in encoding IP BEPS tools into their tax regimes, will fall further behind. The German "Royalty Barrier" law exempts IP charged from locations which have: OECD-nexus compliant "knowledge box" BEPS tools. Ireland was the first corporate tax haven to introduce this in 2015, and the others are following Ireland's lead.Tax regimes where there is no "preferential treatment" of IP. Modern corporate tax havens apply the full "headline" rate to all IP, but then achieve lower "effective" rates via BEPS tools. One of Ireland's main tax law firms, Matheson, whose clients include some of the largest U.S. multinationals in Ireland, issued a note to its clients confirming that the new German "Royalty Barrier" will have little effect on their Irish IP-based BEPS structures - despite them being the primary target of the law. In fact, Matheson notes that that new law will further highlight Ireland's "robust solution". However, given the nature of the Irish tax regime, the royalty barrier should not impact royalties paid to a principal licensor resident in Ireland.Ireland's BEPS-compliant tax regime offers taxpayers a competitive and robust solution in the context of such unilateral initiatives.— Matheson, "Germany: Breaking Down The German Royalty Barrier - A View From Ireland", 8 November 2017 The failure of the German "Royalty Barrier" approach is a familiar route for systems that attempt to curb corporate tax havens via an OECD-compliance type approach (see § Failure of OECD BEPS Project), which is what modern corporate tax havens are distinctive in maintaining. It contrasts with the U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (see § Failure of OECD BEPS Project), which ignores whether a jurisdiction is OECD compliant (or not), and instead focuses solely on "effective taxes paid", as its metric. Had the German "Royalty Barrier" taken the U.S. approach, it would have been more onerous for havens. Reasons for why the barrier was designed to fail is discussed in complex agendas. IP and post-tax margins The sectors most associated with IP (e.g., technology and life sciences) are generally some of the most profitable corporate sectors in the world. By using IP-based BEPS tools, these profitable sectors have become even more profitable on an after-tax basis by artificially suppressing profitability in higher-tax jurisdictions, and profit shifting to low-tax locations. For example, Google Germany should be even more profitable than the already very profitable Google U.S. This is because the marginal additional costs for firms like Google U.S. of expanding into Germany are very low (the core technology platform has been built). In practice, however, Google Germany is actually unprofitable (for tax purposes), as it pays intergroup IP charges back to Google Ireland, who reroutes them to Google Bermuda, who is extremely profitable (more so than Google U.S.). These intergroup IP charges (i.e. the IP-based BEPS tools), are artificial internal constructs. Commentators have linked the cyclical peak in U.S. corporate profit margins, with the enhanced after-tax profitability of the biggest U.S. technology firms. For example, the definitions of IP in corporate tax havens such as Ireland has been broadened to include "theoretical assets", such as types of general rights, general know-how, general goodwill, and the right to use software. Ireland's IP regime includes types of "internally developed" intangible assets and intangible assets purchased from "connected parties". The real control in Ireland is that the IP assets must be acceptable under GAAP (older 2004 Irish GAAP is accepted), and thus auditable by an Irish International Financial Services Centre accounting firm. A broadening range of multinationals are abusing IP accounting to increase after-tax margins, via intergroup charge-outs of artificial IP assets for BEPS purposes, including: Amazon, a retailer, used it in Luxembourg.Starbucks, a coffee chain, also used it in Luxembourg.Apple, a phone manufacturer, used it in Ireland. It has been noted that IP-based BEPS tools such as the "patent box" can be structured to create negative rates of taxation for IP-heavy corporates. IP–based Tax inversions Main articles: Corporate tax inversion and Leprechaun economics Apple's Q1 2015 Irish "quasi-inversion" of its $300bn international IP (known as leprechaun economics), is the largest recorded individual BEPS action in history, and almost double the 2016 $160bn Pfizer-Allergan Irish inversion, which was blocked.Brad Setser & Cole Frank(Council on Foreign Relations) Apple vs. Pfizer–Allergan Modern corporate tax havens further leverage their IP-based BEPS toolbox to enable international corporates to execute quasi-tax inversions, which could otherwise be blocked by domestic anti-inversion rules. The largest example was Apple's Q1 January 2015 restructuring of its Irish business, Apple Sales International, in a quasi-tax inversion, which led to the Paul Krugman labeled "leprechaun economics" affair in Ireland in July 2016 (see article). In early 2016, the Obama Administration blocked the proposed $160 billion Pfizer-Allergan Irish corporate tax inversion, the largest proposed corporate tax inversion in history, a decision which the Trump Administration also upheld. However, both Administrations were silent when the Irish State announced in July 2016 that 2015 GDP has risen 26.3% in one quarter due to the "onshoring" of corporate IP, and it was rumoured to be Apple. It might have been due to the fact that the Central Statistics Office (Ireland) openly delayed and limited its normal data release to protect the confidentiality of the source of the growth. It was only in early 2018, almost three years after Apple's Q1 2015 $300 billion quasi-tax inversion to Ireland (the largest tax inversion in history), that enough Central Statistics Office (Ireland) data was released to prove it definitively was Apple. Financial commentators estimate Apple onshored circa $300 billion in IP to Ireland, effectively representing the balance sheet of Apple's non-U.S. business. Thus, Apple completed a quasi-inversion of its non-U.S. business, to itself, in Ireland, which was almost twice the scale of Pfizer-Allergan's $160 billion blocked inversion. Apple's IP–based BEPS inversion Apple used Ireland's new BEPS tool, and "double Irish" replacement, the "capital allowances for intangible assets" scheme. This BEPS tool enables corporates to write-off the "arm's length" (to be OECD-compliant), intergroup acquisition of offshored IP, against all Irish corporate taxes. The "arm's length" criteria are achieved by getting a major accounting firm in Ireland's International Financial Services Centre to conduct a valuation, and Irish GAAP audit, of the IP. The range of IP acceptable by the Irish Revenue Commissioners is very broad. This BEPS tool can be continually replenished by acquiring new offshore IP with each new "product cycle". In addition, Ireland's 2015 Finance Act removed the 80% cap on this tool (which forced a minimum 2.5% effective tax rate), thus giving Apple a 0% effective tax rate on the "onshored" IP. Ireland then restored the 80% cap in 2016 (and a return to a minimum 2.5% effective tax rate), but only for new schemes. Thus, Apple was able to achieve what Pfizer-Allergan could not, by making use of Ireland's advanced IP-based BEPS tools. Apple avoided any U.S regulatory scrutiny/blocking of its actions, as well as any wider U.S. public outcry, as Pfizer-Allergan incurred. Apple structured an Irish corporate effective tax rate of close to zero on its non-U.S. business, at twice the scale of the Pfizer-Allergan inversion. I cannot see a justification for giving full Irish tax relief to the intragroup acquisition of a virtual asset, except that it is for the purposes of facilitating corporate tax avoidance.— Professor Jim Stewart, Trinity College Dublin, "MNE Tax Strategies in Ireland", 2016 Debt–based BEPS tools See also: Irish Section 110 Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) Dutch "Double Dip" Ex. Dutch Minister Joop Wijn credited with introducing the Dutch Sandwich IP-based BEPS tool (which is often used with the Double Irish BEPS tool), and the "Dutch Double Dip" Debt-based BEPS tool While the focus of corporate tax havens continues to be on developing new IP-based BEPS tools (such as OECD-compliant knowledge/patent boxes), Ireland has developed new BEPS tools leveraging traditional securitisation SPVs, called Section 110 SPVs. Use of intercompany loans and loan interest was one of the original BEPS tools and was used in many of the early U.S. corporate tax inversions (was known as "earnings-stripping"). The Netherlands has been a leader in this area, using specifically worded legislation to enable IP-light companies further amplify "earnings-stripping". This is used by mining and resource extraction companies, who have little or no IP, but who use high levels of leverage and asset financing. Dutch tax law enables IP-light companies to "overcharge" their subsidiaries for asset financing (i.e. reroute all untaxed profits back to the Netherlands), which is treated as tax-free in the Netherlands. The technique of getting full tax-relief for an artificially high-interest rate in a foreign subsidiary, while getting additional tax relief on this income back home in the Netherlands, became known by the term, "double dipping". As with the Dutch sandwich, ex. Dutch Minister Joop Wijn is credited as its creator. In 2006 he abolished another provision meant to prevent abuse, this one pertaining to hybrid loans. Some revenue services classify those as loans, while others classify those as capital, so some qualify payments as interest, others as profits. This means that if a Dutch company provides such a hybrid loan to a foreign company, the foreign company could use the payments as a tax deduction, while the Dutch company can classify it as profit from capital, which is exempt from taxes in the Netherlands . This way no taxes are paid in either country.— Oxfam/De Correspondent, "How the Netherlands became a Tax Haven", 31 May 2017. Irish Section 110 SPV Stephen Donnelly TD Estimated US distressed funds used Section 110 SPVs to avoid €20 billion in Irish taxes on almost €80 billion of Irish domestic investments from 2012 to 2016. The Irish Section 110 SPV uses complex securitisation loan structuring (including "orphaning" which adds confidentiality), to enable the profit shifting. This tool is so powerful, it inadvertently enabled US distressed debt funds avoid billions in Irish taxes on circa €80 billion of Irish investments they made in 2012-2016 (see Section 110 abuse). This was despite the fact that the seller of the circa €80 billion was mostly the Irish State's own National Asset Management Agency. The global securitisation market is circa $10 trillion in size, and involves an array of complex financial loan instruments, structured on assets all over the world, using established securitization vehicles that are accepted globally (and whitelisted by the OECD). This is also helpful for concealing corporate BEPS activities, as demonstrated by sanctioned Russian banks using Irish Section 110 SPVs. This area is therefore an important new BEPS tool for EU corporate tax havens, Ireland and Luxembourg, who are also the EU's leading securitisation hubs. Particularly so, given the new anti-IP-based BEPS tool taxes of the U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (TCJA), (i.e. the new GILTI tax regime and BEAT tax regime), and proposed EU Digital Services Tax (DST) regimes. The U.S. TCJA anticipates a return to debt-based BEPS tools, as it limits interest deductibility to 30% of EBITDA (moving to 30% of EBIT post 2021). While securitisation SPVs are important new BEPS tools, and acceptable under global tax-treaties, they suffer from "substance" tests (i.e. challenges by tax authorities that the loans are artificial). Irish Section 110 SPV's use of "Profit Participation Notes" (i.e. artificial internal intergroup loans), is an impediment to corporates using these structures versus established IP-based BEPS tools. Solutions such as the Orphaned Super-QIAIF have been created in the Irish tax code to resolve this. However, while Debt-based BEPS tools may not feature with U.S. multinational technology companies, they have become attractive to global financial institutions (who do not need to meet the same "substance" tests on their financial transactions). In February 2018, the Central Bank of Ireland upgraded the little-used Irish L-QIAIF regime to offer the same tax benefits as Section 110 SPVs but without the need for Profit Participation Notes and without the need to file public accounts with the Irish CRO (which had exposed the scale of Irish domestic taxes Section 110 SPVs had been used to avoid, see abuses). Ranking corporate tax havens Proxy tests See also: Corporate tax inversion The study and identification of modern corporate tax havens are still developing. Traditional qualitative-driven IMF-OCED-Financial Secrecy Index type tax haven screens, which focus on assessing legal and tax structures, are less effective given the high levels of transparency and OECD-compliance in modern corporate tax havens (i.e. most of their BEPS tools are OECD-whitelisted). A proposed test of a modern corporate tax haven is the existence of regional headquarters of major U.S. technology multinationals (largest IP-based BEPS tool users) such as Apple, Google or Facebook. The main EMEA jurisdictions for headquarters are Ireland, and the United Kingdom, while the main APAC jurisdictions for headquarters is Singapore.A proposed proxy are jurisdictions to which U.S. corporates execute tax inversions (see § Bloomberg Corporate tax inversions). Since the first U.S. corporate tax inversion in 1982, Ireland has received the most U.S. inversions, with Bermuda second, the United Kingdom third and the Netherlands fourth. Since 2009, Ireland and the United Kingdom have dominated.The 2017 report by the Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy on offshore activities of U.S. Fortune 500 companies, lists the Netherlands, Singapore, Hong Kong, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Ireland and the Caribbean triad (the Cayman-Bermuda-BVI), as the places where Fortune 500 companies have the most subsidiaries (note: this does not estimate the scale of their activities).Zucman, Tørsløv, and Wier advocate profitability of U.S. corporates in the haven as a proxy. This is particularly useful for havens that use the § Employment tax system and require corporates to maintain a "substantive" presence in the haven for respectability. Ireland is the most profitable location, followed by the Caribbean (incl. Bermuda), Luxembourg, Switzerland and the Netherlands.The distortion of national accounts by the accounting flows of particular IP-based BEPS tools is a proxy. This was spectacularly shown in Q1 2015 during Apple's leprechaun economics. The non-Oil & Gas nations in the top 15 List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita are tax havens led by Luxembourg, Singapore and Ireland (see § GDP-per-capita tax haven proxy).A related but similar test is the ratio of GNI to GDP, as GNI is less prone to distortion by IP-based BEPS tools. Countries with low GNI/GDP ratios (e.g., Luxembourg, Ireland, and Singapore) are almost always tax havens. However, not all havens have low GNI/GDP ratios. An example is the Netherlands, whose dutch sandwich BEPS tool impacts their national accounts in a different way.The use of "common law" legal systems, whose structure gives greater legal protection to the construction of corporate tax "loopholes" by the jurisdiction (e.g. the double Irish, or trusts), is sometimes proposed. There is a disproportionate concentration of common law systems amongst corporate tax havens, including Ireland, the U.K., Singapore, Hong Kong, most Caribbean (e.g. the Caymans, Bermuda, and the BVI). However, it is not conclusive, as major havens, Luxembourg and the Netherlands run "civil law" systems. Many havens are current, or past U.K. dependencies. Quantitative measures Main article: Conduit and Sink OFCs More scientific, are the quantitative-driven studies (focused on empirical outcomes), such as the work by the University of Amsterdam's CORPNET in Conduit and Sink OFCs, and by University of Berkley's Gabriel Zucman. They highlight the following modern corporate tax havens, also called Conduit OFCs, and also highlight their "partnerships" with key traditional tax havens, called Sink OFCs: Netherlands - the "mega" Conduit OFC, and focused on moving funds from the EU (via the "dutch sandwich" BEPS tool) to Luxembourg and the "triad" of Bermuda/BVI/Cayman. Great Britain - 2nd largest Conduit OFC and the link from Europe to Asia; 18 of the 24 Sink OFCs are current, or past, dependencies of the U.K. Switzerland - long-established corporate tax haven and a major Conduit OFC for Jersey, one of the largest established offshore tax havens. Singapore - the main Conduit OFC for Asia, and the link to the two major Asian Sink OFCs of Hong Kong and Taiwan (Taiwan is described as the Switzerland of Asia). Ireland - the main Conduit OFC for U.S. links (see Ireland as a tax haven), who make heavy use of Sink OFC Luxembourg as a backdoor out of the Irish corporate tax system. The only jurisdiction from the above list of major global corporate tax havens that makes an occasional appearance in OECD-IMF tax haven lists is Switzerland. These jurisdictions are the leaders in IP-based BEPS tools and use of intergroup IP charging and have the most sophisticated IP legislation. They have the largest tax treaty networks and all follow the § Employment tax approach. The analysis highlights the difference between "suspected" onshore tax havens (i.e. major Sink OFCs Luxembourg and Hong Kong), which because of their suspicion, have limited/restricted bilateral tax treaties (as countries are wary of them), and the Conduit OFCs, which have less "suspicion" and therefore the most extensive bilateral tax treaties. Corporates need the broadest tax treaties for their BEPS tools, and therefore prefer to base themselves in Conduit OFCs (Ireland and Singapore), which can then route the corporate's funds to the Sink OFCs (Luxembourg and Hong Kong). "Uncovering Offshore Financial Centers": List of Sink OFCs by value (highlighting the current and ex. U.K. dependencies, in light blue) Of the major Sink OFCs, they span a range between traditional tax havens (with very limited tax treaty networks) and near-corporate tax havens: British Virgin Islands Bermuda Cayman Islands - The Caribbean "triad" of Bermuda/BVI/Cayman are classic major tax havens, and therefore with limited access to full global tax treaty networks, thus relying on Conduit OFCs for access; heavily used by U.S. multinationals. Luxembourg - noted by CORPNET as being close to a Conduit, however, U.S. firms are more likely to use Ireland/U.K. as their Conduit OFC to Luxembourg. Hong Kong - often described as the "Luxembourg of Asia"; U.S. firms are more likely to use Singapore as their Conduit OFC to route to Hong Kong. The above five corporate tax haven Conduit OFCs, plus the three general tax haven Sink OFCs (counting the Caribbean "triad" as one major Sink OFC), are replicated at the top 8-10 corporate tax havens of many independent lists, including the Oxfam list, and the ITEP list. (see § Corporate tax haven lists). Ireland as global leader Gabriel Zucman's analysis differs from most other works in that it focuses on the total quantum of taxes shielded. He shows that many of Ireland's U.S. multinationals, like Facebook, do not appear on Orbis (the source for quantitative studies, including CORPNET's) or have a small fraction of their data on Orbis (Google and Apple). Analysed using a "quantum of funds" method (not an "Orbis corporate connections" method), Zucman shows Ireland as the largest EU-28 corporate tax haven, and the major route for Zucman's estimated annual loss of 20% in EU-28 corporate tax revenues. Ireland exceeds the Netherlands in terms of "quantum" of taxes shielded, which would arguably make Ireland the largest global corporate tax haven (it even matches the combined Caribbean triad of Bermuda-British Virgin Islands-the Cayman Islands). See § Zucman Corporate tax havens. Failure of OECD BEPS Project See also: Base erosion and profit shifting (OECD project) Reasons for the failure Of the wider tax environment, O'Rourke thinks the OECD base-erosion and profit-shifting (BEPS) process is "very good" for Ireland. "If BEPS sees itself to a conclusion, it will be good for Ireland." Feargal O'Rourke CEO PwC (Ireland)."Architect" of the famous Double Irish IP-based BEPS tool.The Irish Times, May 2015. The rise of modern corporate tax havens, like the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Ireland and Singapore, contrasts with the failure of OECD initiatives to combat global corporate tax avoidance and BEPS activities. There are many reasons advocated for the OECD's failure, the most common being: Pierre Moscovici EU Commissioner for Taxes, whose Digital Services Tax aims to force a minimum level of EU taxation on technology multinationals operating in the EU-28. Slowness and predictability. OECD works in 5-10 year cycles, giving havens time to plan new OECD-compliant BEPS tools (i.e. replacement of double Irish), and corporates the degree of near-term predictability that they need to manage their affairs and not panic (i.e. double Irish only closes in 2020). Figures released in April 2017 show that since 2015 there has been a dramatic increase in companies using Ireland as a low-tax or no-tax jurisdiction for intellectual property (IP) and the income accruing to it, via a nearly 1000% increase in the uptake of a tax break expanded between 2014 and 2017 .— Christian Aid, "Impossible Structures: tax structures overlooked in the 2015 spillover analysis", 2017Bias to modern havens. The OECD's June 2017 MLI was signed by 70 jurisdictions. The corporate tax havens opted out of the key articles (i.e. Article 12), while emphasising their endorsement of others (especially Article 5 which benefits corporate havens using the § Employment tax BEPS system). Modern corporate tax havens like Ireland and Singapore used the OECD to diminish other corporate tax havens like Luxembourg and Hong Kong. The global legal firm Baker McKenzie, representing a coalition of 24 multinational US software firms, including Microsoft, lobbied Michael Noonan, as minister for finance, to resist the proposals in January 2017.In a letter to him the group recommended Ireland not adopt article 12, as the changes "will have effects lasting decades" and could "hamper global investment and growth due to uncertainty around taxation". The letter said that "keeping the current standard will make Ireland a more attractive location for a regional headquarters by reducing the level of uncertainty in the tax relationship with Ireland's trading partners".— The Irish Times. "Ireland resists closing corporation tax 'loophole'", 10 November 2017.Focus on transparency and compliance vs. net tax paid. Most of the OECD's work focuses on traditional tax havens where secrecy (and criminality) are issues. The OECD defends modern corporate tax havens to confirm that they are "not tax havens" due to their OECD-compliance and transparency. The almost immediate failure of the 2017 German "Royalty Barrier" anti-IP legislation (see § German "Royalty Barrier" failure), is a notable example of this: However, given the nature of the Irish tax regime, the royalty barrier should not impact royalties paid to a principal licensor resident in Ireland.Ireland's BEPS-compliant tax regime offers taxpayers a competitive and robust solution in the context of such unilateral initiatives.— Matheson, "Germany: Breaking Down The German Royalty Barrier - A View From Ireland", 8 November 2017Defence of intellectual property as an intergroup charge. The OECD spent decades developing IP as a legal and accounting concept. The rise in IP, and particularly intergroup IP charging, as the main BEPS tool is incompatible with this position. Ireland has created the first OECD-nexus compliant "knowledge box" (or KDB), which will be amended, as Ireland did with other OECD-whitelist structures (e.g. Section 110 SPV), to become a BEPS tool. IP-related tax benefits are not about to disappear. In fact, BEPS will help to regularise some of them, albeit in diluted form. Perversely, this is encouraging countries that previously shunned them to give them a try.— The Economist, "Patently problematic", August 2015 It has been noted in the OECD's defence, that G8 economies like the U.S. were strong supporters of the OECD's IP work, as they saw it as a tool for their domestic corporates (especially IP-heavy technology and life sciences firms), to charge-out US-based IP to international markets and thus, under U.S. bilateral tax treaties, remit untaxed profits back to the U.S. However, when U.S. multinationals perfected these IP-based BEPS tools and worked out how to relocate them to zero-tax places such as the Caribbean or Ireland, the U.S. became less supportive (i.e. U.S. 2013 Senate investigation into Apple in Bermuda). However, the U.S. lost further control when corporate havens such as Ireland, developed "closed-loop" IP-based BEPS systems, like the capital allowances for intangibles tool, which by-pass U.S. anti-Corporate tax inversion controls, to enable any U.S. firm (even IP-light firms) create a synthetic corporate tax inversion (and achieve 0-3% Irish effective tax rates), without ever leaving the U.S. Apple's successful $300 Q1 2015 billion IP-based Irish tax inversion (which came to be known as leprechaun economics), compares with the blocked $160 billion Pfizer-Allergan Irish tax inversion. Margrethe Vestager EU Competition Commissioner, levied the largest corporate tax fine in history on Apple Inc. on the 29 August 2016, for €13 billion (plus interest) in Irish taxes avoided for the period 2004–2014. The "closed-loop" element refers to the fact that the creation of the artificial internal intangible asset (which is critical to the BEPS tool), can be done within the confines of the Irish-office of a global accounting firm, and an Irish law firm, as well as the Irish Revenue Commissioners. No outside consent is needed to execute the BEPS tool (and use via Ireland's global tax-treaties), save for two situations: EU Commission State aid investigations, such as the EU illegal State aid case against Apple in Ireland for €13bn in Irish taxes avoided from 2004-2014;U.S. IRS investigation, such as Facebook's transfer of U.S. IP to Facebook Ireland, which was revalued much higher to create an IP BEPS tool. Departure of U.S. and EU The 2017-18 U.S. and EU Commission taxation initiatives, deliberately depart from the OECD BEPS Project, and have their own explicit anti-IP BEPS tax regimes (as opposed to waiting for the OECD). The U.S. GILTI and BEAT tax regimes are targeted at U.S. multinationals in Ireland, while the EU's Digital Services Tax is also directed at perceived abuses by Ireland of the EU's transfer pricing systems (particularly in regard to IP-based royalty payment charges). For example, the new U.S. GILTI regime forces U.S. multinationals in Ireland to pay an effective corporate tax rate of over 12%, even with a full Irish IP BEPS tool (i.e. "single malt", whose effective Irish tax rate is circa 0%). If they pay full Irish "headline" 12.5% corporate tax rate, the effective corporate tax rate rises to over 14%. This is compared to a new U.S. FDII tax regime of 13.125% for U.S.-based IP, which reduces to circa 12% after the higher U.S. tax relief. U.S. multinationals like Pfizer announced in Q1 2018, a post-TCJA global tax rate for 2019 of circa 17%, which is very similar to the circa 16% expected by past U.S. multinational Irish tax inversions, Eaton, Allergan, and Medtronic. This is the effect of Pfizer being able to use the new U.S. 13.125% FDII regime, as well as the new U.S. BEAT regime penalising non-U.S. multinationals (and past tax inversions) by taxing income leaving the U.S. to go to low-tax corporate tax havens like Ireland. Now that corporate tax reform has passed, the advantages of being an inverted company are less obvious— Jami Rubin, Goldman Sachs, March 2018, Other jurisdictions, such as Japan, are also realising the extent to which IP-based BEPS tools are being used to manage global corporate taxes. U.S. as BEPS winner While the IRS has traditionally been seen as the main loser to global corporate tax havens, the 15.5% repatriation rate of the Trump administration Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 changes this calculus. IP-heavy American corporations are the main users of BEPS tools. Studies show that as most other major economies run "territorial" tax systems, their corporates did not need to profit shift. They could just sell their IP to foreign markets from their home jurisdiction at low tax rates (e.g. 5% in Germany for German corporations). For example, there are no non-U.S./non-U.K. foreign corporates in Ireland's top 50 firms by revenues, and only one by employees, German retailer Lidl (whereas 14 of Ireland's top 20 firms are American multinationals). The British firms are mainly pre § U.K. transformation. (discussed here). Had American multinationals not used IP-based BEPS tools in corporate tax havens, and paid the circa 25% corporation tax (average OECD rate) abroad, the IRS would have only received an additional 10% in tax, to bring the total effective American worldwide tax rate to 35%. However, after the TCJA, the IRS is now getting more tax, at the higher 15.5% rate, and American corporations have avoided the 25% foreign taxes and therefore will have brought more capital back to America as result. This is at the expense of higher-tax Europe and Asian countries, who received no taxes from American corporations, as the corporations used IP-based BEPS tools from bases in corporate tax havens, while German corporations are charged 5% tax by their regulator. President Trump did not sign the OECD's June 2017 Multilateral Convention to Implement Tax Treaty Related Measures to Prevent Base Erosion and Profit Shifting, as it felt that it had low exposure to profit shifting. An American official said at a transfer pricing conference that they did not sign the tax treaty inked by 68 countries in Paris 7 June 2017 "because the U.S. tax treaty network has a low degree of exposure to base erosion and profit shifting issues." This beneficial effect of global tax havens to the IRS was predicted by Hines and Rice in 1994 in which the authors said: "some American business operations are drawn offshore by the lure of low tax rates in tax havens; nevertheless, the policies of tax havens may, on net, enhance the U.S. Treasury's ability to collect tax revenue from American corporations." Corporate tax haven lists Types of corporate tax haven lists Before 2015, many lists are of general tax havens (i.e. individual and corporate). Post 2015, quantitative studies (e.g. CORPNET and Gabriel Zucman), have highlighted the greater scale of corporate tax haven activity. The OECD, who only list one jurisdiction in the world as a tax haven, Trinidad and Tobago, note the scale of corporate tax haven activity. Note that the IMF list of offshore financial centres ("OFC") is often cited as the first list to include the main corporate tax havens and the term OFC and corporate tax haven are often used interchangeably. Intergovernmental lists. These lists can have a political dimension and have never named member states as tax havens: OECD lists. First produced in 2000, but has never contained one of the 35 OECD members, and currently only contains Trinidad and Tobago;European Union tax haven blacklist. First produced in 2017 but does not contain any EU-28 members, contained 17 blacklisted and 47 greylisted jurisdictions;IMF lists. First produced in 2000 but used the term offshore financial centre, which enabled them to list member states, but have become known as corporate tax havens.Non-governmental lists. These are less prone to the political dimension and use a range of qualitative and quantitative techniques:Tax Justice Network. One of the most quoted lists but focused on general tax havens; they produce rankings of secrecy jurisdictions (Financial Secrecy Index) and corporate tax havens (Corporate Tax Haven Index);Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy. Sponsor the "Offshore Shell Games" reports which are mainly corporate tax havens (see § ITEP Corporate tax havens);Leading academic lists. The first major academic studies were for all classes of tax havens, however, later lists focus on corporate tax havens:James R. Hines Jr. Cited as the first coherent academic paper on tax havens; created the first list in 1994 of 41, which he expanded to 55 in 2010;Dharmapala. Built on Hines material and expanded the lists of general tax havens in 2006 and 2009;Gabriel Zucman. Current leading academic researcher into tax havens who explicitly uses the term corporate tax havens (see § Zucman Corporate tax havens).Other notable lists. Other noted and influential studies that produced lists are:CORPNET. Their 2017 quantitative analysis of Conduit and Sink OFCs explained the link between corporate tax havens and traditional tax havens (see § CORPNET Corporate tax havens);IMF Papers. An important 2018 paper highlighted a small group of major corporate tax haven that are 85% of all corporate haven activity;DIW Berlin. The respected German Institute for Economic Research have produced tax haven lists in 2017.U.S. Congress. The Government Accountability Office in 2008, and the Congressional Research Service in 2015, mostly focus on activities by U.S. corporations. Ten major corporate tax havens Regardless of method, most corporate tax haven lists consistently repeat ten jurisdictions (sometimes the Caribbean "triad" is one group), which comprise: Four modern corporate tax havens (have non-zero "headline" tax rates; require "substance"/§ Employment tax; have broad tax treaty networks):Ireland;the Netherlands;United Kingdom (top 10 2017 global financial centre);Singapore (top 10 2017 global financial centre).Three general corporate tax havens (offer some traditional tax-haven type services; often have restricted bilateral tax treaties):Luxembourg (top 15 2017 global financial centre);Hong Kong (top 10 2017 global financial centre);Switzerland (top 10 2017 global financial centre).Three very traditional corporate tax havens (open on zero-tax status; no requirement for § Employment tax/"substance"; limited tax treaties):Bermuda;the Cayman Islands;and the British Virgin Islands. (Caribbean "triad", all three are also British Overseas Territories). Note four of these ten jurisdictions have financial centres that appear in 2017 top 10 Global Financial Centres Index: London, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Zurich. Luxembourg was in the top 15. Note also from Conduit and Sink OFCs, that the latter groups (ii ex. Switzerland, and iii), rely on the first group (i), to act as a conduit in rerouting corporate untaxed income. In this regard, Ireland, the Netherlands, Singapore and the U.K., are considered the most important corporate tax havens, and the "source" of most global corporate tax avoidance. Because of their larger size, it is not uncommon to see Switzerland and the United Kingdom dropped from more informal references to the main tax havens, for example: The eight major pass-through economies—the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Hong Kong SAR, the British Virgin Islands, Bermuda, the Cayman Islands, Ireland, and Singapore—host more than 85 percent of the world's investment in special purpose entities, which are often set up for tax reasons.— "Piercing the Veil", International Monetary Fund, June 2018 Hines Corporate tax havens James R. Hines Jr. is a founder of research into tax havens. His area of expertise is the U.S. corporate taxation system, and much of his research is on U.S. multinational use of tax havens. In 2010, Hines produced a table of U.S. multinational investment in havens, and produced the following ranking of the ten largest U.S. corporate tax havens: LuxembourgCayman IslandsIrelandSwitzerlandBermudaHong KongJerseyNetherlandsSingaporeBritish Virgin Islands Zucman Corporate tax havens See also: § Financial impact Tax haven academic Gabriel Zucman's (et alia) June 2018 list calculates the actual quantum of actual taxes shielded (versus counting legal Orbis database connections, or company subsidiaries) by profit shifting. Ireland now exceeds the aggregate Caribbean complex (ex. Bermuda), in terms of being the largest overall global corporate tax haven (see § Financial impact). Ireland is also the largest EU-28 corporate tax haven. The study estimates Ireland's effective tax rate is really 4%. The U.K. is a notable absence. (slide 68). Missing Profits of Nations. Table 2: Shifted Profits: Country-by-Country Estimates (2015) Zucman (et al.) Tax Haven Rank byProfit Shifted CorporateProfits ($bn) Of Which:Local ($bn) Of Which:Foreign ($bn) ProfitsShifted ($bn) EffectiveTax Rate (%) Corp. TaxGain/Loss (%) Belgium 10 80 48 32 -13 19% 16% Ireland 1 174 58 116 -106 4% 58% Luxembourg 6 91 40 51 -47 3% 50% Malta 11 14 1 13 -12 5% 90% Netherlands 5 195 106 89 -57 10% 32% Caribbean 2 102 4 98 -97 2% 100% Bermuda 9 25 1 25 -24 0% n.a Singapore 3 120 30 90 -70 8% 41% Puerto Rico 7 53 10 43 -42 3% 79% Hong Kong 8 95 45 50 -39 18% 33% Switzerland 4 95 35 60 -58 21% 20% All Others 12 -51 CORPNET Corporate tax havens Main article: Conduit and Sink OFCs From the 2017 investigation, published in Nature, into Conduit and Sink OFCs, comes CORPNET's top 5 Conduit OFCs (i.e. corporate tax haven proxy), and top 5 Sink OFCs (i.e. traditional tax haven proxy), as calculated by analysing over 71 million global corporate connections on the Orbis database (i.e. it is by number of connections, not specifically by quantum of taxes shielded). Even though the method is different, CORPNET captures all of Zucman's list but separated into Conduits and Sinks (and breaks out the Caribbean), however, Zucman's list has a different ranking: "Uncovering Offshore Financial Centers": List of the 24 Sink OFCs by value (highlighting the current and ex. U.K. dependencies, in light blue) Conduit OFCs (by the number of corporate connections), 2017: NetherlandsUnited KingdomSwitzerlandSingaporeIreland Sink OFCs (by the number of corporate connections), 2017: British Virgin IslandsLuxembourgHong KongJerseyBermuda ITEP Corporate tax havens The first Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy list (Figure 1, page 11), is based on the % of Fortune 500 companies with subsidiaries in the corporate tax haven in 2016. The drawback of the list is that it is a U.S. focused list, and focuses on the number of connections (i.e. or subsidiaries) rather than the scale of taxes shielded. Contains all of Zucman's list, but with Mauritius and Panama added as well. Percentage of Fortune 500 companies with subsidiaries in the jurisdiction, 2016: NetherlandsSingaporeHong KongLuxembourgSwitzerlandIrelandBermudaThe CaymansMauritiusPanama The second Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy list (Figure 4, page 16), is based on the reported profits of U.S. Fortune 500 controlled subsidiaries in 2013. It tries to capture the scale of taxes shielded by looking at reported profits as a proxy. Ireland now jumps to 2nd place, only just behind the Netherlands. The Netherlands-Ireland-Bermuda are usually the jurisdictions behind most "double Irish with a Dutch sandwich" BEPS schemes. Identical list to Zucman's list but with the Caribbean broken out into individual jurisdictions (the Caymans, Bermuda, Bahamas and the BVI). Size of profits routed by Fortune 500 companies via subsidiaries in the jurisdiction, 2016: NetherlandsIrelandBermudaLuxembourgThe CaymansSwitzerlandSingaporeThe BahamasHong KongBritish Virgin Islands Bloomberg Corporate tax inversions A simple but effective proxy are the destinations to where U.S. multinationals execute tax inversions (i.e. an important test of the attractiveness of a corporate tax haven). However, cases like inversions to Canada could reflect more of a "relative-tax" view (i.e. Canada offers lower taxes than the U.S. and it is close by and less controversial), than an "absolute-tax" view on the best global locations for a corporate tax haven. The list still captures much of Zucman's list, particularly for the EU and the Caribbean. It captures the popularity of Ireland and the rise of the U.K. Destinations for the 85 U.S. corporate inversions, since the first inversion in 1982, to the most recent inversion in 2016: Ireland 21 inversions (last one was 2016) Bermuda 19 inversions (last one was 2015) Great Britain 11 inversions (last one was 2016) Canada 8 inversions (last one was 2016) Netherlands 7 inversions (last one was 2016) Cayman Islands 5 inversions (last one was 2014) Luxembourg 4 inversions (last one was 2010) Switzerland 3 inversions (last one was 2007) Australia 1 inversion (last one was 2012) Israel 1 inversion (last one was 2012) Denmark 1 inversion (last one was 2009) Jersey 1 inversion (last one was 2009) British Virgin Islands 1 inversion (last one was 2003) Singapore 1 inversion (last one was 1990) Panama 1 inversion (last one was 1982) GDP-per-capita tax haven proxy See also: List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita One of the simpler, but effective, methods proposed of identifying tax havens (both corporate and traditional) is by tracking the distortion that the tax-driven accounting flows make on national economic flows. This is an effect that is particularly pronounced for corporate tax havens due to the larger scale of accounting flows from the larger § IP-based BEPS tools and § Debt-based BEPS tools. The following tables of the world's top 15 GDP-per-capita jurisdictions are taken from the List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita for 2017 (from the IMF) and 2016 (from the World Bank). 6 of the top 10 global tax havens from the § Ten major tax havens, are represented;3 of these top 10 global tax havens, Bermuda, British Virgin Islands and the Cayman Islands are not ranked by the IMF or the World Bank in their GDP-per-capita tables.The remaining top 10 global tax haven, the U.K., is ranked 21 and 26 (respectively); it is possible the U.K.'s transition is not complete (see § U.K. transformation).4 of the 5 major Conduit OFCs are represented (again, only the U.K. is missing).The outliers in the table are jurisdictions whose economies are neither based on being a widely accepted tax haven or having oil & gas reserves.The same table, but at GDP (Nominal) values, ranks the tax havens even higher (at the expense of the smaller resource nations). International Monetary Fund (2017) World Bank (2016) Rank Country/Territory Type 1 Qatar Oil & Gas 1 Macau Tax haven (Sink OFC) 2 Luxembourg Top 10 Tax haven (Sink OFC) 3 Singapore Top 10 Tax haven (Conduit OFC) 4 Brunei Oil & Gas 5 Ireland Top 10 Tax haven (Conduit OFC) 6 Norway Oil & Gas 7 Kuwait Oil & Gas 8 United Arab Emirates Oil & Gas 9 Switzerland Top 10 Tax Haven (Conduit OFC) 9 Hong Kong Top 10 Tax Haven (Sink OFC) 10 San Marino Tax haven (Sink OFC) 11 United States 59,495 (effective society) 12 Saudi Arabia Oil & Gas 13 Netherlands Top 10 Tax Haven (Conduit OFC) 14 Iceland 52,150 (effective society) 15 Bahrain Oil & Gas Rank Country/Territory Type 1 Qatar Oil & Gas 2 Luxembourg Top 10 Tax haven (Sink OFC) 2 Macau Tax haven (Sink OFC) 3 Singapore Top 10 Tax haven (Conduit OFC) 4 Brunei Oil & Gas 5 United Arab Emirates Oil & Gas 6 Ireland Top 10 Tax haven (Conduit OFC) 7 Switzerland Top 10 Tax haven (Conduit OFC) 8 Norway Oil & Gas 8 Hong Kong Top 10 Tax haven (Sink OFC) 9 United States 57,467 (effective society) 10 Saudi Arabia Oil & Gas 11 Iceland 51,399 (effective society) 12 Netherlands Top 10 Tax haven (Conduit OFC) 13 Austria 50,078 (effective society) 14 Denmark 49,496 (effective society) 15 Sweden 49,175 (effective society) See also Corporate tax inversion Corporate tax in the Netherlands Corporation tax in the Republic of Ireland Double Irish IP-based BEPS tool Single Malt IP-based BEPS tool Capital Allowances for Intangible Assets IP-based BEPS tool Dutch sandwich IP-based BEPS tool Ireland as a tax haven Irish Section 110 Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) Debt-based BEPS tool Offshore financial centre Qualifying investor alternative investment fund (QIAIF) Tax-free shelters Taxation in Switzerland United Kingdom corporation tax Matheson (law firm) Ireland's largest U.S. tax advisor Feargal O'Rourke architect of Ireland's BEPS tools Notes ^ a b "Bermuda? 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Tax Justice Network. 10 February 2016. ^ "Hong Kong; The next Luxembourg" (PDF). Citibank Asia. April 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-05-24. Retrieved 2018-05-23. ^ "Tax Battles: the dangerous global race to the bottom on corporate tax". Oxfam. December 2016. Archived from the original on 2018-06-17. Retrieved 2018-05-18. ^ "TAX BATTLES The dangerous global Race to the Bottom on Corporate Tax" (PDF). Oxfam. December 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-03-31. Retrieved 2018-05-18. ^ a b c d "Offshore Shell Games 2017" (PDF). Institute of Taxation and Economic Policy. 2017. p. 17. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. ^ a b "Ireland is the world's biggest corporate 'tax haven', say academics". The Irish Times. 13 June 2018. Archived from the original on 24 August 2018. Retrieved 13 June 2018. Study claims State shelters more multinational profits than the entire Caribbean ^ "Controversial tax strategies brainchild of O'Rourke's son". Irish Independent. 3 November 2013. Archived from the original on 20 September 2018. Retrieved 13 May 2018. ^ a b "New UN tax handbook: Lower-income countries vs OECD BEPS failure". Tax Justice Network. 11 September 2017. Archived from the original on 29 May 2018. Retrieved 13 May 2018. ^ "Brussels in crackdown on 'double Irish' tax loophole". Financial Times. October 2014. Archived from the original on 2018-07-22. Retrieved 2018-05-13. ^ "Ireland's move to close the 'double Irish' tax loophole unlikely to bother Apple, Google". The Guardian. October 2014. Archived from the original on 2018-07-22. Retrieved 2018-05-13. ^ "Turning the Tide: The OECD's Multilateral Instrument Has Been Signed" (PDF). SquirePattonBoggs. July 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-05-22. Retrieved 2018-05-21. ^ "Signing by 68 jurisdictions of the Multilateral Convention to Implement Tax Treaty Related Measures to Prevent BEPS highlights impacts for business to consider" (PDF). Ernst & Young. 14 June 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 May 2018. Retrieved 19 May 2018. ^ "Oxfam disputes opaque OECD failing that just one tax haven fails on transparency". Oxfam. 30 June 2017. Archived from the original on 20 June 2018. Retrieved 13 May 2018. ^ "OECD gives cautious welcome to Irish Knowledge Box tax scheme". Irish Independent. 23 October 2014. Archived from the original on 13 May 2018. Retrieved 13 May 2018. ^ "Patently problematic". The Economist. August 2015. Archived from the original on 2018-05-16. Retrieved 2018-05-16. ^ "Maples and Calder Irish Intellectual Property Tax Regime - 2.5% Effective Tax". Maples and Calder Law Firm. February 2018. Archived from the original on 2018-05-16. Retrieved 2018-05-13. ^ "Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) tax diagnostic toolkit". PriceWaterhouseCoopers. 2016. Archived from the original on 2018-05-17. Retrieved 2018-05-16. ^ "Facebook must give judge documents for U.S. tax probe of Irish unit". Reuters. 28 March 2018. Archived from the original on 2 May 2018. Retrieved 13 May 2018. ^ "Facebook's Dublin HQ central to $5bn US tax probe". Sunday Business Post. 1 April 2018. Archived from the original on 21 April 2018. Retrieved 13 May 2018. ^ "Facebook Ordered to Comply With U.S. Tax Probe of Irish Unit". Bloomberg.com. Bloomberg News. 28 March 2018. Archived from the original on 26 April 2018. Retrieved 13 May 2018. ^ "Trump's US tax reform a significant challenge for Ireland". The Irish Times. 30 November 2017. Archived from the original on 25 June 2018. Retrieved 13 May 2018. ^ "Shake-up of EU tax rules a 'more serious threat' to Ireland than Brexit". Irish Independent. 14 September 2017. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 13 May 2018. ^ "Why Ireland faces a fight on the corporate tax front". The Irish Times. 14 March 2018. Archived from the original on 2 April 2018. Retrieved 13 May 2018. ^ "Reassessing the Beloved Double Irish Structure (as Single Malt) in Light of GILTI". Taxnotes. 23 April 2018. Archived from the original on 26 March 2019. Retrieved 17 May 2018. ^ a b "U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act: Winners and Losers". Taxnotes. 19 March 2018. p. 1235. Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 17 May 2018. ^ "Tokyo targets tax avoidance on intellectual property". Nikkei Asian Review. 10 March 2017. Archived from the original on 18 May 2018. Retrieved 18 May 2018. ^ "Multinational Firms and Tax Havens". University of Michigan Law School. 2016. p. 714. Archived from the original on 2019-04-17. Retrieved 2018-05-22. ^ "The U.S. Has the Highest Corporate Income Tax Rate in the OECD". Tax Foundation. 27 October 2014. Archived from the original on 25 March 2018. Retrieved 15 May 2018. ^ "Treasury Official Explains Why U.S. Didn't Sign OECD Super-Treaty". Bloomberg BNA. 8 June 2017. Archived from the original on 22 May 2018. Retrieved 21 May 2018. ^ a b c "John Hines and Eric Rice. FISCAL PARADISE: FOREIGN TAX HAVENS AND AMERICAN BUSINESS" (PDF). Quarterly Journal of Economics (Harvard/MIT). February 1994. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-25. Retrieved 2018-06-27. ^ a b "Ronen Palen: Tax Havens and Offshore Financial Centres" (PDF). University of Birmingham. 4 April 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 April 2018. Retrieved 27 June 2018. Some experts see no difference between tax havens and OFCs, and employ the terms interchangeably. ^ "Towards Global Tax Co-Operation" (PDF). OECD. 2000. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-09-18. Retrieved 2018-06-27. ^ "Trinidad & Tobago left as the last blacklisted tax haven". Financial Times. September 2013. Archived from the original on 2018-12-15. Retrieved 2018-06-27. Alex Cobham of the Tax Justice Network said: It's disheartening to see the OECD fall back into the old pattern of creating 'tax haven' blacklists on the basis of criteria that are so weak as to be near enough meaningless, and then declaring success when the list is empty." ^ "Oxfam disputes opaque OECD failing just one tax haven on transparency". Oxfam. 30 June 2017. Archived from the original on 20 June 2018. Retrieved 13 May 2018. ^ "EU blacklist names 17 tax havens and puts Caymans and Jersey on notice". The Guardian. 5 December 2017. Archived from the original on 7 April 2019. Retrieved 27 June 2018. ^ "Outbreak of 'so whatery' over EU tax haven blacklist". The Irish Times. 7 December 2017. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 27 June 2018. It was certainly an improvement on the list recently published by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, which featured only one name – Trinidad & Tobago – but campaigners believe the European Union has much more to do if it is to prove it is serious about addressing tax havens. ^ "EU puts 17 countries on tax haven blacklist". Financial Times. 8 December 2017. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 27 June 2018. EU members were not screened but Oxfam said that if the criteria were applied to publicly available information the list should feature 35 countries including EU members Ireland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and Malta ^ a b "Identifying Tax Havens and Offshore Finance Centres: Various attempts have been made to identify and list tax havens and offshore finance centres (OFCs). This Briefing Paper aims to compare these lists and clarify the criteria used in preparing them" (PDF). Tax Justice Network. July 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-12-07. Retrieved 2018-06-27. ^ "Banks in Tax Havens: First Evidence based on Country-by-Country Reporting" (PDF). EU Commission. July 2017. p. 50. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-06-23. Retrieved 2018-06-27. Figure D: Tax Haven Literature Review: A Typology ^ "Treasure Islands". University of Michigan. 2010. ^ "Tax Havens" (PDF). University of Michigan. 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-09-24. Retrieved 2018-06-27. ^ "Which countries become tax havens?" (PDF). Journal of Public Economics. 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-08. Retrieved 2018-06-27. ^ "German Institute for Economic Research: Dirty Money Coming Home: Capital Flows into and out of Tax Havens" (PDF). DIW Berlin. 2017. p. 41. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-04-19. Retrieved 2018-06-27. Table A1: Tax havens full list ^ "International Taxation: Large U.S. Corporations and Federal Contractors with Subsidiaries in Jurisdictions Listed as Tax Havens or Financial Privacy Jurisdictions" (PDF). U.S. GAO. December 2018. p. 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-08-20. Retrieved 2018-06-28. Table 1: Jurisdictions Listed as Tax Havens or Financial Privacy Jurisdictions and the Sources of Those Jurisdictions ^ Jane Gravelle (15 January 2015). "Tax Havens: International Tax Avoidance and Evasion". Cornell University. p. 4. Table 1. Countries Listed on Various Tax Haven Lists ^ "These five countries are conduits for the world's biggest tax havens". The Conversation. 25 July 2017. Archived from the original on 6 July 2018. Retrieved 3 July 2018. ^ James Hines (2010). "Treasure Islands". University of Michigan. p. 106. Table 2: International Portfolio Investment ^ PPP (current international $)", World Development Indicators database Archived 2018-05-05 at the Wayback Machine, World Bank. Database updated on 1 July 2017. Accessed on 2 July 2017. ^ "World Bank, International Comparison Program database". Archived from the original on 11 April 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2018. External links International Financial Centres Forum (IFC Forum) IMF Offshore Financial Centres Taxing Corporations, the Tax Justice Network Corporate Tax Havens, the Guardian vteGlobalization Journals Outline Studies Aspects Alter-globalization Anti-globalization movement Cultural globalization Deglobalization Democratic globalization Economic globalization Environmental globalization Global citizenship education Global financial system Global governance Global health Global politics Global workforce Globality History of archaic early modern Military globalization Political globalization Trade globalization IssuesGlobal Climate change Climate justice Disease COVID-19 pandemic Digital divide Labor arbitrage Multilingualism Population Tax havens Offshore financial centres Tax inversions Water crisis Other Brain drain reverse Care drain Development aid Economic inequality Endangered languages Fair trade Forced displacement Human rights Illicit financial flows Imperialism academic cultural linguistic media scientific social Invasive species Investor-state disputes McDonaldization New international division of labour North–South divide Offshoring Race to the bottom pollution havens Transnational crime Westernization World war Theories Capital accumulation Dependency Development Earth system Fiscal localism Modernization ecological history of Primitive accumulation Social change World history World-systems NotablescholarsEconomics David Autor Richard Baldwin Ravi Batra Jagdish Bhagwati Robert Brenner Jayati Ghosh Michael Hudson Branko Milanović Kevin O'Rourke Thomas Piketty Dani Rodrik Jeffrey Sachs Amartya Sen Joseph Stiglitz Political economy Samir Amin Giovanni Arrighi Robert W. 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Saul Vandana Shiva Category Business portal	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"multinational corporations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinational_corporation"},{"link_name":"incorporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incorporation_(business)"},{"link_name":"tax havens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_havens"},{"link_name":"effective tax rates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporation_tax_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland#Effective_tax_rate_(ETR)"},{"link_name":"tax treaties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_treaty"},{"link_name":"base erosion and profit shifting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_erosion_and_profit_shifting"},{"link_name":"CORPNET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CORPNET"},{"link_name":"double Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Irish"},{"link_name":"dutch sandwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_sandwich"},{"link_name":"single malt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Irish_arrangement#Replacement_by_Single_Malt"},{"link_name":"IP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property"},{"link_name":"Google","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google"},{"link_name":"Apple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc."},{"link_name":"Facebook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"EMEA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMEA"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"APAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"\"effective\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporation_tax_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland#Effective_tax_rate_(ETR)"},{"link_name":"tax treaties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_treaty"},{"link_name":"\"Orbis connections\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conduit_and_Sink_OFCs"},{"link_name":"Zucman's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Zucman"},{"link_name":"\"quantum of funds\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conduit_and_Sink_OFCs#Ireland_underestimated"},{"link_name":"tax inversions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_inversion#Destinations"},{"link_name":"double Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Irish"},{"link_name":"offshore cash in history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Irish"}],"text":"Corporate haven, corporate tax haven, or multinational tax haven is used to describe a jurisdiction that multinational corporations find attractive for establishing subsidiaries or incorporation of regional or main company headquarters, mostly due to favourable tax regimes (not just the headline tax rate), and/or favourable secrecy laws (such as the avoidance of regulations or disclosure of tax schemes), and/or favourable regulatory regimes (such as weak data-protection or employment laws).Unlike traditional tax havens, modern corporate tax havens reject they have anything to do with near-zero effective tax rates, due to their need to encourage jurisdictions to enter into bilateral tax treaties which accept the haven's base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) tools. CORPNET show each corporate tax haven is strongly connected with specific traditional tax havens (via additional BEPS tool \"backdoors\" like the double Irish, the dutch sandwich, and single malt). Corporate tax havens promote themselves as \"knowledge economies\", and IP as a \"new economy\" asset, rather than a tax management tool, which is encoded into their statute books as their primary BEPS tool. This perceived respectability encourages corporates to use these IFCs as regional headquarters (i.e. Google, Apple, and Facebook use Ireland in EMEA over Luxembourg, and Singapore in APAC over Hong Kong/Taiwan).While the \"headline\" corporate tax rate in jurisdictions most often implicated in BEPS is always above zero (e.g. Netherlands at 25%, U.K. at 19%, Singapore at 17%, and Ireland at 12.5%), the \"effective\" tax rate (ETR) of multinational corporations, net of the BEPS tools, is closer to zero. To increase respectability, and access to tax treaties, some jurisdictions like Singapore and Ireland require corporates to have a \"substantive presence\", equating to an \"employment tax\" of approximately 2–3% of profits shielded and if these are real jobs, the tax is mitigated.In corporate tax haven lists, CORPNET's \"Orbis connections\", ranks the Netherlands, U.K., Switzerland, Ireland, and Singapore as the world's key corporate tax havens, while Zucman's \"quantum of funds\" ranks Ireland as the largest global corporate tax haven. In proxy tests, Ireland is the largest recipient of U.S. tax inversions (the U.K. is third, the Netherlands is fifth). Ireland's double Irish BEPS tool is credited with the largest build-up of untaxed corporate offshore cash in history. Luxembourg and Hong Kong and the Caribbean \"triad\" (BVI-Cayman-Bermuda), have elements of corporate tax havens, but also of traditional tax havens.Economic Substance legislation introduced in recent years has identified that BEPS is not a material part of the financial services business for Cayman, BVI and Bermuda. While the legislation was originally resisted on extraterritoriality, human rights, privacy, international justice, jurisprudence and colonialism grounds, the introduction of these regulations have had the effect of putting these jurisdictions far ahead of onshore regulatory regimes.","title":"Corporate haven"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Base erosion and profit shifting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_erosion_and_profit_shifting"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dut-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dutx-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbbg-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qzz-4"},{"link_name":"tax treaties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_treaty"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-singapore-5"},{"link_name":"tax havens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_havens"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"See also: Base erosion and profit shiftingModern corporate tax havens, such as Ireland, Singapore, the Netherlands and the U.K., are different from traditional \"offshore\" financial centres like Bermuda, the Cayman Islands or Jersey.[1][2] Corporate havens offer the ability to reroute untaxed profits from higher-tax jurisdictions back to the haven;[3][4] as long as these jurisdictions have bi-lateral tax treaties with the corporate haven.[5] This makes modern corporate tax havens more potent than more traditional tax havens, who have more limited tax treaties, due to their acknowledged status.[6]The Cayman Islands, BVI, Bermuda, Jersey and Guernsey are more properly now known as IFCs or OFCs.","title":"Global BEPS hubs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dut2-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zew-8"},{"link_name":"§ IP-based BEPS tools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#IP-based_BEPS_tools"},{"link_name":"§ Debt-based BEPS tools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Debt-based_BEPS_tools"},{"link_name":"§ TP-based BEPS tools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#TP-based_BEPS_tools"},{"link_name":"transfer price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_pricing"},{"link_name":"contract manufacturing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract_manufacturing"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zew-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-caid-9"},{"link_name":"Royalty payment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royalty_payment"},{"link_name":"double Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Irish"},{"link_name":"single malt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Irish_arrangement#Replacement_by_Single_Malt"},{"link_name":"dutch sandwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_sandwich"},{"link_name":"Capital allowance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_allowance"},{"link_name":"capital allowances for intangibles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Irish_arrangement#Backstop_of_capital_allowances"},{"link_name":"leprechaun economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leprechaun_economics"},{"link_name":"patent box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent_box"},{"link_name":"knowledge box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporation_tax_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland#Knowledge_Development_Box"},{"link_name":"§ Debt-based BEPS tools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Debt-based_BEPS_tools"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dut10-10"},{"link_name":"securitisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Securitisation"},{"link_name":"Orphaned Super-QIAIF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Section_110_Special_Purpose_Vehicle_(SPV)#Evolution"}],"sub_title":"Tools","text":"Tax academics identify that extracting untaxed profits from higher-tax jurisdictions requires several components:[7][8]§ IP-based BEPS tools, which enable the profits to be extracted via the cross-border charge-out of group IP (known as \"intergroup IP charging\"); and/or§ Debt-based BEPS tools, which enable the profits to be extracted via the cross-border charge-out artificially high interest (known as \"earnings stripping\"); and/or§ TP-based BEPS tools, which enable profits to be extracted by claiming that a process performed on the product in the jurisdiction justifies a large increase in the transfer price (\"TP\") at which the finished product is charged-out at, in the jurisdiction, to higher-tax jurisdictions (known as contract manufacturing); andBilateral tax treaties with the corporate tax haven, which accept these BEPS tools as deductible against tax in the higher-tax jurisdictions.Once the untaxed funds are rerouted back to the corporate tax haven, additional BEPS tools shield against paying taxes in the haven. It is important these BEPS tools are complex and obtuse so that the higher-tax jurisdictions do not feel the corporate haven is a traditional tax haven (or they will suspend the bilateral tax treaties). These complex BEPS tools often have interesting labels:[8][9]Royalty payment BEPS tools to reroute the funds to a low tax jurisdiction (i.e. double Irish and single malt in Ireland or dutch sandwich in the Netherlands); orCapital allowance BEPS tools that allow IP assets to be written off against taxes in the jurisdiction (i.e. Apple's 2015 capital allowances for intangibles tool in leprechaun economics); orLower IP-sourced income tax regimes, offering explicitly lower ETRs against charging out of cross-border group IP (i.e. the U.K. patent box, or the Irish knowledge box); orBeneficial treatment of interest income (from § Debt-based BEPS tools), enabling it to be treated as non-taxable (i.e. the Dutch \"double dipping\" interest regime[10]); orRestructuring the income into a securitisation vehicle (by owning the IP, or other asset, with debt), and then \"washing\" the debt by \"back-to-backing\" with a Eurobond (i.e. Orphaned Super-QIAIF).","title":"Global BEPS hubs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"financial centres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_centres"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dut5-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dut3-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dut4-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ftt-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pwcrates-15"},{"link_name":"§ IP-based BEPS tools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#IP-based_BEPS_tools"},{"link_name":"Pierre Moscovici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Moscovici"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pierre-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pod-17"},{"link_name":"MLI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilateral_Convention_to_Implement_Tax_Treaty_Related_Measures_to_Prevent_Base_Erosion_and_Profit_Shifting"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-itm-18"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-caid-9"},{"link_name":"Fordham Intellectual Property, Media & Entertainment Law Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fordham_Intellectual_Property,_Media_%26_Entertainment_Law_Journal"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fordam-19"},{"link_name":"§ Employment tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Employment_tax"},{"link_name":"MLI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilateral_Convention_to_Implement_Tax_Treaty_Related_Measures_to_Prevent_Base_Erosion_and_Profit_Shifting"},{"link_name":"Feargal O'Rourke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feargal_O%27Rourke"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fer-20"},{"link_name":"here","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland_as_a_tax_haven#Captured_state"},{"link_name":"Richard Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Murphy_(tax_campaigner)"},{"link_name":"Tax Justice Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_Justice_Network"},{"link_name":"Financial Secrecy Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Secrecy_Index"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Execution","text":"Building the tools requires advanced legal and accounting skills that can create the BEPS tools in a manner that is acceptable to major global jurisdictions and that can be encoded into bilateral tax-treaties, and do not look like \"tax haven\" type activity. Most modern corporate tax havens therefore come from established financial centres where advanced skills are in-situ for financial structuring.[11][12] In addition to being able to create the tools, the haven needs the respectability to use them. Large high-tax jurisdictions like Germany do not accept IP–based BEPS tools from Bermuda but do from Ireland. Similarly, Australia accepts limited IP–based BEPS tools from Hong Kong but accepts the full range from Singapore.[13]Tax academics identify a number of elements corporate havens employ in supporting respectability:[14]Non-zero headline tax rates. While corporate tax havens have ETRs of close to zero, they all maintain non-zero \"headline\" tax rates. Many of the corporate tax havens have accounting studies to prove that their \"effective\" tax rates are similar to their \"headline\" tax rates,[15] but this is because they are net of the § IP-based BEPS tools which consider much of the income exempt from tax;\nMake no mistake: the headline rate is not what triggers tax evasion and aggressive tax planning. That comes from schemes that facilitate [base erosion and] profit shifting [or BEPS].— Pierre Moscovici, Financial Times, 11 March 2018[16]OECD compliance and endorsement. Most corporate tax structures in modern corporate tax havens are OECD–whitelisted.[17] The OECD has been a long-term supporter of IP–based BEPS tools and cross-border intergroup IP charging. All the corporate tax havens signed the 2017 OECD MLI and marketed their compliance, however, they all opted out of the key article 12 section;[18][9]\nUnder BEPS, new requirements for country-by-country reporting of tax and profits and other initiatives will give this further impetus, and mean even more foreign investment in Ireland.— Fordham Intellectual Property, Media & Entertainment Law Journal, \"IP and Tax Avoidance in Ireland\", 30 August 2016[19]§ Employment tax strategies. Leading corporate tax havens distance themselves from zero tax jurisdictions by requiring corporates to establish a \"presence of substance\" in their jurisdiction. This equates to an effective \"employment tax\" of circa 2–3% but it gives the corporate, and the jurisdiction, defense against accusations as being a tax haven, and is supported in OCED MLI Article 5.\nIf [the OECD] BEPS [Project] sees itself to a conclusion, it will be good for Ireland.— Feargal O'Rourke, CEO PwC Ireland, The Irish Times, May 2015.[20]Data protection laws. To maintain OECD–whitelist status, corporate tax havens cannot use the secrecy legislation. Activists assert that companies keep the \"effective\" tax rates of corporations hidden with data protection and privacy laws which prevent the public filing of accounts and also limit the sharing of data across State departments (see here for examples), however most of the situation that have reached the media have been based on information published by the subject companies.\nLocal subsidiaries of multinationals must always be required to file their accounts on public record, which is not the case at present. Ireland is not just a tax haven at present, it is also a corporate secrecy jurisdiction.— Richard Murphy, co-founder of the Tax Justice Network and the Financial Secrecy Index, June 2018.[21]","title":"Global BEPS hubs"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Aspects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tax havens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_haven"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-straits-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-xyz-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reuters1-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-independent1-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sing-29"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pod-17"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ced-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"effective corporate taxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporation_tax_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland#Effective_tax_rate_(ETR)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aa4-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aa2-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aa1-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-forbes-39"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbbg-3"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ftt-14"},{"link_name":"Bureau of Economic Analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Economic_Analysis"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-weil-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qzz-4"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnbc1-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pwcrates-15"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-itb-45"},{"link_name":"€13 billion in Irish back taxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU_illegal_State_aid_case_against_Apple_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"minimum corporate tax rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_corporate_tax_rate"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Weil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Weil"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-weil-41"},{"link_name":"Tax Justice Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_Justice_Network"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qzz-4"},{"link_name":"Gabriel Zucman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Zucman"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gabrielzucman-47"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pod-17"},{"link_name":"The Irish Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Irish_Times"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"sub_title":"Misnomer","text":"Whereas jurisdictions traditionally labelled as tax havens have often marketed themselves as such, modern Offshore Financial Centres robustly refute the tax haven label.[22][23][24] This is to ensure that other higher-tax jurisdictions, from which the corporate's main income and profits often derive, will sign bilateral tax-treaties with the haven,[25] and also to avoid being black-listed.[26][27][28]This issue has caused debate on what constitutes a tax haven,[29] with the OECD most focused on transparency (the key issue of traditional tax havens),[17][30][31] but others focused on outcomes such as total effective corporate taxes paid.[32][33][34][35] It is common to see the media, and elected representatives, of a modern corporate tax haven ask the question, \"Are we a tax haven ?\"[36][37][38][39]For example, when it was shown in 2014, prompted by an October 2013 Bloomberg piece,[3][14] that the effective tax rate of U.S. multinationals in Ireland was 2.2% (using the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis method),[40][41][42][4] it led to denials by the Irish Government[43][44] and the production of studies claiming Ireland's effective tax rate was 12.5%.[15] However, when the EU fined Apple in 2016, Ireland's largest company,[45] €13 billion in Irish back taxes (the largest tax fine in corporate history[46]), the EU stated that Apple's effective tax rate in Ireland was approximately 0.005% for the 2004-2014 period. The EU's position was found, on appeal in the EU's court, to be unsupported by the facts. However, the G7 leaders in the wake of reporting about a Microsoft subsidiary's level of taxation in 2020, have proposed an agreement on a global minimum corporate tax rate of 15%.Applying a 12.5% rate in a tax code that shields most corporate profits from taxation, is indistinguishable from applying a near 0% rate in a normal tax code.— Jonathan Weil, Bloomberg View, 11 February 2014[41]Activists in the Tax Justice Network propose that Ireland's effective corporate tax rate was not 12.5%, but closer to the BEA calculation. Studies cited by The Irish Times and other outlets suggest that the effective tax rate is close to the headline 12.5 percent rate – but this is a theoretical result based on a theoretical \"standard firm with 60 employees\" and no exports: in reality, multinational businesses and their corporate structures vary significantly. It is not just Ireland, however. The same BEA calculation showed that the ETRs of U.S. corporates in other jurisdictions was also very low: Luxembourg (2.4%), the Netherlands (3.4%) and the US for multinationals based in other parts of the World.[4] When Gabriel Zucman, published a multi-year investigation into corporate tax havens in June 2018, showing that Ireland is the largest global corporate tax haven (having allegedly shielded $106 billion in profits in 2015), and that Ireland's effective tax rate was 4% (including all non-Irish corporates),[47] the Irish Government countered that they could not be a tax haven as they are OECD-compliant.[17]There is a broad consensus that Ireland must defend its 12.5 per cent corporate tax rate. But that rate is defensible only if it is real. The great risk to Ireland is that we are trying to defend the indefensible. It is morally, politically and economically wrong for Ireland to allow vastly wealthy corporations to escape the basic duty of paying tax. If we don't recognise that now, we will soon find that a key plank of Irish policy has become untenable.— The Irish Times, \"Editorial View: Corporate tax: defending the indefensible\", 2 December 2017[48]","title":"Aspects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Corporation tax in the Republic of Ireland § Effective tax rate (ETR)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporation_tax_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland#Effective_tax_rate_(ETR)"},{"link_name":"financial effect of tax havens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_haven#Financial_effect"},{"link_name":"Bureau of Economic Analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Economic_Analysis"},{"link_name":"§ Denial of status","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Denial_of_status"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qzz-4"},{"link_name":"Gabriel Zucman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Zucman"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gabrielzucman-47"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gabrielzucman-47"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zuc10-49"},{"link_name":"base erosion and profit shifting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_erosion_and_profit_shifting"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BEPS_Background-50"},{"link_name":"World Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank"},{"link_name":"World Development Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Development_Report"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"sub_title":"Financial impact","text":"See also: Corporation tax in the Republic of Ireland § Effective tax rate (ETR)It is difficult to calculate the financial effect of tax havens in general due to the obfuscation of financial data. Most estimates have wide ranges (see financial effect of tax havens). By focusing on \"headline\" vs. \"effective\" corporate tax rates, researchers have been able to more accurately estimate the annual financial tax losses (or \"profits shifted\"), due to corporate tax havens specifically. This is not easy, however. As discussed above, havens are sensitive to discussions on \"effective\" corporate tax rates and obfuscate data that does not show the \"headline\" tax rate mirroring the \"effective\" tax rate.Two academic groups have estimated the \"effective\" tax rates of corporate tax havens using very different approaches:2014 Bureau of Economic Analysis (or BEA) calculation applied to get the \"effective\" tax rates of U.S. corporates in the haven (per above § Denial of status);[4] and2018 Gabriel Zucman \"The Missing Profits of Nations\" analysis which uses national accounts data to estimate effective tax rates of all non-domestic corporates in the haven.[47]They are summarised in the following table (BVI and the Caymans counted as one), as listed in Zucman's analysis (from Appendix, table 2).[47]Zucman used this analysis to estimate that the annual financial impact of corporate tax havens was $250 billion in 2015.[49] This is beyond the upper limit of the OECD's 2017 range of $100–200 billion per annum for base erosion and profit shifting activities.[50]The World Bank, in its 2019 World Development Report on the future of work suggests[51] that tax avoidance by large corporations limits the ability of governments to make vital human capital investments.","title":"Aspects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tax inversions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_inversion"},{"link_name":"tax havens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_haven"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbb-52"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Uncovering_Offshore_Financial_Centers_Cayman_Conundrum.jpg"},{"link_name":"Conduit and Sink Offshore Financial Centres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conduit_and_Sink_OFCs"},{"link_name":"dutch sandwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_sandwich"},{"link_name":"withholding taxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withholding_taxes"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google1-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bloomberg-54"},{"link_name":"Irish Section 110 SPVs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Section_110_Special_Purpose_Vehicle_(SPV)"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rus2-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rus3-56"},{"link_name":"Nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Conduit and Sink OFCs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conduit_and_Sink_OFCs"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-llux-57"},{"link_name":"double Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Irish"},{"link_name":"offshore magic circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offshore_magic_circle"},{"link_name":"Maples and Calder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maples_and_Calder"},{"link_name":"Appleby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appleby_(law_firm)"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-appley-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Baker McKenzie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baker_McKenzie"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-62"}],"sub_title":"Conduits and Sinks","text":"Modern corporate tax havens like Ireland, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands have become more popular for U.S. corporate tax inversions than leading traditional tax havens, even Bermuda.[52]\"Uncovering Offshore Financial Centers\": Relationship of Conduit and Sink Offshore Financial CentresHowever, corporate tax havens still retain close connections with traditional tax havens as there are instances where a corporation cannot \"retain\" the untaxed funds in the corporate tax haven, and will instead use the corporate tax haven like a \"conduit\", to route the funds to more explicitly zero-tax, and more secretive traditional tax havens. Google does this with the Netherlands to route EU funds untaxed to Bermuda (i.e. dutch sandwich to avoid EU withholding taxes),[53][54] and Russian banks do this with Ireland to avoid international sanctions and access capital markets (i.e. Irish Section 110 SPVs).[55][56]A study published in Nature in 2017 (see Conduit and Sink OFCs), highlighted an emerging gap between corporation tax haven specialists (called Conduit OFCs), and more traditional tax havens (called Sink OFCs). It also highlighted that each Conduit OFC was highly connected to specific Sink OFC(s). For example, Conduit OFC Switzerland was highly tied to Sink OFC Jersey. Conduit OFC Ireland was tied to Sink OFC Luxembourg,[57] while Conduit OFC Singapore was connected to Sink OFCs Taiwan and Hong Kong (the study clarified that Luxembourg and Hong Kong were more like traditional tax havens).The separation of tax havens into Conduit OFCs and Sink OFCs, enables the corporate tax haven specialist to promote \"respectability\" and maintain OECD-compliance (critical to extracting untaxed profits from higher-taxed jurisdictions via cross-border intergroup IP charging), while enabling the corporate to still access the benefits of a full tax haven (via double Irish, dutch sandwich type BEPS tools), as needed.We increasingly find offshore magic circle law firms, such as Maples and Calder and Appleby,[58] setting up offices in major Conduit OFCs, such as Ireland.[59][60][61]A key architect [for Apple] was Baker McKenzie, a huge law firm based in Chicago. The firm has a reputation for devising creative offshore structures for multinationals and defending them to tax regulators. It has also fought international proposals for tax avoidance crackdowns. Baker McKenzie wanted to use a local Appleby office to maintain an offshore arrangement for Apple. For Appleby, Mr. Adderley said, this assignment was \"a tremendous opportunity for us to shine on a global basis with Baker McKenzie.\"— The New York Times, \"After a Tax Crackdown, Apple Found a New Shelter for Its Profits\", 6 November 2017[62]","title":"Aspects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smh-63"},{"link_name":"brass plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass_plate_company"},{"link_name":"MLI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilateral_Convention_to_Implement_Tax_Treaty_Related_Measures_to_Prevent_Base_Erosion_and_Profit_Shifting"},{"link_name":"tax havens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_haven"},{"link_name":"The Straits Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Straits_Times"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-straits-24"},{"link_name":"capital allowances for intangible assets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Irish_arrangement#Backstop_of_capital_allowances"},{"link_name":"here","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporation_tax_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland#Low_tax_economy"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rev1-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cap2-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-appleq-68"},{"link_name":"State aid investigation into Apple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU_illegal_State_aid_case_against_Apple_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-europax-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Sink OFCs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conduit_and_Sink_OFCs"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ned-71"},{"link_name":"Financial Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ned-71"}],"sub_title":"Employment tax","text":"Several modern corporate tax havens, such as Singapore and the United Kingdom, ask that in return for corporates using their IP-based BEPS tools, they must perform \"work\" on the IP in the jurisdiction of the haven. The corporation thus pays an effective \"employment tax\" of circa 2–3% by having to hire staff in the corporate tax haven.[63] This gives the haven more respectability (i.e. not a \"brass plate\" location), and gives the corporate additional \"substance\" against challenges by taxing authorities. The OECD's Article 5 of the MLI supports havens with \"employment taxes\" at the expense of traditional tax havens.Mr. Chris Woo, tax leader at PwC Singapore, is adamant the Republic is not a tax haven. \"Singapore has always had clear law and regulations on taxation. Our incentive regimes are substance-based and require substantial economic commitment. For example, types of business activity undertaken, level of headcount and commitment to spending in Singapore\", he said.— The Straits Times, 14 December 2016[24]Irish IP-based BEPS tools (e.g. the \"capital allowances for intangible assets\" BEPS scheme), have the need to perform a \"relevant trade\" and \"relevant activities\" on Irish-based IP, encoded in their legislation, which requires specified employment levels and salary levels (discussed here), which roughly equates to an \"employment tax\" of circa 2–3% of profits (based on Apple and Google in Ireland).[64][65]For example, Apple employs 6,000 people in Ireland, mostly in the Apple Hollyhill Cork plant. The Cork plant is Apple's only self-operated manufacturing plant in the world (i.e. Apple almost always contracts to 3rd party manufacturers). It is considered a low-technology facility, building iMacs to order by hand, and in this regard is more akin to a global logistics hub for Apple (albeit located on the \"island\" of Ireland). No research is carried out in the facility.[66] Unusually for a plant, over 700 of the 6,000 employees work from home (the largest remote percentage of any Irish technology company).[67][68]When the EU Commission completed their State aid investigation into Apple, they found Apple Ireland's ETR for 2004–2014, was 0.005%, on over €100bn of globally sourced, and untaxed, profits.[69] The \"employment tax\" is, therefore, a modest price to pay for achieving very low taxes on global profits, and it can be mitigated to the extent that the job functions are real and would be needed regardless.[70]\"Employment taxes\" are considered a distinction between modern corporate tax havens, and near-corporate tax havens, like Luxembourg and Hong Kong (who are classed as Sink OFCs). The Netherlands has been introducing new \"employment tax\" type regulations, to ensure it is seen as a modern corporate tax haven (more like Ireland, Singapore, and the U.K.), than a traditional tax haven (e.g. Hong Kong).[71]The Netherlands is fighting back against its reputation as a tax haven with reforms to make it more difficult for companies to set up without a real business presence. Menno Snel, the Dutch secretary of state for finance, told parliament last week that his government was determined to \"overturn the Netherlands' image as a country that makes it easy for multinationals to avoid taxation\".— Financial Times, 27 February 2018[71]","title":"Aspects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shire plc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shire_plc"},{"link_name":"tax inversion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_inversion"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Brexit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit"},{"link_name":"§ Corporate tax haven lists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Corporate_tax_haven_lists"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:British_Overseas_Territories_(at_the_same_geographic_scale).svg"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uk1-73"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbb-52"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-econ-74"},{"link_name":"Conduit OFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conduit_and_Sink_OFCs"},{"link_name":"Sink OFCs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conduit_and_Sink_OFCs"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tjn1-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ukipo-76"},{"link_name":"Intellectual Property Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_Property_Office_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gipc-78"},{"link_name":"The Economist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-econ-74"},{"link_name":"Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_Cuts_and_Jobs_Act_of_2017"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uuu1-79"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uk1-73"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uktax1-80"}],"sub_title":"U.K. transformation","text":"The United Kingdom was traditionally a \"donor\" to corporate tax havens (e.g. the last one being Shire plc's tax inversion to Ireland in 2008[72]). However, the speed at which the U.K. changed to becoming one of the leading modern corporate tax havens (at least up until pre-Brexit), makes it an interesting case (it still does not appear on all § Corporate tax haven lists).British Overseas Territories (same geographic scale) includes leading traditional and corporate global tax havens including the Caymans, the BVI and Bermuda, as well as the U.K. itself.The U.K. changed its tax regime in 2009–2013. It lowered its corporate tax rate to 19%, brought in new IP-based BEPS tools, and moved to a territorial tax system.[73] The U.K. became a \"recipient\" of U.S. corporate tax inversions,[52] and ranked as one of Europe's leading havens.[74] A major study now ranks the U.K. as the second largest global Conduit OFC (a corporate haven proxy). The U.K. was particularly fortunate as 18 of the 24 jurisdictions that are identified as Sink OFCs, the traditional tax havens, are current or past dependencies of the U.K. (and embedded into U.K. tax and legal statute books).[75]New IP legislation was encoded into the U.K. statute books and the concept of IP significantly broadened in U.K. law.[76] The U.K.'s Patent Office was overhauled and renamed the Intellectual Property Office. A new U.K. Minister for Intellectual Property was announced with the 2014 Intellectual Property Act.[77] The U.K. is now 2nd in the 2018 Global IP Index.[78]A growing array of tax benefits have made London the city of choice for big firms to put everything from \"letterbox\" subsidiaries to full-blown headquarters. A loose regime for \"controlled foreign corporations\" makes it easy for British-registered businesses to park profits offshore. Tax breaks on income from patents [IP] are more generous than almost anywhere else. Britain has more tax treaties than any of the three countries [Netherlands, Luxembourg, and Ireland] on the naughty step—and an ever-falling corporate-tax rate. In many ways, Britain is leading the race to the bottom.— The Economist, \"Still slipping the net\", 8 October 2015[74]The U.K.'s successful transformation from \"donor\" to corporate tax havens, to a major global corporate tax haven in its own right, was quoted as a blueprint for type of changes that the U.S. needed to make in the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 tax reforms (e.g. territorial system, lower headline rate, beneficial IP-rate).[79][73][80]","title":"Aspects"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2020_EU_ratio_of_GNI_to_GDP.png"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"offshore financial centres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offshore_financial_centres"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-imf-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amc-84"},{"link_name":"intellectual property","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property"},{"link_name":"leprechaun economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leprechaun_economics"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cofr-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-economic-incentives.blogspot.ie-86"},{"link_name":"capital allowances for intangible assets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Irish_arrangement#Backstop_of_capital_allowances"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brad-87"},{"link_name":"International Monetary Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-imfx-88"},{"link_name":"GDP-per-capita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-atlantic-90"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qqtz-91"},{"link_name":"§ GDP-per-capita tax haven proxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#GDP-per-capita_tax_haven_proxy"},{"link_name":"modified GNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modified_gross_national_income"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oecd-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-irip-93"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-atlantic-90"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ber-94"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"leprechaun economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leprechaun_economics"},{"link_name":"Patrick Honohan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Honohan"},{"link_name":"Central Bank of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"}],"sub_title":"Distorted GDP/GNP","text":"The distorted GNI to GDP ratio in some EU states indicates a profound disproportionality in corporate havens as Ireland and Luxembourg.[81][82]Some leading modern corporate tax havens are synonymous with offshore financial centres (or OFCs), as the scale of the multinational flows rivals their own domestic economies (the IMF's sign of an OFC[83]). The American Chamber of Commerce Ireland estimated that the value of U.S. investment in Ireland was €334bn, exceeding Irish GDP (€291bn in 2016).[84] An extreme example was Apple's \"onshoring\" of circa $300 billion in intellectual property to Ireland, creating the leprechaun economics affair.[85] However Luxembourg's GNI is only 70% of GDP.[86] The distortion of Ireland's economic data from corporates using Irish IP-based BEPS tools (especially the capital allowances for intangible assets tool), is so great, that it distorts EU-28 aggregate data.[87]A stunning $12 trillion—almost 40 percent of all foreign direct investment positions globally—is completely artificial: it consists of financial investment passing through empty corporate shells with no real activity. These investments in empty corporate shells almost always pass through well-known tax havens. The eight major pass-through economies—the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Hong Kong SAR, the British Virgin Islands, Bermuda, the Cayman Islands, Ireland, and Singapore—host more than 85 percent of the world's investment in special purpose entities, which are often set up for tax reasons. — \"Piercing the Veil\", International Monetary Fund, June 2018[88]This distortion means that all corporate tax havens, and particularly smaller ones like Ireland, Singapore, Luxembourg and Hong Kong, rank at the top in global GDP-per-capita league tables. In fact, not being a county with oil & gas resources and still ranking in the top 10 of world GDP-per-capita league tables, is considered a strong proxy sign of a corporate (or traditional) tax haven.[89][90][91] GDP-per-capita tables with identification of haven types are here § GDP-per-capita tax haven proxy.Ireland's distorted economic statistics, post leprechaun economics and the introduction of modified GNI, is captured on page 34 of the OECD 2018 Ireland survey:[92]On a Gross Public Debt-to-GDP basis, Ireland's 2015 figure at 78.8% is not of concern;On a Gross Public Debt-to-GNI* basis, Ireland's 2015 figure at 116.5% is more serious, but not alarming;On a Gross Public Debt Per Capita basis, Ireland's 2015 figure at over $62,686 per capita, exceeds every other OECD country, except Japan.[93]This distortion leads to exaggerated credit cycles. The artificial/distorted \"headline\" GDP growth increases optimism and borrowing in the haven, which is financed by global capital markets (who are misled by the artificial/distorted \"headline\" GDP figures and misprice the capital provided). The resulting bubble in asset/property prices from the build-up in credit can unwind quickly if global capital markets withdraw the supply of capital.[90] Extreme credit cycles have been seen in several of the corporate tax havens (i.e. Ireland in 2009-2012 is an example).[94] Traditional tax havens like Jersey have also experienced this.[95]The statistical distortions created by the impact on the Irish National Accounts of the global assets and activities of a handful of large multinational corporations [during leprechaun economics] have now become so large as to make a mockery of conventional uses of Irish GDP.— Patrick Honohan, ex-Governor of the Central Bank of Ireland, 13 July 2016[96]","title":"Aspects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Base erosion and profit shifting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_erosion_and_profit_shifting"},{"link_name":"Double Irish arrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Irish_arrangement"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Oliver_November_2016.jpg"},{"link_name":"John Oliver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Oliver"}],"text":"See also: Base erosion and profit shifting and Double Irish arrangementJohn Oliver, who made an HBO program on IP-based BEPS tools","title":"Intellectual-property–based BEPS tools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tax inversion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_inversion"},{"link_name":"base erosion and profit shifting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_erosion_and_profit_shifting"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zew-8"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tilburg-97"},{"link_name":"royalty payment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royalty_payment"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbbg-3"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ukx-98"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dut2-7"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ukx1-99"},{"link_name":"intellectual property","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property"},{"link_name":"intangible assets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intangible_asset"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zew-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-caid-9"},{"link_name":"Royalty payment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royalty_payment"},{"link_name":"Capital allowance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_allowance"},{"link_name":"intangible assets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intangible_asset"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fordam-19"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ucla-100"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-raw-101"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lx-103"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zew-8"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tilburg-97"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amzn-107"},{"link_name":"royalty payments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royalty_payments"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conv-108"},{"link_name":"§ Denials of status","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Denials_of_status"},{"link_name":"effective tax rates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporation_tax_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland#Effective_tax_rate_(ETR)"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maples-109"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-matheson1-110"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-face1-111"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-face3-112"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google1-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bloomberg-54"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-apple-113"},{"link_name":"KPMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KPMG"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kpmg-114"}],"sub_title":"Raw materials of tax avoidance","text":"Whereas traditional corporate tax havens facilitated avoiding domestic taxes (e.g. U.S. corporate tax inversion), modern corporate tax havens provide base erosion and profit shifting (or BEPS) tools,[8] which facilitate avoiding taxes in all global jurisdictions in which the corporation operates.[97] This is as long as the corporate tax haven has tax-treaties with the jurisdictions that accept \"royalty payment\" schemes (i.e. how the IP is charged out), as a deduction against tax.[3] A crude indicator of a corporate tax haven is the amount of full bilateral tax treaties that it has signed. The U.K. is the leader with over 122, followed by the Netherlands with over 100.[98][7][99]BEPS tools abuse intellectual property (or IP), GAAP accounting techniques, to create artificial internal intangible assets, which facilitate BEPS actions, via:[8][9]Royalty payment schemes, used to route untaxed funds to the haven, by charging-out the IP as a tax-deductible expense to the higher-tax jurisdictions; and/orCapital allowance for intangible assets schemes, used to avoid corporate taxes within the haven, by allowing corporates write-off their IP against tax.IP is described as the \"raw material\" of tax planning.[19][100][101] Modern corporate tax havens have IP-based BEPS tools,[102][103] and are in all their bilateral tax-treaties.[104] IP is a powerful tax management and BEPS tool, with almost no other equal, for four reasons:[8][97]Hard to value. IP made in a U.S. R&D laboratory, can be sold to the group's Caribbean subsidiary for a small sum (and a tiny U.S. taxable gain is realised), but then repackaged and revalued upwards by billions after an expensive valuation audit by a major accounting firm (from a corporate tax haven);[105]Perpetually replenishable. The firms that have IP (i.e. Google, Apple, Facebook), have \"product cycles\" where new versions/new ideas emerge. This product cycle thus creates new IP which can replace older IP that has been used up and/or written-off against taxes;[106]Very mobile. Because IP is a virtual asset which only exists in contracts (i.e. on paper), it is easy to move/relocate around the world; it can be restructured into vehicles that provide secrecy and confidentiality around the scale, ownership, and location, of the IP;[107]Accepted as an intergroup charge. Many jurisdictions accept IP royalty payments as a deductible against tax, even intergroup charges; Google Germany is unprofitable because of intergroup IP royalties it pays Google Bermuda (via Google Ireland), which is profitable.[108]When corporate tax havens quote \"effective rates of tax\", they exclude large amounts of income not considered taxable due to the IP-based tools. Thus, in a self-fulfilling manner, their \"effective\" tax rates equal their \"headline\" tax rates. As discussed earlier (§ Denials of status), Ireland claims an \"effective\" tax rate of circa 12.5%, while the IP-based BEPS tools used by Ireland's largest companies, mostly U.S. multinationals, are marketed with effective tax rates of <0-3%.[109][110] These 0-3% rates have been verified in the EU Commission's investigation of Apple (see above), and other sources.[111][112][53][54][113]It is hard to imagine any business, under the current [Irish] IP regime, which could not generate substantial intangible assets under Irish GAAP that would be eligible for relief under [the Irish] capital allowances [for intangible assets scheme]. ... This puts the attractive 2.5% Irish IP-tax rate within reach of almost any global business that relocates to Ireland.— KPMG, \"Intellectual Property Tax\", 4 December 2017[114]","title":"Intellectual-property–based BEPS tools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ireland as a tax haven § Captured state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland_as_a_tax_haven#Captured_state"},{"link_name":"§ Irish Section 110 SPV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Irish_Section_110_SPV"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oxf-115"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dut-1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dut5-11"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-econ-74"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amzn-107"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-caid-9"},{"link_name":"International Financial Services Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Financial_Services_Centre,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"green jersey agenda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Put_on_the_green_jersey"},{"link_name":"double Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Irish"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-xx-118"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"Michael Noonan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Noonan_(Fine_Gael_politician)"},{"link_name":"loophole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loophole"},{"link_name":"Pearse Doherty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearse_Doherty"},{"link_name":"Sinn Féin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in"},{"link_name":"Dail Eireann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dail_Eireann"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pearse-121"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Enda_Kenny_Feargal_O%27Rourke_Taken_at_IBEC_2014_Conference_Flickr.jpg"},{"link_name":"Taoiseach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoiseach"},{"link_name":"Enda Kenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enda_Kenny"},{"link_name":"Feargal O'Rourke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feargal_O%27Rourke"},{"link_name":"offshore magic circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offshore_magic_circle"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-appley-58"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ukipo-76"},{"link_name":"financial centres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_centres"},{"link_name":"Global Financial Centres Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Financial_Centres_Index"},{"link_name":"§ Corporate tax haven lists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Corporate_tax_haven_lists"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dut3-12"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dut4-13"},{"link_name":"International Financial Services Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Financial_Services_Centre,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"Feargal O'Rourke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feargal_O%27Rourke"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-for0-124"},{"link_name":"Joop Wijn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joop_Wijn"},{"link_name":"Dutch Sandwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Sandwich"},{"link_name":"Oxfam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxfam"},{"link_name":"De Correspondent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Correspondent"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oxf-115"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dec-125"},{"link_name":"Conduit and Sink OFCs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conduit_and_Sink_OFCs"},{"link_name":"Brexit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit"},{"link_name":"€13 billion fine on Apple in Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU_illegal_State_aid_case_against_Apple_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Revenue Commissioners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revenue_Commissioners"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-revv-126"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"}],"sub_title":"Encoding IP–based BEPS tools","text":"See also: Ireland as a tax haven § Captured stateThe creation of IP-based BEPS tools requires advanced legal and tax structuring capabilities, as well as a regulatory regime willing to carefully encode the complex legislation into the jurisdiction's statute books (note that BEPS tools bring increased risks of tax abuse by the domestic tax base in corporate tax haven's own jurisdiction, see § Irish Section 110 SPV for an example).[115][1][11] Modern corporate tax havens, therefore, tend to have large global legal and accounting professional service firms in-situ (many classical tax havens lack this) who work with the government to build the legislation.[74] In this regard, havens are accused of being captured states by their professional services firms.[116][117][107][9] The close relationship between Ireland's International Financial Services Centre professional service firms and the State in Ireland, is often described as the \"green jersey agenda\". The speed at which Ireland was able to replace its double Irish IP-based BEPS tool, is a noted example.[118][119][120]It was interesting that when [Member of European Parliament, MEP] Matt Carthy put that to the [Finance] Minister's predecessor (Michael Noonan), his response was that this was very unpatriotic and he should wear the \"green jersey\". That was the former Minister's response to the fact there is a major loophole, whether intentional or unintentional, in our tax code that has allowed large companies to continue to use the double Irish [the \"single malt\"].— Pearse Doherty TD, Sinn Féin Deputy Leader, \"Dail Eireann Debate, 23 November 2017\".[121]Irish Taoiseach Enda Kenny and PwC (Ireland) Managing Partner Feargal O'RourkeIt is considered that this type of legal and tax work is beyond the normal trust-structuring of offshore magic circle-type firms.[58] This is substantive and complex legislation that needs to integrate with tax treaties that involve G20 jurisdictions, as well as advanced accounting concepts that will meet U.S. GAAP, SEC and IRS regulations (U.S. multinationals are leading users of IP-based BEPS tools).[122][76] It is also why most modern corporate tax havens started as financial centres, where a critical mass of advanced professional services firms develop around complex financial structuring (almost half of the main 10 corporate tax havens are in the 2017 top 10 Global Financial Centres Index, see § Corporate tax haven lists).[12][123][13]\"Why should Ireland be the policeman for the US?\" he asks. \"They can change the law like that!\" He snaps his fingers. \"I could draft a bill for them in an hour.\" \"Under no circumstances is Ireland a tax haven. I'm a player in this game and we play by the rules.\" said PwC Ireland International Financial Services Centre Managing Partner, Feargal O'Rourke— Jesse Drucker, Bloomberg, \"Man Making Ireland Tax Avoidance Hub Proves Local Hero\", 28 October 2013[124]That is until the former venture-capital executive at ABN Amro Holding NV Joop Wijn becomes [Dutch] State Secretary of Economic Affairs in May 2003. It's not long before the Wall Street Journal reports about his tour of the US, during which he pitches the new Netherlands tax policy to dozens of American tax lawyers, accountants and corporate tax directors. In July 2005, he decides to abolish the provision that was meant to prevent tax dodging by American companies [the Dutch Sandwich], in order to meet criticism from tax consultants.— Oxfam/De Correspondent, \"How the Netherlands became a Tax Haven\", 31 May 2017.[115][125]The EU Commission has been trying to break the close relationship in the main EU corporate tax havens (i.e. Ireland, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Malta and Cyprus; the main Conduit and Sink OFCs in the EU-28, post Brexit), between law and accounting advisory firms, and their regulatory authorities (including taxing and statistical authorities) from a number of approaches:EU Commission State aid cases, such as the €13 billion fine on Apple in Ireland for Irish taxes avoided, despite protests from the Irish Government and the Irish Revenue Commissioners;[126]EU Commission regulations on advisory firms, the most recent example being of the new disclosure rules on regarding \"potentially aggressive\" tax schemes from 2020 onwards.[127]","title":"Intellectual-property–based BEPS tools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sing-29"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"knowledge box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporation_tax_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland#Knowledge_Development_Box"},{"link_name":"patent box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent_box"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ucla-100"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ucla-100"},{"link_name":"leprechaun economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leprechaun_economics"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cofr-85"},{"link_name":"Central Statistics Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Statistics_Office_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cso-130"},{"link_name":"putting on the \"green jersey\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Put_on_the_green_jersey"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"Financial Secrecy Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Secrecy_Index"},{"link_name":"BEPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BEPS"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"§ U.K. transformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#U.K._transformation"},{"link_name":"Intellectual Property Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_Property_Office_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ukipo-76"},{"link_name":"Intellectual Property Office of Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_Property_Office_of_Singapore"},{"link_name":"Global Intellectual Property Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Intellectual_Property_Center"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gipc-78"}],"sub_title":"The \"Knowledge Economy\"","text":"Modern corporate havens present IP-based BEPS tools as \"innovation economy\", \"new economy\" or \"knowledge economy\" business activities[29][128] (e.g. some use the term \"knowledge box\" or \"patent box\" for a class of IP-based BEPS tools, such as in Ireland and in the U.K.), however, their development as a GAAP accounting entry, with few exceptions, is for the purposes of tax management.[129][100] A lawyer said \"Intellectual property (IP) has become the leading tax-avoidance vehicle.\"[100]When Apple \"onshored\" $300 billion of IP to Ireland in 2015 (leprechaun economics),[85] the Irish Central Statistics Office suppressed its regular data release to protect the identity of Apple (unverifiable for 3 years, until 2018),[130] but then described the artificial 26.3% rise in Irish GDP as \"meeting the challenges of a modern globalised economy\". The behaviour of the CSO was described as putting on the \"green jersey\".[131] Leprechaun economics an example of how Ireland was able to meet with the OECD's transparency requirements (and score well in the Financial Secrecy Index), and still hide the largest BEPS action in history.[citation needed]As noted earlier (§ U.K. transformation), the U.K. has a Minister for Intellectual Property and an Intellectual Property Office,[76] as does Singapore (Intellectual Property Office of Singapore). The top 10 list of the 2018 Global Intellectual Property Center IP Index, the leaders in IP management, features the five largest modern corporate tax havens: United Kingdom (#2), Ireland (#6), the Netherlands (#7), Singapore (#9) and Switzerland (#10).[78] This is despite the fact that patent-protection has traditionally been synonymous with the largest, and longest established, legal jurisdictions (i.e. mainly older G7-type countries).","title":"Intellectual-property–based BEPS tools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"Matheson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matheson_(law_firm)"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-math-138"},{"link_name":"Matheson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matheson_(law_firm)"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-math-138"},{"link_name":"§ Failure of OECD BEPS Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Failure_of_OECD_BEPS_Project"},{"link_name":"Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_Cuts_and_Jobs_Act_of_2017"},{"link_name":"§ Failure of OECD BEPS Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Failure_of_OECD_BEPS_Project"},{"link_name":"complex agendas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland_as_a_tax_haven#Political_compromises"}],"sub_title":"German \"Royalty Barrier\" failure","text":"In June 2017, the German Federal Council approved a new law called an IP \"Royalty Barrier\" (Lizenzschranke) that restricts the ability of corporates to deduct intergroup cross-border IP charges against German taxation (and also encourage corporates to allocate more employees to Germany to maximise German tax-relief). The law also enforces a minum \"effective\" 25% tax rate on IP.[132] While there was initial concern amongst global corporate tax advisors (who encode the IP legislation) that a \"Royalty Barrier\" was the \"beginning of the end\" for IP-based BEPS tools,[133] the final law was instead a boost for modern corporate tax havens, whose OECD-compliant, and more carefully encoded and embedded IP tax regimes, are effectively exempted. More traditional corporate tax havens, which do not always have the level of sophistication and skill in encoding IP BEPS tools into their tax regimes, will fall further behind.The German \"Royalty Barrier\" law exempts IP charged from locations which have:OECD-nexus compliant \"knowledge box\" BEPS tools. Ireland was the first corporate tax haven to introduce this in 2015,[134] and the others are following Ireland's lead.[135]Tax regimes where there is no \"preferential treatment\" of IP. Modern corporate tax havens apply the full \"headline\" rate to all IP, but then achieve lower \"effective\" rates via BEPS tools.One of Ireland's main tax law firms, Matheson, whose clients include some of the largest U.S. multinationals in Ireland,[136] issued a note to its clients confirming that the new German \"Royalty Barrier\" will have little effect on their Irish IP-based BEPS structures - despite them being the primary target of the law.[137] In fact, Matheson notes that that new law will further highlight Ireland's \"robust solution\".[138]However, given the nature of the Irish tax regime, the [German] royalty barrier should not impact royalties paid to a principal licensor resident in Ireland.Ireland's BEPS-compliant tax regime offers taxpayers a competitive and robust solution in the context of such unilateral initiatives.— Matheson, \"Germany: Breaking Down The German Royalty Barrier - A View From Ireland\", 8 November 2017[138]The failure of the German \"Royalty Barrier\" approach is a familiar route for systems that attempt to curb corporate tax havens via an OECD-compliance type approach (see § Failure of OECD BEPS Project), which is what modern corporate tax havens are distinctive in maintaining. It contrasts with the U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (see § Failure of OECD BEPS Project), which ignores whether a jurisdiction is OECD compliant (or not), and instead focuses solely on \"effective taxes paid\", as its metric. Had the German \"Royalty Barrier\" taken the U.S. approach, it would have been more onerous for havens. Reasons for why the barrier was designed to fail is discussed in complex agendas.","title":"Intellectual-property–based BEPS tools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zuc-139"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google1-53"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-acox-144"},{"link_name":"International Financial Services Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Financial_Services_Centre,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rev1-64"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amzn-107"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rotten_apple-147"},{"link_name":"patent box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent_box"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"}],"sub_title":"IP and post-tax margins","text":"The sectors most associated with IP (e.g., technology and life sciences) are generally some of the most profitable corporate sectors in the world. By using IP-based BEPS tools, these profitable sectors have become even more profitable on an after-tax basis by artificially suppressing profitability in higher-tax jurisdictions, and profit shifting to low-tax locations.[139]For example, Google Germany should be even more profitable than the already very profitable Google U.S. This is because the marginal additional costs for firms like Google U.S. of expanding into Germany are very low (the core technology platform has been built). In practice, however, Google Germany is actually unprofitable (for tax purposes), as it pays intergroup IP charges back to Google Ireland, who reroutes them to Google Bermuda, who is extremely profitable (more so than Google U.S.).[53][140] These intergroup IP charges (i.e. the IP-based BEPS tools), are artificial internal constructs.Commentators have linked the cyclical peak in U.S. corporate profit margins, with the enhanced after-tax profitability of the biggest U.S. technology firms.[141][142][143]For example, the definitions of IP in corporate tax havens such as Ireland has been broadened to include \"theoretical assets\", such as types of general rights, general know-how, general goodwill, and the right to use software.[144] Ireland's IP regime includes types of \"internally developed\" intangible assets and intangible assets purchased from \"connected parties\". The real control in Ireland is that the IP assets must be acceptable under GAAP (older 2004 Irish GAAP is accepted), and thus auditable by an Irish International Financial Services Centre accounting firm.[64][145]A broadening range of multinationals are abusing IP accounting to increase after-tax margins, via intergroup charge-outs of artificial IP assets for BEPS purposes, including:Amazon, a retailer, used it in Luxembourg.[107]Starbucks, a coffee chain, also used it in Luxembourg.[146]Apple, a phone manufacturer, used it in Ireland.[147]It has been noted that IP-based BEPS tools such as the \"patent box\" can be structured to create negative rates of taxation for IP-heavy corporates.[148]","title":"Intellectual-property–based BEPS tools"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ireland_Trade_Good_Discrepancy_(1995-2017).png"},{"link_name":"leprechaun economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leprechaun_economics"},{"link_name":"Brad Setser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Setser"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cofr-85"}],"text":"Apple's Q1 2015 Irish \"quasi-inversion\" of its $300bn international IP (known as leprechaun economics), is the largest recorded individual BEPS action in history, and almost double the 2016 $160bn Pfizer-Allergan Irish inversion, which was blocked.Brad Setser & Cole Frank(Council on Foreign Relations)[85]","title":"IP–based Tax inversions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paul Krugman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman"},{"link_name":"leprechaun economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leprechaun_economics"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-149"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-150"},{"link_name":"tax inversion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_inversion"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-151"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-152"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-153"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-154"},{"link_name":"Central Statistics Office (Ireland)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Statistics_Office_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cso-130"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brads-155"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cofr-85"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cffy-156"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cofr-85"}],"sub_title":"Apple vs. Pfizer–Allergan","text":"Modern corporate tax havens further leverage their IP-based BEPS toolbox to enable international corporates to execute quasi-tax inversions, which could otherwise be blocked by domestic anti-inversion rules. The largest example was Apple's Q1 January 2015 restructuring of its Irish business, Apple Sales International, in a quasi-tax inversion, which led to the Paul Krugman labeled \"leprechaun economics\" affair in Ireland in July 2016 (see article).In early 2016, the Obama Administration blocked the proposed $160 billion Pfizer-Allergan Irish corporate tax inversion,[149][150] the largest proposed corporate tax inversion in history,[151] a decision which the Trump Administration also upheld.[152][153]However, both Administrations were silent when the Irish State announced in July 2016 that 2015 GDP has risen 26.3% in one quarter due to the \"onshoring\" of corporate IP, and it was rumoured to be Apple.[154] It might have been due to the fact that the Central Statistics Office (Ireland) openly delayed and limited its normal data release to protect the confidentiality of the source of the growth.[130] It was only in early 2018, almost three years after Apple's Q1 2015 $300 billion quasi-tax inversion to Ireland (the largest tax inversion in history), that enough Central Statistics Office (Ireland) data was released to prove it definitively was Apple.[155][85][156]Financial commentators estimate Apple onshored circa $300 billion in IP to Ireland, effectively representing the balance sheet of Apple's non-U.S. business.[85] Thus, Apple completed a quasi-inversion of its non-U.S. business, to itself, in Ireland, which was almost twice the scale of Pfizer-Allergan's $160 billion blocked inversion.","title":"IP–based Tax inversions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"double Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Irish"},{"link_name":"capital allowances for intangible assets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Irish_arrangement#Backstop_of_capital_allowances"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cffy-156"},{"link_name":"International Financial Services Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Financial_Services_Centre,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"Revenue Commissioners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revenue_Commissioners"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maples-109"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mhc-157"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-acox-144"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-matheson1-110"},{"link_name":"effective tax rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporation_tax_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland#Effective_tax_rate_(ETR)"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-app2-158"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-app1-159"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-160"}],"sub_title":"Apple's IP–based BEPS inversion","text":"Apple used Ireland's new BEPS tool, and \"double Irish\" replacement, the \"capital allowances for intangible assets\" scheme.[156] This BEPS tool enables corporates to write-off the \"arm's length\" (to be OECD-compliant), intergroup acquisition of offshored IP, against all Irish corporate taxes. The \"arm's length\" criteria are achieved by getting a major accounting firm in Ireland's International Financial Services Centre to conduct a valuation, and Irish GAAP audit, of the IP. The range of IP acceptable by the Irish Revenue Commissioners is very broad. This BEPS tool can be continually replenished by acquiring new offshore IP with each new \"product cycle\".[109][157][144][110]In addition, Ireland's 2015 Finance Act removed the 80% cap on this tool (which forced a minimum 2.5% effective tax rate), thus giving Apple a 0% effective tax rate on the \"onshored\" IP. Ireland then restored the 80% cap in 2016 (and a return to a minimum 2.5% effective tax rate), but only for new schemes.[158][159]Thus, Apple was able to achieve what Pfizer-Allergan could not, by making use of Ireland's advanced IP-based BEPS tools. Apple avoided any U.S regulatory scrutiny/blocking of its actions, as well as any wider U.S. public outcry, as Pfizer-Allergan incurred. Apple structured an Irish corporate effective tax rate of close to zero on its non-U.S. business, at twice the scale of the Pfizer-Allergan inversion.I cannot see a justification for giving full Irish tax relief to the intragroup acquisition of a virtual asset, except that it is for the purposes of facilitating corporate tax avoidance.— Professor Jim Stewart, Trinity College Dublin, \"MNE Tax Strategies in Ireland\", 2016[160]","title":"IP–based Tax inversions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Irish Section 110 Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Section_110_Special_Purpose_Vehicle_(SPV)"}],"text":"See also: Irish Section 110 Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV)","title":"Debt–based BEPS tools"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JoopWijn.jpg"},{"link_name":"Joop Wijn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joop_Wijn"},{"link_name":"Dutch Sandwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Sandwich"},{"link_name":"Double Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Irish"},{"link_name":"securitisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Securitisation"},{"link_name":"Section 110 SPVs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Section_110_Special_Purpose_Vehicle_(SPV)"},{"link_name":"tax inversions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_inversion"},{"link_name":"\"earnings-stripping\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_inversion#Mechanics"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-161"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-neth-162"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dut2-7"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dut10-10"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-163"},{"link_name":"Dutch sandwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_sandwich"},{"link_name":"Joop Wijn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joop_Wijn"},{"link_name":"Joop Wijn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joop_Wijn"},{"link_name":"Oxfam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxfam"},{"link_name":"De Correspondent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Correspondent"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oxf-115"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dec-125"}],"sub_title":"Dutch \"Double Dip\"","text":"Ex. Dutch Minister Joop Wijn credited with introducing the Dutch Sandwich IP-based BEPS tool (which is often used with the Double Irish BEPS tool), and the \"Dutch Double Dip\" Debt-based BEPS toolWhile the focus of corporate tax havens continues to be on developing new IP-based BEPS tools (such as OECD-compliant knowledge/patent boxes), Ireland has developed new BEPS tools leveraging traditional securitisation SPVs, called Section 110 SPVs. Use of intercompany loans and loan interest was one of the original BEPS tools and was used in many of the early U.S. corporate tax inversions (was known as \"earnings-stripping\").[161]The Netherlands has been a leader in this area, using specifically worded legislation to enable IP-light companies further amplify \"earnings-stripping\". This is used by mining and resource extraction companies, who have little or no IP, but who use high levels of leverage and asset financing.[162][7] Dutch tax law enables IP-light companies to \"overcharge\" their subsidiaries for asset financing (i.e. reroute all untaxed profits back to the Netherlands), which is treated as tax-free in the Netherlands. The technique of getting full tax-relief for an artificially high-interest rate in a foreign subsidiary, while getting additional tax relief on this income back home in the Netherlands, became known by the term, \"double dipping\".[10][163] As with the Dutch sandwich, ex. Dutch Minister Joop Wijn is credited as its creator.In 2006 he [ Joop Wijn ] abolished another provision meant to prevent abuse, this one pertaining to hybrid loans. Some revenue services classify those as loans, while others classify those as capital, so some qualify payments as interest, others as profits. This means that if a Dutch company provides such a hybrid [and very high interest] loan to a foreign company, the foreign company could use the payments as a tax deduction, while the Dutch company can classify it as profit from capital, which is exempt from taxes in the Netherlands [called \"double dipping\"]. This way no taxes are paid in either country.— Oxfam/De Correspondent, \"How the Netherlands became a Tax Haven\", 31 May 2017.[115][125]","title":"Debt–based BEPS tools"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stephen_Donnelly_2016.jpg"},{"link_name":"Stephen Donnelly TD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Donnelly"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sd-164"},{"link_name":"Irish Section 110 SPV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Section_110_Special_Purpose_Vehicle_(SPV)"},{"link_name":"\"orphaning\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orphan_structure"},{"link_name":"distressed debt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distressed_debt"},{"link_name":"Section 110 abuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Section_110_Special_Purpose_Vehicle_(SPV)#Abuses"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-l1-165"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-l2-166"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nnn-167"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nna-168"},{"link_name":"National Asset Management Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Asset_Management_Agency"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jpm-169"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rus2-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rus3-56"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-170"},{"link_name":"Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_Cuts_and_Jobs_Act_of_2017"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-carrot-171"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Irish_Times-172"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gnx2-173"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lexology-174"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-175"},{"link_name":"securitisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Securitisation"},{"link_name":"Profit Participation Notes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Section_110_Special_Purpose_Vehicle_(SPV)#Features"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-176"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-177"},{"link_name":"Orphaned Super-QIAIF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Section_110_Special_Purpose_Vehicle_(SPV)#Evolution"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-178"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-179"},{"link_name":"Central Bank of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"L-QIAIF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualifying_investor_alternative_investment_fund_(QIAIF)#L-QIAIF_rationale"},{"link_name":"CRO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companies_Registration_Office_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"abuses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Section_110_Special_Purpose_Vehicle_(SPV)#Abuses"}],"sub_title":"Irish Section 110 SPV","text":"Stephen Donnelly TD Estimated US distressed funds used Section 110 SPVs to avoid €20 billion in Irish taxes on almost €80 billion of Irish domestic investments from 2012 to 2016.[164]The Irish Section 110 SPV uses complex securitisation loan structuring (including \"orphaning\" which adds confidentiality), to enable the profit shifting. This tool is so powerful, it inadvertently enabled US distressed debt funds avoid billions in Irish taxes on circa €80 billion of Irish investments they made in 2012-2016 (see Section 110 abuse).[165][166][167][168] This was despite the fact that the seller of the circa €80 billion was mostly the Irish State's own National Asset Management Agency.The global securitisation market is circa $10 trillion in size,[169] and involves an array of complex financial loan instruments, structured on assets all over the world, using established securitization vehicles that are accepted globally (and whitelisted by the OECD). This is also helpful for concealing corporate BEPS activities, as demonstrated by sanctioned Russian banks using Irish Section 110 SPVs.[55][56]This area is therefore an important new BEPS tool for EU corporate tax havens, Ireland and Luxembourg,[170] who are also the EU's leading securitisation hubs. Particularly so, given the new anti-IP-based BEPS tool taxes of the U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (TCJA), (i.e. the new GILTI tax regime and BEAT tax regime), and proposed EU Digital Services Tax (DST) regimes.[171][172][173]The U.S. TCJA anticipates a return to debt-based BEPS tools, as it limits interest deductibility to 30% of EBITDA (moving to 30% of EBIT post 2021).[174][175]While securitisation SPVs are important new BEPS tools, and acceptable under global tax-treaties, they suffer from \"substance\" tests (i.e. challenges by tax authorities that the loans are artificial). Irish Section 110 SPV's use of \"Profit Participation Notes\" (i.e. artificial internal intergroup loans), is an impediment to corporates using these structures versus established IP-based BEPS tools.[176][177] Solutions such as the Orphaned Super-QIAIF have been created in the Irish tax code to resolve this.However, while Debt-based BEPS tools may not feature with U.S. multinational technology companies, they have become attractive to global financial institutions (who do not need to meet the same \"substance\" tests on their financial transactions).[178][179]In February 2018, the Central Bank of Ireland upgraded the little-used Irish L-QIAIF regime to offer the same tax benefits as Section 110 SPVs but without the need for Profit Participation Notes and without the need to file public accounts with the Irish CRO (which had exposed the scale of Irish domestic taxes Section 110 SPVs had been used to avoid, see abuses).","title":"Debt–based BEPS tools"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Ranking corporate tax havens"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Corporate tax inversion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_tax_inversion"},{"link_name":"Financial Secrecy Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Secrecy_Index"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zucc-180"},{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-181"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-182"},{"link_name":"[183]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-183"},{"link_name":"[184]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-184"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-185"},{"link_name":"tax inversions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_inversion"},{"link_name":"§ Bloomberg Corporate tax inversions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Bloomberg_Corporate_tax_inversions"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbb-52"},{"link_name":"Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_on_Taxation_and_Economic_Policy"},{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-186"},{"link_name":"§ Employment tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Employment_tax"},{"link_name":"[187]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-187"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-imfx-88"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qqtz-91"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ber-94"},{"link_name":"leprechaun economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leprechaun_economics"},{"link_name":"List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita"},{"link_name":"§ GDP-per-capita tax haven proxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#GDP-per-capita_tax_haven_proxy"},{"link_name":"dutch sandwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_sandwich"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-seamuscoffey-188"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ber-94"},{"link_name":"common law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law"},{"link_name":"double Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Irish"},{"link_name":"trusts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trusts"},{"link_name":"[189]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-189"},{"link_name":"common law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law"},{"link_name":"civil law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)"},{"link_name":"[190]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-190"}],"sub_title":"Proxy tests","text":"See also: Corporate tax inversionThe study and identification of modern corporate tax havens are still developing. Traditional qualitative-driven IMF-OCED-Financial Secrecy Index type tax haven screens, which focus on assessing legal and tax structures, are less effective given the high levels of transparency and OECD-compliance in modern corporate tax havens (i.e. most of their BEPS tools are OECD-whitelisted).A proposed test of a modern corporate tax haven is the existence of regional headquarters of major U.S. technology multinationals (largest IP-based BEPS tool users) such as Apple, Google or Facebook.[180] The main EMEA jurisdictions for headquarters are Ireland,[181] and the United Kingdom,[182][183] while the main APAC jurisdictions for headquarters is Singapore.[184][185]A proposed proxy are jurisdictions to which U.S. corporates execute tax inversions (see § Bloomberg Corporate tax inversions). Since the first U.S. corporate tax inversion in 1982, Ireland has received the most U.S. inversions, with Bermuda second, the United Kingdom third and the Netherlands fourth. Since 2009, Ireland and the United Kingdom have dominated.[52]The 2017 report by the Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy on offshore activities of U.S. Fortune 500 companies, lists the Netherlands, Singapore, Hong Kong, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Ireland and the Caribbean triad (the Cayman-Bermuda-BVI), as the places where Fortune 500 companies have the most subsidiaries (note: this does not estimate the scale of their activities).[186]Zucman, Tørsløv, and Wier advocate profitability of U.S. corporates in the haven as a proxy. This is particularly useful for havens that use the § Employment tax system and require corporates to maintain a \"substantive\" presence in the haven for respectability. Ireland is the most profitable location, followed by the Caribbean (incl. Bermuda), Luxembourg, Switzerland and the Netherlands.[187]The distortion of national accounts by the accounting flows of particular IP-based BEPS tools is a proxy.[88][91][94] This was spectacularly shown in Q1 2015 during Apple's leprechaun economics. The non-Oil & Gas nations in the top 15 List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita are tax havens led by Luxembourg, Singapore and Ireland (see § GDP-per-capita tax haven proxy).A related but similar test is the ratio of GNI to GDP, as GNI is less prone to distortion by IP-based BEPS tools. Countries with low GNI/GDP ratios (e.g., Luxembourg, Ireland, and Singapore) are almost always tax havens. However, not all havens have low GNI/GDP ratios. An example is the Netherlands, whose dutch sandwich BEPS tool impacts their national accounts in a different way.[188][94]The use of \"common law\" legal systems, whose structure gives greater legal protection to the construction of corporate tax \"loopholes\" by the jurisdiction (e.g. the double Irish, or trusts), is sometimes proposed.[189] There is a disproportionate concentration of common law systems amongst corporate tax havens, including Ireland, the U.K., Singapore, Hong Kong, most Caribbean (e.g. the Caymans, Bermuda, and the BVI). However, it is not conclusive, as major havens, Luxembourg and the Netherlands run \"civil law\" systems.[190] Many havens are current, or past U.K. dependencies.","title":"Ranking corporate tax havens"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Conduit and Sink OFCs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conduit_and_Sink_OFCs"},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-xxxx-191"},{"link_name":"Gabriel Zucman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Zucman"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zuc-139"},{"link_name":"Conduit OFCs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conduit_and_Sink_OFCs"},{"link_name":"tax havens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_haven"},{"link_name":"Sink OFCs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conduit_and_Sink_OFCs"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"dutch sandwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_sandwich"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-192"},{"link_name":"[193]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-193"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[194]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-194"},{"link_name":"[195]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-195"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tjn1-75"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"[196]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-196"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"Ireland as a tax haven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland_as_a_tax_haven"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-llux-57"},{"link_name":"§ Employment tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Employment_tax"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ukx-98"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dut2-7"},{"link_name":"BEPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BEPS"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fordam-19"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:List_of_sink-OFCs,_ordered_by_sink_centrality_value.png"},{"link_name":"British Virgin Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands"},{"link_name":"Bermuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda"},{"link_name":"Cayman Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayman_Islands"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"[197]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-197"},{"link_name":"Oxfam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxfam"},{"link_name":"[198]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oxf1-198"},{"link_name":"[199]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oxf2-199"},{"link_name":"ITEP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_on_Taxation_and_Economic_Policy"},{"link_name":"[200]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ITEP-200"},{"link_name":"§ Corporate tax haven lists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Corporate_tax_haven_lists"}],"sub_title":"Quantitative measures","text":"More scientific, are the quantitative-driven studies (focused on empirical outcomes), such as the work by the University of Amsterdam's CORPNET in Conduit and Sink OFCs,[191] and by University of Berkley's Gabriel Zucman.[139] They highlight the following modern corporate tax havens, also called Conduit OFCs, and also highlight their \"partnerships\" with key traditional tax havens, called Sink OFCs:Netherlands - the \"mega\" Conduit OFC, and focused on moving funds from the EU (via the \"dutch sandwich\" BEPS tool) to Luxembourg and the \"triad\" of Bermuda/BVI/Cayman.[192][193] Great Britain - 2nd largest Conduit OFC and the link from Europe to Asia; 18 of the 24 Sink OFCs are current, or past, dependencies of the U.K.[194][195][75] Switzerland - long-established corporate tax haven and a major Conduit OFC for Jersey, one of the largest established offshore tax havens. Singapore - the main Conduit OFC for Asia, and the link to the two major Asian Sink OFCs of Hong Kong and Taiwan (Taiwan is described as the Switzerland of Asia[196]). Ireland - the main Conduit OFC for U.S. links (see Ireland as a tax haven), who make heavy use of Sink OFC Luxembourg as a backdoor out of the Irish corporate tax system.[57]The only jurisdiction from the above list of major global corporate tax havens that makes an occasional appearance in OECD-IMF tax haven lists is Switzerland. These jurisdictions are the leaders in IP-based BEPS tools and use of intergroup IP charging and have the most sophisticated IP legislation. They have the largest tax treaty networks and all follow the § Employment tax approach.The analysis highlights the difference between \"suspected\" onshore tax havens (i.e. major Sink OFCs Luxembourg and Hong Kong), which because of their suspicion, have limited/restricted bilateral tax treaties (as countries are wary of them), and the Conduit OFCs, which have less \"suspicion\" and therefore the most extensive bilateral tax treaties.[98][7] Corporates need the broadest tax treaties for their BEPS tools, and therefore prefer to base themselves in Conduit OFCs (Ireland and Singapore), which can then route the corporate's funds to the Sink OFCs (Luxembourg and Hong Kong).[19]\"Uncovering Offshore Financial Centers\": List of Sink OFCs by value (highlighting the current and ex. U.K. dependencies, in light blue)Of the major Sink OFCs, they span a range between traditional tax havens (with very limited tax treaty networks) and near-corporate tax havens:British Virgin Islands Bermuda Cayman Islands - The Caribbean \"triad\" of Bermuda/BVI/Cayman are classic major tax havens, and therefore with limited access to full global tax treaty networks, thus relying on Conduit OFCs for access; heavily used by U.S. multinationals. Luxembourg - noted by CORPNET as being close to a Conduit, however, U.S. firms are more likely to use Ireland/U.K. as their Conduit OFC to Luxembourg. Hong Kong - often described as the \"Luxembourg of Asia\";[197] U.S. firms are more likely to use Singapore as their Conduit OFC to route to Hong Kong.The above five corporate tax haven Conduit OFCs, plus the three general tax haven Sink OFCs (counting the Caribbean \"triad\" as one major Sink OFC), are replicated at the top 8-10 corporate tax havens of many independent lists, including the Oxfam list,[198][199] and the ITEP list.[200] (see § Corporate tax haven lists).","title":"Ranking corporate tax havens"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gabriel Zucman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Zucman"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zuc-139"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zucc-180"},{"link_name":"[201]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-irishtimes.com-201"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zuc10-49"},{"link_name":"§ Zucman Corporate tax havens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Zucman_Corporate_tax_havens"}],"sub_title":"Ireland as global leader","text":"Gabriel Zucman's analysis differs from most other works in that it focuses on the total quantum of taxes shielded. He shows that many of Ireland's U.S. multinationals, like Facebook, do not appear on Orbis (the source for quantitative studies, including CORPNET's) or have a small fraction of their data on Orbis (Google and Apple).Analysed using a \"quantum of funds\" method (not an \"Orbis corporate connections\" method), Zucman shows Ireland as the largest EU-28 corporate tax haven, and the major route for Zucman's estimated annual loss of 20% in EU-28 corporate tax revenues.[139][180] Ireland exceeds the Netherlands in terms of \"quantum\" of taxes shielded, which would arguably make Ireland the largest global corporate tax haven (it even matches the combined Caribbean triad of Bermuda-British Virgin Islands-the Cayman Islands).[201][49] See § Zucman Corporate tax havens.","title":"Ranking corporate tax havens"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Base erosion and profit shifting (OECD project)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_erosion_and_profit_shifting_(OECD_project)"}],"text":"See also: Base erosion and profit shifting (OECD project)","title":"Failure of OECD BEPS Project"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Feargal O'Rourke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feargal_O%27Rourke"},{"link_name":"Double Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Irish"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-for0-124"},{"link_name":"[202]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-for1-202"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fer-20"},{"link_name":"[203]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-un1-203"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pierre_Moscovici_-_P027634000101-313948.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pierre Moscovici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Moscovici"},{"link_name":"double Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Irish"},{"link_name":"[204]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-204"},{"link_name":"[205]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-205"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-econ-74"},{"link_name":"capital allowances for intangible assets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Irish_arrangement#Backstop_of_capital_allowances"},{"link_name":"Christian Aid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Aid"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-caid-9"},{"link_name":"MLI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilateral_Convention_to_Implement_Tax_Treaty_Related_Measures_to_Prevent_Base_Erosion_and_Profit_Shifting"},{"link_name":"[206]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mli-206"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-itm-18"},{"link_name":"§ Employment tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Employment_tax"},{"link_name":"[207]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ey-207"},{"link_name":"Baker McKenzie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baker_McKenzie"},{"link_name":"Michael Noonan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Noonan_(Fine_Gael_politician)"},{"link_name":"The Irish Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Irish_Times"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-itm-18"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ced-30"},{"link_name":"[208]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-208"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-xyz-25"},{"link_name":"§ German \"Royalty Barrier\" failure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#German_%22Royalty_Barrier%22_failure"},{"link_name":"Matheson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matheson_(law_firm)"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-math-138"},{"link_name":"intellectual property","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lx-103"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conv-108"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-raw-101"},{"link_name":"knowledge box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporation_tax_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland#Knowledge_Development_Box"},{"link_name":"Section 110 SPV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Section_110_Special_Purpose_Vehicle_(SPV)"},{"link_name":"[209]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oecdx-209"},{"link_name":"The Economist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist"},{"link_name":"[210]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lux-210"},{"link_name":"[203]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-un1-203"},{"link_name":"capital allowances for intangibles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Irish_arrangement#Backstop_of_capital_allowances"},{"link_name":"tax inversion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_inversion"},{"link_name":"effective tax rates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporation_tax_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland#Effective_tax_rate_(ETR)"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kpmg-114"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-acox-144"},{"link_name":"[211]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-211"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mhc-157"},{"link_name":"leprechaun economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leprechaun_economics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Conversation_with_Margrethe_Vestager,_European_Commissioner_for_Competition_(17222242662).jpg"},{"link_name":"Margrethe Vestager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margrethe_Vestager"},{"link_name":"intangible asset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intangible_asset"},{"link_name":"BEPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BEPS"},{"link_name":"Revenue Commissioners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revenue_Commissioners"},{"link_name":"[212]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-212"},{"link_name":"EU illegal State aid case against Apple in Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU_illegal_State_aid_case_against_Apple_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[213]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-213"},{"link_name":"[214]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-214"},{"link_name":"[215]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-215"}],"sub_title":"Reasons for the failure","text":"Of the wider tax environment, O'Rourke thinks the OECD base-erosion and profit-shifting (BEPS) process is \"very good\" for Ireland. \"If BEPS sees itself to a conclusion, it will be good for Ireland.\"\n\n\nFeargal O'Rourke CEO PwC (Ireland).\"Architect\" of the famous Double Irish IP-based BEPS tool.[124][202]The Irish Times, May 2015.[20]The rise of modern corporate tax havens, like the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Ireland and Singapore, contrasts with the failure of OECD initiatives to combat global corporate tax avoidance and BEPS activities. There are many reasons advocated for the OECD's failure, the most common being:[203]Pierre Moscovici EU Commissioner for Taxes, whose Digital Services Tax aims to force a minimum level of EU taxation on technology multinationals operating in the EU-28.Slowness and predictability. OECD works in 5-10 year cycles, giving havens time to plan new OECD-compliant BEPS tools (i.e. replacement of double Irish), and corporates the degree of near-term predictability that they need to manage their affairs and not panic (i.e. double Irish only closes in 2020).[204][205][74]\nFigures released in April 2017 show that since 2015 [when the double Irish was closed to new schemes] there has been a dramatic increase in companies using Ireland as a low-tax or no-tax jurisdiction for intellectual property (IP) and the income accruing to it, via a nearly 1000% increase in the uptake of a tax break expanded between 2014 and 2017 [the capital allowances for intangible assets BEPS tool].— Christian Aid, \"Impossible Structures: tax structures overlooked in the 2015 spillover analysis\", 2017[9]Bias to modern havens. The OECD's June 2017 MLI was signed by 70 jurisdictions.[206] The corporate tax havens opted out of the key articles (i.e. Article 12),[18] while emphasising their endorsement of others (especially Article 5 which benefits corporate havens using the § Employment tax BEPS system). Modern corporate tax havens like Ireland and Singapore used the OECD to diminish other corporate tax havens like Luxembourg and Hong Kong.[207]\nThe global legal firm Baker McKenzie, representing a coalition of 24 multinational US software firms, including Microsoft, lobbied Michael Noonan, as [Irish] minister for finance, to resist the [OECD MLI] proposals in January 2017.In a letter to him the group recommended Ireland not adopt article 12, as the changes \"will have effects lasting decades\" and could \"hamper global investment and growth due to uncertainty around taxation\". The letter said that \"keeping the current standard will make Ireland a more attractive location for a regional headquarters by reducing the level of uncertainty in the tax relationship with Ireland's trading partners\".— The Irish Times. \"Ireland resists closing corporation tax 'loophole'\", 10 November 2017.[18]Focus on transparency and compliance vs. net tax paid. Most of the OECD's work focuses on traditional tax havens where secrecy (and criminality) are issues. The OECD defends modern corporate tax havens to confirm that they are \"not tax havens\" due to their OECD-compliance and transparency.[30][208][25] The almost immediate failure of the 2017 German \"Royalty Barrier\" anti-IP legislation (see § German \"Royalty Barrier\" failure), is a notable example of this:\nHowever, given the nature of the Irish tax regime, the royalty barrier should not impact royalties paid to a principal licensor resident in Ireland.Ireland's [OECD] BEPS-compliant tax regime offers taxpayers a competitive and robust solution in the context of such unilateral initiatives.— Matheson, \"Germany: Breaking Down The German Royalty Barrier - A View From Ireland\", 8 November 2017[138]Defence of intellectual property as an intergroup charge. The OECD spent decades developing IP as a legal and accounting concept.[103] The rise in IP, and particularly intergroup IP charging,[108] as the main BEPS tool is incompatible with this position.[101] Ireland has created the first OECD-nexus compliant \"knowledge box\" (or KDB), which will be amended, as Ireland did with other OECD-whitelist structures (e.g. Section 110 SPV), to become a BEPS tool.[209]\nIP-related tax benefits are not about to disappear. In fact, [the OECD] BEPS [Project] will help to regularise some of them, albeit in diluted form. Perversely, this is encouraging countries that previously shunned them to give them a try.— The Economist, \"Patently problematic\", August 2015[210]It has been noted in the OECD's defence, that G8 economies like the U.S. were strong supporters of the OECD's IP work, as they saw it as a tool for their domestic corporates (especially IP-heavy technology and life sciences firms), to charge-out US-based IP to international markets and thus, under U.S. bilateral tax treaties, remit untaxed profits back to the U.S. However, when U.S. multinationals perfected these IP-based BEPS tools and worked out how to relocate them to zero-tax places such as the Caribbean or Ireland, the U.S. became less supportive (i.e. U.S. 2013 Senate investigation into Apple in Bermuda).[203]However, the U.S. lost further control when corporate havens such as Ireland, developed \"closed-loop\" IP-based BEPS systems, like the capital allowances for intangibles tool, which by-pass U.S. anti-Corporate tax inversion controls, to enable any U.S. firm (even IP-light firms) create a synthetic corporate tax inversion (and achieve 0-3% Irish effective tax rates), without ever leaving the U.S.[114][144][211][157] Apple's successful $300 Q1 2015 billion IP-based Irish tax inversion (which came to be known as leprechaun economics), compares with the blocked $160 billion Pfizer-Allergan Irish tax inversion.Margrethe Vestager EU Competition Commissioner, levied the largest corporate tax fine in history on Apple Inc. on the 29 August 2016, for €13 billion (plus interest) in Irish taxes avoided for the period 2004–2014.The \"closed-loop\" element refers to the fact that the creation of the artificial internal intangible asset (which is critical to the BEPS tool), can be done within the confines of the Irish-office of a global accounting firm, and an Irish law firm, as well as the Irish Revenue Commissioners.[212] No outside consent is needed to execute the BEPS tool (and use via Ireland's global tax-treaties), save for two situations:EU Commission State aid investigations, such as the EU illegal State aid case against Apple in Ireland for €13bn in Irish taxes avoided from 2004-2014;U.S. IRS investigation, such as Facebook's transfer of U.S. IP to Facebook Ireland, which was revalued much higher to create an IP BEPS tool.[213][214][215]","title":"Failure of OECD BEPS Project"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OECD BEPS Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_erosion_and_profit_shifting_(OECD_project)"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-carrot-171"},{"link_name":"[216]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-216"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Irish_Times-172"},{"link_name":"royalty payment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royalty_payment"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gnx2-173"},{"link_name":"[217]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-217"},{"link_name":"[218]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-218"},{"link_name":"[219]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-example-219"},{"link_name":"tax inversions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_inversion"},{"link_name":"corporate tax havens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_tax_haven"},{"link_name":"[220]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-example2-220"},{"link_name":"Goldman Sachs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldman_Sachs"},{"link_name":"[220]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-example2-220"},{"link_name":"[221]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tokyo-221"}],"sub_title":"Departure of U.S. and EU","text":"The 2017-18 U.S. and EU Commission taxation initiatives, deliberately depart from the OECD BEPS Project, and have their own explicit anti-IP BEPS tax regimes (as opposed to waiting for the OECD). The U.S. GILTI and BEAT tax regimes are targeted at U.S. multinationals in Ireland,[171][216][172] while the EU's Digital Services Tax is also directed at perceived abuses by Ireland of the EU's transfer pricing systems (particularly in regard to IP-based royalty payment charges).[173][217][218]For example, the new U.S. GILTI regime forces U.S. multinationals in Ireland to pay an effective corporate tax rate of over 12%, even with a full Irish IP BEPS tool (i.e. \"single malt\", whose effective Irish tax rate is circa 0%). If they pay full Irish \"headline\" 12.5% corporate tax rate, the effective corporate tax rate rises to over 14%. This is compared to a new U.S. FDII tax regime of 13.125% for U.S.-based IP, which reduces to circa 12% after the higher U.S. tax relief.[219]U.S. multinationals like Pfizer announced in Q1 2018, a post-TCJA global tax rate for 2019 of circa 17%, which is very similar to the circa 16% expected by past U.S. multinational Irish tax inversions, Eaton, Allergan, and Medtronic. This is the effect of Pfizer being able to use the new U.S. 13.125% FDII regime, as well as the new U.S. BEAT regime penalising non-U.S. multinationals (and past tax inversions) by taxing income leaving the U.S. to go to low-tax corporate tax havens like Ireland.[220]Now that [U.S.] corporate tax reform has passed, the advantages of being an inverted company are less obvious— Jami Rubin, Goldman Sachs, March 2018,[220]Other jurisdictions, such as Japan, are also realising the extent to which IP-based BEPS tools are being used to manage global corporate taxes.[221]","title":"Failure of OECD BEPS Project"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IRS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRS"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zucc-180"},{"link_name":"Trump administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_administration"},{"link_name":"Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_Cuts_and_Jobs_Act_of_2017"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[222]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-222"},{"link_name":"Lidl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidl"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-itb-45"},{"link_name":"§ U.K. transformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#U.K._transformation"},{"link_name":"here","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporation_tax_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland#Multinational_tax_schemes"},{"link_name":"[223]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-223"},{"link_name":"TCJA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_Cuts_and_Jobs_Act_of_2017"},{"link_name":"Multilateral Convention to Implement Tax Treaty Related Measures to Prevent Base Erosion and Profit Shifting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilateral_Convention_to_Implement_Tax_Treaty_Related_Measures_to_Prevent_Base_Erosion_and_Profit_Shifting"},{"link_name":"[224]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bmbbg-224"},{"link_name":"[225]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h3-225"},{"link_name":"[225]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h3-225"}],"sub_title":"U.S. as BEPS winner","text":"While the IRS has traditionally been seen as the main loser to global corporate tax havens,[180] the 15.5% repatriation rate of the Trump administration Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 changes this calculus.[citation needed]IP-heavy American corporations are the main users of BEPS tools. Studies show that as most other major economies run \"territorial\" tax systems, their corporates did not need to profit shift. They could just sell their IP to foreign markets from their home jurisdiction at low tax rates (e.g. 5% in Germany for German corporations).[222] For example, there are no non-U.S./non-U.K. foreign corporates in Ireland's top 50 firms by revenues, and only one by employees, German retailer Lidl (whereas 14 of Ireland's top 20 firms are American multinationals).[45] The British firms are mainly pre § U.K. transformation. (discussed here).Had American multinationals not used IP-based BEPS tools in corporate tax havens, and paid the circa 25% corporation tax (average OECD rate)[223] abroad, the IRS would have only received an additional 10% in tax, to bring the total effective American worldwide tax rate to 35%. However, after the TCJA, the IRS is now getting more tax, at the higher 15.5% rate, and American corporations have avoided the 25% foreign taxes and therefore will have brought more capital back to America as result.This is at the expense of higher-tax Europe and Asian countries, who received no taxes from American corporations, as the corporations used IP-based BEPS tools from bases in corporate tax havens, while German corporations are charged 5% tax by their regulator.President Trump did not sign the OECD's June 2017 Multilateral Convention to Implement Tax Treaty Related Measures to Prevent Base Erosion and Profit Shifting, as it felt that it had low exposure to profit shifting. An American official said at a transfer pricing conference that they did not sign the tax treaty inked by 68 [later 70] countries in Paris 7 June 2017 \"because the U.S. tax treaty network has a low degree of exposure to base erosion and profit shifting issues.\"[224] This beneficial effect of global tax havens to the IRS was predicted by Hines and Rice in 1994 in which the authors said:[225] \"some American business operations are drawn offshore by the lure of low tax rates in tax havens; nevertheless, the policies of tax havens may, on net, enhance the U.S. Treasury's ability to collect tax revenue from American corporations.\"[225]","title":"Failure of OECD BEPS Project"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Corporate tax haven lists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gabriel Zucman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Zucman"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zuc10-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BEPS_Background-50"},{"link_name":"offshore financial centres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offshore_financial_centres"},{"link_name":"[226]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-x1-226"},{"link_name":"[227]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-227"},{"link_name":"[228]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-228"},{"link_name":"[229]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-229"},{"link_name":"European Union tax haven blacklist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_tax_haven_blacklist"},{"link_name":"[230]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-230"},{"link_name":"[231]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-231"},{"link_name":"[232]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-232"},{"link_name":"offshore financial centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offshore_financial_centre"},{"link_name":"[226]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-x1-226"},{"link_name":"[233]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TJN1-233"},{"link_name":"Tax Justice Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_Justice_Network"},{"link_name":"Financial Secrecy Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Secrecy_Index"},{"link_name":"Corporate Tax Haven Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_Tax_Haven_Index"},{"link_name":"[233]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TJN1-233"},{"link_name":"Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_on_Taxation_and_Economic_Policy"},{"link_name":"§ ITEP Corporate tax havens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ITEP_Corporate_tax_havens"},{"link_name":"[200]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ITEP-200"},{"link_name":"[234]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eup-234"},{"link_name":"James R. Hines Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_R._Hines_Jr."},{"link_name":"[235]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h1-235"},{"link_name":"[236]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h2-236"},{"link_name":"[225]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h3-225"},{"link_name":"[237]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-d1-237"},{"link_name":"Gabriel Zucman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Zucman"},{"link_name":"§ Zucman Corporate tax havens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Zucman_Corporate_tax_havens"},{"link_name":"Conduit and Sink OFCs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conduit_and_Sink_OFCs"},{"link_name":"§ CORPNET Corporate tax havens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CORPNET_Corporate_tax_havens"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-imfx-88"},{"link_name":"German Institute for Economic Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Institute_for_Economic_Research"},{"link_name":"[238]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-238"},{"link_name":"Government Accountability Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office"},{"link_name":"[239]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-239"},{"link_name":"Congressional Research Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service"},{"link_name":"[240]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-240"}],"sub_title":"Types of corporate tax haven lists","text":"Before 2015, many lists are of general tax havens (i.e. individual and corporate). Post 2015, quantitative studies (e.g. CORPNET and Gabriel Zucman), have highlighted the greater scale of corporate tax haven activity.[49] The OECD, who only list one jurisdiction in the world as a tax haven, Trinidad and Tobago, note the scale of corporate tax haven activity.[50] Note that the IMF list of offshore financial centres (\"OFC\") is often cited as the first list to include the main corporate tax havens and the term OFC and corporate tax haven are often used interchangeably.[226]Intergovernmental lists. These lists can have a political dimension and have never named member states as tax havens: OECD lists. First produced in 2000, but has never contained one of the 35 OECD members, and currently only contains Trinidad and Tobago;[227][228][229]European Union tax haven blacklist. First produced in 2017 but does not contain any EU-28 members, contained 17 blacklisted and 47 greylisted jurisdictions;[230][231][232]IMF lists. First produced in 2000 but used the term offshore financial centre, which enabled them to list member states, but have become known as corporate tax havens.[226][233]Non-governmental lists. These are less prone to the political dimension and use a range of qualitative and quantitative techniques:Tax Justice Network. One of the most quoted lists but focused on general tax havens; they produce rankings of secrecy jurisdictions (Financial Secrecy Index) and corporate tax havens (Corporate Tax Haven Index);[233]Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy. Sponsor the \"Offshore Shell Games\" reports which are mainly corporate tax havens (see § ITEP Corporate tax havens);[200]Leading academic lists. The first major academic studies were for all classes of tax havens, however, later lists focus on corporate tax havens:[234]James R. Hines Jr. Cited as the first coherent academic paper on tax havens; created the first list in 1994 of 41, which he expanded to 55 in 2010;[235][236][225]Dharmapala. Built on Hines material and expanded the lists of general tax havens in 2006 and 2009;[237]Gabriel Zucman. Current leading academic researcher into tax havens who explicitly uses the term corporate tax havens (see § Zucman Corporate tax havens).Other notable lists. Other noted and influential studies that produced lists are:CORPNET. Their 2017 quantitative analysis of Conduit and Sink OFCs explained the link between corporate tax havens and traditional tax havens (see § CORPNET Corporate tax havens);IMF Papers. An important 2018 paper highlighted a small group of major corporate tax haven that are 85% of all corporate haven activity;[88]DIW Berlin. The respected German Institute for Economic Research have produced tax haven lists in 2017.[238]U.S. Congress. The Government Accountability Office in 2008,[239] and the Congressional Research Service in 2015,[240] mostly focus on activities by U.S. corporations.","title":"Corporate tax haven lists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"§ Employment tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Employment_tax"},{"link_name":"§ Employment tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Employment_tax"},{"link_name":"British Overseas Territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories"},{"link_name":"financial centres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_centres"},{"link_name":"Global Financial Centres Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Financial_Centres_Index"},{"link_name":"Conduit and Sink OFCs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conduit_and_Sink_OFCs"},{"link_name":"[241]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-241"},{"link_name":"International Monetary Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-imfx-88"}],"sub_title":"Ten major corporate tax havens","text":"Regardless of method, most corporate tax haven lists consistently repeat ten jurisdictions (sometimes the Caribbean \"triad\" is one group), which comprise: [citation needed]Four modern corporate tax havens (have non-zero \"headline\" tax rates; require \"substance\"/§ Employment tax; have broad tax treaty networks):Ireland;the Netherlands;United Kingdom (top 10 2017 global financial centre);Singapore (top 10 2017 global financial centre).Three general corporate tax havens (offer some traditional tax-haven type services; often have restricted bilateral tax treaties):Luxembourg (top 15 2017 global financial centre);Hong Kong (top 10 2017 global financial centre);Switzerland (top 10 2017 global financial centre).Three very traditional corporate tax havens (open on zero-tax status; no requirement for § Employment tax/\"substance\"; limited tax treaties):Bermuda;the Cayman Islands;and the British Virgin Islands. (Caribbean \"triad\", all three are also British Overseas Territories).Note four of these ten jurisdictions have financial centres that appear in 2017 top 10 Global Financial Centres Index: London, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Zurich. Luxembourg was in the top 15.Note also from Conduit and Sink OFCs, that the latter groups (ii ex. Switzerland, and iii), rely on the first group (i), to act as a conduit in rerouting corporate untaxed income. In this regard, Ireland, the Netherlands, Singapore and the U.K., are considered the most important corporate tax havens, and the \"source\" of most global corporate tax avoidance.[241]Because of their larger size, it is not uncommon to see Switzerland and the United Kingdom dropped from more informal references to the main tax havens, for example:The eight major pass-through economies—the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Hong Kong SAR, the British Virgin Islands, Bermuda, the Cayman Islands, Ireland, and Singapore—host more than 85 percent of the world's investment in special purpose entities, which are often set up for tax reasons.— \"Piercing the Veil\", International Monetary Fund, June 2018[88]","title":"Corporate tax haven lists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James R. Hines Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_R._Hines_Jr."},{"link_name":"[242]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-242"}],"sub_title":"Hines Corporate tax havens","text":"James R. Hines Jr. is a founder of research into tax havens. His area of expertise is the U.S. corporate taxation system, and much of his research is on U.S. multinational use of tax havens. In 2010, Hines produced a table of U.S. multinational investment in havens, and produced the following ranking of the ten largest U.S. corporate tax havens:[242]LuxembourgCayman IslandsIrelandSwitzerlandBermudaHong KongJerseyNetherlandsSingaporeBritish Virgin Islands","title":"Corporate tax haven lists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"§ Financial impact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Financial_impact"},{"link_name":"Gabriel Zucman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Zucman"},{"link_name":"§ Financial impact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Financial_impact"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gabrielzucman-47"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zuc-139"},{"link_name":"[201]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-irishtimes.com-201"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zuc10-49"}],"sub_title":"Zucman Corporate tax havens","text":"See also: § Financial impactTax haven academic Gabriel Zucman's (et alia) June 2018 list calculates the actual quantum of actual taxes shielded (versus counting legal Orbis database connections, or company subsidiaries) by profit shifting. Ireland now exceeds the aggregate Caribbean complex (ex. Bermuda), in terms of being the largest overall global corporate tax haven (see § Financial impact).[47] Ireland is also the largest EU-28 corporate tax haven. The study estimates Ireland's effective tax rate is really 4%. The U.K. is a notable absence. (slide 68).[139][201][49]","title":"Corporate tax haven lists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_(journal)"},{"link_name":"Conduit and Sink OFCs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conduit_and_Sink_OFCs"},{"link_name":"Conduit OFCs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conduit_and_Sink_OFCs#Conduit_OFC"},{"link_name":"Sink OFCs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conduit_and_Sink_OFCs#Sink_OFC"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:List_of_sink-OFCs,_ordered_by_sink_centrality_value.png"},{"link_name":"Conduit OFCs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conduit_and_Sink_OFCs#Conduit_OFC"},{"link_name":"Sink OFCs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conduit_and_Sink_OFCs#Sink_OFC"}],"sub_title":"CORPNET Corporate tax havens","text":"From the 2017 investigation, published in Nature, into Conduit and Sink OFCs, comes CORPNET's top 5 Conduit OFCs (i.e. corporate tax haven proxy), and top 5 Sink OFCs (i.e. traditional tax haven proxy), as calculated by analysing over 71 million global corporate connections on the Orbis database (i.e. it is by number of connections, not specifically by quantum of taxes shielded). Even though the method is different, CORPNET captures all of Zucman's list but separated into Conduits and Sinks (and breaks out the Caribbean), however, Zucman's list has a different ranking:\"Uncovering Offshore Financial Centers\": List of the 24 Sink OFCs by value (highlighting the current and ex. U.K. dependencies, in light blue)Conduit OFCs (by the number of corporate connections), 2017:NetherlandsUnited KingdomSwitzerlandSingaporeIrelandSink OFCs (by the number of corporate connections), 2017:British Virgin IslandsLuxembourgHong KongJerseyBermuda","title":"Corporate tax haven lists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_on_Taxation_and_Economic_Policy"},{"link_name":"[200]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ITEP-200"},{"link_name":"Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_on_Taxation_and_Economic_Policy"},{"link_name":"double Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Irish"},{"link_name":"Dutch sandwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_sandwich"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-62"},{"link_name":"[200]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ITEP-200"}],"sub_title":"ITEP Corporate tax havens","text":"The first Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy list (Figure 1, page 11), is based on the % of Fortune 500 companies with subsidiaries in the corporate tax haven in 2016. The drawback of the list is that it is a U.S. focused list, and focuses on the number of connections (i.e. or subsidiaries) rather than the scale of taxes shielded. Contains all of Zucman's list, but with Mauritius and Panama added as well.[200]Percentage of Fortune 500 companies with subsidiaries in the jurisdiction, 2016:NetherlandsSingaporeHong KongLuxembourgSwitzerlandIrelandBermudaThe CaymansMauritiusPanamaThe second Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy list (Figure 4, page 16), is based on the reported profits of U.S. Fortune 500 controlled subsidiaries in 2013. It tries to capture the scale of taxes shielded by looking at reported profits as a proxy. Ireland now jumps to 2nd place, only just behind the Netherlands. The Netherlands-Ireland-Bermuda are usually the jurisdictions behind most \"double Irish with a Dutch sandwich\" BEPS schemes.[62] Identical list to Zucman's list but with the Caribbean broken out into individual jurisdictions (the Caymans, Bermuda, Bahamas and the BVI).[200]Size of profits routed by Fortune 500 companies via subsidiaries in the jurisdiction, 2016:NetherlandsIrelandBermudaLuxembourgThe CaymansSwitzerlandSingaporeThe BahamasHong KongBritish Virgin Islands","title":"Corporate tax haven lists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tax inversions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_inversion"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbb-52"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"Bermuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Cayman Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayman_Islands"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey"},{"link_name":"British Virgin Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama"}],"sub_title":"Bloomberg Corporate tax inversions","text":"A simple but effective proxy are the destinations to where U.S. multinationals execute tax inversions (i.e. an important test of the attractiveness of a corporate tax haven). However, cases like inversions to Canada could reflect more of a \"relative-tax\" view (i.e. Canada offers lower taxes than the U.S. and it is close by and less controversial), than an \"absolute-tax\" view on the best global locations for a corporate tax haven. The list still captures much of Zucman's list, particularly for the EU and the Caribbean. It captures the popularity of Ireland and the rise of the U.K.Destinations for the 85 U.S. corporate inversions, since the first inversion in 1982, to the most recent inversion in 2016:[52]Ireland 21 inversions (last one was 2016) Bermuda 19 inversions (last one was 2015) Great Britain 11 inversions (last one was 2016) Canada 8 inversions (last one was 2016) Netherlands 7 inversions (last one was 2016) Cayman Islands 5 inversions (last one was 2014) Luxembourg 4 inversions (last one was 2010) Switzerland 3 inversions (last one was 2007) Australia 1 inversion (last one was 2012) Israel 1 inversion (last one was 2012) Denmark 1 inversion (last one was 2009) Jersey 1 inversion (last one was 2009) British Virgin Islands 1 inversion (last one was 2003) Singapore 1 inversion (last one was 1990) Panama 1 inversion (last one was 1982)","title":"Corporate tax haven lists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-imfx-88"},{"link_name":"§ IP-based BEPS tools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#IP-based_BEPS_tools"},{"link_name":"§ Debt-based BEPS tools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Debt-based_BEPS_tools"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ber-94"},{"link_name":"List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita"},{"link_name":"§ Ten major tax havens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Ten_major_tax_havens"},{"link_name":"§ U.K. transformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#U.K._transformation"},{"link_name":"Conduit OFCs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conduit_and_Sink_OFCs#Conduit_OFC"}],"text":"See also: List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capitaOne of the simpler, but effective, methods proposed of identifying tax havens (both corporate and traditional) is by tracking the distortion that the tax-driven accounting flows make on national economic flows.[88] This is an effect that is particularly pronounced for corporate tax havens due to the larger scale of accounting flows from the larger § IP-based BEPS tools and § Debt-based BEPS tools.[94] The following tables of the world's top 15 GDP-per-capita jurisdictions are taken from the List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita for 2017 (from the IMF) and 2016 (from the World Bank).6 of the top 10 global tax havens from the § Ten major tax havens, are represented;3 of these top 10 global tax havens, Bermuda, British Virgin Islands and the Cayman Islands are not ranked by the IMF or the World Bank in their GDP-per-capita tables.The remaining top 10 global tax haven, the U.K., is ranked 21 and 26 (respectively); it is possible the U.K.'s transition is not complete (see § U.K. transformation).4 of the 5 major Conduit OFCs are represented (again, only the U.K. is missing).The outliers in the table are jurisdictions whose economies are neither based on being a widely accepted tax haven or having oil & gas reserves.The same table, but at GDP (Nominal) values, ranks the tax havens even higher (at the expense of the smaller resource nations).","title":"GDP-per-capita tax haven proxy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-dut_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-dut_1-1"},{"link_name":"\"Bermuda? Guess again. Turns out Holland is the tax haven of choice for US companies\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20170813222811/https://thecorrespondent.com/6942/bermuda-guess-again-turns-out-holland-is-the-tax-haven-of-choice-for-us-companies/417639737658-b85252de"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//thecorrespondent.com/6942/bermuda-guess-again-turns-out-holland-is-the-tax-haven-of-choice-for-us-companies/417639737658-b85252de"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-dutx_2-0"},{"link_name":"Richard Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Murphy_(tax_campaigner)"},{"link_name":"\"The Netherlands: A Tax Haven?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20180629211222/https://www.somo.nl/wp-content/uploads/2006/11/A-tax-haven.pdf"},{"link_name":"the 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original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.taxjustice.net/2015/11/11/how-ireland-became-an-offshore-financial-centre/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ftt_14-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ftt_14-1"},{"link_name":"\"Tax avoidance: The Irish inversion\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ft.com/content/d9b4fd34-ca3f-11e3-8a31-00144feabdc0"},{"link_name":"Financial Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20180519085507/https://www.ft.com/content/d9b4fd34-ca3f-11e3-8a31-00144feabdc0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-pwcrates_15-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-pwcrates_15-1"},{"link_name":"\"Effective Corporate Tax in Ireland: April 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FISCAL PARADISE: FOREIGN TAX HAVENS AND AMERICAN BUSINESS\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20170825172644/http://taxdoctoralseminar.web.unc.edu/files/2016/02/Hines-Rice.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//taxdoctoralseminar.web.unc.edu/files/2016/02/Hines-Rice.pdf"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-x1_226-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-x1_226-1"},{"link_name":"\"Ronen Palen: Tax Havens and Offshore Financial Centres\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20180412230116/http://www.academic-foresights.com/Tax_Havens.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.academic-foresights.com/Tax_Havens.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-227"},{"link_name":"\"Towards Global Tax Co-Operation\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.oecd.org/tax/transparency/about-the-global-forum/publications/towards-global-tax-cooperation-progress.pdf"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150918234252/http://www.oecd.org/tax/transparency/about-the-global-forum/publications/towards-global-tax-cooperation-progress.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-228"},{"link_name":"\"Trinidad & Tobago left as the last blacklisted tax haven\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ft.com/content/94d84054-5bf0-11e7-b553-e2df1b0c3220"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20181215124710/https://www.ft.com/content/94d84054-5bf0-11e7-b553-e2df1b0c3220"},{"link_name":"Tax Justice Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_Justice_Network"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-229"},{"link_name":"\"Oxfam disputes opaque OECD failing just one tax haven on transparency\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20180620124739/https://www.oxfam.org.nz/news/oxfam-disputes-opaque-oecd-failing-just-one-tax-haven-transparency"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.oxfam.org.nz/news/oxfam-disputes-opaque-oecd-failing-just-one-tax-haven-transparency"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-230"},{"link_name":"\"EU blacklist names 17 tax havens and puts Caymans and Jersey on notice\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.theguardian.com/business/2017/dec/05/eu-blacklist-names-17-tax-havens-and-puts-caymans-and-jersey-on-notice"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20190407180336/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2017/dec/05/eu-blacklist-names-17-tax-havens-and-puts-caymans-and-jersey-on-notice"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-231"},{"link_name":"\"Outbreak of 'so whatery' over EU tax haven blacklist\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/outbreak-of-so-whatery-over-eu-tax-haven-blacklist-1.3318149"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20171207132025/https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/outbreak-of-so-whatery-over-eu-tax-haven-blacklist-1.3318149"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-232"},{"link_name":"\"EU puts 17 countries on tax haven blacklist\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ft.com/content/c4d721dc-d9cf-11e7-a039-c64b1c09b482"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20190330160534/https://www.ft.com/content/c4d721dc-d9cf-11e7-a039-c64b1c09b482"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-TJN1_233-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-TJN1_233-1"},{"link_name":"\"Identifying Tax Havens and Offshore Finance Centres: Various attempts have been made to identify and list tax havens and offshore finance centres (OFCs). 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Financial Times. September 2013. Archived from the original on 2018-12-15. Retrieved 2018-06-27. Alex Cobham of the Tax Justice Network said: It's disheartening to see the OECD fall back into the old pattern of creating 'tax haven' blacklists on the basis of criteria that are so weak as to be near enough meaningless, and then declaring success when the list is empty.\"\n\n^ \"Oxfam disputes opaque OECD failing just one tax haven on transparency\". Oxfam. 30 June 2017. Archived from the original on 20 June 2018. Retrieved 13 May 2018.\n\n^ \"EU blacklist names 17 tax havens and puts Caymans and Jersey on notice\". The Guardian. 5 December 2017. Archived from the original on 7 April 2019. Retrieved 27 June 2018.\n\n^ \"Outbreak of 'so whatery' over EU tax haven blacklist\". The Irish Times. 7 December 2017. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 27 June 2018. It was certainly an improvement on the list recently published by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, which featured only one name – Trinidad & Tobago – but campaigners believe the European Union has much more to do if it is to prove it is serious about addressing tax havens.\n\n^ \"EU puts 17 countries on tax haven blacklist\". Financial Times. 8 December 2017. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 27 June 2018. EU members were not screened but Oxfam said that if the criteria were applied to publicly available information the list should feature 35 countries including EU members Ireland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and Malta\n\n^ a b \"Identifying Tax Havens and Offshore Finance Centres: Various attempts have been made to identify and list tax havens and offshore finance centres (OFCs). This Briefing Paper aims to compare these lists and clarify the criteria used in preparing them\" (PDF). Tax Justice Network. July 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-12-07. Retrieved 2018-06-27.\n\n^ \"Banks in Tax Havens: First Evidence based on Country-by-Country Reporting\" (PDF). EU Commission. July 2017. p. 50. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-06-23. Retrieved 2018-06-27. Figure D: Tax Haven Literature Review: A Typology\n\n^ \"Treasure Islands\". University of Michigan. 2010.\n\n^ \"Tax Havens\" (PDF). University of Michigan. 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-09-24. Retrieved 2018-06-27.\n\n^ \"Which countries become tax havens?\" (PDF). Journal of Public Economics. 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-08. Retrieved 2018-06-27.\n\n^ \"German Institute for Economic Research: Dirty Money Coming Home: Capital Flows into and out of Tax Havens\" (PDF). DIW Berlin. 2017. p. 41. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-04-19. Retrieved 2018-06-27. Table A1: Tax havens full list\n\n^ \"International Taxation: Large U.S. Corporations and Federal Contractors with Subsidiaries in Jurisdictions Listed as Tax Havens or Financial Privacy Jurisdictions\" (PDF). U.S. GAO. December 2018. p. 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-08-20. Retrieved 2018-06-28. Table 1: Jurisdictions Listed as Tax Havens or Financial Privacy Jurisdictions and the Sources of Those Jurisdictions\n\n^ Jane Gravelle (15 January 2015). \"Tax Havens: International Tax Avoidance and Evasion\". Cornell University. p. 4. Table 1. Countries Listed on Various Tax Haven Lists\n\n^ \"These five countries are conduits for the world's biggest tax havens\". The Conversation. 25 July 2017. Archived from the original on 6 July 2018. Retrieved 3 July 2018.\n\n^ James Hines (2010). \"Treasure Islands\". University of Michigan. p. 106. Table 2: International Portfolio Investment\n\n^ PPP (current international $)\", World Development Indicators database Archived 2018-05-05 at the Wayback Machine, World Bank. Database updated on 1 July 2017. Accessed on 2 July 2017.\n\n^ \"World Bank, International Comparison Program database\". Archived from the original on 11 April 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2018.","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"\"Uncovering Offshore Financial Centers\": Relationship of Conduit and Sink Offshore Financial Centres","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Uncovering_Offshore_Financial_Centers_Cayman_Conundrum.jpg/220px-Uncovering_Offshore_Financial_Centers_Cayman_Conundrum.jpg"},{"image_text":"British Overseas Territories (same geographic scale) includes leading traditional and corporate global tax havens including the Caymans, the BVI and Bermuda, as well as the U.K. itself.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/British_Overseas_Territories_%28at_the_same_geographic_scale%29.svg/220px-British_Overseas_Territories_%28at_the_same_geographic_scale%29.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The distorted GNI to GDP ratio in some EU states indicates a profound disproportionality in corporate havens as Ireland and Luxembourg.[81][82]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/2020_EU_ratio_of_GNI_to_GDP.png/220px-2020_EU_ratio_of_GNI_to_GDP.png"},{"image_text":"John Oliver, who made an HBO program on IP-based BEPS tools","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/John_Oliver_November_2016.jpg/220px-John_Oliver_November_2016.jpg"},{"image_text":"Irish Taoiseach Enda Kenny and PwC (Ireland) Managing Partner Feargal O'Rourke","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Enda_Kenny_Feargal_O%27Rourke_Taken_at_IBEC_2014_Conference_Flickr.jpg/260px-Enda_Kenny_Feargal_O%27Rourke_Taken_at_IBEC_2014_Conference_Flickr.jpg"},{"image_text":"Apple's Q1 2015 Irish \"quasi-inversion\" of its $300bn international IP (known as leprechaun economics), is the largest recorded individual BEPS action in history, and almost double the 2016 $160bn Pfizer-Allergan Irish inversion, which was blocked.Brad Setser & Cole Frank(Council on Foreign Relations)[85]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Ireland_Trade_Good_Discrepancy_%281995-2017%29.png/220px-Ireland_Trade_Good_Discrepancy_%281995-2017%29.png"},{"image_text":"Ex. Dutch Minister Joop Wijn credited with introducing the Dutch Sandwich IP-based BEPS tool (which is often used with the Double Irish BEPS tool), and the \"Dutch Double Dip\" Debt-based BEPS tool","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/JoopWijn.jpg/220px-JoopWijn.jpg"},{"image_text":"Stephen Donnelly TD Estimated US distressed funds used Section 110 SPVs to avoid €20 billion in Irish taxes on almost €80 billion of Irish domestic investments from 2012 to 2016.[164]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Stephen_Donnelly_2016.jpg/220px-Stephen_Donnelly_2016.jpg"},{"image_text":"\"Uncovering Offshore Financial Centers\": List of Sink OFCs by value (highlighting the current and ex. U.K. dependencies, in light blue)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/List_of_sink-OFCs%2C_ordered_by_sink_centrality_value.png/220px-List_of_sink-OFCs%2C_ordered_by_sink_centrality_value.png"},{"image_text":"Pierre Moscovici EU Commissioner for Taxes, whose Digital Services Tax aims to force a minimum level of EU taxation on technology multinationals operating in the EU-28.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Pierre_Moscovici_-_P027634000101-313948.jpg/220px-Pierre_Moscovici_-_P027634000101-313948.jpg"},{"image_text":"Margrethe Vestager EU Competition Commissioner, levied the largest corporate tax fine in history on Apple Inc. on the 29 August 2016, for €13 billion (plus interest) in Irish taxes avoided for the period 2004–2014.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Conversation_with_Margrethe_Vestager%2C_European_Commissioner_for_Competition_%2817222242662%29.jpg/220px-Conversation_with_Margrethe_Vestager%2C_European_Commissioner_for_Competition_%2817222242662%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"\"Uncovering Offshore Financial Centers\": List of the 24 Sink OFCs by value (highlighting the current and ex. U.K. dependencies, in light blue)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/List_of_sink-OFCs%2C_ordered_by_sink_centrality_value.png/220px-List_of_sink-OFCs%2C_ordered_by_sink_centrality_value.png"}]	[{"title":"Corporate tax inversion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_tax_inversion"},{"title":"Corporate tax in the Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_tax_in_the_Netherlands"},{"title":"Corporation tax in the Republic of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporation_tax_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland"},{"title":"Double Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Irish"},{"title":"Single Malt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Irish_arrangement#Replacement_by_Single_Malt"},{"title":"Capital Allowances for Intangible Assets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Irish_arrangement#Backstop_of_capital_allowances"},{"title":"Dutch sandwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_sandwich"},{"title":"Ireland as a tax haven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland_as_a_tax_haven"},{"title":"Irish Section 110 Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Section_110_Special_Purpose_Vehicle_(SPV)"},{"title":"Offshore financial centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offshore_financial_centre"},{"title":"Qualifying investor alternative investment fund (QIAIF)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualifying_investor_alternative_investment_fund_(QIAIF)"},{"title":"Taxation in Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_Switzerland"},{"title":"United Kingdom corporation tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_corporation_tax"},{"title":"Matheson (law firm)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matheson_(law_firm)"},{"title":"Feargal O'Rourke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feargal_O%27Rourke"}]	[{"reference":"Pierre Moscovici, Financial Times, 11 March 2018[16]","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Moscovici","url_text":"Pierre Moscovici"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pierre-16","url_text":"[16]"}]},{"reference":"Fordham Intellectual Property, Media & Entertainment Law Journal, \"IP and Tax Avoidance in Ireland\", 30 August 2016[19]","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fordham_Intellectual_Property,_Media_%26_Entertainment_Law_Journal","url_text":"Fordham Intellectual Property, Media & Entertainment Law Journal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fordam-19","url_text":"[19]"}]},{"reference":"Feargal O'Rourke, CEO PwC Ireland, The Irish Times, May 2015.[20]","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feargal_O%27Rourke","url_text":"Feargal O'Rourke"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fer-20","url_text":"[20]"}]},{"reference":"Richard Murphy, co-founder of the Tax Justice Network and the Financial Secrecy Index, June 2018.[21]","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Murphy_(tax_campaigner)","url_text":"Richard Murphy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_Justice_Network","url_text":"Tax Justice Network"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Secrecy_Index","url_text":"Financial Secrecy Index"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21","url_text":"[21]"}]},{"reference":"Christian Aid, \"Impossible Structures: tax structures overlooked in the 2015 spillover analysis\", 2017[9]","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Aid","url_text":"Christian Aid"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-caid-9","url_text":"[9]"}]},{"reference":"The Irish Times. \"Ireland resists closing corporation tax 'loophole'\", 10 November 2017.[18]","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Irish_Times","url_text":"The Irish Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-itm-18","url_text":"[18]"}]},{"reference":"Matheson, \"Germany: Breaking Down The German Royalty Barrier - A View From Ireland\", 8 November 2017[138]","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matheson_(law_firm)","url_text":"Matheson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-math-138","url_text":"[138]"}]},{"reference":"The Economist, \"Patently problematic\", August 2015[210]","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist","url_text":"The Economist"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lux-210","url_text":"[210]"}]},{"reference":"\"Bermuda? Guess again. Turns out Holland is the tax haven of choice for US companies\". The Correspondent. 30 June 2017. Archived from the original on 13 August 2017. Retrieved 13 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170813222811/https://thecorrespondent.com/6942/bermuda-guess-again-turns-out-holland-is-the-tax-haven-of-choice-for-us-companies/417639737658-b85252de","url_text":"\"Bermuda? Guess again. Turns out Holland is the tax haven of choice for US companies\""},{"url":"https://thecorrespondent.com/6942/bermuda-guess-again-turns-out-holland-is-the-tax-haven-of-choice-for-us-companies/417639737658-b85252de","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Richard Murphy; Francis Weyzig (2006). \"The Netherlands: A Tax Haven?\" (PDF). Centre for Research on Multinational Corporations (SOMO). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-06-29. Retrieved 2018-06-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Murphy_(tax_campaigner)","url_text":"Richard Murphy"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180629211222/https://www.somo.nl/wp-content/uploads/2006/11/A-tax-haven.pdf","url_text":"\"The Netherlands: A Tax Haven?\""},{"url":"https://www.somo.nl/wp-content/uploads/2006/11/A-tax-haven.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ireland: Where Profits Pile Up, Helping Multinationals Keep Taxes Low\". Bloomberg.com. Bloomberg News. October 2013. Archived from the original on 2018-05-16. Retrieved 2018-05-13. 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The Irish Times. 13 June 2018. Minister Donohoe pointed out that the Republic earned the \"highest rating possible in terms of transparency\" in the OECD's latest review.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/paschal-donohoe-rejects-report-branding-republic-world-s-biggest-tax-haven-1.3529061","url_text":"\"Irish Finance Minister Paschal Donohoe rejects Gabrial Zucman report branding Ireland as the 'world's biggest tax haven'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Irish_Times","url_text":"The Irish Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Ireland resists closing corporation tax 'loophole'\". The Irish Times. 10 November 2017. Archived from the original on 4 December 2018. Retrieved 19 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/ireland-resists-closing-corporation-tax-loophole-1.3286199","url_text":"\"Ireland resists closing corporation tax 'loophole'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181204122054/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/ireland-resists-closing-corporation-tax-loophole-1.3286199","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Intellectual Property and Tax Avoidance in Ireland\". Fordham Intellectual Property, Media & Entertainment Law Journal. 30 August 2016. Archived from the original on 2 May 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190502112434/http://www.fordhamiplj.org/2016/08/30/ip-tax-avoidance-ireland/","url_text":"\"Intellectual Property and Tax Avoidance in Ireland\""},{"url":"http://www.fordhamiplj.org/2016/08/30/ip-tax-avoidance-ireland/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Scion of a prominent political dynasty who gave his vote to accountancy\". The Irish Times. 8 May 2015. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 13 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishtimes.com/business/financial-services/scion-of-a-prominent-political-dynasty-who-gave-his-vote-to-accountancy-1.2203820?mode=sample&auth-failed=1&pw-origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Ffinancial-services%2Fscion-of-a-prominent-political-dynasty-who-gave-his-vote-to-accountancy-1.2203820","url_text":"\"Scion of a prominent political dynasty who gave his vote to accountancy\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180612152414/https://www.irishtimes.com/business/financial-services/scion-of-a-prominent-political-dynasty-who-gave-his-vote-to-accountancy-1.2203820?mode=sample&auth-failed=1&pw-origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Ffinancial-services%2Fscion-of-a-prominent-political-dynasty-who-gave-his-vote-to-accountancy-1.2203820","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Ireland's playing games in the last chance saloon of tax justice\". Richard Murphy. 4 July 2018. Archived from the original on 8 July 2018. Retrieved 6 July 2018. Local subsidiaries of multinationals must always be required to file their accounts on public record, which is not the case at present. Ireland is not just a tax haven at present, it is also a corporate secrecy jurisdiction.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.taxresearch.org.uk/Blog/2018/07/04/irelands-playing-games-in-the-last-chance-saloon-of-tax-justice/","url_text":"\"Ireland's playing games in the last chance saloon of tax justice\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Murphy_(tax_campaigner)","url_text":"Richard Murphy"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180708221837/http://www.taxresearch.org.uk/Blog/2018/07/04/irelands-playing-games-in-the-last-chance-saloon-of-tax-justice/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"US tax haven claim surprises Dutch\". DutchNews.nl. 5 May 2009. Archived from the original on 15 May 2018. 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An Assessment of International Standards Shows Why Ireland Is Not a Tax Haven\""},{"url":"https://www.esr.ie/article/view/78/68","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Blacklisted by Brazil, Dublin funds find new ways to invest\". Reuters. 20 March 2017. Archived from the original on 14 June 2018. Retrieved 13 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/ireland-brazil-funds/blacklisted-by-brazil-dublin-funds-find-new-ways-to-invest-idUSL8N1MK2NX","url_text":"\"Blacklisted by Brazil, Dublin funds find new ways to invest\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180614121655/https://www.reuters.com/article/ireland-brazil-funds/blacklisted-by-brazil-dublin-funds-find-new-ways-to-invest-idUSL8N1MK2NX","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Oregon Department of Revenue made a recommendation that Ireland be included as a 'listed jurisdiction' or tax haven\". Irish Independent. 26 March 2017. Archived from the original on 14 June 2018. Retrieved 13 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.ie/business/irish/ireland-no-tax-haven-us-authorities-told-35565554.html","url_text":"\"Oregon Department of Revenue made a recommendation that Ireland be included as a 'listed jurisdiction' or tax haven\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180614121653/https://www.independent.ie/business/irish/ireland-no-tax-haven-us-authorities-told-35565554.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Tax haven blacklisting in Latin America\". Tax Justice Network. 6 April 2017. Archived from the original on 22 May 2018. 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Wall Street Journal. 10 June 2018. Archived from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 13 June 2018. Such profit shifting leads to a total annual revenue loss of $200 billion globally","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/corporations-push-profits-into-tax-havens-as-countries-struggle-in-pursuit-study-says-1528634659","url_text":"\"Zucman:Corporations Push Profits Into Corporate Tax Havens as Countries Struggle in Pursuit, Gabrial Zucman Study Says\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190404203053/https://www.wsj.com/articles/corporations-push-profits-into-tax-havens-as-countries-struggle-in-pursuit-study-says-1528634659","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"BEPS Project Background Brief\" (PDF). OECD. January 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-07-22. Retrieved 2018-06-14. 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The Irish Times. 4 March 2018. Archived from the original on 15 March 2018. Retrieved 13 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishtimes.com/business/media-and-marketing/more-than-100bn-in-russian-money-funnelled-though-dublin-1.3414480","url_text":"\"More than €100bn in Russian Money funneled through Dublin\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180315195900/https://www.irishtimes.com/business/media-and-marketing/more-than-100bn-in-russian-money-funnelled-though-dublin-1.3414480","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Ireland:Selected Issues\". International Monetary Fund. June 2018. p. 20. Archived from the original on 2018-07-06. Retrieved 2018-07-06. Figure 3. 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FISCAL PARADISE: FOREIGN TAX HAVENS AND AMERICAN BUSINESS\""},{"url":"http://taxdoctoralseminar.web.unc.edu/files/2016/02/Hines-Rice.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ronen Palen: Tax Havens and Offshore Financial Centres\" (PDF). University of Birmingham. 4 April 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 April 2018. Retrieved 27 June 2018. Some experts see no difference between tax havens and OFCs, and employ the terms interchangeably.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180412230116/http://www.academic-foresights.com/Tax_Havens.pdf","url_text":"\"Ronen Palen: Tax Havens and Offshore Financial Centres\""},{"url":"http://www.academic-foresights.com/Tax_Havens.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Towards Global Tax Co-Operation\" (PDF). OECD. 2000. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-09-18. 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Alex Cobham of the Tax Justice Network said: It's disheartening to see the OECD fall back into the old pattern of creating 'tax haven' blacklists on the basis of criteria that are so weak as to be near enough meaningless, and then declaring success when the list is empty.\"","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ft.com/content/94d84054-5bf0-11e7-b553-e2df1b0c3220","url_text":"\"Trinidad & Tobago left as the last blacklisted tax haven\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181215124710/https://www.ft.com/content/94d84054-5bf0-11e7-b553-e2df1b0c3220","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_Justice_Network","url_text":"Tax Justice Network"}]},{"reference":"\"Oxfam disputes opaque OECD failing just one tax haven on transparency\". Oxfam. 30 June 2017. Archived from the original on 20 June 2018. Retrieved 13 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180620124739/https://www.oxfam.org.nz/news/oxfam-disputes-opaque-oecd-failing-just-one-tax-haven-transparency","url_text":"\"Oxfam disputes opaque OECD failing just one tax haven on transparency\""},{"url":"https://www.oxfam.org.nz/news/oxfam-disputes-opaque-oecd-failing-just-one-tax-haven-transparency","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"EU blacklist names 17 tax havens and puts Caymans and Jersey on notice\". The Guardian. 5 December 2017. Archived from the original on 7 April 2019. Retrieved 27 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/business/2017/dec/05/eu-blacklist-names-17-tax-havens-and-puts-caymans-and-jersey-on-notice","url_text":"\"EU blacklist names 17 tax havens and puts Caymans and Jersey on notice\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190407180336/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2017/dec/05/eu-blacklist-names-17-tax-havens-and-puts-caymans-and-jersey-on-notice","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Outbreak of 'so whatery' over EU tax haven blacklist\". The Irish Times. 7 December 2017. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 27 June 2018. It was certainly an improvement on the list recently published by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, which featured only one name – Trinidad & Tobago – but campaigners believe the European Union has much more to do if it is to prove it is serious about addressing tax havens.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/outbreak-of-so-whatery-over-eu-tax-haven-blacklist-1.3318149","url_text":"\"Outbreak of 'so whatery' over EU tax haven blacklist\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171207132025/https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/outbreak-of-so-whatery-over-eu-tax-haven-blacklist-1.3318149","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"EU puts 17 countries on tax haven blacklist\". Financial Times. 8 December 2017. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 27 June 2018. EU members were not screened but Oxfam said that if the criteria were applied to publicly available information the list should feature 35 countries including EU members Ireland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and Malta","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ft.com/content/c4d721dc-d9cf-11e7-a039-c64b1c09b482","url_text":"\"EU puts 17 countries on tax haven blacklist\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190330160534/https://www.ft.com/content/c4d721dc-d9cf-11e7-a039-c64b1c09b482","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Identifying Tax Havens and Offshore Finance Centres: Various attempts have been made to identify and list tax havens and offshore finance centres (OFCs). This Briefing Paper aims to compare these lists and clarify the criteria used in preparing them\" (PDF). Tax Justice Network. July 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-12-07. 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Table A1: Tax havens full list","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180419193045/http://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.574066.de/dp1711.pdf","url_text":"\"German Institute for Economic Research: Dirty Money Coming Home: Capital Flows into and out of Tax Havens\""},{"url":"https://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.574066.de/dp1711.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"International Taxation: Large U.S. Corporations and Federal Contractors with Subsidiaries in Jurisdictions Listed as Tax Havens or Financial Privacy Jurisdictions\" (PDF). U.S. GAO. December 2018. p. 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-08-20. Retrieved 2018-06-28. Table 1: Jurisdictions Listed as Tax Havens or Financial Privacy Jurisdictions and the Sources of Those Jurisdictions","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180820194211/https://www.gao.gov/assets/290/284522.pdf","url_text":"\"International Taxation: Large U.S. Corporations and Federal Contractors with Subsidiaries in Jurisdictions Listed as Tax Havens or Financial Privacy Jurisdictions\""},{"url":"https://www.gao.gov/assets/290/284522.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jane Gravelle (15 January 2015). \"Tax Havens: International Tax Avoidance and Evasion\". Cornell University. p. 4. Table 1. Countries Listed on Various Tax Haven Lists","urls":[{"url":"https://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2387&context=key_workplace","url_text":"\"Tax Havens: International Tax Avoidance and Evasion\""}]},{"reference":"\"These five countries are conduits for the world's biggest tax havens\". The Conversation. 25 July 2017. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_cruiser_Dubourdieu	French cruiser Dubourdieu	["1 Design","1.1 Characteristics","2 Service history","3 Footnotes","3.1 Notes","3.2 Citations","4 References"]	French unprotected cruiser Dubourdieu off Mare Island around 1890 Class overview Preceded byAréthuse Succeeded byMilan History France NameDubordieu BuilderArsenal de Cherbourg Laid down6 September 1880 Launched6 December 1884 CompletedDecember 1887 Commissioned15 June 1886 Out of service9 May 1899 Stricken1 December 1899 FateBroken up, 1900 General characteristics TypeUnprotected cruiser Displacement3,354.7 t (3,301.7 long tons) normal Length77.3 m (253 ft 7 in) lpp Beam14.28 m (46 ft 10 in) Draft6.2 m (20 ft 4 in) Installed power 12 × fire-tube boilers 3,150 ihp (2,350 kW) Propulsion 1 × compound steam engine 1 × screw propeller Sail planFull ship rig Speed13.9 knots (25.7 km/h; 16.0 mph) Complement412 Armament 4 × 164.7 mm (6.48 in) guns 12 × 138.6 mm (5.46 in) guns 1 × 47 mm (1.9 in) 3-pounder Hotchkiss revolver cannon 10 × 37 mm (1 in) 1-pounder Hotchkiss revolver cannon 2 × 350 mm (13.8 in) torpedo tubes Dubordieu was an unprotected cruiser built for the French Navy in the early 1880s. Intended to serve as a long-range commerce raider, the ship was fitted with a sailing rig to supplement its steam engine on long voyages, and she carried an armament of four 165 mm (6.5 in) and twelve 140 mm (5.5 in) guns. She was among the final French unprotected cruisers, thereafter being replaced by more durable protected cruisers. The French Navy was not satisfied with the vessel, owing to her obsolescent design, since she too weak to defeat the more powerful protected cruisers and was too slow to escape from them. The ship served as the flagship of the Pacific station after entering service in 1889, but was forced to return home the following year to correct defects in her propulsion system. Dubourdieu returned to the Pacific later in 1890 and served there for the next several years. She was recalled home by 1895, and the next year she became the flagship of the North Atlantic station, a role she filled through 1899. The ship was placed in reserve in May that year, before being converted into a training ship; she was quickly sold to ship breakers in 1900. Design Iphigénie, which provided the basis for Dubourdieu In the late 1870s, the French Navy had embarked on a program of cruiser construction based on a strategy aimed at attacking British merchant shipping in the event of war. The design for Dubourdieu traces its origin to discussions over the preceding French cruiser, Aréthuse in February 1878. The Minister of the Navy, Louis Pierre Alexis Pothuau, asked the Conseil des Travaux (Council of Works) for recommendations on what types of cruisers should be built in the future. He was particularly concerned with the expense of earlier, large cruisers like Tourville, the cost of which would likely preclude building them in large numbers. The Conseil made their report on 28 March, and recommended ships of around 3,000 to 3,200 tonnes (3,000 to 3,100 long tons), good freeboard, a speed of 16 knots (30 km/h; 18 mph), and a cruising radius of 4,000 nautical miles (7,400 km; 4,600 mi). Firepower would be considerable, consisting of either four 194 mm (7.6 in) or six 164.7 mm (6.48 in) guns and at least twelve 138.6 mm (5.46 in) guns. As the French Navy only had two vessels that met the recommended criteria, the Conseil argued that more should be built. During discussions for the upcoming 1879 construction program, the Conseil d'Amirauté (Admiralty Council) noted that the number of large cruisers, including the three Arethusé-type ships under construction, were insufficient to the fleet's needs. In addition, the Arethusé type was insufficiently armed to be able to engage foreign counterparts like the British Shah or the German Leipzig. The Admiralty Council called for four new cruisers suited to the task be built. The naval constructor Pierre Gaston Hermann Valin, who had designed the cruiser Iphigénie, prepared an improved version of that ship to meet the Navy's requirements. He lengthened the hull, which created room for a more powerful propulsion system and additional guns. In January 1880, two ships of the design were allocated to the 1881 construction program; the first, to become Dubourdieu, and the second, was to be named Capitaine Lucas. The following year, a third vessel of the class was added to the budget, though this vessel was never named. During construction, Louis-Émile Bertin submitted a proposal for a new steel-hulled cruiser with an armor deck, a type that would become known as the protected cruiser. The Conseil des Traveaux rejected his proposal on 4 August 1881, but the naval minister, Georges Charles Cloué, overruled their decision shortly thereafter. He ordered the second and third Dubourdieu-class cruisers to be suspended and Bertin's ship to be built in their place. Dubourdieu and the three vessels of the Arethusé type were the final generation of unprotected cruisers built in France, that type thereafter being replaced by protected cruisers in the early 1880s, beginning with Bertin's ship, which became Sfax. In addition to being the last unprotected cruiser of the French fleet, Dubourdieu was to be the last wooden-hulled cruiser to be built in France. France was among the last countries to build wooden-hulled cruisers, along with the United States; the French Navy preferred the use of wood, both because it was cheaper than steel, and it also allowed steel production to be concentrated on the ironclad warships then being built. The ship was poorly regarded as a result of her dated design; she was significantly weaker than the new protected cruisers that began to enter service in foreign navies by the time she was completed. She was also too slow to escape more powerful vessels. Admiral Jules François Émile Krantz is believed to have remarked that Dubourdieu was "nothing more than nice accommodations." Characteristics One of Dubourdieu's main guns Dubourdieu was 73.97 m (242 ft 8 in) long at the waterline and 77.3 m (253 ft 7 in) long between perpendiculars, with a beam of 14.28 m (46 ft 10 in) and an average draft of 6.2 m (20 ft 4 in). Aft, her draft increased to 6.97 m (22 ft 10 in). She displaced 3,354.7 t (3,301.7 long tons) normally. Her hull was constructed with wood; she had a clipper bow and an overhanging stern. The ship had no armor protection. Her crew consisted of 422 officers and enlisted men. The ship was propelled by a single horizontal, 3-cylinder compound steam engine that drove a screw propeller. Steam was provided by twelve coal-burning fire-tube boilers that were ducted into a single funnel located amidships. Coal storage amounted to 400 t (390 long tons). The power plant was rated to produce 3,150 indicated horsepower (2,350 kW) for a top speed of 14 knots (26 km/h; 16 mph), but on speed trials, she reached only 13.91 knots (25.76 km/h; 16.01 mph). At a cruising speed of 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph), Dubourdieu could steam for 4,780 nautical miles (8,850 km; 5,500 mi). The ship's engines proved to be troublesome in service, a common problem with French cruisers of the period. To supplement her steam engines, she was fitted with a three-masted full ship rig. The ship was armed with a main battery of four 164.7 mm (6.48 in) M1881 28-caliber guns that were placed in sponsons on the upper deck, two per side. These were supported by a secondary battery of twelve 138.6 mm (5.46 in) M1881 30-caliber guns, ten of which were placed in a central gun battery on the main deck. The remaining two 138.6 mm guns were located aft. For close-range defense against torpedo boats, she carried a tertiary battery of a single 47 mm (1.9 in) gun and ten 37 mm (1 in) Hotchkiss revolver cannon. Dubourdieu was also fitted with two 350 mm (13.8 in) torpedo tubes in above-water mounts, one on each broadside. The ship carried a pair of 65 mm (2.6 in) field guns that could be sent ashore with a landing party. Service history Dubourdieu in dry-dock at the Mare Island Naval Shipyard in California around 1890 Dubourdieu was built at the Arsenal de Cherbourg; she was ordered on 24 December 1879 and her keel was laid down on 6 September 1880. She was launched on 6 December 1884. Delays with the design and manufacturing of the steam engines slowed work on the ship, and she was finally completed in 1886, being commissioned for sea trials on 15 June. After conducting her full-power trials on 9 September, she was placed in reserve. Further trials were carried out, beginning on 6 June 1887, and after defects were discovered during a test run on 16 July, she was placed in the 3rd category of reserve for alterations on 10 August. She carried out further trials and was moved to the 2nd category of reserve on 22 December, at which point the ship was pronounced complete. At some point during the trials period, Dubourdieu received additional alterations, including the installation of admiral's quarters to allow the vessel to serve as a flagship. On 18 November 1889, Dubourdieu was recommissioned to deploy to the Pacific station, replacing the cruiser Duquesne as the flagship there. The ship's arrival was delayed when engine damage forced her to return to Cherbourg for repairs on 15 February 1890. She departed again on 10 April. The ship sailed south through the Atlantic, rounded Cape Horn, and made calls in a series of ports along the way, including in Chile, Peru, and the Hawaiian Kingdom, before reaching Tahiti in French Polynesia. After arriving in the Pacific, she operated with the unprotected cruisers Volta and Champlain. From 30 June to 23 July 1891, the ship was dry docked at the Mare Island Naval Shipyard for repairs to her stern. During the early 1890s, the ships were primarily responsible for patrolling the French colonies in the Pacific. She remained in the area into 1893; by that time, the unit also consisted of the unprotected cruisers Duguay-Trouin and Duchaffault. Later that year, Dubourdieu was recalled to France, where she was placed in reserve through 1895. After recommissioning in 1896, Dubourdieu was assigned to the North American station to serve as its flagship, along with the unprotected cruiser Roland. The following year, Roland was replaced by the unprotected cruiser Rigault de Genouilly, with Dubourdieu still the flagship. In May that year, Dubourdieu steamed to Cherbourg to undergo an overhaul and receive a new crew before resuming her role as the station flagship. She remained on the station into 1899, by which time she had been joined by the protected cruiser Sfax. By that time, Dubourdieu flew the flag of Rear Admiral Escande. She arrived in Brest on 16 April, where Escande hauled down his flag. Four days later, the ship moved to Lorient, where she was later paid off into reserve on 9 May. She was struck from the naval register on 1 December that year and was briefly used as a stationary training ship. Dubourdieu was soon sold for scrap on 19 May 1900 to M. Degoul at Lorient and broken up. Footnotes Notes ^ A further three vessels—Iphigénie, Naïade, and Aréthuse—were under construction. Citations ^ a b c d e f Ropp, p. 109. ^ Roberts, pp. 97–100. ^ Roberts, pp. 100–101. ^ a b Roberts, p. 101. ^ a b c d e f g h i Roberts, p. 102. ^ a b Marshall, p. 98. ^ a b c d Campbell, p. 320. ^ Brassey 1890, p. 67. ^ Brassey 1893, p. 71. ^ Brassey 1896, p. 66. ^ Brassey 1897, p. 61. ^ Garbett 1897, p. 634. ^ Brassey 1899, p. 74. ^ Garbett 1899, p. 556. References Brassey, Thomas, ed. (1890). "Chapter V: The Foreign Stations". The Naval Annual. Portsmouth: J. Griffin & Co.: 64–68. OCLC 496786828. Brassey, Thomas A. (1893). "Chapter IV: Relative Strength". The Naval Annual. Portsmouth: J. Griffin & Co.: 66–73. OCLC 496786828. Brassey, Thomas A. (1896). "Chapter III: Relative Strength". The Naval Annual. Portsmouth: J. Griffin & Co.: 61–71. OCLC 496786828. Brassey, Thomas A. (1897). "Chapter III: Relative Strength". The Naval Annual. Portsmouth: J. Griffin & Co.: 56–77. OCLC 496786828. Brassey, Thomas A. (1899). "Chapter III: Relative Strength". The Naval Annual. Portsmouth: J. Griffin & Co.: 70–80. OCLC 496786828. Campbell, N. J. M. (1979). "France". In Gardiner, Robert (ed.). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905. London: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 283–333. ISBN 978-0-85177-133-5. Garbett, H., ed. (May 1897). "Naval Notes: France". Journal of the Royal United Service Institution. XLI (231). London: J. J. Keliher & Co.: 634–637. OCLC 1077860366. Garbett, H., ed. (May 1899). "Naval Notes: France". Journal of the Royal United Service Institution. XLIII (255). London: J. J. Keliher & Co.: 555–559. OCLC 1077860366. Marshall, Chris, ed. (1995). The Encyclopedia of Ships: The History and Specifications of Over 1200 Ships. Enderby: Blitz Editions. ISBN 1-85605-288-5. Roberts, Stephen (2021). French Warships in the Age of Steam 1859–1914. Barnsley: Seaforth. ISBN 978-1-5267-4533-0. Ropp, Theodore (1987). Roberts, Stephen S. (ed.). The Development of a Modern Navy: French Naval Policy, 1871–1904. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-87021-141-6. vteDubourdieu Dubourdieu Preceded by: Aréthuse Followed by: Milan List of unprotected cruisers of France	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"unprotected cruiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unprotected_cruiser"},{"link_name":"French Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Navy"},{"link_name":"commerce raider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commerce_raider"},{"link_name":"steam engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_steam_engine"},{"link_name":"protected cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_cruiser"},{"link_name":"flagship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagship"},{"link_name":"reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve_fleet"},{"link_name":"training ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Training_ship"},{"link_name":"ship breakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_breaking"}],"text":"French unprotected cruiserDubordieu was an unprotected cruiser built for the French Navy in the early 1880s. Intended to serve as a long-range commerce raider, the ship was fitted with a sailing rig to supplement its steam engine on long voyages, and she carried an armament of four 165 mm (6.5 in) and twelve 140 mm (5.5 in) guns. She was among the final French unprotected cruisers, thereafter being replaced by more durable protected cruisers. The French Navy was not satisfied with the vessel, owing to her obsolescent design, since she too weak to defeat the more powerful protected cruisers and was too slow to escape from them.The ship served as the flagship of the Pacific station after entering service in 1889, but was forced to return home the following year to correct defects in her propulsion system. Dubourdieu returned to the Pacific later in 1890 and served there for the next several years. She was recalled home by 1895, and the next year she became the flagship of the North Atlantic station, a role she filled through 1899. The ship was placed in reserve in May that year, before being converted into a training ship; she was quickly sold to ship breakers in 1900.","title":"French cruiser Dubourdieu"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NH_74801_French_cruiser_Iphig%C3%A9nie.jpg"},{"link_name":"Iphigénie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_cruiser_Iphig%C3%A9nie"},{"link_name":"French Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Navy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERopp109-1"},{"link_name":"Aréthuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_cruiser_Ar%C3%A9thuse"},{"link_name":"Minister of the Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_the_Navy_(France)"},{"link_name":"Louis Pierre Alexis Pothuau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pierre_Alexis_Pothuau"},{"link_name":"Conseil des Travaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conseil_des_travaux"},{"link_name":"Tourville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_cruiser_Tourville_(1876)"},{"link_name":"tonnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonne"},{"link_name":"long tons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_ton"},{"link_name":"freeboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeboard_(nautical)"},{"link_name":"knots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knot_(unit)"},{"link_name":"nautical miles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautical_mile"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts100%E2%80%93101-4"},{"link_name":"Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Shah_(1873)"},{"link_name":"Leipzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_Leipzig_(1875)"},{"link_name":"Pierre Gaston Hermann Valin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Gaston_Hermann_Valin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Iphigénie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_cruiser_Iphig%C3%A9nie"},{"link_name":"hull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_(watercraft)"},{"link_name":"class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_class"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts101-5"},{"link_name":"Louis-Émile Bertin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-%C3%89mile_Bertin"},{"link_name":"protected cruiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Georges Charles Cloué","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Charles_Clou%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts102-6"},{"link_name":"Sfax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_cruiser_Sfax"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERopp109-1"},{"link_name":"hulled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_(ship)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERopp109-1"},{"link_name":"ironclad warships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironclad_warship"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall98-7"},{"link_name":"Jules François Émile Krantz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Fran%C3%A7ois_%C3%89mile_Krantz"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERopp109-1"}],"text":"Iphigénie, which provided the basis for DubourdieuIn the late 1870s, the French Navy had embarked on a program of cruiser construction based on a strategy aimed at attacking British merchant shipping in the event of war.[1] The design for Dubourdieu traces its origin to discussions over the preceding French cruiser, Aréthuse in February 1878. The Minister of the Navy, Louis Pierre Alexis Pothuau, asked the Conseil des Travaux (Council of Works) for recommendations on what types of cruisers should be built in the future. He was particularly concerned with the expense of earlier, large cruisers like Tourville, the cost of which would likely preclude building them in large numbers. The Conseil made their report on 28 March, and recommended ships of around 3,000 to 3,200 tonnes (3,000 to 3,100 long tons), good freeboard, a speed of 16 knots (30 km/h; 18 mph), and a cruising radius of 4,000 nautical miles (7,400 km; 4,600 mi). Firepower would be considerable, consisting of either four 194 mm (7.6 in) or six 164.7 mm (6.48 in) guns and at least twelve 138.6 mm (5.46 in) guns. As the French Navy only had two vessels that met the recommended criteria, the Conseil argued that more should be built.[a][3]During discussions for the upcoming 1879 construction program, the Conseil d'Amirauté (Admiralty Council) noted that the number of large cruisers, including the three Arethusé-type ships under construction, were insufficient to the fleet's needs. In addition, the Arethusé type was insufficiently armed to be able to engage foreign counterparts like the British Shah or the German Leipzig. The Admiralty Council called for four new cruisers suited to the task be built. The naval constructor Pierre Gaston Hermann Valin, who had designed the cruiser Iphigénie, prepared an improved version of that ship to meet the Navy's requirements. He lengthened the hull, which created room for a more powerful propulsion system and additional guns. In January 1880, two ships of the design were allocated to the 1881 construction program; the first, to become Dubourdieu, and the second, was to be named Capitaine Lucas. The following year, a third vessel of the class was added to the budget, though this vessel was never named.[4]During construction, Louis-Émile Bertin submitted a proposal for a new steel-hulled cruiser with an armor deck, a type that would become known as the protected cruiser. The Conseil des Traveaux rejected his proposal on 4 August 1881, but the naval minister, Georges Charles Cloué, overruled their decision shortly thereafter. He ordered the second and third Dubourdieu-class cruisers to be suspended and Bertin's ship to be built in their place.[5] Dubourdieu and the three vessels of the Arethusé type were the final generation of unprotected cruisers built in France, that type thereafter being replaced by protected cruisers in the early 1880s, beginning with Bertin's ship, which became Sfax.[1]In addition to being the last unprotected cruiser of the French fleet, Dubourdieu was to be the last wooden-hulled cruiser to be built in France.[1] France was among the last countries to build wooden-hulled cruisers, along with the United States; the French Navy preferred the use of wood, both because it was cheaper than steel, and it also allowed steel production to be concentrated on the ironclad warships then being built.[6] The ship was poorly regarded as a result of her dated design; she was significantly weaker than the new protected cruisers that began to enter service in foreign navies by the time she was completed. She was also too slow to escape more powerful vessels. Admiral Jules François Émile Krantz is believed to have remarked that Dubourdieu was \"nothing more than nice accommodations.\"[1]","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:164mm_gun_aboard_Dubourdieu_NH_68699.jpg"},{"link_name":"long at the waterline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_at_the_waterline"},{"link_name":"long between perpendiculars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_between_perpendiculars"},{"link_name":"beam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beam_(nautical)"},{"link_name":"draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft_(hull)"},{"link_name":"displaced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Displacement_(ship)"},{"link_name":"normally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_displacement"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts102-6"},{"link_name":"clipper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clipper"},{"link_name":"bow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_(ship)"},{"link_name":"stern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stern"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell320-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts102-6"},{"link_name":"compound steam engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_steam_engine"},{"link_name":"screw propeller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screw_propeller"},{"link_name":"fire-tube boilers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire-tube_boiler"},{"link_name":"funnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funnel_(ship)"},{"link_name":"amidships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amidships"},{"link_name":"indicated horsepower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsepower#Indicated_horsepower"},{"link_name":"kW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilowatt"},{"link_name":"masted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mast_(sailing)"},{"link_name":"full ship rig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_ship_rig"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts102-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell320-8"},{"link_name":"main battery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_battery"},{"link_name":"caliber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliber_(artillery)"},{"link_name":"sponsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponson"},{"link_name":"secondary battery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_armament"},{"link_name":"torpedo boats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo_boat"},{"link_name":"Hotchkiss revolver cannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotchkiss_revolver_cannon"},{"link_name":"torpedo tubes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo_tube"},{"link_name":"broadside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadside_(naval)"},{"link_name":"field guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_gun"},{"link_name":"landing party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_party"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts102-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell320-8"}],"sub_title":"Characteristics","text":"One of Dubourdieu's main gunsDubourdieu was 73.97 m (242 ft 8 in) long at the waterline and 77.3 m (253 ft 7 in) long between perpendiculars, with a beam of 14.28 m (46 ft 10 in) and an average draft of 6.2 m (20 ft 4 in). Aft, her draft increased to 6.97 m (22 ft 10 in). She displaced 3,354.7 t (3,301.7 long tons) normally.[5] Her hull was constructed with wood; she had a clipper bow and an overhanging stern. The ship had no armor protection.[7] Her crew consisted of 422 officers and enlisted men.[5]The ship was propelled by a single horizontal, 3-cylinder compound steam engine that drove a screw propeller. Steam was provided by twelve coal-burning fire-tube boilers that were ducted into a single funnel located amidships. Coal storage amounted to 400 t (390 long tons). The power plant was rated to produce 3,150 indicated horsepower (2,350 kW) for a top speed of 14 knots (26 km/h; 16 mph), but on speed trials, she reached only 13.91 knots (25.76 km/h; 16.01 mph). At a cruising speed of 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph), Dubourdieu could steam for 4,780 nautical miles (8,850 km; 5,500 mi). The ship's engines proved to be troublesome in service, a common problem with French cruisers of the period. To supplement her steam engines, she was fitted with a three-masted full ship rig.[5][7]The ship was armed with a main battery of four 164.7 mm (6.48 in) M1881 28-caliber guns that were placed in sponsons on the upper deck, two per side. These were supported by a secondary battery of twelve 138.6 mm (5.46 in) M1881 30-caliber guns, ten of which were placed in a central gun battery on the main deck. The remaining two 138.6 mm guns were located aft. For close-range defense against torpedo boats, she carried a tertiary battery of a single 47 mm (1.9 in) gun and ten 37 mm (1 in) Hotchkiss revolver cannon. Dubourdieu was also fitted with two 350 mm (13.8 in) torpedo tubes in above-water mounts, one on each broadside. The ship carried a pair of 65 mm (2.6 in) field guns that could be sent ashore with a landing party.[5][7]","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:French_cruiser_Dubourdieu_NH_71240.jpg"},{"link_name":"dry-dock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry-dock"},{"link_name":"Mare Island Naval Shipyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_Island_Naval_Shipyard"},{"link_name":"Arsenal de Cherbourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenal_de_Cherbourg"},{"link_name":"keel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keel"},{"link_name":"laid down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keel_laying"},{"link_name":"launched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_launching"},{"link_name":"commissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_commissioning"},{"link_name":"sea trials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_trials"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts102-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall98-7"},{"link_name":"flagship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagship"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERopp109-1"},{"link_name":"Duquesne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_cruiser_Duquesne_(1876)"},{"link_name":"Cherbourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherbourg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts102-6"},{"link_name":"Cape Horn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Horn"},{"link_name":"Hawaiian Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Tahiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahiti"},{"link_name":"French Polynesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Polynesia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERopp109-1"},{"link_name":"Volta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=French_cruiser_Volta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Champlain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=French_cruiser_Champlain&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrassey_189067-9"},{"link_name":"dry docked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_dock"},{"link_name":"Mare Island Naval Shipyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_Island_Naval_Shipyard"},{"link_name":"stern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stern"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts101-5"},{"link_name":"French colonies in the Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_colonial_empire#Summary_of_additional_colonization_in_the_Pacific_islands"},{"link_name":"Duguay-Trouin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_cruiser_Duguay-Trouin_(1877)"},{"link_name":"Duchaffault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=French_cruiser_Duchaffault&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrassey_189371-10"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts102-6"},{"link_name":"Roland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_cruiser_Roland"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrassey_189666-11"},{"link_name":"Rigault de Genouilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_cruiser_Rigault_de_Genouilly"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrassey_189761-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarbett_1897634-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrassey_189974-14"},{"link_name":"Brest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest,_France"},{"link_name":"Lorient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorient"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarbett_1899556-15"},{"link_name":"paid off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paid_off"},{"link_name":"reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve_fleet"},{"link_name":"naval register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_register"},{"link_name":"training ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Training_ship"},{"link_name":"scrap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrap"},{"link_name":"broken up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_breaking"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts102-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell320-8"}],"text":"Dubourdieu in dry-dock at the Mare Island Naval Shipyard in California around 1890Dubourdieu was built at the Arsenal de Cherbourg; she was ordered on 24 December 1879 and her keel was laid down on 6 September 1880. She was launched on 6 December 1884. Delays with the design and manufacturing of the steam engines slowed work on the ship, and she was finally completed in 1886, being commissioned for sea trials on 15 June. After conducting her full-power trials on 9 September, she was placed in reserve. Further trials were carried out, beginning on 6 June 1887, and after defects were discovered during a test run on 16 July, she was placed in the 3rd category of reserve for alterations on 10 August. She carried out further trials and was moved to the 2nd category of reserve on 22 December, at which point the ship was pronounced complete.[5][6] At some point during the trials period, Dubourdieu received additional alterations, including the installation of admiral's quarters to allow the vessel to serve as a flagship.[1]On 18 November 1889, Dubourdieu was recommissioned to deploy to the Pacific station, replacing the cruiser Duquesne as the flagship there. The ship's arrival was delayed when engine damage forced her to return to Cherbourg for repairs on 15 February 1890. She departed again on 10 April.[5] The ship sailed south through the Atlantic, rounded Cape Horn, and made calls in a series of ports along the way, including in Chile, Peru, and the Hawaiian Kingdom, before reaching Tahiti in French Polynesia.[1] After arriving in the Pacific, she operated with the unprotected cruisers Volta and Champlain.[8] From 30 June to 23 July 1891, the ship was dry docked at the Mare Island Naval Shipyard for repairs to her stern.[4] During the early 1890s, the ships were primarily responsible for patrolling the French colonies in the Pacific. She remained in the area into 1893; by that time, the unit also consisted of the unprotected cruisers Duguay-Trouin and Duchaffault.[9] Later that year, Dubourdieu was recalled to France, where she was placed in reserve through 1895.[5]After recommissioning in 1896, Dubourdieu was assigned to the North American station to serve as its flagship, along with the unprotected cruiser Roland.[10] The following year, Roland was replaced by the unprotected cruiser Rigault de Genouilly, with Dubourdieu still the flagship.[11] In May that year, Dubourdieu steamed to Cherbourg to undergo an overhaul and receive a new crew before resuming her role as the station flagship.[12]She remained on the station into 1899, by which time she had been joined by the protected cruiser Sfax.[13] By that time, Dubourdieu flew the flag of Rear Admiral Escande. She arrived in Brest on 16 April, where Escande hauled down his flag. Four days later, the ship moved to Lorient,[14] where she was later paid off into reserve on 9 May. She was struck from the naval register on 1 December that year and was briefly used as a stationary training ship. Dubourdieu was soon sold for scrap on 19 May 1900 to M. Degoul at Lorient and broken up.[5][7]","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Footnotes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Iphigénie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_cruiser_Iphig%C3%A9nie"},{"link_name":"Naïade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_cruiser_Na%C3%AFade"},{"link_name":"Aréthuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_cruiser_Ar%C3%A9thuse"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts97%E2%80%93100-2"}],"sub_title":"Notes","text":"^ A further three vessels—Iphigénie, Naïade, and Aréthuse—were under construction.[2]","title":"Footnotes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERopp109_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERopp109_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERopp109_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERopp109_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERopp109_1-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERopp109_1-5"},{"link_name":"Ropp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRopp"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts97%E2%80%93100_2-0"},{"link_name":"Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRoberts"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts100%E2%80%93101_4-0"},{"link_name":"Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRoberts"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts101_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts101_5-1"},{"link_name":"Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRoberts"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts102_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts102_6-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts102_6-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts102_6-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts102_6-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts102_6-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts102_6-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts102_6-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts102_6-8"},{"link_name":"Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRoberts"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall98_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall98_7-1"},{"link_name":"Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMarshall"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell320_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell320_8-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell320_8-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell320_8-3"},{"link_name":"Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCampbell"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrassey_189067_9-0"},{"link_name":"Brassey 1890","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBrassey_1890"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrassey_189371_10-0"},{"link_name":"Brassey 1893","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBrassey_1893"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrassey_189666_11-0"},{"link_name":"Brassey 1896","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBrassey_1896"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrassey_189761_12-0"},{"link_name":"Brassey 1897","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBrassey_1897"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarbett_1897634_13-0"},{"link_name":"Garbett 1897","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGarbett_1897"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrassey_189974_14-0"},{"link_name":"Brassey 1899","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBrassey_1899"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarbett_1899556_15-0"},{"link_name":"Garbett 1899","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGarbett_1899"}],"sub_title":"Citations","text":"^ a b c d e f Ropp, p. 109.\n\n^ Roberts, pp. 97–100.\n\n^ Roberts, pp. 100–101.\n\n^ a b Roberts, p. 101.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i Roberts, p. 102.\n\n^ a b Marshall, p. 98.\n\n^ a b c d Campbell, p. 320.\n\n^ Brassey 1890, p. 67.\n\n^ Brassey 1893, p. 71.\n\n^ Brassey 1896, p. 66.\n\n^ Brassey 1897, p. 61.\n\n^ Garbett 1897, p. 634.\n\n^ Brassey 1899, p. 74.\n\n^ Garbett 1899, p. 556.","title":"Footnotes"}]	[{"image_text":"Iphigénie, which provided the basis for Dubourdieu","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/NH_74801_French_cruiser_Iphig%C3%A9nie.jpg/220px-NH_74801_French_cruiser_Iphig%C3%A9nie.jpg"},{"image_text":"One of Dubourdieu's main guns","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c6/164mm_gun_aboard_Dubourdieu_NH_68699.jpg/220px-164mm_gun_aboard_Dubourdieu_NH_68699.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dubourdieu in dry-dock at the Mare Island Naval Shipyard in California around 1890","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/French_cruiser_Dubourdieu_NH_71240.jpg/220px-French_cruiser_Dubourdieu_NH_71240.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Brassey, Thomas, ed. (1890). \"Chapter V: The Foreign Stations\". The Naval Annual. Portsmouth: J. Griffin & Co.: 64–68. OCLC 496786828.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Brassey,_1st_Earl_Brassey","url_text":"Brassey, Thomas"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zfs_AAAAYAAJ","url_text":"\"Chapter V: The Foreign Stations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/496786828","url_text":"496786828"}]},{"reference":"Brassey, Thomas A. (1893). \"Chapter IV: Relative Strength\". The Naval Annual. Portsmouth: J. Griffin & Co.: 66–73. OCLC 496786828.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Brassey,_2nd_Earl_Brassey","url_text":"Brassey, Thomas A."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zRUuAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"\"Chapter IV: Relative Strength\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/496786828","url_text":"496786828"}]},{"reference":"Brassey, Thomas A. (1896). \"Chapter III: Relative Strength\". The Naval Annual. Portsmouth: J. Griffin & Co.: 61–71. OCLC 496786828.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0o9IAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"\"Chapter III: Relative Strength\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/496786828","url_text":"496786828"}]},{"reference":"Brassey, Thomas A. (1897). \"Chapter III: Relative Strength\". The Naval Annual. Portsmouth: J. Griffin & Co.: 56–77. OCLC 496786828.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8SsuAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"\"Chapter III: Relative Strength\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/496786828","url_text":"496786828"}]},{"reference":"Brassey, Thomas A. (1899). \"Chapter III: Relative Strength\". The Naval Annual. Portsmouth: J. Griffin & Co.: 70–80. OCLC 496786828.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4pNIAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"\"Chapter III: Relative Strength\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/496786828","url_text":"496786828"}]},{"reference":"Campbell, N. J. M. (1979). \"France\". In Gardiner, Robert (ed.). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905. London: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 283–333. ISBN 978-0-85177-133-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/conwaysallworlds0000unse_l2e2","url_text":"Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85177-133-5","url_text":"978-0-85177-133-5"}]},{"reference":"Garbett, H., ed. (May 1897). \"Naval Notes: France\". Journal of the Royal United Service Institution. XLI (231). London: J. J. Keliher & Co.: 634–637. OCLC 1077860366.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zSMwAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"\"Naval Notes: France\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1077860366","url_text":"1077860366"}]},{"reference":"Garbett, H., ed. (May 1899). \"Naval Notes: France\". Journal of the Royal United Service Institution. XLIII (255). London: J. J. Keliher & Co.: 555–559. OCLC 1077860366.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zSMwAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"\"Naval Notes: France\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1077860366","url_text":"1077860366"}]},{"reference":"Marshall, Chris, ed. (1995). The Encyclopedia of Ships: The History and Specifications of Over 1200 Ships. Enderby: Blitz Editions. ISBN 1-85605-288-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85605-288-5","url_text":"1-85605-288-5"}]},{"reference":"Roberts, Stephen (2021). French Warships in the Age of Steam 1859–1914. Barnsley: Seaforth. ISBN 978-1-5267-4533-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5267-4533-0","url_text":"978-1-5267-4533-0"}]},{"reference":"Ropp, Theodore (1987). Roberts, Stephen S. (ed.). The Development of a Modern Navy: French Naval Policy, 1871–1904. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-87021-141-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Ropp","url_text":"Ropp, Theodore"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87021-141-6","url_text":"978-0-87021-141-6"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zfs_AAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"\"Chapter V: The Foreign Stations\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/496786828","external_links_name":"496786828"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zRUuAAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"\"Chapter IV: Relative Strength\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/496786828","external_links_name":"496786828"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0o9IAQAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"\"Chapter III: Relative Strength\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/496786828","external_links_name":"496786828"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8SsuAAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"\"Chapter III: Relative Strength\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/496786828","external_links_name":"496786828"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4pNIAQAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"\"Chapter III: Relative Strength\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/496786828","external_links_name":"496786828"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/conwaysallworlds0000unse_l2e2","external_links_name":"Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zSMwAQAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"\"Naval Notes: France\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1077860366","external_links_name":"1077860366"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zSMwAQAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"\"Naval Notes: France\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1077860366","external_links_name":"1077860366"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_way_pair	One-way pair	["1 Description","2 Examples","2.1 Australia","2.2 Canada","2.3 Japan","2.4 United States","3 See also","4 References"]	Two separate corridors in opposite directions This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "One-way pair" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) A one-way pair, one-way couple, or couplet refers to that portion of a bi-directional traffic facility – such as a road, bus, streetcar, or light rail line – where its opposing flows exist as two independent and roughly parallel facilities. Description In the context of roads, a one-way pair consists of two one-way streets whose flows combine on one or both ends into a single two-way street. The one-way streets may be separated by just a single block, such as in a grid network, or may be spaced further apart with intermediate parallel roads. One use of a one-way pair is to increase the vehicular capacity of a major route through a developed area such as a central business district. If not carefully treated with other traffic calming features, the benefit in vehicular capacity is offset by a potential for increased road user deaths, in particular people walking and biking. A one-way pair can be created by converting segments of two-way streets into one-way streets, which allows lanes to be added without widening.It also allows easier creation of a green wave by adjusting traffic lights on the through route, because strict left turn phases are no longer required at each intersection. On occasion, "couplet" has been applied specifically to the point where the one-way streets and the two-way street meet, rather than the paired one-way streets themselves. Flows on a one-way pair may follow the traffic handedness convention of the locale, or may be switched. Following the convention allows a one-way pair to be more easily integrated into an existing network of two-way streets, as a single two-way street is effectively split into the two sides of the pair, as in the diagram below: (rejoin) (one-way pair) (split) / ← ← ← ← ← ← ← / ← ← ← / ← ← ← ← ← ← ← / ← ← ← → → → / → → → → → → → / → → → / → → → → → → → / Examples Australia The Sydney central business district features a number of one way pairs. One example is Pitt Street with Castlereagh Street. Pitt street carries only northbound traffic from Goulburn Street to Market Street. Castlreagh Street only carries southbound traffic on its entire length from Hunter Street to Hay Street. Trams once ran from Central station to Circular Quay along Pitt Street and back to Central station along Castlereigh, Bligh, Bent and Loftus Streets. Other examples are York and Clarence Streets between the Harbour Bridge and Town Hall, and King and Market Streets between Sussex and Elizabeth Streets. In Redfern, Elizabeth Street is paired with Chalmers Street between Redfern Street and Eddy Avenue. Prior to the opening of the Eastern Distributor in 1999, Bourke and Crown Streets were paired between Woolloomooloo and Waterloo after which they were converted back to two-way streets. In the Brisbane central business district, Ann Street is paired with Turbot Street and George Street with North Quay, the latter by the Brisbane River. In Southbank, Merivale Street is paired with Cordelia Street from Montague Road to Vulture Street. In East Brisbane, Vulture Street is paired with Stanley Street. In the Hobart central business district a couplet of Davey Street and Macquarie Street traverse the length of the city centre. The Tasman Highway joins the pair at the northeastern end at an interchange with the Brooker Highway. This current alignment was implemented in 1987 to coincide with the completion of the Sheraton Hotel. It was originally intended that the couplet system would serve as a stop gap measure prior to the construction of a freeway in Hobart's Transportation study of 1965. Prior to this, all traffic in Hobart was two-way. Canada Alberta Highway 2 is a one-way pair in southern Edmonton on Calgary Trail and Gateway Boulevard between 31 Avenue NW and Whitemud Drive. Alberta Highway 2 is also one-way pair through the towns of Fort Macleod (23 and 25 Streets; cosigned with Alberta Highway 3) and Nanton (20 and 21 Avenues). Alberta Highway 16 (Yellowhead Highway) is a one-way pair through the town of Edson (2nd & 4th Avenues). British Columbia Highway 99 is a one-way pair in downtown Vancouver on Seymour and Howe Streets between the Granville Street Bridge and Georgia Street. British Columbia Highway 97 is a one-way pair through the community of Westbank in West Kelowna, following Main Street and Dobbin Road. Saskatchewan Highway 1 (Trans-Canada Highway) splits into a functional one-way pair for 15 km (9 mi) between Uren and Ernfold, with the entire village of Ernfold being located between the eastbound and westbound lanes. Japan Japan National Route 340 travels through the central part of Hachinohe in Aomori Prefecture as a one-way pair between its northern terminus at an intersection with Japan National Route 45 and Aomori Prefecture Route 251. United States Interstate 78 travels along a one-way pair of surface streets, 12th Street and 14th Street, in Jersey City, New Jersey, between the end of the New Jersey Turnpike Newark Bay Extension and the Holland Tunnel, which leads into New York City, New York. There are hundreds of one-way pairs among the streets and avenues of New York City. One example is Fifth Avenue with Madison Avenue. Others include First Avenue with Second Avenue; Third Avenue with Lexington Avenue; and Seventh Avenue with either Sixth Avenue or Eighth Avenue. Two major streets in the city of Pittsburgh serve as a one-way pair; Forbes Avenue and Fifth Avenue. Both streets begin in Downtown near Point State Park before becoming a one-way pair just east of Market Square, with Forbes serving outbound traffic and Fifth serving inbound traffic, going through Uptown and Oakland before both streets end up with two-way traffic and diverge, with Fifth Avenue eventually terminating in Highland Park, while Forbes terminates in Wilkinsburg just outside the city limits. The mostly two-way Boulevard of the Allies parallels Forbes and Fifth for most of the time the two streets are a one-way pair. The east side of Portland, Oregon, features a number of one-way pairs, both north–south and east–west, with the east–west pairs being associated with bridges; these all follow the usual flow convention – see Transportation in Portland, Oregon, for more details. By contrast, the Portland Transit Mall, which is a public transportation (bus and rail) corridor, has the opposite flow, with the westernmost component (6th Avenue) running north, with the eastern component (5th Avenue) running south. There are a number of one-way pairs in Downtown Los Angeles, California. These include 3rd and 4th Streets, 5th and 6th Streets, 8th and 9th Streets, 11th and 12th Streets, and Main and Spring Streets. Levick Street and Robbins Street in Philadelphia are considered a one-way pair. The streets carry traffic to and from the Tacony-Palmyra Bridge through the Mayfair and Wissinoming neighborhoods. Between Frankford Avenue and Roosevelt Boulevard, the streets carry US 13 in their respective direction. In Orlando, Florida, Princeton Street carries 4 miles of SR-438 near Interstate 4. Over a portion of that, Smith Street carries the westbound traffic. At Lake Lawsona, Mills Avenue splits into Jackson Street northbound and Thornton Avenue southbound. In Virginia Beach, Virginia, the eastern end of Interstate 264 transitions to 21st and 22nd Street, each going in its respective direction. See also Roads portal Directional running, the equivalent for rail transport References ^ "To Stop Pedestrian Deaths NYC Must Change How it Builds Streets". ^ McCann, Sheila R. (June 23, 1989). "Interest stirs again for long-delayed interchange on U.S. 95". Idahonian. Moscow. p. 1A. ^ "Interstate 264 in Virginia". Roadstothefuture.com. Retrieved 2022-03-20.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road"},{"link_name":"bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus"},{"link_name":"streetcar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streetcar"},{"link_name":"light rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_rail"}],"text":"A one-way pair, one-way couple, or couplet refers to that portion of a bi-directional traffic facility – such as a road, bus, streetcar, or light rail line – where its opposing flows exist as two independent and roughly parallel facilities.","title":"One-way pair"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"one-way streets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-way_traffic"},{"link_name":"two-way street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-way_street"},{"link_name":"grid network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_plan"},{"link_name":"central business district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_business_district"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"green wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_wave"},{"link_name":"traffic lights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_light"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-intrs89-2"},{"link_name":"traffic handedness convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-_and_left-hand_traffic"}],"text":"In the context of roads, a one-way pair consists of two one-way streets whose flows combine on one or both ends into a single two-way street. The one-way streets may be separated by just a single block, such as in a grid network, or may be spaced further apart with intermediate parallel roads.One use of a one-way pair is to increase the vehicular capacity of a major route through a developed area such as a central business district. If not carefully treated with other traffic calming features, the benefit in vehicular capacity is offset by a potential for increased road user deaths, in particular people walking and biking.[1] A one-way pair can be created by converting segments of two-way streets into one-way streets, which allows lanes to be added without widening.It also allows easier creation of a green wave by adjusting traffic lights on the through route, because strict left turn phases are no longer required at each intersection.[citation needed]On occasion, \"couplet\" has been applied specifically to the point where the one-way streets and the two-way street meet, rather than the paired one-way streets themselves.[2]Flows on a one-way pair may follow the traffic handedness convention of the locale, or may be switched. Following the convention allows a one-way pair to be more easily integrated into an existing network of two-way streets, as a single two-way street is effectively split into the two sides of the pair, as in the diagram below:","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sydney central business district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_central_business_district"},{"link_name":"Pitt Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitt_Street"},{"link_name":"Castlereagh Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castlereagh_Street"},{"link_name":"Goulburn Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goulburn_Street"},{"link_name":"Market Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_Street,_Sydney"},{"link_name":"Hunter Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter_Street,_Sydney"},{"link_name":"Hay Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hay_Street,_Sydney"},{"link_name":"Trams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trams_in_Sydney"},{"link_name":"Central station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_railway_station,_Sydney"},{"link_name":"Circular Quay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_Quay"},{"link_name":"York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_Street,_Sydney"},{"link_name":"Clarence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Street,_Sydney"},{"link_name":"Harbour Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Harbour_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Town Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Town_Hall"},{"link_name":"King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Street,_Sydney"},{"link_name":"Market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_Street,_Sydney"},{"link_name":"Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex_Street,_Sydney"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Street,_Sydney"},{"link_name":"Redfern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redfern,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Street,_Sydney"},{"link_name":"Chalmers Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalmers_Street"},{"link_name":"Eddy Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddy_Avenue"},{"link_name":"Eastern Distributor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Distributor"},{"link_name":"Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Street,_Sydney"},{"link_name":"Woolloomooloo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolloomooloo"},{"link_name":"Waterloo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterloo,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Brisbane central business district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane_central_business_district"},{"link_name":"Ann Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Street,_Brisbane"},{"link_name":"Turbot Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbot_Street"},{"link_name":"George Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Street,_Brisbane"},{"link_name":"Brisbane River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane_River"},{"link_name":"Southbank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bank,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"East Brisbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Brisbane"},{"link_name":"Vulture Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulture_Street,_Brisbane"},{"link_name":"Stanley Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Street,_Brisbane"},{"link_name":"Hobart central business district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobart_central_business_district"},{"link_name":"Davey Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davey_Street"},{"link_name":"Macquarie Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macquarie_Street,_Hobart"},{"link_name":"Tasman Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasman_Highway"},{"link_name":"Brooker Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooker_Highway"},{"link_name":"Sheraton Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel_Grand_Chancellor,_Hobart"},{"link_name":"Hobart's Transportation study of 1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobart_Area_Transportation_Study"}],"sub_title":"Australia","text":"The Sydney central business district features a number of one way pairs. One example is Pitt Street with Castlereagh Street. Pitt street carries only northbound traffic from Goulburn Street to Market Street. Castlreagh Street only carries southbound traffic on its entire length from Hunter Street to Hay Street. Trams once ran from Central station to Circular Quay along Pitt Street and back to Central station along Castlereigh, Bligh, Bent and Loftus Streets. Other examples are York and Clarence Streets between the Harbour Bridge and Town Hall, and King and Market Streets between Sussex and Elizabeth Streets.In Redfern, Elizabeth Street is paired with Chalmers Street between Redfern Street and Eddy Avenue. Prior to the opening of the Eastern Distributor in 1999, Bourke and Crown Streets were paired between Woolloomooloo and Waterloo after which they were converted back to two-way streets.In the Brisbane central business district, Ann Street is paired with Turbot Street and George Street with North Quay, the latter by the Brisbane River. In Southbank, Merivale Street is paired with Cordelia Street from Montague Road to Vulture Street. In East Brisbane, Vulture Street is paired with Stanley Street.In the Hobart central business district a couplet of Davey Street and Macquarie Street traverse the length of the city centre. The Tasman Highway joins the pair at the northeastern end at an interchange with the Brooker Highway. This current alignment was implemented in 1987 to coincide with the completion of the Sheraton Hotel. It was originally intended that the couplet system would serve as a stop gap measure prior to the construction of a freeway in Hobart's Transportation study of 1965. Prior to this, all traffic in Hobart was two-way.","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alberta Highway 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta_Highway_2"},{"link_name":"Edmonton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton"},{"link_name":"Calgary Trail and Gateway Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary_Trail_%26_Gateway_Boulevard"},{"link_name":"Whitemud Drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitemud_Drive"},{"link_name":"Fort Macleod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Macleod"},{"link_name":"cosigned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrency_(road)"},{"link_name":"Alberta Highway 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta_Highway_3"},{"link_name":"Nanton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanton,_Alberta"},{"link_name":"Alberta Highway 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta_Highway_16"},{"link_name":"Yellowhead Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellowhead_Highway"},{"link_name":"Edson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edson,_Alberta"},{"link_name":"British Columbia Highway 99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia_Highway_99"},{"link_name":"Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver"},{"link_name":"Granville Street Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granville_Street_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Georgia Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Street"},{"link_name":"British Columbia Highway 97","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia_Highway_97"},{"link_name":"Westbank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westbank,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"West Kelowna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Kelowna"},{"link_name":"Saskatchewan Highway 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatchewan_Highway_1"},{"link_name":"Trans-Canada Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Canada_Highway"},{"link_name":"Uren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uren,_Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"Ernfold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernfold"}],"sub_title":"Canada","text":"Alberta Highway 2 is a one-way pair in southern Edmonton on Calgary Trail and Gateway Boulevard between 31 Avenue NW and Whitemud Drive. Alberta Highway 2 is also one-way pair through the towns of Fort Macleod (23 and 25 Streets; cosigned with Alberta Highway 3) and Nanton (20 and 21 Avenues). Alberta Highway 16 (Yellowhead Highway) is a one-way pair through the town of Edson (2nd & 4th Avenues).British Columbia Highway 99 is a one-way pair in downtown Vancouver on Seymour and Howe Streets between the Granville Street Bridge and Georgia Street. British Columbia Highway 97 is a one-way pair through the community of Westbank in West Kelowna, following Main Street and Dobbin Road.Saskatchewan Highway 1 (Trans-Canada Highway) splits into a functional one-way pair for 15 km (9 mi) between Uren and Ernfold, with the entire village of Ernfold being located between the eastbound and westbound lanes.","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japan National Route 340","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_National_Route_340"},{"link_name":"Hachinohe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hachinohe"},{"link_name":"Aomori Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aomori_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Japan National Route 45","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_National_Route_45"}],"sub_title":"Japan","text":"Japan National Route 340 travels through the central part of Hachinohe in Aomori Prefecture as a one-way pair between its northern terminus at an intersection with Japan National Route 45 and Aomori Prefecture Route 251.","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Interstate 78","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_78"},{"link_name":"12th Street and 14th Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Route_139#I-78_concurrency"},{"link_name":"Jersey City, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey_City,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"New Jersey Turnpike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Turnpike"},{"link_name":"Holland Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland_Tunnel"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"Fifth Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Avenue"},{"link_name":"Madison Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_Avenue"},{"link_name":"First Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Avenue_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"Second Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Avenue_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"Third Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Avenue"},{"link_name":"Lexington Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexington_Avenue"},{"link_name":"Seventh Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh_Avenue_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"Sixth Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth_Avenue_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"Eighth Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighth_Avenue_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh"},{"link_name":"Forbes Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes_Avenue"},{"link_name":"Fifth Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Avenue_(Pittsburgh)"},{"link_name":"Downtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Pittsburgh"},{"link_name":"Point State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Market Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_Square_(Pittsburgh)"},{"link_name":"Uptown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uptown_Pittsburgh"},{"link_name":"Oakland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_(Pittsburgh)"},{"link_name":"Highland Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highland_Park_(Pittsburgh)"},{"link_name":"Wilkinsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilkinsburg,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Boulevard of the Allies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulevard_of_the_Allies"},{"link_name":"Portland, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Transportation in Portland, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_in_Portland,_Oregon#Traffic_flow"},{"link_name":"Portland Transit Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_Transit_Mall"},{"link_name":"Downtown Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"3rd and 4th Streets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Street,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"5th and 6th Streets, 8th and 9th Streets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_streets,_1-10"},{"link_name":"11th and 12th Streets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_streets,_11-40"},{"link_name":"Main","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Street_(Los_Angeles)"},{"link_name":"Spring Streets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_Street_Financial_District"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"Tacony-Palmyra Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacony-Palmyra_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Mayfair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayfair,_Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"Wissinoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wissinoming,_Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"Roosevelt Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosevelt_Boulevard_(Philadelphia)"},{"link_name":"US 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_13_in_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Orlando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"Interstate 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"United States","text":"Interstate 78 travels along a one-way pair of surface streets, 12th Street and 14th Street, in Jersey City, New Jersey, between the end of the New Jersey Turnpike Newark Bay Extension and the Holland Tunnel, which leads into New York City, New York.There are hundreds of one-way pairs among the streets and avenues of New York City. One example is Fifth Avenue with Madison Avenue. Others include First Avenue with Second Avenue; Third Avenue with Lexington Avenue; and Seventh Avenue with either Sixth Avenue or Eighth Avenue.Two major streets in the city of Pittsburgh serve as a one-way pair; Forbes Avenue and Fifth Avenue. Both streets begin in Downtown near Point State Park before becoming a one-way pair just east of Market Square, with Forbes serving outbound traffic and Fifth serving inbound traffic, going through Uptown and Oakland before both streets end up with two-way traffic and diverge, with Fifth Avenue eventually terminating in Highland Park, while Forbes terminates in Wilkinsburg just outside the city limits. The mostly two-way Boulevard of the Allies parallels Forbes and Fifth for most of the time the two streets are a one-way pair.The east side of Portland, Oregon, features a number of one-way pairs, both north–south and east–west, with the east–west pairs being associated with bridges; these all follow the usual flow convention – see Transportation in Portland, Oregon, for more details. By contrast, the Portland Transit Mall, which is a public transportation (bus and rail) corridor, has the opposite flow, with the westernmost component (6th Avenue) running north, with the eastern component (5th Avenue) running south.There are a number of one-way pairs in Downtown Los Angeles, California. These include 3rd and 4th Streets, 5th and 6th Streets, 8th and 9th Streets, 11th and 12th Streets, and Main and Spring Streets.Levick Street and Robbins Street in Philadelphia are considered a one-way pair. The streets carry traffic to and from the Tacony-Palmyra Bridge through the Mayfair and Wissinoming neighborhoods. Between Frankford Avenue and Roosevelt Boulevard, the streets carry US 13 in their respective direction.In Orlando, Florida, Princeton Street carries 4 miles of SR-438 near Interstate 4. Over a portion of that, Smith Street carries the westbound traffic. At Lake Lawsona, Mills Avenue splits into Jackson Street northbound and Thornton Avenue southbound.In Virginia Beach, Virginia, the eastern end of Interstate 264 transitions to 21st and 22nd Street, each going in its respective direction.[3]","title":"Examples"}]	[]	[{"title":"Roads portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Roads"},{"title":"Directional running","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directional_running"},{"title":"rail transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transport"}]	[{"reference":"\"To Stop Pedestrian Deaths NYC Must Change How it Builds Streets\".","urls":[{"url":"https://citylimits.org/2015/12/22/to-stop-pedestrian-deaths-we-have-to-change-the-way-we-build-our-streets","url_text":"\"To Stop Pedestrian Deaths NYC Must Change How it Builds Streets\""}]},{"reference":"McCann, Sheila R. (June 23, 1989). \"Interest stirs again for long-delayed interchange on U.S. 95\". Idahonian. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Kirtland	Ben Kirtland	["1 Professional career","2 Head coaching record","3 Controversies","4 References"]	This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Ben Kirtland" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Ben Kirtland is a former coach for the Connecticut Huskies men's ice hockey team and former associate athletic director at the University of Kansas. Professional career Kirtland coached seven seasons at the Division III level from 1981 to 1988. He led the team to one winning season during his tenure, leaving with an overall career coaching record of 85 wins, 98 losses, and 2 ties. Head coaching record Statistics overview Season Team Overall Conference Standing Postseason Connecticut Huskies (ECAC 2) (1981–1985) 1981–82 Connecticut 9–11–0 5–11–0 22nd 1982–83 Connecticut 10–14–0 8–11–0 19th 1983–84 Connecticut 13–15–0 7–13–0 21st 1984–85 Connecticut 14–10–0 10–8–0 12th ECAC East Quarterfinals Connecticut: 46–50–0 30–43–0 Connecticut Huskies (ECAC East) (1985–1988) 1985–86 Connecticut 16–17–0 12–10–0 T–6th ECAC East Quarterfinals 1986–87 Connecticut 11–16–2 10–9–2 6th ECAC East Quarterfinals 1987–88 Connecticut 12–15–0 9–12–0 9th Connecticut: 39–48–2 31–31–2 Total: 85–98–2 National champion Postseason invitational champion Conference regular season champion Conference regular season and conference tournament champion Division regular season champion Division regular season and conference tournament champion Conference tournament champion Kirtland was the former associate athletic director at the University of Kansas up until mid-2011. Controversies Kirtland was a part of the Kansas Ticket Gang, which made money off of reselling tickets for the University of Kansas's football and basketball games. Kirkland pleaded guilty in February 2011 for conspiracy to defraud the United States, interstate transport of stolen property, and tax obstruction. He was sentenced to 57 months in federal prison. References ^ "Statistics". College Hockey \| USCHO.com. Retrieved 17 November 2020. ^ "2012–13 Connecticut hockey Media Guide". ISSUU.com. Retrieved 2014-08-23. ^ Fredrickson, H. George (October 23, 2019). Hot Tickets. McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers. ISBN 9781476637488. ^ "Ex-KU official Ben Kirtland sentenced". ESPN. ABC, Inc. 12 May 2011. vteUConn Huskies men's ice hockeyFormerly the Connecticut Agricultural College AggiesPlaying venues UConn Ice Rink (1961–1998) Mark Edward Freitas Ice Forum (1998–2016) XL Center (2014–2023) Toscano Family Ice Forum (2023–present) Head coaches John Chapman (1960–1981) Ben Kirtland (1981–1988) Bruce Marshall (1988–2012) David Berard (2012–13) (interim) Mike Cavanaugh (2013–present) Seasons 1911–12 1960–61 1961–62 1962–63 1963–64 1964–65 1965–66 1966–67 1967–68 1968–69 1969–70 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–00 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 Conference affiliations ECAC Hockey (1961–1964) ECAC 2 (1964–1984) ECAC East (1984–1998) MAAC (1998–2003) Atlantic Hockey (2003–2014) Hockey East (2014–present) Culture & lore Connecticut Ice All-time leaders Bryan Krygier (219 Points) Todd Krygier (99 Goals) Louis Parker (54 Wins) Conference Tournament titles MAAC: 2000 University of Connecticut Storrs, CT This biographical article relating to an American ice hockey coach is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Connecticut Huskies men's ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_Huskies_men%27s_ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"University of Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Kansas"}],"text":"Ben Kirtland is a former coach for the Connecticut Huskies men's ice hockey team and former associate athletic director at the University of Kansas.","title":"Ben Kirtland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Division III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_III"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"Kirtland coached seven seasons at the Division III level from 1981 to 1988. He led the team to one winning season during his tenure, leaving with an overall career coaching record of 85 wins, 98 losses, and 2 ties.[1]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"University of Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Kansas"}],"text":"[2]Kirtland was the former associate athletic director at the University of Kansas up until mid-2011.","title":"Head coaching record"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kansas Ticket Gang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kansas_Ticket_Gang&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"reselling tickets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticket_resale"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_Jayhawks_football"},{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_Jayhawks_basketball"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"conspiracy to defraud the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_to_defraud_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Kirtland was a part of the Kansas Ticket Gang, which made money off of reselling tickets for the University of Kansas's football and basketball games.[3]Kirkland pleaded guilty in February 2011 for conspiracy to defraud the United States, interstate transport of stolen property, and tax obstruction. He was sentenced to 57 months in federal prison. [4]","title":"Controversies"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Statistics\". College Hockey \| USCHO.com. Retrieved 17 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.uscho.com/stats/coach/mid,245/ben-kirtland/","url_text":"\"Statistics\""}]},{"reference":"\"2012–13 Connecticut hockey Media Guide\". ISSUU.com. Retrieved 2014-08-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://issuu.com/uconnhuskies/docs/media_guide_high_res","url_text":"\"2012–13 Connecticut hockey Media Guide\""}]},{"reference":"Fredrickson, H. George (October 23, 2019). Hot Tickets. McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers. ISBN 9781476637488.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yj67DwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Hot Tickets"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781476637488","url_text":"9781476637488"}]},{"reference":"\"Ex-KU official Ben Kirtland sentenced\". ESPN. ABC, Inc. 12 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/mens-college-basketball/news/story?id=6533225","url_text":"\"Ex-KU official Ben Kirtland sentenced\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Ben+Kirtland%22","external_links_name":"\"Ben Kirtland\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Ben+Kirtland%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Ben+Kirtland%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Ben+Kirtland%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Ben+Kirtland%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Ben+Kirtland%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.uscho.com/stats/coach/mid,245/ben-kirtland/","external_links_name":"\"Statistics\""},{"Link":"http://issuu.com/uconnhuskies/docs/media_guide_high_res","external_links_name":"\"2012–13 Connecticut hockey Media Guide\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yj67DwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Hot Tickets"},{"Link":"https://www.espn.com/mens-college-basketball/news/story?id=6533225","external_links_name":"\"Ex-KU official Ben Kirtland sentenced\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ben_Kirtland&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajooba	Ajooba	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Soundtrack","5 Box office","6 References","7 External links"]	1990 Indian filmAjoobaIndian Theatrical release posterDirected byShashi KapoorGennady VasilyevWritten byYu AvetikovBharat B. BhallaValentin EzhovBrij KatyalPrayag RajProduced byShashi KapoorStarringAmitabh BachchanRishi KapoorDimple KapadiaSonamShammi KapoorDara SinghSaeed JafferyAmrish PuriCinematographySergei AnufriyevAleksandr KovalchukPeter PereiraEdited byBhanudas DivakarTatyana MalyavinaMusic byLaxmikant–PyarelalDistributed byAasia Films Pvt. Ltd.Gorky Film StudioRelease dates July 1990 (1990-07) (USSR) 12 April 1991 (1991-04-12) (India) Running time170 minutesCountriesIndiaUSSRLanguagesHindiRussian Ajooba (transl. Wonder) is a 1990 superhero film, produced and directed by Shashi Kapoor and co-directed by Soviet filmmaker Gennadi Vasilyev. An Indian-Soviet co-production, it is loosely based on Arabic folklore such as One Thousand and One Nights. The film had a Russian language version released in the Soviet Union, Черный принц Аджуба (Black Prince Ajuba), in 1990, before its Indian release in 1991. The film starred Amitabh Bachchan as the titular superhero Ajooba, along with Rishi Kapoor, Dimple Kapadia, Sonam, Shammi Kapoor, Dara Singh, Saeed Jaffery and Amrish Puri in pivotal roles.Made on a budget of ₹80 million, it was the most expensive Indian film made until then. Ajooba released worldwide on 12 April 1991, on the Eid weekend. It received mixed reviews from critics, who praised the performances, special effects and music, but criticised the story, screenplay and direction. Plot The Afghan kingdom of Baharistan is ruled by a kind Sultan (Shammi Kapoor). All is well in the land, except that Sultan seemingly can't have any child. An evil devil-worshipping Vazir (Amrish Puri) seeks to usurp the throne, reviving his "Fauladi Shaitan" (a huge demon-like figure made of stone) and take over the world. Vazir instructs his maids to strangle every child born to Sultan. Finally, however, a spark of divine intervention (presented literally as a spark which descends from the heavens and enters the womb) renders the next newborn son immune to the poisons and strangulations administered by the maids. This Shehzada (Prince) eventually becomes Ajooba (Miracle). Sultan and his wife Malika (Ariadna Shengelaya) kick off celebrations throughout the land. The good court magician Ameer Khan (Saeed Jaffrey), fondly called "Ameer Baba", the very much close friend of Sultan, recently returned from his travels to Hind (India), presents a magic sword to Sultan. Sultan thrusts it into a pillar (verifying its keenness) and Ameer Baba pronounces that it may be drawn out of the stone again only by a member of the royal family (rather like the Excalibur). Soon after, Sultan privately discusses about the traitors in the kingdom, with Ameer Baba. Vazir overhears their discussion, eventually tricks Ameer Baba, steals his Necklace of Immortality, throws him into the dungeon, attempts to murder Sultan and his family and take over the throne. Sultan escapes with his wife and child. After a pitched battle involving magic carpets, storms and ships, Sultan is missing. Malika is blinded and the young Shehzada is washed ashore by a dolphin (whom he eventually thinks of as his mother) to a blacksmith. This blacksmith adopts the kid, trains him in all the worldly and martial arts and thus creates Ajooba. In the meantime, Vazir blames Ameer Baba for Sultan's murder, takes over the throne and begins ravaging the land, always uttering his slogan Shaitan Zindabad (Long live the Devil). Ajooba is a masked rider in black (rather like Zorro) who thwarts Vazir's lackeys as they pillage the lands and harass the citizens. His plain self is Ali, an ordinary restaurateur and his chum is Hassan (Rishi Kapoor). Together they foil Vazir's evil schemes, raid his caravans and woo their girls. Ali falls for Rukhsana (Dimple Kapadia), the daughter of Ameer Baba, returned from Hind (to rescue her imprisoned father), while Hassan's affections are for Vazir's Shehzadi Henna (Sonam). Ajooba inflicts constant pain upon Vazir. Vazir eventually raises his Fauladi Shaitan and plans an all-out attack. The King of Hind, Karan Singh (Dara Singh) brings his forces to aid Ajooba. The resulting war brings all the central characters together. Several questions are essentially resolved in the ensuing war. The climax is a panorama of demons, magical horses and donkeys, a full-scale combat between Vazir's army and the Hind army, enchanted swords and a final revelation about the true identity of Ajooba. Cast Amitabh Bachchan as Shehzada Ali / Ajooba Rishi Kapoor as Hassan Dimple Kapadia as Rukhsana Khan Sonam as Shehzadi Henna Shammi Kapoor as Sultan / Peer Baba Saeed Jaffrey as Magician Ameer Khan / Baba Sushma Seth as Zarina Khan Ariadna Shengelaya as Malika Dara Singh as Maharaja Karan Singh Tej Sapru as Prince Udham Singh Tinu Anand as Anwar Khan Dalip Tahil as Shah Rukh Amrish Puri as Vazir Georgi Darchiashvili as Altaf Narendranath as Sharafat Khan Mac Mohan as Bandit Sudhir as Bandit Yunus Parvez as Bandit C. S. Dubey as Bandit Praveen Kumar Sobti as Vazir's Soldier Manik Irani as Vazir's Soldier Bob Christo as Vazir's Soldier Production The film was made in the wake of Alibaba Aur 40 Chor (1980), an earlier Arabian Nights themed Indian-Soviet production (based on the story of Ali Baba) that became a success in both India and the Soviet Union. The film had a budget of ₹80 million, which was amongst the highest at the time. This film was produced in association with Gorky Film Studio in Moscow. There are several Russian stars whose speech is not in sync with Hindi dialogues. Supposedly, Amitabh Bachchan worked in this film gratis, as a favor to his longtime collaborator and friend Shashi Kapoor. Soundtrack # Title Singer(s) 1 "Are Tajub Hai" Mohammad Aziz, Sudesh Bhosle 2 "Chukdum Chukdum" Mohammad Aziz 3 "Ek Najoomi Se Poocha" Kavita Krishnamurthy 4 "Main Matti Ka Gudda Tu Sone Ki Gudiya" Mohammad Aziz, Alka Yagnik 5 "Oh Mera Jaan-E-Bahar Aa Gaya" Mohammad Aziz, Sudesh Bhosle, Alka Yagnik, Anuradha Paudwal 6 "Ya Ali Ya Ali" Sudesh Bhosle Box office The film was a financial success in the Soviet Union, where it was released as Черный принц Аджуба (Black Prince Ajuba) in July 1990. It was the last successful collaboration between the Indian and Soviet film industries. , The film was commercially unsuccessful at the box office both in India and Russia and also in overseas markets. References ^ a b Jha, Lata (28 September 2015). "Ten big-budget Bollywood box-office disasters". Mint. ^ a b c Salazkina, Masha (2010). "Soviet-Indian Coproductions: Alibaba as Political Allegory" (PDF). Cinema Journal. 49 (4): 71–89. doi:10.1353/cj.2010.0002. S2CID 73679525. ^ "Черный принц Аджуба" . KinoPoisk (in Russian). Retrieved 11 December 2018. ^ "Черный принц Аджуба — дата выхода в России и других странах" . Kinopoisk (in Russian). Retrieved 6 May 2022. External links Ajooba at IMDb	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"superhero film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superhero_film"},{"link_name":"Shashi Kapoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shashi_Kapoor"},{"link_name":"Soviet filmmaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_film"},{"link_name":"Gennadi Vasilyev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gennady_Vasilyev"},{"link_name":"Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Arabic folklore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_literature"},{"link_name":"One Thousand and One Nights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Thousand_and_One_Nights"},{"link_name":"Russian language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Amitabh Bachchan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitabh_Bachchan"},{"link_name":"Rishi Kapoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rishi_Kapoor"},{"link_name":"Dimple Kapadia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimple_Kapadia"},{"link_name":"Sonam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonam_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Shammi Kapoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shammi_Kapoor"},{"link_name":"Dara Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dara_Singh"},{"link_name":"Saeed Jaffery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saeed_Jaffrey"},{"link_name":"Amrish Puri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amrish_Puri"},{"link_name":"most expensive Indian film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_Indian_films#Historical_timeline"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ajoobabudget-1"}],"text":"1990 Indian filmAjooba (transl. Wonder) is a 1990 superhero film, produced and directed by Shashi Kapoor and co-directed by Soviet filmmaker Gennadi Vasilyev. An Indian-Soviet co-production, it is loosely based on Arabic folklore such as One Thousand and One Nights. The film had a Russian language version released in the Soviet Union, Черный принц Аджуба (Black Prince Ajuba), in 1990, before its Indian release in 1991. The film starred Amitabh Bachchan as the titular superhero Ajooba, along with Rishi Kapoor, Dimple Kapadia, Sonam, Shammi Kapoor, Dara Singh, Saeed Jaffery and Amrish Puri in pivotal roles.Made on a budget of ₹80 million, it was the most expensive Indian film made until then.[1]Ajooba released worldwide on 12 April 1991, on the Eid weekend. It received mixed reviews from critics, who praised the performances, special effects and music, but criticised the story, screenplay and direction.","title":"Ajooba"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Afghan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_(ethnonym)"},{"link_name":"Sultan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan"},{"link_name":"Shammi Kapoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shammi_Kapoor"},{"link_name":"Vazir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vizier"},{"link_name":"Amrish Puri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amrish_Puri"},{"link_name":"Ariadna Shengelaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariadna_Shengelaya"},{"link_name":"Saeed Jaffrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saeed_Jaffrey"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Excalibur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excalibur"},{"link_name":"Rishi Kapoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rishi_Kapoor"},{"link_name":"Dimple Kapadia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimple_Kapadia"},{"link_name":"Sonam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonam_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Dara Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dara_Singh"}],"text":"The Afghan kingdom of Baharistan is ruled by a kind Sultan (Shammi Kapoor). All is well in the land, except that Sultan seemingly can't have any child. An evil devil-worshipping Vazir (Amrish Puri) seeks to usurp the throne, reviving his \"Fauladi Shaitan\" (a huge demon-like figure made of stone) and take over the world. Vazir instructs his maids to strangle every child born to Sultan. Finally, however, a spark of divine intervention (presented literally as a spark which descends from the heavens and enters the womb) renders the next newborn son immune to the poisons and strangulations administered by the maids. This Shehzada (Prince) eventually becomes Ajooba (Miracle).Sultan and his wife Malika (Ariadna Shengelaya) kick off celebrations throughout the land. The good court magician Ameer Khan (Saeed Jaffrey), fondly called \"Ameer Baba\", the very much close friend of Sultan, recently returned from his travels to Hind (India), presents a magic sword to Sultan. Sultan thrusts it into a pillar (verifying its keenness) and Ameer Baba pronounces that it may be drawn out of the stone again only by a member of the royal family (rather like the Excalibur).Soon after, Sultan privately discusses about the traitors in the kingdom, with Ameer Baba. Vazir overhears their discussion, eventually tricks Ameer Baba, steals his Necklace of Immortality, throws him into the dungeon, attempts to murder Sultan and his family and take over the throne. Sultan escapes with his wife and child. After a pitched battle involving magic carpets, storms and ships, Sultan is missing. Malika is blinded and the young Shehzada is washed ashore by a dolphin (whom he eventually thinks of as his mother) to a blacksmith. This blacksmith adopts the kid, trains him in all the worldly and martial arts and thus creates Ajooba. In the meantime, Vazir blames Ameer Baba for Sultan's murder, takes over the throne and begins ravaging the land, always uttering his slogan Shaitan Zindabad (Long live the Devil).Ajooba is a masked rider in black (rather like Zorro) who thwarts Vazir's lackeys as they pillage the lands and harass the citizens. His plain self is Ali, an ordinary restaurateur and his chum is Hassan (Rishi Kapoor). Together they foil Vazir's evil schemes, raid his caravans and woo their girls. Ali falls for Rukhsana (Dimple Kapadia), the daughter of Ameer Baba, returned from Hind (to rescue her imprisoned father), while Hassan's affections are for Vazir's Shehzadi Henna (Sonam).Ajooba inflicts constant pain upon Vazir. Vazir eventually raises his Fauladi Shaitan and plans an all-out attack. The King of Hind, Karan Singh (Dara Singh) brings his forces to aid Ajooba. The resulting war brings all the central characters together.Several questions are essentially resolved in the ensuing war. The climax is a panorama of demons, magical horses and donkeys, a full-scale combat between Vazir's army and the Hind army, enchanted swords and a final revelation about the true identity of Ajooba.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amitabh Bachchan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitabh_Bachchan"},{"link_name":"Rishi Kapoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rishi_Kapoor"},{"link_name":"Dimple Kapadia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimple_Kapadia"},{"link_name":"Sonam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonam_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Shammi Kapoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shammi_Kapoor"},{"link_name":"Saeed Jaffrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saeed_Jaffrey"},{"link_name":"Sushma Seth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sushma_Seth"},{"link_name":"Ariadna Shengelaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariadna_Shengelaya"},{"link_name":"Dara Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dara_Singh"},{"link_name":"Tej Sapru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tej_Sapru"},{"link_name":"Tinu Anand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinu_Anand"},{"link_name":"Dalip Tahil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalip_Tahil"},{"link_name":"Amrish Puri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amrish_Puri"},{"link_name":"Narendranath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narendra_Nath"},{"link_name":"Mac Mohan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_Mohan"},{"link_name":"Sudhir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudhir_(Hindi_actor)"},{"link_name":"Yunus Parvez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunus_Parvez"},{"link_name":"C. S. Dubey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._S._Dubey"},{"link_name":"Praveen Kumar Sobti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praveen_Kumar_Sobti"},{"link_name":"Manik Irani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manik_Irani"},{"link_name":"Bob Christo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Christo"}],"text":"Amitabh Bachchan as Shehzada Ali / Ajooba\nRishi Kapoor as Hassan\nDimple Kapadia as Rukhsana Khan\nSonam as Shehzadi Henna\nShammi Kapoor as Sultan / Peer Baba\nSaeed Jaffrey as Magician Ameer Khan / Baba\nSushma Seth as Zarina Khan\nAriadna Shengelaya as Malika\nDara Singh as Maharaja Karan Singh\nTej Sapru as Prince Udham Singh\nTinu Anand as Anwar Khan\nDalip Tahil as Shah Rukh\nAmrish Puri as Vazir\nGeorgi Darchiashvili as Altaf\nNarendranath as Sharafat Khan\nMac Mohan as Bandit\nSudhir as Bandit\nYunus Parvez as Bandit\nC. S. Dubey as Bandit\nPraveen Kumar Sobti as Vazir's Soldier\nManik Irani as Vazir's Soldier\nBob Christo as Vazir's Soldier","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alibaba Aur 40 Chor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventures_of_Ali-Baba_and_the_Forty_Thieves_(1980_film)"},{"link_name":"Arabian Nights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Nights"},{"link_name":"Ali Baba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Baba"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Salazkina-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ajoobabudget-1"},{"link_name":"Gorky Film Studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorky_Film_Studio"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Amitabh Bachchan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitabh_Bachchan"},{"link_name":"Shashi Kapoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shashi_Kapoor"}],"text":"The film was made in the wake of Alibaba Aur 40 Chor (1980), an earlier Arabian Nights themed Indian-Soviet production (based on the story of Ali Baba) that became a success in both India and the Soviet Union.[2] The film had a budget of ₹80 million, which was amongst the highest at the time.[1]This film was produced in association with Gorky Film Studio in Moscow. There are several Russian stars whose speech is not in sync with Hindi dialogues. Supposedly, Amitabh Bachchan worked in this film gratis, as a favor to his longtime collaborator and friend Shashi Kapoor.","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Soundtrack"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Salazkina-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kinopoisk-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Salazkina-2"}],"text":"The film was a financial success in the Soviet Union,[2] where it was released as Черный принц Аджуба (Black Prince Ajuba)[3] in July 1990.[4] It was the last successful collaboration between the Indian and Soviet film industries.[2], The film was commercially unsuccessful at the box office both in India and Russia and also in overseas markets.","title":"Box office"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Jha, Lata (28 September 2015). \"Ten big-budget Bollywood box-office disasters\". Mint.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/j0uwEr1EQbbKoB83ASpASK/Ten-bigbudget-Bollywood-boxoffice-disasters.html","url_text":"\"Ten big-budget Bollywood box-office disasters\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mint_(newspaper)","url_text":"Mint"}]},{"reference":"Salazkina, Masha (2010). \"Soviet-Indian Coproductions: Alibaba as Political Allegory\" (PDF). Cinema Journal. 49 (4): 71–89. doi:10.1353/cj.2010.0002. S2CID 73679525.","urls":[{"url":"https://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/978004/1/Soviet-Indian_coproductions_proofs.pdf#page=4","url_text":"\"Soviet-Indian Coproductions: Alibaba as Political Allegory\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_Journal","url_text":"Cinema Journal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fcj.2010.0002","url_text":"10.1353/cj.2010.0002"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:73679525","url_text":"73679525"}]},{"reference":"\"Черный принц Аджуба\" [Black Prince Ajuba]. KinoPoisk (in Russian). Retrieved 11 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kinopoisk.ru/film/18755/","url_text":"\"Черный принц Аджуба\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KinoPoisk","url_text":"KinoPoisk"}]},{"reference":"\"Черный принц Аджуба — дата выхода в России и других странах\" [Black Prince Ajuba – Release dates in Russia and other countries]. Kinopoisk (in Russian). Retrieved 6 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kinopoisk.ru/film/18755/dates/","url_text":"\"Черный принц Аджуба — дата выхода в России и других странах\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinopoisk","url_text":"Kinopoisk"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/j0uwEr1EQbbKoB83ASpASK/Ten-bigbudget-Bollywood-boxoffice-disasters.html","external_links_name":"\"Ten big-budget Bollywood box-office disasters\""},{"Link":"https://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/978004/1/Soviet-Indian_coproductions_proofs.pdf#page=4","external_links_name":"\"Soviet-Indian Coproductions: Alibaba as Political Allegory\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fcj.2010.0002","external_links_name":"10.1353/cj.2010.0002"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:73679525","external_links_name":"73679525"},{"Link":"https://www.kinopoisk.ru/film/18755/","external_links_name":"\"Черный принц Аджуба\""},{"Link":"https://www.kinopoisk.ru/film/18755/dates/","external_links_name":"\"Черный принц Аджуба — дата выхода в России и других странах\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0101283/","external_links_name":"Ajooba"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercium_song	Commercium song	["1 See also","2 External links"]	Traditional academic song Allgemeines Deutsches Kommersbuch ("General German Commercium Songbook"), cover sheet of 1858 Commercium songs are traditional academic songs that are sung during academic feasts: commercia and tablerounds. Some very old commercium songs are in Latin, like Meum est propositum or Gaudeamus igitur. In some countries, hundreds of commercium songs are compiled in commercium books. Allgemeines Deutsches Kommersbuch (Germany) Le petit bitu (Belgium) Studentencodex (Belgium) Carpe Diem (Belgium) Codex Studiosorum Bruxellensis (Belgium) German fraternity students singing a commercium song during a tableround (Kneipe) See also De Brevitate Vitae Academic Festival Overture Im schwarzen Walfisch zu Askalon Biernagel External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Student songs. English and Latin commercium songs Wine, Women, and Song at Project Gutenberg Medieval Latin Students' Songs Translated into English Verse by John Addington Symonds Authority control databases International FAST National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Japan Other IdRef This national, regional or organisational anthem-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Allgemeines_Deutsches_Kommersbuch.jpg"},{"link_name":"commercia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercium"},{"link_name":"tablerounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tableround_(University)"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"Meum est propositum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meum_est_propositum"},{"link_name":"Gaudeamus igitur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaudeamus_igitur"},{"link_name":"Allgemeines Deutsches Kommersbuch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allgemeines_Deutsches_Kommersbuch"},{"link_name":"Le petit bitu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_petit_bitu"},{"link_name":"Studentencodex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studentencodex"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M%C3%BChlberg_-_Cantus.jpg"},{"link_name":"tableround","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tableround"}],"text":"Allgemeines Deutsches Kommersbuch (\"General German Commercium Songbook\"), cover sheet of 1858Commercium songs are traditional academic songs that are sung during academic feasts: commercia and tablerounds.Some very old commercium songs are in Latin, like Meum est propositum or Gaudeamus igitur.In some countries, hundreds of commercium songs are compiled in commercium books.Allgemeines Deutsches Kommersbuch (Germany)\nLe petit bitu (Belgium)\nStudentencodex (Belgium)\nCarpe Diem (Belgium)\nCodex Studiosorum Bruxellensis (Belgium)German fraternity students singing a commercium song during a tableround (Kneipe)","title":"Commercium song"}]	[{"image_text":"Allgemeines Deutsches Kommersbuch (\"General German Commercium Songbook\"), cover sheet of 1858","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Allgemeines_Deutsches_Kommersbuch.jpg/200px-Allgemeines_Deutsches_Kommersbuch.jpg"},{"image_text":"German fraternity students singing a commercium song during a tableround (Kneipe)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/M%C3%BChlberg_-_Cantus.jpg/300px-M%C3%BChlberg_-_Cantus.jpg"}]	[{"title":"De Brevitate Vitae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Brevitate_Vitae"},{"title":"Academic Festival Overture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_Festival_Overture"},{"title":"Im schwarzen Walfisch zu Askalon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Im_schwarzen_Walfisch_zu_Askalon"},{"title":"Biernagel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biernagel"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040104175518/http://www.academic-corporations.org/songs/","external_links_name":"English and Latin commercium songs"},{"Link":"https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/18044","external_links_name":"Wine, Women, and Song"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1136161/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12050156c","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12050156c","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4183825-7","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007541479105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85129328","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00562204","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/02872464X","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Commercium_song&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Freedom%E2%80%99s_Sentinel	Operation Freedom's Sentinel	["1 Objectives","2 Congressional reports","3 See also","4 References"]	2015–2021 US military operation during the War in Afghanistan Operation Freedom's SentinelPart of the War on terror, War in Afghanistan, Resolute Support MissionA U.S. Army crew chief with 17th Cavalry Regiment surveys the area over Jalalabad, Afghanistan.Date1 January 2015 – 30 August 2021(6 years, 7 months and 2 weeks)LocationAfghanistanResult Taliban victory Fall of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan to the TalibanEvacuation of US citizens and at-risk Afghans from KabulBelligerents NATO Resolute Support Mission Islamic Republic of Afghanistan United States (Part of Resolute Support Mission) DoD Contractor Personnel Taliban al-Qaeda Islamic State ISIS–KCommanders and leaders CIC Joe R. Biden (2021) CIC Donald J. Trump (2017–2021) CIC Barack H. Obama (2014–2017) United States Central Command: Gen. Kenneth F. McKenzie Jr., USMC (2019–2021) GEN Joseph Votel, USA (2016–19) GEN Lloyd Austin, USA (2015–16) Resolute Support Mission: GEN Austin S. Miller, USA (2018–2021) GEN John W. Nicholson Jr., USA (2016-18) GEN John F. Campbell, USA (2015–16) Coalition: RS (2015–2021) Henri Xavier Bettel Borut Pahor Janez Janša Marjan Šarec Miro Cerar Jacinda Ardern Bill English John Key Katerina Sakellaropoulou Prokopis Pavlopoulos Karolos Papoulias Kyriakos Mitsotakis Alexis Tsipras Antonis Samaras Alexander Van der Bellen Heinz Fischer Sebastian Kurz Brigitte Bierlein Christian Kern Werner Faymann Volodymyr Zelensky Petro Poroshenko Denys Shmyhal Oleksiy Honcharuk Volodymyr Groysman Arseniy Yatsenyuk Milo Đukanović Filip Vujanović Zdravko Krivokapić Duško Marković Egils Levits Raimonds Vējonis Krišjānis Kariņš Māris Kučinskis Laimdota Straujuma Kersti Kaljulaid Toomas Hendrik Ilves Kaja Kallas Jüri Ratas Taavi Rõivas Stevo Pendarovski Gjorge Ivanov Zoran Zaev Oliver Spasovski Emil Dimitriev Nikola Gruevski Gitanas Nausėda Dalia Grybauskaitė Ingrida Šimonytė Saulius Skvernelis Algirdas Butkevičius Zuzana Čaputová Andrej Kiska Eduard Heger Igor Matovič Peter Pellegrini Robert Fico Harald V Erna Solberg Sauli Niinistö Pedro Sánchez Mariano Rajoy Sifet Podžić Marina Pendeš Sophie Wilmès Charles Michel János Áder Viktor Orbán Ilir Meta Bujar Nishani Zoran Milanović Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović Ilham Aliyev Nikol Pashinyan Karen Karapetyan Hovik Abrahamyan Mette Frederiksen Lars Løkke Rasmussen Rumen Radev Rosen Plevneliev Mark Rutte Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa Aníbal Cavaco Silva Scott Morrison Malcolm Turnbull Khaltmaagiin Battulga Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj Miloš Zeman Andrzej Duda Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Klaus Iohannis Victor Ponta Gabriel Oprea Sorin Cîmpeanu Dacian Cioloș Sorin Grindeanu Mihai Tudose Mihai Fifor Viorica Dăncilă Ludovic Orban Nicolae Ciucă Florin Cîțu Salome Zourabichvili Giorgi Margvelashvili Irakli Garibashvili Giorgi Kvirikashvili Mamuka Bakhtadze Giorgi Gakharia Maya Tskitishvili Giuseppe Conte Paolo Gentiloni Matteo Renzi Angela Merkel Boris Johnson Theresa May David Cameron John F. Campbell Hibatullah Akhundzada Akhtar Mansour † Ayman al-Zawahiri Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi (2019–2021) Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi † (2014–19) Hafiz Saeed Khan † (2015–July 2016) Abdul Haseeb Logari †(2016–April 2017) Abdul Rahman Ghaleb †(April–July 2017) Abu Saad Erhabi †(July 2017–August 2018) Abdullah Orokzai (POW)(April 2019–April 2020) Qari Hekmat † Mufti Nemat Dawood Ahmad Sofi † Mohamed Zahran † Ishfaq Ahmed Sofi †Strength Peak strength: Resolute Support Mission: 17,178 troops (on October 2019) Afghan National Defense and Security Forces: 307,947 (on January 28, 2021) DoD Contractor Personnel: 39,609 (1st quarter of 2015) Taliban: 58,000-100,000(As of February 2021)Casualties and losses See War in Afghanistan for full lists Operation Freedom's Sentinel (OFS) was the official name used by the U.S. government for the mission succeeding Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) in continuation of the War in Afghanistan as part of the larger Global War on Terrorism. Operation Freedom's Sentinel is part of the NATO-led Resolute Support Mission, which began on January 1, 2015. OFS had two components: counterterrorism and working with allies as part of Resolute Support. There were 16,551 NATO and non-NATO troops in Afghanistan around February 2020. Around June 2020, that number dropped to 15,937. In February 2021, there were 9,592 NATO and non-NATO troops in Afghanistan. The self-reported strength of the Afghan National Security Forces consisted of more than 300,000 personnel during 2020. These forces surrendered or fled to neighbouring countries during the August phase of the 2021 Taliban offensive, leaving nearly all of the country under Taliban control. Operation Freedom Sentinel was expected to formally end on August 31, 2021, but was de-facto completed one day earlier on August 30, as the last remaining troops withdrew and was officially terminated by the DoD on October 1, 2021 as it officially initiated its successor, Operation Enduring Sentinel. Objectives After thirteen years of Operation Enduring Freedom, the U.S. military and NATO allies shifted focus from major military operations to a smaller role of NATO-led training and assistance. While the bulk of the new mission was under the NATO-led Resolute Support Mission (RS), "a separate 'non-NATO' contingent of U.S. forces will participate in force protection, logistical support and counterterrorism activities." An October 1, 2015, statement by Gen. John F. Campbell, commander, Resolute Support Mission, U.S. Forces-Afghanistan/ISAF, defined the U.S. military's objectives. "U.S. forces are now carrying out two well-defined missions: a Counter-Terrorism (CT) mission against the remnants of Al-Qaeda and the Resolute Support TAA mission in support of Afghan security forces. Our CT and TAA efforts are concurrent and complementary. While we continue to attack the remnants of Al-Qaeda, we are also building the ANDSF so that they can secure the Afghan people, win the peace, and contribute to stability throughout the region." When OFS started U.S. troop levels in Afghanistan were at 9,800 troops. General Campbell requested an additional 1,000 troops while NATO troop levels were built up to a force of about 13,500. His request was granted. In 2019, U.S. troop levels were at 14,000 troops in combined support of NATO RS missions and OFS. By January 2021, the U.S. had reduced its force level to 2,500 troops. However, it was later revealed that U.S. has 1000 more troops, which include Special Operations forces, than it disclosed in Afghanistan. Moreover, as of January 2021, there were still approximately 18,000 military contractors, of which a third were U.S. citizens, in Afghanistan President Biden stated on July 8, 2021, that the war in Afghanistan would officially conclude on August 31, 2021. American airstrikes on Taliban members were projected to continue, but ended with the fall of the Islamic Republic. Congressional reports The Lead Inspector General for Overseas Contingency Operations (Lead IG) is responsible for submitting a quarterly report on OFS to Congress. The quarterly report describes activities in support of OFS, as well as the work of the Department of Defense, the Department of State, and the United States Agency for International Development to promote the U.S. Government's policy goals in Afghanistan, Excerpts from the January 1, 2018 – March 30, 2018 report: “General John Nicholson Jr., Commander of Resolute Support and Commander of U.S. Forces-Afghanistan (USFOR-A) said this quarter that U.S. and Afghan forces were gaining momentum through the new South Asia strategy, and that the Taliban was shifting to "guerilla tactics and suicide attacks" because it was no longer able to carry out attacks to seize cities or districts. However, suicide attacks and bombings in Kabul and across Afghanistan resulted in hundreds of civilian casualties, and raised concerns among Afghans about whether the government can secure the country.” “The United States faces multiple challenges in Afghanistan. Previous Lead IG quarterly reports identified several challenges facing Afghanistan and the OFS mission, including preparing to hold safe, credible parliamentary elections, defeating ISIS-K, and pressuring Pakistan to eliminate safe havens. During the quarter, the United States and Afghanistan continued to seek to address these challenges, though with limited progress, as detailed throughout this report. This quarter, Lead IG agencies also observed the following emerging challenges that complicate the OFS mission and efforts to end the conflict:” Stemming the Attacks in Kabul Managing Increased Violence in Afghanistan Pursuing Peace See also Operation Allies Refuge – part of the evacuation from Afghanistan References ^ "News – Resolute Support Mission". Archived from the original on 28 February 2015. Retrieved 17 July 2015. ^ "Army Rangers killed in Afghanistan were possible victims of friendly fire". Army Times. 28 April 2017. ^ Barbara Starr; Ralph Ellis (8 May 2017). "ISIS leader in Afghanistan was killed in raid, US confirms". CNN. ^ Browne, Ryan (14 July 2017). "US kills leader of ISIS in Afghanistan". CNN. Retrieved 15 July 2017. ^ "Statement by Chief Pentagon Spokesperson Dana W. White on death of ISIS-K leader in Afghanistan". U.S. Department of Defense. Retrieved 15 July 2017. ^ "ISIL leader in Afghanistan killed in air raids". aljazeera.com. ^ "UN: Islamic State replaced leader in Afghanistan after visit from central leadership \| FDD's Long War Journal". longwarjournal.org. July 30, 2019. ^ "Afghan forces announce arrest of local ISIL leader". ^ "Resolute Support Mission (RSM): Key Facts and Figures" (PDF). NATO. Retrieved 12 May 2023. ^ "Quarterly Report to Congress" (PDF). Sigar. 30 April 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2023. ^ CENTCOM reportacq.osd.mil January 2015 Archived 2022-01-29 at the Wayback Machine ^ Julia Hollingsworth. "Who are the Taliban and how did they take control of Afghanistan so swiftly?". CNN.com. Retrieved 16 July 2023. ^ "Meet Operation Freedom's Sentinel, the Pentagon's new mission in Afghanistan". Washington Post. Retrieved 2018-10-07. ^ "Resolute Support Mission (RSM): Key Facts and Figures February 2020" (PDF). ^ "Resolute Support Mission (RSM): Key Facts and Figures June 2020" (PDF). ^ "Resolute Support Mission (RSM): Key Facts and Figures February 2021" (PDF). ^ "SIGAR Quarterly Report April 30, 2020" (PDF). ^ "SIGAR: QUARTERLY REPORT TO THE UNITED STATES CONGRESS April 2021" (PDF). ^ a b "The U.S. military finishes its evacuation, and an era ends in Afghanistan". AP NEWS. 2021-08-30. Retrieved 2021-08-30. ^ "Operation Enduring Sentinel & Operation Freedom's Sentinel Lead Inspector General Report to the United States Congress" (PDF). Department of Defense Office of the Inspector General. 30 September 2022. p. 5. Retrieved 30 September 2022. ^ a b "NATO combat mission formally ends in Afghanistan". Washington Post. Retrieved 2018-10-07. ^ "Operation Freedom's Sentinel and our continued security investment in Afghanistan". www.army.mil. Retrieved 2018-10-07. ^ Sisk, Richard. "Amid Confusion, DoD Names New Mission 'Operation Freedom's Sentinel'". Military.com. Retrieved 2018-10-07. ^ "Operation Freedom's Sentinel: Lead Inspector General Report to the United States Congress, April 1, 2019–June 30, 2019" (PDF). Department of Defense Office of the Inspector General. 20 August 2019. p. 47. Retrieved 12 October 2019. ^ Ali, Idrees (2021-01-15). "U.S. troops in Afghanistan now down to 2,500, lowest since 2001: Pentagon". Reuters. Retrieved 2021-02-06. ^ Gibbons-Neff, Thomas; Cooper, Helene; Schmitt, Eric (2021-03-14). "U.S. Has 1,000 More Troops in Afghanistan Than It Disclosed". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-05-06. ^ "Troop levels are down, but US says over 18,000 contractors remain in Afghanistan". Stars and Stripes. Retrieved 2021-05-06. ^ "Gen. McKenzie: U.S. prepared to continue airstrikes against Taliban - The Washington Post". The Washington Post. ^ "Pentagon Press Secretary John F. Kirby Holds a Press Briefing". U.S. Department of Defense. Retrieved 2021-08-20. ^ a b c d "OPERATION FREEDOM'S SENTINEL REPORT TO THE UNITED STATES CONGRESS JANUARY 1, 2018‒MARCH 31, 2018" (PDF). Donati, Jessica (2021). Eagle Down: The Last Special Forces Fighting the Forever War. Public Affairs. Reviewed at . vteWar in Afghanistan (2001–2021)Overview Prelude History Timeline Operations Logistics Impact International Security Assistance Force Taliban insurgency Drone strikes in Pakistan Withdrawal of U.S. troops 2011–2016 2020–2021 Resolute Support Mission Evacuation Casualtiesand losses Afghan forces Civilian 2001–2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 Coalition United States United Kingdom Canadian German Norwegian Aviation incidents Timeline2001 Bombing of Kandahar Fall of Mazar-i-Sharif Siege of Kunduz Herat uprising Fall of Kabul Battle of Tarinkot Fall of Kandahar Battle of Qala-i-Jangi Dasht-i-Leili massacre Battle of Shawali Kowt Battle of Sayyd Alma Kalay Battle of Tora Bora 2002–2006 2002 Guantanamo Bay Uruzgan bombing Kabul bombing 2003 Pakistan Embassy in Kabul attack 2004 2005 2006 Taliban offensive 2007 Shinwar shooting Hyderabad airstrike Nangar Khel incident Helmand airstrikes Baghlan bombing Bagram bombing South Korean hostage crisis 2008 Haska Meyna airstrike Azizabad airstrike Wech Bagtu airstrike Kabul Indian embassy bombing Kabul S Hotel attack Kidnapping of David Rohde Sarposa attack Kandahar bombing Spin Boldak bombing 2009 Granai airstrike Kunduz airstrike Narang raid February Kabul raids Kabul Indian embassy bombing Kandahar bombing NATO HQ bombing Camp Chapman attack Battle of Sabzak 2010 January Kabul attack Raid on Khataba February Kabul attack Uruzgan attack Sangin airstrike Maywand murders Tarok Kolache Nadahan bombing May Kabul bombing Badakhshan massacre Operation Halmazag 2011 Mano Gai airstrike Sarposa prison escape Bin Laden raid Logar bombing I-C Hotel Kabul attack Nimruz bombing Zabul bombing Chinook shootdown Helmand killing Pakistani border attack Ashura bombings 2012 Order of battle Urination video Kapisa airstrike Quran burning protests April attacks Forward Operating Base Delhi massacre Kandahar massacre September Camp Bastion raid Shesh Aba raid Body pictures 2013 Farah attack June Kabul bombings Presidential palace attack Herat U.S. consulate attack Jalalabad Indian consulate bombing 2014 Kabul S Hotel attack Herat Indian consulate attack Bagram bombing Paktika bombing Yahyakhel bombing December Kabul bombings Atiqullah Raufi assassination 2015 Park Palace attack Kabul Parliament attack Khost bombing April Jalalabad bombing 7 August Kabul attacks 10 August Kabul bombing 22 August Kabul bombing Ghazni prison escape Battle of Kunduz Hospital airstrike Kandahar Airport bombing Kabul Spanish Embassy attack Bagram bombing 2016 Nangarhar offensive Operation Omari April Kabul attack Kunduz-Takhar highway hostage crisis Kabul Canadian Embassy convoy bombing 30 June bombings July Kabul bombing Janikhel offensive AUoA attack September Kabul attacks Battle of Tarinkot Battle of Kunduz Battle of Boz Qandahari Mazar-i-Sharif German consulate bombing Bagram bombing 2017 January bombings Sangin airstrike March Kabul attack Nangarhar airstrike Camp Shaheen attack May Kabul bombing June Herat bombing Battle of Bora Bora June Lashkargar bombing August Herat attack 17 October attacks 20 October attacks 28 December Kabul bombing 2018 I-C Hotel Kabul attack STC Jalalabad attack Kabul ambulance bombing March Kabul bombing Kunduz madrassa attack 22 April Kabul bombing 30 April Kabul bombings Battle of Farah July Jalalabad bombing Battle of Darzab Ghazni offensive September Jalalabad bombing 2019 Maidan Shar attack Camp Shorabak attack 2019 Kabul mosque bombing 1 July Kabul attack Ghazni bombing 28 July Kabul bombing July Farah bombing 7 August Kabul bombing 17 August Kabul bombing 2 & 5 September Kabul bombings 17 September bombings Qalat bombing Jalalabad suicide bombing Haska Meyna mosque bombing Bagram attack 2020 6 March Kabul shooting Kabul gurdwara attack May attacks June attacks July attacks August attacks Jalalabad prison September attacks October attacks November attacks Kabul University attack December attacks 2021 Attacks Taliban offensive Kabul school bombing Battle of Kandahar Fall of Herat Battle of Lashkargah Capture of Zaranj Fall of Kabul Kunduz mosque bombing Kandahar bombing 2021 Kabul airlift Operation Allies Refuge Operation Pitting Operation Devi Shakti Kabul airport attack August 29 drone strike Aftermath Recognition of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan Republican insurgency Islamic State–Taliban conflict Afghan frozen assets War crimes ICC investigation Afghan Independent Human Rights Commission UK Afghan Unlawful Killings inquiry Australian Brereton Inquiry War crimes by the Taliban Kunduz hospital airstrike Kandahar massacre Torture Bagram torture and prisoner abuse Salt Pit Peaceprocess Afghan peace process Afghan peace groups Tabassum movement Enlightenment Movement Uprising for Change People's Peace Movement 2021–2022 Afghan protests Reactions Afghan War documents leak International public opinion Opposition Protests To the fall of Kabul Memorials London Category Multimedia Wikinews Portal vteWar on terror War in Afghanistan (2001–2016) Iraq War (2003–2011) Symbolism of terrorism ParticipantsOperational ISAF Operation Enduring Freedom participants Afghanistan Northern Alliance Iraq (Iraqi Armed Forces) NATO Pakistan United Kingdom United States European Union Philippines Ethiopia TargetsIndividuals Osama bin Laden Hamza bin Laden Anwar al-Awlaki Sirajuddin Haqqani Jalaluddin Haqqani Anas Haqqani Khalil Haqqani Hafiz Saeed Mahmoud Mohamed Ahmed Bahaziq Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi Factions al-Qaeda al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula Abu Sayyaf Al-Shabaab Boko Haram Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami Hizbul Mujahideen Islamic Courts Union Jaish-e-Mohammed Jemaah Islamiyah Lashkar-e-Taiba Taliban Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan Islamic State ConflictsOperationEnduring Freedom War in Afghanistan OEF – Philippines Georgia Train and Equip Program Georgia Sustainment and Stability OEF – Horn of Africa OEF – Trans Sahara Drone strikes in Pakistan Other Operation Active Endeavour Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present) Insurgency in the North Caucasus Moro conflict in the Philippines Iraq War Iraqi insurgency Operation Linda Nchi Terrorism in Saudi Arabia Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa War in Somalia (2006–2009) 2007 Lebanon conflict al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen Related Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse Axis of evil Bush Doctrine Clash of Civilizations Cold War Combatant Status Review Tribunal Criticism of the war on terror CIA black sites Killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri Killing of Osama bin Laden Enhanced interrogation techniques Torture Memos Extrajudicial prisoners Extraordinary rendition Guantanamo Bay detention camp Iranian Revolution Islamic terrorism Islamism Military Commissions Act of 2006 Military Commissions Act of 2009 North Korea and weapons of mass destruction Terrorist Surveillance Program Operation Noble Eagle Operation Eagle Assist Pakistan's role Patriot Act President's Surveillance Program Protect America Act of 2007 September 11 attacks Situation Room photograph State Sponsors of Terrorism Targeted killing Targeted Killing in International Law Targeted Killings: Law and Morality in an Asymmetrical World Unitary executive theory Unlawful combatant Withdrawal of United States troops from Afghanistan (2011–2016) Withdrawal of United States troops from Iraq (2007–2011) CAGE Category Commons	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Operation Enduring Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom"},{"link_name":"War in Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)"},{"link_name":"Global War on Terrorism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_War_on_Terrorism"},{"link_name":"NATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO"},{"link_name":"Resolute Support Mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resolute_Support_Mission"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Afghan National Security Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_National_Security_Forces"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"2021 Taliban offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Taliban_offensive"},{"link_name":"expected to formally end","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Afghanistan_(2020%E2%80%932021)"},{"link_name":"Operation Enduring Sentinel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operation_Enduring_Sentinel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Operation Freedom's Sentinel (OFS) was the official name used by the U.S. government for the mission succeeding Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) in continuation of the War in Afghanistan as part of the larger Global War on Terrorism. Operation Freedom's Sentinel is part of the NATO-led Resolute Support Mission, which began on January 1, 2015. OFS had two components: counterterrorism and working with allies as part of Resolute Support.[13]There were 16,551 NATO and non-NATO troops in Afghanistan around February 2020.[14] Around June 2020, that number dropped to 15,937.[15] In February 2021, there were 9,592 NATO and non-NATO troops in Afghanistan.[16]The self-reported strength of the Afghan National Security Forces consisted of more than 300,000 personnel during 2020.[17][18] These forces surrendered or fled to neighbouring countries during the August phase of the 2021 Taliban offensive, leaving nearly all of the country under Taliban control.Operation Freedom Sentinel was expected to formally end on August 31, 2021, but was de-facto completed one day earlier on August 30, as the last remaining troops withdrew and was officially terminated by the DoD on October 1, 2021 as it officially initiated its successor, Operation Enduring Sentinel.[19][20]","title":"Operation Freedom's Sentinel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-21"},{"link_name":"John F. Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Campbell_(general)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ali-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-19"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"fall of the Islamic Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Kabul_(2021)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"After thirteen years of Operation Enduring Freedom, the U.S. military and NATO allies shifted focus from major military operations to a smaller role of NATO-led training and assistance.[21] While the bulk of the new mission was under the NATO-led Resolute Support Mission (RS), \"a separate 'non-NATO' contingent of U.S. forces will participate in force protection, logistical support and counterterrorism activities.\"[21]An October 1, 2015, statement by Gen. John F. Campbell, commander, Resolute Support Mission, U.S. Forces-Afghanistan/ISAF, defined the U.S. military's objectives. \"U.S. forces are now carrying out two well-defined missions: a Counter-Terrorism (CT) mission against the remnants of Al-Qaeda and the Resolute Support TAA mission in support of Afghan security forces. Our CT and TAA efforts are concurrent and complementary. While we continue to attack the remnants of Al-Qaeda, we are also building the ANDSF so that they can secure the Afghan people, win the peace, and contribute to stability throughout the region.\"[22]When OFS started U.S. troop levels in Afghanistan were at 9,800 troops. General Campbell requested an additional 1,000 troops while NATO troop levels were built up to a force of about 13,500. His request was granted.[23] In 2019, U.S. troop levels were at 14,000 troops in combined support of NATO RS missions and OFS.[24] By January 2021, the U.S. had reduced its force level to 2,500 troops.[25] However, it was later revealed that U.S. has 1000 more troops, which include Special Operations forces, than it disclosed in Afghanistan.[26]Moreover, as of January 2021, there were still approximately 18,000 military contractors, of which a third were U.S. citizens, in Afghanistan[27] President Biden stated on July 8, 2021, that the war in Afghanistan would officially conclude on August 31, 2021.[19] American airstrikes on Taliban members were projected to continue,[28] but ended with the fall of the Islamic Republic.[29]","title":"Objectives"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Department of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"Department of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State"},{"link_name":"United States Agency for International Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Agency_for_International_Development"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-30"},{"link_name":"John Nicholson Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Nicholson_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-30"}],"text":"The Lead Inspector General for Overseas Contingency Operations (Lead IG) is responsible for submitting a quarterly report on OFS to Congress. The quarterly report describes activities in support of OFS, as well as the work of the Department of Defense, the Department of State, and the United States Agency for International Development to promote the U.S. Government's policy goals in Afghanistan,[30]Excerpts from the January 1, 2018 – March 30, 2018 report:“General John Nicholson Jr., Commander of Resolute Support and Commander of U.S. Forces-Afghanistan (USFOR-A) said this quarter that U.S. and Afghan forces were gaining momentum through the new South Asia strategy, and that the Taliban was shifting to \"guerilla tactics and suicide attacks\" because it was no longer able to carry out attacks to seize cities or districts. However, suicide attacks and bombings in Kabul and across Afghanistan resulted in hundreds of civilian casualties, and raised concerns among Afghans about whether the government can secure the country.”[30]“The United States faces multiple challenges in Afghanistan. Previous Lead IG quarterly reports identified several challenges facing Afghanistan and the OFS mission, including preparing to hold safe, credible parliamentary elections, defeating ISIS-K, and pressuring Pakistan to eliminate safe havens. During the quarter, the United States and Afghanistan continued to seek to address these challenges, though with limited progress, as detailed throughout this report.[30]\nThis quarter, Lead IG agencies also observed the following emerging challenges that complicate the OFS mission and efforts to end the conflict:”\n\nStemming the Attacks in Kabul\nManaging Increased Violence in Afghanistan\nPursuing Peace[30]","title":"Congressional reports"}]	[]	[{"title":"Operation Allies Refuge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Allies_Refuge"},{"title":"the evacuation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_evacuation_from_Afghanistan"},{"title":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan"}]	[{"reference":"\"News – Resolute Support Mission\". Archived from the original on 28 February 2015. Retrieved 17 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20150228192832/http://www.rs.nato.int/troop-numbers-and-contributions/index.php","url_text":"\"News – Resolute Support Mission\""},{"url":"http://www.rs.nato.int/troop-numbers-and-contributions/index.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Army Rangers killed in Afghanistan were possible victims of friendly fire\". Army Times. 28 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.armytimes.com/articles/two-army-rangers-killed-fighting-isis-in-aghanistan-identified","url_text":"\"Army Rangers killed in Afghanistan were possible victims of friendly fire\""}]},{"reference":"Barbara Starr; Ralph Ellis (8 May 2017). \"ISIS leader in Afghanistan was killed in raid, US confirms\". CNN.","urls":[{"url":"http://edition.cnn.com/2017/05/07/middleeast/isis-leader-killed-in-afghanistan/","url_text":"\"ISIS leader in Afghanistan was killed in raid, US confirms\""}]},{"reference":"Browne, Ryan (14 July 2017). \"US kills leader of ISIS in Afghanistan\". CNN. Retrieved 15 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cnn.com/2017/07/14/politics/us-kills-isis-leader-afghanistan/index.html","url_text":"\"US kills leader of ISIS in Afghanistan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Statement by Chief Pentagon Spokesperson Dana W. White on death of ISIS-K leader in Afghanistan\". U.S. Department of Defense. Retrieved 15 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Releases/News-Release-View/Article/1248198/statement-by-chief-pentagon-spokesperson-dana-w-white-on-death-of-isis-k-leader/","url_text":"\"Statement by Chief Pentagon Spokesperson Dana W. White on death of ISIS-K leader in Afghanistan\""}]},{"reference":"\"ISIL leader in Afghanistan killed in air raids\". aljazeera.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/08/isil-leader-afghanistan-killed-air-strikes-180826134946305.html","url_text":"\"ISIL leader in Afghanistan killed in air raids\""}]},{"reference":"\"UN: Islamic State replaced leader in Afghanistan after visit from central leadership \| FDD's Long War Journal\". longwarjournal.org. July 30, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2019/07/un-islamic-state-replaced-leader-in-afghanistan-after-visit-from-central-leadership.php","url_text":"\"UN: Islamic State replaced leader in Afghanistan after visit from central leadership \| FDD's Long War Journal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Afghan forces announce arrest of local ISIL leader\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/afghan-forces-announce-arrest-local-isil-leader-200404171431866.html","url_text":"\"Afghan forces announce arrest of local ISIL leader\""}]},{"reference":"\"Resolute Support Mission (RSM): Key Facts and Figures\" (PDF). NATO. Retrieved 12 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/pdf/pdf_2019_10/20191022_2019-10-RSM-Placemat.pdf","url_text":"\"Resolute Support Mission (RSM): Key Facts and Figures\""}]},{"reference":"\"Quarterly Report to Congress\" (PDF). Sigar. 30 April 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sigar.mil/pdf/quarterlyreports/2021-04-30qr.pdf","url_text":"\"Quarterly Report to Congress\""}]},{"reference":"Julia Hollingsworth. \"Who are the Taliban and how did they take control of Afghanistan so swiftly?\". CNN.com. Retrieved 16 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnn.com/2021/08/16/middleeast/taliban-control-afghanistan-explained-intl-hnk/index.html","url_text":"\"Who are the Taliban and how did they take control of Afghanistan so swiftly?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Meet Operation Freedom's Sentinel, the Pentagon's new mission in Afghanistan\". Washington Post. Retrieved 2018-10-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/checkpoint/wp/2014/12/29/meet-operation-freedoms-sentinel-the-pentagons-new-mission-in-afghanistan/","url_text":"\"Meet Operation Freedom's Sentinel, the Pentagon's new mission in Afghanistan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Resolute Support Mission (RSM): Key Facts and Figures February 2020\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/pdf/2020/2/pdf/2020-02-RSM-Placemat.pdf","url_text":"\"Resolute Support Mission (RSM): Key Facts and Figures February 2020\""}]},{"reference":"\"Resolute Support Mission (RSM): Key Facts and Figures June 2020\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/pdf/2020/6/pdf/2020-06-RSM-Placemat.pdf","url_text":"\"Resolute Support Mission (RSM): Key Facts and Figures June 2020\""}]},{"reference":"\"Resolute Support Mission (RSM): Key Facts and Figures February 2021\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/pdf/2021/2/pdf/2021-02-RSM-Placemat.pdf","url_text":"\"Resolute Support Mission (RSM): Key Facts and Figures February 2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"SIGAR Quarterly Report April 30, 2020\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sigar.mil/pdf/quarterlyreports/2020-04-30qr.pdf#page=85","url_text":"\"SIGAR Quarterly Report April 30, 2020\""}]},{"reference":"\"SIGAR: QUARTERLY REPORT TO THE UNITED STATES CONGRESS April 2021\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sigar.mil/pdf/quarterlyreports/2021-04-30qr.pdf","url_text":"\"SIGAR: QUARTERLY REPORT TO THE UNITED STATES CONGRESS April 2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"The U.S. military finishes its evacuation, and an era ends in Afghanistan\". AP NEWS. 2021-08-30. Retrieved 2021-08-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/08/30/world/afghanistan-news/us-military-evacuation-kabul-afghanistan","url_text":"\"The U.S. military finishes its evacuation, and an era ends in Afghanistan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Operation Enduring Sentinel & Operation Freedom's Sentinel Lead Inspector General Report to the United States Congress\" (PDF). Department of Defense Office of the Inspector General. 30 September 2022. p. 5. Retrieved 30 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://media.defense.gov/2022/Nov/21/2003119337/-1/-1/1/LEAD%20INSPECTOR%20GENERAL%20FOR%20OES_OFS.PDF","url_text":"\"Operation Enduring Sentinel & Operation Freedom's Sentinel Lead Inspector General Report to the United States Congress\""}]},{"reference":"\"NATO combat mission formally ends in Afghanistan\". Washington Post. 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Retrieved 2021-08-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Transcripts/Transcript/Article/2733523/pentagon-press-secretary-john-f-kirby-holds-a-press-briefing/","url_text":"\"Pentagon Press Secretary John F. Kirby Holds a Press Briefing\""}]},{"reference":"\"OPERATION FREEDOM'S SENTINEL REPORT TO THE UNITED STATES CONGRESS JANUARY 1, 2018‒MARCH 31, 2018\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://media.defense.gov/2018/May/21/2001919976/-1/-1/1/FY2018_LIG_OCO_OFS2_MAR2018_3.PDF","url_text":"\"OPERATION FREEDOM'S SENTINEL REPORT TO THE UNITED STATES CONGRESS JANUARY 1, 2018‒MARCH 31, 2018\""}]},{"reference":"Donati, Jessica (2021). Eagle Down: The Last Special Forces Fighting the Forever War. Public Affairs.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PublicAffairs","url_text":"Public Affairs"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://archive.today/20150228192832/http://www.rs.nato.int/troop-numbers-and-contributions/index.php","external_links_name":"\"News – Resolute Support Mission\""},{"Link":"http://www.rs.nato.int/troop-numbers-and-contributions/index.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.armytimes.com/articles/two-army-rangers-killed-fighting-isis-in-aghanistan-identified","external_links_name":"\"Army Rangers killed in Afghanistan were possible victims of friendly fire\""},{"Link":"http://edition.cnn.com/2017/05/07/middleeast/isis-leader-killed-in-afghanistan/","external_links_name":"\"ISIS leader in Afghanistan was killed in raid, US confirms\""},{"Link":"http://www.cnn.com/2017/07/14/politics/us-kills-isis-leader-afghanistan/index.html","external_links_name":"\"US kills leader of ISIS in Afghanistan\""},{"Link":"https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Releases/News-Release-View/Article/1248198/statement-by-chief-pentagon-spokesperson-dana-w-white-on-death-of-isis-k-leader/","external_links_name":"\"Statement by Chief Pentagon Spokesperson Dana W. 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McKenzie: U.S. prepared to continue airstrikes against Taliban - The Washington Post\""},{"Link":"https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Transcripts/Transcript/Article/2733523/pentagon-press-secretary-john-f-kirby-holds-a-press-briefing/","external_links_name":"\"Pentagon Press Secretary John F. Kirby Holds a Press Briefing\""},{"Link":"https://media.defense.gov/2018/May/21/2001919976/-1/-1/1/FY2018_LIG_OCO_OFS2_MAR2018_3.PDF","external_links_name":"\"OPERATION FREEDOM'S SENTINEL REPORT TO THE UNITED STATES CONGRESS JANUARY 1, 2018‒MARCH 31, 2018\""},{"Link":"https://www.foreignaffairs.com/reviews/capsule-review/eagle-down-last-special-forces-fighting-forever-war","external_links_name":"[1]"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiyara_cluster	Aiyara cluster	["1 Development","2 See also","3 References"]	Specific model for organizing a set of computers This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Aiyara cluster" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) A0, the first Aiyara cluster built at Suranaree University of Technology An Aiyara cluster is a low-powered computer cluster specially designed to process Big Data. The Aiyara cluster model can be considered as a specialization of the Beowulf cluster in the sense that Aiyara is also built from commodity hardware, not inexpensive personal computers, but system-on-chip computer boards. Unlike Beowulf, applications of an Aiyara cluster are scoped only for the Big Data area, not for scientific high-performance computing. Another important property of an Aiyara cluster is that it is low-power. It must be built with a class of processing units that produces less heat. The name Aiyara originally referred to the first ARM-based cluster built by Wichai Srisuruk and Chanwit Kaewkasi at Suranaree University of Technology. The name "Aiyara" came from a Thai word literally an elephant to reflect its underneath software stack, which is Apache Hadoop. Like Beowulf, an Aiyara cluster does not define a particular software stack to run atop it. A cluster normally runs a variant of the Linux operating system. Commonly used Big Data software stacks are Apache Hadoop and Apache Spark. Development A report of the Aiyara hardware which successfully processed a non-trivial amount of Big Data was published in the Proceedings of ICSEC 2014. Aiyara Mk-I, the second Aiyara cluster, consists of 22 Cubieboards. It is the first known SoC-based ARM cluster which is able to process Big Data successfully using the Spark and HDFS stack. The Aiyara cluster model, a technical description explaining how to build an Aiyara cluster, was later published by Chanwit Kaewkasi in the DZone's 2014 Big Data Guide. The further results and cluster optimization techniques, that make the cluster's processing rate boost to 0.9 GB/min while still preserve low-power consumption, were reported in the Proceeding of IEEE's TENCON 2014. The whole architecture of software stack, including the runtime, data integrity verification and data compression, is studied and improved. The work reported in this paper achieved the processing rate at almost 0.9 GB/min, successfully processed the same benchmarks from the previous work by roughly 38 minutes. See also Beowulf cluster Apache Hadoop Apache Spark References ^ C. Kaewkasi and W. Srisuruk. A Study of Big Data Processing Constraints on a Low-Power Hadoop Cluster. Proceedings of the 18th ICSEC, 2014, pp. 308-313 ^ The first Spark/Hadoop ARM cluster runs atop Cubieboards April 8, 2014 on Cubieboard.org ^ Chanwit Kaewkasi. The DIY Big Data Cluster. DZone Big Data Guide 2014. September 22, 2014, pp. 20-21 ^ C. Kaewkasi and W. Srisuruk. Optimizing performance and power consumption for an ARM-based big data cluster. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE Region 10 Conference, 2014, pp. 1-6 vteParallel computingGeneral Distributed computing Parallel computing Massively parallel Cloud computing High-performance computing Multiprocessing Manycore processor GPGPU Computer network Systolic array Levels Bit Instruction Thread Task Data Memory Loop Pipeline Multithreading Temporal Simultaneous (SMT) Simultaneous and heterogenous Speculative (SpMT) Preemptive Cooperative Clustered multi-thread (CMT) Hardware scout Theory PRAM model PEM model Analysis of parallel algorithms Amdahl's law Gustafson's law Cost efficiency Karp–Flatt metric Slowdown Speedup Elements Process Thread Fiber Instruction window Array Coordination Multiprocessing Memory coherence Cache coherence Cache invalidation Barrier Synchronization Application checkpointing Programming Stream processing Dataflow programming Models Implicit parallelism Explicit parallelism Concurrency Non-blocking algorithm Hardware Flynn's taxonomy SISD SIMD Array processing (SIMT) Pipelined processing Associative processing MISD MIMD Dataflow architecture Pipelined processor Superscalar processor Vector processor Multiprocessor symmetric asymmetric Memory shared distributed distributed shared UMA NUMA COMA Massively parallel computer Computer cluster Beowulf cluster Grid computer Hardware acceleration APIs Ateji PX Boost Chapel HPX Charm++ Cilk Coarray Fortran CUDA Dryad C++ AMP Global Arrays GPUOpen MPI OpenMP OpenCL OpenHMPP OpenACC Parallel Extensions PVM pthreads RaftLib ROCm UPC TBB ZPL Problems Automatic parallelization Deadlock Deterministic algorithm Embarrassingly parallel Parallel slowdown Race condition Software lockout Scalability Starvation Category: Parallel computing	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aiyara-cluster-A0.jpg"},{"link_name":"Suranaree University of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suranaree_University_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"computer cluster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_cluster"},{"link_name":"Big Data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Data"},{"link_name":"Beowulf cluster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beowulf_cluster"},{"link_name":"personal computers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer"},{"link_name":"high-performance computing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-performance_computing"},{"link_name":"ARM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_architecture"},{"link_name":"Suranaree University of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suranaree_University_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"Thai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_language"},{"link_name":"elephant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant"},{"link_name":"Apache Hadoop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Hadoop"},{"link_name":"Linux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux"},{"link_name":"Apache Hadoop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Hadoop"},{"link_name":"Apache Spark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Spark"}],"text":"A0, the first Aiyara cluster built at Suranaree University of TechnologyAn Aiyara cluster is a low-powered computer cluster specially designed to process Big Data. The Aiyara cluster model can be considered as a specialization of the Beowulf cluster in the sense that Aiyara is also built from commodity hardware, not inexpensive personal computers, but system-on-chip computer boards. Unlike Beowulf, applications of an Aiyara cluster are scoped only for the Big Data area, not for scientific high-performance computing. Another important property of an Aiyara cluster is that it is low-power. It must be built with a class of processing units that produces less heat.The name Aiyara originally referred to the first ARM-based cluster built by Wichai Srisuruk and Chanwit Kaewkasi at Suranaree University of Technology. The name \"Aiyara\" came from a Thai word literally an elephant to reflect its underneath software stack, which is Apache Hadoop.Like Beowulf, an Aiyara cluster does not define a particular software stack to run atop it. A cluster normally runs a variant of the Linux operating system. Commonly used Big Data software stacks are Apache Hadoop and Apache Spark.","title":"Aiyara cluster"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Cubieboards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubieboard"},{"link_name":"SoC-based","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-board_computer"},{"link_name":"HDFS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDFS"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"A report of the Aiyara hardware which successfully processed a non-trivial amount of Big Data was published in the Proceedings of ICSEC 2014.[1] Aiyara Mk-I, the second Aiyara cluster, consists of 22 Cubieboards. It is the first known SoC-based ARM cluster which is able to process Big Data successfully using the Spark and HDFS stack.[2]The Aiyara cluster model, a technical description explaining how to build an Aiyara cluster, was later published by Chanwit Kaewkasi in the DZone's 2014 Big Data Guide.[3]\nThe further results and cluster optimization techniques, that make the cluster's processing rate boost to 0.9 GB/min while still preserve low-power consumption, were reported in the Proceeding of IEEE's TENCON 2014.[4]The whole architecture of software stack, including the runtime, data integrity verification and data compression, is studied and improved. The work reported in this paper achieved the processing rate at almost 0.9 GB/min, successfully processed the same benchmarks from the previous work by roughly 38 minutes.","title":"Development"}]	[{"image_text":"A0, the first Aiyara cluster built at Suranaree University of Technology","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Aiyara-cluster-A0.jpg/220px-Aiyara-cluster-A0.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Beowulf cluster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beowulf_cluster"},{"title":"Apache Hadoop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Hadoop"},{"title":"Apache Spark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Spark"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Aiyara+cluster%22","external_links_name":"\"Aiyara cluster\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Aiyara+cluster%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Aiyara+cluster%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Aiyara+cluster%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Aiyara+cluster%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Aiyara+cluster%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICSEC.2014.6978206","external_links_name":"A Study of Big Data Processing Constraints on a Low-Power Hadoop Cluster"},{"Link":"http://cubieboard.org/2014/04/08/the-first-sparkhadoop-arm-cluster-runs-atop-cubieboards/","external_links_name":"The first Spark/Hadoop ARM cluster runs atop Cubieboards"},{"Link":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TENCON.2014.7022399","external_links_name":"Optimizing performance and power consumption for an ARM-based big data cluster"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progress_24	Progress 24	["1 Launch","2 Docking","3 Decay","4 See also","5 References"]	Soviet unmanned Progress cargo spacecraft Progress 24Mission typeSalyut 7 resupplyCOSPAR ID1985-051A SATCAT no.15838Mission duration24 days, 21 hours and 53 minutes Spacecraft propertiesSpacecraftProgress (No.125)Spacecraft typeProgress 7K-TGManufacturerNPO Energia Start of missionLaunch date21 June 1985, 00:39:41 UTCRocketSoyuz-ULaunch siteBaikonur, Site 1/5 End of missionDisposalDeorbitedDecay date15 July 1985, 22:33:31 UTC Orbital parametersReference systemGeocentricRegimeLow EarthPerigee altitude189 kmApogee altitude251 kmInclination51.6°Period88.9 minutesEpoch21 June 1985 Docking with Salyut 7Docking portAftDocking date23 June 1985, 02:54 UTCUndocking date15 July 1985, 12:28 UTCTime docked22 days, 9 hours and 34 minutes Progress (spacecraft)← Progress 23Kosmos 1669 → Progress 24 (Russian: Прогресс 24) was a Soviet uncrewed Progress cargo spacecraft, which was launched in June 1985 to resupply the Salyut 7 space station. Launch Progress 24 launched on 21 June 1985, from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in the Kazakh SSR. It used a Soyuz-U rocket. Docking Progress 24 docked with the aft port of Salyut 7 on 23 June 1985 at 02:54 UTC, and was undocked on 15 July 1985 at 12:28 UTC. Decay It remained in orbit until 15 July 1985, when it was deorbited. The deorbit burn occurred at 22:33:31 UTC, with the mission ending at around 23:10 UTC. See also Spaceflight portal 1985 in spaceflight List of Progress missions List of uncrewed spaceflights to Salyut space stations References ^ a b "Launchlog". Jonathan's Space Report. Retrieved 5 December 2020. ^ a b c "Progress 1 - 42 (11F615A15, 7K-TG)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 5 December 2020. ^ a b c d e f g h "Cargo spacecraft "Progress 24"". Manned Astronautics figures and facts. Archived from the original on 13 October 2007. ^ "Progress 24". NASA. Retrieved 5 December 2020. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. ^ a b "Salyut 7". Astronautix. Archived from the original on 11 December 2016. Retrieved 5 December 2020. vteProgress spacecraftVersions Progress 7K-TG Progress-M Progress-M1 Progress-MS Custom versions M-SO1 M-MIM2 M-UM Missions1970s 1978 Progress 1 2 3 4 1979 5 6 7 1980s 1980 Progress 8 9 10 11 1981 12 1982 13 14 15 16 1983 17 18 1984 19 20 21 22 23 1985 24 Kosmos 1669 1986 25 26 1987 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 1988 34 35 36 37 38 39 1989 40 41 M-1 M-2 1990s 1990 Progress M-3 42 M-4 M-5 1991 M-6 M-7 M-8 M-9 M-10 1992 M-11 M-12 M-13 M-14 M-15 1993 M-16 M-17 M-18 M-19 M-20 1994 M-21 M-22 M-23 M-24 M-25 1995 M-26 M-27 M-28 M-29 M-30 1996 M-31 M-32 M-33 1997 M-34 M-35 M-36 M-37 1998 M-38 M-39 M-40 1999 M-41 M-42 2000s 2000 Progress M1-1 M1-2 M1-3 M-43 M1-4 2001 M1-5 M-44 M1-6 M-45 M-SO1 M1-7 2002 M1-8 M-46 M1-9 2003 M-47 M1-10 M-48 2004 M1-11 M-49 M-50 M-51 2005 M-52 M-53 M-54 M-55 2006 M-56 M-57 M-58 2007 M-59 M-60 M-61 M-62 2008 M-63 M-64 M-65 M-01M 2009 M-66 M-02M M-67 M-03M M-MIM2 2010s 2010 Progress M-04M M-05M M-06M M-07M M-08M 2011 M-09M M-10M M-11M M-12M† M-13M 2012 M-14M M-15M M-16M M-17M 2013 M-18M M-19M M-20M M-21M 2014 M-22M M-23M M-24M M-25M 2015 M-26M M-27M† M-28M M-29M MS-01 2016 MS-02 MS-03 MS-04† 2017 MS-05 MS-06 MS-07 2018 MS-08 MS-09 MS-10 2019 MS-11 MS-12 MS-13 2020s 2020 MS-14 MS-15 2021 MS-16 MS-17 MS-18 M-UM 2022 MS-19 MS-20 MS-21 2023 MS-22 MS-23 MS-24 MS-25 2024 MS-26 MS-27 Future 2024 MS-28 See also List of Progress missions Uncrewed spaceflights to Mir Uncrewed spaceflights to the ISS Signs † indicate launch or spacecraft failures. vte← 1984Orbital launches in 19851986 →January STS-51-C (USA-8) February USA-9 Arabsat-1A Brasilsat A1 March Geosat Intelsat VA F-10 April STS-51-D (Anik C1, Leasat 3) STS-51-B (Nusat) May GStar-1 Telecom 1B June Soyuz T-13 STS-51-G (Morelos 1, Arabsat-1B, Telstar 3D, SPARTAN-101) Progress 24 Intelsat VA F-11 July Giotto Kosmos 1669 STS-51-F (PDP) August STS-51-I (Aussat A1, ASC-1, Leasat 4) September Spacenet 3 Soyuz T-14 Kosmos 1686 Intelsat VA F-12 October STS-51-J (USA-11, USA-12) USA-10 STS-61-A (GLOMR) November STS-61-B (Morelos 2, Aussat A2, Satcom K2, OEX, EASE/ACCESS) Unknownmonth Sakigake Kosmos 1616 Kosmos 1617 Kosmos 1618 Kosmos 1619 Kosmos 1620 Kosmos 1621 Kosmos 1622 Molniya-3 No.36 Kosmos 1623 Kosmos 1624 Gorizont No.21L Kosmos 1625 Kosmos 1626 Kosmos 1627 Kosmos 1628 Meteor-2 No.13 Kosmos 1629 Kosmos 1630 Kosmos 1631 Kosmos 1632 Kosmos 1633 Kosmos 1634 Kosmos 1635 Kosmos 1636 Kosmos 1637 Kosmos 1638 Kosmos 1639 Kosmos 1640 Kosmos 1641 Kosmos 1642 Ekran No.28L Kosmos 1643 Kosmos 1644 Unnamed Kosmos 1645 Kosmos 1646 Kosmos 1647 Kosmos 1648 Prognoz 10 Kosmos 1649 Kosmos 1650 Kosmos 1651 Kosmos 1652 Kosmos 1653 Kosmos 1654 Molniya-3 No.39 Kosmos 1655 Kosmos 1656 Kosmos 1657 Kosmos 1658 Kosmos 1659 Kosmos 1660 Kosmos 1661 Kosmos 1662 Kosmos 1663 Unnamed Kosmos 1664 Kosmos 1665 Kosmos 1666 Kosmos 1667 Kosmos 1668 Molniya-3 No.37 Kosmos 1670 Kosmos 1671 Transit-O 24 Transit-O 30 Kosmos 1672 Kosmos 1672 Kosmos 1673 Kosmos 1674 Gran' No.26L Kosmos 1675 Kosmos 1676 Suisei Molniya-1 No.61 Kosmos 1677 Unnamed Kosmos 1678 Kosmos 1679 Kosmos 1680 Kosmos 1681 ECS-3 Kosmos 1682 Kosmos 1683 Kosmos 1684 Kosmos 1685 Kosmos 1687 Kosmos 1688 Kosmos 1689 Molniya-3 No.38 Kosmos 1690 Kosmos 1695 Kosmos 1692 Kosmos 1693 Kosmos 1694 Kosmos 1691 Kosmos 1696 Fanhui Shi Weixing 8 Kosmos 1697 Kosmos 1698 Molniya-1 No.73 Unnamed Meteor-3 No.2 Kosmos 1699 Kosmos 1700 Molniya-1 No.56 Kosmos 1701 Kosmos 1702 Gran' No.28L Kosmos 1703 Kosmos 1704 Kosmos 1705 Kosmos 1706 Kosmos 1707 USA-13 USA-14 Kosmos 1708 Kosmos 1709 Molniya-3 No.40 Kosmos 1710 Kosmos 1711 Kosmos 1712 Meteor-2 No.14 Kosmos 1713 Kosmos 1714 Payloads are separated by bullets ( · ), launches by pipes ( \| ). Crewed flights are indicated in underline. Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in italics. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in (brackets). This article about one or more spacecraft of the Soviet Union is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Progress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progress_(spacecraft)"},{"link_name":"Salyut 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_7"}],"text":"Progress 24 (Russian: Прогресс 24) was a Soviet uncrewed Progress cargo spacecraft, which was launched in June 1985 to resupply the Salyut 7 space station.","title":"Progress 24"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baikonur Cosmodrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome"},{"link_name":"Kazakh SSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_SSR"},{"link_name":"Soyuz-U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz-U"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSP-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NSSDC-4"}],"text":"Progress 24 launched on 21 June 1985, from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in the Kazakh SSR. It used a Soyuz-U rocket.[2][4]","title":"Launch"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kursknet-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-astronautix-5"}],"text":"Progress 24 docked with the aft port of Salyut 7 on 23 June 1985 at 02:54 UTC, and was undocked on 15 July 1985 at 12:28 UTC.[3][5]","title":"Docking"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kursknet-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-astronautix-5"}],"text":"It remained in orbit until 15 July 1985, when it was deorbited. The deorbit burn occurred at 22:33:31 UTC, with the mission ending at around 23:10 UTC.[3][5]","title":"Decay"}]	[]	[{"title":"Spaceflight portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight"},{"title":"1985 in spaceflight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985_in_spaceflight"},{"title":"List of Progress missions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Progress_missions"},{"title":"List of uncrewed spaceflights to Salyut space stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_uncrewed_spaceflights_to_Salyut_space_stations"}]	[{"reference":"\"Launchlog\". Jonathan's Space Report. Retrieved 5 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://planet4589.org/space/log/launchlog.txt","url_text":"\"Launchlog\""}]},{"reference":"\"Progress 1 - 42 (11F615A15, 7K-TG)\". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 5 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/progress.htm","url_text":"\"Progress 1 - 42 (11F615A15, 7K-TG)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cargo spacecraft \"Progress 24\"\". Manned Astronautics figures and facts. Archived from the original on 13 October 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071013000407/http://space.kursknet.ru/cosmos/english/cargoes/pr24.sht","url_text":"\"Cargo spacecraft \"Progress 24\"\""},{"url":"http://space.kursknet.ru/cosmos/english/cargoes/pr24.sht","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Progress 24\". NASA. Retrieved 5 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1985-051A","url_text":"\"Progress 24\""}]},{"reference":"\"Salyut 7\". Astronautix. Archived from the original on 11 December 2016. Retrieved 5 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161211020040/http://www.astronautix.com/s/salyut7.html","url_text":"\"Salyut 7\""},{"url":"http://www.astronautix.com/s/salyut7.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1985-051A","external_links_name":"1985-051A"},{"Link":"http://planet4589.org/space/log/launchlog.txt","external_links_name":"\"Launchlog\""},{"Link":"https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/progress.htm","external_links_name":"\"Progress 1 - 42 (11F615A15, 7K-TG)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071013000407/http://space.kursknet.ru/cosmos/english/cargoes/pr24.sht","external_links_name":"\"Cargo spacecraft \"Progress 24\"\""},{"Link":"http://space.kursknet.ru/cosmos/english/cargoes/pr24.sht","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1985-051A","external_links_name":"\"Progress 24\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161211020040/http://www.astronautix.com/s/salyut7.html","external_links_name":"\"Salyut 7\""},{"Link":"http://www.astronautix.com/s/salyut7.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Progress_24&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Questia	Questia Online Library	["1 Company history","2 Service","3 Criticism","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	Former online research library QuestiaFull page screenshot Type of siteOnline digital libraryAvailable inEnglishFounded1998DissolvedDecember 21, 2020HeadquartersChicago, Illinois, United StatesOwnerGaleCommercialYesCurrent statusClosed Questia was an online commercial digital repository of books and articles that had an academic orientation, with a particular emphasis on books and journal articles in the humanities and social sciences. All the text in all the Questia books and articles were available to subscribers; the site also included integrated research tools. It was founded in 1998 and ceased operations in December 2020. Company history Questia, based in Chicago, Illinois, was founded in 1998 and purchased by Gale, part of Cengage Learning, in January 2010. Service Questia offered some information free of charge, including several public domain works, publication information, tables of contents, the first page of every chapter, Boolean searches of the contents of the library, and short bibliographies of available books and articles on some 6,500 topics. Questia did not sell ownership to books or ebooks, but rather sold monthly or annual subscriptions that allowed temporary online reading access to all 94000+ books, and 14 million + journal, magazine, and newspaper articles in their collection. The books were selected by academic librarians as credible, authoritative works in their respective areas. The librarians also compiled about 7000 reference bibliographies on frequently researched topics. The library was strongest in books and journal articles in the social sciences and humanities, with many older historical texts. Original pagination was maintained. The Questia service also featured tools to automatically create citations and bibliographies, helping writers to properly cite the materials. A limitation to the Questia library was that new additions were available in a "beta" version only. Unlike Questia's earlier publications, these prevented users from copying text directly from the website, although one page from the publications could be printed free of charge. A charge was made for printing a range of pages. Questia launched their Q&A blog on September 21, 2011. Q&A was divided into "Education news," "Student resources" and "Subjects" categories. "Subjects" was further broken down so readers could find specific content based on their academic needs. Questia released an iPhone app in 2011, which was extended to the iPad the following year. Then in January 2013 Questia launched tutorials, including videos and quizzes, to teach students the research process. Criticism Questia was criticized in 2005 by librarian Steven J. Bell for referring to itself as an academic library, when it concentrated on the liberal arts and treated users as customers rather than students. Moreover, Bell argued, Questia did not employ academic librarians or faculty. Although some of its employees had advanced library degrees, they did not work or collaborate with faculty to develop collections that served distinctive student populations. See also List of digital library projects List of academic databases and search engines References ^ "Questia Unveils New And Improved Website to Help Students Write Better Papers Faster". Equities. ^ "Gale acquires questia". January 28, 2010. Archived from the original on April 26, 2010. Retrieved April 24, 2019. Gale ^ "Questia After more than twenty years, Questia is discontinuing operations as of Monday, December 21, 2020". Questia School. ^ "Questia, the Premier Online Research Paper Writing Tool, Launches Q&A Blog". Prnewswire. Chicago. September 20, 2011. Archived from the original on April 18, 2012. Retrieved August 10, 2012. ^ "Q&A – Research paper tips from Questia". Questia. Archived from the original on July 29, 2019. ^ "Making College Students' Lives Easier: Questia Launches Free iPad App to Help Write Research Papers". Cengage Learning. Retrieved May 12, 2014. ^ "Questia Research Tutorials Help Students Learn the Process and the Skills Necessary to Write a Research Paper by Improving Writing and Researching Proficiency". PR Newswire. January 31, 2013. Retrieved April 26, 2019. ^ Steven J. Bell, "Electronic libraries can't be academic" Chronicle for Higher Education September 30, 2005 (registration required) External links "Official Website". Questia.com. Archived from the original on June 22, 2014. Retrieved September 10, 2017. vteCengage GroupAcademic and professional Chilton Gale Charles Scribner's Sons HighBeam Research Encyclopedia.com G. K. Hall & Co. InfoTrac Questia Schirmer Reference Other WebAssign	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"digital repository","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_repository"},{"link_name":"academic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NewImproved-1"},{"link_name":"humanities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanities"},{"link_name":"social sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_sciences"}],"text":"Questia was an online commercial digital repository of books and articles that had an academic orientation,[1] with a particular emphasis on books and journal articles in the humanities and social sciences. All the text in all the Questia books and articles were available to subscribers; the site also included integrated research tools. It was founded in 1998 and ceased operations in December 2020.","title":"Questia Online Library"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gale_(publisher)"},{"link_name":"Cengage Learning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cengage_Learning"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-QuestiaSchool-3"}],"text":"Questia, based in Chicago, Illinois, was founded in 1998 and purchased by Gale, part of Cengage Learning, in January 2010.[2][3]","title":"Company history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"tables of contents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_of_content"},{"link_name":"Boolean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean_logic"},{"link_name":"ebooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebook"},{"link_name":"pagination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_pagination"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-App-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Questia offered some information free of charge, including several public domain works, publication information, tables of contents, the first page of every chapter, Boolean searches of the contents of the library, and short bibliographies of available books and articles on some 6,500 topics.Questia did not sell ownership to books or ebooks, but rather sold monthly or annual subscriptions that allowed temporary online reading access to all 94000+ books, and 14 million + journal, magazine, and newspaper articles in their collection. The books were selected by academic librarians as credible, authoritative works in their respective areas. The librarians also compiled about 7000 reference bibliographies on frequently researched topics. The library was strongest in books and journal articles in the social sciences and humanities, with many older historical texts. Original pagination was maintained. The Questia service also featured tools to automatically create citations and bibliographies, helping writers to properly cite the materials.A limitation to the Questia library was that new additions were available in a \"beta\" version only. Unlike Questia's earlier publications, these prevented users from copying text directly from the website, although one page from the publications could be printed free of charge. A charge was made for printing a range of pages.Questia launched their Q&A blog on September 21, 2011.[4] Q&A was divided into \"Education news,\" \"Student resources\" and \"Subjects\" categories. \"Subjects\" was further broken down so readers could find specific content based on their academic needs.[5]Questia released an iPhone app in 2011, which was extended to the iPad the following year.[6] Then in January 2013 Questia launched tutorials, including videos and quizzes, to teach students the research process.[7]","title":"Service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Questia was criticized in 2005 by librarian Steven J. Bell for referring to itself as an academic library, when it concentrated on the liberal arts and treated users as customers rather than students. Moreover, Bell argued, Questia did not employ academic librarians or faculty. Although some of its employees had advanced library degrees, they did not work or collaborate with faculty to develop collections that served distinctive student populations.[8]","title":"Criticism"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of digital library projects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_digital_library_projects"},{"title":"List of academic databases and search engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_academic_databases_and_search_engines"}]	[{"reference":"\"Questia Unveils New And Improved Website to Help Students Write Better Papers Faster\". Equities.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.cengage.com/library-research/questia-unveils-new-and-improved-website-to-help-students-write-better-papers-faster/","url_text":"\"Questia Unveils New And Improved Website to Help Students Write Better Papers Faster\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gale acquires questia\". January 28, 2010. Archived from the original on April 26, 2010. Retrieved April 24, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100426002917/http://blog.gale.com/pressroom/corporate-news/gale-acquires-questia/","url_text":"\"Gale acquires questia\""},{"url":"http://blog.gale.com/pressroom/corporate-news/gale-acquires-questia/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Questia After more than twenty years, Questia is discontinuing operations as of Monday, December 21, 2020\". Questia School.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.questiaschool.com/about-questia-school","url_text":"\"Questia After more than twenty years, Questia is discontinuing operations as of Monday, December 21, 2020\""}]},{"reference":"\"Questia, the Premier Online Research Paper Writing Tool, Launches Q&A Blog\". Prnewswire. Chicago. September 20, 2011. Archived from the original on April 18, 2012. Retrieved August 10, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120418225818/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/questia-the-premier-online-research-paper-writing-tool-launches-qa-blog-130202263.html","url_text":"\"Questia, the Premier Online Research Paper Writing Tool, Launches Q&A Blog\""},{"url":"http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/questia-the-premier-online-research-paper-writing-tool-launches-qa-blog-130202263.html/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Q&A – Research paper tips from Questia\". Questia. Archived from the original on July 29, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190729161156/http://blog.questia.com/","url_text":"\"Q&A – Research paper tips from Questia\""},{"url":"http://blog.questia.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Making College Students' Lives Easier: Questia Launches Free iPad App to Help Write Research Papers\". Cengage Learning. Retrieved May 12, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.cengage.com/library-research/making-college-students%E2%80%99-lives-easier-questia-launches-free-ipad-app-to-help-write-research-papers/","url_text":"\"Making College Students' Lives Easier: Questia Launches Free iPad App to Help Write Research Papers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Questia Research Tutorials Help Students Learn the Process and the Skills Necessary to Write a Research Paper by Improving Writing and Researching Proficiency\". PR Newswire. January 31, 2013. Retrieved April 26, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/over-52-of-instructors-recommend-starting-a-research-paper-the-day-it-is-assigned-yet-only-17-of-students-report-doing-so-finds-new-questiacom-survey-189208451.html","url_text":"\"Questia Research Tutorials Help Students Learn the Process and the Skills Necessary to Write a Research Paper by Improving Writing and Researching Proficiency\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PR_Newswire","url_text":"PR Newswire"}]},{"reference":"\"Official Website\". Questia.com. Archived from the original on June 22, 2014. Retrieved September 10, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140622220723/http://www.questia.com/","url_text":"\"Official Website\""},{"url":"https://www.questia.com/","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://news.cengage.com/library-research/questia-unveils-new-and-improved-website-to-help-students-write-better-papers-faster/","external_links_name":"\"Questia Unveils New And Improved Website to Help Students Write Better Papers Faster\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100426002917/http://blog.gale.com/pressroom/corporate-news/gale-acquires-questia/","external_links_name":"\"Gale acquires questia\""},{"Link":"http://blog.gale.com/pressroom/corporate-news/gale-acquires-questia/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.questiaschool.com/about-questia-school","external_links_name":"\"Questia After more than twenty years, Questia is discontinuing operations as of Monday, December 21, 2020\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120418225818/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/questia-the-premier-online-research-paper-writing-tool-launches-qa-blog-130202263.html","external_links_name":"\"Questia, the Premier Online Research Paper Writing Tool, Launches Q&A Blog\""},{"Link":"http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/questia-the-premier-online-research-paper-writing-tool-launches-qa-blog-130202263.html/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190729161156/http://blog.questia.com/","external_links_name":"\"Q&A – Research paper tips from Questia\""},{"Link":"http://blog.questia.com/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://news.cengage.com/library-research/making-college-students%E2%80%99-lives-easier-questia-launches-free-ipad-app-to-help-write-research-papers/","external_links_name":"\"Making College Students' Lives Easier: Questia Launches Free iPad App to Help Write Research Papers\""},{"Link":"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/over-52-of-instructors-recommend-starting-a-research-paper-the-day-it-is-assigned-yet-only-17-of-students-report-doing-so-finds-new-questiacom-survey-189208451.html","external_links_name":"\"Questia Research Tutorials Help Students Learn the Process and the Skills Necessary to Write a Research Paper by Improving Writing and Researching Proficiency\""},{"Link":"http://chronicle.com/article/Electronic-Libraries-Cant-Be/5122/","external_links_name":"\"Electronic libraries can't be academic\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140622220723/http://www.questia.com/","external_links_name":"\"Official Website\""},{"Link":"https://www.questia.com/","external_links_name":"the original"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Running_Day	Global Running Day	["1 History","2 The Million Kid Run","3 Global supporters","4 References"]	Celebration day Global Running DayObserved byWorldwideCelebrationsRunningDateFirst Wednesday in June2023 dateJune 7 (2023-06-07)2024 dateJune 5 (2024-06-05)2025 dateJune 4 (2025-06-04)2026 dateJune 3 (2026-06-03)First timeJune 1, 2016 Global Running Day is a day that celebrates the sport of running. It is held annually on the first Wednesday of June. Participants of all ages and abilities pledge to take part in some type of running activity by submitting their names through the Global Running Day website. Global Running Day 2024 will take place on June 5. History Global Running Day was formerly known as National Running Day and began in the United States. The first event was in 2009. The inaugural Global Running Day was held on June 1, 2016. More than 2.5 million people from 177 countries pledged to run more than 9.2 million miles. New York City Mayor, Bill de Blasio, declared June 1, 2016, to be Global Running Day in the City of New York. 2014 Boston Marathon winner Meb Keflezighi led a group run from the Boston Run Base, and the Atlanta Track Club organized a "run around the clock" event, where at least one person from the Atlanta metro area would be running every hour of Global Running Day. In 2017, the International Association of Athletics Federations supported Global Running Day. "The IAAF fully supports the Global Running Day and is proud to invite all of our Member Federations to join us and the world's leading race organisers in this massive celebration of the sport", said IAAF CEO Olivier Gers. In 2018, New York Road Runners celebrated its 60th anniversary on with a finish line celebration on Global Running Day on Wednesday, June 6, during the same week NYRR was founded in 1958. In 2019, many local running stores and clubs held independent events. For example, the Carmel Runners Club in Indiana did a group run that ended at a brewery. Runners’ Choice in Kingston, Ontario, had a group run with giveaways. In 2020, Global Running Day was virtual due to COVID-19. The 2021 event will also be virtually hosted globally by the New York Road Runners with a free virtual 1-mile event from June 1 to June 6. The Million Kid Run Million Kid Run The Million Kid Run is the youth division of Global Running Day and aims to have one million kids around the world participate in Global Running Day. Its focus is on making fitness fun, and inspiring kids to embrace running as a way to remain healthy and fit. In 2016, 672,030 youths took part. For the Inaugural Million Kid Run, students from around the world participated. Global supporters More than 100 organizations support Global Running Day and the Million Kid Run, including the Abbott World Marathon Majors, Atlanta Track Club, Boston Athletic Association, Competitor Group, Houston Marathon Foundation, International Association of Athletics Federations, Athletics for a Better World program, National Cleanup Day, New York Road Runners, Plogging, Running USA, USA Track & Field, 100meta – Grupo de corrida e caminhada and more. References ^ "Global Running Day". globalrunningday.org. Retrieved 2017-03-01. ^ "Global Running Day: As It Happened". NYRR. Retrieved 2017-03-01. ^ "Happy Global Running Day". My Best Runs. June 5, 2016. Retrieved May 25, 2021. ^ "A Run in Boston With Meb Keflezighi \| Competitor.com". Competitor.com. 2016-06-02. Retrieved 2017-03-01. ^ "Atlanta Track Club to "Run around the Clock" for Global Running Day \| Atlanta Track Club". www.atlantatrackclub.org. Retrieved 2017-03-01. ^ "IAAF joins Global Running Day campaign". World Athletics. May 16, 2017. Retrieved May 25, 2021. ^ "New York Road Runners to Celebrate 60th Anniversary With 60 Finish Lines in New York City and Around the World on Global Running Day on June 6". New York Road Runners. June 5, 2018. Retrieved May 25, 2021. ^ "Happy Global Running Day". New York Times. June 1, 2019. Retrieved May 25, 2021. ^ "Global Running Day is going virtual this year". CNN. June 3, 2020. Retrieved May 25, 2021. ^ "Here's How to Celebrate Global Running Day!". Runners World. May 20, 2021. Retrieved May 25, 2021. ^ "2016 Global Running Day Featuring First-Ever Million Kid Run Set for Wednesday, June 1". New York Road Runner. April 4, 2016. Retrieved May 25, 2021. ^ "Global Running Day Aims To Get 1 Million Kids Running On June 1". Women's Running. June 1, 2016. Retrieved May 25, 2021. ^ "Brooklyn Middle School Students Each Pledge To Run 5 Miles For Global Running Day". CBS New York. June 1, 2016. Retrieved May 25, 2021. ^ "2016 Global Running Day Featuring First-Ever Million Kid Run Set for Wednesday, June 1". NYRR. Retrieved 2017-03-01.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"running","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Running"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Global Running Day is a day that celebrates the sport of running. It is held annually on the first Wednesday of June.[1] Participants of all ages and abilities pledge to take part in some type of running activity by submitting their names through the Global Running Day website. Global Running Day 2024 will take place on June 5.","title":"Global Running Day"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Bill de Blasio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_de_Blasio"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Boston Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Marathon"},{"link_name":"Meb Keflezighi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meb_Keflezighi"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"International Association of Athletics Federations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Athletics"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"New York Road Runners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Road_Runners"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Global Running Day was formerly known as National Running Day and began in the United States. The first event was in 2009.The inaugural Global Running Day was held on June 1, 2016. More than 2.5 million people from 177 countries pledged to run more than 9.2 million miles.[2] New York City Mayor, Bill de Blasio, declared June 1, 2016, to be Global Running Day in the City of New York.[3] 2014 Boston Marathon winner Meb Keflezighi led a group run from the Boston Run Base,[4] and the Atlanta Track Club organized a \"run around the clock\" event, where at least one person from the Atlanta metro area would be running every hour of Global Running Day.[5]In 2017, the International Association of Athletics Federations supported Global Running Day. \"The IAAF fully supports the Global Running Day and is proud to invite all of our Member Federations to join us and the world's leading race organisers in this massive celebration of the sport\", said IAAF CEO Olivier Gers.[6]In 2018, New York Road Runners celebrated its 60th anniversary on with a finish line celebration on Global Running Day on Wednesday, June 6, during the same week NYRR was founded in 1958.[7]In 2019, many local running stores and clubs held independent events. For example, the Carmel Runners Club in Indiana did a group run that ended at a brewery. Runners’ Choice in Kingston, Ontario, had a group run with giveaways.[8]In 2020, Global Running Day was virtual due to COVID-19.[9]The 2021 event will also be virtually hosted globally by the New York Road Runners with a free virtual 1-mile event from June 1 to June 6.[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Running_with_the_wind.jpg"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Million Kid RunThe Million Kid Run is the youth division of Global Running Day and aims to have one million kids around the world participate in Global Running Day. Its focus is on making fitness fun, and inspiring kids to embrace running as a way to remain healthy and fit. In 2016, 672,030 youths took part. For the Inaugural Million Kid Run, students from around the world participated.[11][12][13]","title":"The Million Kid Run"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abbott World Marathon Majors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Marathon_Majors"},{"link_name":"Atlanta Track Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Track_Club"},{"link_name":"Boston Athletic Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Athletic_Association"},{"link_name":"Competitor Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competitor_Group,_Inc."},{"link_name":"International Association of Athletics Federations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_of_Athletics_Federations"},{"link_name":"National Cleanup Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Cleanup_Day"},{"link_name":"New York Road Runners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Road_Runners"},{"link_name":"Plogging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plogging"},{"link_name":"USA Track & Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Track_%26_Field"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"More than 100 organizations support Global Running Day and the Million Kid Run, including the Abbott World Marathon Majors, Atlanta Track Club, Boston Athletic Association, Competitor Group, Houston Marathon Foundation, International Association of Athletics Federations, Athletics for a Better World program, National Cleanup Day, New York Road Runners, Plogging, Running USA, USA Track & Field, 100meta – Grupo de corrida e caminhada and more.[14]","title":"Global supporters"}]	[{"image_text":"Million Kid Run","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Running_with_the_wind.jpg/150px-Running_with_the_wind.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Global Running Day\". globalrunningday.org. Retrieved 2017-03-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://globalrunningday.org/","url_text":"\"Global Running Day\""}]},{"reference":"\"Global Running Day: As It Happened\". NYRR. Retrieved 2017-03-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nyrr.org/races-and-events/2016/global-running-day/as-its-happened","url_text":"\"Global Running Day: As It Happened\""}]},{"reference":"\"Happy Global Running Day\". My Best Runs. June 5, 2016. Retrieved May 25, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://mybestruns.com/rnd/Happy_Global_Running_Day_Be_sure_to_run_walk_or","url_text":"\"Happy Global Running Day\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Run in Boston With Meb Keflezighi \| Competitor.com\". Competitor.com. 2016-06-02. Retrieved 2017-03-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://running.competitor.com/2016/06/news/a-run-in-boston-with-meb-keflezighi_151104","url_text":"\"A Run in Boston With Meb Keflezighi \| Competitor.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"Atlanta Track Club to \"Run around the Clock\" for Global Running Day \| Atlanta Track Club\". www.atlantatrackclub.org. Retrieved 2017-03-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.atlantatrackclub.org/blog/atlanta-track-club-to-run-around-the-clock-for-global-running-day","url_text":"\"Atlanta Track Club to \"Run around the Clock\" for Global Running Day \| Atlanta Track Club\""}]},{"reference":"\"IAAF joins Global Running Day campaign\". World Athletics. May 16, 2017. Retrieved May 25, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldathletics.org/news/news/global-running-day-2017","url_text":"\"IAAF joins Global Running Day campaign\""}]},{"reference":"\"New York Road Runners to Celebrate 60th Anniversary With 60 Finish Lines in New York City and Around the World on Global Running Day on June 6\". New York Road Runners. June 5, 2018. Retrieved May 25, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nyrr.org/media-center/press-release/20180605_GRD_60FinishLines","url_text":"\"New York Road Runners to Celebrate 60th Anniversary With 60 Finish Lines in New York City and Around the World on Global Running Day on June 6\""}]},{"reference":"\"Happy Global Running Day\". New York Times. June 1, 2019. Retrieved May 25, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/01/well/move/happy-global-running-day.html","url_text":"\"Happy Global Running Day\""}]},{"reference":"\"Global Running Day is going virtual this year\". CNN. June 3, 2020. Retrieved May 25, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/03/us/global-running-day-wellness-trnd/index.html","url_text":"\"Global Running Day is going virtual this year\""}]},{"reference":"\"Here's How to Celebrate Global Running Day!\". Runners World. May 20, 2021. Retrieved May 25, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.runnersworld.com/news/a21073883/celebrate-global-running-day/","url_text":"\"Here's How to Celebrate Global Running Day!\""}]},{"reference":"\"2016 Global Running Day Featuring First-Ever Million Kid Run Set for Wednesday, June 1\". New York Road Runner. April 4, 2016. Retrieved May 25, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nyrr.org/media-center/press-release/20160404_GRD_MillionKidRun","url_text":"\"2016 Global Running Day Featuring First-Ever Million Kid Run Set for Wednesday, June 1\""}]},{"reference":"\"Global Running Day Aims To Get 1 Million Kids Running On June 1\". Women's Running. June 1, 2016. Retrieved May 25, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.womensrunning.com/culture/global-running-day-and-million-kid-run-june-1/","url_text":"\"Global Running Day Aims To Get 1 Million Kids Running On June 1\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brooklyn Middle School Students Each Pledge To Run 5 Miles For Global Running Day\". CBS New York. June 1, 2016. Retrieved May 25, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://newyork.cbslocal.com/2016/06/01/global-running-day-nyc/","url_text":"\"Brooklyn Middle School Students Each Pledge To Run 5 Miles For Global Running Day\""}]},{"reference":"\"2016 Global Running Day Featuring First-Ever Million Kid Run Set for Wednesday, June 1\". NYRR. Retrieved 2017-03-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nyrr.org/media-center/press-releases/2016-global-running-day-featuring-first-ever-million-kid-run-set-for-wednesday-june-1","url_text":"\"2016 Global Running Day Featuring First-Ever Million Kid Run Set for Wednesday, June 1\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://globalrunningday.org/","external_links_name":"\"Global Running Day\""},{"Link":"http://www.nyrr.org/races-and-events/2016/global-running-day/as-its-happened","external_links_name":"\"Global Running Day: As It Happened\""},{"Link":"https://mybestruns.com/rnd/Happy_Global_Running_Day_Be_sure_to_run_walk_or","external_links_name":"\"Happy Global Running Day\""},{"Link":"https://running.competitor.com/2016/06/news/a-run-in-boston-with-meb-keflezighi_151104","external_links_name":"\"A Run in Boston With Meb Keflezighi \| Competitor.com\""},{"Link":"http://www.atlantatrackclub.org/blog/atlanta-track-club-to-run-around-the-clock-for-global-running-day","external_links_name":"\"Atlanta Track Club to \"Run around the Clock\" for Global Running Day \| Atlanta Track Club\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldathletics.org/news/news/global-running-day-2017","external_links_name":"\"IAAF joins Global Running Day campaign\""},{"Link":"https://www.nyrr.org/media-center/press-release/20180605_GRD_60FinishLines","external_links_name":"\"New York Road Runners to Celebrate 60th Anniversary With 60 Finish Lines in New York City and Around the World on Global Running Day on June 6\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/01/well/move/happy-global-running-day.html","external_links_name":"\"Happy Global Running Day\""},{"Link":"https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/03/us/global-running-day-wellness-trnd/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Global Running Day is going virtual this year\""},{"Link":"https://www.runnersworld.com/news/a21073883/celebrate-global-running-day/","external_links_name":"\"Here's How to Celebrate Global Running Day!\""},{"Link":"https://www.nyrr.org/media-center/press-release/20160404_GRD_MillionKidRun","external_links_name":"\"2016 Global Running Day Featuring First-Ever Million Kid Run Set for Wednesday, June 1\""},{"Link":"https://www.womensrunning.com/culture/global-running-day-and-million-kid-run-june-1/","external_links_name":"\"Global Running Day Aims To Get 1 Million Kids Running On June 1\""},{"Link":"https://newyork.cbslocal.com/2016/06/01/global-running-day-nyc/","external_links_name":"\"Brooklyn Middle School Students Each Pledge To Run 5 Miles For Global Running Day\""},{"Link":"http://www.nyrr.org/media-center/press-releases/2016-global-running-day-featuring-first-ever-million-kid-run-set-for-wednesday-june-1","external_links_name":"\"2016 Global Running Day Featuring First-Ever Million Kid Run Set for Wednesday, June 1\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angels_of_Light	Angels of Light	["1 Discography","2 References","3 External links"]	American band This article is about the American band. For other uses, see Angel of Light. Angels of LightAngels of Light (Michael Gira with Akron/Family) during a concert in Warsaw, Poland, October 8, 2005Background informationOriginNew York City, New York, United StatesGenres Americana alternative country folk neofolk Years active1998–2009LabelsYoung GodMembersMichael Gira Angels of Light was an American neofolk band that was formed circa 1998 by singer-songwriter and musician Michael Gira after he disbanded Swans, the group he had founded in 1982. The band has marked a distinctly different style for Gira since he left Swans, most noticeably being musically more melodic and less brutal than his previous efforts and with emphasis on acoustic instruments and folk and country influences. Before the band was formed, Gira intended to call his post-Swans acoustic/song-based project The Pleasure Seekers. This name was discarded because there had been a group with the same name in the 1960s. The first two live performances of what would become the Angels of Light (the Tonic/Bowery Ballroom benefit shows) were billed as "Michael Gira with guests". The revolving lineup up Angels of Light included a wide range of musicians from New York City and elsewhere, including Dana Schechter of Bee and Flower, Kid Congo Powers of The Cramps, Larry Mullins (a.k.a. Toby Dammit), Cassis Birgit Staudt of b-blush, Bliss Blood of The Moonlighters, Thor Harris of Shearwater, Swans guitarist Christoph Hahn, Phil Puleo of Cop Shoot Cop, and freak-folk musician Devendra Banhart. On The Angels of Light Sing 'Other People' and We Are Him, Gira was backed by Brooklyn band Akron/Family. Hahn, Harris and Puleo went on to join Gira in the new Swans lineup assembled in 2010. Shortly thereafter Swans released their first post-reunion LP My Father Will Guide Me up a Rope to the Sky. All Angels of Light albums were released on Michael Gira's label Young God Records. Discography Studio albums New Mother (1999) How I Loved You (2001) Everything Is Good Here/Please Come Home (2003) The Angels of Light Sing 'Other People' (2005) Akron/Family & Angels of Light (2005) – split album with Akron/Family. We Are Him (2007) Live albums We Were Alive! (2002) Singles "Praise Your Name" (1999) References ^ McCaffrey, Conor (August 13, 2013). "Interview: Swans… climbing a ladder to God". State. Retrieved July 27, 2015. ^ Vile, Gareth K. (November 5, 2012). "The Seer Returns: Michael Gira on Swans' ever-evolving live show". The Skinny. Retrieved July 27, 2015. ^ Tudor, Alexander (August 20, 2012). "Swans – The Seer". Drowned in Sound. Archived from the original on September 8, 2015. Retrieved July 27, 2015. ^ Frowny, Guy. "Kid Congo Powers and The Pink Monkey Birds". Tiny Mix Tapes. Retrieved July 27, 2015. ^ Leone, Dominique (January 20, 2003). "The Angels of Light – Everything Is Good Here/Please Come Home". Pitchfork. Retrieved July 27, 2015. ^ Nasrallah, Dimitri (October 24, 2010). "Michael Gira: From Uncompromising Swans to Ethereal Angels of Light". Exclaim!. Retrieved July 27, 2015. External links Young God Records official site Michael Gira interview (September 1999) for QRD Michael Gira interview (November 2001) for QRD Michael Gira interview (October 2003) for QRD vteMichael Gira Solo discography Solo albums Drainland What We Did (with Dan Matz) Solo Recordings at Home I Am Not Insane As Angels of LightStudio albums New Mother How I Loved You Everything Is Good Here/Please Come Home The Angels of Light Sing 'Other People' Akron/Family & Angels of Light We Are Him Live albums We Were Alive! As The Body Lovers/The Body Haters Number One of Three 34:13 RelatedBands Swans (discography) Pigface (discography) Circus Mort The World of Skin Akron/Family People Jarboe Bill Rieflin Devendra Banhart Other Young God Records vteSwans Michael Gira Jarboe Algis Kizys Ted Parsons Thurston Moore Roli Mosimann Vincent Signorelli Bill Rieflin Jonathan Kane Kristof Hahn Thor Harris Christopher Pravdica Phil Puleo Paul Wallfisch Norman Westberg Studio albums Filth Cop Greed Holy Money Children of God The Burning World White Light from the Mouth of Infinity Love of Life The Great Annihilator Soundtracks for the Blind My Father Will Guide Me Up a Rope to the Sky The Seer To Be Kind The Glowing Man Leaving Meaning The Beggar Fundraiser albums I Am Not Insane We Rose from Your Bed with the Sun in Our Head Not Here / Not Now The Gate What Is This? Is There Really a Mind? Live albums Public Castration Is a Good Idea Feel Good Now Anonymous Bodies in an Empty Room Real Love Omniscience Kill the Child Swans Are Dead We Rose from Your Bed with the Sun in Our Head Not Here / Not Now The Gate Deliquescence Compilation albums Body to Body, Job to Job Children of God/World of Skin Various Failures Filth/Body to Body, Job to Job Cop/Young God Greed/Holy Money Forever Burned EPs Swans Young God A Screw Love Will Tear Us Apart Die Tür ist zu Oxygen Singles "Time Is Money (Bastard)" "New Mind" "Can't Find My Way Home" "Saved" "Paradise Is Mine" Related articles Discography Young God Records Angels of Light The Body Lovers / The Body Haters Cop Shoot Cop Of Cabbages and Kings Prong Sulfur Unsane World of Skin Where Does a Body End? Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National United States Czech Republic Artists MusicBrainz	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Angel of Light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_of_Light_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"neofolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neofolk"},{"link_name":"Michael Gira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Gira"},{"link_name":"Swans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swans_(band)"},{"link_name":"folk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_music"},{"link_name":"country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"},{"link_name":"same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pleasure_Seekers/Cradle"},{"link_name":"Tonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonic_(music_venue)"},{"link_name":"Bowery Ballroom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowery_Ballroom"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Dana Schechter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dana_Schechter"},{"link_name":"Bee and Flower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bee_and_Flower"},{"link_name":"Kid Congo Powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kid_Congo_Powers"},{"link_name":"The Cramps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cramps"},{"link_name":"Larry Mullins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Mullins_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Bliss Blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bliss_Blood"},{"link_name":"Thor Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thor_Harris"},{"link_name":"Shearwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shearwater_(band)"},{"link_name":"Swans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swans_(band)"},{"link_name":"Christoph Hahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph_Hahn"},{"link_name":"Phil Puleo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Puleo"},{"link_name":"Cop Shoot Cop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cop_Shoot_Cop"},{"link_name":"Devendra Banhart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devendra_Banhart"},{"link_name":"The Angels of Light Sing 'Other People'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Angels_of_Light_Sing_%27Other_People%27"},{"link_name":"We Are Him","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Are_Him"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"Akron/Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akron/Family"},{"link_name":"My Father Will Guide Me up a Rope to the Sky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Father_Will_Guide_Me_up_a_Rope_to_the_Sky"},{"link_name":"Young God Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_God_Records"}],"text":"This article is about the American band. For other uses, see Angel of Light.Angels of Light was an American neofolk band that was formed circa 1998 by singer-songwriter and musician Michael Gira after he disbanded Swans, the group he had founded in 1982. The band has marked a distinctly different style for Gira since he left Swans, most noticeably being musically more melodic and less brutal than his previous efforts and with emphasis on acoustic instruments and folk and country influences.Before the band was formed, Gira intended to call his post-Swans acoustic/song-based project The Pleasure Seekers. This name was discarded because there had been a group with the same name in the 1960s. The first two live performances of what would become the Angels of Light (the Tonic/Bowery Ballroom benefit shows) were billed as \"Michael Gira with guests\".The revolving lineup up Angels of Light included a wide range of musicians from New York City and elsewhere, including Dana Schechter of Bee and Flower, Kid Congo Powers of The Cramps, Larry Mullins (a.k.a. Toby Dammit), Cassis Birgit Staudt of b-blush, Bliss Blood of The Moonlighters, Thor Harris of Shearwater, Swans guitarist Christoph Hahn, Phil Puleo of Cop Shoot Cop, and freak-folk musician Devendra Banhart. On The Angels of Light Sing 'Other People' and We Are Him, Gira was backed by Brooklyn band Akron/Family. Hahn, Harris and Puleo went on to join Gira in the new Swans lineup assembled in 2010. Shortly thereafter Swans released their first post-reunion LP My Father Will Guide Me up a Rope to the Sky.All Angels of Light albums were released on Michael Gira's label Young God Records.","title":"Angels of Light"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Mother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mother"},{"link_name":"How I Loved You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_I_Loved_You"},{"link_name":"Everything Is Good Here/Please Come Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everything_Is_Good_Here/Please_Come_Home"},{"link_name":"The Angels of Light Sing 'Other People'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Angels_of_Light_Sing_%27Other_People%27"},{"link_name":"Akron/Family & Angels of Light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akron/Family_%26_Angels_of_Light"},{"link_name":"Akron/Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akron/Family"},{"link_name":"We Are Him","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Are_Him"},{"link_name":"We Were Alive!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Were_Alive!"}],"text":"Studio albumsNew Mother (1999)\nHow I Loved You (2001)\nEverything Is Good Here/Please Come Home (2003)\nThe Angels of Light Sing 'Other People' (2005)\nAkron/Family & Angels of Light (2005) – split album with Akron/Family.\nWe Are Him (2007)Live albumsWe Were Alive! (2002)Singles\"Praise Your Name\" (1999)","title":"Discography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"McCaffrey, Conor (August 13, 2013). \"Interview: Swans… climbing a ladder to God\". State. Retrieved July 27, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://state.ie/features/swans-climbing-the-ladder-to-god","url_text":"\"Interview: Swans… climbing a ladder to God\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_(magazine)","url_text":"State"}]},{"reference":"Vile, Gareth K. (November 5, 2012). \"The Seer Returns: Michael Gira on Swans' ever-evolving live show\". The Skinny. Retrieved July 27, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theskinny.co.uk/music/interviews/the-seer-returns-michael-gira-on-swans-ever-evolving-live-show","url_text":"\"The Seer Returns: Michael Gira on Swans' ever-evolving live show\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Skinny_(magazine)","url_text":"The Skinny"}]},{"reference":"Tudor, Alexander (August 20, 2012). \"Swans – The Seer\". Drowned in Sound. Archived from the original on September 8, 2015. Retrieved July 27, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150908072646/http://drownedinsound.com/releases/17185/reviews/4145372","url_text":"\"Swans – The Seer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drowned_in_Sound","url_text":"Drowned in Sound"},{"url":"http://drownedinsound.com/releases/17185/reviews/4145372","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Frowny, Guy. \"Kid Congo Powers and The Pink Monkey Birds\". Tiny Mix Tapes. Retrieved July 27, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tinymixtapes.com/music-review/kid-congo-powers-and-pink-monkey-birds-gorilla-rose","url_text":"\"Kid Congo Powers and The Pink Monkey Birds\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiny_Mix_Tapes","url_text":"Tiny Mix Tapes"}]},{"reference":"Leone, Dominique (January 20, 2003). \"The Angels of Light – Everything Is Good Here/Please Come Home\". Pitchfork. 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Retrieved July 27, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://exclaim.ca/Music/article/michael_gira-from_uncompromising_swans_to_ethereal_angels_of_light","url_text":"\"Michael Gira: From Uncompromising Swans to Ethereal Angels of Light\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclaim!","url_text":"Exclaim!"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://state.ie/features/swans-climbing-the-ladder-to-god","external_links_name":"\"Interview: Swans… climbing a ladder to God\""},{"Link":"http://www.theskinny.co.uk/music/interviews/the-seer-returns-michael-gira-on-swans-ever-evolving-live-show","external_links_name":"\"The Seer Returns: Michael Gira on Swans' ever-evolving live show\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150908072646/http://drownedinsound.com/releases/17185/reviews/4145372","external_links_name":"\"Swans – The Seer\""},{"Link":"http://drownedinsound.com/releases/17185/reviews/4145372","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.tinymixtapes.com/music-review/kid-congo-powers-and-pink-monkey-birds-gorilla-rose","external_links_name":"\"Kid Congo Powers and The Pink Monkey Birds\""},{"Link":"http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/187-everything-is-good-hereplease-come-home/","external_links_name":"\"The Angels of Light – Everything Is Good Here/Please Come Home\""},{"Link":"http://exclaim.ca/Music/article/michael_gira-from_uncompromising_swans_to_ethereal_angels_of_light","external_links_name":"\"Michael Gira: From Uncompromising Swans to Ethereal Angels of Light\""},{"Link":"http://www.younggodrecords.com/","external_links_name":"Young God Records official site"},{"Link":"http://www.silbermedia.com/qrd/archives/mgira16.html","external_links_name":"Michael Gira interview (September 1999) for QRD"},{"Link":"http://www.silbermedia.com/qrd/archives/21mgira.html","external_links_name":"Michael Gira interview (November 2001) for QRD"},{"Link":"http://www.silbermedia.com/qrd/archives/25mgira.html","external_links_name":"Michael Gira interview (October 2003) for QRD"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000100413997","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/149287504","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2005106170","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0077252&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/310e4c19-d810-42f1-947f-76889e8bfcf2","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Gagn%C3%A9	Simon Gagné	["1 Playing career","1.1 QMJHL","1.2 Philadelphia Flyers","1.3 Tampa Bay Lightning","1.4 Los Angeles Kings","1.5 Return to Philadelphia","1.6 Boston Bruins","2 Personal life","3 International play","4 Career statistics","4.1 Regular season and playoffs","4.2 International","4.3 All-Star Games","5 Awards","6 References","7 External links"]	Canadian ice hockey player (born 1980) Ice hockey player Simon Gagné Gagné with the Philadelphia Flyers in 2009Born (1980-02-29) February 29, 1980 (age 44)Sainte-Foy, Quebec, CanadaHeight 6 ft 1 in (185 cm)Weight 193 lb (88 kg; 13 st 11 lb)Position Left wingShot LeftPlayed for Philadelphia FlyersTampa Bay LightningLos Angeles KingsBoston BruinsNational team CanadaNHL draft 22nd overall, 1998Philadelphia FlyersPlaying career 1999–2015 Simon Gagné (French pronunciation: ; born February 29, 1980) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey left winger. He played for the Philadelphia Flyers, Tampa Bay Lightning, Los Angeles Kings and Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League (NHL). He spent the first ten seasons of his NHL career with the Flyers (1999–2010), followed by one season with Tampa Bay (2010–11) and two with Los Angeles (2011–13), winning the Stanley Cup in 2012, before returning to Philadelphia via trade for the end of the lockout-shortened 2012–13 season. After not playing in 2013–14, Gagné signed with Boston, briefly playing for them before retiring in 2015. Drafted out of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL) 22nd overall in 1998, Gagné played major junior with the Beauport Harfangs and Quebec Remparts for three seasons. He began his NHL career with the Flyers in 1999 and was named to the NHL All-Rookie Team. He has appeared in two NHL All-Star Games and has won two Bobby Clarke Trophies with the Flyers as team MVP. Internationally, Gagné has represented Canada on five occasions. He has won silver medals at the 1999 World Junior Championships and 2005 World Championships, while winning gold at the 2002 Winter Olympics and a World Cup championship in 2004. He was named general manager of the Quebec Remparts of the QMJHL on June 15 2023, replacing Patrick Roy. Playing career As a youth, Gagné played in the 1993 and 1994 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournaments with a minor ice hockey team from Sainte-Foy, Quebec City. QMJHL Gagné was 16 when he broke into the QMJHL as a member of the Beauport Harfangs during the 1996–97 season. Playing mostly on the third and fourth lines, Gagné finished with 31 points (9 goals and 22 assists) in 51 games. The following two seasons, he would play with the Quebec Remparts, totalling 189 points (80 goals and 109 assists) in 114 games, including a 120-point season in 1998–99. That year, he finished sixth in league scoring, was named to the QMJHL Second All-Star Team and was awarded the Paul Dumont Trophy as the "personality of the year". Gagné also recorded 20 goals and 13 assists for 33 points in 25 career playoff matches with the Remparts. After the 1998–99 season, Gagné graduated to the pro ranks, and the Remparts retired Gagné's #12 jersey during a ceremony early on in the 1999–2000 season. Gagné joined Hockey Hall of Famer Guy Lafleur as the only two players that have had their jerseys retired by the Quebec Remparts (Alexander Radulov's number has also since been retired by the Remparts). Philadelphia Flyers Gagné was drafted 22nd overall by the Philadelphia Flyers in the 1998 NHL Entry Draft and made the Flyers out of training camp prior to the 1999–2000 season. His rookie season saw him play primarily at centre and score 20 goals and 28 assists in 80 games, good enough to be named to the NHL All-Rookie Team. He contributed 5 goals and 5 assists in 17 games during the playoffs before the Flyers lost in seven games to the New Jersey Devils in the Eastern Conference Finals. The following season, Gagné was converted from centre to wing. Playing on a line with Mark Recchi and Keith Primeau in the 2000–01 season, Gagné scored 27 goals and 32 assists in 69 games and took part in his first NHL All-Star Game. During the All-Star Game, he scored two goals including the game-winning goal for the North American team. 2001–02 saw him score 33 goals and tally a career high 33 assists in 79 games. A nagging groin injury limited Gagné to 46 games and career lows in goals, assists and points in 2002–03. The next season, Gagné recorded 24 goals and 21 assists in 80 games. He also scored an important overtime goal in Game 6 of the Eastern Conference Finals against the Tampa Bay Lightning. However, the Flyers were eliminated in Game 7. Once the 2004–05 NHL lockout came to an end, Gagné assumed a greater role on the Flyers and played most of the year as the left winger on the top line with Peter Forsberg and Mike Knuble. The line became known as the "Deuces Wild" line due to their numbers (12 , 21 and 22 ) and Gagné responded with his best season as a pro with 47 goals and 79 points in 72 games. He was awarded the Bobby Clarke Trophy, which is awarded to the Flyers Team MVP. In the off-season, Gagné signed a five-year contract extension worth over $25 million. Despite not having Forsberg as his centre for much of the 2006–07 season due to injury and Forsberg's eventual trade to the Nashville Predators, Gagné scored 41 goals and 27 assists in 76 games and won his second consecutive Bobby Clarke Trophy. He also played in his second NHL All-Star Game. In the 2007–08 season, Gagné recorded 18 points in 25 games before being shut down for the year on February 20 after being told to sit out by doctors. Although it was believed Gagné had suffered three concussions in five months, he was told by doctors that he only had one and further injuries re-aggravated the symptoms. He suffered the initial concussion on October 25, 2007, when he was hit in the jaw with a check from Florida Panthers defenceman Jay Bouwmeester. Gagné sat out four games and returned only to be hurt again on November 7. After missing the next 26 games, he was re-injured on his first shift back on February 10, 2008, against the Pittsburgh Penguins. Gagné follows after several previous Flyers player who have suffered serious concussions. Former captain Keith Primeau had his career ended prematurely due to concussions suffered while playing in Philadelphia, while Jeremy Roenick nearly retired after suffering one himself. Gagné with the Tampa Bay Lightning in 2010. Gagné had a strong return in the 2008–09 season, scoring 34 goals, 74 points and posting a +21 in 79 games. However, injury troubles persisted in 2009–10. Less than a month into the season, he was placed on the injured reserve after being diagnosed with a double hernia in his groin in late-October 2009. Although the Flyers' orthopedic surgeon recommended surgery, Gagné opted for a second opinion with his personal doctor in Montreal. Soon after, Gagné opted for surgery, which was performed on November 3. The surgery repaired the two small hernias in his right groin laparoscopically through his belly button, while reinforcing his rectus abdominis on both sides. Gagné returned to action on December 19 against the New York Rangers after missing 24 games. He scored his third career hat trick and first career natural hat-trick just 11 days after returning from injury against the Rangers, December 30, 2009. He finished the season with 40 points in 58 games. After defeating the second-seeded New Jersey Devils in the opening round of the 2010 playoffs, in which Gagné was injured, the Flyers met the Boston Bruins in the second round. After going down three games to none in the series without Gagné, Gagné returned for Game 4, scoring the game-winning goal in overtime, then scoring two goals in Game 5. After the Flyers became just the sixth team to force a Game 7 after being down three games to none, Gagné scored the series-winning goal in the third period of Game 7 to advance to the Eastern Conference Finals. The Flyers became the third team in NHL history to come back from a three games to none deficit in a series and win. Tampa Bay Lightning On July 19, 2010, Gagné was traded to the Tampa Bay Lightning in exchange for Matt Walker and a fourth-round pick in the 2011 NHL Entry Draft. He recorded 17 goals with 23 assists for the Lightning that year, to go with another five goals in the 2011 playoffs. Los Angeles Kings After just one season in Tampa Bay, Gagné became an unrestricted free agent. On July 2, 2011, he signed a two-year, $7 million contract with the Los Angeles Kings. He scored his first goal as a Kings player on October 13, 2011, against Martin Brodeur of the New Jersey Devils. During the regular season, he appeared in 34 games and scored 10 goals with 17 points overall. On June 11, 2012, he won the Stanley Cup over the Devils, along with former Flyers teammates Jeff Carter and Mike Richards. During the Kings' playoff run, he appeared in four games but did not record a point. During the off-season, he underwent surgery to remove a 5 cm mass from his neck which had been causing him chronic pain. Return to Philadelphia Gagné with the Boston Bruins in 2014. In the following 2012–13 lockout-shortened season, Gagné sparingly appeared in 11 games with the Kings before on February 26, 2013, he was traded back to Philadelphia in exchange for a conditional fourth-round draft pick. He appeared in his return to Philadelphia the following night at the Wells Fargo Center, February 27, 2013, against the Washington Capitals. In his first game back, Gagné registered his first goal of the season on a power play, assisted by Brayden Schenn and Daniel Brière, ending a 32-game goalless streak, the longest of his professional career. Boston Bruins After a year hiatus from professional hockey, Gagné signed a professional try-out contract with the Boston Bruins. After a successful training camp, Gagné was signed to a one-year contract with them on October 14, 2014. After scoring 3 goals in 23 games, it was announced on January 12, 2015, that Gagné would not return to the Bruins in the 2014–15 season after his father's death in December 2014. In a possible signal of the end of his professional career, Gagné's contract was terminated by the Bruins on January 29, 2015. On September 15, 2015, Gagné announced his retirement from professional hockey. Personal life Gagné represented Canada internationally on five different occasions. Medal record Representing Canada Men's ice hockey World Championships 2005 Austria World Cup 2004 Canada Winter Olympics 2002 Salt Lake City World Junior Championships 1999 Canada Simon is married to Karine and has a son, Matthew, born June 2, 2009, and a daughter, Lily Rose, born February 14, 2011. International play Gagné debuted internationally with Team Canada at the 1999 World Junior Championships in Manitoba. Playing as the host country, Canada made it to the gold medal game against Russia, but lost in overtime to earn the silver medal. Gagné scored seven goals and an assist in seven games to finish second in team scoring behind Daniel Tkaczuk's 10 points. Three years later, Gagné made his senior debut with Team Canada at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, scoring four points in six games to help Canada to their first Olympic ice hockey gold medal in 50 years over the host country United States. Prior to the 2004–05 NHL lockout, Gagné competed in the 2004 World Cup, where he captured his second consecutive international championship with Team Canada, contributing two points in six games. Due to the Philadelphia Flyers' consistent playoff runs in the NHL, Gagné did not appear in a World Championships until 2005, with the NHL lockout still in effect. He finished the tournament with an international career-high ten points in nine games, third in team scoring behind Rick Nash and Joe Thornton as the three Canadians finished 1–2–3 in tournament scoring. However, as Canada made it to the gold medal game, they were shut-out by the Czech Republic 3–0. The following year, Gagné was named to his second national Olympic team to compete at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin. Attempting to defend their gold medal from 2002, Canada was defeated in the quarter-finals by Russia and finished in seventh place. Gagné scored three points in five games. He was named to the 2009 summer camp roster for the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver. On August 25, 2009, Gagné injured his groin and was forced to leave camp. Career statistics Regular season and playoffs Regular season Playoffs Season Team League GP G A Pts PIM GP G A Pts PIM 1995–96 Sainte-Foy Gouverneurs QMAAA 27 13 9 22 18 15 7 8 15 8 1996–97 Beauport Harfangs QMJHL 51 9 22 31 39 — — — — — 1997–98 Quebec Remparts QMJHL 53 30 39 69 26 12 11 5 16 23 1998–99 Quebec Remparts QMJHL 61 50 70 120 42 13 9 8 17 4 1999–2000 Philadelphia Flyers NHL 80 20 28 48 22 17 5 5 10 2 2000–01 Philadelphia Flyers NHL 69 27 32 59 18 6 3 0 3 0 2001–02 Philadelphia Flyers NHL 79 33 33 66 32 5 0 0 0 2 2002–03 Philadelphia Flyers NHL 46 9 18 27 16 13 4 1 5 6 2003–04 Philadelphia Flyers NHL 80 24 21 45 29 18 5 4 9 12 2005–06 Philadelphia Flyers NHL 72 47 32 79 46 6 3 1 4 2 2006–07 Philadelphia Flyers NHL 76 41 27 68 30 — — — — — 2007–08 Philadelphia Flyers NHL 25 7 11 18 4 — — — — — 2008–09 Philadelphia Flyers NHL 79 34 40 74 42 6 3 1 4 2 2009–10 Philadelphia Flyers NHL 58 17 23 40 47 19 9 3 12 0 2010–11 Tampa Bay Lightning NHL 63 17 23 40 20 15 5 7 12 4 2011–12 Los Angeles Kings NHL 34 7 10 17 18 4 0 0 0 2 2012–13 Los Angeles Kings NHL 11 0 5 5 2 — — — — — 2012–13 Philadelphia Flyers NHL 27 5 6 11 6 — — — — — 2014–15 Boston Bruins NHL 23 3 1 4 4 — — — — — NHL totals 822 291 310 601 328 109 37 22 59 32 International Year Team Event GP G A Pts PIM 1999 Canada WJC 7 7 1 8 2 2002 Canada OG 6 1 3 4 0 2004 Canada WCH 6 1 1 2 0 2005 Canada WC 9 3 7 10 0 2006 Canada OG 5 1 2 3 4 Junior totals 7 7 1 8 2 Senior totals 26 6 13 19 4 All-Star Games Year Location G A P 2001 Colorado 2 0 2 2007 Dallas 0 0 0 All-Star totals 2 0 2 Awards Named to the QMJHL Second All-Star Team in 1998–99. Named to the NHL All Rookie Team in 1999–2000. Played in the NHL All-Star Game in 2001 and 2007. Won the Pelle Lindbergh Memorial (Philadelphia Flyers' most improved player) in 2000–01. Won the Toyota Cup (Philadelphia Flyers' most three stars selections) in 2001–02, 2005–06 and 2006–07. Won the Bobby Clarke Trophy (Philadelphia Flyers' MVP) in 2005–06 and 2006–07. Won the Stanley Cup in 2012 with the Los Angeles Kings. Goal against the Washington Capitals in his first game back as a Flyer voted by fans as the team's "Play of the Year" during the 2012–13 season. References ^ "Pee-Wee players who have reached NHL or WHA" (PDF). Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament. 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-03-06. Retrieved 2019-02-09. ^ "Transfer-deal détente tested by Russian team's poaching of Preds star". National Post. 2008-07-11. Retrieved 2008-07-16. ^ "Flyers send series to Game 7". ESPN.com. 2004. Retrieved 2007-06-24. ^ "Concussed Flyers F Simon Gagne already planning for next season". International Herald Tribune. 2008-02-22. Retrieved 2008-07-15. ^ Gelston, Dan (2008-02-29). "Gagne joins Lindros, Primeau, Roenick as Flyers hit with brutal concussions". USA Today. Retrieved 2008-07-15. ^ "Flyers Notes: Flyers' Gagne seeks 2d opinion on hernias". Philadelphia Inquirer. 2009-10-28. Retrieved 2009-10-29. ^ "Flyers' Gagne to have surgery; out 6-8 weeks". The Sports Network. 2009-11-02. Retrieved 2009-11-02. ^ "Individual Player Stats: Simon Gagne". flyershistory.com. 2010-01-22. ^ "Flyers complete remarkable comeback to eliminate Bruins". The Sports Network. 2010-05-14. Retrieved 2010-05-14. ^ "Flyers trade Gagne to Tampa Bay". 19 July 2010. ^ "Veteran Gagne agrees to two-year, $7M deal with Kings". The Sports Network. Retrieved 2 July 2011. ^ "Report: Simon Gagne underwent surgery to remove "mass" from his neck". 14 July 2012. ^ "Flyers acquire veteran forward Gagne from Kings for pick". The Sports Network. 2013-02-26. Retrieved 2013-02-26. ^ James O'Brien (2013-02-27). "Watch Simon Gagne score in his Return to Philly". NBC Sports. Retrieved 2013-02-27. ^ Kalman, Matt (15 August 2014). "Kalman: Simon Gagne An Interesting, Possibly Insignificant Addition To Bruins Mix". CBS Boston. Retrieved 16 August 2014. ^ "B's Sign Gagne to a One-Year Contract; Assign Robins & Caron to Providence – Boston Bruins – News". Boston Bruins. October 14, 2014. Retrieved October 14, 2014. ^ "Gagne will not return to Bruins". Boston Herald. 2015-01-14. Retrieved 2015-01-14. ^ "Bruins place Simon Gagne on unconditional waivers". The Score. 2015-01-29. Retrieved 2015-01-29. ^ "Simon Gagne announces retirement from the NHL". Philadelphia Flyers. September 15, 2015. Retrieved November 18, 2015. ^ "Philadelphia Flyer Simon Gagne welcomes son Matthew". People Magazine. 2009-06-02. Retrieved 2010-02-15. ^ "Simon Gagne player profile". NBC Sports. 2012-01-02. Archived from the original on 2012-07-20. Retrieved 2012-01-02. ^ "Gagne leaves camp with groin injury". CTV Television Network. 2009-08-25. Retrieved 2009-08-25. ^ "Simon Gagne wins 2012-13 Flyers Play of the Year". Philadelphia Flyers. Accessed September 22, 2016. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Simon Gagné. Biographical information and career statistics from NHL.com, or Eliteprospects.com, or Eurohockey.com, or Hockey-Reference.com, or The Internet Hockey Database Preceded byDainius Zubrus Philadelphia Flyers' first round draft pick 1998 Succeeded byMaxime Ouellet Preceded byMark Recchi Winner of the Bobby Clarke Trophy 2006, 2007 Succeeded byMike Richards	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[simɔ̃ ɡaɲe]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadians"},{"link_name":"ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"left winger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winger_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Flyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Flyers"},{"link_name":"Tampa Bay Lightning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Lightning"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Kings"},{"link_name":"Boston Bruins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Bruins"},{"link_name":"National Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"Stanley Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Cup"},{"link_name":"Quebec Major Junior Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_Major_Junior_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_NHL_Entry_Draft"},{"link_name":"major junior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior_ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"Beauport Harfangs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauport_Harfangs"},{"link_name":"Quebec Remparts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_Remparts"},{"link_name":"1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999%E2%80%932000_NHL_season"},{"link_name":"NHL All-Rookie Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHL_All-Rookie_Team"},{"link_name":"NHL All-Star Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHL_All-Star_Game"},{"link_name":"Bobby Clarke Trophies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Clarke_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hockey_Canada"},{"link_name":"1999 World Junior Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_World_Junior_Ice_Hockey_Championships"},{"link_name":"2005 World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Men%27s_World_Ice_Hockey_Championships"},{"link_name":"2002 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Cup_of_Hockey"},{"link_name":"2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_World_Cup_of_Hockey"},{"link_name":"Quebec Remparts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_Remparts"},{"link_name":"QMJHL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_Major_Junior_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"Patrick Roy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Roy"}],"text":"Ice hockey playerSimon Gagné (French pronunciation: [simɔ̃ ɡaɲe]; born February 29, 1980) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey left winger. He played for the Philadelphia Flyers, Tampa Bay Lightning, Los Angeles Kings and Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League (NHL). He spent the first ten seasons of his NHL career with the Flyers (1999–2010), followed by one season with Tampa Bay (2010–11) and two with Los Angeles (2011–13), winning the Stanley Cup in 2012, before returning to Philadelphia via trade for the end of the lockout-shortened 2012–13 season. After not playing in 2013–14, Gagné signed with Boston, briefly playing for them before retiring in 2015.Drafted out of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL) 22nd overall in 1998, Gagné played major junior with the Beauport Harfangs and Quebec Remparts for three seasons. He began his NHL career with the Flyers in 1999 and was named to the NHL All-Rookie Team. He has appeared in two NHL All-Star Games and has won two Bobby Clarke Trophies with the Flyers as team MVP.Internationally, Gagné has represented Canada on five occasions. He has won silver medals at the 1999 World Junior Championships and 2005 World Championships, while winning gold at the 2002 Winter Olympics and a World Cup championship in 2004.He was named general manager of the Quebec Remparts of the QMJHL on June 15 2023, replacing Patrick Roy.","title":"Simon Gagné"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournaments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_International_Pee-Wee_Hockey_Tournament"},{"link_name":"minor ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"Sainte-Foy, Quebec City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sainte-Foy,_Quebec_City"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"As a youth, Gagné played in the 1993 and 1994 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournaments with a minor ice hockey team from Sainte-Foy, Quebec City.[1]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"QMJHL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_Major_Junior_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"Beauport Harfangs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauport_Harfangs"},{"link_name":"1996–97 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996%E2%80%9397_QMJHL_season"},{"link_name":"Quebec Remparts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_Remparts"},{"link_name":"1998–99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998%E2%80%9399_QMJHL_season"},{"link_name":"Paul Dumont Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dumont_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Hockey Hall of Famer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hockey_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Guy Lafleur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Lafleur"},{"link_name":"Alexander Radulov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Radulov"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"QMJHL","text":"Gagné was 16 when he broke into the QMJHL as a member of the Beauport Harfangs during the 1996–97 season. Playing mostly on the third and fourth lines, Gagné finished with 31 points (9 goals and 22 assists) in 51 games. The following two seasons, he would play with the Quebec Remparts, totalling 189 points (80 goals and 109 assists) in 114 games, including a 120-point season in 1998–99. That year, he finished sixth in league scoring, was named to the QMJHL Second All-Star Team and was awarded the Paul Dumont Trophy as the \"personality of the year\". Gagné also recorded 20 goals and 13 assists for 33 points in 25 career playoff matches with the Remparts. After the 1998–99 season, Gagné graduated to the pro ranks, and the Remparts retired Gagné's #12 jersey during a ceremony early on in the 1999–2000 season. Gagné joined Hockey Hall of Famer Guy Lafleur as the only two players that have had their jerseys retired by the Quebec Remparts (Alexander Radulov's number has also since been retired by the Remparts).[2]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philadelphia Flyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Flyers"},{"link_name":"1998 NHL Entry Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_NHL_Entry_Draft"},{"link_name":"1999–2000 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999%E2%80%932000_NHL_season"},{"link_name":"centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"New Jersey Devils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Devils"},{"link_name":"Mark Recchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Recchi"},{"link_name":"Keith Primeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Primeau"},{"link_name":"2000–01 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000%E2%80%9301_NHL_season"},{"link_name":"NHL All-Star Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/51st_National_Hockey_League_All-Star_Game"},{"link_name":"2001–02","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001%E2%80%9302_NHL_season"},{"link_name":"2002–03","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002%E2%80%9303_NHL_season"},{"link_name":"Tampa Bay Lightning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Lightning"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Overtime_2004-3"},{"link_name":"2004–05 NHL lockout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305_NHL_lockout"},{"link_name":"Peter Forsberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Forsberg"},{"link_name":"Mike Knuble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Knuble"},{"link_name":"Bobby Clarke Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Philadelphia_Flyers_award_winners#Bobby_Clarke_Trophy"},{"link_name":"2006–07 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_NHL_season"},{"link_name":"Nashville Predators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville_Predators"},{"link_name":"NHL All-Star Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/55th_National_Hockey_League_All-Star_Game"},{"link_name":"2007–08 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_NHL_season"},{"link_name":"Florida Panthers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Panthers"},{"link_name":"Jay Bouwmeester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Bouwmeester"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh Penguins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Penguins"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Roenick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Roenick"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Simongagne_lightning.JPG"},{"link_name":"Tampa Bay Lightning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Lightning"},{"link_name":"2008–09 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_NHL_season"},{"link_name":"2009–10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_NHL_season"},{"link_name":"hernia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hernia"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"laparoscopically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laparoscopically"},{"link_name":"rectus abdominis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectus_abdominis"},{"link_name":"New York Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Rangers"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"hat trick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hat-trick#Hockey"},{"link_name":"natural hat-trick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hat-trick#Variations"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"2010 playoffs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Stanley_Cup_playoffs"},{"link_name":"Boston Bruins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Bruins"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Philadelphia Flyers","text":"Gagné was drafted 22nd overall by the Philadelphia Flyers in the 1998 NHL Entry Draft and made the Flyers out of training camp prior to the 1999–2000 season. His rookie season saw him play primarily at centre and score 20 goals and 28 assists in 80 games, good enough to be named to the NHL All-Rookie Team. He contributed 5 goals and 5 assists in 17 games during the playoffs before the Flyers lost in seven games to the New Jersey Devils in the Eastern Conference Finals.The following season, Gagné was converted from centre to wing. Playing on a line with Mark Recchi and Keith Primeau in the 2000–01 season, Gagné scored 27 goals and 32 assists in 69 games and took part in his first NHL All-Star Game. During the All-Star Game, he scored two goals including the game-winning goal for the North American team. 2001–02 saw him score 33 goals and tally a career high 33 assists in 79 games. A nagging groin injury limited Gagné to 46 games and career lows in goals, assists and points in 2002–03. The next season, Gagné recorded 24 goals and 21 assists in 80 games. He also scored an important overtime goal in Game 6 of the Eastern Conference Finals against the Tampa Bay Lightning.[3] However, the Flyers were eliminated in Game 7.Once the 2004–05 NHL lockout came to an end, Gagné assumed a greater role on the Flyers and played most of the year as the left winger on the top line with Peter Forsberg and Mike Knuble. The line became known as the \"Deuces Wild\" line due to their numbers (12 [Gagné], 21 [Forsberg] and 22 [Knuble]) and Gagné responded with his best season as a pro with 47 goals and 79 points in 72 games. He was awarded the Bobby Clarke Trophy, which is awarded to the Flyers Team MVP. In the off-season, Gagné signed a five-year contract extension worth over $25 million. Despite not having Forsberg as his centre for much of the 2006–07 season due to injury and Forsberg's eventual trade to the Nashville Predators, Gagné scored 41 goals and 27 assists in 76 games and won his second consecutive Bobby Clarke Trophy. He also played in his second NHL All-Star Game.In the 2007–08 season, Gagné recorded 18 points in 25 games before being shut down for the year on February 20 after being told to sit out by doctors. Although it was believed Gagné had suffered three concussions in five months, he was told by doctors that he only had one and further injuries re-aggravated the symptoms. He suffered the initial concussion on October 25, 2007, when he was hit in the jaw with a check from Florida Panthers defenceman Jay Bouwmeester. Gagné sat out four games and returned only to be hurt again on November 7. After missing the next 26 games, he was re-injured on his first shift back on February 10, 2008, against the Pittsburgh Penguins.[4] Gagné follows after several previous Flyers player who have suffered serious concussions. Former captain Keith Primeau had his career ended prematurely due to concussions suffered while playing in Philadelphia, while Jeremy Roenick nearly retired after suffering one himself.[5]Gagné with the Tampa Bay Lightning in 2010.Gagné had a strong return in the 2008–09 season, scoring 34 goals, 74 points and posting a +21 in 79 games. However, injury troubles persisted in 2009–10. Less than a month into the season, he was placed on the injured reserve after being diagnosed with a double hernia in his groin in late-October 2009. Although the Flyers' orthopedic surgeon recommended surgery, Gagné opted for a second opinion with his personal doctor in Montreal.[6] Soon after, Gagné opted for surgery, which was performed on November 3. The surgery repaired the two small hernias in his right groin laparoscopically through his belly button, while reinforcing his rectus abdominis on both sides. Gagné returned to action on December 19 against the New York Rangers after missing 24 games.[7] He scored his third career hat trick and first career natural hat-trick just 11 days after returning from injury against the Rangers, December 30, 2009.[8] He finished the season with 40 points in 58 games. After defeating the second-seeded New Jersey Devils in the opening round of the 2010 playoffs, in which Gagné was injured, the Flyers met the Boston Bruins in the second round. After going down three games to none in the series without Gagné, Gagné returned for Game 4, scoring the game-winning goal in overtime, then scoring two goals in Game 5. After the Flyers became just the sixth team to force a Game 7 after being down three games to none, Gagné scored the series-winning goal in the third period of Game 7 to advance to the Eastern Conference Finals. The Flyers became the third team in NHL history to come back from a three games to none deficit in a series and win.[9]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Matt Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Walker_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"2011 NHL Entry Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_NHL_Entry_Draft"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"2011 playoffs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Stanley_Cup_playoffs"}],"sub_title":"Tampa Bay Lightning","text":"On July 19, 2010, Gagné was traded to the Tampa Bay Lightning in exchange for Matt Walker and a fourth-round pick in the 2011 NHL Entry Draft.[10] He recorded 17 goals with 23 assists for the Lightning that year, to go with another five goals in the 2011 playoffs.","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Los Angeles Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Kings"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Martin Brodeur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Brodeur"},{"link_name":"Stanley Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Stanley_Cup_Finals"},{"link_name":"Jeff Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Carter"},{"link_name":"Mike Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Richards_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"playoff run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Stanley_Cup_playoffs"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Los Angeles Kings","text":"After just one season in Tampa Bay, Gagné became an unrestricted free agent. On July 2, 2011, he signed a two-year, $7 million contract with the Los Angeles Kings.[11] He scored his first goal as a Kings player on October 13, 2011, against Martin Brodeur of the New Jersey Devils. During the regular season, he appeared in 34 games and scored 10 goals with 17 points overall. On June 11, 2012, he won the Stanley Cup over the Devils, along with former Flyers teammates Jeff Carter and Mike Richards. During the Kings' playoff run, he appeared in four games but did not record a point. During the off-season, he underwent surgery to remove a 5 cm mass from his neck which had been causing him chronic pain.[12]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Simon_Gagne_-_Boston_Bruins.jpg"},{"link_name":"Boston Bruins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Bruins"},{"link_name":"2012–13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_NHL_season"},{"link_name":"lockout-shortened season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_NHL_lockout"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Wells Fargo Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wells_Fargo_Center_(Philadelphia)"},{"link_name":"Washington Capitals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Capitals"},{"link_name":"power play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_play_(sporting_term)"},{"link_name":"Brayden Schenn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brayden_Schenn"},{"link_name":"Daniel Brière","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Bri%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Return to Philadelphia","text":"Gagné with the Boston Bruins in 2014.In the following 2012–13 lockout-shortened season, Gagné sparingly appeared in 11 games with the Kings before on February 26, 2013, he was traded back to Philadelphia in exchange for a conditional fourth-round draft pick.[13] He appeared in his return to Philadelphia the following night at the Wells Fargo Center, February 27, 2013, against the Washington Capitals. In his first game back, Gagné registered his first goal of the season on a power play, assisted by Brayden Schenn and Daniel Brière, ending a 32-game goalless streak, the longest of his professional career.[14]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Boston Bruins","text":"After a year hiatus from professional hockey, Gagné signed a professional try-out contract with the Boston Bruins.[15] After a successful training camp, Gagné was signed to a one-year contract with them on October 14, 2014.[16] After scoring 3 goals in 23 games, it was announced on January 12, 2015, that Gagné would not return to the Bruins in the 2014–15 season after his father's death in December 2014.[17] In a possible signal of the end of his professional career, Gagné's contract was terminated by the Bruins on January 29, 2015.[18] On September 15, 2015, Gagné announced his retirement from professional hockey.[19]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Simon is married to Karine and has a son, Matthew, born June 2, 2009,[20] and a daughter, Lily Rose, born February 14, 2011.[21]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Team Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_men%27s_national_junior_ice_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"1999 World Junior Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_World_Junior_Ice_Hockey_Championships"},{"link_name":"Manitoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba"},{"link_name":"Daniel Tkaczuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Tkaczuk"},{"link_name":"Team Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_national_men%27s_ice_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"2002 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Salt Lake City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_City"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_national_men%27s_ice_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"2004 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_World_Cup_of_Hockey"},{"link_name":"World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Ice_Hockey_Championships"},{"link_name":"2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Men%27s_World_Ice_Hockey_Championships"},{"link_name":"Rick Nash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Nash"},{"link_name":"Joe Thornton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Thornton"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic_national_men%27s_ice_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"2006 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Turin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turin"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_national_men%27s_ice_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"2010 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_tournament"},{"link_name":"Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Gagné debuted internationally with Team Canada at the 1999 World Junior Championships in Manitoba. Playing as the host country, Canada made it to the gold medal game against Russia, but lost in overtime to earn the silver medal. Gagné scored seven goals and an assist in seven games to finish second in team scoring behind Daniel Tkaczuk's 10 points.Three years later, Gagné made his senior debut with Team Canada at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, scoring four points in six games to help Canada to their first Olympic ice hockey gold medal in 50 years over the host country United States.Prior to the 2004–05 NHL lockout, Gagné competed in the 2004 World Cup, where he captured his second consecutive international championship with Team Canada, contributing two points in six games. Due to the Philadelphia Flyers' consistent playoff runs in the NHL, Gagné did not appear in a World Championships until 2005, with the NHL lockout still in effect. He finished the tournament with an international career-high ten points in nine games, third in team scoring behind Rick Nash and Joe Thornton as the three Canadians finished 1–2–3 in tournament scoring. However, as Canada made it to the gold medal game, they were shut-out by the Czech Republic 3–0.The following year, Gagné was named to his second national Olympic team to compete at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin. Attempting to defend their gold medal from 2002, Canada was defeated in the quarter-finals by Russia and finished in seventh place. Gagné scored three points in five games.He was named to the 2009 summer camp roster for the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver. On August 25, 2009, Gagné injured his groin and was forced to leave camp.[22]","title":"International play"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Regular season and playoffs","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"International","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"All-Star Games","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"QMJHL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_Major_Junior_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"1998–99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998%E2%80%9399_QMJHL_season"},{"link_name":"NHL All Rookie Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHL_All_Rookie_Team"},{"link_name":"1999–2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999%E2%80%932000_NHL_season"},{"link_name":"NHL All-Star Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHL_All-Star_Game"},{"link_name":"2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_NHL_All-Star_Game"},{"link_name":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_NHL_All-Star_Game"},{"link_name":"Pelle Lindbergh Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Philadelphia_Flyers_award_winners#Pelle_Lindbergh_Memorial_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Flyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Flyers"},{"link_name":"2000–01","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000%E2%80%9301_NHL_season"},{"link_name":"Toyota Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Philadelphia_Flyers_award_winners#Toyota_Cup"},{"link_name":"2001–02","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001%E2%80%9302_NHL_season"},{"link_name":"Bobby Clarke Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Philadelphia_Flyers_award_winners#Bobby_Clarke_Trophy"},{"link_name":"2005–06","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_NHL_season"},{"link_name":"2006–07","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_NHL_season"},{"link_name":"Stanley Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Cup"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Los_Angeles_Kings_season"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Kings"},{"link_name":"Washington Capitals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Capitals"},{"link_name":"2012–13 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Philadelphia_Flyers_season"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Named to the QMJHL Second All-Star Team in 1998–99.\nNamed to the NHL All Rookie Team in 1999–2000.\nPlayed in the NHL All-Star Game in 2001 and 2007.\nWon the Pelle Lindbergh Memorial (Philadelphia Flyers' most improved player) in 2000–01.\nWon the Toyota Cup (Philadelphia Flyers' most three stars selections) in 2001–02, 2005–06 and 2006–07.\nWon the Bobby Clarke Trophy (Philadelphia Flyers' MVP) in 2005–06 and 2006–07.\nWon the Stanley Cup in 2012 with the Los Angeles Kings.\nGoal against the Washington Capitals in his first game back as a Flyer voted by fans as the team's \"Play of the Year\" during the 2012–13 season.[23]","title":"Awards"}]	[{"image_text":"Gagné with the Tampa Bay Lightning in 2010.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Simongagne_lightning.JPG/220px-Simongagne_lightning.JPG"},{"image_text":"Gagné with the Boston Bruins in 2014.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Simon_Gagne_-_Boston_Bruins.jpg/220px-Simon_Gagne_-_Boston_Bruins.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Pee-Wee players who have reached NHL or WHA\" (PDF). Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament. 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-03-06. Retrieved 2019-02-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190306085544/https://www.publicationsports.com/ressources/files/439/Joueurs_Pro.pdf","url_text":"\"Pee-Wee players who have reached NHL or WHA\""},{"url":"https://www.publicationsports.com/ressources/files/439/Joueurs_Pro.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Transfer-deal détente tested by Russian team's poaching of Preds star\". National Post. 2008-07-11. Retrieved 2008-07-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://network.nationalpost.com/np/blogs/postedsports/archive/2008/07/11/transfer-deal-detente-tested-by-russian-team-s-poaching-of-preds-star.aspx","url_text":"\"Transfer-deal détente tested by Russian team's poaching of Preds star\""}]},{"reference":"\"Flyers send series to Game 7\". ESPN.com. 2004. Retrieved 2007-06-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://sports.espn.go.com/nhl/recap?gameId=240520015","url_text":"\"Flyers send series to Game 7\""}]},{"reference":"\"Concussed Flyers F Simon Gagne already planning for next season\". International Herald Tribune. 2008-02-22. Retrieved 2008-07-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/02/22/sports/HKN-Flyers-Gagne-Out.php","url_text":"\"Concussed Flyers F Simon Gagne already planning for next season\""}]},{"reference":"Gelston, Dan (2008-02-29). \"Gagne joins Lindros, Primeau, Roenick as Flyers hit with brutal concussions\". USA Today. Retrieved 2008-07-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/sports/hockey/2008-02-29-3372160555_x.htm","url_text":"\"Gagne joins Lindros, Primeau, Roenick as Flyers hit with brutal concussions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Flyers Notes: Flyers' Gagne seeks 2d opinion on hernias\". Philadelphia Inquirer. 2009-10-28. Retrieved 2009-10-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.philly.com/inquirer/sports/20091029_Flyers_Notes___Flyers__Gagne_seeks_2d_opinion_on_hernias.html","url_text":"\"Flyers Notes: Flyers' Gagne seeks 2d opinion on hernias\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Inquirer","url_text":"Philadelphia Inquirer"}]},{"reference":"\"Flyers' Gagne to have surgery; out 6-8 weeks\". The Sports Network. 2009-11-02. Retrieved 2009-11-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://tsn.ca/nhl/story/?id=297032","url_text":"\"Flyers' Gagne to have surgery; out 6-8 weeks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sports_Network","url_text":"The Sports Network"}]},{"reference":"\"Individual Player Stats: Simon Gagne\". flyershistory.com. 2010-01-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.flyershistory.com/cgi-bin/player.cgi?Simon_Gagne","url_text":"\"Individual Player Stats: Simon Gagne\""}]},{"reference":"\"Flyers complete remarkable comeback to eliminate Bruins\". The Sports Network. 2010-05-14. Retrieved 2010-05-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://tsn.ca/nhl/story/?id=321576","url_text":"\"Flyers complete remarkable comeback to eliminate Bruins\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sports_Network","url_text":"The Sports Network"}]},{"reference":"\"Flyers trade Gagne to Tampa Bay\". 19 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.philly.com/philly/blogs/frequentflyers/Flyers_trade_Gagne_to_Tampa_Bay.html","url_text":"\"Flyers trade Gagne to Tampa Bay\""}]},{"reference":"\"Veteran Gagne agrees to two-year, $7M deal with Kings\". The Sports Network. Retrieved 2 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tsn.ca/nhl/story/?id=370711","url_text":"\"Veteran Gagne agrees to two-year, $7M deal with Kings\""}]},{"reference":"\"Report: Simon Gagne underwent surgery to remove \"mass\" from his neck\". 14 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://prohockeytalk.nbcsports.com/2012/07/13/report-simon-gagne-underwent-surgery-to-remove-mass-from-his-neck/","url_text":"\"Report: Simon Gagne underwent surgery to remove \"mass\" from his neck\""}]},{"reference":"\"Flyers acquire veteran forward Gagne from Kings for pick\". The Sports Network. 2013-02-26. Retrieved 2013-02-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tsn.ca/nhl/story/?id=416897","url_text":"\"Flyers acquire veteran forward Gagne from Kings for pick\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sports_Network","url_text":"The Sports Network"}]},{"reference":"James O'Brien (2013-02-27). \"Watch Simon Gagne score in his Return to Philly\". NBC Sports. Retrieved 2013-02-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://prohockeytalk.nbcsports.com/2013/02/27/watch-simon-gagne-score-in-his-return-to-philly/","url_text":"\"Watch Simon Gagne score in his Return to Philly\""}]},{"reference":"Kalman, Matt (15 August 2014). \"Kalman: Simon Gagne An Interesting, Possibly Insignificant Addition To Bruins Mix\". CBS Boston. Retrieved 16 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://boston.cbslocal.com/2014/08/15/kalman-simon-gagne-an-interesting-possibly-insignificant-addition-to-bruins-mix/","url_text":"\"Kalman: Simon Gagne An Interesting, Possibly Insignificant Addition To Bruins Mix\""}]},{"reference":"\"B's Sign Gagne to a One-Year Contract; Assign Robins & Caron to Providence – Boston Bruins – News\". Boston Bruins. October 14, 2014. Retrieved October 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://bruins.nhl.com/club/news.htm?id=734406","url_text":"\"B's Sign Gagne to a One-Year Contract; Assign Robins & Caron to Providence – Boston Bruins – News\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gagne will not return to Bruins\". Boston Herald. 2015-01-14. Retrieved 2015-01-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bostonherald.com/sports/bruins_nhl/bruins_insider/2015/01/gagne_will_not_return_to_bruins","url_text":"\"Gagne will not return to Bruins\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Herald","url_text":"Boston Herald"}]},{"reference":"\"Bruins place Simon Gagne on unconditional waivers\". The Score. 2015-01-29. Retrieved 2015-01-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thescore.com/nhl/news/689471","url_text":"\"Bruins place Simon Gagne on unconditional waivers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TheScore_Inc.","url_text":"The Score"}]},{"reference":"\"Simon Gagne announces retirement from the NHL\". Philadelphia Flyers. September 15, 2015. Retrieved November 18, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://flyers.nhl.com/club/news.htm?id=779096","url_text":"\"Simon Gagne announces retirement from the NHL\""}]},{"reference":"\"Philadelphia Flyer Simon Gagne welcomes son Matthew\". People Magazine. 2009-06-02. Retrieved 2010-02-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://celebritybabies.people.com/2009/06/02/philadelphia-flyer-simon-gagne-welcomes-son-matthew/","url_text":"\"Philadelphia Flyer Simon Gagne welcomes son Matthew\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Magazine","url_text":"People Magazine"}]},{"reference":"\"Simon Gagne player profile\". NBC Sports. 2012-01-02. Archived from the original on 2012-07-20. Retrieved 2012-01-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120720020006/http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/35071070/sports/player_news","url_text":"\"Simon Gagne player profile\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_Sports","url_text":"NBC Sports"},{"url":"http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/35071070/sports/player_news","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Gagne leaves camp with groin injury\". CTV Television Network. 2009-08-25. Retrieved 2009-08-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ctvolympics.ca/news-centre/newsid=14618.html?cid=rsstsn","url_text":"\"Gagne leaves camp with groin injury\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CTV_Television_Network","url_text":"CTV Television Network"}]},{"reference":"\"Simon Gagne wins 2012-13 Flyers Play of the Year\". Philadelphia Flyers. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beau_Geste_(1966_film)	Beau Geste (1966 film)	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	1966 film by Douglas Heyes Beau Gestefilm poster by Frank McCarthyDirected byDouglas HeyesWritten byDouglas HeyesBased onnovel Beau Geste by P.C. WrenProduced byWalter SeltzerStarringGuy StockwellDoug McClureLeslie NielsenTelly SavalasCinematographyBud ThackeryEdited byRussell F. SchoengarthMusic byHans J. SalterProductioncompanyUniversal PicturesDistributed byUniversal PicturesRelease date September 7, 1966 (1966-09-07) Running time104 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget$2.5 million Beau Geste is a 1966 adventure film based on the 1924 novel by P. C. Wren filmed by Universal Pictures in Technicolor and Techniscope near Yuma, Arizona and directed by Douglas Heyes. This is the least faithful of the various film adaptations of the original novel. In this version, there are only two brothers, rather than three, and there are no sequences showing Beau's life prior to his joining the Legion. Plot A column of the French Foreign Legion arrives at the remote Fort Zinderneuf, having been assigned to relieve the legionnaires who had been defending the fort. Upon their arrival, they find that the fort has been ravaged by Tuareg attacks and American Beau Graves (Guy Stockwell) is the only survivor. After his badly injured arm is amputated, he is asked what has happened and his story is revealed in flashback. Beau's column had been serving under Lieutenant De Ruse (Leslie Nielsen) and Sergeant Major Dagineau (Telly Savalas), the latter of whom is notorious for his harsh treatment of the men under his command. He is especially sadistic towards Beau's class of recruits, hoping this will get them to reveal to him which of the men is the author of an anonymous letter Dagineau has received threatening his life. Although he has no proof, he suspects Beau, which earns Beau particularly brutal treatment. To ferret out more information, Dagineau uses the services of the slimy toady Boldini (who has reenlisted in the Legion), promoting him to Corporal as reward for his spying on the men. Beau's background leads De Ruse to nickname him Beau "Geste". Specifically, Beau had run away and joined the Legion after having falsely confessed to an embezzlement actually committed by his business partner. Beau had taken the blame for the sake of his partner's wife, whom Beau also loved. His noble gesture (French: beau geste) had proven futile, however, as the partner confessed and committed suicide just a few months later. That development prompts the suggestion that Beau might reclaim his lost love upon returning home. But, as he later relates to his younger brother John (Doug McClure), who has finally managed to track him down with the same news, he deems it unfair to ask her to wait for him, as he is now committed to a five-year enlistment, with no guarantee he'll survive it. Over brandy, De Ruse informs Beau of Dagineau's background as a former St. Cyr educated officer who was broken to the ranks when his entire command deserted from his leadership. De Ruse and his men are assigned to relieve Fort Zinderneuf, but on the way there the Legion detachment is attacked by the Tuaregs where De Ruse is mortally wounded and is infirmed upon the group's arrival. With Dagineau back in charge, the brutality returns and it isn't long before the legionnaires mutiny, with everyone except Beau and John set upon executing the sergeant. Just as they are about to do so, the Tuareg attack. Despite their personal hatred for Dagineau, no one doubts his excellence as a battle commander, so Beau convinces the men to release him that he may lead them in defending the fort. As legionnaires are killed in relentless waves of Tuareg attacks, Dagineau props up the bodies of the dead men on the fort's ramparts with their rifles pointing at their attackers. Between attacks, De Ruse speaks privately with Beau and confesses to being the author of the letter. He had hoped to frighten Dagineau into showing more humanity toward his troops. As he dies, De Ruse laments that in fact, it only caused Dagineau to treat the men even more harshly. The legionnaires try to hold out against the attacks, with Dagineau confidently proclaiming that relief is on the way to them. But eventually, the only ones left alive are Dagineau and Beau, who has a seriously wounded arm. When the predicted relief column arrives, Dagineau delays their entry so he can settle things with Beau once and for all. He tells Beau that the Legion is in need of heroes, and that all of the dead men around them can be presented as those heroes, so long as no one ever knows that they had mutinied. Therefore, he cannot leave Beau alive to reveal the truth of what had occurred at Fort Zinderneuf. Beau and Dagineau fight, with Beau finally gaining the upper hand and shooting and killing Dagineau. Beau's flashback ends to reveal that he has not actually been relating this story to the relief commander who had questioned him about what happened at the fort. Still awaiting Beau's response, the commander repeats his query, and Beau tells him only that the men laid down their lives protecting the fort. With no mention of Dagineau's brutality, nor of the mutiny, Beau presents the entire group as heroes — just as Dagineau had wanted. The commander informs Beau that the Legion's high command has decided that Fort Zinderneuf is no longer worth protecting and they will now abandon it. Having lost his arm, Beau will be discharged, and the commander offers his hope that Beau has someone to return to. Beau smiles pensively and replies that he indeed does. Cast Guy Stockwell as Beau Geste Doug McClure as John Leslie Nielsen as Lieutenant De Ruse Telly Savalas as Sergeant Major Dagineau David Mauro as Boldini Robert Wolders as Fouchet Leo Gordon as Krauss Michael Constantine as Rostov Malachi Throne as Kerjacki Joe De Santis as Beaujolais X Brands as Vallejo Michael Carr as Sergeant George Keymas as Platoon sergeant Patrick Whyte as Surgeon Victor Lundin as Vachiaro Production Gene Kelly was originally set to produce and direct under his contract with Universal. He called the book "a minor 20th century classic... we're not updating it." When he left Universal to make a movie at 20th Century Fox the film was produced by Walter Seltzer under his deal with Universal. Seltzer wanted to make the movie because it had "a pre-sold title and essentially contains those elements of romance and adventure which originally were what movies were all about... escapism... What struck me were the vitality of the characters and an adventure where you could be outrageous. By this I mean a time and a place so far away as to permit high adventure without the necessity of spoofing it." Other studio executives recalled that MCA head Lew Wasserman was very involved in the film as one of his pet projects; Wasserman also selected director and screenwriter Douglas Heyes who performed the two jobs for relatively little money. Seltzer said the budget would be $4 million, $2.5 million for production, the rest for prints and advertising: Unlike the two before, we have no stars as such. We're betting on unknowns. Well, that's a misnomer; they're known but they're not stars. Certainly not superannuated ones... To attract the young audience – who constitute roughly 80% of the moviegoing public. Among the changes from earlier versions included: changing the sergeant into the character Dagineau – "we show what evil motivates him", said Seltzer, "we've made him more – or less – than just a black villain"; three brothers were reduced to two; the Gestes were changed from British to American; the action was set in 1906 and the natives the legion are fighting are Tuaregs; removal of scenes of the brothers as kids ("which went on and on" according to Guy Stockwell); removal of notable female characters and the London sequences; simplifying Geste's motivation to join the legion, "more in keeping with the basic honesty of today" according to Seltzer; removing any flashbacks; the fort is not entirely wiped out at the end, there is one survivor; the French Foreign Legion decide to abandon the fort at the end. It was written and directed by Douglas Heyes, whom Seltzer described as "very visual minded." The star, Guy Stockwell, was under contract to Universal and had just made The War Lord with Seltzer. Stockwell said that Heyes "just tried to write a screenplay that would work. He had to keep telling himself that previous versions were really bad." As a publicity gimmick, Seltzer tried to track down a number of Foreign Legion veterans, asking to see if they were interested in appearing in the film. They received over 500 enquiries and 188 applicants, eventually casting 25, eight of whom lived near Los Angeles. Filming started November 1965. It was shot near Yuma with interiors at Universal studios. The film was the last credited work of Donald Robert Overall Hatswell (born July 3, 1898 in Norwood, Surrey, died: June 29, 1976). Hatswell was a former World War I Royal Navy Officer whose collection of over 720,000 picture postcards of uniforms and medals led him to be a Hollywood movie technical advisor Joseph Kane acted as the film's second unit director. See also Beau Geste for a list of adaptations of the novel References ^ a b c d e f g "Studio Gambling on 3rd 'Beau' Try". Los Angeles Times. Jan 18, 1966. p. c10. ^ Alpert, Don. (Sep 13, 1964). "Gene Kelly: Guy Without a Trade". Los Angeles Times. p. ab9. ^ Martin, Betty (June 15, 1965). "Walter Seltzer to Make 'Beau Geste': MOVIE CALL SHEET". Los Angeles Times. p. C14. ^ Sharp, Kathleen Mr. and Mrs. Hollywood: Edie and Lew Wasserman and Their Entertainment Empire AudioGO, 1 Jan 2013 ^ a b c Clifford, Terry. (July 17, 1966). "Guy Stockwell Getting Star Buildup". Chicago Tribune. p. i13. ^ Martin, Betty (Oct 11, 1965). "Studio Names Music Chief". Los Angeles Times. p. D14. ^ SEIDENBAUM, ART. (Dec 26, 1965). "Foreign Legion Marches Again: Foreign Legion Marches Again". Los Angeles Times. p. b1. ^ "Third 'Beau Geste' Remake Starting". Los Angeles Times. Nov 12, 1965. p. c14. ^ p. 14 Gill, Ted Hollywood Oddities St Petersburg Times 28 December 1942 ^ "D.R.O. Hatswell". IMDb. External links Beau Geste at the TCM Movie Database Beau Geste at IMDb Beau Geste at AllMovie vteP. C. Wren's Beau GesteFilms Beau Geste (1926) Beau Geste (1939) Beau Geste (1966) Other media Beau Geste (1982 TV series) "Beau Geste" (2008 song) SequelsNovels Beau Sabreur Beau Ideal Films Beau Sabreur (1928) Beau Ideal (1931) ParodiesComics Beau Peep Crock Films Beau Hunks (1931) Little Beau Porky (1936) Follow That Camel (1967) The Last Remake of Beau Geste (1977) Novels Gorgeous East	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"adventure film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure_film"},{"link_name":"1924 novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beau_Geste"},{"link_name":"P. C. Wren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._C._Wren"},{"link_name":"Universal Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Technicolor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technicolor"},{"link_name":"Techniscope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techniscope"},{"link_name":"Yuma, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuma,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Douglas Heyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Heyes"}],"text":"Beau Geste is a 1966 adventure film based on the 1924 novel by P. C. Wren filmed by Universal Pictures in Technicolor and Techniscope near Yuma, Arizona and directed by Douglas Heyes. This is the least faithful of the various film adaptations of the original novel. In this version, there are only two brothers, rather than three, and there are no sequences showing Beau's life prior to his joining the Legion.","title":"Beau Geste (1966 film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French Foreign Legion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Foreign_Legion"},{"link_name":"Tuareg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuareg_people"},{"link_name":"Guy Stockwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Stockwell"},{"link_name":"flashback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flashback_(narrative)"},{"link_name":"Leslie Nielsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Nielsen"},{"link_name":"Telly Savalas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telly_Savalas"},{"link_name":"toady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toady"},{"link_name":"embezzlement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embezzlement"},{"link_name":"Doug McClure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_McClure"},{"link_name":"St. Cyr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_sp%C3%A9ciale_militaire_de_Saint-Cyr"},{"link_name":"Tuaregs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuareg"},{"link_name":"mutiny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutiny"}],"text":"A column of the French Foreign Legion arrives at the remote Fort Zinderneuf, having been assigned to relieve the legionnaires who had been defending the fort. Upon their arrival, they find that the fort has been ravaged by Tuareg attacks and American Beau Graves (Guy Stockwell) is the only survivor. After his badly injured arm is amputated, he is asked what has happened and his story is revealed in flashback.Beau's column had been serving under Lieutenant De Ruse (Leslie Nielsen) and Sergeant Major Dagineau (Telly Savalas), the latter of whom is notorious for his harsh treatment of the men under his command. He is especially sadistic towards Beau's class of recruits, hoping this will get them to reveal to him which of the men is the author of an anonymous letter Dagineau has received threatening his life. Although he has no proof, he suspects Beau, which earns Beau particularly brutal treatment. To ferret out more information, Dagineau uses the services of the slimy toady Boldini (who has reenlisted in the Legion), promoting him to Corporal as reward for his spying on the men.Beau's background leads De Ruse to nickname him Beau \"Geste\". Specifically, Beau had run away and joined the Legion after having falsely confessed to an embezzlement actually committed by his business partner. Beau had taken the blame for the sake of his partner's wife, whom Beau also loved. His noble gesture (French: beau geste) had proven futile, however, as the partner confessed and committed suicide just a few months later. That development prompts the suggestion that Beau might reclaim his lost love upon returning home. But, as he later relates to his younger brother John (Doug McClure), who has finally managed to track him down with the same news, he deems it unfair to ask her to wait for him, as he is now committed to a five-year enlistment, with no guarantee he'll survive it. Over brandy, De Ruse informs Beau of Dagineau's background as a former St. Cyr educated officer who was broken to the ranks when his entire command deserted from his leadership.De Ruse and his men are assigned to relieve Fort Zinderneuf, but on the way there the Legion detachment is attacked by the Tuaregs where De Ruse is mortally wounded and is infirmed upon the group's arrival. With Dagineau back in charge, the brutality returns and it isn't long before the legionnaires mutiny, with everyone except Beau and John set upon executing the sergeant. Just as they are about to do so, the Tuareg attack. Despite their personal hatred for Dagineau, no one doubts his excellence as a battle commander, so Beau convinces the men to release him that he may lead them in defending the fort.As legionnaires are killed in relentless waves of Tuareg attacks, Dagineau props up the bodies of the dead men on the fort's ramparts with their rifles pointing at their attackers. Between attacks, De Ruse speaks privately with Beau and confesses to being the author of the letter. He had hoped to frighten Dagineau into showing more humanity toward his troops. As he dies, De Ruse laments that in fact, it only caused Dagineau to treat the men even more harshly.The legionnaires try to hold out against the attacks, with Dagineau confidently proclaiming that relief is on the way to them. But eventually, the only ones left alive are Dagineau and Beau, who has a seriously wounded arm. When the predicted relief column arrives, Dagineau delays their entry so he can settle things with Beau once and for all. He tells Beau that the Legion is in need of heroes, and that all of the dead men around them can be presented as those heroes, so long as no one ever knows that they had mutinied. Therefore, he cannot leave Beau alive to reveal the truth of what had occurred at Fort Zinderneuf. Beau and Dagineau fight, with Beau finally gaining the upper hand and shooting and killing Dagineau.Beau's flashback ends to reveal that he has not actually been relating this story to the relief commander who had questioned him about what happened at the fort. Still awaiting Beau's response, the commander repeats his query, and Beau tells him only that the men laid down their lives protecting the fort. With no mention of Dagineau's brutality, nor of the mutiny, Beau presents the entire group as heroes — just as Dagineau had wanted.The commander informs Beau that the Legion's high command has decided that Fort Zinderneuf is no longer worth protecting and they will now abandon it. Having lost his arm, Beau will be discharged, and the commander offers his hope that Beau has someone to return to. Beau smiles pensively and replies that he indeed does.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guy Stockwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Stockwell"},{"link_name":"Doug McClure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_McClure"},{"link_name":"Leslie Nielsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Nielsen"},{"link_name":"Telly Savalas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telly_Savalas"},{"link_name":"David Mauro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Mauro_(actor)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Robert Wolders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Wolders"},{"link_name":"Leo Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Gordon"},{"link_name":"Michael Constantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Constantine"},{"link_name":"Malachi Throne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malachi_Throne"},{"link_name":"Joe De Santis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_De_Santis"},{"link_name":"X Brands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Brands"},{"link_name":"George Keymas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Keymas"},{"link_name":"Patrick Whyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patrick_Whyte_(actor)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Victor Lundin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Lundin"}],"text":"Guy Stockwell as Beau Geste\nDoug McClure as John\nLeslie Nielsen as Lieutenant De Ruse\nTelly Savalas as Sergeant Major Dagineau\nDavid Mauro as Boldini\nRobert Wolders as Fouchet\nLeo Gordon as Krauss\nMichael Constantine as Rostov\nMalachi Throne as Kerjacki\nJoe De Santis as Beaujolais\nX Brands as Vallejo\nMichael Carr as Sergeant\nGeorge Keymas as Platoon sergeant\nPatrick Whyte as Surgeon\nVictor Lundin as Vachiaro","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gene Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Kelly"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Walter Seltzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Seltzer"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-los-1"},{"link_name":"MCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MCA_Inc."},{"link_name":"Lew Wasserman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lew_Wasserman"},{"link_name":"Douglas Heyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Heyes"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-los-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-los-1"},{"link_name":"Tuaregs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuaregs"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guy-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-los-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-los-1"},{"link_name":"Douglas Heyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Heyes"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-los-1"},{"link_name":"The War Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_War_Lord"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guy-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guy-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Yuma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuma,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"technical advisor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_advisor"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Joseph Kane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Kane"},{"link_name":"second unit director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_unit_director"}],"text":"Gene Kelly was originally set to produce and direct under his contract with Universal. He called the book \"a minor 20th century classic... we're not updating it.\"[2] When he left Universal to make a movie at 20th Century Fox the film was produced by Walter Seltzer under his deal with Universal.[3] Seltzer wanted to make the movie because it had \"a pre-sold title and essentially contains those elements of romance and adventure which originally were what movies were all about... escapism... What struck me were the vitality of the characters and an adventure where you could be outrageous. By this I mean a time and a place so far away as to permit high adventure without the necessity of spoofing it.\"[1] Other studio executives recalled that MCA head Lew Wasserman was very involved in the film as one of his pet projects; Wasserman also selected director and screenwriter Douglas Heyes who performed the two jobs for relatively little money.[4]Seltzer said the budget would be $4 million, $2.5 million for production, the rest for prints and advertising:Unlike the two before, we have no stars as such. We're betting on unknowns. Well, that's a misnomer; they're known but they're not stars. Certainly not superannuated ones... [Because we want] To attract the young audience – who constitute roughly 80% of the moviegoing public.[1]Among the changes from earlier versions included:changing the sergeant into the character Dagineau – \"we show what evil motivates him\", said Seltzer, \"we've made him more – or less – than just a black villain\";[1]\nthree brothers were reduced to two;\nthe Gestes were changed from British to American;\nthe action was set in 1906 and the natives the legion are fighting are Tuaregs;\nremoval of scenes of the brothers as kids (\"which went on and on\" according to Guy Stockwell[5]);\nremoval of notable female characters and the London sequences;\nsimplifying Geste's motivation to join the legion, \"more in keeping with the basic honesty of today\" according to Seltzer;[1]\nremoving any flashbacks;\nthe fort is not entirely wiped out at the end, there is one survivor;\nthe French Foreign Legion decide to abandon the fort at the end.[1]It was written and directed by Douglas Heyes, whom Seltzer described as \"very visual minded.\"[1] The star, Guy Stockwell, was under contract to Universal and had just made The War Lord with Seltzer.[5] Stockwell said that Heyes \"just tried to write a screenplay that would work. He had to keep telling himself that previous versions were really bad.\"[5]As a publicity gimmick, Seltzer tried to track down a number of Foreign Legion veterans, asking to see if they were interested in appearing in the film.[6] They received over 500 enquiries and 188 applicants, eventually casting 25, eight of whom lived near Los Angeles.[7]Filming started November 1965. It was shot near Yuma with interiors at Universal studios.[8]The film was the last credited work of Donald Robert Overall Hatswell (born July 3, 1898 in Norwood, Surrey, died: June 29, 1976). Hatswell was a former World War I Royal Navy Officer whose collection of over 720,000 picture postcards of uniforms and medals led him to be a Hollywood movie technical advisor[9][10] Joseph Kane acted as the film's second unit director.","title":"Production"}]	[]	[{"title":"Beau Geste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beau_Geste"}]	[{"reference":"\"Studio Gambling on 3rd 'Beau' Try\". Los Angeles Times. Jan 18, 1966. p. c10.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Alpert, Don. (Sep 13, 1964). \"Gene Kelly: Guy Without a Trade\". Los Angeles Times. p. ab9.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Martin, Betty (June 15, 1965). \"Walter Seltzer to Make 'Beau Geste': MOVIE CALL SHEET\". Los Angeles Times. p. C14.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Clifford, Terry. (July 17, 1966). \"Guy Stockwell Getting Star Buildup\". Chicago Tribune. p. i13.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Martin, Betty (Oct 11, 1965). \"Studio Names Music Chief\". Los Angeles Times. p. D14.","urls":[]},{"reference":"SEIDENBAUM, ART. (Dec 26, 1965). \"Foreign Legion Marches Again: Foreign Legion Marches Again\". Los Angeles Times. p. b1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Third 'Beau Geste' Remake Starting\". Los Angeles Times. Nov 12, 1965. p. c14.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"D.R.O. Hatswell\". IMDb.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0368973/?ref_=ttfc_fc_cr44","url_text":"\"D.R.O. Hatswell\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb","url_text":"IMDb"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0368973/?ref_=ttfc_fc_cr44","external_links_name":"\"D.R.O. Hatswell\""},{"Link":"https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/68284/enwp","external_links_name":"Beau Geste"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0060155/","external_links_name":"Beau Geste"},{"Link":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v84588","external_links_name":"Beau Geste"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Goodwin_(actor)	Michael Goodwin (actor)	["1 Filmography","2 References","3 External links"]	American actor Michael W. Goodwin (born October 9, 1941, in Virginia, Minnesota) is an American character actor. He has appeared in a number of Aaron Spelling-produced television programs, and a number of films which take place during the American Civil War. Goodwin appeared as recurring character Scott Bradley on the soap opera Another World in the late 1970s. Shortly thereafter, he did theatre in his native Minnesota, appearing in Friedrich Schiller's verse play, Mary Stuart, at the Guthrie Theater, Minneapolis, with Barbara Bryne in the cast. He also appeared in George Bernard Shaw's play, Arms and the Man at the Guthrie, directed by Michael Langham. He starred in the television series Strike Force (1981–1982, produced by Aaron Spelling) and The Hamptons (1983). He guest-starred on such Aaron Spelling productions as Charlie's Angels, The Love Boat, Matt Houston, Dynasty, Finder of Lost Loves, and Sizzle. In 2012–2014, he was cast in small roles in a number of films centered around the Civil War: Steven Spielberg's Lincoln, the TV film Killing Lincoln, 2014's Freedom, and 2014's Field of Lost Shoes. Filmography Film Year Title Role Notes 1979 Letters From Frank Carstairs TV movie; also starred Art Carney, Maureen Stapleton, Mike Farrell, Gail Strickland, and Michael J. Fox 1980 Werner Herzog Eats His Shoe Driver 1981 Sizzle Danny Clark TV movie 1982 Remembrance of Love Ken 1985 Latino Becket 1988 Buy & Cell Reggie 1988 The Dead Pool Lieutenant Ackerman 1994 Foreign Student Assistant coach 1994 The Road to Wellville Dr. Frank Linniman 1995 Life 101 Detective 1997 Lolita Mr. Beale 2000 Cherry Falls Mr. Duwald 2000 The Contender Reporter 2000 Songcatcher Professor Wallace Aldrich 2004 Crazy Like a Fox Judge Robinson 2004 Iron Jawed Angels Chief of Staff 2005 The New World Helmsman 2010 Fair Game David Addington 2012 Lincoln Chilton A. Elliot 2012 Stuck in Love Professor Abbott 2013 Killing Lincoln Captain Arvold 2014 Field of Lost Shoes Secretary of State Seward 2014 Freedom Garrett Television Year Title Role Air date Episode title Notes 1975–1977 Another World Scott Bradley July 22, 1975 (Episode #1.2788)January 21, 1976 (Episode #1.2917)June 9, 1977 (Episode #1.3273) 3 episodes 1978 Charlie's Angels Bill Freeman September 27, 1978 (season 3, episode 3) "Angel on High" 1978 The Paper Chase Roger Todd December 12, 1978 (season 1, episode 12) "Bell's in Love" 1981–1982 Strike Force Det. Sgt. Mark Osborne April 2, 1981 – May 21, 1982 20 episodes Entire series 1981 The Love Boat Det. Sgt. Mark Osborne October 17, 1981 (season 5, episode 3) "Two Grapes on the Vine / Aunt Sylvia / Deductible Divorce" 1983 The Hamptons Peter Chadway July 27 – August 24, 1983 5 episodes Entire series 1984 St. Elsewhere Dr. Christopher Rant January 11, 1984 (season 2, episode 10)February 15, 1984 (season 2, episode 14)February 22, 1984 (season 2, episode 15) 3 episodes — "A Pig Too Far", "Drama Center", "Attack" 1984 Finder of Lost Loves Ben Allison September 29, 1984 (season 1, episode 2) "Yesterday's Child" 1984–1985 Matt Houston Will Houston November 2, 1984 (season 3, episode 6)November 9, 1984 (season 3, episode 7)January 11, 1985 (season 3, episode 14) 3 episodes — "Return to Nam: Part 1", "Escape from Nam: Part 2", and "Breakpoint" Plays the main character's cousin 1987 Falcon Crest Alex Green January 2, 1987 (season 6, episode 13)January 9, 1987 (season 6, episode 14)January 23, 1987 (season 6, episode 15)January 30, 1987 (season 6, episode 16) 4 episodes — "Missed Connections", "Dark Passion", "When the Bough Breaks", and "The Cradle Will Fall" References ^ a b Bobbin, Jay (August 20, 1981). "The 'Force' is with Michael Goodwin". Sarasota Journal. External links Michael Goodwin at IMDb	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Virginia, Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"character actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_actor"},{"link_name":"Aaron Spelling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Spelling"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Another World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Another_World_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goodwin-1"},{"link_name":"theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Schiller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller"},{"link_name":"verse play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verse_play"},{"link_name":"Mary Stuart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Stuart_(Schiller_play)"},{"link_name":"Guthrie Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guthrie_Theater"},{"link_name":"Barbara Bryne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Bryne"},{"link_name":"George Bernard Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw"},{"link_name":"Arms and the Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arms_and_the_Man"},{"link_name":"Michael Langham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Langham"},{"link_name":"Strike Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strike_Force_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Aaron Spelling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Spelling"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goodwin-1"},{"link_name":"The Hamptons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hamptons_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Charlie's Angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie%27s_Angels"},{"link_name":"The Love Boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Love_Boat"},{"link_name":"Matt Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Houston"},{"link_name":"Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynasty_(1981_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Finder of Lost Loves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finder_of_Lost_Loves"},{"link_name":"Sizzle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sizzle_(1981_film)"},{"link_name":"Steven Spielberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Spielberg"},{"link_name":"Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_(film)"},{"link_name":"Killing Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_Lincoln_(film)"},{"link_name":"Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_(2014_film)"},{"link_name":"Field of Lost Shoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_of_Lost_Shoes"}],"text":"Michael W. Goodwin (born October 9, 1941, in Virginia, Minnesota) is an American character actor. He has appeared in a number of Aaron Spelling-produced television programs, and a number of films which take place during the American Civil War.Goodwin appeared as recurring character Scott Bradley on the soap opera Another World in the late 1970s.[1]Shortly thereafter, he did theatre in his native Minnesota, appearing in Friedrich Schiller's verse play, Mary Stuart, at the Guthrie Theater, Minneapolis, with Barbara Bryne in the cast. He also appeared in George Bernard Shaw's play, Arms and the Man at the Guthrie, directed by Michael Langham.He starred in the television series Strike Force (1981–1982, produced by Aaron Spelling)[1] and The Hamptons (1983). He guest-starred on such Aaron Spelling productions as Charlie's Angels, The Love Boat, Matt Houston, Dynasty, Finder of Lost Loves, and Sizzle.In 2012–2014, he was cast in small roles in a number of films centered around the Civil War: Steven Spielberg's Lincoln, the TV film Killing Lincoln, 2014's Freedom, and 2014's Field of Lost Shoes.","title":"Michael Goodwin (actor)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Bobbin, Jay (August 20, 1981). \"The 'Force' is with Michael Goodwin\". Sarasota Journal.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1798&dat=19810820&id=ouQcAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Q44EAAAAIBAJ&pg=5253,2327090","url_text":"\"The 'Force' is with Michael Goodwin\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1798&dat=19810820&id=ouQcAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Q44EAAAAIBAJ&pg=5253,2327090","external_links_name":"\"The 'Force' is with Michael Goodwin\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0329517/","external_links_name":"Michael Goodwin"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editis	Editis	["1 History","2 Group members","3 References","4 External links"]	French publishing company EditisParent companyCzech Media InvestFounded2004Country of originFranceHeadquarters locationParisKey peopleJosé Manuel Lara (Chairman)Publication typesBooksRevenue€856 million Euros (2021)No. of employees2600 (as of 2010)Official websitewww.editis.com Editis is a French group of publishing companies, subsidiary of Czech Media Invest. It is the second-largest French publishing group, after Hachette Livre. In June 2023, after acquiring a majority stake in Hachette's parent company, the Lagardère Group, Vivendi chose to keep Hachette, while selling Editis to Czech Media Invest, which is owned by Czech billionaire Daniel Křetínský. The sale was finalised in November 2023. History Editis was created in January 2004 by the regrouping of approximately 60% of the publishing assets of Vivendi, the other part remaining with Lagardère Group. Editis was, for 4 years (until May 2008), part of Wendel, a financial investment group which had acquired it from Investima10 (a financial ad hoc structure holding Vivendi Universal Publishing assets after Lagardère's purchase in 2003). Wendel purchased this group of publishers for about €400 million plus debt, and sold it to Planeta for about €960 million, realising a profit. In May 2008, Editis integrated with the Planeta Group, the main Spanish-speaking publisher. In January 2019, Vivendi reacquired Editis from Planeta for €900m. In November 2023, Czech Media Invest acquired Editis from Vivendi for €653m. Group members As of 2009 the main subsidiaries were: Bordas CLE International Comptoir du Livre DNL Éditions First First Interactive Interforum La Découverte, formerly Éditions Maspero Le Cherche Midi éditeur Dictionnaires Le Robert Éditions Nathan Éditions Syros Éditions Perrin Place des éditeurs Acropole Éditions Belfond En Voyage Editions Hors Collection Le pré aux clercs Lonely Planet France Omnibus Presses de la Cité Solar Plon Presses de la Renaissance Retz Robert Laffont - NiL Éditions - Éditions Julliard - Seghers SEJER SOGEDIF 10/18, Fleuve noir, Langues Pour Tous, Pocket, Pocket Jeunesse XO éditions Oh! Editions Editions Gründ Paraschool References ^ "Vivendi - Earnings Report 2021" (PDF). p. 8. ^ "France's Vivendi inks deal to sell Editis to Kretinsky's IMI". Reuters. 16 June 2023. ^ "Edition : Catherine Lucet va prendre la direction d'Editis". Le Figaro (in French). 8 November 2023. Retrieved 16 November 2023. ^ a b "Édition : Vivendi finalise la cession d'Editis à Daniel Kretinsky". Le Figaro (in French). Agence France-Presse. 14 November 2023. Retrieved 16 November 2023. ^ "Corporate Information". Retrieved 15 February 2010. ^ "Universal parent Vivendi buys book publishing company Editis in $1bn deal - Music Business Worldwide". 31 January 2019. External links Official website vteEditis Gründ Julliard Le Robert NiL Plon Presses de la Cité	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_group"},{"link_name":"publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publishing"},{"link_name":"French publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_of_France"},{"link_name":"Hachette Livre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hachette_Livre"},{"link_name":"Lagardère Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagard%C3%A8re_Group"},{"link_name":"Vivendi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivendi"},{"link_name":"Daniel Křetínský","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_K%C5%99et%C3%ADnsk%C3%BD"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"}],"text":"French publishing companyEditis is a French group of publishing companies, subsidiary of Czech Media Invest. It is the second-largest French publishing group, after Hachette Livre.In June 2023, after acquiring a majority stake in Hachette's parent company, the Lagardère Group, Vivendi chose to keep Hachette, while selling Editis to Czech Media Invest, which is owned by Czech billionaire Daniel Křetínský. The sale was finalised in November 2023.[2][3][4]","title":"Editis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vivendi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivendi"},{"link_name":"Lagardère Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagard%C3%A8re_Group"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-5"},{"link_name":"Wendel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendel_(group)"},{"link_name":"Planeta Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeta_Group"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"}],"text":"Editis was created in January 2004 by the regrouping of approximately 60% of the publishing assets of Vivendi, the other part remaining with Lagardère Group.[5]Editis was, for 4 years (until May 2008), part of Wendel, a financial investment group which had acquired it from Investima10 (a financial ad hoc structure holding Vivendi Universal Publishing assets after Lagardère's purchase in 2003). Wendel purchased this group of publishers for about €400 million plus debt, and sold it to Planeta for about €960 million, realising a profit.In May 2008, Editis integrated with the Planeta Group, the main Spanish-speaking publisher. In January 2019, Vivendi reacquired Editis from Planeta for €900m.[6]In November 2023, Czech Media Invest acquired Editis from Vivendi for €653m.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Editis&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Bordas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bordas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Comptoir du Livre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Comptoir_du_Livre&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Éditions First","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%89ditions_First&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"First Interactive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_Interactive&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Interforum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Interforum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"La Découverte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_D%C3%A9couverte&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Maspero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Maspero"},{"link_name":"Le Cherche Midi éditeur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Le_Cherche_Midi_%C3%A9diteur&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dictionnaires Le Robert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionnaires_Le_Robert"},{"link_name":"Place des éditeurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Place_des_%C3%A9diteurs&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Acropole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acropole&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"En Voyage Editions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=En_Voyage_Editions&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hors Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hors_Collection&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Le pré aux clercs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_pr%C3%A9_aux_clercs"},{"link_name":"Lonely Planet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonely_Planet"},{"link_name":"Omnibus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Omnibus_(%C3%A9ditions)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Presses de la Cité","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presses_de_la_Cit%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Plon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plon_(publisher)"},{"link_name":"Presses de la Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Presses_de_la_Renaissance&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Retz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retz"},{"link_name":"Robert Laffont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Laffont"},{"link_name":"NiL Éditions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NiL_%C3%89ditions"},{"link_name":"Éditions Julliard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Julliard"},{"link_name":"Seghers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seghers"},{"link_name":"SEJER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SEJER&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"SOGEDIF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SOGEDIF&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"10/18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10/18"},{"link_name":"Fleuve noir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleuve_noir"},{"link_name":"Langues Pour Tous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Langues_Pour_Tous&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pocket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocket_editions"},{"link_name":"Pocket Jeunesse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pocket_Jeunesse&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"XO éditions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=XO_%C3%A9ditions&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Oh! Editions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oh!_Editions&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Editions Gründ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editions_Gr%C3%BCnd"},{"link_name":"Paraschool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paraschool&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"As of 2009[update] the main subsidiaries were:Bordas\nCLE International\nComptoir du Livre\nDNL\nÉditions First\nFirst Interactive\nInterforum\nLa Découverte, formerly Éditions Maspero\nLe Cherche Midi éditeur\nDictionnaires Le Robert\nÉditions Nathan\nÉditions Syros\nÉditions Perrin\nPlace des éditeurs\nAcropole\nÉditions Belfond\nEn Voyage Editions\nHors Collection\nLe pré aux clercs\nLonely Planet France\nOmnibus\nPresses de la Cité\nSolar\nPlon\nPresses de la Renaissance\nRetz\nRobert Laffont - NiL Éditions - Éditions Julliard - Seghers\nSEJER\nSOGEDIF\n10/18, Fleuve noir, Langues Pour Tous, Pocket, Pocket Jeunesse\nXO éditions\nOh! Editions\nEditions Gründ\nParaschool","title":"Group members"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Vivendi - Earnings Report 2021\" (PDF). p. 8.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vivendi.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/20220309_VIV_PR_-2021_Vivendi-earnings.pdf","url_text":"\"Vivendi - Earnings Report 2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"France's Vivendi inks deal to sell Editis to Kretinsky's IMI\". Reuters. 16 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/frances-vivendi-signs-deal-sell-publishing-unit-editis-2023-06-16","url_text":"\"France's Vivendi inks deal to sell Editis to Kretinsky's IMI\""}]},{"reference":"\"Edition : Catherine Lucet va prendre la direction d'Editis\". Le Figaro (in French). 8 November 2023. Retrieved 16 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lefigaro.fr/medias/edition-catherine-lucet-va-prendre-la-direction-d-editis-20231108","url_text":"\"Edition : Catherine Lucet va prendre la direction d'Editis\""}]},{"reference":"\"Édition : Vivendi finalise la cession d'Editis à Daniel Kretinsky\". Le Figaro (in French). Agence France-Presse. 14 November 2023. Retrieved 16 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-eco/edition-vivendi-finalise-la-cession-d-editis-a-daniel-kretinsky-20231114","url_text":"\"Édition : Vivendi finalise la cession d'Editis à Daniel Kretinsky\""}]},{"reference":"\"Corporate Information\". Retrieved 15 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.editis.com/content.php?lg=en&id=51","url_text":"\"Corporate Information\""}]},{"reference":"\"Universal parent Vivendi buys book publishing company Editis in $1bn deal - Music Business Worldwide\". 31 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/universal-parent-vivendi-buys-book-publishing-company-editis-in-1bn-plus-deal","url_text":"\"Universal parent Vivendi buys book publishing company Editis in $1bn deal - Music Business Worldwide\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.editis.com/","external_links_name":"www.editis.com"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Editis&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://www.vivendi.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/20220309_VIV_PR_-2021_Vivendi-earnings.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Vivendi - Earnings Report 2021\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/frances-vivendi-signs-deal-sell-publishing-unit-editis-2023-06-16","external_links_name":"\"France's Vivendi inks deal to sell Editis to Kretinsky's IMI\""},{"Link":"https://www.lefigaro.fr/medias/edition-catherine-lucet-va-prendre-la-direction-d-editis-20231108","external_links_name":"\"Edition : Catherine Lucet va prendre la direction d'Editis\""},{"Link":"https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-eco/edition-vivendi-finalise-la-cession-d-editis-a-daniel-kretinsky-20231114","external_links_name":"\"Édition : Vivendi finalise la cession d'Editis à Daniel Kretinsky\""},{"Link":"http://www.editis.com/content.php?lg=en&id=51","external_links_name":"\"Corporate Information\""},{"Link":"https://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/universal-parent-vivendi-buys-book-publishing-company-editis-in-1bn-plus-deal","external_links_name":"\"Universal parent Vivendi buys book publishing company Editis in $1bn deal - Music Business Worldwide\""},{"Link":"http://www.editis.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_God_and_Glory	For God and Glory	["1 Reception","2 Arabic translation","3 References"]	For God and Glory: Lord Nelson and His Way of War Cover of the first editionAuthorJoel HaywardCover artistNicholas Pocock - The Battle of Copenhagen, 2 April 1801SubjectHoratio Lord NelsonPublishedAnnapolis, MD: (United States Naval Institute Press), 2003Media typePrint (Hardcover)Pagesxix, 250 p., p. of plates : ill, maps, portsISBN1-59114-351-9OCLC249090466 For God and Glory: Lord Nelson and His Way of War is a thematic and biographical study of Horatio Lord Nelson's art of war by New Zealand-born British scholar Joel Hayward. It was published by the United States Naval Institute Press in 2003. Reception In the Journal of the Society of Nautical Research, Colin White, a leading expert on Nelson, called the book a "fascinating work of strategic philosophy. ... The result is surprisingly persuasive." "are thought-provoking and, in places, offer fresh ways of understanding what happened." Similarly, in the International Journal of Maritime History, Paul Webb wrote: "This effort by Hayward merits serious attention. ... provides many fresh insights into the workings of Nelson's mind. ... here is no question Hayward has done his work and supports it by solid research. He poses important questions and proffers plausible answers. He clearly admires Nelson, but is quick to recognise his faults and his contradictory character traits. Any serious Nelson student will benefit from this book." For God and Glory was rated as "outstanding" by members of the 2004 University Press Books Committee, a rating defined "as having exceptional editorial content and subject matter" and considered "essential to most library collections". Arabic translation In 2021, it was published as an Arabic translation: لله وللمجد: اللورد نيلسون وأسلوبه في الحرب (عمّان - دار أسامة للنشر والتوزيع، ٢٠٢١) References ^ Feicht, Therese M. (2004). "Outstanding Titles, 2004 University Press Books Selected for Public and Secondary School Libraries". aupresses.org. Archived from the original on 10 January 2018. Retrieved 10 January 2018. ^ "Google books: For God and Glory: Lord Nelson and His Way of War, by Joel Hayward". GoogleBooks. Retrieved 10 January 2018. ^ "Library of Congress catalog entry: For God and Glory, by Joel Hayward". Library of Congress. Retrieved 10 January 2018. ^ a b Colin White, The Mariner’s Mirror: The Journal of the Society for Nautical Research, November 2003 ^ Lt Col Richard Seamon, USMCR (ret.) U.S. Naval Proceedings, October 2003, p. 114 ^ John B. Hattendorf. "Review: For God and Glory: Lord Nelson and His Way of War, by Joel Hayward". The Journal of Military History, Vol. 68, No. 1 (January 2004), pp. 252-253. Retrieved 10 January 2018. ^ "Colin White (obituary)". Daily Telegraph. 18 January 2009. Retrieved 10 January 2018. ^ Paul Webb, International Journal of Maritime History, Vol. XV No. 2 (December 2003), pp. 486-487. ^ "For God and Glory: Lord Nelson and His Way of War". justbooks.de. Retrieved 1 February 2023. ^ Joel Hayward. "لله وللمجد: اللورد نيلسون وأسلوبه في الحرب". Kotobshop.com. Retrieved 3 February 2023. ^ Joel Hayward. "لله وللمجد: اللورد نيلسون وأسلوبه في الحرب". Rewayeh.com. Retrieved 3 February 2023. ^ Joel Hayward. "لله وللمجد: اللورد نيلسون وأسلوبه في الحرب". Olahub.com. Retrieved 3 February 2023.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AUSPRESS-1"},{"link_name":"Horatio Lord Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson"},{"link_name":"Joel Hayward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Hayward"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GoogleBooks-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LibCongress-3"},{"link_name":"United States Naval Institute Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Naval_Institute_Press"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mirror-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JournalMilHist-6"}],"text":"For God and Glory: Lord Nelson and His Way of War is a thematic[1] and biographical study of Horatio Lord Nelson's art of war by New Zealand-born British scholar Joel Hayward.[2][3] It was published by the United States Naval Institute Press in 2003.[4][5][6]","title":"For God and Glory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Colin White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_White_(historian)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TelObit-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mirror-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"For God and Glory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"In the Journal of the Society of Nautical Research, Colin White, a leading expert on Nelson,[7] called the book a \"fascinating work of strategic philosophy. ... The result is surprisingly persuasive.\" [Its analyses] \"are thought-provoking and, in places, offer fresh ways of understanding what happened.\"[4] Similarly, in the International Journal of Maritime History, Paul Webb wrote: \"This effort by Hayward merits serious attention. ... [It] provides many fresh insights into the workings of Nelson's mind. ... here is no question Hayward has done his work and supports it by solid research. He poses important questions and proffers plausible answers. He clearly admires Nelson, but is quick to recognise his faults and his contradictory character traits. Any serious Nelson student will benefit from this book.\"[8]For God and Glory was rated as \"outstanding\" by members of the 2004 University Press Books Committee, a rating defined \"as having exceptional editorial content and subject matter\" and considered \"essential to most library collections\".[9]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"In 2021, it was published as an Arabic translation: لله وللمجد: اللورد نيلسون وأسلوبه في الحرب (عمّان - دار أسامة للنشر والتوزيع، ٢٠٢١) [10][11][12]","title":"Arabic translation"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Feicht, Therese M. (2004). \"Outstanding Titles, 2004 University Press Books Selected for Public and Secondary School Libraries\". aupresses.org. Archived from the original on 10 January 2018. Retrieved 10 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180110174647/http://www.aupresses.org/librarybooks/2004/Outstanding.html","url_text":"\"Outstanding Titles, 2004 University Press Books Selected for Public and Secondary School Libraries\""},{"url":"http://www.aupresses.org/librarybooks/2004/Outstanding.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Google books: For God and Glory: Lord Nelson and His Way of War, by Joel Hayward\". GoogleBooks. Retrieved 10 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Lx1-kjrQg9kC","url_text":"\"Google books: For God and Glory: Lord Nelson and His Way of War, by Joel Hayward\""}]},{"reference":"\"Library of Congress catalog entry: For God and Glory, by Joel Hayward\". Library of Congress. Retrieved 10 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://catalog.loc.gov/vwebv/holdingsInfo?searchId=7440&recCount=25&recPointer=0&bibId=12943147","url_text":"\"Library of Congress catalog entry: For God and Glory, by Joel Hayward\""}]},{"reference":"John B. Hattendorf. \"Review: For God and Glory: Lord Nelson and His Way of War, by Joel Hayward\". The Journal of Military History, Vol. 68, No. 1 (January 2004), pp. 252-253. Retrieved 10 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/50650","url_text":"\"Review: For God and Glory: Lord Nelson and His Way of War, by Joel Hayward\""}]},{"reference":"\"Colin White (obituary)\". Daily Telegraph. 18 January 2009. Retrieved 10 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/4285198/Colin-White.html","url_text":"\"Colin White (obituary)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Telegraph","url_text":"Daily Telegraph"}]},{"reference":"\"For God and Glory: Lord Nelson and His Way of War\". justbooks.de. Retrieved 1 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.justbooks.de/search/?isbn=1591143519&submit=Suchen&new_used=*&mode=basic&st=sr&ac=qr#:~:text=Rated%20as%20%22outstanding%22%20by%20members%20of%20the%202004%20University%20Press%20Books%20Committee%2C%20a%20rating%20defined%20%22as%20having%20exceptional%20editorial%20content%20and%20subject%20matter%22%20and%20considered%20%22essential%20to%20most%20library%20collections%22","url_text":"\"For God and Glory: Lord Nelson and His Way of War\""}]},{"reference":"Joel Hayward. \"لله وللمجد: اللورد نيلسون وأسلوبه في الحرب\". Kotobshop.com. Retrieved 3 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://kotobshop.com/Details?id=133669","url_text":"\"لله وللمجد: اللورد نيلسون وأسلوبه في الحرب\""}]},{"reference":"Joel Hayward. \"لله وللمجد: اللورد نيلسون وأسلوبه في الحرب\". Rewayeh.com. Retrieved 3 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://rewayeh.com/book/%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D9%88%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%AF?C%20Black%20Childrens%20=&%20Educational=","url_text":"\"لله وللمجد: اللورد نيلسون وأسلوبه في الحرب\""}]},{"reference":"Joel Hayward. \"لله وللمجد: اللورد نيلسون وأسلوبه في الحرب\". Olahub.com. Retrieved 3 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://olahub.com/books/book/%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D9%88%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%AF","url_text":"\"لله وللمجد: اللورد نيلسون وأسلوبه في الحرب\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/249090466","external_links_name":"249090466"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180110174647/http://www.aupresses.org/librarybooks/2004/Outstanding.html","external_links_name":"\"Outstanding Titles, 2004 University Press Books Selected for Public and Secondary School Libraries\""},{"Link":"http://www.aupresses.org/librarybooks/2004/Outstanding.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Lx1-kjrQg9kC","external_links_name":"\"Google books: For God and Glory: Lord Nelson and His Way of War, by Joel Hayward\""},{"Link":"https://catalog.loc.gov/vwebv/holdingsInfo?searchId=7440&recCount=25&recPointer=0&bibId=12943147","external_links_name":"\"Library of Congress catalog entry: For God and Glory, by Joel Hayward\""},{"Link":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/50650","external_links_name":"\"Review: For God and Glory: Lord Nelson and His Way of War, by Joel Hayward\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/4285198/Colin-White.html","external_links_name":"\"Colin White (obituary)\""},{"Link":"https://www.justbooks.de/search/?isbn=1591143519&submit=Suchen&new_used=*&mode=basic&st=sr&ac=qr#:~:text=Rated%20as%20%22outstanding%22%20by%20members%20of%20the%202004%20University%20Press%20Books%20Committee%2C%20a%20rating%20defined%20%22as%20having%20exceptional%20editorial%20content%20and%20subject%20matter%22%20and%20considered%20%22essential%20to%20most%20library%20collections%22","external_links_name":"\"For God and Glory: Lord Nelson and His Way of War\""},{"Link":"https://kotobshop.com/Details?id=133669","external_links_name":"\"لله وللمجد: اللورد نيلسون وأسلوبه في الحرب\""},{"Link":"https://rewayeh.com/book/%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D9%88%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%AF?C%20Black%20Childrens%20=&%20Educational=","external_links_name":"\"لله وللمجد: اللورد نيلسون وأسلوبه في الحرب\""},{"Link":"https://olahub.com/books/book/%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D9%88%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%AF","external_links_name":"\"لله وللمجد: اللورد نيلسون وأسلوبه في الحرب\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Klason	Peter Klason	["1 References"]	Swedish chemist Peter Klason in 1908. Johan Peter Clason (April 4, 1848 in Årstad, Halland County – January 1, 1937 in St. Matthew's parish, Stockholm) was a Swedish chemist. Johan Peter Clason was the son of domain curator, Christopher Adam Claesson and Elna Helena Billing, and was descended from a family originally been called Claus. Johan Peter Clason was the son in law of Carl Johan Hill. Clason became a student in Lund in 1868, PhD and associate professor of the organic chemistry laboratory in 1874 and 1887, all at Lund University. In 1890 he was appointed professor of chemistry and chemical technology at the Technical University in Stockholm. Clason was a disciple of Christian Wilhelm Blomstrand and authored a memory drawing of his teacher (of the Academy of Sciences Lefnadsteckningar, band 4, 1909). A series of works of organic chemistry and in particular of mercaptans and other sulfur compounds, like dimethyl sulfate, were performed during his time at Lund. They meant in practical terms a simple determination method for organic sulfhydrater, which much later found use in his investigation of the production of sulphate cellulose emerging smelly substances, which he showed in the material consists of methyl mercaptan. References ^ Sveriges dödbok 1901-2009 ^ J Peter Klason, http://sok.riksarkivet.se/sbl/artikel/11560, Svenskt biografiskt lexikon (art av Holger Erdtman), hämtad 2014-11-24 Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany United States Sweden People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peter_Klason-1908.jpg"},{"link_name":"Årstad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85rstad,_Falkenberg_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Halland County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halland_County"},{"link_name":"St. Matthew's parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Matthew%27s_Church,_Stockholm"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Lund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lund"},{"link_name":"Lund University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lund_University"},{"link_name":"Christian Wilhelm Blomstrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Wilhelm_Blomstrand"},{"link_name":"mercaptans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercaptan"},{"link_name":"dimethyl sulfate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethyl_sulfate"},{"link_name":"methyl mercaptan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyl_mercaptan"}],"text":"Peter Klason in 1908.Johan Peter Clason (April 4, 1848 in Årstad, Halland County – January 1, 1937 in St. Matthew's parish, Stockholm) was a Swedish chemist.[1] Johan Peter Clason was the son of domain curator, Christopher Adam Claesson and Elna Helena Billing,[2] and was descended from a family originally been called Claus. Johan Peter Clason was the son in law of Carl Johan Hill. Clason became a student in Lund in 1868, PhD and associate professor of the organic chemistry laboratory in 1874 and 1887, all at Lund University. In 1890 he was appointed professor of chemistry and chemical technology at the Technical University in Stockholm.Clason was a disciple of Christian Wilhelm Blomstrand and authored a memory drawing of his teacher (of the Academy of Sciences Lefnadsteckningar, band 4, 1909). A series of works of organic chemistry and in particular of mercaptans and other sulfur compounds, like dimethyl sulfate, were performed during his time at Lund. They meant in practical terms a simple determination method for organic sulfhydrater, which much later found use in his investigation of the production of sulphate cellulose emerging smelly substances, which he showed in the material consists of methyl mercaptan.","title":"Peter Klason"}]	[{"image_text":"Peter Klason in 1908.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Peter_Klason-1908.jpg/170px-Peter_Klason-1908.jpg"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://sok.riksarkivet.se/sbl/artikel/11560","external_links_name":"http://sok.riksarkivet.se/sbl/artikel/11560"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000080501569","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/35202382","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxWQpRTFDG9HcChp6TWDq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/22795","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb10276204b","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb10276204b","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/116205644","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no92031683","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://libris.kb.se/53hkf5lp21fjq2q","external_links_name":"Sweden"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd116205644.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/181853906","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashraf_Johaardien	Ashraf Johaardien	["1 Biography","2 Plays and publications","2.1 Coloured Son X","2.2 Salaam Stories/SALAAM","2.3 Happy Endings Are Extra","2.4 Miracle*","2.5 STRIPPED","2.6 Yes, I Am!: Writing by South African gay men","3 Adaptations","3.1 Ecce Homo!","3.2 The Quiet Violence of Dreams","4 References","5 External links"]	Ashraf JohaardienBorn (1974-06-15) 15 June 1974 (age 50)Cape Town, South AfricaOccupationPlaywright, actor, ProducerAlma materUnited World College of the AtlanticGenreDramaNotable worksSalaam StoriesHappy Endings Are ExtraSpousePieter Jacobs Ashraf Johaardien (born 1974) is a multi-award-winning playwright, actor, and producer. He was the recipient of the inaugural PANSA Jury Award (2002), was listed as one of Mail & Guardian's 'Top 200 Young South Africans' (2008) and he received a Legends Award (2012) for his achievements in arts and culture. Biography He was born in Cape Town in 1974 and was schooled in South Africa and the UK. He holds an International Baccalaureate from United World College of the Atlantic in Wales, a Bachelor of Arts Degree and an English Honors Degree from the University of Cape Town, a Postgraduate Diploma in Leadership from the University of Johannesburg and a Research master's degree from the University of the Witwatersrand. His career in the arts encompasses professional and creative roles across a spectrum of disciplines. He has held senior management and leadership positions with key South African cultural and academic organisations (Iziko Museums of Cape Town, Baxter Theatre: University of Cape Town, Film & Publications Board, Centre for the Book: National Library, Arts & Culture Trust, Wits Theatre: University of the Witwatersrand, UJ Arts & Culture: University of Johannesburg). He was the Executive Producer of the National Arts Festival and the Cape Town Fringe, from July 2016 to February 2019. He took up the position of chief executive officer of Business and Arts South Africa (BASA) in March 2019. His plays include Coloured Son X, Salaam Stories/SALAAM, Happy Endings Are Extra, STRIPPED, Miracle, Ecce Homo! adapted from Tim Miller's Body Blows and The Quiet Violence of Dreams based on the novel by K. Sello Duiker. His work has been performed and produced at mainstream theatres and festivals in South Africa, Ireland, the UK, the Netherlands and the USA. He has been published by Compress, Just Done Productions Publishing, Oxford University Press, Waverly Books (Glasgow) and Umuzi (Random House). He is also the author of The Perfumed Closet, a monthly gay column published in The Pink Tongue (Independent Newspapers) and he went on to compile a collection of queer South African writing entitled "Yes, I am!" with Robin Malan. He played the title role in the film Sando to Samantha (Cape Town, Johannesburg, New York, Toronto, Paris, San Francisco, Chicago, Turin, Adelaide, Bologna, Brussels, Melbourne and Lisbon) directed by Jack Lewis. Television credits include the role of Lucas in season 4 of the SABC 3 drama series Hard Copy produced by Quizzical Pictures. He originated the role of Boy in the devised play SUIP! as part of a student ensemble at the University of Cape Town (1993). He performed the role of Lawrence with two different casts in the South African and Irish productions of The Myth of Andrew and Jo by Gideon van Eeden (2010). He also originated the solo Hamlet of iHAMLET which was adapted specifically for him to perform by Robin Malan (2012). Plays and publications Coloured Son X Baxter Theatre Centre, CT, SA (1998) Circle East Theatre Company, NY, USA (2001) Published by Compress ISBN 1919833064 ISBN 978-1-919833-06-4 Salaam Stories/SALAAM Spier/PANSA Festival of New Writing (2002) Theatre Row, New York City (2002) Spier Summer Arts Festival (2003) University of the Western Cape (2003) Baxter Theatre Centre (2003 & 2004) Darling Festival (2004) Oval House Theatre, London (2006) Grahamstown National Arts Festival (2006) South African National Schools Festival (2006) The Wits Theatre 969 Festival (2006) State Theatre (2006) Artscape Theatre Centre (2006) Montecasino (2008) Baxter Theatre Centre(2008) Afrovibes (Netherlands 2008) Drama for Life SA Season (2012) SA Schools Festivals (Bloemfontein & Mmpumalanga 2012) National Arts Festival, Grahamstown (2014) Athenaeum, Port Elizabeth (2014) Published by Just Done Productions Publishing ISBN 1-920169-26-1 ISBN 978-1-920169-26-8 Published by Oxford University Press ISBN 978-0-19-576799-5 Happy Endings Are Extra Baxter Theatre Centre (2003) Grahamstown National Arts Festival (2004) Standard Bank National Arts Festival (2004) Artscape Theatre Centre (2005) Dublin International Gay Theatre Festival (2006) Diversionary Theatre, San Diego CA (2007) Bailiwick Rep Theatre, Chicago IL (2007) TheatreOut, Santa Ana, Ca (2009) Published by Just Done Productions Publishing ISBN 1-920169-24-5 ISBN 978-1-920169-24-4 Miracle Commissioned by the Glasgow Arts Council Published in the anthology Freedom Spring by Waverley Books (Glasgow) ISBN 1902407334 STRIPPED Baxter Theatre Centre (2005) Yes, I Am!: Writing by South African gay men Compiled by Robin Malan and Ashraf Johaardien (2010) Published by Junkets Publishers ISBN 9780620458283 Adaptations Ecce Homo! Adapted from Body Blows: Six Perforformances by Tim Miller Grahamstown National Arts Festival (2006) The Wits Theatre 969 Festival (2006) The Quiet Violence of Dreams Based on the novel by K. Sello Duiker Grahamstown National Arts Festival (2008) South African National Schools Festival (2008) Artscape Theatre (2010) Walsh Black Box Theatre, Washington D.C. (2010) University of Johannesburg Con Cowan Theatre (2011) References ^ "PANSA – Performing Arts Network of South Africa". pansa.co.za. Archived from the original on 26 March 2018. Retrieved 22 June 2020. ^ "PANSA NLDTF Festival of Reading of New Writing to take place regionally". Media Update. Retrieved 7 May 2015. ^ Staff Writer (26 June 2008). "Young South Africans: Arts & Lifestyle". Mail & Guardian. Retrieved 7 May 2015. ^ "Artslink.co.za – Legends Award for UJ Head of Arts". Artslink. ^ Maputle, Precious. "Legends Award for UJ Head of Arts". Artslink.co.za. Retrieved 7 May 2015. ^ "ABOUT ASHRAF". ashraf.co.za. Retrieved 7 May 2015. ^ du Toit, Steyn (28 December 2008). "Building Relationships". Sunday Independent. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 25 July 2014. ^ "New NAF exec to take festival into future". ^ "Business and Arts South Africa appoints incoming CEO". ^ "bol.com". ^ Malan, Robin; Johaardien, Ashraf (2010). Yes I Am (First ed.). Cape Town: Junkets Publisher. p. 176. ISBN 9780620458283. Retrieved 25 July 2014. ^ Sando to Samantha. OCLC 551782100 – via worldcat.org. ^ "ashraf.co.za". Retrieved 7 May 2015. External links Media related to Ashraf Johaardien at Wikimedia Commons Official website Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States Netherlands Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatrical_producer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Mail & Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mail_%26_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Ashraf Johaardien (born 1974) is a multi-award-winning playwright, actor, and producer. He was the recipient of the inaugural PANSA[1] Jury Award (2002),[2] was listed as one of Mail & Guardian's 'Top 200 Young South Africans' (2008)[3] and he received a Legends Award[4] (2012) for his achievements in arts and culture.[5]","title":"Ashraf Johaardien"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cape Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Town"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"United World College of the Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_World_College_of_the_Atlantic"},{"link_name":"University of Cape Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cape_Town"},{"link_name":"University of Johannesburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Johannesburg"},{"link_name":"University of the Witwatersrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_Witwatersrand"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"University of the Witwatersrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_Witwatersrand"},{"link_name":"University of Johannesburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Johannesburg"},{"link_name":"National Arts Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Arts_Festival"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Business and Arts South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Business_and_Arts_South_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"SABC 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SABC_3"},{"link_name":"Hard Copy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_Copy_(South_African_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Quizzical Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quizzical_Pictures"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"He was born in Cape Town in 1974 and was schooled in South Africa and the UK.[6] He holds an International Baccalaureate from United World College of the Atlantic in Wales, a Bachelor of Arts Degree and an English Honors Degree from the University of Cape Town, a Postgraduate Diploma in Leadership from the University of Johannesburg and a Research master's degree from the University of the Witwatersrand.His career in the arts encompasses professional and creative roles across a spectrum of disciplines. He has held senior management and leadership positions with key South African cultural and academic organisations (Iziko Museums of Cape Town, Baxter Theatre: University of Cape Town, Film & Publications Board, Centre for the Book: National Library, Arts & Culture Trust,[7] Wits Theatre: University of the Witwatersrand, UJ Arts & Culture: University of Johannesburg). He was the Executive Producer of the National Arts Festival and the Cape Town Fringe, from July 2016 to February 2019.[8] He took up the position of chief executive officer of Business and Arts South Africa (BASA) in March 2019.[9]His plays include Coloured Son X, Salaam Stories/SALAAM, Happy Endings Are Extra, STRIPPED, Miracle, Ecce Homo! adapted from Tim Miller's Body Blows and The Quiet Violence of Dreams based on the novel by K. Sello Duiker.[10] His work has been performed and produced at mainstream theatres and festivals in South Africa, Ireland, the UK, the Netherlands and the USA. He has been published by Compress, Just Done Productions Publishing, Oxford University Press, Waverly Books (Glasgow) and Umuzi (Random House). He is also the author of The Perfumed Closet, a monthly gay column published in The Pink Tongue (Independent Newspapers) and he went on to compile a collection of queer South African writing entitled \"Yes, I am!\"[11] with Robin Malan.He played the title role in the film Sando to Samantha (Cape Town, Johannesburg, New York, Toronto, Paris, San Francisco, Chicago, Turin, Adelaide, Bologna, Brussels, Melbourne and Lisbon) directed by Jack Lewis.[12] Television credits include the role of Lucas in season 4 of the SABC 3 drama series Hard Copy produced by Quizzical Pictures. He originated the role of Boy in the devised play SUIP! as part of a student ensemble at the University of Cape Town (1993). He performed the role of Lawrence with two different casts in the South African and Irish productions of The Myth of Andrew and Jo by Gideon van Eeden (2010). He also originated the solo Hamlet of iHAMLET which was adapted specifically for him to perform by Robin Malan (2012).[13]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Plays and publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1919833064","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1919833064"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-919833-06-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-919833-06-4"}],"sub_title":"Coloured Son X","text":"Baxter Theatre Centre, CT, SA (1998)\nCircle East Theatre Company, NY, USA (2001)\nPublished by Compress ISBN 1919833064 ISBN 978-1-919833-06-4","title":"Plays and publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-920169-26-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-920169-26-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-920169-26-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-920169-26-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-576799-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-576799-5"}],"sub_title":"Salaam Stories/SALAAM","text":"Spier/PANSA Festival of New Writing (2002)\nTheatre Row, New York City (2002)\nSpier Summer Arts Festival (2003)\nUniversity of the Western Cape (2003)\nBaxter Theatre Centre (2003 & 2004)\nDarling Festival (2004)\nOval House Theatre, London (2006)\nGrahamstown National Arts Festival (2006)\nSouth African National Schools Festival (2006)\nThe Wits Theatre 969 Festival (2006)\nState Theatre (2006)\nArtscape Theatre Centre (2006)\nMontecasino (2008)\nBaxter Theatre Centre(2008)\nAfrovibes (Netherlands 2008)\nDrama for Life SA Season (2012)\nSA Schools Festivals (Bloemfontein & Mmpumalanga 2012)\nNational Arts Festival, Grahamstown (2014)\nAthenaeum, Port Elizabeth (2014)\nPublished by Just Done Productions Publishing ISBN 1-920169-26-1 ISBN 978-1-920169-26-8\nPublished by Oxford University Press ISBN 978-0-19-576799-5","title":"Plays and publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-920169-24-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-920169-24-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-920169-24-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-920169-24-4"}],"sub_title":"Happy Endings Are Extra","text":"Baxter Theatre Centre (2003)\nGrahamstown National Arts Festival (2004)\nStandard Bank National Arts Festival (2004)\nArtscape Theatre Centre (2005)\nDublin International Gay Theatre Festival (2006)\nDiversionary Theatre, San Diego CA (2007)\nBailiwick Rep Theatre, Chicago IL (2007)\nTheatreOut, Santa Ana, Ca (2009)\nPublished by Just Done Productions Publishing ISBN 1-920169-24-5 ISBN 978-1-920169-24-4","title":"Plays and publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1902407334","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1902407334"}],"sub_title":"Miracle","text":"Commissioned by the Glasgow Arts Council\nPublished in the anthology Freedom Spring by Waverley Books (Glasgow) ISBN 1902407334","title":"Plays and publications"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"STRIPPED","text":"Baxter Theatre Centre (2005)","title":"Plays and publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780620458283","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780620458283"}],"sub_title":"Yes, I Am!: Writing by South African gay men","text":"Compiled by Robin Malan and Ashraf Johaardien (2010)\nPublished by Junkets Publishers ISBN 9780620458283","title":"Plays and publications"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Adaptations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Ecce Homo!","text":"Adapted from Body Blows: Six Perforformances by Tim Miller\nGrahamstown National Arts Festival (2006)\nThe Wits Theatre 969 Festival (2006)","title":"Adaptations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"The Quiet Violence of Dreams","text":"Based on the novel by K. Sello DuikerGrahamstown National Arts Festival (2008)\nSouth African National Schools Festival (2008)\nArtscape Theatre (2010)\nWalsh Black Box Theatre, Washington D.C. (2010)\nUniversity of Johannesburg Con Cowan Theatre (2011)","title":"Adaptations"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"PANSA – Performing Arts Network of South Africa\". pansa.co.za. Archived from the original on 26 March 2018. Retrieved 22 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180326124907/http://pansa.co.za/","url_text":"\"PANSA – Performing Arts Network of South Africa\""},{"url":"http://www.pansa.co.za/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"PANSA NLDTF Festival of Reading of New Writing to take place regionally\". Media Update. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirana_District	Tirana District	["1 Administrative divisions","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]	Coordinates: 41°18′N 19°53′E / 41.300°N 19.883°E / 41.300; 19.883Defunct (2000) Albanian administrative area Former district in AlbaniaTirana DistrictFormer districtCoordinates: 41°18′N 19°53′E / 41.300°N 19.883°E / 41.300; 19.883Country AlbaniaDissolved2000SeatTiranaArea • Total1,193 km2 (461 sq mi)Population (2001) • Total523,150 • Density440/km2 (1,100/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST) Projected map of Tiranë District as defined by the Territorial-Administrative Reform of 2014 Tirana District (Albanian: Rrethi i Tiranës) was one of the 36 districts of Albania, which were dissolved in July 2000 and replaced by 12 newly created counties. It had a population of 523,150 in 2001, and an area of 1,193 km2 (461 sq mi). Its territory is now part of Tirana County: the municipalities of Tirana, Kamëz and Vorë. Administrative divisions The district consisted of the following municipalities: Baldushk Bërxullë Bërzhitë Dajt Farkë Kamëz Kashar Krrabë Ndroq Paskuqan Petrelë Pezë Prezë Shëngjergj Tirana Vaqarr Vorë Zall-Bastar Zall-Herr See also Villages of Tirana County References ^ Districts of Albania, statoids.com ^ "Portraits of poverty and inequality in Albania" (PDF). World Bank Group. 2016. pp. 33–40. External links Regional Council of Tirana County vteDistricts of Albania Districts in Albania were geographic divisions made up of cities, towns and villages. They were abolished in 2000.(36) Berat Bulqizë Delvinë Devoll Dibër Durrës Elbasan Fier Gjirokastër Gramsh Has Kavajë Kolonjë Korçë Krujë Kuçovë Kukës Kurbin Lezhë Librazhd Lushnjë Malësi e Madhe Mallakastër Mat Mirditë Peqin Përmet Pogradec Pukë Sarandë Shkodër Skrapar Tepelenë Tiranë Tropojë Vlorë Authority control databases National Israel United States Geographic MusicBrainz area	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harta_e_Rrethit_Tiran%C3%AB.svg"},{"link_name":"Albanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_language"},{"link_name":"districts of Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Albania"},{"link_name":"counties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counties_of_Albania"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Tirana County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirana_County"},{"link_name":"municipalities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Albania"},{"link_name":"Tirana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirana"},{"link_name":"Kamëz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kam%C3%ABz"},{"link_name":"Vorë","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vor%C3%AB"}],"text":"Defunct (2000) Albanian administrative areaFormer district in AlbaniaProjected map of Tiranë District as defined by the Territorial-Administrative Reform of 2014Tirana District (Albanian: Rrethi i Tiranës) was one of the 36 districts of Albania, which were dissolved in July 2000 and replaced by 12 newly created counties. It had a population of 523,150 in 2001, and an area of 1,193 km2 (461 sq mi).[1] Its territory is now part of Tirana County: the municipalities of Tirana, Kamëz and Vorë.","title":"Tirana District"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"municipalities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Albania"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Baldushk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldushk"},{"link_name":"Bërxullë","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%ABrxull%C3%AB"},{"link_name":"Bërzhitë","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%ABrzhit%C3%AB"},{"link_name":"Dajt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dajt"},{"link_name":"Farkë","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fark%C3%AB"},{"link_name":"Kamëz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kam%C3%ABz"},{"link_name":"Kashar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashar"},{"link_name":"Krrabë","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krrab%C3%AB"},{"link_name":"Ndroq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndroq"},{"link_name":"Paskuqan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paskuqan"},{"link_name":"Petrelë","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrel%C3%AB"},{"link_name":"Pezë","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pez%C3%AB"},{"link_name":"Prezë","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prez%C3%AB"},{"link_name":"Shëngjergj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C3%ABngjergj"},{"link_name":"Tirana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirana"},{"link_name":"Vaqarr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaqarr"},{"link_name":"Vorë","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vor%C3%AB"},{"link_name":"Zall-Bastar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zall-Bastar"},{"link_name":"Zall-Herr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zall-Herr"}],"text":"The district consisted of the following municipalities:[2]Baldushk\nBërxullë\nBërzhitë\nDajt\nFarkë\nKamëz\nKashar\nKrrabë\nNdroq\nPaskuqan\nPetrelë\nPezë\nPrezë\nShëngjergj\nTirana\nVaqarr\nVorë\nZall-Bastar\nZall-Herr","title":"Administrative divisions"}]	[{"image_text":"Projected map of Tiranë District as defined by the Territorial-Administrative Reform of 2014","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Harta_e_Rrethit_Tiran%C3%AB.svg/220px-Harta_e_Rrethit_Tiran%C3%AB.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"Villages of Tirana County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villages_of_Tirana_County"}]	[{"reference":"\"Portraits of poverty and inequality in Albania\" (PDF). World Bank Group. 2016. pp. 33–40.","urls":[{"url":"http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/659991480409319302/pdf/110582-REVISED-PUBLIC-report-eng-complete.pdf","url_text":"\"Portraits of poverty and inequality in Albania\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank_Group","url_text":"World Bank Group"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tirana_District&params=41_18_N_19_53_E_scale:200000_type:city_region:AL","external_links_name":"41°18′N 19°53′E / 41.300°N 19.883°E / 41.300; 19.883"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tirana_District&params=41_18_N_19_53_E_scale:200000_type:city_region:AL","external_links_name":"41°18′N 19°53′E / 41.300°N 19.883°E / 41.300; 19.883"},{"Link":"http://statoids.com/yal.html","external_links_name":"Districts of Albania"},{"Link":"http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/659991480409319302/pdf/110582-REVISED-PUBLIC-report-eng-complete.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Portraits of poverty and inequality in Albania\""},{"Link":"http://www.qarkutirane.gov.al/","external_links_name":"Regional Council of Tirana County"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007480382105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2004115132","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/area/9c842eb9-f268-4cf2-afa1-527317e6f308","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz area"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiloango_River	Chiloango River	["1 Notes"]	Coordinates: 5°11′41″S 12°7′48″E / 5.19472°S 12.13000°E / -5.19472; 12.13000River between the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Republic of Congo ChiloangoKakongo River, Louango River, Shiloango River, Rio HiChiloango River basinNative namePortuguese: Rio HiLocationCountriesDemocratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, AngolaPhysical characteristicsMouthAtlantic Ocean • locationNear Caconga, Angola • coordinates5°12′15.85″S 12°8′0.25″E / 5.2044028°S 12.1334028°E / -5.2044028; 12.1334028 The Chiloango River (Portuguese: Rio Chiluango, also known as Kakongo River, Louango, Shiloango and Rio Hi) is a river in western Central Africa. It forms the westernmost part of the border between the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Republic of Congo, and then forms approximately half of the border between the DRC and Cabinda, Angola passing just south of the town of Necuto. The river then bisects Cabinda, making it the most important river in the province. It enters the Atlantic Ocean just north of the town of Cacongo. Notes ^ Chiloango River (Variant) at GEOnet Names Server, United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency ^ Chiluango, Rio (Approved - Angola) at GEOnet Names Server, United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency ^ Kakongo River (Variant) at GEOnet Names Server, United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency ^ Louango (Approved - Congo, Republic of the) at GEOnet Names Server, United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency ^ Shiloango (Approved - Congo, Democratic Republic of the) at GEOnet Names Server, United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency ^ Hi, Rio (Variant) at GEOnet Names Server, United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency ^ International Boundary Study No. 105 – October 15, 1970: Angola (Cabinda) – Republic of the Congo (Brazzaville) Boundary Archived June 7, 2011, at the Wayback Machine The Geographer, Office of the Geographer, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, U.S. State Department, Washington, D.C. ^ Frenken, Karen (1997) Irrigation potential in Africa: A basin approach (FAO Land and Water Bulletin 4) Land and Water Development Division of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. Italy, www.fao.org "Table 71 Rivers and discharges" Archived 2012-10-11 at the Wayback Machine, ISBN 92-5-103966-6 ^ National Geographic Atlas of the World: Revised Sixth Edition, National Geographic Society, 1992 ^ United States. Hydrographic Office (1916) Africa Pilot: The southewest coast of Africa from Cape Palmas to the Cape of Good Hope, including the islands of St. Helena, Ascension, Tristan da Cunha, and neighboring islands Hydrographic Office, Washington, D.C., volume 1, page 346 OCLC 62355097 vteRivers of the Republic of the CongoRivers Aïna Alima Chiloango Congo Kouilou-Niari Kouyou Likouala-aux-Herbes Likouala-Mossaka Nyanga Sangha Ubangi vteRivers of the Democratic Republic of the CongoCongo left bank (south) Congo Inkisi Lomami Lukaya Lukunga Lulonga Ndjili Tshuapa Kasai basin Kasai Fimi Fwa Kwango Kwilu Lubi Lubudi Lulua Lukenie Sankuru Congo right bank (north) Aruwimi Mongala Ebola Mbomou Ubangi Uele Lualaba and tributaries Lualaba Elila Lowa Luama Luapula Lubudi Lufira Lukuga Luvua Ulindi Other Chiloango Ruzizi Semliki vteRivers of AngolaRivers Chiloango Congo Cuando Cuanza Cunene Kasai Kwango Luanginga Lucala Luena Lungwebungu Okavango Rio Quicombo Zambezi 5°11′41″S 12°7′48″E / 5.19472°S 12.13000°E / -5.19472; 12.13000 This article related to a river in the Republic of the Congo is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article related to a river in the Democratic Republic of the Congo is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article related to a river in Angola is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River"},{"link_name":"Central Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Africa"},{"link_name":"border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_border"},{"link_name":"Democratic Republic of the Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"Republic of Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Congo"},{"link_name":"border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola%E2%80%93Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_border"},{"link_name":"Cabinda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinda_(province)"},{"link_name":"Angola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Necuto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necuto"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Cacongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cacongo"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"River between the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Republic of CongoThe Chiloango River[1] (Portuguese: Rio Chiluango[2], also known as Kakongo River,[3] Louango,[4] Shiloango[5] and Rio Hi[6]) is a river in western Central Africa. It forms the westernmost part of the border between the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Republic of Congo, and then forms approximately half of the border between the DRC and Cabinda, Angola[7] passing just south of the town of Necuto. 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Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_River"},{"link_name":"Inkisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkisi_River"},{"link_name":"Lomami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lomami_River"},{"link_name":"Lukaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lukaya_River"},{"link_name":"Lukunga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lukunga_River"},{"link_name":"Lulonga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lulonga_River"},{"link_name":"Ndjili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndjili_River"},{"link_name":"Tshuapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tshuapa_River"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DRC_rivers.svg"},{"link_name":"Kasai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasai_River"},{"link_name":"Fimi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fimi_River"},{"link_name":"Fwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fwa_River"},{"link_name":"Kwango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwango_River"},{"link_name":"Kwilu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwilu_River"},{"link_name":"Lubi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lubi_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lubudi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubudi_River_(Sankuru_tributary)"},{"link_name":"Lulua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lulua_River"},{"link_name":"Lukenie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lukenie_River"},{"link_name":"Sankuru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankuru_River"},{"link_name":"Aruwimi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aruwimi_River"},{"link_name":"Mongala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongala_River"},{"link_name":"Ebola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebola_River"},{"link_name":"Mbomou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbomou_River"},{"link_name":"Ubangi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubangi_River"},{"link_name":"Uele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uele_River"},{"link_name":"Lualaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lualaba_River"},{"link_name":"Elila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elila_River"},{"link_name":"Lowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowa_(Kivu/Maniema)"},{"link_name":"Luama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luama_River"},{"link_name":"Luapula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luapula_River"},{"link_name":"Lubudi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubudi_River_(Lualaba_tributary)"},{"link_name":"Lufira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lufira_River"},{"link_name":"Lukuga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lukuga_River"},{"link_name":"Luvua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luvua_River"},{"link_name":"Ulindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulindi_River"},{"link_name":"Chiloango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Ruzizi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruzizi_River"},{"link_name":"Semliki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semliki_River"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Rivers_of_Angola"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Rivers_of_Angola"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rivers_of_Angola"},{"link_name":"Rivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Angola"},{"link_name":"Angola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola"},{"link_name":"Rivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Angola"},{"link_name":"Chiloango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_River"},{"link_name":"Cuando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuando_River"},{"link_name":"Cuanza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuanza_River"},{"link_name":"Cunene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunene_River"},{"link_name":"Kasai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasai_River"},{"link_name":"Kwango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwango_River"},{"link_name":"Luanginga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luanginga_River"},{"link_name":"Lucala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucala_River"},{"link_name":"Luena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luena_River,_Angola"},{"link_name":"Lungwebungu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lungwebungu_River"},{"link_name":"Okavango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okavango_River"},{"link_name":"Rio Quicombo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Quicombo"},{"link_name":"Zambezi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambezi"},{"link_name":"5°11′41″S 12°7′48″E / 5.19472°S 12.13000°E / -5.19472; 12.13000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chiloango_River&params=5_11_41_S_12_7_48_E_"},{"link_name":"Republic of the Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chiloango_River&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:RCongo-river-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:RCongo-river-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:RCongo-river-stub"},{"link_name":"Democratic Republic of the Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chiloango_River&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:DRCongo-river-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:DRCongo-river-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:DRCongo-river-stub"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chiloango_River&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Angola-river-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Angola-river-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Angola-river-stub"}],"text":"^ Chiloango River (Variant) at GEOnet Names Server, United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency\n\n^ Chiluango, Rio (Approved - Angola) at GEOnet Names Server, United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency\n\n^ Kakongo River (Variant) at GEOnet Names Server, United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency\n\n^ Louango (Approved - Congo, Republic of the) at GEOnet Names Server, United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency\n\n^ Shiloango (Approved - Congo, Democratic Republic of the) at GEOnet Names Server, United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency\n\n^ Hi, Rio (Variant) at GEOnet Names Server, United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency\n\n^ International Boundary Study No. 105 – October 15, 1970: Angola (Cabinda) – Republic of the Congo (Brazzaville) Boundary Archived June 7, 2011, at the Wayback Machine The Geographer, Office of the Geographer, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, U.S. State Department, Washington, D.C.\n\n^ Frenken, Karen (1997) Irrigation potential in Africa: A basin approach (FAO Land and Water Bulletin 4) Land and Water Development Division of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. Italy, www.fao.org \"Table 71 Rivers and discharges\" Archived 2012-10-11 at the Wayback Machine, ISBN 92-5-103966-6\n\n^ National Geographic Atlas of the World: Revised Sixth Edition, National Geographic Society, 1992\n\n^ United States. Hydrographic Office (1916) Africa Pilot: The southewest coast of Africa from Cape Palmas to the Cape of Good Hope, including the islands of St. Helena, Ascension, Tristan da Cunha, and neighboring islands Hydrographic Office, Washington, D.C., volume 1, page 346 OCLC 62355097vteRivers of the Republic of the CongoRivers\nAïna\nAlima\nChiloango\nCongo\nKouilou-Niari\nKouyou\nLikouala-aux-Herbes\nLikouala-Mossaka\nNyanga\nSangha\nUbangivteRivers of the Democratic Republic of the CongoCongo left bank (south)\nCongo\nInkisi\nLomami\nLukaya\nLukunga\nLulonga\nNdjili\nTshuapa\nKasai basin\nKasai\nFimi\nFwa\nKwango\nKwilu\nLubi\nLubudi\nLulua\nLukenie\nSankuru\nCongo right bank (north)\nAruwimi\nMongala\nEbola\nMbomou\nUbangi\nUele\nLualaba and tributaries\nLualaba\nElila\nLowa\nLuama\nLuapula\nLubudi\nLufira\nLukuga\nLuvua\nUlindi\nOther\nChiloango\nRuzizi\nSemlikivteRivers of AngolaRivers\nChiloango\nCongo\nCuando\nCuanza\nCunene\nKasai\nKwango\nLuanginga\nLucala\nLuena\nLungwebungu\nOkavango\nRio Quicombo\nZambezi5°11′41″S 12°7′48″E / 5.19472°S 12.13000°E / -5.19472; 12.13000This article related to a river in the Republic of the Congo is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vteThis article related to a river in the Democratic Republic of the Congo is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vteThis article related to a river in Angola is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Notes"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chiloango_River&params=5_11_41_S_12_7_48_E_","external_links_name":"5°11′41″S 12°7′48″E / 5.19472°S 12.13000°E / -5.19472; 12.13000"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chiloango_River&params=5_12_15.85_S_12_8_0.25_E_type:river","external_links_name":"5°12′15.85″S 12°8′0.25″E / 5.2044028°S 12.1334028°E / -5.2044028; 12.1334028"},{"Link":"http://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/detaillinksearch.asp?G_NAME=32FA881351893774E0440003BA962ED3&Diacritics=DC","external_links_name":"Chiloango River (Variant)"},{"Link":"http://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/detaillinksearch.asp?G_NAME=32FA881351883774E0440003BA962ED3&Diacritics=DC","external_links_name":"Chiluango, Rio (Approved - Angola)"},{"Link":"http://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/detaillinksearch.asp?G_NAME=32FA881351853774E0440003BA962ED3&Diacritics=DC","external_links_name":"Kakongo River (Variant)"},{"Link":"http://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/detaillinksearch.asp?G_NAME=32FA881351873774E0440003BA962ED3&Diacritics=DC","external_links_name":"Louango (Approved - Congo, Republic of the)"},{"Link":"http://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/detaillinksearch.asp?G_NAME=32FA881351863774E0440003BA962ED3&Diacritics=DC","external_links_name":"Shiloango (Approved - Congo, Democratic Republic of the)"},{"Link":"http://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/detaillinksearch.asp?G_NAME=32FA881351843774E0440003BA962ED3&Diacritics=DC","external_links_name":"Hi, Rio (Variant)"},{"Link":"http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/limitsinseas/IBS105.pdf","external_links_name":"International Boundary Study No. 105 – October 15, 1970: Angola (Cabinda) – Republic of the Congo (Brazzaville) Boundary"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110607183924/http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/limitsinseas/IBS105.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.fao.org/docrep/W4347E/w4347e0w.htm","external_links_name":"www.fao.org \"Table 71 Rivers and discharges\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121011024615/http://www.fao.org/docrep/W4347E/w4347e0w.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9tINAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA346","external_links_name":"page 346"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62355097","external_links_name":"62355097"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chiloango_River&params=5_11_41_S_12_7_48_E_","external_links_name":"5°11′41″S 12°7′48″E / 5.19472°S 12.13000°E / -5.19472; 12.13000"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chiloango_River&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chiloango_River&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chiloango_River&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/And_in_This_Corner...	And in This Corner...	["1 Track listing","2 Samples","3 Charts","3.1 Chart positions","4 Certifications","5 References"]	1989 studio album by DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh PrinceAnd in This Corner…Studio album by DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh PrinceReleasedOctober 31, 1989GenreHip hopLength56:40LabelJive/RCA1188-JProducerDJ Jazzy Jeff, The Fresh PrinceDJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince chronology He's the DJ, I'm the Rapper(1988) And in This Corner…(1989) Homebase(1991) Singles from And in This Corner... "I Think I Can Beat Mike Tyson"Released: 1989 "Jazzy's Groove"Released: 1989 Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicRobert ChristgauB+Q And in This Corner… is the third studio album released by MC/DJ duo DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince. The album was released in October 1989, reaching #39 on the US Billboard 200 albums chart. The album was not released on Compact Disc in the UK. However, it was available on this format in most of Europe. For the album, the duo took influence from jazz and funk alongside their typical repertoire. They utilized trumpets, saxes, and flutes. Lyrical concepts are fully developed, and set between the comical and crowd concepts. Smith said later that most of the recording time was spent partying in the Bahamas rather than working, and that the record suffered for their lack of discipline. Upon its release, the album was a commercial success as it sold over half a million copies, and was certified Gold by the RIAA. However, compared to the duo's previous work, the album was considered a letdown, only selling half as many copies. Nevertheless, the album received two Grammy Awards nominations including Best Rap Performance for their first single "I Think I Can Beat Mike Tyson" in 1990 (which lost to Young MC's "Bust a Move") and Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group for the album itself in 1991 (which lost to Quincy Jones, Big Daddy Kane, Ice-T, Kool Moe Dee, Melle Mel & Quincy Jones III's "Back on the Block"). Track listing "Then She Bit Me" - 3:35 "I Think I Can Beat Mike Tyson" - 4:49 "Jazzy's Groove" - 3:43 "Everything That Glitters (Ain't Always Gold)" - 4:17 "You Got It (Donut)" - 4:56 "The Girlie Had a Mustache" - 4:32 "The Reverend" - 4:31 "Who Stole My Car?" - 4:57 "The Men of Your Dreams" - 4:52 "Numero Uno" - 4:08 "Too Damn Hype" - 5:41 "Jeff Waz on the Beat Box" - 5:42 Samples Jazzy's Groove "The Champ" by The Mohawks "Funky Drummer" by James Brown "Synthetic Substitution" by Melvin Bliss "Nautilus" by Bob James "Saturday Night Style" by Mikey Dread "Eric B. Is President" by Eric B. & Rakim "Bring the Noise" by Public Enemy Jeff Waz on the Beatbox "Put the Music Where Your Mouth Is" by The Olympic Runners "Sing Sing" by Gaz "You'll Like It Too" by Funkadelic The Girlie Had a Mustache "Escape-Ism" by James Brown "Think (About It)" by Lyn Collins "You Can Have Watergate Just Gimme Some Bucks and I'll Be Straight" by Fred Wesley and The J.B.'s "Bounce, Rock, Skate, Roll" by Vaughan Mason and Crew The Reverend "Dance to the Music" by Sly & the Family Stone "Good Times" by Chic Too Damn Hype "The Big Beat" by Billy Squier "Here We Go (Live at the Funhouse)" by Run-DMC Who Stole My Car? "The Grunt" by The J.B.'s "Funky President" by James Brown You Got It (Donut) "I Know You Got Soul" by Bobby Byrd "Eric B. Is President" by Eric B. & Rakim Numero Uno "Public Enemy No. 1" by Public Enemy The Men of Your Dreams "Change the Beat (Female Version)" by Fab 5 Freddy feat. Beeside Charts Chart positions Chart (1989–1990) Peakposition Australia (ARIA) 77 Canadian Albums Chart 19 U.S. Billboard 200 39 U.S. Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard) 19 Certifications Region Certification Certified units/sales Canada (Music Canada) Gold 50,000^ United States (RIAA) Gold 500,000^ ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. References ^ Ron Wynn (1989-10-31). "And in This Corner... - DJ Jazzy Jeff & the Fresh Prince \| Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards". AllMusic. Retrieved 2014-05-20. ^ "CG: dj jazzy jeff". Robert Christgau. Retrieved 2014-05-20. ^ "DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Princ - And In This Corner CD Album". Cduniverse.com. 1989-10-31. Retrieved 2014-05-20. ^ "And In This Corner..." geniusrap.com. Retrieved February 20, 2015. ^ Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988–2010. Mt. Martha, VIC, Australia: Moonlight Publishing. ^ "Canadian album certifications – D.J. Jazzy Jeff and The Fresh Prince – And in This Corner". Music Canada. ^ "American album certifications – DJ Jazzy Jeff & Fresh Prince – And in This Corner". Recording Industry Association of America. vteDJ Jazzy Jeff & the Fresh Prince DJ Jazzy Jeff The Fresh Prince Studio albums Rock the House (1987) He's the DJ, I'm the Rapper (1988) And in This Corner... (1989) Homebase (1991) Code Red (1993) Compilation albums Greatest Hits (1998) Singles "Girls Ain't Nothing but Trouble" "A Nightmare on My Street" "Parents Just Don't Understand" "I Think I Can Beat Mike Tyson" "Yo Home to Bel Air" "Summertime" "Ring My Bell" "The Things That U Do" "You Saw My Blinker" "Boom! Shake the Room" "I'm Looking for the One (To Be with Me)" "Lovely Daze" Related articles Discography Ready Rock C The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group This 1980s hip hop album-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Jazzy_Jeff_%26_The_Fresh_Prince"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz"},{"link_name":"funk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funk"},{"link_name":"RIAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIAA"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Best Rap Performance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_Rap_Performance"},{"link_name":"I Think I Can Beat Mike Tyson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Think_I_Can_Beat_Mike_Tyson"},{"link_name":"Young MC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_MC"},{"link_name":"Bust a Move","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bust_a_Move_(song)"},{"link_name":"Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_Rap_Performance_by_a_Duo_or_Group"},{"link_name":"Quincy Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quincy_Jones"},{"link_name":"Big Daddy Kane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Daddy_Kane"},{"link_name":"Ice-T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice-T"},{"link_name":"Kool Moe Dee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kool_Moe_Dee"},{"link_name":"Melle Mel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melle_Mel"},{"link_name":"Quincy Jones III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quincy_Jones_III"},{"link_name":"Back on the Block","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_on_the_Block"}],"text":"And in This Corner… is the third studio album released by MC/DJ duo DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince. The album was released in October 1989, reaching #39 on the US Billboard 200 albums chart. The album was not released on Compact Disc in the UK. However, it was available on this format in most of Europe.For the album, the duo took influence from jazz and funk alongside their typical repertoire. They utilized trumpets, saxes, and flutes. Lyrical concepts are fully developed, and set between the comical and crowd concepts. Smith said later that most of the recording time was spent partying in the Bahamas rather than working, and that the record suffered for their lack of discipline. Upon its release, the album was a commercial success as it sold over half a million copies, and was certified Gold by the RIAA. However, compared to the duo's previous work, the album was considered a letdown, only selling half as many copies.[4]Nevertheless, the album received two Grammy Awards nominations including Best Rap Performance for their first single \"I Think I Can Beat Mike Tyson\" in 1990 (which lost to Young MC's \"Bust a Move\") and Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group for the album itself in 1991 (which lost to Quincy Jones, Big Daddy Kane, Ice-T, Kool Moe Dee, Melle Mel & Quincy Jones III's \"Back on the Block\").","title":"And in This Corner..."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"I Think I Can Beat Mike Tyson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Think_I_Can_Beat_Mike_Tyson"}],"text":"\"Then She Bit Me\" - 3:35\n\"I Think I Can Beat Mike Tyson\" - 4:49\n\"Jazzy's Groove\" - 3:43\n\"Everything That Glitters (Ain't Always Gold)\" - 4:17\n\"You Got It (Donut)\" - 4:56\n\"The Girlie Had a Mustache\" - 4:32\n\"The Reverend\" - 4:31\n\"Who Stole My Car?\" - 4:57\n\"The Men of Your Dreams\" - 4:52\n\"Numero Uno\" - 4:08\n\"Too Damn Hype\" - 5:41\n\"Jeff Waz on the Beat Box\" - 5:42","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Mohawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mohawks"},{"link_name":"Funky Drummer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funky_Drummer"},{"link_name":"James Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Brown"},{"link_name":"Nautilus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautilus_(song)"},{"link_name":"Bob James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_James_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Mikey Dread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikey_Dread"},{"link_name":"Eric B. Is President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_B._Is_President"},{"link_name":"Eric B. & Rakim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_B._%26_Rakim"},{"link_name":"Bring the Noise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bring_the_Noise"},{"link_name":"Public Enemy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Enemy_(group)"},{"link_name":"The Olympic Runners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Olympic_Runners"},{"link_name":"Funkadelic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funkadelic"},{"link_name":"James Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Brown"},{"link_name":"Think (About It)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Think_(About_It)"},{"link_name":"Lyn Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyn_Collins"},{"link_name":"Fred Wesley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Wesley"},{"link_name":"The J.B.'s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_J.B.%27s"},{"link_name":"Dance to the Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_to_the_Music_(song)"},{"link_name":"Sly & the Family Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sly_%26_the_Family_Stone"},{"link_name":"Good Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Times_(Chic_song)"},{"link_name":"Chic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chic_(band)"},{"link_name":"Billy Squier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Squier"},{"link_name":"Run-DMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run-DMC"},{"link_name":"The J.B.'s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_J.B.%27s"},{"link_name":"Funky President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funky_President"},{"link_name":"James Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Brown"},{"link_name":"Bobby Byrd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Byrd"},{"link_name":"Eric B. Is President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_B._Is_President"},{"link_name":"Eric B. & Rakim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_B._%26_Rakim"},{"link_name":"Public Enemy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Enemy_(group)"},{"link_name":"Fab 5 Freddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fab_5_Freddy"}],"text":"Jazzy's Groove\"The Champ\" by The Mohawks\n\"Funky Drummer\" by James Brown\n\"Synthetic Substitution\" by Melvin Bliss\n\"Nautilus\" by Bob James\n\"Saturday Night Style\" by Mikey Dread\n\"Eric B. Is President\" by Eric B. & Rakim\n\"Bring the Noise\" by Public EnemyJeff Waz on the Beatbox\"Put the Music Where Your Mouth Is\" by The Olympic Runners\n\"Sing Sing\" by Gaz\n\"You'll Like It Too\" by FunkadelicThe Girlie Had a Mustache\"Escape-Ism\" by James Brown\n\"Think (About It)\" by Lyn Collins\n\"You Can Have Watergate Just Gimme Some Bucks and I'll Be Straight\" by Fred Wesley and The J.B.'s\n\"Bounce, Rock, Skate, Roll\" by Vaughan Mason and CrewThe Reverend\"Dance to the Music\" by Sly & the Family Stone\n\"Good Times\" by ChicToo Damn Hype\"The Big Beat\" by Billy Squier\n\"Here We Go (Live at the Funhouse)\" by Run-DMCWho Stole My Car?\"The Grunt\" by The J.B.'s\n\"Funky President\" by James BrownYou Got It (Donut)\"I Know You Got Soul\" by Bobby Byrd\n\"Eric B. Is President\" by Eric B. & RakimNumero Uno\"Public Enemy No. 1\" by Public EnemyThe Men of Your Dreams\"Change the Beat (Female Version)\" by Fab 5 Freddy feat. Beeside","title":"Samples"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Chart positions","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Ron Wynn (1989-10-31). \"And in This Corner... - DJ Jazzy Jeff & the Fresh Prince \| Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards\". AllMusic. Retrieved 2014-05-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/and-in-this-corner-mw0000200911","url_text":"\"And in This Corner... - DJ Jazzy Jeff & the Fresh Prince \| Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"CG: dj jazzy jeff\". Robert Christgau. Retrieved 2014-05-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.robertchristgau.com/get_artist.php?name=dj+jazzy+jeff","url_text":"\"CG: dj jazzy jeff\""}]},{"reference":"\"DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Princ - And In This Corner CD Album\". Cduniverse.com. 1989-10-31. Retrieved 2014-05-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cduniverse.com/productinfo.asp?pid=1004575&style=music","url_text":"\"DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Princ - And In This Corner CD Album\""}]},{"reference":"\"And In This Corner...\" geniusrap.com. Retrieved February 20, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://geniusrap.com/old-school-rap/dj-jazzy-jeff-and-the-fresh-prince-and-in-this-corner.html","url_text":"\"And In This Corner...\""}]},{"reference":"Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988–2010. Mt. Martha, VIC, Australia: Moonlight Publishing.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Canadian album certifications – D.J. Jazzy Jeff and The Fresh Prince – And in This Corner\". Music Canada.","urls":[{"url":"https://musiccanada.com/gold-platinum/?_gp_search=And+in+This+Corner%20D.J.+Jazzy+Jeff+and+The+Fresh+Prince","url_text":"\"Canadian album certifications – D.J. Jazzy Jeff and The Fresh Prince – And in This Corner\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Canada","url_text":"Music Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"American album certifications – DJ Jazzy Jeff & Fresh Prince – And in This Corner\". Recording Industry Association of America.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=DJ+Jazzy+Jeff+%26+Fresh+Prince&ti=And+in+This+Corner&format=Album&type=#search_section","url_text":"\"American album certifications – DJ Jazzy Jeff & Fresh Prince – And in This Corner\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America","url_text":"Recording Industry Association of America"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/and-in-this-corner-mw0000200911","external_links_name":"\"And in This Corner... - DJ Jazzy Jeff & the Fresh Prince \| Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards\""},{"Link":"http://www.robertchristgau.com/get_artist.php?name=dj+jazzy+jeff","external_links_name":"\"CG: dj jazzy jeff\""},{"Link":"http://www.cduniverse.com/productinfo.asp?pid=1004575&style=music","external_links_name":"\"DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Princ - And In This Corner CD Album\""},{"Link":"http://geniusrap.com/old-school-rap/dj-jazzy-jeff-and-the-fresh-prince-and-in-this-corner.html","external_links_name":"\"And In This Corner...\""},{"Link":"https://musiccanada.com/gold-platinum/?_gp_search=And+in+This+Corner%20D.J.+Jazzy+Jeff+and+The+Fresh+Prince","external_links_name":"\"Canadian album certifications – D.J. Jazzy Jeff and The Fresh Prince – And in This Corner\""},{"Link":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=DJ+Jazzy+Jeff+%26+Fresh+Prince&ti=And+in+This+Corner&format=Album&type=#search_section","external_links_name":"\"American album certifications – DJ Jazzy Jeff & Fresh Prince – And in This Corner\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/aa323d4d-221b-3a39-9ebb-5d1fc71ab431","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=And_in_This_Corner...&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DMSO_reductase	DMSO reductase	["1 Tertiary structure and active site","2 Mechanism","3 Cellular location and regulation","4 Environmental impact","5 References"]	Dimethylsulfoxide reductaseIdentifiersEC no.1.8.5.3DatabasesIntEnzIntEnz viewBRENDABRENDA entryExPASyNiceZyme viewKEGGKEGG entryMetaCycmetabolic pathwayPRIAMprofilePDB structuresRCSB PDB PDBe PDBsumSearchPMCarticlesPubMedarticlesNCBIproteins DMSO reductase is a molybdenum-containing enzyme that catalyzes reduction of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to dimethyl sulfide (DMS). This enzyme serves as the terminal reductase under anaerobic conditions in some bacteria, with DMSO being the terminal electron acceptor. During the course of the reaction, the oxygen atom in DMSO is transferred to molybdenum, and then reduced to water. The reaction catalyzed by DMSO reductase. DMSO reductase (DMSOR) and other members of the DMSO reductase family are unique to bacteria and archaea. Enzymes of this family in anaerobic oxidative phosphorylation and inorganic-donor-based lithotrophic respiration. These enzymes have been engineered to degrade oxoanions. DMSOR catalyzes the transfer of two electrons and one oxygen atom in the reaction: The active site of DMSOR contains molybdenum, which is otherwise rare in biology. Tertiary structure and active site Tertiary structure of DMSOR shows four domains surrounding the active site and cofactors (orange) Active site ligand coordination of fully oxidized (Mo VI) DMSOR: two pyranopterindithiolene ligands, a serine-147 residue ligand, and an oxo-group ligand Two orientations of active site of fully reduced (Mo IV) DMSOR: red Mo IV core, yellow/orange pyranopterindithiolene-GMP ligand, blue serine-147 residue ligand, pink unbound DMSO substrate As for other members of DMSO reductase family, the tertiary structure of DMSOR is composed of Mo-surrounding domains I-IV, with domain IV heavily interacting with pyranopterindithiolene Mo-cofactors (P- and Q-pterin) of the active site. Members of the DMSO reductase family differ in terms of their active sites. In the case of DMSOR, the Mo center is found to two dithiolene provided by two pyranopterin cofactors. These organic cofactors, called molybdopterins, are linked to GMP to create a dinucleotide form. An additional fifth cap-like ligand is the side-chain O of serine-147 residue, further classifying the enzyme as Type III DMSO reductase. InType I and II serine is replaced by cysteine and aspartate residues, respectively. Depending on the redox state of the Mo, which fluctuates between IV, V, or VI as the reaction progresses, the active site Mo core can also be ligated to an oxygen atom of an aqua-, hydroxo-, or oxo-group, respectively. Studies have shown that the particular identity of the amino-acid used to coordinate the Mo core greatly influences Mo redox midpoint potential and protonation state of the oxygen-group ligation, which are key determinants in the enzyme's mechanism for catalysis. Mechanism Initial isotopic DMSO18 studies established a double-oxotransferase mechanism for DMSOR of R. sphaeroides. In this mechanism the labeled O18 is transferred from substrate to Mo, which then transfers the O18 to 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane (PTA) to yield PTAO18. In an analogous mechanism, DMSO transfers O to Mo, and the resulting Mo(VI)O center is reduced, yielding water. Studies on synthetic Mo bis-dithiolene complexes suggest that be oxygen-transfer, electron transfer. Using S K-edge XAS and DFT, these model studies point to concerted S-O scission and electron transfer. Rates are proportion to decreasing substrate X-O bond strength and increasing substrate proton affinity. X-ray crystallography established that the overall tertiary structure of the enzyme remains constant through the reaction progression. However, several different experiments conducted on DMSOR of R. sphaeroides reported different results for the coordination activity of the four potential dithiolene ligands. While one x-ray crystallography investigation concluded equidistant coordination of all four Mo-S ligands in the oxidized form, which is supported by numerous x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) studies, a different study characterized asymmetrical Mo-S distances. Both studies as well as electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies have predicted that the Mo active site is highly flexible in terms of position and degree of potential ligand coordinations. The data that suggested two significantly asymmetric pyranopterin cofactors were used to propose a reaction mechanism. In the fully oxidized Mo VI form of the active site, the oxo-group and serine ligands were coordinated at 1.7 A distances from the Mo center. S1 and S2 of the P-pterin and S1 of the Q-pterin were locationed 2.4 A away from the Mo, and S2 of Q-pterin was located 3.1 A away. This pterin asymmetry may be the result of the trans-effect of the oxo-group weakening the S2-Mo bond, which is located directly opposite the oxo-group. In contrast, the structure of the fully reduced Mo IV form of the active site showed S1 and S2 P-pterin and S1 Q-pterin maintained full coordination, however the S2 of the Q-pterin shifted away from the metal center, indicating decreased coordination. This shift in ligand-Mo bond length is consistent with the proposed mechanism of direct oxygen transfer from the DMSO substrate to the Mo. A weaker dithiolene coordination in the reduced enzyme form could facilitate direct binding of the S=O. In the reduction of Mo and protonation of the oxo-group, it is proposed that a cytochrome electron source could bind to a depression above the active site and directly reduce the Mo center, or alternatively this cytochrome could bind to a well-solvated polypeptide loop in proximity to the Q-pterin, and Q-pterin could mediate this electron transfer. Proposed catalytic mechanism of DMSO reductase Cellular location and regulation In R. sphaeroides, DMSOR is a single-subunit, water-soluble protein that requires no additional cofactors beyond pterin. In E. coli, DMSOR is embedded within the membrane and has three unique subunits, one of which includes the characteristic pterin cofactor, another which contains four 4Fe:4S clusters, and a final transmembrane subunit that binds and oxidizes menaquinol. The transfer of an e- from menaquinol to the 4Fe:4S clusters and finally to the pterin-Mo active site generates a proton gradient used for ATP generation. DMSOR regulated predominantly at a transcriptional level. It is encoded by the dor gene and expressed when activated by a signal cascade, which is under the regulation of DorS, DorR, and DorC proteins. A study of lacZ fusions (reporter genes) to corresponding dorS, dorR, and dorC promoters concluded that expression of DorR and DorC increased in reduced oxygen environments, but DorS expression was unaffected by oxygen concentration. DorC expression also increased with increasing concentrations of DMSO. Environmental impact DMS, a product of DMSOR, is a component of the sulfur cycle. DMS is oxidized to Methanesulfonates, which nucleate cloud condensation over open oceans, where the alternative source of nucleation, dust, is absent. Cloud formation is a key component in increasing earth's albedo and regulating atmospheric temperature, thus this enzyme and the reaction it catalyzes could prove helpful on the climate control frontier. References ^ Kappler U, Schäfer H (2014). "Chapter 11. Transformations of Dimethylsulfide". In Kroneck PM, Torres ME (eds.). The Metal-Driven Biogeochemistry of Gaseous Compounds in the Environment. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Vol. 14. Springer. pp. 279–313. doi:10.1007/978-94-017-9269-1_11. ISBN 978-94-017-9268-4. PMID 25416398. ^ a b c d McEwan AG, Kappler U (2004). "The DMSO Reductase Family of Microbial Molybdenum Enzymes" (PDF). Australian Biochemist. 35 (3): 17–20. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-03-07. Retrieved 2014-02-27. ^ a b c d e McEwan AG, Ridge JP, McDevitt CA, Hugenholtz P (2002). "The DMSO Reductase Family of Microbial Molybdenum Enzymes; Molecular Properties and Role in the Dissimilatory Reduction of Toxic Elements". Geomicrobiology Journal. 19 (1): 3–21. Bibcode:2002GmbJ...19....3M. doi:10.1080/014904502317246138. S2CID 85091949. ^ PDB: 1DMS; Schneider F, Löwe J, Huber R, Schindelin H, Kisker C, Knäblein J (October 1996). "Crystal structure of dimethyl sulfoxide reductase from Rhodobacter capsulatus at 1.88 A resolution". Journal of Molecular Biology. 263 (1): 53–69. doi:10.1006/jmbi.1996.0555. PMID 8890912. ^ PDB: 4DMR; McAlpine AS, McEwan AG, Bailey S (January 1998). "The high resolution crystal structure of DMSO reductase in complex with DMSO". Journal of Molecular Biology. 275 (4): 613–23. doi:10.1006/jmbi.1997.1513. PMID 9466935. ^ Schultz BE, Hille R, Holm RH (1995), "Direct oxygen atom transfer in the mechanism of action of Rhodobacter sphaeroides dimethyl sulfoxide reductase", Journal of the American Chemical Society, 117 (2): 827–828, doi:10.1021/ja00107a031, ISSN 0002-7863 ^ a b c d e Kisker C, Schindelin H, Rees DC (1997). "Molybdenum-cofactor-containing enzymes: structure and mechanism" (PDF). Annual Review of Biochemistry. 66: 233–67. doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.66.1.233. PMID 9242907. ^ Tenderholt AL, Wang JJ, Szilagyi RK, Holm RH, Hodgson KO, Hedman B, Solomon EI (June 2010). "Sulfur K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy and density functional calculations on Mo(IV) and Mo(VI)=O bis-dithiolenes: insights into the mechanism of oxo transfer in DMSO reductase and related functional analogues". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 132 (24): 8359–71. doi:10.1021/ja910369c. PMC 2907113. PMID 20499905. ^ McAlpine AS, McEwan AG, Shaw AL, Bailey S (1997). "Molybdenum active centre of DMSO reductase from Rhodobacter capsulatus: crystal structure of the oxidised enzyme at 1.82-A resolution and the dithionite-reduced enzyme at 2.8-A resolution". Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry. 2 (6): 690–701. doi:10.1007/s007750050185. S2CID 23027986. ^ Gunsalus RP (November 1992). "Control of electron flow in Escherichia coli: coordinated transcription of respiratory pathway genes". Journal of Bacteriology. 174 (22): 7069–74. doi:10.1128/jb.174.22.7069-7074.1992. PMC 207394. PMID 1331024. ^ Sarkar B (21 March 2002). Heavy Metals In The Environment. CRC Press. p. 456. ISBN 978-0-8247-4475-5. vteOxidoreductases: sulfur oxidoreductases (EC 1.8)1.8.1: NAD or NADP Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase Glutathione reductase Thioredoxin reductase 1.8.2: cytochrome Sulfite dehydrogenase Thiosulfate dehydrogenase Flavocytochrome c sulfide dehydrogenase 1.8.3: oxygen Sulfite oxidase 1.8.4: disulfide Glutathione—homocystine transhydrogenase 1.8.5: quinone Glutathione dehydrogenase (ascorbate) 1.8.98: Other, known CoB—CoM heterodisulfide reductase 1.8.99: Other Sulfite reductase vteEnzymesActivity Active site Binding site Catalytic triad Oxyanion hole Enzyme promiscuity Diffusion-limited enzyme Cofactor Enzyme catalysis Regulation Allosteric regulation Cooperativity Enzyme inhibitor Enzyme activator Classification EC number Enzyme superfamily Enzyme family List of enzymes Kinetics Enzyme kinetics Eadie–Hofstee diagram Hanes–Woolf plot Lineweaver–Burk plot Michaelis–Menten kinetics Types EC1 Oxidoreductases (list) EC2 Transferases (list) EC3 Hydrolases (list) EC4 Lyases (list) EC5 Isomerases (list) EC6 Ligases (list) EC7 Translocases (list) Portal: Biology	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"molybdenum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybdenum"},{"link_name":"dimethyl sulfoxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethyl_sulfoxide"},{"link_name":"dimethyl sulfide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethyl_sulfide"},{"link_name":"reductase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidoreductase"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DMSO_reductase_reaction.png"},{"link_name":"archaea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea"},{"link_name":"oxidative phosphorylation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidative_phosphorylation"},{"link_name":"lithotrophic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithotroph"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-REF1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-REF2-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-REF1-2"}],"text":"DMSO reductase is a molybdenum-containing enzyme that catalyzes reduction of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to dimethyl sulfide (DMS). This enzyme serves as the terminal reductase under anaerobic conditions in some bacteria, with DMSO being the terminal electron acceptor. During the course of the reaction, the oxygen atom in DMSO is transferred to molybdenum, and then reduced to water.The reaction catalyzed by DMSO reductase.DMSO reductase (DMSOR) and other members of the DMSO reductase family are unique to bacteria and archaea. Enzymes of this family in anaerobic oxidative phosphorylation and inorganic-donor-based lithotrophic respiration. These enzymes have been engineered to degrade oxoanions.[1][2][3]\nDMSOR catalyzes the transfer of two electrons and one oxygen atom in the reaction: The active site of DMSOR contains molybdenum, which is otherwise rare in biology.[2]","title":"DMSO reductase"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dmsostructure.jpg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SchneiderLoewe1998-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Activesite.jpg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-REF2-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pymolactivesite.jpg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McalpineBailey1998-5"},{"link_name":"Mo-cofactors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybdenum_cofactor"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-REF1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-REF2-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-REF2-3"},{"link_name":"dithiolene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dithiolene"},{"link_name":"molybdopterins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybdopterin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-REF1-2"}],"text":"Tertiary structure of DMSOR shows four domains surrounding the active site and cofactors (orange)[4]Active site ligand coordination of fully oxidized (Mo VI) DMSOR: two pyranopterindithiolene ligands, a serine-147 residue ligand, and an oxo-group ligand [3]Two orientations of active site of fully reduced (Mo IV) DMSOR: red Mo IV core, yellow/orange pyranopterindithiolene-GMP ligand, blue serine-147 residue ligand, pink unbound DMSO substrate[5]As for other members of DMSO reductase family, the tertiary structure of DMSOR is composed of Mo-surrounding domains I-IV, with domain IV heavily interacting with pyranopterindithiolene Mo-cofactors (P- and Q-pterin) of the active site.[2][3] Members of the DMSO reductase family differ in terms of their active sites.[3] In the case of DMSOR, the Mo center is found to two dithiolene provided by two pyranopterin cofactors. These organic cofactors, called molybdopterins, are linked to GMP to create a dinucleotide form. An additional fifth cap-like ligand is the side-chain O of serine-147 residue, further classifying the enzyme as Type III DMSO reductase. InType I and II serine is replaced by cysteine and aspartate residues, respectively. Depending on the redox state of the Mo, which fluctuates between IV, V, or VI as the reaction progresses, the active site Mo core can also be ligated to an oxygen atom of an aqua-, hydroxo-, or oxo-group, respectively. Studies have shown that the particular identity of the amino-acid used to coordinate the Mo core greatly influences Mo redox midpoint potential and protonation state of the oxygen-group ligation, which are key determinants in the enzyme's mechanism for catalysis.[2]","title":"Tertiary structure and active site"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SchultzHille1995-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-REF5-7"},{"link_name":"dithiolene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dithiolene"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TenderholtWang2010-8"},{"link_name":"X-ray crystallography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_crystallography"},{"link_name":"R. sphaeroides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodobacter_sphaeroides"},{"link_name":"x-ray absorption spectroscopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_absorption_spectroscopy"},{"link_name":"electron paramagnetic resonance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_paramagnetic_resonance"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-REF5-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-REF6-9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-REF5-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-REF5-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DMSO_reductase_proposed_mechanism.jpg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-REF2-3"}],"text":"Initial isotopic DMSO18 studies established a double-oxotransferase mechanism for DMSOR of R. sphaeroides. In this mechanism the labeled O18 is transferred from substrate to Mo, which then transfers the O18 to 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane (PTA) to yield PTAO18.[6] In an analogous mechanism, DMSO transfers O to Mo, and the resulting Mo(VI)O center is reduced, yielding water.[7]Studies on synthetic Mo bis-dithiolene complexes suggest that be oxygen-transfer, electron transfer. Using S K-edge XAS and DFT, these model studies point to concerted S-O scission and electron transfer. Rates are proportion to decreasing substrate X-O bond strength and increasing substrate proton affinity.[8]X-ray crystallography established that the overall tertiary structure of the enzyme remains constant through the reaction progression. However, several different experiments conducted on DMSOR of R. sphaeroides reported different results for the coordination activity of the four potential dithiolene ligands. While one x-ray crystallography investigation concluded equidistant coordination of all four Mo-S ligands in the oxidized form, which is supported by numerous x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) studies, a different study characterized asymmetrical Mo-S distances. Both studies as well as electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies have predicted that the Mo active site is highly flexible in terms of position and degree of potential ligand coordinations.[7][9]The data that suggested two significantly asymmetric pyranopterin cofactors were used to propose a reaction mechanism. In the fully oxidized Mo VI form of the active site, the oxo-group and serine ligands were coordinated at 1.7 A distances from the Mo center. S1 and S2 of the P-pterin and S1 of the Q-pterin were locationed 2.4 A away from the Mo, and S2 of Q-pterin was located 3.1 A away. This pterin asymmetry may be the result of the trans-effect of the oxo-group weakening the S2-Mo bond, which is located directly opposite the oxo-group.[7]In contrast, the structure of the fully reduced Mo IV form of the active site showed S1 and S2 P-pterin and S1 Q-pterin maintained full coordination, however the S2 of the Q-pterin shifted away from the metal center, indicating decreased coordination. This shift in ligand-Mo bond length is consistent with the proposed mechanism of direct oxygen transfer from the DMSO substrate to the Mo. A weaker dithiolene coordination in the reduced enzyme form could facilitate direct binding of the S=O. In the reduction of Mo and protonation of the oxo-group, it is proposed that a cytochrome electron source could bind to a depression above the active site and directly reduce the Mo center, or alternatively this cytochrome could bind to a well-solvated polypeptide loop in proximity to the Q-pterin, and Q-pterin could mediate this electron transfer.[7]Proposed catalytic mechanism of DMSO reductase[3]","title":"Mechanism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"E. coli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_coli"},{"link_name":"4Fe:4S clusters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron-sulfur_protein"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-REF5-7"},{"link_name":"lacZ fusions (reporter genes)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reporter_gene"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gunsalus1992-10"}],"text":"In R. sphaeroides, DMSOR is a single-subunit, water-soluble protein that requires no additional cofactors beyond pterin. In E. coli, DMSOR is embedded within the membrane and has three unique subunits, one of which includes the characteristic pterin cofactor, another which contains four 4Fe:4S clusters, and a final transmembrane subunit that binds and oxidizes menaquinol. The transfer of an e- from menaquinol to the 4Fe:4S clusters and finally to the pterin-Mo active site generates a proton gradient used for ATP generation.[7]DMSOR regulated predominantly at a transcriptional level. It is encoded by the dor gene and expressed when activated by a signal cascade, which is under the regulation of DorS, DorR, and DorC proteins. A study of lacZ fusions (reporter genes) to corresponding dorS, dorR, and dorC promoters concluded that expression of DorR and DorC increased in reduced oxygen environments, but DorS expression was unaffected by oxygen concentration. DorC expression also increased with increasing concentrations of DMSO.[10]","title":"Cellular location and regulation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sulfur cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_cycle"},{"link_name":"Methanesulfonates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanesulfonic_acid"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sarkar2002-11"}],"text":"DMS, a product of DMSOR, is a component of the sulfur cycle. DMS is oxidized to Methanesulfonates, which nucleate cloud condensation over open oceans, where the alternative source of nucleation, dust, is absent. Cloud formation is a key component in increasing earth's albedo and regulating atmospheric temperature, thus this enzyme and the reaction it catalyzes could prove helpful on the climate control frontier.[11]","title":"Environmental impact"}]	[{"image_text":"The reaction catalyzed by DMSO reductase.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/DMSO_reductase_reaction.png/500px-DMSO_reductase_reaction.png"},{"image_text":"Tertiary structure of DMSOR shows four domains surrounding the active site and cofactors (orange)[4]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Dmsostructure.jpg"},{"image_text":"Active site ligand coordination of fully oxidized (Mo VI) DMSOR: two pyranopterindithiolene ligands, a serine-147 residue ligand, and an oxo-group ligand [3]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Activesite.jpg"},{"image_text":"Two orientations of active site of fully reduced (Mo IV) DMSOR: red Mo IV core, yellow/orange pyranopterindithiolene-GMP ligand, blue serine-147 residue ligand, pink unbound DMSO substrate[5]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Pymolactivesite.jpg"},{"image_text":"Proposed catalytic mechanism of DMSO reductase[3]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/DMSO_reductase_proposed_mechanism.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Kappler U, Schäfer H (2014). \"Chapter 11. Transformations of Dimethylsulfide\". In Kroneck PM, Torres ME (eds.). The Metal-Driven Biogeochemistry of Gaseous Compounds in the Environment. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Vol. 14. Springer. pp. 279–313. doi:10.1007/978-94-017-9269-1_11. ISBN 978-94-017-9268-4. PMID 25416398.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-017-9269-1_11","url_text":"10.1007/978-94-017-9269-1_11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-017-9268-4","url_text":"978-94-017-9268-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25416398","url_text":"25416398"}]},{"reference":"McEwan AG, Kappler U (2004). \"The DMSO Reductase Family of Microbial Molybdenum Enzymes\" (PDF). Australian Biochemist. 35 (3): 17–20. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-03-07. Retrieved 2014-02-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140307233036/http://asbmb.org.au/magazine/2004-December_Issue%2035-3/Showcase%204%20-%20McEwan%20and%20Kappler.pdf","url_text":"\"The DMSO Reductase Family of Microbial Molybdenum Enzymes\""},{"url":"http://www.asbmb.org.au/magazine/2004-December_Issue%2035-3/Showcase%204%20-%20McEwan%20and%20Kappler.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"McEwan AG, Ridge JP, McDevitt CA, Hugenholtz P (2002). \"The DMSO Reductase Family of Microbial Molybdenum Enzymes; Molecular Properties and Role in the Dissimilatory Reduction of Toxic Elements\". Geomicrobiology Journal. 19 (1): 3–21. Bibcode:2002GmbJ...19....3M. doi:10.1080/014904502317246138. S2CID 85091949.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002GmbJ...19....3M","url_text":"2002GmbJ...19....3M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F014904502317246138","url_text":"10.1080/014904502317246138"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85091949","url_text":"85091949"}]},{"reference":"Schneider F, Löwe J, Huber R, Schindelin H, Kisker C, Knäblein J (October 1996). \"Crystal structure of dimethyl sulfoxide reductase from Rhodobacter capsulatus at 1.88 A resolution\". Journal of Molecular Biology. 263 (1): 53–69. doi:10.1006/jmbi.1996.0555. PMID 8890912.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fjmbi.1996.0555","url_text":"10.1006/jmbi.1996.0555"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8890912","url_text":"8890912"}]},{"reference":"McAlpine AS, McEwan AG, Bailey S (January 1998). \"The high resolution crystal structure of DMSO reductase in complex with DMSO\". Journal of Molecular Biology. 275 (4): 613–23. doi:10.1006/jmbi.1997.1513. PMID 9466935.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fjmbi.1997.1513","url_text":"10.1006/jmbi.1997.1513"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9466935","url_text":"9466935"}]},{"reference":"Schultz BE, Hille R, Holm RH (1995), \"Direct oxygen atom transfer in the mechanism of action of Rhodobacter sphaeroides dimethyl sulfoxide reductase\", Journal of the American Chemical Society, 117 (2): 827–828, doi:10.1021/ja00107a031, ISSN 0002-7863","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja00107a031","url_text":"10.1021/ja00107a031"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-7863","url_text":"0002-7863"}]},{"reference":"Kisker C, Schindelin H, Rees DC (1997). \"Molybdenum-cofactor-containing enzymes: structure and mechanism\" (PDF). Annual Review of Biochemistry. 66: 233–67. doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.66.1.233. PMID 9242907.","urls":[{"url":"https://authors.library.caltech.edu/630/1/KISarb97.pdf","url_text":"\"Molybdenum-cofactor-containing enzymes: structure and mechanism\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.biochem.66.1.233","url_text":"10.1146/annurev.biochem.66.1.233"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9242907","url_text":"9242907"}]},{"reference":"Tenderholt AL, Wang JJ, Szilagyi RK, Holm RH, Hodgson KO, Hedman B, Solomon EI (June 2010). \"Sulfur K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy and density functional calculations on Mo(IV) and Mo(VI)=O bis-dithiolenes: insights into the mechanism of oxo transfer in DMSO reductase and related functional analogues\". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 132 (24): 8359–71. doi:10.1021/ja910369c. PMC 2907113. PMID 20499905.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2907113","url_text":"\"Sulfur K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy and density functional calculations on Mo(IV) and Mo(VI)=O bis-dithiolenes: insights into the mechanism of oxo transfer in DMSO reductase and related functional analogues\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja910369c","url_text":"10.1021/ja910369c"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2907113","url_text":"2907113"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20499905","url_text":"20499905"}]},{"reference":"McAlpine AS, McEwan AG, Shaw AL, Bailey S (1997). \"Molybdenum active centre of DMSO reductase from Rhodobacter capsulatus: crystal structure of the oxidised enzyme at 1.82-A resolution and the dithionite-reduced enzyme at 2.8-A resolution\". Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry. 2 (6): 690–701. doi:10.1007/s007750050185. S2CID 23027986.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs007750050185","url_text":"10.1007/s007750050185"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23027986","url_text":"23027986"}]},{"reference":"Gunsalus RP (November 1992). \"Control of electron flow in Escherichia coli: coordinated transcription of respiratory pathway genes\". Journal of Bacteriology. 174 (22): 7069–74. doi:10.1128/jb.174.22.7069-7074.1992. PMC 207394. PMID 1331024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC207394","url_text":"\"Control of electron flow in Escherichia coli: coordinated transcription of respiratory pathway genes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128%2Fjb.174.22.7069-7074.1992","url_text":"10.1128/jb.174.22.7069-7074.1992"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC207394","url_text":"207394"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1331024","url_text":"1331024"}]},{"reference":"Sarkar B (21 March 2002). Heavy Metals In The Environment. CRC Press. p. 456. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiral_Cruises	Admiral Cruises	["1 History","2 Fleet","3 See also","4 References"]	Admiral CruisesCompany typeCruise LineFounded1986Defunct1992FateDissolvedHeadquartersMiami, Florida, United StatesParentRoyal Caribbean Cruise Lines 1988-1992 Admiral Cruises was a cruise line that operated cruises on the Eastern and Western coasts of the United States. It was formed in 1986 as a merger of three small cruise lines and was acquired by Royal Caribbean Cruise Line in 1988. The brand was discontinued in 1992 and its ships were retired and sold. History In 1986, Admiral Cruises was formed as a merger of three small cruise lines: Eastern Cruise Lines, Western Cruise Lines, and Sundance Cruise Lines. Each line only operated one ship. At its peak, it had a fleet of three ships, the Azure Seas, the Emerald Seas, and the Stardancer. In 1988, the cruise line announced it had ordered a new cruise ship called the Future Seas. Admiral Cruises merged with Royal Caribbean Cruise Lines in 1988. Shortly after the merger, the order for the Future Seas was transferred to Royal Caribbean and became the Nordic Empress when it was completed in 1990. In 1990, the Stardancer was transferred to Royal Caribbean becoming the Viking Serenade. In late 1991, Royal Caribbean decided to end the brand. The Azure Seas and the Emerald Seas were retired and sold off between 1991 and 1992. Fleet Ship Built Entered Service Admiral Cruises Tonnage Notes Image Azure Seas 1955 1986–1992 20,204 GRT Acquired from the merger of Western Cruise Lines. Sold to Dolphin Cruise Line in 1992. Later sold for scrap In 2003. Emerald Seas 1944 1986-1992 24,458 GRT Acquired from the merger of Eastern Cruise Lines. Sold off in 1992. Later sold for scrap in 2004. Stardancer 1982 1986-1990 26,747 GRT Acquired from the merger of Sundance Cruise Lines. Transferred to Royal Caribbean Cruise Lines in 1990 and became the Viking Serenade. Later sold for scrap in 2018. Future Seas 1990 Never Operated For Admiral Cruises 48,563 GRT Ordered by Admiral Cruises in 1988. Transferred to Royal Caribbean Cruise Lines to become the Nordic Empress. Later became the Empress of the Seas. Sold to Cordelia Cruises in 2020 and is currently in service as the Empress. . See also Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd. References ^ "Admiral Cruise Lines". Simplonpc. Retrieved 20 August 2017. ^ "Admiral Cruises Plans To Build Fourth Vessel". Sun-Sentinel. Retrieved 20 August 2017. ^ "About Royal Caribbean: Our History". Royal Caribbean Shipboard Careers. Retrieved 20 August 2017. ^ "Admiral Cruises Giving Up The Ships At Port". Sun-Sentinel. Retrieved 20 August 2017. ^ "Rebooted Indian Cruise Line Emerges as Buyer of Empress of the Seas". The Maritime Executive. Retrieved 3 February 2023. ^ DeLaurentis, Jenna (2 December 2022). "What happened to Royal Caribbean's first cruise ships?". Royal Caribbean Blog. Retrieved 3 February 2023.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cruise line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_line"},{"link_name":"Royal Caribbean Cruise Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Caribbean_Cruise_Line"}],"text":"Admiral Cruises was a cruise line that operated cruises on the Eastern and Western coasts of the United States. It was formed in 1986 as a merger of three small cruise lines and was acquired by Royal Caribbean Cruise Line in 1988. The brand was discontinued in 1992 and its ships were retired and sold.","title":"Admiral Cruises"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eastern Cruise Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Steamship_Lines"},{"link_name":"Western Cruise Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Western_Cruise_Lines&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sundance Cruise Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sundance_Cruise_Lines&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"In 1986, Admiral Cruises was formed as a merger of three small cruise lines: Eastern Cruise Lines, Western Cruise Lines, and Sundance Cruise Lines. Each line only operated one ship.[1] At its peak, it had a fleet of three ships, the Azure Seas, the Emerald Seas, and the Stardancer. In 1988, the cruise line announced it had ordered a new cruise ship called the Future Seas.[2] Admiral Cruises merged with Royal Caribbean Cruise Lines in 1988.[3] Shortly after the merger, the order for the Future Seas was transferred to Royal Caribbean and became the Nordic Empress when it was completed in 1990. In 1990, the Stardancer was transferred to Royal Caribbean becoming the Viking Serenade. In late 1991, Royal Caribbean decided to end the brand. The Azure Seas and the Emerald Seas were retired and sold off between 1991 and 1992.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Fleet"}]	[]	[{"title":"Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Caribbean_Cruises_Ltd."}]	[{"reference":"\"Admiral Cruise Lines\". Simplonpc. Retrieved 20 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.simplonpc.co.uk/EasternCruiseLinesPCs.html","url_text":"\"Admiral Cruise Lines\""}]},{"reference":"\"Admiral Cruises Plans To Build Fourth Vessel\". Sun-Sentinel. Retrieved 20 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1988-01-03/features/8801010194_1_emerald-seas-ship-admiral-cruises","url_text":"\"Admiral Cruises Plans To Build Fourth Vessel\""}]},{"reference":"\"About Royal Caribbean: Our History\". Royal Caribbean Shipboard Careers. Retrieved 20 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.royalcareersatsea.com/pages/about","url_text":"\"About Royal Caribbean: Our History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Admiral Cruises Giving Up The Ships At Port\". Sun-Sentinel. Retrieved 20 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1991-12-04/business/9102200115_1_admiral-cruises-emerald-seas-royal-caribbean-cruises","url_text":"\"Admiral Cruises Giving Up The Ships At Port\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rebooted Indian Cruise Line Emerges as Buyer of Empress of the Seas\". The Maritime Executive. Retrieved 3 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.maritime-executive.com/article/rebooted-indian-cruise-line-emerges-as-buyer-of-empress-of-the-seas","url_text":"\"Rebooted Indian Cruise Line Emerges as Buyer of Empress of the Seas\""}]},{"reference":"DeLaurentis, Jenna (2 December 2022). \"What happened to Royal Caribbean's first cruise ships?\". Royal Caribbean Blog. Retrieved 3 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.royalcaribbeanblog.com/2022/12/02/what-happened-royal-caribbeans-first-cruise-ships","url_text":"\"What happened to Royal Caribbean's first cruise ships?\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.simplonpc.co.uk/EasternCruiseLinesPCs.html","external_links_name":"\"Admiral Cruise Lines\""},{"Link":"http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1988-01-03/features/8801010194_1_emerald-seas-ship-admiral-cruises","external_links_name":"\"Admiral Cruises Plans To Build Fourth Vessel\""},{"Link":"http://www.royalcareersatsea.com/pages/about","external_links_name":"\"About Royal Caribbean: Our History\""},{"Link":"http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1991-12-04/business/9102200115_1_admiral-cruises-emerald-seas-royal-caribbean-cruises","external_links_name":"\"Admiral Cruises Giving Up The Ships At Port\""},{"Link":"https://www.maritime-executive.com/article/rebooted-indian-cruise-line-emerges-as-buyer-of-empress-of-the-seas","external_links_name":"\"Rebooted Indian Cruise Line Emerges as Buyer of Empress of the Seas\""},{"Link":"https://www.royalcaribbeanblog.com/2022/12/02/what-happened-royal-caribbeans-first-cruise-ships","external_links_name":"\"What happened to Royal Caribbean's first cruise ships?\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamkar	Kamkar	["1 References"]	Kamkar (Persian and Arabic spelling: کامکار ) is a Persian surname. It consists of two binding words Kam, translated to "success" or "luck" and Kar, translated to "work" or "business". The meaning of the surname Kamkar is "Successful" but could also be interpreted to "Successful in his/her actions or career". Notable people with the surname include: Kamkar Companies, a diversified holding company headquartered in New York City The Kamkars, musical ensemble in Iran Mohammad Kamkar, first Iranian Nuclear Medicine physician. Specialized in Internal medicine, Cardiology and Nuclear Medicine from Harvard and Johns Hopkins universities in United States, and Shiraz University, Shiraz Samy Kamkar, American privacy and security researcher, computer hacker, whistleblower and entrepreneur Mariam Kamkar, Professor in Software Engineering and Head of the Department of Computer and Information Science, Linköping University, Sweden References ^ "Home". dictionary-farsi.com. ^ "Home". kamkar.com. ^ Mariam Kamkar Surname listThis page lists people with the surname Kamkar. If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name(s) to the link.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kamkar Companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kamkar_Companies&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"The Kamkars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kamkars"},{"link_name":"Mohammad Kamkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohammad_Kamkar&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"first Iranian Nuclear Medicine physician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_contemporary_Iranian_scientists,_scholars,_and_engineers"},{"link_name":"Samy Kamkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samy_Kamkar"},{"link_name":"Mariam Kamkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mariam_Kamkar&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Notable people with the surname include:Kamkar Companies, a diversified holding company headquartered in New York City[2]\nThe Kamkars, musical ensemble in Iran\nMohammad Kamkar, first Iranian Nuclear Medicine physician. Specialized in Internal medicine, Cardiology and Nuclear Medicine from Harvard and Johns Hopkins universities in United States, and Shiraz University, Shiraz\nSamy Kamkar, American privacy and security researcher, computer hacker, whistleblower and entrepreneur\nMariam Kamkar, Professor in Software Engineering and Head of the Department of Computer and Information Science, Linköping University, Sweden[3]","title":"Kamkar"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Home\". dictionary-farsi.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dictionary-farsi.com/","url_text":"\"Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home\". kamkar.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kamkar.com/","url_text":"\"Home\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.dictionary-farsi.com/","external_links_name":"\"Home\""},{"Link":"http://www.kamkar.com/","external_links_name":"\"Home\""},{"Link":"http://www.ida.liu.se/~marka/","external_links_name":"Mariam Kamkar"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Kamkar&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_image	Negative (photography)	["1 Negative image","2 Negative film","3 Negative images and digital processing","4 References","5 External links"]	Image on photographic film Color positive picture (A) and negative (B), monochrome positive picture (C) and negative (D) In photography, a negative is an image, usually on a strip or sheet of transparent plastic film, in which the lightest areas of the photographed subject appear darkest and the darkest areas appear lightest. This reversed order occurs because the extremely light-sensitive chemicals a camera film must use to capture an image quickly enough for ordinary picture-taking are darkened, rather than bleached, by exposure to light and subsequent photographic processing. In the case of color negatives, the colors are also reversed into their respective complementary colors. Typical color negatives have an overall dull orange tint due to an automatic color-masking feature that ultimately results in improved color reproduction. Negatives are normally used to make positive prints on photographic paper by projecting the negative onto the paper with a photographic enlarger or making a contact print. The paper is also darkened in proportion to its exposure to light, so a second reversal results which restores light and dark to their normal order. Negatives were once commonly made on a thin sheet of glass rather than a plastic film, and some of the earliest negatives were made on paper. Transparent positive prints can be made by printing a negative onto special positive film, as is done to make traditional motion picture film prints for use in theaters. Some films used in cameras are designed to be developed by reversal processing, which produces the final positive, instead of a negative, on the original film. Positives on film or glass are known as transparencies or diapositives, and if mounted in small frames designed for use in a slide projector or magnifying viewer they are commonly called slides. Negative image Picture showing a dust storm during the Dust Bowl period, Texas Panhandle, TX A negative of the previous image. Curiously, it appears to be the original photo. Positive color Negative color A positive image is a normal image. A negative image is a total inversion, in which light areas appear dark and vice versa. A negative color image is additionally color-reversed, with red areas appearing cyan, greens appearing magenta, and blues appearing yellow, and vice versa. Under a phenomenon known as the ‘negative picture illusion’, a negative image can be briefly experienced by the human visual system where an afterimage persists subsequent to a prolonged gaze. Film negatives usually have less contrast, but a wider dynamic range, than the final printed positive images. The contrast typically increases when they are printed onto photographic paper. When negative film images are brought into the digital realm, their contrast may be adjusted at the time of scanning or, more usually, during subsequent post-processing. Negative film Main article: Photographic film A strip of four color negatives on 35 mm film that show some images of what looks like a fire hydrant, street lights etc. Film for cameras that use the 35 mm still format is sold as a long strip of emulsion-coated and perforated plastic spooled in a light-tight cassette. Before each exposure, a mechanism inside the camera is used to pull an unexposed area of the strip out of the cassette and into position behind the camera lens. When all exposures have been made the strip is rewound into the cassette. After the film is chemically developed, the strip shows a series of small negative images. It is usually then cut into sections for easier handling. Medium format cameras use 120 film, which yields a strip of negatives 60 mm wide, and large format cameras capture each image on a single sheet of film which may be as large as 20 x 25 cm (8 x 10 inches) or even larger. Each of these photographed images may be referred to as a negative and an entire strip or set of images may be collectively referred to as "the negatives". They are the master images, from which all positive prints will derive, so they are handled and stored with special care. Many photographic processes create negative images: the chemicals involved react when exposed to light, so that during development they produce deposits of microscopic dark silver particles or colored dyes in proportion to the amount of exposure. However, when a negative image is created from a negative image (just like multiplying two negative numbers in mathematics) a positive image results. This makes most chemical-based photography a two-step process, which uses negative film and ordinary processing. Special films and development processes have been devised so that positive images can be created directly on the film; these are called positive, or slide, or (perhaps confusingly) reversal films and reversal processing. Despite the market's evolution away from film, there is still a desire and market for products which allow fine art photographers to produce negatives from digital images for their use in alternative processes such as cyanotypes, gum bichromate, platinum prints, and many others. Such negative images, however, can have less permanence and less accuracy in reproduction than their digital counterparts. Negative images and digital processing Color positive picture (A); color negative, luminance positive (B); color positive, luminance negative (C); and full negative (D). A negative image can allow a different perception of an everyday scene perhaps highlighting spatial relationships and details that are less obvious in the positive image. For example, the photographer Andrew Prokos has produced an award-winning series of photographs under the “inverted” banner. The advent of digital image processing has expanded the possibilities. In a physical photograph the colour and luminance can only be inverted in tandem, but digital processing allows each to be inverted separately. If the hue of an image is rotated by 180 degrees, then the colour of the image is inverted but not its luminance. The negative of such an image has the luminance inverted but not the colour. Whereas a physical image can be either ‘inverted’ or ‘not inverted’, a digital image can exhibit a partial degree of colour inversion in so far as the hue can be altered by plus or minus some number of degrees which is greater than zero degrees but less than 180 degrees. References ^ "Negative - National Portrait Gallery". www.npg.org.uk. Retrieved 13 August 2023. ^ "Orange in Negative Film \| Shutha". shutha.org. Archived from the original on 8 September 2023. ^ "What is a Negative?". Ilford Photo. 28 March 2017. Retrieved 13 August 2023. ^ "Photos from Negatives: A Snapshot in the History of Photography". Southtree. ^ Raso, Michael (30 October 2021). "Negative Film vs Reversal (Positive) Film? What's the Difference?". The Film Photography Project. ^ Padova, Ted; Murdock, Kelly L. (11 February 2008). Adobe Creative Suite 3 Bible. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0470130674. Retrieved 2 November 2017. ^ "How to Scan B&W Negatives: Adjusting Levels". The Aware Writer. 17 December 2009. ^ "HP Introduces Large Format Photo Negative Application for Fine-art Quality Professional Photo Edition". Bespoke News Archive. 6 July 2010. Retrieved 2 November 2017. ^ "Negatives \| Deterioration and Preservation of Negatives, Autochromes, and Lantern Slides \| Articles and Essays \| Genthe Collection \| Digital Collections \| Library of Congress". Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. Retrieved 7 September 2023. ^ "IPA 2020 Winner / Inverted / Andrew Prokos Fine Art / Andrew Prokos". photoawards.com. Retrieved 14 August 2023. ^ Johnson, Terry (11 July 2022). "Colour Inversion in Photoshop". Medium. Retrieved 13 August 2023. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Negative photography. Scanning film negatives (Hebrew) at the Wayback Machine (archived 28 June 2012) vtePhotographyEquipment Camera light-field digital field instant pinhole press rangefinder SLR still TLR toy view Darkroom enlarger safelight Drone Film base format holder stock available films discontinued films Filter Flash beauty dish cucoloris gobo hot shoe lens hood monolight reflector snoot softbox Lens long-focus prime zoom wide-angle fisheye swivel telephoto Manufacturers Monopod Movie projector Slide projector Tripod head Zone plate Terminology 35 mm equivalent focal length Angle of view Aperture Backscatter Black-and-white Chromatic aberration Circle of confusion Color balance Color temperature Depth of field Depth of focus Exposure Exposure compensation Exposure value Zebra patterning F-number Film format large medium Film speed Focal length Guide number Hyperfocal distance Lens flare Metering mode Perspective distortion Photograph Photographic printing Albumen Photographic processes Reciprocity Red-eye effect Science of photography Shutter speed Sync Zone System Genres Abstract Aerial Aircraft Architectural Astrophotography Banquet Candid Conceptual Conservation Cloudscape Documentary Eclipse Ethnographic Erotic Fashion Fine-art Fire Forensic Glamour High-speed Landscape Nature Neues Sehen Nude Photojournalism Pictorialism Pornography Portrait Post-mortem Ruins Selfie Social documentary Sports Still life Stock Straight photography Street Toy camera Underwater Vernacular Wedding Wildlife Techniques Afocal Bokeh Brenizer Burst mode Contre-jour Cyanotype ETTR Fill flash Fireworks Harris shutter High-speed Holography Infrared Intentional camera movement Kirlian Kite aerial Lo-fi photography Long-exposure Luminogram Macro Mordançage Multiple exposure Multi-exposure HDR capture Night Panning Panoramic Photogram Print toning Pigeon photography Redscale Rephotography Rollout Scanography Schlieren photography Sabattier effect Slow motion Stereoscopy Stopping down Strip Slit-scan Sun printing Tilt–shift Miniature faking Time-lapse Ultraviolet Vignetting Xerography Zoom burst Composition Diagonal method Framing Headroom Lead room Rule of thirds Simplicity Golden triangle (composition) History Timeline of photography technology Ambrotype Analog photography Autochrome Lumière Box camera Calotype Camera obscura Daguerreotype Dufaycolor Heliography Painted photography backdrops Photography and the law Glass plate Tintype Visual arts Regional Albania Bangladesh Canada China Denmark Greece India Japan Korea Luxembourg Norway Philippines Serbia Slovenia Sudan Taiwan Turkey Ukraine United States Uzbekistan Vietnam Digital photography Digital camera D-SLR comparison MILC camera back Digiscoping Comparison of digital and film photography Film scanner Image sensor CMOS APS CCD Three-CCD camera Foveon X3 sensor Image sharing Pixel Color photography Color Print film Chromogenic print Reversal film Color management color space primary color CMYK color model RGB color model Photographicprocessing Bleach bypass C-41 process Collodion process Cross processing Developer Digital image processing Dye coupler E-6 process Fixer Gelatin silver process Gum printing Instant film K-14 process Print permanence Push processing Stop bath Lists Most expensive photographs Museums devoted to one photographer Photographs considered the most important Photographers Norwegian Polish street women Related Conservation and restoration of photographs film photographic plates Lomography Polaroid art Stereoscopy Category Outline Authority control databases: National Spain France BnF data Germany Israel United States Latvia Czech Republic	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pozytyw_i_negatyw.jpg"},{"link_name":"photography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography"},{"link_name":"image","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photograph"},{"link_name":"plastic film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_film"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"photographic processing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_processing"},{"link_name":"color","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color"},{"link_name":"complementary colors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complementary_color"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"photographic enlarger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_enlarger"},{"link_name":"contact print","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact_print"},{"link_name":"exposure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposure_(photography)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"on a thin sheet of glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_plate"},{"link_name":"some of the earliest negatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calotype"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"positive film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Release_print"},{"link_name":"motion picture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture"},{"link_name":"reversal processing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reversal_film"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"slide projector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slide_projector"},{"link_name":"magnifying viewer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slide_viewer"}],"text":"Color positive picture (A) and negative (B), monochrome positive picture (C) and negative (D)In photography, a negative is an image, usually on a strip or sheet of transparent plastic film, in which the lightest areas of the photographed subject appear darkest and the darkest areas appear lightest.[1] This reversed order occurs because the extremely light-sensitive chemicals a camera film must use to capture an image quickly enough for ordinary picture-taking are darkened, rather than bleached, by exposure to light and subsequent photographic processing.In the case of color negatives, the colors are also reversed into their respective complementary colors. Typical color negatives have an overall dull orange tint due to an automatic color-masking feature that ultimately results in improved color reproduction.[2]Negatives are normally used to make positive prints on photographic paper by projecting the negative onto the paper with a photographic enlarger or making a contact print. The paper is also darkened in proportion to its exposure to light, so a second reversal results which restores light and dark to their normal order.[3]Negatives were once commonly made on a thin sheet of glass rather than a plastic film, and some of the earliest negatives were made on paper.[4]Transparent positive prints can be made by printing a negative onto special positive film, as is done to make traditional motion picture film prints for use in theaters. Some films used in cameras are designed to be developed by reversal processing, which produces the final positive, instead of a negative, on the original film.[5] Positives on film or glass are known as transparencies or diapositives, and if mounted in small frames designed for use in a slide projector or magnifying viewer they are commonly called slides.","title":"Negative (photography)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dust_bowl,_Texas_Panhandle,_TX_fsa.8b27276_edit.jpg"},{"link_name":"dust storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dust_storm"},{"link_name":"Dust Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dust_Bowl"},{"link_name":"Texas Panhandle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Panhandle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dust_bowl,_Texas_Panhandle,_TX_fsa.8b27276_negative.jpg"},{"link_name":"positive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_(photography)"},{"link_name":"color-reversed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complementary_colors"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"afterimage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afterimage"},{"link_name":"dynamic range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_range#photography"},{"link_name":"photographic paper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_paper"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Picture showing a dust storm during the Dust Bowl period, Texas Panhandle, TXA negative of the previous image. Curiously, it appears to be the original photo.A positive image is a normal image. A negative image is a total inversion, in which light areas appear dark and vice versa. A negative color image is additionally color-reversed,[6] with red areas appearing cyan, greens appearing magenta, and blues appearing yellow, and vice versa.Under a phenomenon known as the ‘negative picture illusion’, a negative image can be briefly experienced by the human visual system where an afterimage persists subsequent to a prolonged gaze.Film negatives usually have less contrast, but a wider dynamic range, than the final printed positive images. The contrast typically increases when they are printed onto photographic paper. When negative film images are brought into the digital realm, their contrast may be adjusted at the time of scanning or, more usually, during subsequent post-processing.[7]","title":"Negative image"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Filmstrip.jpg"},{"link_name":"35 mm film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/35mm_format"},{"link_name":"fire hydrant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_hydrant"},{"link_name":"street lights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_light"},{"link_name":"35 mm still format","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/135_film"},{"link_name":"emulsion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_emulsion"},{"link_name":"plastic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic"},{"link_name":"exposure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposure_(photography)"},{"link_name":"camera lens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_lens"},{"link_name":"developed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_processing"},{"link_name":"Medium format","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_format_(film)"},{"link_name":"120 film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/120_film"},{"link_name":"large format","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_format_(photography)"},{"link_name":"negative numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_numbers"},{"link_name":"negative film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_print_film"},{"link_name":"ordinary processing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-41_process"},{"link_name":"reversal films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reversal_film"},{"link_name":"reversal processing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-6_process"},{"link_name":"cyanotypes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanotype"},{"link_name":"gum bichromate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gum_bichromate"},{"link_name":"platinum prints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinum_prints"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"A strip of four color negatives on 35 mm film that show some images of what looks like a fire hydrant, street lights etc.Film for cameras that use the 35 mm still format is sold as a long strip of emulsion-coated and perforated plastic spooled in a light-tight cassette. Before each exposure, a mechanism inside the camera is used to pull an unexposed area of the strip out of the cassette and into position behind the camera lens. When all exposures have been made the strip is rewound into the cassette. After the film is chemically developed, the strip shows a series of small negative images. It is usually then cut into sections for easier handling. Medium format cameras use 120 film, which yields a strip of negatives 60 mm wide, and large format cameras capture each image on a single sheet of film which may be as large as 20 x 25 cm (8 x 10 inches) or even larger. Each of these photographed images may be referred to as a negative and an entire strip or set of images may be collectively referred to as \"the negatives\". They are the master images, from which all positive prints will derive, so they are handled and stored with special care.Many photographic processes create negative images: the chemicals involved react when exposed to light, so that during development they produce deposits of microscopic dark silver particles or colored dyes in proportion to the amount of exposure. However, when a negative image is created from a negative image (just like multiplying two negative numbers in mathematics) a positive image results. This makes most chemical-based photography a two-step process, which uses negative film and ordinary processing. Special films and development processes have been devised so that positive images can be created directly on the film; these are called positive, or slide, or (perhaps confusingly) reversal films and reversal processing.Despite the market's evolution away from film, there is still a desire and market for products which allow fine art photographers to produce negatives from digital images for their use in alternative processes such as cyanotypes, gum bichromate, platinum prints, and many others.[8] Such negative images, however, can have less permanence and less accuracy in reproduction than their digital counterparts.[9]","title":"Negative film"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NegativeTypes.jpg"},{"link_name":"Andrew Prokos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Prokos"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"digital image processing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_image_processing"},{"link_name":"hue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hue"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Color positive picture (A); color negative, luminance positive (B); color positive, luminance negative (C); and full negative (D).A negative image can allow a different perception of an everyday scene perhaps highlighting spatial relationships and details that are less obvious in the positive image. For example, the photographer Andrew Prokos has produced an award-winning series of photographs under the “inverted” banner.[10] The advent of digital image processing has expanded the possibilities. In a physical photograph the colour and luminance can only be inverted in tandem, but digital processing allows each to be inverted separately. If the hue of an image is rotated by 180 degrees, then the colour of the image is inverted but not its luminance. The negative of such an image has the luminance inverted but not the colour. Whereas a physical image can be either ‘inverted’ or ‘not inverted’, a digital image can exhibit a partial degree of colour inversion[11] in so far as the hue can be altered by plus or minus some number of degrees which is greater than zero degrees but less than 180 degrees.","title":"Negative images and digital processing"}]	[{"image_text":"Color positive picture (A) and negative (B), monochrome positive picture (C) and negative (D)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Pozytyw_i_negatyw.jpg/220px-Pozytyw_i_negatyw.jpg"},{"image_text":"Picture showing a dust storm during the Dust Bowl period, Texas Panhandle, TX","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Dust_bowl%2C_Texas_Panhandle%2C_TX_fsa.8b27276_edit.jpg/220px-Dust_bowl%2C_Texas_Panhandle%2C_TX_fsa.8b27276_edit.jpg"},{"image_text":"A negative of the previous image. Curiously, it appears to be the original photo.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Dust_bowl%2C_Texas_Panhandle%2C_TX_fsa.8b27276_negative.jpg/220px-Dust_bowl%2C_Texas_Panhandle%2C_TX_fsa.8b27276_negative.jpg"},{"image_text":"A strip of four color negatives on 35 mm film that show some images of what looks like a fire hydrant, street lights etc.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Filmstrip.jpg/70px-Filmstrip.jpg"},{"image_text":"Color positive picture (A); color negative, luminance positive (B); color positive, luminance negative (C); and full negative (D).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NegativeTypes.jpg/220px-NegativeTypes.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Negative - National Portrait Gallery\". www.npg.org.uk. Retrieved 13 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/explore/glossary-of-art-terms/negative","url_text":"\"Negative - National Portrait Gallery\""}]},{"reference":"\"Orange in Negative Film \| Shutha\". shutha.org. Archived from the original on 8 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230908005129/https://shutha.org/node/814","url_text":"\"Orange in Negative Film \| Shutha\""},{"url":"https://shutha.org/node/814#:~:text=The%20Cyan%20and%20Yellow%20have,orange%20cast%20to%20the%20film.","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"What is a Negative?\". Ilford Photo. 28 March 2017. Retrieved 13 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ilfordphoto.com/what-is-a-negative/","url_text":"\"What is a Negative?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Photos from Negatives: A Snapshot in the History of Photography\". Southtree.","urls":[{"url":"https://southtree.com/blogs/artifact/photos-from-negatives-a-snapshot-in-the-history-of-photography","url_text":"\"Photos from Negatives: A Snapshot in the History of Photography\""}]},{"reference":"Raso, Michael (30 October 2021). \"Negative Film vs Reversal (Positive) Film? What's the Difference?\". The Film Photography Project.","urls":[{"url":"https://filmphotographyproject.com/negative-film-vs-reversal-positive-film-whats-the-difference/","url_text":"\"Negative Film vs Reversal (Positive) Film? What's the Difference?\""}]},{"reference":"Padova, Ted; Murdock, Kelly L. (11 February 2008). Adobe Creative Suite 3 Bible. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0470130674. Retrieved 2 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rFGT92vh6ZcC&q=inverse+complementary+colours&pg=PA340","url_text":"Adobe Creative Suite 3 Bible"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0470130674","url_text":"978-0470130674"}]},{"reference":"\"How to Scan B&W Negatives: Adjusting Levels\". The Aware Writer. 17 December 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://awarewriter.wordpress.com/2009/12/16/how-to-scan-bw-negatives-adjusting-levels/","url_text":"\"How to Scan B&W Negatives: Adjusting Levels\""}]},{"reference":"\"HP Introduces Large Format Photo Negative Application for Fine-art Quality Professional Photo Edition\". Bespoke News Archive. 6 July 2010. Retrieved 2 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.bespoke.co.uk/press-room?option=com_content&view=article&id=1921","url_text":"\"HP Introduces Large Format Photo Negative Application for Fine-art Quality Professional Photo Edition\""}]},{"reference":"\"Negatives \| Deterioration and Preservation of Negatives, Autochromes, and Lantern Slides \| Articles and Essays \| Genthe Collection \| Digital Collections \| Library of Congress\". Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. Retrieved 7 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.loc.gov/collections/genthe/articles-and-essays/deterioration-and-preservation-of-negatives-autochromes-and-lantern-slides/negatives/","url_text":"\"Negatives \| Deterioration and Preservation of Negatives, Autochromes, and Lantern Slides \| Articles and Essays \| Genthe Collection \| Digital Collections \| Library of Congress\""}]},{"reference":"\"IPA 2020 Winner / Inverted / Andrew Prokos Fine Art / Andrew Prokos\". photoawards.com. Retrieved 14 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.photoawards.com/winner/zoom.php?eid=8-203787-20","url_text":"\"IPA 2020 Winner / Inverted / Andrew Prokos Fine Art / Andrew Prokos\""}]},{"reference":"Johnson, Terry (11 July 2022). \"Colour Inversion in Photoshop\". Medium. Retrieved 13 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://medium.com/@terence.johnson/colour-inversion-in-photoshop-13c42d98f3cf","url_text":"\"Colour Inversion in Photoshop\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/explore/glossary-of-art-terms/negative","external_links_name":"\"Negative - National Portrait Gallery\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230908005129/https://shutha.org/node/814","external_links_name":"\"Orange in Negative Film \| Shutha\""},{"Link":"https://shutha.org/node/814#:~:text=The%20Cyan%20and%20Yellow%20have,orange%20cast%20to%20the%20film.","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.ilfordphoto.com/what-is-a-negative/","external_links_name":"\"What is a Negative?\""},{"Link":"https://southtree.com/blogs/artifact/photos-from-negatives-a-snapshot-in-the-history-of-photography","external_links_name":"\"Photos from Negatives: A Snapshot in the History of Photography\""},{"Link":"https://filmphotographyproject.com/negative-film-vs-reversal-positive-film-whats-the-difference/","external_links_name":"\"Negative Film vs Reversal (Positive) Film? 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Payne_(artist)	Henry Payne (artist)	["1 Early years and studies","2 Birmingham School educator","3 Stained glass and painting","4 St Loe's Guild","5 Personal life","6 References","7 External links"]	For Henry Payne's works, see List of works by Henry Payne. Henry PayneSelf portrait (circa 1890)Born1868Kings Heath, Birmingham, EnglandDied1940NationalityEnglishEducationBirmingham School of Art, also under Christopher WhallKnown forStained glass Henry Albert Payne RWS, also known as "Henry Arthur Payne", (1868 – 4 July 1940) was a British stained glass artist, watercolourist and painter of frescoes. Payne was one of the Birmingham Group of Artist-Craftsmen who formed around Joseph Southall and the Birmingham School of Art in the late nineteenth century. He was involved in several of the group's collective projects, most notably the decoration of the chapel at Madresfield Court, which numbers among the seminal achievements of the Arts and Crafts movement. Early years and studies Choosing the Red and White Roses in the Temple Garden (1908–10), pen and watercolour, gouache, gold-leaf and oil. Born in the King's Heath area of Birmingham, Payne studied under Edward R. Taylor at the Birmingham School of Art, where he was one of the students commissioned to paint a series of murals under Taylor's supervision for the redecoration of Birmingham Town Hall - the first "outward and visible sign of the rise to fame and importance of the Birmingham School". Birmingham School educator In 1899, Payne was appointed to the School's staff, initially as a teacher of drawing and painting, but increasingly concentrating through the 1890s on the design of stained glass. In 1900, he installed a glass kiln at the school and studied stained glass manufacture in London under Christopher Whall so that, in the Arts and Crafts tradition, design and manufacture could be taught as an integrated process. Among his outstanding students was Margaret Agnes Rope. Stained glass and painting From at least 1904 onwards, he established an independent business designing and manufacturing stained glass, producing large and notable works for churches such as E. S. Prior's St Andrew's, Roker, St Martin's, Kensal Rise, St Mary's, Madresfield and J. L. Pearson's St Alban's, Bordesley. In common with most of the Birmingham Group he worked across a wide variety of media, producing book illustrations for the Birmingham Guild of Handicraft and interior decoration for the Bromsgrove Guild of Applied Arts. Although most prolific in stained glass, Payne's most notable achievements were arguably in the field of decorative painting. Between 1902 and 1923 he worked on the wall paintings of the chapel at Madresfield Court near Malvern in Worcestershire. Painted as fresco in tempera and sitting alongside work by other figures of the Birmingham Arts and Crafts movement such as William Bidlake, Georgie Gaskin and Charles March Gere, Madresfield Court is "not only Payne's most important scheme of decorative painting, but probably the most famous of all such Arts and Crafts schemes." West Window, Hook Church: The "Good Shepherd" window by Henry Payne. A mix of a typical English country scene, with lambs and a stream, but with lions behind the wicker fence and a biblical king complete with what appears to be a zither. In 1908, he was commissioned to produce a wall painting for the later stages of the decoration of the Palace of Westminster. His work Plucking the Red and White Roses in the Old Temple Gardens - an allegory on the Wars of the Roses - now hangs in the Palace's East Corridor. Payne also painted landscapes in watercolour, exhibiting at the Royal Academy from 1899 to 1935 and being elected a member of the Royal Watercolour Society in 1920. See also: List of works by Henry Payne St Loe's Guild In Amberley, Payne continued producing work in fresco and stained glass, and in 1912 established St Loe's Guild, initially modelled in the Arts and Crafts tradition on the Bromsgrove Guild, though ultimately little more than a vehicle for his own works. Personal life In 1909, Payne and his family moved to Amberley in Gloucestershire, one of several significant Arts and Crafts figures to move to the Cotswolds. References ^ "Payne, Henry Arthur, Sometimes Albert". Benezit Dictionary of Artists. 31 October 2011. doi:10.1093/benz/9780199773787.article.B00137421. ^ Madresfield Court The Elmley Foundation. Accessed 30 October 2018. ^ a b c Breeze, George: "Decorative Painting" in Crawford, Alan (ed): By Hammer and Hand : the Arts and Crafts Movement in Birmingham, Birmingham Museums and Art Gallery, 1984 pp 62-65 ^ a b Harrison, Martin: "Stained Glass: Windows on another World" in Crawford, Alan (ed): By Hammer and Hand : the Arts and Crafts Movement in Birmingham, Birmingham Museums and Art Gallery, 1984 pp 120-123 ^ a b "Henry Arthur Payne (1868-1940)" in Christian, John (ed): The Last Romantics: The Romantic Tradition in British Art - Burne-Jones to Stanley Spencer. London, Lund Humphries Publishers, 1993 ISBN 0-85331-552-3 ^ Henry A. Payne (1868 - 1940) The Modernist Journals Project for students and scholars of modernism. Accessed 30 October 2018. External links Biography for Henry Payne Birmingham Museums & Art Gallery Henry Payne Stained Glass Work At Birmingham School Of Art History West Midlands vteBritish and Irish stained glass British and Irish stained glass (1811–1918) History Architecture of cathedrals and great churches History of stained glass Medieval stained glass Poor Man's Bible Regional characteristics of European cathedral architecture InfluencesArtistic movements Aesthetic Movement Arts and Crafts Movement Biblia pauperum Cambridge Camden Society Classicism Early Renaissance Exoticism Gothic Revival Oxford Movement Romanticism Organisations The Glass House Hogarth Club Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood PeopleArchitectural John Loughborough Pearson Augustus Pugin George Gilbert Scott Alexander Thomson Artists Carl Almquist works Edward Liddall Armitage Hugh Arnold William Burges Alfred E. Child Margaret Chilton Brian Clarke Harry Clarke Walter Francis Clokey Charles Edmund Clutterbuck Trena Cox Louis Davis works Rachel de Montmorency Alfred Drury Mabel Esplin Moira Forsyth Wilhelmina Geddes Jane Gray Reginald Hallward works Herbert Hendrie James Humphries Hogan Evie Hone Joan Howson works Edward Holmes Jewitt works Marjorie Kemp Charles Eamer Kempe Mary Lowndes William Morris Catherine O’Brien Karl Parsons works Henry Payne works Lilian Josephine Pocock John Piper Patrick Pollen Sarah Purser Ethel Rhind Arnold Wathen Robinson works Arild Rosenkrantz Francis Skeat works Caroline Townshend works Christopher Webb Geoffrey Webb works Nathaniel Westlake Christopher Whall works Veronica Whall works Thomas Willement William Wilson Paul Woodroffe works Edward Woore works British stained-glass artists Irish stained-glass artists Critics Martin Harrison John Ruskin Manufacturers An Túr Gloine Barton, Kinder and Alderson Burlison and Grylls Harry Clarke Clayton and Bell Walter Francis Clokey Daniel Cottier John Hardman & Co. Heaton, Butler and Bayne Hincks and Burnell Lavers, Barraud and Westlake Morris & Co. James Powell and Sons Shrigley and Hunt William Wailes William Warrington Examples Canterbury Cathedral Coventry Cathedral Fairford stained glass York Minster My Four Green Fields Images Admiral Apostles Biblical Bishop Fleur-de-lis Heraldry Prophet Saint Virtues Terminology Architectural glass Art glass Beveled glass Came glasswork Cathedral glass Curvilinear coordinates Float glass Glass art Glass beadmaking Glassblowing Grisaille Lancet window Leadlight Mandorla Mullion Pontil Quatrefoil Rose window Roundel Stained glass Stained glass conservation Studio glass Tracery Commons: United Kingdom Ireland vteChristopher WhallWorks List of works Gloucester Cathedral War Memorial windows Scotland works Cathedrals and Minster windows Followers Arnold Wathen Robinson Caroline Townshend Edward Woore (works) Henry Payne (works) Hugh Arnold Karl Parsons (works) Lilian Josephine Pocock Louis Davis (works) Mabel Esplin Margaret Chilton Marjorie Kemp Paul Woodroffe (works) Rachel de Montmorency Reginald Hallward (works) Veronica Whall (works) Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Artists Musée d'Orsay RKD Artists ULAN	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of works by Henry Payne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_works_by_Henry_Payne"},{"link_name":"RWS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Watercolour_Society"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"stained glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stained_glass"},{"link_name":"watercolourist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watercolour"},{"link_name":"frescoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresco"},{"link_name":"Birmingham Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_Group_(artists)"},{"link_name":"Joseph Southall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Southall"},{"link_name":"Birmingham School of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_School_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Madresfield Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madresfield_Court"},{"link_name":"Arts and Crafts movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_movement"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"For Henry Payne's works, see List of works by Henry Payne.Henry Albert Payne RWS, also known as \"Henry Arthur Payne\",[1] (1868 – 4 July 1940) was a British stained glass artist, watercolourist and painter of frescoes.Payne was one of the Birmingham Group of Artist-Craftsmen who formed around Joseph Southall and the Birmingham School of Art in the late nineteenth century. He was involved in several of the group's collective projects, most notably the decoration of the chapel at Madresfield Court, which numbers among the seminal achievements of the Arts and Crafts movement.[2]","title":"Henry Payne (artist)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Choosing_the_Red_and_White_Roses.jpg"},{"link_name":"King's Heath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Heath"},{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham"},{"link_name":"Edward R. 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Taylor at the Birmingham School of Art, where he was one of the students commissioned to paint a series of murals under Taylor's supervision for the redecoration of Birmingham Town Hall - the first \"outward and visible sign of the rise to fame and importance of the Birmingham School\".[3]","title":"Early years and studies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stained glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stained_glass"},{"link_name":"Christopher Whall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Whall"},{"link_name":"Arts and Crafts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_movement"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-harrison-4"},{"link_name":"Margaret Agnes Rope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Agnes_Rope"}],"text":"In 1899, Payne was appointed to the School's staff, initially as a teacher of drawing and painting, but increasingly concentrating through the 1890s on the design of stained glass. In 1900, he installed a glass kiln at the school and studied stained glass manufacture in London under Christopher Whall so that, in the Arts and Crafts tradition, design and manufacture could be taught as an integrated process.[4] Among his outstanding students was Margaret Agnes Rope.","title":"Birmingham School educator"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"E. S. Prior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._S._Prior"},{"link_name":"St Andrew's, Roker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Andrew%27s_Church,_Roker"},{"link_name":"J. L. Pearson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Loughborough_Pearson"},{"link_name":"St Alban's, Bordesley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Alban_the_Martyr,_Birmingham"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-harrison-4"},{"link_name":"Birmingham Guild of Handicraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_Guild_of_Handicraft"},{"link_name":"Bromsgrove Guild of Applied Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromsgrove_Guild_of_Applied_Arts"},{"link_name":"Madresfield Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madresfield_Court"},{"link_name":"Malvern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malvern,_Worcestershire"},{"link_name":"fresco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresco"},{"link_name":"tempera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempera"},{"link_name":"William Bidlake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bidlake"},{"link_name":"Georgie Gaskin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgie_Gaskin"},{"link_name":"Charles March Gere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_March_Gere"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-breeze-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:West_Window,_Hook_Church_-_geograph.org.uk_-_685266.jpg"},{"link_name":"Palace of Westminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster"},{"link_name":"Plucking the Red and White Roses in the Old Temple Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plucking_the_Red_and_White_Roses_in_the_Old_Temple_Gardens"},{"link_name":"Wars of the Roses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses"},{"link_name":"landscapes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape"},{"link_name":"watercolour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watercolour"},{"link_name":"Royal Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lastromantics-5"},{"link_name":"Royal Watercolour Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Watercolour_Society"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"List of works by Henry Payne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_works_by_Henry_Payne"}],"text":"From at least 1904 onwards, he established an independent business designing and manufacturing stained glass, producing large and notable works for churches such as E. S. Prior's St Andrew's, Roker, St Martin's, Kensal Rise, St Mary's, Madresfield and J. L. Pearson's St Alban's, Bordesley.[4]In common with most of the Birmingham Group he worked across a wide variety of media, producing book illustrations for the Birmingham Guild of Handicraft and interior decoration for the Bromsgrove Guild of Applied Arts. Although most prolific in stained glass, Payne's most notable achievements were arguably in the field of decorative painting. Between 1902 and 1923 he worked on the wall paintings of the chapel at Madresfield Court near Malvern in Worcestershire. Painted as fresco in tempera and sitting alongside work by other figures of the Birmingham Arts and Crafts movement such as William Bidlake, Georgie Gaskin and Charles March Gere, Madresfield Court is \"not only Payne's most important scheme of decorative painting, but probably the most famous of all such Arts and Crafts schemes.\"[3]West Window, Hook Church: The \"Good Shepherd\" window by Henry Payne. A mix of a typical English country scene, with lambs and a stream, but with lions behind the wicker fence and a biblical king complete with what appears to be a zither.In 1908, he was commissioned to produce a wall painting for the later stages of the decoration of the Palace of Westminster. His work Plucking the Red and White Roses in the Old Temple Gardens - an allegory on the Wars of the Roses - now hangs in the Palace's East Corridor.Payne also painted landscapes in watercolour, exhibiting at the Royal Academy from 1899 to 1935[5] and being elected a member of the Royal Watercolour Society in 1920.[6]See also: List of works by Henry Payne","title":"Stained glass and painting"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amberley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amberley,_Gloucestershire"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-breeze-3"}],"text":"In Amberley, Payne continued producing work in fresco and stained glass, and in 1912 established St Loe's Guild, initially modelled in the Arts and Crafts tradition on the Bromsgrove Guild, though ultimately little more than a vehicle for his own works.[3]","title":"St Loe's Guild"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amberley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amberley,_Gloucestershire"},{"link_name":"Cotswolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotswolds"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lastromantics-5"}],"text":"In 1909, Payne and his family moved to Amberley in Gloucestershire, one of several significant Arts and Crafts figures to move to the Cotswolds.[5]","title":"Personal life"}]	[{"image_text":"Choosing the Red and White Roses in the Temple Garden (1908–10), pen and watercolour, gouache, gold-leaf and oil.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Choosing_the_Red_and_White_Roses.jpg/350px-Choosing_the_Red_and_White_Roses.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Payne, Henry Arthur, Sometimes Albert\". Benezit Dictionary of Artists. 31 October 2011. doi:10.1093/benz/9780199773787.article.B00137421.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benezit_Dictionary_of_Artists","url_text":"Benezit Dictionary of Artists"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbenz%2F9780199773787.article.B00137421","url_text":"10.1093/benz/9780199773787.article.B00137421"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbenz%2F9780199773787.article.B00137421","external_links_name":"10.1093/benz/9780199773787.article.B00137421"},{"Link":"https://www.elmley.org.uk/madresfield-court/","external_links_name":"Madresfield Court"},{"Link":"http://www.modjourn.org/render.php?view=mjp_object&id=mjp.2005.02.1061","external_links_name":"Henry A. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formline	Formline art	["1 History","2 See also","3 References","4 Further reading","5 External links"]	Feature of indigenous North American art Yéil X̱ʼéen (Raven Screen) (detail). Attributed to Ḵaajisdu.áx̱ch, Tlingit, Kiks.ádi clan, active late 18th – early 19th century. Formline art is a feature in the Indigenous art of the Northwest Coast of North America, distinguished by the use of characteristic shapes referred to as ovoids, U forms and S forms. Coined by Bill Holm in his 1965 book Northwest Coast Indian Art: An Analysis of Form, the "formline is the primary design element on which Northwest Coast art depends, and by the turn of the 20th century, its use spread to the southern regions as well. It is the positive delineating force of the painting, relief and engraving. Formlines are continuous, flowing, curvilinear lines that turn, swell and diminish in a prescribed manner. They are used for figure outlines, internal design elements, and abstract compositions." History Chilkat weaving uses complex techniques to produce formlines After European contact in the late 18th century, the peoples who produced Northwest Coast art suffered huge population losses due to diseases such as smallpox, and cultural losses due to forced assimilation into European-North American culture, Canadian colonial cultural suppression, and the confiscation or destruction of traditional art and artifacts of ritual and governance. The production of their art dropped drastically. Toward the end of the 19th century, Northwest Coast artists began producing work for commercial sales, such as small argillite carvings produced by the Haida. The end of the 19th century also saw large-scale export of totem poles, masks and other traditional art objects from the region to museums and private collectors globally. Some of this export was accompanied by financial compensation to people who had a right to sell the art, and some was not. In the early 20th century few First Nations artists in the Northwest Coast region produced art. A tenuous link to older traditions remained in artists such as Charles Gladstone (Haida), Stanley George (Heiltsuk) and Mungo Martin (Kwakwaka'wakw). The mid-20th century saw a revival of interest and production of Northwest Coast art, due to the influence of artists and critics such as Bill Reid, a grandson of Charles Gladstone, and others. Reid developed his understanding of Haida formline by studying ethnographic museum collections, and by making sculptures and serigraphs. In 1975, American anthropologist Edmund “Ted” Carpenter invited Reid and Holm to co-author Form and Freedom: A Dialogue on Northwest Coast Indian Art, a book documenting the pair's discussions about more than one hundred Northwest Coast art objects. The renewal of Haida art is part of a wider cultural and political awakening among First Nations. It also saw an increasing demand for the return of art objects (known as Repatriation) that were illegally or immorally taken from First Nations communities. This demand continues to the present day. Today, numerous art schools teach formal Northwest Coast art of various styles, and there is a growing market for new art in this style. See also Northwest Coast art References ^ ""Haida Art - Mapping an Ancient Language", musee-mccord.qc.ca. Retrieved Nov. 22, 2011". Archived from the original on 2014-05-13. Retrieved 2011-11-22. ^ ""Bill Holm: Northwest Coast Indian Art", washington.edu. Retrieved Nov. 22, 2011". Archived from the original on 2011-04-25. Retrieved 2011-11-22. ^ Marjorie M. Halpin (March 4, 2015). "Northwest Coast Indigenous Art". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Canada. Retrieved August 19, 2019. ^ McMaster, Gerald (2020). Iljuwas Bill Reid: Life & Work. Toronto: Art Canada Institute. ISBN 978-1-4871-0242-5. ^ McMaster, Gerald (2020). Iljuwas Bill Reid: Life & Work. Toronto: Art Canada Institute. ISBN 978-1-4871-0242-5. ^ Jonathan Meuli. Shadow House: Interpretations of Northwest Coast Art. ISBN 90-5823-083-X Further reading Hawthorn, Audrey. Art of the Kwakiutl Indians. Vancouver: University of British Columbia, 1967. Holm, Bill. Northwest Coast Indian Art: An Analysis of Form. University of Washington Press: Seattle, 1965. ISBN 978-0-295-95102-7 McLennan, Bill and Karen Duffek. "The Transforming Image: Painted Arts of Northwest Coast First Nations." University of British Columbia. 2000. ISBN 0-7748-0427-0 External links Bill Holm Center for the Study of Northwest Coast Art at the Burke Museum Reciprocal Research Network vteCanadian artOrganizations Aesthetic Research Centre Art Metropole Arts and Letters Club of Toronto Canadian Artists' Representation (CARFAC) Canadian Conference of the Arts Emma Lake Artist's Workshops Heliconian Club Intermedia Maritime Art Association Royal Canadian Academy of Arts Sculptors Society of Canada Women's Art Association of Canada (WAAC) Vtape Collectives Beaver Hall Group Canadian Art Club Canadian Group of Painters Eastern Group of Painters Federation of Canadian Artists General Idea Group of Seven Jewish Painters of Montreal Ontario Society of Artists Painters Eleven Professional Native Indian Artists Inc. (Indian Group of Seven) Regina Five Movements Les Automatistes London Regionalism Plasticien Vancouver School Styles Formline art NSCAD conceptual art Woodlands style Media Canadian Art Canadian Forum Canadian Review of Music and Art FILE Megazine Fuse Parachute Vanguard Related Canadian artists Canadian artist-run centres Canadian art awards Canadian painters Canadian pavilion at the Venice Biennale Contemporary Canadian art Pedimental sculptures in Canada Artistic development of Tom Thomson Canada Council Governor General's Awards in Visual and Media Arts Refus Global	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Raven_screen_detail_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tlingit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlingit_people"},{"link_name":"Indigenous art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Coast_art"},{"link_name":"Northwest Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Northwest"},{"link_name":"Bill Holm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Holm_(art_historian)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Yéil X̱ʼéen (Raven Screen) (detail). Attributed to Ḵaajisdu.áx̱ch, Tlingit, Kiks.ádi clan, active late 18th – early 19th century.Formline art is a feature in the Indigenous art of the Northwest Coast of North America, distinguished by the use of characteristic shapes referred to as ovoids, U forms and S forms. Coined by Bill Holm in his 1965 book Northwest Coast Indian Art: An Analysis of Form,[1][2] the \"formline is the primary design element on which Northwest Coast art depends, and by the turn of the 20th century, its use spread to the southern regions as well. It is the positive delineating force of the painting, relief and engraving. Formlines are continuous, flowing, curvilinear lines that turn, swell and diminish in a prescribed manner. They are used for figure outlines, internal design elements, and abstract compositions.\"[3]","title":"Formline art"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chilkat_process.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chilkat weaving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilkat_weaving"},{"link_name":"smallpox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox"},{"link_name":"American culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"argillite carvings produced by the Haida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haida_argillite_carvings"},{"link_name":"traditional art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painting"},{"link_name":"Haida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haida_people"},{"link_name":"Heiltsuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heiltsuk"},{"link_name":"Mungo Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mungo_Martin"},{"link_name":"Kwakwaka'wakw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwakwaka%27wakw"},{"link_name":"Bill Reid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Reid"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jack2-6"}],"text":"Chilkat weaving uses complex techniques to produce formlinesAfter European contact in the late 18th century, the peoples who produced Northwest Coast art suffered huge population losses due to diseases such as smallpox, and cultural losses due to forced assimilation into European-North American culture, Canadian colonial cultural suppression, and the confiscation or destruction of traditional art and artifacts of ritual and governance. The production of their art dropped drastically.Toward the end of the 19th century, Northwest Coast artists began producing work for commercial sales, such as small argillite carvings produced by the Haida. The end of the 19th century also saw large-scale export of totem poles, masks and other traditional art objects from the region to museums and private collectors globally. Some of this export was accompanied by financial compensation to people who had a right to sell the art, and some was not.In the early 20th century few First Nations artists in the Northwest Coast region produced art. A tenuous link to older traditions remained in artists such as Charles Gladstone (Haida), Stanley George (Heiltsuk) and Mungo Martin (Kwakwaka'wakw). The mid-20th century saw a revival of interest and production of Northwest Coast art, due to the influence of artists and critics such as Bill Reid, a grandson of Charles Gladstone, and others. Reid developed his understanding of Haida formline by studying ethnographic museum collections, and by making sculptures and serigraphs.[4] In 1975, American anthropologist Edmund “Ted” Carpenter invited Reid and Holm to co-author Form and Freedom: A Dialogue on Northwest Coast Indian Art, a book documenting the pair's discussions about more than one hundred Northwest Coast art objects.[5] The renewal of Haida art is part of a wider cultural and political awakening among First Nations. It also saw an increasing demand for the return of art objects (known as Repatriation) that were illegally or immorally taken from First Nations communities. This demand continues to the present day. Today, numerous art schools teach formal Northwest Coast art of various styles, and there is a growing market for new art in this style.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-295-95102-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-95102-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7748-0427-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7748-0427-0"}],"text":"Hawthorn, Audrey. Art of the Kwakiutl Indians. Vancouver: University of British Columbia, 1967.\nHolm, Bill. Northwest Coast Indian Art: An Analysis of Form. University of Washington Press: Seattle, 1965. ISBN 978-0-295-95102-7\nMcLennan, Bill and Karen Duffek. \"The Transforming Image: Painted Arts of Northwest Coast First Nations.\" University of British Columbia. 2000. ISBN 0-7748-0427-0","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Yéil X̱ʼéen (Raven Screen) (detail). Attributed to Ḵaajisdu.áx̱ch, Tlingit, Kiks.ádi clan, active late 18th – early 19th century.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Raven_screen_detail_01.jpg/220px-Raven_screen_detail_01.jpg"},{"image_text":"Chilkat weaving uses complex techniques to produce formlines","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Chilkat_process.jpg/220px-Chilkat_process.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Northwest Coast art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Coast_art"}]	[{"reference":"\"\"Haida Art - Mapping an Ancient Language\", musee-mccord.qc.ca. Retrieved Nov. 22, 2011\". Archived from the original on 2014-05-13. Retrieved 2011-11-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140513011528/http://www.musee-mccord.qc.ca/expositions/expositionsXSL.php?lang=1&expoId=21&currSectionId=7","url_text":"\"\"Haida Art - Mapping an Ancient Language\", musee-mccord.qc.ca. Retrieved Nov. 22, 2011\""},{"url":"http://www.musee-mccord.qc.ca/expositions/expositionsXSL.php?lang=1&expoId=21&currSectionId=7","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"\"Bill Holm: Northwest Coast Indian Art\", washington.edu. Retrieved Nov. 22, 2011\". Archived from the original on 2011-04-25. Retrieved 2011-11-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110425010632/http://www.washington.edu/research/showcase/1968a.html","url_text":"\"\"Bill Holm: Northwest Coast Indian Art\", washington.edu. Retrieved Nov. 22, 2011\""},{"url":"http://www.washington.edu/research/showcase/1968a.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Marjorie M. Halpin (March 4, 2015). \"Northwest Coast Indigenous Art\". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Canada. Retrieved August 19, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/northwest-coast-aboriginal-art","url_text":"\"Northwest Coast Indigenous Art\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canadian_Encyclopedia","url_text":"The Canadian Encyclopedia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historica_Canada","url_text":"Historica Canada"}]},{"reference":"McMaster, Gerald (2020). Iljuwas Bill Reid: Life & Work. Toronto: Art Canada Institute. ISBN 978-1-4871-0242-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aci-iac.ca/art-books/iljuwas-bill-reid/style-and-technique/#the-language-of-formline","url_text":"Iljuwas Bill Reid: Life & Work"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4871-0242-5","url_text":"978-1-4871-0242-5"}]},{"reference":"McMaster, Gerald (2020). Iljuwas Bill Reid: Life & Work. Toronto: Art Canada Institute. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Levy_(New_Jersey_politician)	Bob Levy (New Jersey politician)	["1 Early life","1.1 Military career","1.2 Return to Atlantic City","2 False claims of service and the federal investigation","2.1 Disappearance","2.2 Resignation and aftermath","3 References"]	American former politician For other politicians of this name, see Bob Levy (disambiguation). Robert W. Levy Sr.Mayor of Atlantic City, New JerseyIn officeJanuary 1, 2006 – October 10, 2007Preceded byLorenzo LangfordSucceeded byScott Evans Personal detailsBorn (1947-05-16) May 16, 1947 (age 77)Atlantic City, New JerseyPolitical partyDemocraticSpouseHazel Washington Robert W. Levy, Sr., known as Bob Levy (born May 16, 1947, in Atlantic City, New Jersey), is a Democratic politician and the former Mayor of Atlantic City, New Jersey. In September 2007, Levy disappeared from Atlantic City without telling the public or the press why he was leaving. His sudden absence sparked a controversy over who should become the acting mayor of Atlantic City. On October 10, 2007, attorneys for Levy announced his resignation, effective immediately. Early life Levy is a lifelong resident of Atlantic City. He became a lifeguard in 1960 and married in 1964 after graduating from Atlantic City High School. Levy married Hazel Washington, an African American woman, and experienced hostility from his own family for the interracial marriage. Military career Shortly after his marriage, Levy enlisted in the U.S. Army. After basic and advanced infantry training at Fort Dix, New Jersey, basic airborne training at Fort Benning, Georgia, and an eight-week field communications course Levy was assigned to Fort Knox, Kentucky, as a field communications crewman. In August 1965 Levy was sent to Würzburg, Germany, before being assigned to the 1st Aviation Battalion, 1st Infantry Division in Vietnam. In April 1967 Levy returned to the United States and was assigned to Fort Hood, Texas. In 1970 Levy began his second tour in Vietnam. In June 1971 he came back to the U.S. and after leave became a tactical communications chief instructor for 10 months at Fort Dix. During his tours during the Vietnam War he was awarded two Bronze Stars. In June 1972 Levy began working as an army recruiting officer in Toms River, New Jersey, and later, starting in February 1974, Atlantic City. Levy was named Atlantic City's station commander in 1976 and in 1980 was assigned to 1st Battalion, 19th Field Artillery in Fort Carson, Colorado, and promoted to First Sergeant. Levy stayed in Colorado until 1982 when he returned to New Jersey at Fort Monmouth in September where he stayed until he retired in 1984. Return to Atlantic City After he retired Levy went back to being a lifeguard and in 1986 became the chief lifeguard and beach patrol chief. Between 1990 and 2003, appointed by then-Mayor Jim Whelan, Levy served as Atlantic City's Emergency Management Director. From 1998 to 2006 Levy headed the Department of Emergency Services. After being a lifelong Republican, Levy switched party affiliation to Democrat in 2004. Levy entered the race for mayor of Atlantic City after City Council President Craig Callaway withdrew from the Democratic mayoral primary in 2005. With backing from Callaway and his supporters, Levy beat incumbent mayor Lorenzo T. Langford in the Democratic primary. Levy went on to easily win the mayoral election against independent candidate Joseph Polillo. False claims of service and the federal investigation As early as 1980, Levy began to claim he was a member of U.S. Army Special Forces. The claim was also on campaign literature during his 2005 campaign for mayor. After doubts of Levy's Green Beret service were expressed to The Press of Atlantic City by James Simmons, a Vietnam War veteran, in September 2006, the newspaper began investigating Levy's war records and discovered there was no record he was in the U.S. Special Forces. In November 2006 The Press of Atlantic City planned on publishing its findings and Levy admitted to the newspaper he was never in the U.S. Special Forces. Upon this information, federal investigators began to examine whether or not Levy properly obtained a Combat Infantryman Badge (CIB) that he used to obtain additional veterans' benefits. Levy admitted that he lied about receiving the CIB as well as Parachutist Badge or "jump wings". Levy also admitted that there were false entries on his official service record which he did not correct and that he used these false entries to obtain benefits. Disappearance In late September 2007, rumors began to emerge about the federal investigation and questions were raised about whether or not Levy would resign as mayor. On September 26, 2007, after signing seven ordinances into law, Levy left Atlantic City in a city-issued Dodge Durango for an unknown destination. Administration officials said Levy was on temporary medical leave, but refused to say where he went. His lawyer later revealed that Levy had checked into the Carrier Clinic in Belle Mead, New Jersey, about two hours north of Atlantic City. At the time of Mayor Levy's unexplained disappearance, Atlantic City Business Administrator Domenic Cappella told officials and the press that Levy had verbally designated him as acting mayor of Atlantic City. During the Atlantic City Council meeting on October 3, 2007, both members of the public and the council demanded the Business Administrator yield the office of Acting Mayor of Atlantic City to the President of the City Council, William Marsh. On October 5, 2007, claiming that the "mysterious disappearance of Mayor Levy is now a national news story causing significant embarrassment and exposing the city to unwarranted risk", Councilman Bruce Ward filed suit in Superior Court asking for a declaratory judgment that the Office of Mayor of Atlantic City was vacant. That same day Governor Jon Corzine offered state assistance and staff to help the city, and stated that Levy's disappearance was "dysfunctional and chaotic behavior," and that "the situation today can't go on for an extended period of time.". Resignation and aftermath On October 9, a Superior Court Judge indicated she would rule on whether the mayor's seat was vacant or not by October 12, and administration officials released a letter from Levy's lawyer to the Business Administrator dated September 28 explaining that Levy had checked into the Carrier Clinic and was about to leave and spend time recovering at home. One day after this letter was released, Levy's lawyer announced that Levy had resigned, effective immediately. Levy's attorney cited health issues and the pending Federal Department of Veterans Affairs investigation for the resignation. After pleading guilty of defrauding the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs in November 2007, Levy was sentenced to three years' probation and a US$5,000 fine, and ordered to pay over US$25,198 in restitution to the Department of Veterans Affairs. The July 25, 2008, ruling also required Levy to continue his court-ordered psychiatric treatment. The judge noted that Levy seems to be continuing to embellish his military record, by claiming he helped out the Pathfinders, which does not appear on his record. References ^ a b "Community Development Welcomes Mayor Robert W. Levy, Sr" (PDF). Community Development and You. Division of Planning, Department of Administration for the Community Development Office, Department of Revenue and Finance, City of Atlantic City. Spring 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 21, 2011. Retrieved 2007-10-06. ^ a b "Levy resigns as Atlantic City mayor citing health problems and vet benefits probe". The Press of Atlantic City. October 10, 2007. ^ a b c Donohue, Brian; Mary Jo Patterson (October 3, 2007). "Mayor's Green Beret fakery leaves A.C. wounded". The Star-Ledger. ^ a b c Harper, Derek; Linda Uhrmann (2008-07-24). "Robert W. Levy / timeline". The Press of Atlantic City. Archived from the original on September 19, 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-26. ^ Harper, Derek (November 10, 2006). "Atlantic City Mayor Levy admits he was never Green Beret". The Press of Atlantic City. ^ "Atlantic City Mayor to Resign After Disappearing From Sight". Fox News. 2007-10-08. Archived from the original on 2008-08-29. Retrieved 2008-07-26. ^ a b "Developing...A.C. Council member asks judge to rule on replacement for Mayor Levy". The Press of Atlantic City. October 5, 2007. ^ a b Harper, Derek (November 2007). "Levy admits guilt in federal court". The Press of Atlantic City. Archived from the original on 2008-09-19. ^ Urgo, Jacqueline L. (October 3, 2007). "A.C. mayor goes AWOL". The Philadelphia Inquirer. ^ a b Harper, Derek (October 9, 2007). "Levy home from Carrier Clinic as Judge prepares to rule on his status as mayor". The Press of Atlantic City. ^ Harper, Derek (October 4, 2007). "Absent Levy dominates meeting of A.C. Council". The Press of Atlantic City. ^ McAleer, Pete (October 5, 2007). "State help for A.C.? No thanks, 'Sonny' says". The Press of Atlantic City. ^ Urgo, Jacqueline L. (October 6, 2007). "Mayor's absence in Atlantic City troubles Corzine". The Philadelphia Inquirer. ^ Kokenes, Chris (July 25, 2008). "Ex-Atlantic City mayor gets probation, fine for fraud". CNN. ^ Clark, Michael (July 26, 2008). "Former Atlantic City Mayor Levy's sentence includes repaying benefits and three years probation". Press of Atlantic City. Archived from the original on July 31, 2008. Political offices Preceded byLorenzo T. Langford Mayor of Atlantic City 2006–2007 Succeeded byScott Evans	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bob Levy (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Levy_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Atlantic City, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ComDev-1"},{"link_name":"Democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Mayor of Atlantic City, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-resign-2"}],"text":"For other politicians of this name, see Bob Levy (disambiguation).Robert W. Levy, Sr., known as Bob Levy (born May 16, 1947, in Atlantic City, New Jersey[1]), is a Democratic politician and the former Mayor of Atlantic City, New Jersey. In September 2007, Levy disappeared from Atlantic City without telling the public or the press why he was leaving. His sudden absence sparked a controversy over who should become the acting mayor of Atlantic City. On October 10, 2007, attorneys for Levy announced his resignation, effective immediately.[2]","title":"Bob Levy (New Jersey politician)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lifeguard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifeguard"},{"link_name":"Atlantic City High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_City_High_School"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American"},{"link_name":"interracial marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interracial_marriage"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-starledger1-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-timeline-4"}],"text":"Levy is a lifelong resident of Atlantic City. He became a lifeguard in 1960 and married in 1964 after graduating from Atlantic City High School. Levy married Hazel Washington, an African American woman, and experienced hostility from his own family for the interracial marriage.[3][4]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-starledger1-3"},{"link_name":"dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"Fort Dix, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Dix,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Fort Benning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Benning"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"Fort Knox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Knox"},{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Würzburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Fort Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Hood"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_of_duty"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"Bronze Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Star_Medal"},{"link_name":"Toms River, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toms_River,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Fort Carson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Carson"},{"link_name":"Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado"},{"link_name":"First Sergeant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Sergeant"},{"link_name":"Fort Monmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Monmouth"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Warservice-5"}],"sub_title":"Military career","text":"Shortly after his marriage, Levy enlisted in the U.S. Army.[3][dead link] After basic and advanced infantry training at Fort Dix, New Jersey, basic airborne training at Fort Benning, Georgia, and an eight-week field communications course Levy was assigned to Fort Knox, Kentucky, as a field communications crewman. In August 1965 Levy was sent to Würzburg, Germany, before being assigned to the 1st Aviation Battalion, 1st Infantry Division in Vietnam. In April 1967 Levy returned to the United States and was assigned to Fort Hood, Texas. In 1970 Levy began his second tour in Vietnam. In June 1971 he came back to the U.S. and after leave became a tactical communications chief instructor for 10 months at Fort Dix. During his tours during the Vietnam War he was awarded two Bronze Stars. In June 1972 Levy began working as an army recruiting officer in Toms River, New Jersey, and later, starting in February 1974, Atlantic City. Levy was named Atlantic City's station commander in 1976 and in 1980 was assigned to 1st Battalion, 19th Field Artillery in Fort Carson, Colorado, and promoted to First Sergeant. Levy stayed in Colorado until 1982 when he returned to New Jersey at Fort Monmouth in September where he stayed until he retired in 1984.[5]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jim Whelan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Whelan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-starledger1-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ComDev-1"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Democrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-timeline-4"},{"link_name":"Lorenzo T. Langford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzo_Langford_(politician)"},{"link_name":"independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_(politician)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-timeline-4"}],"sub_title":"Return to Atlantic City","text":"After he retired Levy went back to being a lifeguard and in 1986 became the chief lifeguard and beach patrol chief. Between 1990 and 2003, appointed by then-Mayor Jim Whelan, Levy served as Atlantic City's Emergency Management Director.[3] From 1998 to 2006 Levy headed the Department of Emergency Services.[1] After being a lifelong Republican, Levy switched party affiliation to Democrat in 2004.[4]Levy entered the race for mayor of Atlantic City after City Council President Craig Callaway withdrew from the Democratic mayoral primary in 2005. With backing from Callaway and his supporters, Levy beat incumbent mayor Lorenzo T. Langford in the Democratic primary. Levy went on to easily win the mayoral election against independent candidate Joseph Polillo.[4]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Army Special Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Special_Forces"},{"link_name":"The Press of Atlantic City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Press_of_Atlantic_City"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NotHero-6"},{"link_name":"Combat Infantryman Badge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_Infantryman_Badge"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Develop-7"},{"link_name":"Parachutist Badge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parachutist_Badge_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LevyGuilty-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LevyGuilty-8"}],"text":"As early as 1980, Levy began to claim he was a member of U.S. Army Special Forces. The claim was also on campaign literature during his 2005 campaign for mayor. After doubts of Levy's Green Beret service were expressed to The Press of Atlantic City by James Simmons, a Vietnam War veteran, in September 2006, the newspaper began investigating Levy's war records and discovered there was no record he was in the U.S. Special Forces. In November 2006 The Press of Atlantic City planned on publishing its findings and Levy admitted to the newspaper he was never in the U.S. Special Forces.[6] Upon this information, federal investigators began to examine whether or not Levy properly obtained a Combat Infantryman Badge (CIB) that he used to obtain additional veterans' benefits.[7] Levy admitted that he lied about receiving the CIB as well as Parachutist Badge or \"jump wings\".[8] Levy also admitted that there were false entries on his official service record which he did not correct and that he used these false entries to obtain benefits.[8]","title":"False claims of service and the federal investigation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ordinances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_ordinance"},{"link_name":"Dodge Durango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodge_Durango"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CClinic-10"},{"link_name":"Carrier Clinic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_Clinic"},{"link_name":"Belle Mead, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belle_Mead,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Superior Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Superior_Court"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Develop-7"},{"link_name":"Governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Jon Corzine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Corzine"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Disappearance","text":"In late September 2007, rumors began to emerge about the federal investigation and questions were raised about whether or not Levy would resign as mayor. On September 26, 2007, after signing seven ordinances into law, Levy left Atlantic City in a city-issued Dodge Durango for an unknown destination. Administration officials said Levy was on temporary medical leave, but refused to say where he went.[9][10] His lawyer later revealed that Levy had checked into the Carrier Clinic in Belle Mead, New Jersey, about two hours north of Atlantic City. At the time of Mayor Levy's unexplained disappearance, Atlantic City Business Administrator Domenic Cappella told officials and the press that Levy had verbally designated him as acting mayor of Atlantic City.During the Atlantic City Council meeting on October 3, 2007, both members of the public and the council demanded the Business Administrator yield the office of Acting Mayor of Atlantic City to the President of the City Council, William Marsh.[11] On October 5, 2007, claiming that the \"mysterious disappearance of Mayor Levy is now a national news story causing significant embarrassment and exposing the city to unwarranted risk\", Councilman Bruce Ward filed suit in Superior Court asking for a declaratory judgment that the Office of Mayor of Atlantic City was vacant.[7] That same day Governor Jon Corzine offered state assistance and staff to help the city, and stated that Levy's disappearance was \"dysfunctional and chaotic behavior,\" and that \"the situation today can't go on for an extended period of time.\".[12][13]","title":"False claims of service and the federal investigation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carrier Clinic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_Clinic"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CClinic-10"},{"link_name":"Department of Veterans Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Veterans_Affairs"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-resign-2"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Pathfinders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathfinders_(military)#United_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Resignation and aftermath","text":"On October 9, a Superior Court Judge indicated she would rule on whether the mayor's seat was vacant or not by October 12, and administration officials released a letter from Levy's lawyer to the Business Administrator dated September 28 explaining that Levy had checked into the Carrier Clinic and was about to leave and spend time recovering at home.[10] One day after this letter was released, Levy's lawyer announced that Levy had resigned, effective immediately. Levy's attorney cited health issues and the pending Federal Department of Veterans Affairs investigation for the resignation.[2]After pleading guilty of defrauding the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs in November 2007, Levy was sentenced to three years' probation and a US$5,000 fine, and ordered to pay over US$25,198 in restitution to the Department of Veterans Affairs.[14] The July 25, 2008, ruling also required Levy to continue his court-ordered psychiatric treatment. The judge noted that Levy seems to be continuing to embellish his military record, by claiming he helped out the Pathfinders, which does not appear on his record.[15]","title":"False claims of service and the federal investigation"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Community Development Welcomes Mayor Robert W. Levy, Sr\" (PDF). Community Development and You. Division of Planning, Department of Administration for the Community Development Office, Department of Revenue and Finance, City of Atlantic City. Spring 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 21, 2011. Retrieved 2007-10-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110521152439/http://www.cityofatlanticcity.org/documents/cdbg/CDBG%20spring%202006.pdf","url_text":"\"Community Development Welcomes Mayor Robert W. Levy, Sr\""},{"url":"http://www.cityofatlanticcity.org/documents/cdbg/CDBG%20spring%202006.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Levy resigns as Atlantic City mayor citing health problems and vet benefits probe\". The Press of Atlantic City. October 10, 2007.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Donohue, Brian; Mary Jo Patterson (October 3, 2007). \"Mayor's Green Beret fakery leaves A.C. wounded\". The Star-Ledger.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nj.com/starledger/stories/index.ssf?/base/news-12/119138794811320.xml&coll=1&thispage=1","url_text":"\"Mayor's Green Beret fakery leaves A.C. wounded\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Star-Ledger","url_text":"The Star-Ledger"}]},{"reference":"Harper, Derek; Linda Uhrmann (2008-07-24). \"Robert W. Levy / timeline\". The Press of Atlantic City. Archived from the original on September 19, 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080919152934/http://www.pressofatlanticcity.com/403/story/133576.html","url_text":"\"Robert W. Levy / timeline\""},{"url":"https://www.pressofatlanticcity.com/403/story/133576.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Harper, Derek (November 10, 2006). \"Atlantic City Mayor Levy admits he was never Green Beret\". The Press of Atlantic City.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Press_of_Atlantic_City","url_text":"The Press of Atlantic City"}]},{"reference":"\"Atlantic City Mayor to Resign After Disappearing From Sight\". Fox News. 2007-10-08. Archived from the original on 2008-08-29. Retrieved 2008-07-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080829160242/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,299945,00.html","url_text":"\"Atlantic City Mayor to Resign After Disappearing From Sight\""},{"url":"http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,299945,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Developing...A.C. Council member asks judge to rule on replacement for Mayor Levy\". The Press of Atlantic City. October 5, 2007.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Harper, Derek (November 2007). \"Levy admits guilt in federal court\". The Press of Atlantic City. Archived from the original on 2008-09-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080919152953/http://www.pressofatlanticcity.com/403/story/133602.html","url_text":"\"Levy admits guilt in federal court\""},{"url":"https://www.pressofatlanticcity.com/403/story/133602.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Urgo, Jacqueline L. (October 3, 2007). \"A.C. mayor goes AWOL\". The Philadelphia Inquirer.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Philadelphia_Inquirer","url_text":"The Philadelphia Inquirer"}]},{"reference":"Harper, Derek (October 9, 2007). \"Levy home from Carrier Clinic as Judge prepares to rule on his status as mayor\". The Press of Atlantic City.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Harper, Derek (October 4, 2007). \"Absent Levy dominates meeting of A.C. Council\". The Press of Atlantic City.","urls":[]},{"reference":"McAleer, Pete (October 5, 2007). \"State help for A.C.? No thanks, 'Sonny' says\". The Press of Atlantic City.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Urgo, Jacqueline L. (October 6, 2007). \"Mayor's absence in Atlantic City troubles Corzine\". The Philadelphia Inquirer.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Kokenes, Chris (July 25, 2008). \"Ex-Atlantic City mayor gets probation, fine for fraud\". CNN.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cnn.com/2008/CRIME/07/25/guilty.mayor/","url_text":"\"Ex-Atlantic City mayor gets probation, fine for fraud\""}]},{"reference":"Clark, Michael (July 26, 2008). \"Former Atlantic City Mayor Levy's sentence includes repaying benefits and three years probation\". Press of Atlantic City. Archived from the original on July 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080731020017/http://www.pressofatlanticcity.com/185/story/214923.html","url_text":"\"Former Atlantic City Mayor Levy's sentence includes repaying benefits and three years probation\""},{"url":"https://www.pressofatlanticcity.com/185/story/214923.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110521152439/http://www.cityofatlanticcity.org/documents/cdbg/CDBG%20spring%202006.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Community Development Welcomes Mayor Robert W. 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Levy / timeline\""},{"Link":"https://www.pressofatlanticcity.com/403/story/133576.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080829160242/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,299945,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Atlantic City Mayor to Resign After Disappearing From Sight\""},{"Link":"http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,299945,00.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080919152953/http://www.pressofatlanticcity.com/403/story/133602.html","external_links_name":"\"Levy admits guilt in federal court\""},{"Link":"https://www.pressofatlanticcity.com/403/story/133602.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.cnn.com/2008/CRIME/07/25/guilty.mayor/","external_links_name":"\"Ex-Atlantic City mayor gets probation, fine for fraud\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080731020017/http://www.pressofatlanticcity.com/185/story/214923.html","external_links_name":"\"Former Atlantic City Mayor Levy's sentence includes repaying benefits and three years probation\""},{"Link":"https://www.pressofatlanticcity.com/185/story/214923.html","external_links_name":"the original"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaida_Cellars	Adelaida Cellars	["1 History","2 Soil","3 Climate","4 Vineyards","5 Wines","6 References","7 External links"]	Coordinates: 35°38′43″N 120°48′09″W / 35.6453°N 120.8024°W / 35.6453; -120.8024This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) A major contributor to this article appears to have a close connection with its subject. It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies, particularly neutral point of view. Please discuss further on the talk page. (May 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Adelaida Cellars" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Adelaida CellarsLocationPaso Robles, CaliforniaCoordinates35°38′43″N 120°48′09″W / 35.6453°N 120.8024°W / 35.6453; -120.8024AppellationPaso Robles AVAFounded1981Key peopleJeremy WeintraubJohn MunchTerry CultonCases/yr15,000VarietalsCabernet Sauvignon, Pinot noir, Chardonnay, Syrah, Zinfandel, Rhone, BordeauxWebsitehttp://www.adelaida.com/ Adelaida Vineyards & Winery is a family-owned and operated winery that was named after a 19th-century settlement in the mountains of west Paso Robles, California. Situated at 2,000 feet (610 m) of elevation and 14 miles (23 km) from the Pacific Ocean, the terrain of the Adelaida, California district is marked by ancient calcareous soils, diurnal temperature variations of nearly 50 °F (10 °C), and warm, dry growing seasons. Adelaida Vineyards & Winery produces Cabernet Sauvignon, Pinot noir, Syrah, Rhône blends, Zinfandel and other wines from the Paso Robles AVA. History Longtime residents of southern California, the Van Steenwyk family purchased Hilltop Ranch along Adelaida Road in the late 1970s as an investment. The steep, contouring slopes are home to several hundred acres of walnut trees and an abundance of fauna. The family soon acquired nearby Viking Ranch, adding more orchards to the existing walnut-growing business. walnut trees on Viking Ranch Meanwhile, John Munch began making wine under the Adelaida Cellars label in 1981 with grapes purchased from local growers. He operated the winery from leased space until entering an agreement with the Van Steenwyks in 1991 that established him as the winemaker-managing partner. Committed to producing wine exclusively from estate vineyards, the Van Steenwyks constructed a winemaking facility on Hilltop Ranch and began developing vineyard property. Viking Ranch was planted in 1991 with 10 acres (40,000 m2) of Cabernet Sauvignon and Syrah. Viking Estate Vineyard — a steep, uniform ridge sheltered by two higher, neighboring ridges — now contains 15 acres (6.1 ha) of Cabernet Sauvignon and 1.5 acres (0.61 ha) of Syrah. Vines were planted in a densely spaced pattern at 1,500–1,700 feet (460–520 m) above sea level with a south-facing aspect to the sun. In 1994, the Van Steenwyks purchased part of nearby Hoffman Mountain Ranch, including most of the vineyards developed by Dr. Stanley Hoffman in 1964. The planting was named HMR Estate Vineyard to honor its noble beginnings, and is situation 0.5 miles (0.80 km) west of Viking at elevations of 1,600–1,700 feet (490–520 m). As the oldest Pinot noir vineyard in San Luis Obispo and Santa Barbara Counties, HMR also contains 7 acres (2.8 ha) of Chardonnay dating back to 1973. In a 1979 Paris wine competition, the 1975 Hoffman Mountain Ranch Pinot noir placed third in the world in a comparative tasting of 330 wines from 33 countries. In 1999, the Van Steenwyks bought out John Munch to become the sole proprietors of Adelaida Cellars. Viking Estate Vineyard Setting their sights on complete vineyard control, This article contains wording that promotes the subject through exaggeration of unnoteworthy facts. Please help improve it by removing or replacing such wording. (August 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) the family continued to develop other properties after Viking and HMR. Bobcat Crossing Estate Vineyard (1,600–2,000 feet (490–610 m) in elevation) was developed in 2002 with three Portuguese grape varieties (Touriga Nacional, Tinta Cão and Sousao) to make a port-style wine as well as Muscat blanc for an ice wine. Situated between 1,800–1,900 feet (550–580 m) of elevation on the ridgeline above HMR, Anna's Estate Vineyard was planted with 18 acres (7.3 ha) of Syrah in 2002-03 and named after Elizabeth Van Steenwyk's grandmother. The vineyard resulted from a cooperative experiment with California Polytechnic State University, and is composed of numerous clone and rootstock combination. Its 18 acres (7.3 ha) are subdivided into six defined blocks of limestone-tolerant ENTAV Syrah clones. Nine more acres of Rhône varieties were added in 2005–06. Michael's Estate Vineyard is an 18-acre (7.3 ha) parcel of dry-farmed, head-trained Heritage clone Zinfandel. Ranging from 1,600–2,000 feet (490–610 m) feet above sea level and planted on a smoothly contoured knob between HMR and Viking, the vineyard was propagated from clippings made at two of Paso Robles' oldest Zinfandel vineyards: Will-Pete and Martinelli. Finally, Viking Ridge Estate Vineyard was completed in 2007 on a 1,900-foot (580 m) ridge across a ravine from Viking Estate Vineyard. This 9-acre (3.6 ha) site is planted with Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc, Malbec and Petit Verdot. Winemaker Jeremy Weintraub joined Adelaida in 2012. Weintraub has multiple 95+ scores from Robert Parker, Antonio Galloni, and The Wine Spectator. He formerly worked as winemaker for Seavey Vineyard. Former winemaker Terry Culton, now making his own wines at Culton Wine Company, was hired in 2003 after a tenure at Calera Wine Company. His wines have been favorably reviewed by Bon Appetit, Connoisseurs' Guide, Decanter, Santé, Wine Advocate, Wine Enthusiast, Wine Spectator and Wine & Spirits. This article contains wording that promotes the subject through exaggeration of unnoteworthy facts. Please help improve it by removing or replacing such wording. (August 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Soil Quite rare in California, the underlying limestone of the Adelaida district is part of a narrow coastal strip that extends from San Diego to Monterey. Tectonic plate movement over the past 20 million years has pushed these deposits north from their origin near modern-day Mexico. Geologists believe they were spawned in the underwater canyons of warm, shallow seas during the Upper Cretaceous period. The shallow, well-drained soils associated with these formations (the Linné-Colado series) were formed from weathered calcareous shale and sandstone. These soils lie on hills and mountains with slopes up to 75% and pH ranges of 7.0 to 8.5. The native vegetation is oak woodland. The settlers who cleared the area farmed only the lower valleys because of the rocky higher elevations. Climate The climate in the Adelaida district is affected by atmospheric conditions prevailing 150 miles (240 km) east in the San Joaquin Valley. Sheets of hot air rise above the vast inland valley during summer months, drawing cool ocean breezes through the Templeton gap (southwest of Paso Robles) to mitigate afternoon temperatures in Adelaida vineyards. The marine layer insures the development of essential fruit acidity and slow grape maturation. Overnight temperatures drop by as much as 50 °F (10 °C) while annual rainfall is over 25 inches (640 mm) and fog is rare. Vineyards The wines of Adelaida originate in a handful of estate vineyards: HMR, Viking, Bobcat Crossing, Anna's, Michael's, and Viking. Blanketing deep layers of chalk-white shale, the lean calcareous soils control vine vigor to engender small concentrated grapes while a cool afternoon marine layer and low overnight temperatures provide essential grape acidity. Wines Adelaida is a Rhone Ranger producer that also makes several varieties beyond the Rhône varieties. These include, Chardonnay, Cabernet Sauvignon, Gamay noir, Grenache, Mourvedre, Nebbiolo, Pinot noir, Roussanne, Syrah, Viognier, Zinfandel, and other wines from a handful of estate vineyards. References ^ Charles Lewis Sullivan (1 October 1998). A companion to California wine: an encyclopedia of wine and winemaking from the mission period to the present. University of California Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-520-21351-7. Retrieved 24 November 2011. ^ Gault Millau magazine (Oct 1979) ^ "Advancing a Legacy: The Zinfandel Chronicles". Zinfandel Advocates & Producers. Archived from the original on 2011-01-31. Retrieved 2010-05-05. ^ Grove, K. and Graham, S. Geology of Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary Rocks near Lake Nacimiento, California. 63 pp. Pacific Section Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists. (1986) ^ Lindsey, W.C. Soil Survey of San Luis Obispo County, California, The Paso Robles Area. 236 pp. US Dept. of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. (1977) External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Adelaida Vineyards & Winery. Official website Portal: Drink	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paso Robles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paso_Robles"},{"link_name":"Adelaida, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaida,_California"},{"link_name":"calcareous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcareous"},{"link_name":"Cabernet Sauvignon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon"},{"link_name":"Pinot noir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinot_noir"},{"link_name":"Syrah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrah"},{"link_name":"Rhône","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne"},{"link_name":"Zinfandel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinfandel"},{"link_name":"Paso Robles AVA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paso_Robles_AVA"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Adelaida Vineyards & Winery is a family-owned and operated winery that was named after a 19th-century settlement in the mountains of west Paso Robles, California. Situated at 2,000 feet (610 m) of elevation and 14 miles (23 km) from the Pacific Ocean, the terrain of the Adelaida, California district is marked by ancient calcareous soils, diurnal temperature variations of nearly 50 °F (10 °C), and warm, dry growing seasons. Adelaida Vineyards & Winery produces Cabernet Sauvignon, Pinot noir, Syrah, Rhône blends, Zinfandel and other wines from the Paso Robles AVA.[citation needed]","title":"Adelaida Cellars"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Walnut_trees_on_Viking_Ranch.jpg"},{"link_name":"John Munch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Munch_(winemaker)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sullivan1998-1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Stanley Hoffman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanley_Hoffman_(winemaker)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"San Luis Obispo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Luis_Obispo_County"},{"link_name":"Santa Barbara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Barbara_County"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Chardonnay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chardonnay"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Viking_Estate_Vineyard.jpg"},{"link_name":"Touriga Nacional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touriga_Nacional"},{"link_name":"Tinta Cão","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinta_C%C3%A3o"},{"link_name":"Sousao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sousao"},{"link_name":"port-style wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_wine"},{"link_name":"Muscat blanc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscat_blanc"},{"link_name":"ice wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_wine"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Van Steenwyk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth_Van_Steenwyk&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"California Polytechnic State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Polytechnic_State_University"},{"link_name":"clone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloning"},{"link_name":"rootstock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rootstock"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Michael's Estate Vineyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael%27s_Estate_Vineyard&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"dry-farmed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dryland_farming"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Cabernet Sauvignon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon"},{"link_name":"Cabernet Franc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Franc"},{"link_name":"Malbec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malbec"},{"link_name":"Petit Verdot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petit_Verdot"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Weintraub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeremy_Weintraub&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Seavey Vineyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seavey_Vineyard&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Terry Culton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Terry_Culton&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Calera Wine Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calera_Wine_Company&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bon Appetit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bon_Appetit"},{"link_name":"Connoisseurs' Guide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Connoisseurs%27_Guide&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Decanter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decanter_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Santé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Wine Advocate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine_Advocate"},{"link_name":"Wine Enthusiast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine_Enthusiast"},{"link_name":"Wine Spectator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine_Spectator"},{"link_name":"Wine & Spirits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine_%26_Spirits"}],"text":"Longtime residents of southern California, the Van Steenwyk family purchased Hilltop Ranch along Adelaida Road in the late 1970s as an investment. The steep, contouring slopes are home to several hundred acres of walnut trees and an abundance of fauna.[citation needed] The family soon acquired nearby Viking Ranch, adding more orchards to the existing walnut-growing business.[citation needed]walnut trees on Viking RanchMeanwhile, John Munch began making wine under the Adelaida Cellars label in 1981[1] with grapes purchased from local growers. He operated the winery from leased space until entering an agreement with the Van Steenwyks in 1991 that established him as the winemaker-managing partner. Committed to producing wine exclusively from estate vineyards, the Van Steenwyks constructed a winemaking facility on Hilltop Ranch and began developing vineyard property. Viking Ranch was planted in 1991 with 10 acres (40,000 m2) of Cabernet Sauvignon and Syrah. Viking Estate Vineyard — a steep, uniform ridge sheltered by two higher, neighboring ridges — now contains 15 acres (6.1 ha) of Cabernet Sauvignon and 1.5 acres (0.61 ha) of Syrah. Vines were planted in a densely spaced pattern at 1,500–1,700 feet (460–520 m) above sea level with a south-facing aspect to the sun.[citation needed]In 1994, the Van Steenwyks purchased part of nearby Hoffman Mountain Ranch, including most of the vineyards developed by Dr. Stanley Hoffman in 1964. The planting was named HMR Estate Vineyard to honor its noble beginnings, and is situation 0.5 miles (0.80 km) west of Viking at elevations of 1,600–1,700 feet (490–520 m). As the oldest Pinot noir vineyard in San Luis Obispo and Santa Barbara Counties,[citation needed] HMR also contains 7 acres (2.8 ha) of Chardonnay dating back to 1973. In a 1979 Paris wine competition, the 1975 Hoffman Mountain Ranch Pinot noir placed third in the world in a comparative tasting of 330 wines from 33 countries.[2] In 1999, the Van Steenwyks bought out John Munch to become the sole proprietors of Adelaida Cellars.Viking Estate VineyardSetting their sights on complete vineyard control,the family continued to develop other properties after Viking and HMR.Bobcat Crossing Estate Vineyard (1,600–2,000 feet (490–610 m) in elevation) was developed in 2002 with three Portuguese grape varieties (Touriga Nacional, Tinta Cão and Sousao) to make a port-style wine as well as Muscat blanc for an ice wine.Situated between 1,800–1,900 feet (550–580 m) of elevation on the ridgeline above HMR, Anna's Estate Vineyard was planted with 18 acres (7.3 ha) of Syrah in 2002-03 and named after Elizabeth Van Steenwyk's grandmother. The vineyard resulted from a cooperative experiment with California Polytechnic State University, and is composed of numerous clone and rootstock combination. Its 18 acres (7.3 ha) are subdivided into six defined blocks of limestone-tolerant ENTAV Syrah clones. Nine more acres of Rhône varieties were added in 2005–06.[citation needed]Michael's Estate Vineyard is an 18-acre (7.3 ha) parcel of dry-farmed, head-trained Heritage clone Zinfandel.[3] Ranging from 1,600–2,000 feet (490–610 m) feet above sea level and planted on a smoothly contoured knob between HMR and Viking, the vineyard was propagated from clippings made at two of Paso Robles' oldest Zinfandel vineyards: Will-Pete and Martinelli.[citation needed]Finally, Viking Ridge Estate Vineyard was completed in 2007 on a 1,900-foot (580 m) ridge across a ravine from Viking Estate Vineyard. This 9-acre (3.6 ha) site is planted with Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc, Malbec and Petit Verdot.Winemaker Jeremy Weintraub joined Adelaida in 2012. Weintraub has multiple 95+ scores from Robert Parker, Antonio Galloni, and The Wine Spectator.[citation needed] He formerly worked as winemaker for Seavey Vineyard.Former winemaker Terry Culton, now making his own wines at Culton Wine Company, was hired in 2003 after a tenure at Calera Wine Company. His wines have been favorably reviewed by Bon Appetit, Connoisseurs' Guide, Decanter, Santé, Wine Advocate, Wine Enthusiast, Wine Spectator and Wine & Spirits.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego"},{"link_name":"Monterey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterey"},{"link_name":"Tectonic plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tectonic_plate"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"calcareous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcareous"},{"link_name":"shale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shale"},{"link_name":"sandstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstone"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Quite rare in California, the underlying limestone of the Adelaida district is part of a narrow coastal strip that extends from San Diego to Monterey. Tectonic plate movement over the past 20 million years has pushed these deposits north from their origin near modern-day Mexico.[4] Geologists believe they were spawned in the underwater canyons of warm, shallow seas during the Upper Cretaceous period.[citation needed]The shallow, well-drained soils associated with these formations (the Linné-Colado series) were formed from weathered calcareous shale and sandstone. These soils lie on hills and mountains with slopes up to 75% and pH ranges of 7.0 to 8.5. The native vegetation is oak woodland. The settlers who cleared the area farmed only the lower valleys because of the rocky higher elevations.[5]","title":"Soil"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Joaquin Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Joaquin_Valley"},{"link_name":"marine layer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_layer"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The climate in the Adelaida district is affected by atmospheric conditions prevailing 150 miles (240 km) east in the San Joaquin Valley. Sheets of hot air rise above the vast inland valley during summer months, drawing cool ocean breezes through the Templeton gap (southwest of Paso Robles) to mitigate afternoon temperatures in Adelaida vineyards. The marine layer insures the development of essential fruit acidity and slow grape maturation. Overnight temperatures drop by as much as 50 °F (10 °C) while annual rainfall is over 25 inches (640 mm) and fog is rare.[citation needed]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"calcareous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcareous"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The wines of Adelaida originate in a handful of estate vineyards: HMR, Viking, Bobcat Crossing, Anna's, Michael's, and Viking. Blanketing deep layers of chalk-white shale, the lean calcareous soils control vine vigor to engender small concentrated grapes while a cool afternoon marine layer and low overnight temperatures provide essential grape acidity.[citation needed]","title":"Vineyards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rhone Ranger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhone_Ranger"},{"link_name":"Rhône","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne_(wine)"},{"link_name":"Chardonnay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chardonnay"},{"link_name":"Cabernet Sauvignon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon"},{"link_name":"Gamay noir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamay_noir"},{"link_name":"Grenache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenache"},{"link_name":"Mourvedre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mourvedre"},{"link_name":"Nebbiolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebbiolo"},{"link_name":"Pinot noir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinot_noir"},{"link_name":"Roussanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roussanne"},{"link_name":"Syrah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrah"},{"link_name":"Viognier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viognier"},{"link_name":"Zinfandel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinfandel"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Adelaida is a Rhone Ranger producer that also makes several varieties beyond the Rhône varieties. These include, Chardonnay, Cabernet Sauvignon, Gamay noir, Grenache, Mourvedre, Nebbiolo, Pinot noir, Roussanne, Syrah, Viognier, Zinfandel, and other wines from a handful of estate vineyards.[citation needed]","title":"Wines"}]	[{"image_text":"walnut trees on Viking Ranch","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Walnut_trees_on_Viking_Ranch.jpg/290px-Walnut_trees_on_Viking_Ranch.jpg"},{"image_text":"Viking Estate Vineyard","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/27/Viking_Estate_Vineyard.jpg/290px-Viking_Estate_Vineyard.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Charles Lewis Sullivan (1 October 1998). A companion to California wine: an encyclopedia of wine and winemaking from the mission period to the present. University of California Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-520-21351-7. Retrieved 24 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GhJJElLJn5cC","url_text":"A companion to California wine: an encyclopedia of wine and winemaking from the mission period to the present"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21351-7","url_text":"978-0-520-21351-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Advancing a Legacy: The Zinfandel Chronicles\". Zinfandel Advocates & Producers. Archived from the original on 2011-01-31. Retrieved 2010-05-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110131131710/http://www.zinfandel.org/default.asp?n1=2&n2=175","url_text":"\"Advancing a Legacy: The Zinfandel Chronicles\""},{"url":"http://www.zinfandel.org/default.asp?n1=2&n2=175","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Adelaida_Cellars&params=35.6453_N_120.8024_W_","external_links_name":"35°38′43″N 120°48′09″W / 35.6453°N 120.8024°W / 35.6453; -120.8024"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Adelaida+Cellars%22","external_links_name":"\"Adelaida Cellars\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Adelaida+Cellars%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Adelaida+Cellars%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Adelaida+Cellars%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Adelaida+Cellars%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Adelaida+Cellars%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Adelaida_Cellars&params=35.6453_N_120.8024_W_","external_links_name":"35°38′43″N 120°48′09″W / 35.6453°N 120.8024°W / 35.6453; -120.8024"},{"Link":"http://www.adelaida.com/","external_links_name":"http://www.adelaida.com/"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adelaida_Cellars&action=edit","external_links_name":"help improve it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adelaida_Cellars&action=edit","external_links_name":"help improve it"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GhJJElLJn5cC","external_links_name":"A companion to California wine: an encyclopedia of wine and winemaking from the mission period to the present"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110131131710/http://www.zinfandel.org/default.asp?n1=2&n2=175","external_links_name":"\"Advancing a Legacy: The Zinfandel Chronicles\""},{"Link":"http://www.zinfandel.org/default.asp?n1=2&n2=175","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.adelaida.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]

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