Datasets:

BrightData
/

Wikipedia-Articles

Dataset card Data Studio Files Files and versions Community

Split (1)

train · 140k rows

url stringlengths 31 184	title stringlengths 1 146 ⌀	table_of_contents stringlengths 2 24.4k	raw_text stringlengths 16 424k ⌀	cataloged_text stringlengths 2 1.2M	images stringlengths 2 86.9k	see_also stringlengths 2 149k ⌀	references stringlengths 2 542k	external_links stringlengths 2 292k
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Hanson_(actor)	Todd Hanson	["1 Career","1.1 As writer","1.2 As actor","2 Personal life","3 Filmography","4 References","5 External links"]	American writer and actor For other people named Todd Hanson, see Todd Hanson (disambiguation). This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Todd Hanson" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Todd HansonBorn (1968-10-10) October 10, 1968 (age 55)NationalityAmericanOccupation(s)Writer, voice actor Todd Hanson is an American writer and voice actor, notable for his work as a writer and editor at the parody newspaper The Onion. He also voices the character Dan Halen on the Adult Swim program Squidbillies. Career As writer Todd Hanson briefly attended the University of Wisconsin-Madison in 1986 and soon dropped out. He remained in Madison and began working a series of menial jobs. Eventually Hanson began drawing a semi-autobiographical cartoon entitled 'Badgers and Other Animals' which was published regularly in the Daily Cardinal, a university student newspaper. Hanson was working as a dishwasher when he first started as a writer and cartoonist at The Onion. He wrote an article in The Onion that was optioned as a movie by DreamWorks and co-wrote the comedy film The Onion Movie (2008), which he has since disowned. As actor Todd was an ensemble member in the Ark Improvisational Theater in Madison, Wisconsin from 1987–88. He voices the character Dan Halen on Squidbillies. He made three guest appearances in the episodes of Aqua Teen Hunger Force called Interfection, Hypno-Germ and Last Dance for Napkin Lad. He is also on the commentary for Aqua Teen Hunger Force Colon Movie Film for Theaters in which he stated that he is a big fan of the show. The commentary also states that he came up with the Chicken Bittle character which was rejected to be an Aqua Teen for several years. Personal life Hanson has lived in Wisconsin and New York City, New York. During a storytelling segment on Public Radio International's The Moth, Hanson credited his mother for him being "a douchebag". Hanson spoke candidly about his long history of depression on the July 7, 2011 episode of WTF with Marc Maron. Filmography Year Title Role Notes 2003 Space Ghost Coast to Coast Writer 1 episode 2002–2011 Aqua Teen Hunger Force Writer 3 episodes 2005 The Aristocrats Actor/Himself Staff of The Onion 2008 The Onion Movie Writer 2005–2021 Squidbillies Dan Halen 55 episodes 2009 Ape Trouble Video 2009 Something Extremely Important 2010 The People vs. George Lucas Actor/Himself References ^ Hoffmann, Leah (May 23, 2006). "First Job: Todd Hanson". Forbes. Retrieved August 23, 2012. ^ Fierman, Daniel (October 10, 2000). "Web Masters – The Site's Creators Tell EW that It's Just the Beginning of Mass Commodification". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved August 23, 2012. ^ "WTF with Marc Maron Podcast Episode 190". Retrieved July 28, 2013. ^ "Dennis Kern". Archived from the original on November 2, 2013. Retrieved October 31, 2013. ^ The Moth Presents Todd Hanson: The Triumph of Apathy. The Moth. April 21, 2011. Retrieved August 23, 2012. ^ "WTF with Marc Maron Podcast – Episode 190 – Todd Hanson". Wtfpod.com. July 7, 2011. Archived from the original on December 15, 2021. Retrieved October 4, 2012. External links Todd Hanson at IMDb vteThe OnionMain projects The Onion Former projects The A.V. Club ClickHole StarWipe Video productions Onion SportsDome Onion News Network The Onion Movie Books Our Dumb Century Our Dumb World The Onion Book of Known Knowledge Podcasts A Very Fatal Murder The Onion people Rich Dahm Scott Dikkers Megan Ganz Joe Garden Todd Hanson Tim Harrod David Javerbaum Ellie Kemper Peter Koechley Carol Kolb Maria Schneider Robert D. Siegel Ward Sutton Jack Szwergold AV Club people Max Cannon Amelie Gillette Nathan Rabin Stephen Thompson Ignatiy Vishnevetsky Claire Zulkey Articles andother content Joe Biden (The Onion) "'No Way to Prevent This', Says Only Nation Where This Regularly Happens" "Heartbreaking: The Worst Person You Know Just Made A Great Point" Related G/O Media Univision Communications (former parent) Fusion Media Group (former owner) Novak v. City of Parma Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States Poland	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Todd Hanson (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Hanson_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"parody newspaper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_satire"},{"link_name":"The Onion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Onion"},{"link_name":"Dan Halen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_French"},{"link_name":"Adult Swim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_Swim"},{"link_name":"Squidbillies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squidbillies"}],"text":"For other people named Todd Hanson, see Todd Hanson (disambiguation).Todd Hanson is an American writer and voice actor, notable for his work as a writer and editor at the parody newspaper The Onion. He also voices the character Dan Halen on the Adult Swim program Squidbillies.","title":"Todd Hanson"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"DreamWorks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DreamWorks_Pictures"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"comedy film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_film"},{"link_name":"The Onion Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Onion_Movie"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"As writer","text":"Todd Hanson briefly attended the University of Wisconsin-Madison in 1986 and soon dropped out. He remained in Madison and began working a series of menial jobs. Eventually Hanson began drawing a semi-autobiographical cartoon entitled 'Badgers and Other Animals' which was published regularly in the Daily Cardinal, a university student newspaper. Hanson was working as a dishwasher when he first started as a writer and cartoonist at The Onion.[1] He wrote an article in The Onion that was optioned as a movie by DreamWorks[2] and co-wrote the comedy film The Onion Movie (2008), which he has since disowned.[3]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Squidbillies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squidbillies"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Aqua Teen Hunger Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqua_Teen_Hunger_Force"},{"link_name":"Aqua Teen Hunger Force Colon Movie Film for Theaters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqua_Teen_Hunger_Force_Colon_Movie_Film_for_Theaters"},{"link_name":"Chicken Bittle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Aqua_Teen_Hunger_Force_characters#Chicken_Bittle"}],"sub_title":"As actor","text":"Todd was an ensemble member in the Ark Improvisational Theater in Madison, Wisconsin from 1987–88. He voices the character Dan Halen on Squidbillies.[4] He made three guest appearances in the episodes of Aqua Teen Hunger Force called Interfection, Hypno-Germ and Last Dance for Napkin Lad. He is also on the commentary for Aqua Teen Hunger Force Colon Movie Film for Theaters in which he stated that he is a big fan of the show. The commentary also states that he came up with the Chicken Bittle character which was rejected to be an Aqua Teen for several years.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"Public Radio International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Radio_International"},{"link_name":"The Moth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Moth"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-the_moth-5"},{"link_name":"WTF with Marc Maron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTF_with_Marc_Maron"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wtfpod-6"}],"text":"Hanson has lived in Wisconsin and New York City, New York. During a storytelling segment on Public Radio International's The Moth, Hanson credited his mother for him being \"a douchebag\".[5]Hanson spoke candidly about his long history of depression on the July 7, 2011 episode of WTF with Marc Maron.[6]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"WTF with Marc Maron Podcast Episode 190\". Retrieved July 28, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://wtfpod.libsyn.com/episode-190-todd-hanson","url_text":"\"WTF with Marc Maron Podcast Episode 190\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dennis Kern\". Archived from the original on November 2, 2013. Retrieved October 31, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131102062055/http://freewisconsinblog.com/?author=1&paged=61","url_text":"\"Dennis Kern\""},{"url":"http://freewisconsinblog.com/?author=1&paged=61","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"The Moth Presents Todd Hanson: The Triumph of Apathy. The Moth. April 21, 2011. Retrieved August 23, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dZ85WVNDuxE","url_text":"The Moth Presents Todd Hanson: The Triumph of Apathy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Moth","url_text":"The Moth"}]},{"reference":"\"WTF with Marc Maron Podcast – Episode 190 – Todd Hanson\". Wtfpod.com. July 7, 2011. Archived from the original on December 15, 2021. Retrieved October 4, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_mnOgjJwO14","url_text":"\"WTF with Marc Maron Podcast – Episode 190 – Todd Hanson\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/_mnOgjJwO14","url_text":"Archived"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Todd+Hanson%22","external_links_name":"\"Todd Hanson\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Todd+Hanson%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Todd+Hanson%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Todd+Hanson%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Todd+Hanson%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Todd+Hanson%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/2006/05/20/todd-hansen-onion_cx_lh_06work_0523hansen.html","external_links_name":"\"First Job: Todd Hanson\""},{"Link":"http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,85617,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Web Masters – The Site's Creators Tell EW that It's Just the Beginning of Mass Commodification\""},{"Link":"http://wtfpod.libsyn.com/episode-190-todd-hanson","external_links_name":"\"WTF with Marc Maron Podcast Episode 190\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131102062055/http://freewisconsinblog.com/?author=1&paged=61","external_links_name":"\"Dennis Kern\""},{"Link":"http://freewisconsinblog.com/?author=1&paged=61","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dZ85WVNDuxE","external_links_name":"The Moth Presents Todd Hanson: The Triumph of Apathy"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_mnOgjJwO14","external_links_name":"\"WTF with Marc Maron Podcast – Episode 190 – Todd Hanson\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/_mnOgjJwO14","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1512920/","external_links_name":"Todd Hanson"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000029587344","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/65596093","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmdwtFYfXdw4gfhqCkxDq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n89106531","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810586556305606","external_links_name":"Poland"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calder_and_Hebble_Navigation	Calder and Hebble Navigation	["1 History","1.1 Construction","1.2 Development","1.3 Competition","2 Current route","3 Current use","4 Points of interest","5 See also","6 Bibliography","6.1 References","7 External links"]	Route map: Inland waterway in West Yorkshire, England Calder and Hebble NavigationLooking towards the terminal basin of the Calder and Hebble Navigation, from a point near the junction with the Rochdale CanalSpecificationsMaximum boat length57 ft 6 in (17.53 m)Maximum boat beam14 ft 2 in (4.32 m)StatusOpenNavigation authorityCanal and River Trust vteCalder and Hebble Navigation Legend River Calder and Rochdale Canal Sowerby Bridge basins Gas Works Road Weir Walker Lane Canal Road Hollas Lane Weir Calder Valley line Copley Lane Halifax Basin Halifax Branch locks (14) A629 Exley Quay Calder Valley line A6026 Halifax Branch 27 Salterhebble upper lock Salterhebble upper basin 26 Salterhebble middle lock Salterhebble lower basin Hebble Brook 25 Salterhebble guillotine lock B6112 Stainland Road 24 Long Lees lock 23 Woodside Mills lock B6114 Elland Bridge A629 Calder Valley line 22 Elland lock 21 Park Nook lock 20 Cromwell lock Tag lock (disused) 19 Brookfoot lock Disused lock 18 Ganny lock A643 Rastrick Bridge weir A641 Brighouse Bridge weir Wharf Street Brighouse marina 17 Brighouse upper lock 16 Brighouse lower lock Blakeborough's Bridge To Cooper Br Anchor Pit flood lock weir M62 15 Kirklees Top lock weir Brearly Bridge 14 Kirklees Low lock Caldervale Line Cooper Bridge flood gates A62 Cooper Bridge Road weir -- Huddersfield Broad Canal 13 Cooper Bridge lock To Greenwood Caldervale Line Battye Cut Battyeford flood lock weir Cut Bridge (Wood Lane) Battyeford marina 12 Battyeford lock Ledgard flood lock Newgate bridge Hurst Lane bridge 11 Shepley Bridge lock Greenwood flood gates weir and access road 10 Greenwood lock Calder Road bridge Thornhill flood lock weir Savile Town Basin Dewsbury Arm 8,9 Thornhill Double locks (2) 7 Mill Bank lock Disused lock 5,6 Figure of Three locks (2) Disused lock A642 Disused Railway 4 Broad Cut Top lock weir Railway 3 Broad Cut Low lock M1 Thornes flood lock weir A636 Derby Dale Road bridge 2 Thornes lock (Originally 2 chambers 1 disused) Railway bridge Wakefield flood lock weir A61 Doncaster & Barnsley Roads A638 Doncaster Road 1 Fall Ings lock (original lock replaced) Railway bridge A6194 Wakefield Eastern Relief Road Railway bridge -- Aire and Calder Navigation The Calder and Hebble Navigation is a broad inland waterway, with locks and bridge holes that are suitable for 14-foot-wide (4.3 m) boats, in West Yorkshire, England. Construction to improve the River Calder and the River Hebble began in 1759, and the initial scheme, which included 5.7 miles (9.2 km) of new cuts, was completed in 1770 and has remained navigable since it was opened. Significant improvements were made, including the Salterhebble branch to Halifax, opened in 1828, and ever-longer cuts to bypass river sections. Trade was assisted by the opening of the Rochdale Canal in 1804, which provided a through route from Sowerby Bridge to Manchester. There were plans to abandon the river sections completely in the 1830s, but these were modified as the needs of mill owners and other riparian landowners were recognised. With the coming of the railways, the canal was leased to the Manchester and Leeds Railway in 1843, but this was subsequently deemed to be illegal, and the Aire and Calder Navigation with which the Calder and Hebble Navigation connected at its eastern end, leased the canal from September 1847 until 1885. Some of the locks were enlarged, but many were not, and having been designed for Yorkshire Keels, they remain among the shortest on the English connected waterways network, at 57 feet (17 m). The navigation became a cul-de-sac in the 20th century, but with the burgeoning interest in leisure use of the canals, the trans-Pennine Rochdale Canal was reopened in 1996 and the Huddersfield Narrow Canal followed in 2001, resulting in the navigation becoming part of three Pennine cruising rings. History By the beginning of the 18th century, the Aire and Calder Navigation had made the River Calder navigable as far upstream as Wakefield. The aim of the Calder and Hebble Navigation was to extend navigation west (upstream) from Wakefield to Sowerby Bridge near Halifax. The first attempt to obtain an Act of Parliament was made in 1740, as a result of a petition by the people of Halifax, Ripponden and Elland. John Eyes of Liverpool surveyed the route, and presented a scheme for a navigation which would use the River Calder from Wakefield to its junction with the River Hebble, follow the Hebble to Salterhebble bridge, and then follow the Halifax Brook to reach Halifax. It included the construction of 24 locks, 21 on the Calder and three on the Hebble, and nearly 10 miles (16 km) of cuts, including one of 2 miles (3.2 km) at Horbury. The bill was defeated, due to opposition from local landowners who feared that it would cause flooding, from millers, who thought that navigation would disrupt their water supply, and from the promoters of several Turnpike Bills, who were intending to build roads which would follow a similar route. The second attempt followed a meeting of the Union Club in Halifax on 2 September 1756, which considered how to improve the import of wool and corn to the town. They invited the civil engineer John Smeaton to make a new survey, which he did in late 1757, and produced a scheme which involved dredging shoals, making 5.7 miles (9.2 km) of cuts, the building of 26 locks, to overcome the rise of 178 feet (54 m) between Wakefield and the Halifax Brook, and the construction of a reservoir at Salterhebble bridge. A committee raising subscriptions for the project in Rochdale insisted that the plans should be amended to include an extension to Sowerby Bridge, despite opposition from the Halifax committee. An Act was obtained on 9 June 1758, for this extended route, and created Commissioners, who had to own an estate valued at more than £100, or have a personal fortune of more than £3,000. Any nine of the Commissioners could make decisions. Construction Construction started in November 1759, with Smeaton acting as engineer. By November 1764, the navigation was open as far as Brighouse, some 16 miles (26 km) from Wakefield. Having borrowed £56,000, factions arose within the Commissioners, with some wanting to stop at Brooksmouth, where the Rivers Hebble and Calder meet, and others wanting to raise more money and complete the scheme. The second option gained most support, and a new committee was set up, who asked James Brindley to take over from Smeaton in 1765. The work was nearly completed by 1767, but serious floods in October caused some damage, with further damage caused by more floods in February 1768. Brindley appears to have left by mid-1766, and the Commissioners re-appointed Smeaton in 1768, to complete the work. Banks were repaired and floodgates built at the start of some of the cuts. The work was just complete when a further flood caused so much damage that the only option was to close the navigation again. By this time, £64,000 had been spent on the scheme, of which £8,100 had come from tolls and the rest had been borrowed. The Commissioners felt unable to borrow more money, and so a second Act of Parliament was obtained on 21 April 1769, which formally created the Company of Proprietors of the Calder and Hebble Navigation. This consisted of all of the 81 people who had loaned money to the original scheme, and these loans were converted into £100 shares. Additional shares could be issued, and the Company could borrow up to £20,000, with the future tolls used as security. Before the Act, the scheme had been known as the Calder Navigation or Upper Calder Navigation, and this was the first use of the Calder and Hebble title. The Act was the first navigation act to include a clause which limited dividends, insisting that tolls should be reduced if the dividend exceeded ten per cent. Construction of the initial phase was finished in 1770, at a total cost of around £75,000. There were initial problems with the water supply to the Sowerby Bridge pound, which Smeaton was asked to address. He suggested a tunnel from Hollins Mill, similar to those used for draining collieries. Construction began in June 1772, and was completed in March 1794. Other improvements followed, with a new cut between Shepley Bridge and Mirfield started in December 1775 supervised by William Jessop, and the raising of water levels in 1776 to allow boats to carry additional cargo. A new cut at Brighouse was added in 1780, while the two staircase locks at Salterhebble and the single lock at Brooksmouth were replaced at Smeaton's suggestion by three new locks in 1782. Development The Navigation prospered, with dividends rising steadily from 5 per cent in 1771 to 13 per cent in 1792. Under the terms of the Act of Parliament, tolls were reduced when the dividend exceeded 10 per cent, and the first such reduction occurred in 1791. Improvements continued, and were funded by making calls on the original shareholders. This provided a way to increase their income without exceeding the 10 per cent dividend limit. In 1798 a long cut at Thornhill was made, bypassing the town of Dewsbury. Trade with the town was maintained by the construction of a wharf and warehouse in what is now Savile Town Basin Dewsbury, however this was not until 1877. Another stimulus to trade was provided by the Rochdale Canal, which opened up a through route from Sowerby Bridge to Manchester from 1804. A new cut and a lock were constructed at Brookfoot. near Brighouse. between 1805 and 1808, while the Elland cut was extended to link up with the Sowerby cut in 1815. There were further reductions in the tolls in 1801, 1804 and 1808. Anchor Pit Flood Gates protect the Kirklees Cut when river levels are high. In 1806, the Company agreed with the Aire and Calder Canal to replace the lock at Fall Ings with a new cut (Fall Ings Cut) and a pair of locks, the work to be jointly funded. Legal challenges from millers resulted in some delay, but the cut was opened in 1812. By 1823, as a result of pressure from carriers, boats were allowed to use the navigation at any time during the week, but the company refrained from authorising use on Sundays as they could not "consent to so great a Deviation from established Custom". A new Act of Parliament was obtained on 31 March 1825, which authorised the raising of £50,000 for the purpose of constructing a 1.75-mile (2.8 km) branch along the route of the River Hebble, from Salterhebble to the centre of Halifax, terminating near the railway station at Bailey Hall. The terminus was 100 feet (30 m) above the level of the canal at Salterhebble, and the branch required a total of fourteen locks. In order to avoid disputes with the mill owners along the length of the River Hebble, water supply was obtained by building a tunnel from the basin at Salterhebble to a pit near the top lock. The tunnel was 1,170 yards (1,070 m) long, and the water was pumped from the pit to the top pound by a steam engine. The branch was opened in 1828, at a cost of £58,741, of which £20,000 was raised by loans, rather than calls to the shareholders, and was abandoned in 1942. In later improvements, ever-longer cuts bypassed more and more sections of river. The mill owners prevented some of the more ambitious plans, but in many cases, the navigation company bought out the mills in order to remove the obstacles. With the Aire and Calder Canal rebuilding its main line, the Calder and Hebble sought an Act of Parliament to effectively abandon the river, but this was modified, as the needs of mill owners and others who owned property on the river banks were recognised. Nevertheless, the Act, when it was passed in 1834, authorised the construction of major new cuts and the building of new locks, which would be 70 by 18+1⁄2 feet (21.3 by 5.6 m) as far at Brighouse. The Huddersfield Canal pressed for the remaining locks to be extended to a similar length. A new cut between broad cut and the Figure of Three locks, which included two large locks, and a new large lock beside the old one at Thornes were opened in 1838, but little more was done, despite the Rochdale Canal pressing for longer locks. Competition The Manchester and Leeds Railway company, which had approached the Calder and Hebble in 1836, but had been rebuffed, opened their line between 1839 and 1841. It followed the line of the canal and that of the Rochdale Canal. A year later, with canal shares having lost 66 per cent of their value, the canal company approached the railway, who agreed to lease the canal for £40,000 per year for 14 years, commencing on 25 March 1843. The Aire and Calder Navigation objected to the lease, and in April 1847, the Attorney General and the Solicitor General ruled that it was illegal, and must cease. Soon afterwards, the Aire and Calder offered to lease the canal itself, and the agreement started in September. After the Aire and Calder's lease expired in 1885, the Navigation Company again took charge, rebuilt many of the bridges, and established the Calder Carrying Company. Shareholders continued to receive dividends until the canal was nationalised in 1948, and the canal was used by commercial traffic until 1981. Current route The Navigation starts in Wakefield, where there is an end-on junction with the Aire and Calder Navigation, and runs upstream through Mirfield, after which there is a junction with the Huddersfield Broad Canal, to arrive at Sowerby Bridge, where there is another end-on junction, this time with the Rochdale Canal. Other towns on the navigation are Horbury, Dewsbury, Brighouse, and Elland. The former branch to Halifax is no longer navigable, except for a stub now known as the Halifax Arm. A sign clearly signposts the Halifax Arm to the right, and onwards toward Sowerby Bridge, visible to boats emerging from the top lock. Current use Since the demise of commercial carrying in 1981, the navigation has only been used by leisure boaters, to whom it represents both an attractive cruising ground, passing through beautiful countryside and traditional Yorkshire industrial areas. For many years it was effectively a cul-de-sac, with the only access from the Aire and Calder Navigation at the eastern end. However, the growth of the restoration movement resulted in the reopening of the Rochdale Canal, to which connection was made in 1996 with the opening of Tuel Lane Lock, just beyond Sowerby Bridge, and it is now possible to reach Rochdale and Manchester. The canal always provided access to the Huddersfield Broad Canal at Cooper Bridge Junction, but this was another short cul-de-sac, until it was reconnected to the trans-Pennine Huddersfield Narrow Canal, restoration of which was completed in 2001. This links the far end of the Broad canal to Ashton-under-Lyne, and onwards to the Midlands and Wales. From the eastern end, the Aire and Calder Navigation provides links to Lancashire via Leeds and the Leeds and Liverpool Canal in the west, and to Selby, York, Goole and the Humber, Keadby and the River Trent, and Sheffield, Rotherham and Doncaster in the east. The reopening of the Rochdale and Huddersfield Narrow Canals mean that the navigation now forms part of three cruising rings, the South Pennine Ring, the North Pennine Ring and the Outer Pennine Ring. The canal and the connected Huddersfield Broad Canal were built to accept 57-by-14-foot (17.4 by 4.3 m) Yorkshire Keels coming up the Aire and Calder Navigation. The first four locks on the lower Calder and Hebble, from Fall Ings to Broad Cut Top Lock have since been extended, and can accommodate boats which are 120 by 17+1⁄2 ft (36.6 by 5.3 m), but the remainder restrict the size of boats that can use the navigation. They are among the shortest on the connected network of English and Welsh inland waterways, but while wide beam boats are restricted to 57 feet (17 m) in length, it is possible for experienced boaters to fit narrowboats up to about 60 feet (18 m) long, but only 7 feet (2.1 m) wide, into the locks, by allowing them to sit diagonally in the restricted space. This may require expedients such as removing fenders, having shore parties pole the boat into position, and going down locks backwards. In particular, an inexperienced crew of any boat longer than about 57 ft (17 m) might find it impossible to negotiate the middle lock of the "Salterhebble Three", which is the shortest of all. It was the disparity in boat sizes between the Calder and Hebble and the Rochdale canal which made Sowerby Bridge, at the junction of the two canals, so important, as long boats coming over from Lancashire had to have their cargoes unloaded, stored, and transferred to shorter boats at Sowerby Bridge Wharf. A quirk of the Calder and Hebble locks is the handspike, a length of 2-by-4-inch (5 by 10 cm) timber shaped at one end to provide a comfortable two-handed grip. Calder and Hebble boaters have to carry these in addition to the more usual windlass, in order to lever open the simple lock gear which lifts the lock paddles to allow a full lock to empty or an empty one to fill. Because the navigation includes river sections, locks which give access to such sections are fitted with gauge boards, which show the condition of the river using a colour-coded scheme. A green band indicates that river levels are normal, and that navigation is therefore safe. An amber band indicates that levels are higher than normal, and that extra care is required when proceeding along the river section. A red band indicates that water levels are sufficiently high that the lock has been closed, and navigation on the river is unsafe. Points of interest Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as: KML GPX (all coordinates) GPX (primary coordinates) GPX (secondary coordinates) Point Coordinates(Links to map resources) OS Grid Ref Notes Sowerby Bridge Basin 53°42′35″N 1°54′12″W / 53.7098°N 1.9032°W / 53.7098; -1.9032 (Sowerby Bridge Basin) SE064237 Jn with Rochdale Canal top of Salterhebble Locks 53°41′55″N 1°51′27″W / 53.6985°N 1.8575°W / 53.6985; -1.8575 (top of Salterhebble Locks) SE095224 Jn with Salterhebble Branch Park Nook Lock (No.21) 53°41′45″N 1°49′48″W / 53.6957°N 1.8301°W / 53.6957; -1.8301 (Park Nook Lock (No.21)) SE113221 Brookfoot Lock (No.19) 53°42′05″N 1°47′51″W / 53.7015°N 1.7976°W / 53.7015; -1.7976 (Brookfoot Lock (No.19)) SE134228 Kirklees Top Lock (No.15) 53°41′33″N 1°44′48″W / 53.6924°N 1.7466°W / 53.6924; -1.7466 (Kirklees Top Lock (No.15)) SE168218 Cooper Bridge Junction 53°40′59″N 1°44′11″W / 53.6831°N 1.7363°W / 53.6831; -1.7363 (Cooper Bridge Junction) SE175207 Jn with Huddersfield Broad Canal Shepley Bridge Lock (No.11) 53°40′27″N 1°40′31″W / 53.6743°N 1.6754°W / 53.6743; -1.6754 (Shepley Bridge Lock (No.11)) SE215198 Thornhill Bottom Lock (No.8) 53°40′28″N 1°37′21″W / 53.6745°N 1.6224°W / 53.6745; -1.6224 (Thornhill Bottom Lock (No.8)) SE250198 Jn with Dewsbury Arm Figure of Three Locks (No.5,6) 53°39′58″N 1°35′50″W / 53.6661°N 1.5971°W / 53.6661; -1.5971 (Figure of Three Locks (No.5,6)) SE267189 Broad Cut Low Lock (No.3) 53°39′05″N 1°32′02″W / 53.6513°N 1.5340°W / 53.6513; -1.5340 (Broad Cut Low Lock (No.3)) SE308172 Thornes Lock (No.2) 53°39′56″N 1°30′20″W / 53.6655°N 1.5056°W / 53.6655; -1.5056 (Thornes Lock (No.2)) SE327188 Fall Ings Lock (No.1) 53°40′25″N 1°28′56″W / 53.6737°N 1.4822°W / 53.6737; -1.4822 (Fall Ings Lock (No.1)) SE343198 Jn with Aire and Calder Navigation See also United Kingdom portalTransport portal Media related to Calder and Hebble Navigation at Wikimedia Commons Canals of the United Kingdom History of the British canal system Bibliography Cumberlidge, Jane (2009). Inland Waterways of Great Britain (8th ed.). Imray Laurie Norie and Wilson. ISBN 978-1-84623-010-3. Hadfield, Charles (1972). The Canals of Yorkshire and North East England. Vol. 1. David and Charles. ISBN 978-0-7153-5719-4. McKnight, Hugh (1981). The Shell Book of the Inland Waterways. David and Charles. ISBN 978-0-7153-8239-4. Nicholson (2006). Nicholson Guide Vol 5: North West & the Pennines. Harper Collins Publishers. ISBN 978-0-00-721113-5. Priestley, Joseph (1831). "Historical Account of the Navigable Rivers, Canals and Railways of Great Britain". Archived from the original on 12 March 2016. References KML file (edit • help) Template:Attached KML/Calder and Hebble NavigationKML is from Wikidata ^ a b Hadfield 1972, pp. 44–45. ^ Hadfield 1972, pp. 45–47. ^ a b c d Priestley 1831, pp. 120–126 ^ Hadfield 1972, p. 48. ^ a b c d e Nicholson 2006, p. 40. ^ Hadfield 1972, pp. 48–53. ^ a b Hadfield 1972, p. 54. ^ Hadfield 1972, p. 55 ^ Hadfield 1972, pp. 56–57. ^ Hadfield 1972, p. 59. ^ Hadfield 1972, pp. 189–190. ^ Hadfield 1972, pp. 190–191. ^ Hadfield 1972, p. 195. ^ Hadfield 1972, p. 195. Minute Book, 9 June 1821, quoted in Hadfield ^ "History of the Calder and Hebble Navigation". Pennine Waterways. Archived from the original on 19 September 2020. Retrieved 7 December 2007. ^ a b Hadfield 1972, p. 197. ^ a b McKnight 1981, pp. 262–263. ^ Hadfield 1972, pp. 199–200. ^ Hadfield 1972, p. 202. ^ Hadfield 1972, pp. 202–206. ^ Nicholson 2006, pp. 40–41. ^ a b Cumberlidge 2009, p. 90. ^ Cumberlidge 2009, pp. 255, 257. ^ Cumberlidge 2009, p. 150. ^ Cumberlidge 2009, pp. 51–53. ^ "Calder and Hebble Navigation Lock Size". Pennine Waterways. Archived from the original on 19 February 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2018. ^ Nicholson 2006, p. 48. ^ "Calder and Hebble Handspikes". Archived from the original on 23 February 2020. Retrieved 6 January 2009. External links Media related to Calder and Hebble Navigation at Wikimedia Commons images & map of mile markers seen along the Calder & Hebble Navigation vteNavigable canals of the United KingdomEngland Aire and Calder1 Ashby-de-la-Zouch2 Ashton Basingstoke Canal Beverley Beck Birmingham Canal Navigations3 Bridgewater Bridgwater and Taunton Buckingham Arm2 Bude2 Calder and Hebble1 Cambridgeshire Lodes3 Chelmer and Blackwater1 Chesterfield2 Chichester2 Coventry Driffield Droitwich Erewash Foss Dyke Gloucester and Sharpness Grand Union3 Grand Western2 Grantham2 Herefordshire and Gloucestershire2 Hollinwood Branch2 Huddersfield Broad Huddersfield Narrow Ipswich and Stowmarket12 Kennet and Avon1 Lancaster2 Leeds and Liverpool3 Lee Navigation1 Limehouse Llangollen Lydney Macclesfield Maidenhead Waterways Manchester Bolton & Bury2 Manchester Ship Canal Market Weighton2 Middle Level Navigations3 Montgomery2 North Walsham & Dilham12 Nottingham2 Oxford1 Peak Forest Pocklington2 Regent's Canal Ribble Link1 Ripon Rochdale Royal Military Canal Sankey2 Selby Sheffield and South Yorkshire13 Shropshire Union3 Sleaford12 South Forty-Foot Drain Staffordshire and Worcestershire Stort1 Stourbridge Stratford-upon-Avon Stroudwater2 Thames and Medway2 Thames and Severn2 Trent and Mersey3 Weaver1 Wey and Arun2 Wey and Godalming1 Wilts & Berks2 Witham Navigable Drains3 Worcester and Birmingham Northern Ireland Coalisland Canal Lagan Canal Newry Canal Shannon–Erne Waterway Strabane Canal Ulster Canal Scotland Caledonian Canal1 Crinan Canal Forth and Clyde Union Canal Wales Llangollen Canal Monmouthshire and Brecon2 Montgomery Canal2 Neath and Tennant2 Swansea Canal2 Features Aqueducts (list) Basins Locks Rings Tunnels (list) Winding holes Related topics British Waterways Canal & River Trust Scottish Canals History of the British canal system Manchester Pusher Narrowboats National Waterways Museum Navigable aqueduct Waterways Ireland Notes: 1 Contains canalised river. 2 Partly or mostly navigable, and/or under restoration. 3 A system of canals. Canals which form part of this system are not listed here individually. Authority control databases International VIAF National United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"waterway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterway"},{"link_name":"West Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"River Calder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Calder,_West_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"River Hebble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Hebble"},{"link_name":"Salterhebble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salterhebble"},{"link_name":"Halifax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halifax,_West_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Rochdale Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochdale_Canal"},{"link_name":"Sowerby Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sowerby_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester"},{"link_name":"riparian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riparian_zone"},{"link_name":"Manchester and Leeds Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_and_Leeds_Railway"},{"link_name":"Aire and Calder Navigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aire_and_Calder_Navigation"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire Keels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humber_Keel"},{"link_name":"Huddersfield Narrow Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huddersfield_Narrow_Canal"}],"text":"Inland waterway in West Yorkshire, EnglandThe Calder and Hebble Navigation is a broad inland waterway, with locks and bridge holes that are suitable for 14-foot-wide (4.3 m) boats, in West Yorkshire, England. Construction to improve the River Calder and the River Hebble began in 1759, and the initial scheme, which included 5.7 miles (9.2 km) of new cuts, was completed in 1770 and has remained navigable since it was opened. Significant improvements were made, including the Salterhebble branch to Halifax, opened in 1828, and ever-longer cuts to bypass river sections. Trade was assisted by the opening of the Rochdale Canal in 1804, which provided a through route from Sowerby Bridge to Manchester. There were plans to abandon the river sections completely in the 1830s, but these were modified as the needs of mill owners and other riparian landowners were recognised.With the coming of the railways, the canal was leased to the Manchester and Leeds Railway in 1843, but this was subsequently deemed to be illegal, and the Aire and Calder Navigation with which the Calder and Hebble Navigation connected at its eastern end, leased the canal from September 1847 until 1885. Some of the locks were enlarged, but many were not, and having been designed for Yorkshire Keels, they remain among the shortest on the English connected waterways network, at 57 feet (17 m). The navigation became a cul-de-sac in the 20th century, but with the burgeoning interest in leisure use of the canals, the trans-Pennine Rochdale Canal was reopened in 1996 and the Huddersfield Narrow Canal followed in 2001, resulting in the navigation becoming part of three Pennine cruising rings.","title":"Calder and Hebble Navigation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aire and Calder Navigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aire_and_Calder_Navigation"},{"link_name":"River Calder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Calder,_West_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Wakefield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakefield"},{"link_name":"Sowerby Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sowerby_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Halifax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halifax,_West_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHadfield197244%E2%80%9345-1"},{"link_name":"Act of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Ripponden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripponden"},{"link_name":"Elland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elland"},{"link_name":"River Hebble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Hebble"},{"link_name":"Horbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horbury"},{"link_name":"Turnpike Bills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnpike_trust"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHadfield197244%E2%80%9345-1"},{"link_name":"civil engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_engineer"},{"link_name":"John Smeaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Smeaton"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHadfield197245%E2%80%9347-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-priestley-3"}],"text":"By the beginning of the 18th century, the Aire and Calder Navigation had made the River Calder navigable as far upstream as Wakefield. The aim of the Calder and Hebble Navigation was to extend navigation west (upstream) from Wakefield to Sowerby Bridge near Halifax.[1]The first attempt to obtain an Act of Parliament was made in 1740, as a result of a petition by the people of Halifax, Ripponden and Elland. John Eyes of Liverpool surveyed the route, and presented a scheme for a navigation which would use the River Calder from Wakefield to its junction with the River Hebble, follow the Hebble to Salterhebble bridge, and then follow the Halifax Brook to reach Halifax. It included the construction of 24 locks, 21 on the Calder and three on the Hebble, and nearly 10 miles (16 km) of cuts, including one of 2 miles (3.2 km) at Horbury. The bill was defeated, due to opposition from local landowners who feared that it would cause flooding, from millers, who thought that navigation would disrupt their water supply, and from the promoters of several Turnpike Bills, who were intending to build roads which would follow a similar route.[1]The second attempt followed a meeting of the Union Club in Halifax on 2 September 1756, which considered how to improve the import of wool and corn to the town. They invited the civil engineer John Smeaton to make a new survey, which he did in late 1757, and produced a scheme which involved dredging shoals, making 5.7 miles (9.2 km) of cuts, the building of 26 locks, to overcome the rise of 178 feet (54 m) between Wakefield and the Halifax Brook, and the construction of a reservoir at Salterhebble bridge. A committee raising subscriptions for the project in Rochdale insisted that the plans should be amended to include an extension to Sowerby Bridge, despite opposition from the Halifax committee.[2] An Act was obtained on 9 June 1758, for this extended route, and created Commissioners, who had to own an estate valued at more than £100, or have a personal fortune of more than £3,000. Any nine of the Commissioners could make decisions.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHadfield197248-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson200640-5"},{"link_name":"Brighouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighouse"},{"link_name":"James Brindley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Brindley"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHadfield197248%E2%80%9353-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-priestley-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHadfield197254-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson200640-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHadfield197254-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Mirfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirfield"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHadfield197256%E2%80%9357-9"}],"sub_title":"Construction","text":"Construction started in November 1759,[4] with Smeaton acting as engineer.[5] By November 1764, the navigation was open as far as Brighouse, some 16 miles (26 km) from Wakefield. Having borrowed £56,000, factions arose within the Commissioners, with some wanting to stop at Brooksmouth, where the Rivers Hebble and Calder meet, and others wanting to raise more money and complete the scheme. The second option gained most support, and a new committee was set up, who asked James Brindley to take over from Smeaton in 1765. The work was nearly completed by 1767, but serious floods in October caused some damage, with further damage caused by more floods in February 1768. Brindley appears to have left by mid-1766, and the Commissioners re-appointed Smeaton in 1768, to complete the work. Banks were repaired and floodgates built at the start of some of the cuts. The work was just complete when a further flood caused so much damage that the only option was to close the navigation again.[6]By this time, £64,000 had been spent on the scheme, of which £8,100 had come from tolls and the rest had been borrowed. The Commissioners felt unable to borrow more money, and so a second Act of Parliament was obtained on 21 April 1769, which formally created the Company of Proprietors of the Calder and Hebble Navigation. This consisted of all of the 81 people who had loaned money to the original scheme, and these loans were converted into £100 shares. Additional shares could be issued, and the Company could borrow up to £20,000, with the future tolls used as security.[3] Before the Act, the scheme had been known as the Calder Navigation or Upper Calder Navigation, and this was the first use of the Calder and Hebble title. The Act was the first navigation act to include a clause which limited dividends, insisting that tolls should be reduced if the dividend exceeded ten per cent.[7] Construction of the initial phase was finished in 1770,[5] at a total cost of around £75,000.[7]There were initial problems with the water supply to the Sowerby Bridge pound, which Smeaton was asked to address. He suggested a tunnel from Hollins Mill, similar to those used for draining collieries. Construction began in June 1772, and was completed in March 1794.[8] Other improvements followed, with a new cut between Shepley Bridge and Mirfield started in December 1775 supervised by William Jessop, and the raising of water levels in 1776 to allow boats to carry additional cargo. A new cut at Brighouse was added in 1780, while the two staircase locks at Salterhebble and the single lock at Brooksmouth were replaced at Smeaton's suggestion by three new locks in 1782.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHadfield197259-10"},{"link_name":"Thornhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thornhill,_West_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Dewsbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewsbury"},{"link_name":"Rochdale Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochdale_Canal"},{"link_name":"Brookfoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookfoot"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHadfield1972189%E2%80%93190-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anchor_Pit_Flood_Gates_-_Calder_and_Hebble_Navigation_-_geograph.org.uk_-_95690.jpg"},{"link_name":"Aire and Calder Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aire_and_Calder_Canal"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHadfield1972190%E2%80%93191-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHadfield1972195-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-priestley-3"},{"link_name":"Salterhebble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salterhebble"},{"link_name":"Halifax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halifax,_West_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHadfield1972197-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKnight1981262%E2%80%93263-17"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-priestley-3"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHadfield1972197-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKnight1981262%E2%80%93263-17"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson200640-5"},{"link_name":"Aire and Calder Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aire_and_Calder_Canal"},{"link_name":"Huddersfield Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huddersfield_Narrow_Canal"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHadfield1972199%E2%80%93200-18"},{"link_name":"Rochdale Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochdale_Canal"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHadfield1972202-19"}],"sub_title":"Development","text":"The Navigation prospered, with dividends rising steadily from 5 per cent in 1771 to 13 per cent in 1792. Under the terms of the Act of Parliament, tolls were reduced when the dividend exceeded 10 per cent, and the first such reduction occurred in 1791.[10] Improvements continued, and were funded by making calls on the original shareholders. This provided a way to increase their income without exceeding the 10 per cent dividend limit. In 1798 a long cut at Thornhill was made, bypassing the town of Dewsbury. Trade with the town was maintained by the construction of a wharf and warehouse in what is now Savile Town Basin Dewsbury, however this was not until 1877. Another stimulus to trade was provided by the Rochdale Canal, which opened up a through route from Sowerby Bridge to Manchester from 1804. A new cut and a lock were constructed at Brookfoot. near Brighouse. between 1805 and 1808, while the Elland cut was extended to link up with the Sowerby cut in 1815. There were further reductions in the tolls in 1801, 1804 and 1808.[11]Anchor Pit Flood Gates protect the Kirklees Cut when river levels are high.In 1806, the Company agreed with the Aire and Calder Canal to replace the lock at Fall Ings with a new cut (Fall Ings Cut) and a pair of locks, the work to be jointly funded. Legal challenges from millers resulted in some delay, but the cut was opened in 1812.[12] By 1823, as a result of pressure from carriers, boats were allowed to use the navigation at any time during the week, but the company refrained from authorising use on Sundays[13] as they could not \"consent to so great a Deviation from established Custom\".[14]A new Act of Parliament was obtained on 31 March 1825, which authorised the raising of £50,000[3] for the purpose of constructing a 1.75-mile (2.8 km) branch along the route of the River Hebble, from Salterhebble to the centre of Halifax, terminating near the railway station at Bailey Hall.[15] The terminus was 100 feet (30 m) above the level of the canal at Salterhebble,[16] and the branch required a total of fourteen locks.[17] In order to avoid disputes with the mill owners along the length of the River Hebble, water supply was obtained by building a tunnel from the basin at Salterhebble to a pit near the top lock. The tunnel was 1,170 yards (1,070 m) long, and the water was pumped from the pit to the top pound by a steam engine.[3] The branch was opened in 1828, at a cost of £58,741, of which £20,000 was raised by loans, rather than calls to the shareholders,[16] and was abandoned in 1942.[17]In later improvements, ever-longer cuts bypassed more and more sections of river. The mill owners prevented some of the more ambitious plans, but in many cases, the navigation company bought out the mills in order to remove the obstacles.[5] With the Aire and Calder Canal rebuilding its main line, the Calder and Hebble sought an Act of Parliament to effectively abandon the river, but this was modified, as the needs of mill owners and others who owned property on the river banks were recognised. Nevertheless, the Act, when it was passed in 1834, authorised the construction of major new cuts and the building of new locks, which would be 70 by 18+1⁄2 feet (21.3 by 5.6 m) as far at Brighouse. The Huddersfield Canal pressed for the remaining locks to be extended to a similar length.[18] A new cut between broad cut and the Figure of Three locks, which included two large locks, and a new large lock beside the old one at Thornes were opened in 1838, but little more was done, despite the Rochdale Canal pressing for longer locks.[19]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manchester and Leeds Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_and_Leeds_Railway"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHadfield1972202%E2%80%93206-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson200640%E2%80%9341-21"}],"sub_title":"Competition","text":"The Manchester and Leeds Railway company, which had approached the Calder and Hebble in 1836, but had been rebuffed, opened their line between 1839 and 1841. It followed the line of the canal and that of the Rochdale Canal. A year later, with canal shares having lost 66 per cent of their value, the canal company approached the railway, who agreed to lease the canal for £40,000 per year for 14 years, commencing on 25 March 1843. The Aire and Calder Navigation objected to the lease, and in April 1847, the Attorney General and the Solicitor General ruled that it was illegal, and must cease. Soon afterwards, the Aire and Calder offered to lease the canal itself, and the agreement started in September.[20] After the Aire and Calder's lease expired in 1885, the Navigation Company again took charge, rebuilt many of the bridges, and established the Calder Carrying Company. Shareholders continued to receive dividends until the canal was nationalised in 1948, and the canal was used by commercial traffic until 1981.[21]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aire and Calder Navigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aire_and_Calder_Navigation"},{"link_name":"Mirfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirfield"},{"link_name":"Huddersfield Broad Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huddersfield_Broad_Canal"},{"link_name":"Rochdale Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochdale_Canal"},{"link_name":"Horbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horbury"},{"link_name":"Dewsbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewsbury"},{"link_name":"Brighouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighouse"},{"link_name":"Elland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elland"}],"text":"The Navigation starts in Wakefield, where there is an end-on junction with the Aire and Calder Navigation, and runs upstream through Mirfield, after which there is a junction with the Huddersfield Broad Canal, to arrive at Sowerby Bridge, where there is another end-on junction, this time with the Rochdale Canal. Other towns on the navigation are Horbury, Dewsbury, Brighouse, and Elland. The former branch to Halifax is no longer navigable, except for a stub now known as the Halifax Arm. A sign clearly signposts the Halifax Arm to the right, and onwards toward Sowerby Bridge, visible to boats emerging from the top lock.","title":"Current route"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECumberlidge200990-22"},{"link_name":"Rochdale Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochdale_Canal"},{"link_name":"Rochdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochdale"},{"link_name":"Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECumberlidge2009255,_257-23"},{"link_name":"Huddersfield Broad Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huddersfield_Broad_Canal"},{"link_name":"Huddersfield Narrow Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huddersfield_Narrow_Canal"},{"link_name":"Ashton-under-Lyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashton-under-Lyne"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECumberlidge2009150-24"},{"link_name":"Midlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Midlands"},{"link_name":"Lancashire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancashire"},{"link_name":"Leeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds"},{"link_name":"Leeds and Liverpool Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_and_Liverpool_Canal"},{"link_name":"Selby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selby"},{"link_name":"York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York"},{"link_name":"Goole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goole"},{"link_name":"Humber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humber"},{"link_name":"Keadby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keadby"},{"link_name":"River Trent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Trent"},{"link_name":"Sheffield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield"},{"link_name":"Rotherham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotherham"},{"link_name":"Doncaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doncaster"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECumberlidge200951%E2%80%9353-25"},{"link_name":"South Pennine Ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Pennine_Ring"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECumberlidge200990-22"},{"link_name":"North Pennine Ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Pennine_Ring"},{"link_name":"Outer Pennine Ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_Pennine_Ring"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire Keels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humber_Keel"},{"link_name":"Aire and Calder Navigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aire_and_Calder_Navigation"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson200640-5"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson200648-27"},{"link_name":"handspike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handspike"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson200640-5"}],"text":"Since the demise of commercial carrying in 1981, the navigation has only been used by leisure boaters, to whom it represents both an attractive cruising ground, passing through beautiful countryside and traditional Yorkshire industrial areas. For many years it was effectively a cul-de-sac, with the only access from the Aire and Calder Navigation at the eastern end.[22] However, the growth of the restoration movement resulted in the reopening of the Rochdale Canal, to which connection was made in 1996 with the opening of Tuel Lane Lock, just beyond Sowerby Bridge, and it is now possible to reach Rochdale and Manchester.[23] The canal always provided access to the Huddersfield Broad Canal at Cooper Bridge Junction, but this was another short cul-de-sac, until it was reconnected to the trans-Pennine Huddersfield Narrow Canal, restoration of which was completed in 2001. This links the far end of the Broad canal to Ashton-under-Lyne,[24] and onwards to the Midlands and Wales. From the eastern end, the Aire and Calder Navigation provides links to Lancashire via Leeds and the Leeds and Liverpool Canal in the west, and to Selby, York, Goole and the Humber, Keadby and the River Trent, and Sheffield, Rotherham and Doncaster in the east.[25] The reopening of the Rochdale and Huddersfield Narrow Canals mean that the navigation now forms part of three cruising rings, the South Pennine Ring,[22] the North Pennine Ring and the Outer Pennine Ring.The canal and the connected Huddersfield Broad Canal were built to accept 57-by-14-foot (17.4 by 4.3 m) Yorkshire Keels coming up the Aire and Calder Navigation. The first four locks on the lower Calder and Hebble, from Fall Ings to Broad Cut Top Lock have since been extended, and can accommodate boats which are 120 by 17+1⁄2 ft (36.6 by 5.3 m), but the remainder restrict the size of boats that can use the navigation. They are among the shortest on the connected network of English and Welsh inland waterways, but while wide beam boats are restricted to 57 feet (17 m) in length, it is possible for experienced boaters to fit narrowboats up to about 60 feet (18 m) long, but only 7 feet (2.1 m) wide, into the locks,[5] by allowing them to sit diagonally in the restricted space. This may require expedients such as removing fenders, having shore parties pole the boat into position, and going down locks backwards. In particular, an inexperienced crew of any boat longer than about 57 ft (17 m) might find it impossible to negotiate the middle lock of the \"Salterhebble Three\", which is the shortest of all.[26]It was the disparity in boat sizes between the Calder and Hebble and the Rochdale canal which made Sowerby Bridge, at the junction of the two canals, so important, as long boats coming over from Lancashire had to have their cargoes unloaded, stored, and transferred to shorter boats at Sowerby Bridge Wharf.[27]A quirk of the Calder and Hebble locks is the handspike, a length of 2-by-4-inch (5 by 10 cm) timber shaped at one end to provide a comfortable two-handed grip. Calder and Hebble boaters have to carry these in addition to the more usual windlass, in order to lever open the simple lock gear which lifts the lock paddles to allow a full lock to empty or an empty one to fill.[28] Because the navigation includes river sections, locks which give access to such sections are fitted with gauge boards, which show the condition of the river using a colour-coded scheme. A green band indicates that river levels are normal, and that navigation is therefore safe. An amber band indicates that levels are higher than normal, and that extra care is required when proceeding along the river section. A red band indicates that water levels are sufficiently high that the lock has been closed, and navigation on the river is unsafe.[5]","title":"Current use"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OpenStreetMap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tools.wmflabs.org/osm4wiki/cgi-bin/wiki/wiki-osm.pl?project=en&article=Calder_and_Hebble_Navigation"},{"link_name":"KML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tools.wmflabs.org/kmlexport?article=Calder_and_Hebble_Navigation"},{"link_name":"GPX (all coordinates)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=all&titles=Calder_and_Hebble_Navigation"},{"link_name":"GPX (primary coordinates)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=primary&titles=Calder_and_Hebble_Navigation"},{"link_name":"GPX (secondary coordinates)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=secondary&titles=Calder_and_Hebble_Navigation"}],"text":"Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap\n\nDownload coordinates as:\n\n\nKML\nGPX (all coordinates)\nGPX (primary coordinates)\nGPX (secondary coordinates)","title":"Points of interest"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-84623-010-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84623-010-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7153-5719-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7153-5719-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7153-8239-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7153-8239-4"},{"link_name":"Nicholson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholson_Guides"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-00-721113-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-721113-5"},{"link_name":"\"Historical Account of the Navigable Rivers, Canals and Railways of Great Britain\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160312211903/http://jim-shead.com/waterways/sdoc.php?wpage=pnrc0139#PNRC120"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//jim-shead.com/waterways/sdoc.php?wpage=pnrc0139#PNRC120"}],"text":"Cumberlidge, Jane (2009). Inland Waterways of Great Britain (8th ed.). Imray Laurie Norie and Wilson. ISBN 978-1-84623-010-3.\nHadfield, Charles (1972). The Canals of Yorkshire and North East England. Vol. 1. David and Charles. ISBN 978-0-7153-5719-4.\nMcKnight, Hugh (1981). The Shell Book of the Inland Waterways. David and Charles. ISBN 978-0-7153-8239-4.\nNicholson (2006). Nicholson Guide Vol 5: North West & the Pennines. Harper Collins Publishers. ISBN 978-0-00-721113-5.\nPriestley, Joseph (1831). \"Historical Account of the Navigable Rivers, Canals and Railways of Great Britain\". Archived from the original on 12 March 2016.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KML file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Calder_and_Hebble_Navigation&action=raw"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Calder_and_Hebble_Navigation&action=edit"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Attached_KML"},{"link_name":"Template:Attached KML/Calder and Hebble Navigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Attached_KML/Calder_and_Hebble_Navigation"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHadfield197244%E2%80%9345_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHadfield197244%E2%80%9345_1-1"},{"link_name":"Hadfield 1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHadfield1972"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHadfield197245%E2%80%9347_2-0"},{"link_name":"Hadfield 1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHadfield1972"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-priestley_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-priestley_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-priestley_3-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-priestley_3-3"},{"link_name":"Priestley 1831","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPriestley1831"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHadfield197248_4-0"},{"link_name":"Hadfield 1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHadfield1972"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholson200640_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholson200640_5-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholson200640_5-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholson200640_5-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholson200640_5-4"},{"link_name":"Nicholson 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFNicholson2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHadfield197248%E2%80%9353_6-0"},{"link_name":"Hadfield 1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHadfield1972"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHadfield197254_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHadfield197254_7-1"},{"link_name":"Hadfield 1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHadfield1972"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Hadfield 1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHadfield1972"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHadfield197256%E2%80%9357_9-0"},{"link_name":"Hadfield 1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHadfield1972"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHadfield197259_10-0"},{"link_name":"Hadfield 1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHadfield1972"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHadfield1972189%E2%80%93190_11-0"},{"link_name":"Hadfield 1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHadfield1972"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHadfield1972190%E2%80%93191_12-0"},{"link_name":"Hadfield 1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHadfield1972"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHadfield1972195_13-0"},{"link_name":"Hadfield 1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHadfield1972"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"Hadfield 1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHadfield1972"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"\"History of the Calder and Hebble Navigation\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.penninewaterways.co.uk/calder/chn2.htm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20200919212856/http://www.penninewaterways.co.uk/calder/chn2.htm"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHadfield1972197_16-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHadfield1972197_16-1"},{"link_name":"Hadfield 1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHadfield1972"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKnight1981262%E2%80%93263_17-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKnight1981262%E2%80%93263_17-1"},{"link_name":"McKnight 1981","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcKnight1981"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHadfield1972199%E2%80%93200_18-0"},{"link_name":"Hadfield 1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHadfield1972"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHadfield1972202_19-0"},{"link_name":"Hadfield 1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHadfield1972"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHadfield1972202%E2%80%93206_20-0"},{"link_name":"Hadfield 1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHadfield1972"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholson200640%E2%80%9341_21-0"},{"link_name":"Nicholson 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFNicholson2006"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECumberlidge200990_22-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECumberlidge200990_22-1"},{"link_name":"Cumberlidge 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCumberlidge2009"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECumberlidge2009255,_257_23-0"},{"link_name":"Cumberlidge 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCumberlidge2009"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECumberlidge2009150_24-0"},{"link_name":"Cumberlidge 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCumberlidge2009"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECumberlidge200951%E2%80%9353_25-0"},{"link_name":"Cumberlidge 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCumberlidge2009"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"\"Calder and Hebble Navigation Lock Size\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.penninewaterways.co.uk/calder/locks.htm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20200219173954/http://www.penninewaterways.co.uk/calder/locks.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholson200648_27-0"},{"link_name":"Nicholson 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFNicholson2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"\"Calder and Hebble Handspikes\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.penninewaterways.co.uk/calder/handspike.htm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20200223172705/http://www.penninewaterways.co.uk/calder/handspike.htm"}],"sub_title":"References","text":"KML file (edit • help)Template:Attached KML/Calder and Hebble NavigationKML is from Wikidata^ a b Hadfield 1972, pp. 44–45.\n\n^ Hadfield 1972, pp. 45–47.\n\n^ a b c d Priestley 1831, pp. 120–126\n\n^ Hadfield 1972, p. 48.\n\n^ a b c d e Nicholson 2006, p. 40.\n\n^ Hadfield 1972, pp. 48–53.\n\n^ a b Hadfield 1972, p. 54.\n\n^ Hadfield 1972, p. 55\n\n^ Hadfield 1972, pp. 56–57.\n\n^ Hadfield 1972, p. 59.\n\n^ Hadfield 1972, pp. 189–190.\n\n^ Hadfield 1972, pp. 190–191.\n\n^ Hadfield 1972, p. 195.\n\n^ Hadfield 1972, p. 195. Minute Book, 9 June 1821, quoted in Hadfield\n\n^ \"History of the Calder and Hebble Navigation\". Pennine Waterways. Archived from the original on 19 September 2020. Retrieved 7 December 2007.\n\n^ a b Hadfield 1972, p. 197.\n\n^ a b McKnight 1981, pp. 262–263.\n\n^ Hadfield 1972, pp. 199–200.\n\n^ Hadfield 1972, p. 202.\n\n^ Hadfield 1972, pp. 202–206.\n\n^ Nicholson 2006, pp. 40–41.\n\n^ a b Cumberlidge 2009, p. 90.\n\n^ Cumberlidge 2009, pp. 255, 257.\n\n^ Cumberlidge 2009, p. 150.\n\n^ Cumberlidge 2009, pp. 51–53.\n\n^ \"Calder and Hebble Navigation Lock Size\". Pennine Waterways. Archived from the original on 19 February 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2018.\n\n^ Nicholson 2006, p. 48.\n\n^ \"Calder and Hebble Handspikes\". Archived from the original on 23 February 2020. Retrieved 6 January 2009.","title":"Bibliography"}]	[{"image_text":"Anchor Pit Flood Gates protect the Kirklees Cut when river levels are high.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Anchor_Pit_Flood_Gates_-_Calder_and_Hebble_Navigation_-_geograph.org.uk_-_95690.jpg/220px-Anchor_Pit_Flood_Gates_-_Calder_and_Hebble_Navigation_-_geograph.org.uk_-_95690.jpg"}]	[{"title":"United Kingdom portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg"},{"title":"Transport portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Transport"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg"},{"title":"Calder and Hebble Navigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Calder_and_Hebble_Navigation"},{"title":"Canals of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canals_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"title":"History of the British canal system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_British_canal_system"}]	[{"reference":"Cumberlidge, Jane (2009). Inland Waterways of Great Britain (8th ed.). Imray Laurie Norie and Wilson. ISBN 978-1-84623-010-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84623-010-3","url_text":"978-1-84623-010-3"}]},{"reference":"Hadfield, Charles (1972). The Canals of Yorkshire and North East England. Vol. 1. David and Charles. ISBN 978-0-7153-5719-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7153-5719-4","url_text":"978-0-7153-5719-4"}]},{"reference":"McKnight, Hugh (1981). The Shell Book of the Inland Waterways. David and Charles. ISBN 978-0-7153-8239-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7153-8239-4","url_text":"978-0-7153-8239-4"}]},{"reference":"Nicholson (2006). Nicholson Guide Vol 5: North West & the Pennines. Harper Collins Publishers. ISBN 978-0-00-721113-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholson_Guides","url_text":"Nicholson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-721113-5","url_text":"978-0-00-721113-5"}]},{"reference":"Priestley, Joseph (1831). \"Historical Account of the Navigable Rivers, Canals and Railways of Great Britain\". Archived from the original on 12 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160312211903/http://jim-shead.com/waterways/sdoc.php?wpage=pnrc0139#PNRC120","url_text":"\"Historical Account of the Navigable Rivers, Canals and Railways of Great Britain\""},{"url":"http://jim-shead.com/waterways/sdoc.php?wpage=pnrc0139#PNRC120","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"History of the Calder and Hebble Navigation\". Pennine Waterways. Archived from the original on 19 September 2020. Retrieved 7 December 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.penninewaterways.co.uk/calder/chn2.htm","url_text":"\"History of the Calder and Hebble Navigation\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200919212856/http://www.penninewaterways.co.uk/calder/chn2.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Calder and Hebble Navigation Lock Size\". Pennine Waterways. Archived from the original on 19 February 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.penninewaterways.co.uk/calder/locks.htm","url_text":"\"Calder and Hebble Navigation Lock Size\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200219173954/http://www.penninewaterways.co.uk/calder/locks.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Calder and Hebble Handspikes\". Archived from the original on 23 February 2020. Retrieved 6 January 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.penninewaterways.co.uk/calder/handspike.htm","url_text":"\"Calder and Hebble Handspikes\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200223172705/http://www.penninewaterways.co.uk/calder/handspike.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://tools.wmflabs.org/osm4wiki/cgi-bin/wiki/wiki-osm.pl?project=en&article=Calder_and_Hebble_Navigation","external_links_name":"OpenStreetMap"},{"Link":"https://tools.wmflabs.org/kmlexport?article=Calder_and_Hebble_Navigation","external_links_name":"KML"},{"Link":"https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=all&titles=Calder_and_Hebble_Navigation","external_links_name":"GPX (all coordinates)"},{"Link":"https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=primary&titles=Calder_and_Hebble_Navigation","external_links_name":"GPX (primary coordinates)"},{"Link":"https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=secondary&titles=Calder_and_Hebble_Navigation","external_links_name":"GPX (secondary coordinates)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Calder_and_Hebble_Navigation&params=53.7098_N_1.9032_W_region:GB_scale:2000&title=Sowerby+Bridge+Basin","external_links_name":"53°42′35″N 1°54′12″W / 53.7098°N 1.9032°W / 53.7098; -1.9032 (Sowerby Bridge Basin)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Calder_and_Hebble_Navigation&params=53.6985_N_1.8575_W_region:GB_scale:2000&title=top+of+Salterhebble+Locks","external_links_name":"53°41′55″N 1°51′27″W / 53.6985°N 1.8575°W / 53.6985; -1.8575 (top of Salterhebble Locks)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Calder_and_Hebble_Navigation&params=53.6957_N_1.8301_W_region:GB_scale:2000&title=Park+Nook+Lock+%28No.21%29","external_links_name":"53°41′45″N 1°49′48″W / 53.6957°N 1.8301°W / 53.6957; -1.8301 (Park Nook Lock (No.21))"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Calder_and_Hebble_Navigation&params=53.7015_N_1.7976_W_region:GB_scale:2000&title=Brookfoot+Lock+%28No.19%29","external_links_name":"53°42′05″N 1°47′51″W / 53.7015°N 1.7976°W / 53.7015; -1.7976 (Brookfoot Lock (No.19))"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Calder_and_Hebble_Navigation&params=53.6924_N_1.7466_W_region:GB_scale:2000&title=Kirklees+Top+Lock+%28No.15%29","external_links_name":"53°41′33″N 1°44′48″W / 53.6924°N 1.7466°W / 53.6924; -1.7466 (Kirklees Top Lock (No.15))"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Calder_and_Hebble_Navigation&params=53.6831_N_1.7363_W_region:GB_scale:2000&title=Cooper+Bridge+Junction","external_links_name":"53°40′59″N 1°44′11″W / 53.6831°N 1.7363°W / 53.6831; -1.7363 (Cooper Bridge Junction)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Calder_and_Hebble_Navigation&params=53.6743_N_1.6754_W_region:GB_scale:2000&title=Shepley+Bridge+Lock+%28No.11%29","external_links_name":"53°40′27″N 1°40′31″W / 53.6743°N 1.6754°W / 53.6743; -1.6754 (Shepley Bridge Lock (No.11))"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Calder_and_Hebble_Navigation&params=53.6745_N_1.6224_W_region:GB_scale:2000&title=Thornhill+Bottom+Lock+%28No.8%29","external_links_name":"53°40′28″N 1°37′21″W / 53.6745°N 1.6224°W / 53.6745; -1.6224 (Thornhill Bottom Lock (No.8))"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Calder_and_Hebble_Navigation&params=53.6661_N_1.5971_W_region:GB_scale:2000&title=Figure+of+Three+Locks+%28No.5%2C6%29","external_links_name":"53°39′58″N 1°35′50″W / 53.6661°N 1.5971°W / 53.6661; -1.5971 (Figure of Three Locks (No.5,6))"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Calder_and_Hebble_Navigation&params=53.6513_N_1.534_W_region:GB_scale:2000&title=Broad+Cut+Low+Lock+%28No.3%29","external_links_name":"53°39′05″N 1°32′02″W / 53.6513°N 1.5340°W / 53.6513; -1.5340 (Broad Cut Low Lock (No.3))"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Calder_and_Hebble_Navigation&params=53.6655_N_1.5056_W_region:GB_scale:2000&title=Thornes+Lock+%28No.2%29","external_links_name":"53°39′56″N 1°30′20″W / 53.6655°N 1.5056°W / 53.6655; -1.5056 (Thornes Lock (No.2))"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Calder_and_Hebble_Navigation&params=53.6737_N_1.4822_W_region:GB_scale:2000&title=Fall+Ings+Lock+%28No.1%29","external_links_name":"53°40′25″N 1°28′56″W / 53.6737°N 1.4822°W / 53.6737; -1.4822 (Fall Ings Lock (No.1))"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160312211903/http://jim-shead.com/waterways/sdoc.php?wpage=pnrc0139#PNRC120","external_links_name":"\"Historical Account of the Navigable Rivers, Canals and Railways of Great Britain\""},{"Link":"http://jim-shead.com/waterways/sdoc.php?wpage=pnrc0139#PNRC120","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Calder_and_Hebble_Navigation&action=raw","external_links_name":"KML file"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Calder_and_Hebble_Navigation&action=edit","external_links_name":"edit"},{"Link":"http://www.penninewaterways.co.uk/calder/chn2.htm","external_links_name":"\"History of the Calder and Hebble Navigation\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200919212856/http://www.penninewaterways.co.uk/calder/chn2.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.penninewaterways.co.uk/calder/locks.htm","external_links_name":"\"Calder and Hebble Navigation Lock Size\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200219173954/http://www.penninewaterways.co.uk/calder/locks.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.penninewaterways.co.uk/calder/handspike.htm","external_links_name":"\"Calder and Hebble Handspikes\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200223172705/http://www.penninewaterways.co.uk/calder/handspike.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://chms.mister.red/","external_links_name":"images & map of mile markers seen along the Calder & Hebble Navigation"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/134919775","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84136340","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnansj%C3%B6	Sunnansjö	["1 Notable residents","2 References"]	Coordinates: 60°13′N 14°57′E / 60.217°N 14.950°E / 60.217; 14.950Place in Dalarna, SwedenSunnansjöSunnansjöShow map of DalarnaSunnansjöShow map of SwedenCoordinates: 60°13′N 14°57′E / 60.217°N 14.950°E / 60.217; 14.950CountrySwedenProvinceDalarnaCountyDalarna CountyMunicipalityLudvika MunicipalityArea • Total1.55 km2 (0.60 sq mi)Population (31 December 2010) • Total560 • Density360/km2 (900/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST) Sunnansjö is a locality situated in Ludvika Municipality, Dalarna County, Sweden. It had 560 inhabitants in 2010. Notable residents Viking Björk (1918-2008), cardiac surgeon References ^ a b c "Tätorternas landareal, folkmängd och invånare per km2 2005 och 2010" (in Swedish). Statistics Sweden. 14 December 2011. Archived from the original on 27 January 2012. Retrieved 10 January 2012. vteLocalities in Ludvika Municipality, Dalarna County, SwedenLocalities Blötberget Fredriksberg Gonäs Grangärde Grängesberg Håksberg Ludvika (part of) (seat) Nyhammar Persbo Saxdalen Sörvik Sunnansjö Authority control databases: Geographic MusicBrainz area This article about a location in Dalarna County, Sweden is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"locality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_areas_in_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Ludvika Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludvika_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Dalarna County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalarna_County"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scb-1"}],"text":"Place in Dalarna, SwedenSunnansjö is a locality situated in Ludvika Municipality, Dalarna County, Sweden. It had 560 inhabitants in 2010.[1]","title":"Sunnansjö"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Viking Björk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_Bj%C3%B6rk"},{"link_name":"cardiac surgeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_surgeon"}],"text":"Viking Björk (1918-2008), cardiac surgeon","title":"Notable residents"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Tätorternas landareal, folkmängd och invånare per km2 2005 och 2010\" (in Swedish). Statistics Sweden. 14 December 2011. Archived from the original on 27 January 2012. Retrieved 10 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scb.se/Statistik/MI/MI0810/2010A01/Tatorternami0810tab1_4.xls","url_text":"\"Tätorternas landareal, folkmängd och invånare per km2 2005 och 2010\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Sweden","url_text":"Statistics Sweden"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120127055525/http://www.scb.se/Statistik/MI/MI0810/2010A01/Tatorternami0810tab1_4.xls","url_text":"Archived"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sunnansj%C3%B6&params=60_13_N_14_57_E_region:SE_type:city(560)","external_links_name":"60°13′N 14°57′E / 60.217°N 14.950°E / 60.217; 14.950"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sunnansj%C3%B6&params=60_13_N_14_57_E_region:SE_type:city(560)","external_links_name":"60°13′N 14°57′E / 60.217°N 14.950°E / 60.217; 14.950"},{"Link":"http://www.scb.se/Statistik/MI/MI0810/2010A01/Tatorternami0810tab1_4.xls","external_links_name":"\"Tätorternas landareal, folkmängd och invånare per km2 2005 och 2010\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120127055525/http://www.scb.se/Statistik/MI/MI0810/2010A01/Tatorternami0810tab1_4.xls","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/area/87eafa3d-6f08-4db0-a996-904d62ab4f62","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz area"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sunnansj%C3%B6&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockatoo_Island_(Western_Australia)	Cockatoo Island (Western Australia)	["1 History","2 References"]	Coordinates: 16°05′38″S 123°36′33″E / 16.0939142°S 123.6091835°E / -16.0939142; 123.6091835Island in the Kiimberley region of Western Australia Cockatoo Island approached by air from the south-west. The mine working along western edge of the island and the townsite at the northern end (left of photo) are visible.GeographyCoordinates16°05′38″S 123°36′33″E / 16.0939142°S 123.6091835°E / -16.0939142; 123.6091835ArchipelagoBuccaneerAdjacent toIndian OceanArea12 sq mi (31 km2) Map of Buccaneer Archipelago Cockatoo Island is an island in the Buccaneer Archipelago off the coast of Western Australia near the town of Derby. It was mined for iron ore by the Broken Hill Proprietary Company from 1951 until 1984. Koolan Island is a neighbouring island that was also mined by BHP for high grade iron ore. It was most recently mined by Perth-based mining company, Pluton Resources until the company was placed under administration in September 2015. History The ironstone of Cockatoo Island was known to pearl luggers in the 1880s, who used it as ballast on their voyages. Australian Iron & Steel acquired leases to the island's mineral deposits in 1928. That company became a subsidiary of Broken Hill Proprietary Company, in 1935, bringing with it the leases. The island was first surveyed in 1930, then again more comprehensively in 1936. The island was evacuated with the outbreak of World War II and work on the deposit did not resume until 1944. By October 1945 over 100 men were employed on Cockatoo Island and work was underway laying a foundation for the processing plant, building a jetty and layout the township. Iron ore mining began in 1951. The first shipment of iron ore from the island was made in the vessel Iron Yampi, which was purpose-built at the Whyalla shipyard. It was one of a fleet of four bulk-carriers built to transport the ore for smelting at Australian steelworks. The Iron Kimberley was another of them. In 1952, the island's population numbered 150. By 1954, the mine was capable of shipping up to 2 million tonnes of iron ore annually. The townsite established by BHP contained a school, movie theatre, and even a lockup prison. BHP continued to operate the mine and manage the township until 1984 when the ore body had been mined down to sea level. During the 1980s businessman Alan Bond and wife, Eileen Bond, opened a tourist resort using the old mining village's infrastructure. The resort was closed and sold to HWE Mining who provided the chalets for their workers to use. HWE Mining and Portman Mining Ltd re-opened operations in the 1990s by first retreating waste-rock from old BHP dumps, then forming a seawall and commencing mining below sea level. In the 21st century, Perth-based company Pluton Resources mined there, until the company entered administration in September 2015. In 2020, Cockatoo Island Mining Pty Ltd whose directors reside in Australia, India, Hong Kong, and mainland China, was granted a lease for the island until 2032, after consideration by the Foreign Investment Review Board. Concern was expressed by Senator Concetta Fierravanti-Wells among others that this lease was near the mainland Yampi Sound Training Area used by the Australian Defence Force. References ^ "Cockatoo Island Iron Ore Mining". PDF. Watpac. 2014. Archived from the original on 12 February 2016. Retrieved 14 February 2016. ^ a b "Summary of Pluton Resources Ltd (Receiver and Manager Appointed) \| The Supreme Court of Victoria". www.supremecourt.vic.gov.au. Retrieved 6 June 2020. ^ a b "YAMPI SOUND TO CHALLENGE WHYALLA Special Freighters Being Built To Carry Iron Ore". Toodyay Herald. 20 June 1947. p. 9. Retrieved 18 December 2015. ^ a b "(ADVERTISEMENT) PEARLERS ONCE USED YAMPI'S IRON ORE FOR BALLAST". The West Australian. 4 November 1952. p. 28. Retrieved 18 December 2015. ^ "Busy Community Established On Cockatoo Island". The West Australian. 11 March 1952. p. 3. Retrieved 18 December 2015. ^ "BHP To Spend A Million On Yampi". The Daily News. 13 October 1945. p. 1. Retrieved 18 December 2015. ^ "Iron ore in Western Australia" (PDF). PDF. Department of Industry and Resources. 1995. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 September 2007. Retrieved 14 February 2008. ^ "ORE SHIP'S LAUNCHING". The West Australian. 6 April 1949. p. 19. Retrieved 18 December 2015. ^ ""Staggering" Expansion Of Australia's Steel Industry". The West Australian. 26 November 1954. p. 2. Retrieved 18 December 2015. ^ "Alan Bond's tourist resort on Cockatoo Island closed down". Sunday Times (Perth, W.A.). 4 March 1990. p. 10. ^ Trott, Peter (26 November 1984). "Cockatoo Island closes down as iron ore producer but could become major tourist attraction". The West Australian. p. 13a-e. ^ Chinese takeover of island near Australian military training area causes unease inside defence and government, Andrew Greene, ABC News Online, 2021-03-12 vteTowns in the Kimberley region of Western Australia Ardyaloon Balgo Beagle Bay Bidyadanga Broome Camballin Cockatoo Island Derby Fitzroy Crossing Halls Creek Kadjina Kalumburu Koolan Island Kununurra Looma Noonkanbah Oombulgurri Warmun Wyndham	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Buccaneer_Archipelago.jpg"},{"link_name":"Buccaneer Archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buccaneer_Archipelago"},{"link_name":"Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Broken Hill Proprietary Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broken_Hill_Proprietary_Company"},{"link_name":"Koolan Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koolan_Island"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pluton-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-supremecourt.vic.gov.au-2"}],"text":"Island in the Kiimberley region of Western AustraliaMap of Buccaneer ArchipelagoCockatoo Island is an island in the Buccaneer Archipelago off the coast of Western Australia near the town of Derby. It was mined for iron ore by the Broken Hill Proprietary Company from 1951 until 1984. Koolan Island is a neighbouring island that was also mined by BHP for high grade iron ore. It was most recently mined by Perth-based mining company, Pluton Resources[1] until the company was placed under administration in September 2015.[2]","title":"Cockatoo Island (Western Australia)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nla.gov.au-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"Australian Iron & Steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Iron_%26_Steel"},{"link_name":"Broken Hill Proprietary Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broken_Hill_Proprietary_Company"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-doir-7"},{"link_name":"Whyalla shipyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whyalla_Steelworks"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nla.gov.au-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Alan Bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Bond_(businessman)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-supremecourt.vic.gov.au-2"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Foreign Investment Review Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Investment_Review_Board"},{"link_name":"Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Senate"},{"link_name":"Concetta Fierravanti-Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concetta_Fierravanti-Wells"},{"link_name":"Yampi Sound Training Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yampi_Sound_Training_Area"},{"link_name":"Australian Defence Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Defence_Force"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9D2021-03-12_ABC%E2%80%9D-12"}],"text":"The ironstone of Cockatoo Island was known to pearl luggers in the 1880s, who used it as ballast on their voyages.[3][4] Australian Iron & Steel acquired leases to the island's mineral deposits in 1928. That company became a subsidiary of Broken Hill Proprietary Company, in 1935, bringing with it the leases. The island was first surveyed in 1930, then again more comprehensively in 1936. The island was evacuated with the outbreak of World War II and work on the deposit did not resume until 1944.[5]By October 1945 over 100 men were employed on Cockatoo Island and work was underway laying a foundation for the processing plant, building a jetty and layout the township.[6] Iron ore mining began in 1951.[7] The first shipment of iron ore from the island was made in the vessel Iron Yampi, which was purpose-built at the Whyalla shipyard.[3] It was one of a fleet of four bulk-carriers built to transport the ore for smelting at Australian steelworks. The Iron Kimberley was another of them.[8]In 1952, the island's population numbered 150.[4] By 1954, the mine was capable of shipping up to 2 million tonnes of iron ore annually.[9] The townsite established by BHP contained a school, movie theatre, and even a lockup prison. BHP continued to operate the mine and manage the township until 1984 when the ore body had been mined down to sea level.During the 1980s businessman Alan Bond and wife, Eileen Bond, opened a tourist resort using the old mining village's infrastructure.[10][11] The resort was closed and sold to HWE Mining who provided the chalets for their workers to use. HWE Mining and Portman Mining Ltd re-opened operations in the 1990s by first retreating waste-rock from old BHP dumps, then forming a seawall and commencing mining below sea level.In the 21st century, Perth-based company Pluton Resources mined there, until the company entered administration in September 2015.[2]In 2020, Cockatoo Island Mining Pty Ltd whose directors reside in Australia, India, Hong Kong, and mainland China, was granted a lease for the island until 2032, after consideration by the Foreign Investment Review Board. Concern was expressed by Senator Concetta Fierravanti-Wells among others that this lease was near the mainland Yampi Sound Training Area used by the Australian Defence Force.[12]","title":"History"}]	[{"image_text":"Map of Buccaneer Archipelago","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Buccaneer_Archipelago.jpg/250px-Buccaneer_Archipelago.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Cockatoo Island Iron Ore Mining\". PDF. Watpac. 2014. Archived from the original on 12 February 2016. Retrieved 14 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160212010643/http://www.watpac.com.au/project/cockatoo-island-iron-ore-mining/","url_text":"\"Cockatoo Island Iron Ore Mining\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watpac","url_text":"Watpac"},{"url":"http://www.watpac.com.au/project/cockatoo-island-iron-ore-mining","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Summary of Pluton Resources Ltd (Receiver and Manager Appointed) \| The Supreme Court of Victoria\". www.supremecourt.vic.gov.au. Retrieved 6 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.supremecourt.vic.gov.au/case-summaries/judgment-summaries/summary-of-pluton-resources-ltd-receiver-and-manager-appointed","url_text":"\"Summary of Pluton Resources Ltd (Receiver and Manager Appointed) \| The Supreme Court of Victoria\""}]},{"reference":"\"YAMPI SOUND TO CHALLENGE WHYALLA Special Freighters Being Built To Carry Iron Ore\". Toodyay Herald. 20 June 1947. p. 9. Retrieved 18 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article149343694","url_text":"\"YAMPI SOUND TO CHALLENGE WHYALLA Special Freighters Being Built To Carry Iron Ore\""}]},{"reference":"\"(ADVERTISEMENT) PEARLERS ONCE USED YAMPI'S IRON ORE FOR BALLAST\". The West Australian. 4 November 1952. p. 28. Retrieved 18 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article49061671","url_text":"\"(ADVERTISEMENT) PEARLERS ONCE USED YAMPI'S IRON ORE FOR BALLAST\""}]},{"reference":"\"Busy Community Established On Cockatoo Island\". The West Australian. 11 March 1952. p. 3. Retrieved 18 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article49019977","url_text":"\"Busy Community Established On Cockatoo Island\""}]},{"reference":"\"BHP To Spend A Million On Yampi\". The Daily News. 13 October 1945. p. 1. Retrieved 18 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78480465","url_text":"\"BHP To Spend A Million On Yampi\""}]},{"reference":"\"Iron ore in Western Australia\" (PDF). PDF. Department of Industry and Resources. 1995. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 September 2007. Retrieved 14 February 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070901223235/http://www.doir.wa.gov.au/documents/gswa/gsdpap_ironore.pdf","url_text":"\"Iron ore in Western Australia\""},{"url":"http://www.doir.wa.gov.au/documents/gswa/gsdpap_ironore.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"ORE SHIP'S LAUNCHING\". The West Australian. 6 April 1949. p. 19. Retrieved 18 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article47655647","url_text":"\"ORE SHIP'S LAUNCHING\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Staggering\" Expansion Of Australia's Steel Industry\". The West Australian. 26 November 1954. p. 2. Retrieved 18 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article52966680","url_text":"\"\"Staggering\" Expansion Of Australia's Steel Industry\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alan Bond's tourist resort on Cockatoo Island closed down\". Sunday Times (Perth, W.A.). 4 March 1990. p. 10.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Trott, Peter (26 November 1984). \"Cockatoo Island closes down as iron ore producer but could become major tourist attraction\". The West Australian. p. 13a-e.","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cockatoo_Island_(Western_Australia)&params=16.0939142_S_123.6091835_E_type:isle","external_links_name":"16°05′38″S 123°36′33″E / 16.0939142°S 123.6091835°E / -16.0939142; 123.6091835"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cockatoo_Island_(Western_Australia)&params=16.0939142_S_123.6091835_E_type:isle","external_links_name":"16°05′38″S 123°36′33″E / 16.0939142°S 123.6091835°E / -16.0939142; 123.6091835"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160212010643/http://www.watpac.com.au/project/cockatoo-island-iron-ore-mining/","external_links_name":"\"Cockatoo Island Iron Ore Mining\""},{"Link":"http://www.watpac.com.au/project/cockatoo-island-iron-ore-mining","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.supremecourt.vic.gov.au/case-summaries/judgment-summaries/summary-of-pluton-resources-ltd-receiver-and-manager-appointed","external_links_name":"\"Summary of Pluton Resources Ltd (Receiver and Manager Appointed) \| The Supreme Court of Victoria\""},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article149343694","external_links_name":"\"YAMPI SOUND TO CHALLENGE WHYALLA Special Freighters Being Built To Carry Iron Ore\""},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article49061671","external_links_name":"\"(ADVERTISEMENT) PEARLERS ONCE USED YAMPI'S IRON ORE FOR BALLAST\""},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article49019977","external_links_name":"\"Busy Community Established On Cockatoo Island\""},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78480465","external_links_name":"\"BHP To Spend A Million On Yampi\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070901223235/http://www.doir.wa.gov.au/documents/gswa/gsdpap_ironore.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Iron ore in Western Australia\""},{"Link":"http://www.doir.wa.gov.au/documents/gswa/gsdpap_ironore.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article47655647","external_links_name":"\"ORE SHIP'S LAUNCHING\""},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article52966680","external_links_name":"\"\"Staggering\" Expansion Of Australia's Steel Industry\""},{"Link":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-03-12/chinese-island-lease-on-remote-wa-island-causes-concern/13240282","external_links_name":"Chinese takeover of island near Australian military training area causes unease inside defence and government"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_transport_in_Havering	Public transport in the London Borough of Havering	["1 Railways","2 Bus routes","3 Walking","4 Proposed developments","5 References","6 External links"]	Public transport in the London Borough of Havering, in east London, England, is a mix of National Rail, London Underground, London Overground and Elizabeth line and London Buses services. Rail services are primarily radial to central London with bus services providing most of the orbital connections. The public transport authority is Transport for London and the local authority is Havering London Borough Council. Railways Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as: KML GPX (all coordinates) GPX (primary coordinates) GPX (secondary coordinates) Main articles: List of railway lines in London, List of London railway stations, and List of London Underground stations Elm ParkEmerson ParkGidea ParkHarold WoodHornchurchRainhamRomfordUpminsterUpm'r Bridgeclass=notpageimage\| Stations: London Underground (red), National Rail (blue) and joint (green) Several railway lines cross the borough running radial to central London. The Great Eastern Main Line has stations at Romford, Gidea Park and Harold Wood, with Elizabeth line stopping services and Greater Anglia non-stop services originating at the central London terminal at Liverpool Street. The London, Tilbury and Southend line, with services operated by c2c, crosses the borough in two places with stations at Rainham and Upminster, and splits into a further branch east of Upminster. The central London terminal for c2c services is at Fenchurch Street. The Romford to Upminster Line operated by London Overground is entirely contained within the borough and has one intermediate station at Emerson Park. The District line of the London Underground has stations at Elm Park, Hornchurch, Upminster and Upminster Bridge. All stations in Havering are in London fare zone 6. Station Manager Category Fare zone Coordinates Elm Park London Underground n/a 6 51°32′59″N 0°11′52″E / 51.5497°N 0.1977°E / 51.5497; 0.1977 (Elm Park) Emerson Park London Overground F 6 51°34′07″N 0°13′13″E / 51.5687°N 0.2204°E / 51.5687; 0.2204 (Emerson Park) Gidea Park Elizabeth line C 6 51°34′55″N 0°12′23″E / 51.5820°N 0.2063°E / 51.5820; 0.2063 (Gidea Park) Harold Wood Elizabeth line C 6 51°35′34″N 0°14′03″E / 51.5928°N 0.2343°E / 51.5928; 0.2343 (Harold Wood) Hornchurch London Underground n/a 6 51°33′11″N 0°13′08″E / 51.5530°N 0.2188°E / 51.5530; 0.2188 (Hornchurch) Rainham c2c C 6 51°31′01″N 0°11′26″E / 51.5169°N 0.1905°E / 51.5169; 0.1905 (Rainham) Romford Elizabeth line C 6 51°34′30″N 0°10′58″E / 51.5749°N 0.1827°E / 51.5749; 0.1827 (Romford) Upminster c2c C 6 51°33′32″N 0°15′03″E / 51.5588°N 0.2509°E / 51.5588; 0.2509 (Upminster) Upminster Bridge London Underground n/a 6 51°33′29″N 0°14′03″E / 51.5580°N 0.2341°E / 51.5580; 0.2341 (Upminster Bridge) Bus routes Main articles: Buses in London and List of bus routes in London There are two main radial bus routes in the borough—the 5 and 86—which connect Romford with the hubs of Stratford and Canning Town bus stations in the west of Newham. Both have corresponding night bus routes (the N15 and the N86) which are extensions of these routes (to Paddington and to Harold Hill respectively). Direct bus services to central London only operate at night. A large number of routes are entirely contained within the borough, with the majority acting as feeder services to the hub at Romford, although some routes serve smaller centres such as Hornchurch and Upminster. Route 66 provides a connection between Romford and stations on the Central line. The neighbouring borough of Barking and Dagenham has high levels of connectivity with Havering, as does Redbridge. There are direct services to parts of Newham and Waltham Forest. There are no connecting services with the neighbouring borough of Bexley, as it is cut off by the Thames with no directly connecting bridges or tunnels. There are low frequency cross-boundary services with Brentwood, Epping Forest and Thurrock in Essex. Of these, the 370 and 372 both connect the borough with Lakeside Shopping Centre. Walking Main article: Walking in London Havering is on the route of the London Outer Orbital Path, with sections 20 to 24 entirely or partly within the borough. Proposed developments The south of the borough is within the London Riverside regeneration area, where demand for public transport is expected to rise. Havering London Borough Council supports the construction of a new station at Beam Reach, the extension of the East London Transit from Dagenham Dock to Rainham and the proposed Docklands Light Railway extension to Dagenham Dock. These aspirations are shared by the London Thames Gateway Development Corporation who are the planning authority in the designated area of the borough. Of these proposals only the extension of the DLR to Dagenham Dock forms part of the 2009 draft transport strategy of the Mayor of London. References ^ "Buses from Romford" (PDF). Transport for London. Retrieved 18 April 2010. ^ Walk London. "Walk Finder: Havering". Archived from the original on 2 December 2010. Retrieved 18 April 2010. ^ "Mayor of London blocks Havering's Casino bid". Havering London Borough Council. Archived from the original on 8 June 2011. Retrieved 18 April 2010. ^ "Boris's blueprint gets a qualified 'yes'". Romford Recorder. Retrieved 18 April 2010. ^ "A Vision for Transport" (PDF). London Thames Gateway Development Corporation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 May 2010. Retrieved 18 April 2010. ^ Mayor of London. "Mayor's Transport Strategy: Public Draft" (PDF). Retrieved 18 April 2010. External links North East London Bus Map Havering Local Implementation Plan 2005 vteLondon Borough of HaveringDistricts Ardleigh Green Beam Park Chase Cross Coldharbour Collier Row Cranham Elm Park Emerson Park Frog Island Gallows Corner Gidea Park Hacton Harold Hill Harold Park Harold Wood Havering-atte-Bower Heath Park Hornchurch Hornchurch Marshes Noak Hill North Ockendon Rainham Rise Park Romford Rush Green South Hornchurch Upminster Upminster Bridge Wennington Attractions Bretons CEME The Diver Havering Museum Langtons Queen's Theatre Rainham Hall Rainham War Memorial The Rom Tithe Barn Museum Upminster Windmill Major retail The Brewery The Liberty The Mercury Romford Market Places of worship St Andrew, Hornchurch St Edward the Confessor, Romford St Helen and St Giles, Rainham St John the Evangelist, Havering-atte-Bower St John, South Hornchurch St Laurence, Upminster St Mary Magdalene, North Ockendon Parks and open spaces Bedfords Park Cranham Brickfields Cranham Marsh Dagnam Park Hainault Forest Harrow Lodge Park Havering Country Park Haynes Park Hornchurch Country Park Hylands Park Ingrebourne Marshes Ingrebourne Valley Lodge Farm Park Pages Wood Pyrgo Park Rainham Marshes Nature Reserve Raphael Park St Andrew's Park Tylers Common Weald Brook Wildspace Conservation Park Constituencies Dagenham and Rainham (part) Hornchurch and Upminster Romford Tube and rail stations Elm Park Emerson Park Gidea Park Harold Wood Hornchurch Rainham Romford Upminster Upminster Bridge Other topics Council Grade I and II* listed buildings People Public art Public transport Schools Category Commons	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Public transport in the London Borough of Havering"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OpenStreetMap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tools.wmflabs.org/osm4wiki/cgi-bin/wiki/wiki-osm.pl?project=en&article=Public_transport_in_the_London_Borough_of_Havering"},{"link_name":"KML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tools.wmflabs.org/kmlexport?article=Public_transport_in_the_London_Borough_of_Havering"},{"link_name":"GPX (all coordinates)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=all&titles=Public_transport_in_the_London_Borough_of_Havering"},{"link_name":"GPX (primary coordinates)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=primary&titles=Public_transport_in_the_London_Borough_of_Havering"},{"link_name":"GPX (secondary coordinates)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=secondary&titles=Public_transport_in_the_London_Borough_of_Havering"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:London_havering_street_map.png"},{"link_name":"Elm Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elm_Park_tube_station"},{"link_name":"Emerson Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerson_Park_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Gidea Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gidea_Park_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Harold Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Wood_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Hornchurch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornchurch_tube_station"},{"link_name":"Rainham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainham_railway_station_(London)"},{"link_name":"Romford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romford_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Upminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upminster_station"},{"link_name":"Upm'r Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upminster_Bridge_tube_station"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage\|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:London_havering_street_map.png"},{"link_name":"Great Eastern Main Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Eastern_Main_Line"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_line"},{"link_name":"Greater Anglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Anglia_(train_operating_company)"},{"link_name":"central London terminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_station_group"},{"link_name":"Liverpool Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_Street_station"},{"link_name":"London, Tilbury and Southend line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London,_Tilbury_and_Southend_line"},{"link_name":"c2c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C2c"},{"link_name":"Fenchurch Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenchurch_Street_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Romford to Upminster Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romford_to_Upminster_Line"},{"link_name":"London Overground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"link_name":"District line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_line"},{"link_name":"London fare zone 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_fare_zone_6"}],"text":"Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap\n\nDownload coordinates as:\n\n\nKML\nGPX (all coordinates)\nGPX (primary coordinates)\nGPX (secondary coordinates)Elm ParkEmerson ParkGidea ParkHarold WoodHornchurchRainhamRomfordUpminsterUpm'r Bridgeclass=notpageimage\| Stations: London Underground (red), National Rail (blue) and joint (green)Several railway lines cross the borough running radial to central London. The Great Eastern Main Line has stations at Romford, Gidea Park and Harold Wood, with Elizabeth line stopping services and Greater Anglia non-stop services originating at the central London terminal at Liverpool Street. The London, Tilbury and Southend line, with services operated by c2c, crosses the borough in two places with stations at Rainham and Upminster, and splits into a further branch east of Upminster. The central London terminal for c2c services is at Fenchurch Street. The Romford to Upminster Line operated by London Overground is entirely contained within the borough and has one intermediate station at Emerson Park. The District line of the London Underground has stations at Elm Park, Hornchurch, Upminster and Upminster Bridge. All stations in Havering are in London fare zone 6.","title":"Railways"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stratford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratford_bus_station"},{"link_name":"Canning Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canning_Town_bus_station"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-romford-1"},{"link_name":"Lakeside Shopping Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakeside_Shopping_Centre"}],"text":"There are two main radial bus routes in the borough—the 5 and 86—which connect Romford with the hubs of Stratford and Canning Town bus stations in the west of Newham. Both have corresponding night bus routes (the N15 and the N86) which are extensions of these routes (to Paddington and to Harold Hill respectively). Direct bus services to central London only operate at night. A large number of routes are entirely contained within the borough, with the majority acting as feeder services to the hub at Romford,[1] although some routes serve smaller centres such as Hornchurch and Upminster. Route 66 provides a connection between Romford and stations on the Central line.The neighbouring borough of Barking and Dagenham has high levels of connectivity with Havering, as does Redbridge. There are direct services to parts of Newham and Waltham Forest. There are no connecting services with the neighbouring borough of Bexley, as it is cut off by the Thames with no directly connecting bridges or tunnels. There are low frequency cross-boundary services with Brentwood, Epping Forest and Thurrock in Essex. Of these, the 370 and 372 both connect the borough with Lakeside Shopping Centre.","title":"Bus routes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London Outer Orbital Path","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Outer_Orbital_Path"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-walk_london-2"}],"text":"Havering is on the route of the London Outer Orbital Path, with sections 20 to 24 entirely or partly within the borough.[2]","title":"Walking"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London Riverside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Riverside"},{"link_name":"Beam Reach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beam_Reach"},{"link_name":"East London Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_London_Transit"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-casino-3"},{"link_name":"Docklands Light Railway extension to Dagenham Dock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docklands_Light_Railway_extension_to_Dagenham_Dock"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boris-4"},{"link_name":"London Thames Gateway Development Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Thames_Gateway_Development_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ltgdc-5"},{"link_name":"Mayor of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_London"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-draft-6"}],"text":"The south of the borough is within the London Riverside regeneration area, where demand for public transport is expected to rise. Havering London Borough Council supports the construction of a new station at Beam Reach, the extension of the East London Transit from Dagenham Dock to Rainham[3] and the proposed Docklands Light Railway extension to Dagenham Dock.[4] These aspirations are shared by the London Thames Gateway Development Corporation who are the planning authority in the designated area of the borough.[5] Of these proposals only the extension of the DLR to Dagenham Dock forms part of the 2009 draft transport strategy of the Mayor of London.[6]","title":"Proposed developments"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Buses from Romford\" (PDF). Transport for London. Retrieved 18 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/gettingaround/maps/buses/pdf/romfordquad-12248.pdf","url_text":"\"Buses from Romford\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_for_London","url_text":"Transport for London"}]},{"reference":"Walk London. \"Walk Finder: Havering\". Archived from the original on 2 December 2010. Retrieved 18 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101202042752/http://walklondon.org.uk/borough.asp?borough=15","url_text":"\"Walk Finder: Havering\""},{"url":"http://www.walklondon.org.uk/borough.asp?borough=15","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Mayor of London blocks Havering's Casino bid\". Havering London Borough Council. Archived from the original on 8 June 2011. Retrieved 18 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110608193240/http://www.havering.gov.uk/index.aspx?articleid=8143","url_text":"\"Mayor of London blocks Havering's Casino bid\""},{"url":"http://www.havering.gov.uk/index.aspx?articleid=8143","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Boris's blueprint gets a qualified 'yes'\". Romford Recorder. Retrieved 18 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.romfordrecorder.co.uk/content/havering/recorder/news/story.aspx?brand=RECOnline&category=newsRomford&tBrand=northlondon24&tCategory=newsromford&itemid=WeED24%20Dec%202009%2010:30:27:113","url_text":"\"Boris's blueprint gets a qualified 'yes'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romford_Recorder","url_text":"Romford Recorder"}]},{"reference":"\"A Vision for Transport\" (PDF). London Thames Gateway Development Corporation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 May 2010. Retrieved 18 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20100515222909/http%3A//www.ltgdc.org.uk/pdf/Transport_Vision_%2D_FINAL.pdf","url_text":"\"A Vision for Transport\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Thames_Gateway_Development_Corporation","url_text":"London Thames Gateway Development Corporation"},{"url":"http://www.ltgdc.org.uk/pdf/Transport_Vision_-_FINAL.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mayor of London. \"Mayor's Transport Strategy: Public Draft\" (PDF). Retrieved 18 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_London","url_text":"Mayor of London"},{"url":"http://www.tfl.gov.uk/assets/downloads/corporate/mts09-complete.pdf","url_text":"\"Mayor's Transport Strategy: Public Draft\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://tools.wmflabs.org/osm4wiki/cgi-bin/wiki/wiki-osm.pl?project=en&article=Public_transport_in_the_London_Borough_of_Havering","external_links_name":"OpenStreetMap"},{"Link":"https://tools.wmflabs.org/kmlexport?article=Public_transport_in_the_London_Borough_of_Havering","external_links_name":"KML"},{"Link":"https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=all&titles=Public_transport_in_the_London_Borough_of_Havering","external_links_name":"GPX (all coordinates)"},{"Link":"https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=primary&titles=Public_transport_in_the_London_Borough_of_Havering","external_links_name":"GPX (primary coordinates)"},{"Link":"https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=secondary&titles=Public_transport_in_the_London_Borough_of_Havering","external_links_name":"GPX (secondary coordinates)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Public_transport_in_the_London_Borough_of_Havering&params=51.5497_N_0.1977_E_region:GB&title=Elm+Park","external_links_name":"51°32′59″N 0°11′52″E / 51.5497°N 0.1977°E / 51.5497; 0.1977 (Elm Park)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Public_transport_in_the_London_Borough_of_Havering&params=51.5687_N_0.2204_E_region:GB&title=Emerson+Park","external_links_name":"51°34′07″N 0°13′13″E / 51.5687°N 0.2204°E / 51.5687; 0.2204 (Emerson Park)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Public_transport_in_the_London_Borough_of_Havering&params=51.5820_N_0.2063_E_region:GB&title=Gidea+Park","external_links_name":"51°34′55″N 0°12′23″E / 51.5820°N 0.2063°E / 51.5820; 0.2063 (Gidea Park)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Public_transport_in_the_London_Borough_of_Havering&params=51.5928_N_0.2343_E_region:GB&title=Harold+Wood","external_links_name":"51°35′34″N 0°14′03″E / 51.5928°N 0.2343°E / 51.5928; 0.2343 (Harold Wood)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Public_transport_in_the_London_Borough_of_Havering&params=51.5530_N_0.2188_E_region:GB&title=Hornchurch","external_links_name":"51°33′11″N 0°13′08″E / 51.5530°N 0.2188°E / 51.5530; 0.2188 (Hornchurch)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Public_transport_in_the_London_Borough_of_Havering&params=51.5169_N_0.1905_E_region:GB&title=Rainham","external_links_name":"51°31′01″N 0°11′26″E / 51.5169°N 0.1905°E / 51.5169; 0.1905 (Rainham)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Public_transport_in_the_London_Borough_of_Havering&params=51.5749_N_0.1827_E_region:GB&title=Romford","external_links_name":"51°34′30″N 0°10′58″E / 51.5749°N 0.1827°E / 51.5749; 0.1827 (Romford)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Public_transport_in_the_London_Borough_of_Havering&params=51.5588_N_0.2509_E_region:GB&title=Upminster","external_links_name":"51°33′32″N 0°15′03″E / 51.5588°N 0.2509°E / 51.5588; 0.2509 (Upminster)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Public_transport_in_the_London_Borough_of_Havering&params=51.5580_N_0.2341_E_region:GB&title=Upminster+Bridge","external_links_name":"51°33′29″N 0°14′03″E / 51.5580°N 0.2341°E / 51.5580; 0.2341 (Upminster Bridge)"},{"Link":"http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/gettingaround/maps/buses/pdf/romfordquad-12248.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Buses from Romford\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101202042752/http://walklondon.org.uk/borough.asp?borough=15","external_links_name":"\"Walk Finder: Havering\""},{"Link":"http://www.walklondon.org.uk/borough.asp?borough=15","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110608193240/http://www.havering.gov.uk/index.aspx?articleid=8143","external_links_name":"\"Mayor of London blocks Havering's Casino bid\""},{"Link":"http://www.havering.gov.uk/index.aspx?articleid=8143","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.romfordrecorder.co.uk/content/havering/recorder/news/story.aspx?brand=RECOnline&category=newsRomford&tBrand=northlondon24&tCategory=newsromford&itemid=WeED24%20Dec%202009%2010:30:27:113","external_links_name":"\"Boris's blueprint gets a qualified 'yes'\""},{"Link":"http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20100515222909/http%3A//www.ltgdc.org.uk/pdf/Transport_Vision_%2D_FINAL.pdf","external_links_name":"\"A Vision for Transport\""},{"Link":"http://www.ltgdc.org.uk/pdf/Transport_Vision_-_FINAL.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.tfl.gov.uk/assets/downloads/corporate/mts09-complete.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Mayor's Transport Strategy: Public Draft\""},{"Link":"http://www.tfl.gov.uk/assets/downloads/north-east-london-bus-map.pdf","external_links_name":"North East London Bus Map"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101104231855/http://havering.gov.uk/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=246&p=0","external_links_name":"Havering Local Implementation Plan 2005"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_Marbury	Elisabeth Marbury	["1 Personal life","2 Professional life","3 Social life","4 Political life","5 Catalog","5.1 Books","5.2 Productions under aegis of Elisabeth Marbury","6 References"]	American literary and talent agent; translator This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Elisabeth Marbury" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Elisabeth MarburyBorn(1856-06-19)June 19, 1856New York City, USDiedJanuary 22, 1933(1933-01-22) (aged 76)New York City, USOccupationstheatrical and literary agentproducerauthor Elisabeth Marbury (June 19, 1856 – January 22, 1933) was a pioneering American theatrical and literary agent and producer who helped shape business methods of the modern commercial theater, and encouraged women to enter that industry. Since 1892, Marbury had been living openly in a lesbian relationship with Elsie de Wolfe (later known as Lady Mendl), a prominent socialite and famous interior decorator. Personal life Bessie Marbury and Elsie de Wolfe, from My Crystal Ball (published 1923) Bessie Marbury was born and raised in the affluent and cultured home of one of 19th-century New York's oldest and most prominent "society" families. She was reputedly a descendant of Calvinist Anne Hutchinson (née Marbury), who co-founded Rhode Island after her banishment from Massachusetts Bay Colony. Bessie Marbury both used and defied these connections during the Victorian era to establish herself as an important literary and theatrical talent agent and theatrical producer, helping to define and create these very professions as they emerged in the new world of mass production, advertising and popular culture in post-Civil War American society. For many, Marbury remains a contradictory figure. Although she was the embodiment of female independence in almost every way, she initially opposed suffrage. She made a bold reversal once women in the United States did receive the right to vote, and in 1918, she became active in the Democratic Party, serving as a delegate. She was also a passionate convert to Roman Catholicism. She was likewise very active in the Knights of Columbus, a Catholic organization. In 1923, she published an autobiography, My Crystal Ball: Reminiscences (NY: Boni and Liveright, ). She had earlier published Manners: A Handbook of Social Customs in 1888. Irving House, New York City, NY Marbury never married, but lived openly for more than 20 years with Elsie de Wolfe in what many observers accepted as a lesbian relationship, first at Irving House and then at 13 Sutton Place. William Bruce Ellis Ranken (1881-1941)/LOC cph.3c13318. Photograph of painting by William Rankin of Elisabeth Marbury in her summer home Marbury had a long lasting friendship with Elizabeth Arden (1878-1966), a Canadian-born American businesswoman who founded what is now Elizabeth Arden, Inc. They spent many weekends at Marbury's Maine home, Lakeside Farm. After Marbury's death in 1933, Arden bought the property with the intention of fulfilling Marbury's wish that it be turned into a home for working women—though it eventually became part of a luxury resort (the original Maine Chance Farm) instead. Marbury died in 1933. Her funeral at St. Patrick's Cathedral was attended by an impressive array of the most important American leaders and dignitaries of the day. De Wolfe was noticeably absent from the funeral, despite the fact that she was the prime beneficiary of Marbury's will. Bessie Marbury is buried in Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx, New York City. Professional life Marbury's clients ranged from the French Academy of Letters to playwrights Oscar Wilde and George Bernard Shaw; to the dance team of Vernon and Irene Castle. She was an early promoter of African American writers of the Harlem Renaissance. She also played an instrumental role in developing the modern "Book Musical" that audiences came to know as defining "Broadway" in the 20th century, notably of Cole Porter's first musical, See America First, and Jerome Kern (Nobody Home (1915), Very Good, Eddie (1915), and Love O' Mike (1917))through her American Play company. Marbury and de Wolfe discovered their careers amid the amateur theatrical performances in high society in late Victorian New York. Both would end up defying this world's rules and expectations for women by making their interest in theater professional, and in no small way helped pave the way for many other "respectable ladies" that followed, both in the previously frowned upon world of the professional theater as well as independent careers and financial autonomy for women in general. Thus it was at an 1885 successful benefit theatrical performance that she had organized that Marbury was inspired to try her hand at theater management. In 1888 she persuaded Frances Hodgson Burnett, who had written a dramatic version of her best-selling Little Lord Fauntleroy, to hire her as business manager and agent. The association quickly proved highly profitable to both women. In 1891, Marbury traveled to France, and for 15 years she was the representative in the English-speaking market for playwright Victorien Sardou and the other members of the Société des Gens de Lettres, including Georges Feydeau, Edmond Rostand, Ludovic Halévy, and Jean Richepin. Her work on their behalf included securing suitable translations, sound productions with leading actors, and full royalties. She also represented George Bernard Shaw, James M. Barrie (whom she prevailed upon to rewrite The Little Minister for Maude Adams), Hall Caine, and Jerome K. Jerome, among British authors, and Rachel Crothers and Clyde Fitch among Americans. Her office thus became a center of the New York theatrical business, and for many years Marbury worked closely with Charles Frohman and his Theatrical Syndicate in bringing order to a rapidly expanding field of enterprise. She later worked with the rival Shubert Brothers' organization. In both cases this drew criticism from those who fought the de facto monopoly held by these "Theater Trusts," particularly from the noted American actress Minnie Maddern Fiske, who unsuccessfully struggled in the 1890s to form an actors union to fight the numerous fees and censorship imposed on actors and theater professionals by the Theater Trust. In 1914, Marbury joined several other agents in forming the American Play Company, and she then turned to producing and helped stage Nobody Home (1915), Very Good, Eddie (1915), and Love O' Mike (1917), all with music by Jerome Kern, and See America First (1916) with music by Cole Porter. These works contributed significantly to the development of the characteristically American form of musical comedy. Marbury's other successes include bringing Vernon and Irene Castle, whom she had seen on one of her innumerable trips to Paris, to New York in 1913 and setting them up in a fashionable dancing school that was the springboard for their brief but spectacularly popular career. Interior of Elsie De Wolfe' music pavilion looking out on to the pool, The Villa Trianon, William Bruce Ellis Ranken Marbury put her life story into a book My Crystal Ball, published in 1923. She had been told frequently that Hollywood would be interested – this during the Silent Film Era – in the story of her travels with her companions Anne Tracy Morgan (daughter of Jon Pierpont Morgan, the financier) and America's first interior designer, Elsie de Wolfe. Elizabeth convinced Miss Morgan to purchase the Villa Trianon in the town of Versailles, where the trio held court with Europe's elite and entertained with George Bernard Shaw and Oscar Wilde, two clients she represented theatrically in New York and London. After the German invasion of 1914, Anne, Elsie and Bess Marbury escaped in their Rolls-Royce convertible after packing hastily. In 1920, Marbury and De Wolfe hired architect Mott B. Schmidt to remodel and update their recently purchased Italianate style brownstone that had been built by Effingham Sutton in the 1870s on what was then known as Avenue A. Schmidt created a simple, elegant home with a French flair. In 1921 Marbury and de Wolfe's friends, Anne Morgan and Anne Vanderbilt also purchased brownstones on the same block, recently renamed Sutton Place, and once again Mott Schmidt was hired to transform the old Italianate houses into an elegant colonial and federal style home, respectively. Sutton Place quickly became a fashionable enclave. It was from their new residence at Sutton Place that Marbury began to work with the greatest musical talents of the time to dominate Broadway. Before her death, Marbury chose her nephew John Marbury to produce a picture based on My Crystal Ball. The rights passed through John's estate to his son, the late New York sculptor Peter Marbury. The rights are held currently by Peter Marbury's widow, Diana Marbury, a New York theatrical producer, director and actress. Social life Elsie de Wolfe, James Hazen Hyde Ball, January 31, 1905Bessie Marbury, James Hazen Hyde Ball, January 31, 1905 On the domestic front, Marbury was instrumental in assisting her romantic partner, Elsie de Wolfe, in creating a career in interior decoration and in 1903 restoring Villa Trianon in Versailles, France, where she, de Wolfe, and Anne Tracy Morgan (youngest child of the powerful financier, J.P. Morgan) held court and became noted hostesses, affectionately referred to as "The Versailles Triumvirate". In 1903, along with Morgan and Anne Harriman Vanderbilt, Marbury helped organize the Colony Club, the first women's social club in New York. This also served as de Wolfe's professional debut as interior decorator. This same coterie would go on to create the exclusive neighborhood of Sutton Place, along Manhattan's East River, which prompted gossip papers of the 1920s to loudly whisper of an "Amazon Enclave". During World War I, Marbury devoted much time to relief work for French and later American soldiers, and spent several months in France working in military hospitals and giving talks to the troops. She translated Maurice Barrès's The Faith of France (1918) and was decorated by the French and Belgian governments, although she was notably disappointed to not be awarded by the French Legion of Honor, an honor given to de Wolfe for her work in the pioneering Ambrine Mission for Burn Victims. De Wolfe announced her wedding to Sir Charles Mendl, a British diplomat in 1926, after at least thirty years of living with Marbury. According to biographies of de Wolfe, the Mendl-de Wolfe marriage was platonic, with the couple keeping separate apartments in Paris and usually only appearing together at social functions. Both de Wolfe and Mendel assured an understandably enraged Marbury that the marriage was purely one of convenience. Weeks after the marriage, de Wolfe traveled to New York to reconcile with Marbury. Their relationship lasted another seven years until Marbury's death in 1933. Political life Marbury was an active Democrat and served as Democratic National Committeewomen from New York during the 1924 presidential election. She was also mentioned as a potential candidate for vice president on the 1924 Democratic ticket. Catalog Books Marbury, Elisabeth (1923). My Crystal Ball:Reminiscences. Boni and Liveright. Marbury, Elisabeth (1888). Manners;: A handbook of social customs. Cassell & company, limited. Productions under aegis of Elisabeth Marbury Electra, revival, produced with Elisabeth Marbury, December 26, 1930, to January 1931 Say When, original musical-comedy, produced by Elisabeth Marbury, June 26, 1928, to July 1928 Revue Russe, original musical revue, produced by Elisabeth Marbury, October 5, 1922, to October 22, 1922 Girl o' Mine, original musical-comedy, produced by Elisabeth Marbury, January 28, 1918, to March 9, 1918 Love O' Mike, original musical-comedy, produced by Elisabeth Marbury, January 15, 1917, to September 29, 1917 See America First, original musical, produced by Elisabeth Marbury, March 28, 1916, to April 8, 1916 Very Good Eddie, original musical, produced by Marbury-Comstock Co., December 23, 1915 to October 14, 1916 Our Children, original play, produced with Elisabeth Marbury, September 10, 1915, to September 1915 Nobody Home, original play with music, produced by Elisabeth Marbury, April 20, 1915, to August 7, 1915 Merry Gotham, original play, written by Elisabeth Marbury, March 14, 1892, to April 1892 References Notes ^ Elisabeth Marbury profile at Internet Broadway Database (IBDb) ^ Aldrich, Robert; Garry Wotherspoon (2002). Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-15983-0. p. 494 ("famous lesbian relationship... openly received...") ^ Bunyan, Patrick (2002). All Around the Town. Fordham University Press. ISBN 0-8232-1941-0. p. 204 ("Miss Marbury... was the lesbian lover of Elsie De Wolfe...") ^ Von Drehle, Dave (2003). Triangle: The Fire That Changed America. Atlantic Monthly Press. ISBN 0-87113-874-3. ^ See America First entry at IBDb ^ Schnake, Robert A.; Kim Marra (1998). Passing Performances: Queer Readings of Leading Players in American Theater. Michigan: The University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-09681-8. p. 124 ("Mendl...assured the enraged Marbury that he had no intentions of replacing her in de Wolfe's affections, and that marriage was purely one of convenience, and that perhaps as a business woman she could understand the social and commercial value of such a contract. A few weeks later, de Wolfe traveled to New York for a personal reconciliation with her long time companion, and the two continued their post-war pattern...until Marbury's death in 1933. ") ^ The Buffalo Evening News, September 4, 1924 ^ The Spokane Chronicle, April 30, 1924 Further reading Marbury, Elisabeth. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2 Feb. 2007 Sparke, Penny. Elsie de Wolfe: The Birth of Modern Interior Decoration. NY: Acanthus Press, 2005 ISBN 0-926494-27-9 Lewis, Alfred Allan. Ladies and Not-So-Gentle Women: Elisabeth Marbury, Anne Morgan, Elsie de Wolfe, Anne Vanderbilt, and Their Times. Penguin, 2001. ISBN 0-14-024173-6 Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Poland People Deutsche Biographie Other SNAC	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Elsie de Wolfe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsie_de_Wolfe"}],"text":"Elisabeth Marbury (June 19, 1856 – January 22, 1933)[1] was a pioneering American theatrical and literary agent and producer who helped shape business methods of the modern commercial theater, and encouraged women to enter that industry. Since 1892, Marbury had been living openly in a lesbian relationship with Elsie de Wolfe (later known as Lady Mendl), a prominent socialite and famous interior decorator.","title":"Elisabeth Marbury"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bessie_Marbury_and_Elsie_de_Wolfe_from_My_Crystal_Ball,_1923.jpg"},{"link_name":"Anne Hutchinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Hutchinson"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholicism"},{"link_name":"Knights of Columbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_of_Columbus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Irving_House,_New_York_City,_NY.jpg"},{"link_name":"Elsie de Wolfe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsie_de_Wolfe"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Photograph_of_painting_by_William_Rankin_of_Elisabeth_Marbury_in_her_summer_home.jpg"},{"link_name":"William Bruce Ellis Ranken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bruce_Ellis_Ranken"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Arden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Arden"},{"link_name":"Maine Chance Farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine_Chance_Farm"},{"link_name":"St. Patrick's Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Patrick%27s_Cathedral,_New_York"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Woodlawn Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodlawn_Cemetery,_Bronx"},{"link_name":"The Bronx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx"}],"text":"Bessie Marbury and Elsie de Wolfe, from My Crystal Ball (published 1923)Bessie Marbury was born and raised in the affluent and cultured home of one of 19th-century New York's oldest and most prominent \"society\" families. She was reputedly a descendant of Calvinist Anne Hutchinson (née Marbury), who co-founded Rhode Island after her banishment from Massachusetts Bay Colony. Bessie Marbury both used and defied these connections during the Victorian era to establish herself as an important literary and theatrical talent agent and theatrical producer, helping to define and create these very professions as they emerged in the new world of mass production, advertising and popular culture in post-Civil War American society. [citation needed]For many, Marbury remains a contradictory figure. Although she was the embodiment of female independence in almost every way, she initially opposed suffrage. She made a bold reversal once women in the United States did receive the right to vote, and in 1918, she became active in the Democratic Party, serving as a delegate. She was also a passionate convert to Roman Catholicism. She was likewise very active in the Knights of Columbus, a Catholic organization. In 1923, she published an autobiography, My Crystal Ball: Reminiscences (NY: Boni and Liveright, [1923]). She had earlier published Manners: A Handbook of Social Customs in 1888.Irving House, New York City, NYMarbury never married, but lived openly for more than 20 years with Elsie de Wolfe in what many observers accepted as a lesbian relationship,[2][3][4] first at Irving House and then at 13 Sutton Place.William Bruce Ellis Ranken (1881-1941)/LOC cph.3c13318. Photograph of painting by William Rankin of Elisabeth Marbury in her summer homeMarbury had a long lasting friendship with Elizabeth Arden (1878-1966), a Canadian-born American businesswoman who founded what is now Elizabeth Arden, Inc. They spent many weekends at Marbury's Maine home, Lakeside Farm. After Marbury's death in 1933, Arden bought the property with the intention of fulfilling Marbury's wish that it be turned into a home for working women—though it eventually became part of a luxury resort (the original Maine Chance Farm) instead.Marbury died in 1933. Her funeral at St. Patrick's Cathedral was attended by an impressive array of the most important American leaders and dignitaries of the day. De Wolfe was noticeably absent from the funeral, despite the fact that she was the prime beneficiary of Marbury's will. [citation needed]Bessie Marbury is buried in Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx, New York City.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oscar Wilde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde"},{"link_name":"George Bernard Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw"},{"link_name":"Vernon and Irene Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernon_and_Irene_Castle"},{"link_name":"Harlem Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance"},{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_theatre"},{"link_name":"Cole Porter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cole_Porter"},{"link_name":"See America First","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/See_America_First"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Jerome Kern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Kern"},{"link_name":"Love O' Mike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_O%27_Mike"},{"link_name":"Frances Hodgson Burnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Hodgson_Burnett"},{"link_name":"Little Lord Fauntleroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Lord_Fauntleroy"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Victorien Sardou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorien_Sardou"},{"link_name":"Société des Gens de Lettres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_des_Gens_de_Lettres"},{"link_name":"Georges Feydeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Feydeau"},{"link_name":"Edmond Rostand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Rostand"},{"link_name":"Ludovic Halévy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovic_Hal%C3%A9vy"},{"link_name":"Jean Richepin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Richepin"},{"link_name":"Hall Caine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hall_Caine"},{"link_name":"Jerome K. Jerome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_K._Jerome"},{"link_name":"Rachel Crothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Crothers"},{"link_name":"Clyde Fitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyde_Fitch"},{"link_name":"Charles Frohman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Frohman"},{"link_name":"Minnie Maddern Fiske","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnie_Maddern_Fiske"},{"link_name":"Love O' Mike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_O%27_Mike"},{"link_name":"Jerome Kern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Kern"},{"link_name":"Cole Porter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cole_Porter"},{"link_name":"Vernon and Irene Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernon_and_Irene_Castle"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Interior_of_Elsie_De_Wolfe%27s_music_pavilion_looking_out_on_to_the_pool,_The_Villa_Trianon.jpg"},{"link_name":"William Bruce Ellis Ranken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bruce_Ellis_Ranken"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Marbury's clients ranged from the French Academy of Letters to playwrights Oscar Wilde and George Bernard Shaw; to the dance team of Vernon and Irene Castle. She was an early promoter of African American writers of the Harlem Renaissance. She also played an instrumental role in developing the modern \"Book Musical\" that audiences came to know as defining \"Broadway\" in the 20th century, notably of Cole Porter's first musical, See America First,[5] and Jerome Kern (Nobody Home (1915), Very Good, Eddie (1915), and Love O' Mike (1917))through her American Play company.Marbury and de Wolfe discovered their careers amid the amateur theatrical performances in high society in late Victorian New York. Both would end up defying this world's rules and expectations for women by making their interest in theater professional, and in no small way helped pave the way for many other \"respectable ladies\" that followed, both in the previously frowned upon world of the professional theater as well as independent careers and financial autonomy for women in general. Thus it was at an 1885 successful benefit theatrical performance that she had organized that Marbury was inspired to try her hand at theater management. In 1888 she persuaded Frances Hodgson Burnett, who had written a dramatic version of her best-selling Little Lord Fauntleroy, to hire her as business manager and agent. The association quickly proved highly profitable to both women. [citation needed]In 1891, Marbury traveled to France, and for 15 years she was the representative in the English-speaking market for playwright Victorien Sardou and the other members of the Société des Gens de Lettres, including Georges Feydeau, Edmond Rostand, Ludovic Halévy, and Jean Richepin. Her work on their behalf included securing suitable translations, sound productions with leading actors, and full royalties. She also represented George Bernard Shaw, James M. Barrie (whom she prevailed upon to rewrite The Little Minister for Maude Adams), Hall Caine, and Jerome K. Jerome, among British authors, and Rachel Crothers and Clyde Fitch among Americans.Her office thus became a center of the New York theatrical business, and for many years Marbury worked closely with Charles Frohman and his Theatrical Syndicate in bringing order to a rapidly expanding field of enterprise. She later worked with the rival Shubert Brothers' organization. In both cases this drew criticism from those who fought the de facto monopoly held by these \"Theater Trusts,\" particularly from the noted American actress Minnie Maddern Fiske, who unsuccessfully struggled in the 1890s to form an actors union to fight the numerous fees and censorship imposed on actors and theater professionals by the Theater Trust.In 1914, Marbury joined several other agents in forming the American Play Company, and she then turned to producing and helped stage Nobody Home (1915), Very Good, Eddie (1915), and Love O' Mike (1917), all with music by Jerome Kern, and See America First (1916) with music by Cole Porter. These works contributed significantly to the development of the characteristically American form of musical comedy. Marbury's other successes include bringing Vernon and Irene Castle, whom she had seen on one of her innumerable trips to Paris, to New York in 1913 and setting them up in a fashionable dancing school that was the springboard for their brief but spectacularly popular career. [citation needed]Interior of Elsie De Wolfe' music pavilion looking out on to the pool, The Villa Trianon, William Bruce Ellis RankenMarbury put her life story into a book My Crystal Ball, published in 1923. She had been told frequently that Hollywood would be interested – this during the Silent Film Era – in the story of her travels with her companions Anne Tracy Morgan (daughter of Jon Pierpont Morgan, the financier) and America's first interior designer, Elsie de Wolfe. Elizabeth convinced Miss Morgan to purchase the Villa Trianon in the town of Versailles, where the trio held court with Europe's elite and entertained with George Bernard Shaw and Oscar Wilde, two clients she represented theatrically in New York and London. After the German invasion of 1914, Anne, Elsie and Bess Marbury escaped in their Rolls-Royce convertible after packing hastily. In 1920, Marbury and De Wolfe hired architect Mott B. Schmidt to remodel and update their recently purchased Italianate style brownstone that had been built by Effingham Sutton in the 1870s on what was then known as Avenue A. Schmidt created a simple, elegant home with a French flair. In 1921 Marbury and de Wolfe's friends, Anne Morgan and Anne Vanderbilt also purchased brownstones on the same block, recently renamed Sutton Place, and once again Mott Schmidt was hired to transform the old Italianate houses into an elegant colonial and federal style home, respectively. Sutton Place quickly became a fashionable enclave. It was from their new residence at Sutton Place that Marbury began to work with the greatest musical talents of the time to dominate Broadway. [citation needed]Before her death, Marbury chose her nephew John Marbury to produce a picture based on My Crystal Ball. The rights passed through John's estate to his son, the late New York sculptor Peter Marbury. The rights are held currently by Peter Marbury's widow, Diana Marbury, a New York theatrical producer, director and actress.","title":"Professional life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elsie_de_Wolfe,_James_Hazen_Hyde_Ball,_January_31,_1905.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bessie_Marbury,_James_Hazen_Hyde_Ball,_January_31,_1905.jpg"},{"link_name":"Anne Tracy Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Tracy_Morgan"},{"link_name":"J.P. Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.P._Morgan"},{"link_name":"Anne Harriman Vanderbilt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Harriman_Vanderbilt"},{"link_name":"Colony Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_Club"},{"link_name":"Sutton Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutton_Place,_Manhattan"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Legion of Honor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_of_Honor"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Elsie de Wolfe, James Hazen Hyde Ball, January 31, 1905Bessie Marbury, James Hazen Hyde Ball, January 31, 1905On the domestic front, Marbury was instrumental in assisting her romantic partner, Elsie de Wolfe, in creating a career in interior decoration and in 1903 restoring Villa Trianon in Versailles, France, where she, de Wolfe, and Anne Tracy Morgan (youngest child of the powerful financier, J.P. Morgan) held court and became noted hostesses, affectionately referred to as \"The Versailles Triumvirate\". In 1903, along with Morgan and Anne Harriman Vanderbilt, Marbury helped organize the Colony Club, the first women's social club in New York. This also served as de Wolfe's professional debut as interior decorator. This same coterie would go on to create the exclusive neighborhood of Sutton Place, along Manhattan's East River, which prompted gossip papers of the 1920s to loudly whisper of an \"Amazon Enclave\". [citation needed]During World War I, Marbury devoted much time to relief work for French and later American soldiers, and spent several months in France working in military hospitals and giving talks to the troops. She translated Maurice Barrès's The Faith of France (1918) and was decorated by the French and Belgian governments, although she was notably disappointed to not be awarded by the French Legion of Honor, an honor given to de Wolfe for her work in the pioneering Ambrine Mission for Burn Victims. De Wolfe announced her wedding to Sir Charles Mendl, a British diplomat in 1926, after at least thirty years of living with Marbury. [citation needed] According to biographies of de Wolfe, the Mendl-de Wolfe marriage was platonic, with the couple keeping separate apartments in Paris and usually only appearing together at social functions. Both de Wolfe and Mendel assured an understandably enraged Marbury that the marriage was purely one of convenience. Weeks after the marriage, de Wolfe traveled to New York to reconcile with Marbury. Their relationship lasted another seven years until Marbury's death in 1933.[6]","title":"Social life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Marbury was an active Democrat and served as Democratic National Committeewomen from New York during the 1924 presidential election.[7] She was also mentioned as a potential candidate for vice president on the 1924 Democratic ticket.[8]","title":"Political life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Catalog"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manners;: A handbook of social customs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/mannershandbooko00marb"}],"sub_title":"Books","text":"Marbury, Elisabeth (1923). My Crystal Ball:Reminiscences. Boni and Liveright.\nMarbury, Elisabeth (1888). Manners;: A handbook of social customs. Cassell & company, limited.","title":"Catalog"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Love O' Mike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_O%27_Mike"}],"sub_title":"Productions under aegis of Elisabeth Marbury","text":"Electra, revival, produced with Elisabeth Marbury, December 26, 1930, to January 1931\nSay When, original musical-comedy, produced by Elisabeth Marbury, June 26, 1928, to July 1928\nRevue Russe, original musical revue, produced by Elisabeth Marbury, October 5, 1922, to October 22, 1922\nGirl o' Mine, original musical-comedy, produced by Elisabeth Marbury, January 28, 1918, to March 9, 1918\nLove O' Mike, original musical-comedy, produced by Elisabeth Marbury, January 15, 1917, to September 29, 1917\nSee America First, original musical, produced by Elisabeth Marbury, March 28, 1916, to April 8, 1916\nVery Good Eddie, original musical, produced by Marbury-Comstock Co., December 23, 1915 to October 14, 1916\nOur Children, original play, produced with Elisabeth Marbury, September 10, 1915, to September 1915\nNobody Home, original play with music, produced by Elisabeth Marbury, April 20, 1915, to August 7, 1915\nMerry Gotham, original play, written by Elisabeth Marbury, March 14, 1892, to April 1892","title":"Catalog"}]	[{"image_text":"Bessie Marbury and Elsie de Wolfe, from My Crystal Ball (published 1923)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Bessie_Marbury_and_Elsie_de_Wolfe_from_My_Crystal_Ball%2C_1923.jpg/220px-Bessie_Marbury_and_Elsie_de_Wolfe_from_My_Crystal_Ball%2C_1923.jpg"},{"image_text":"Irving House, New York City, NY","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Irving_House%2C_New_York_City%2C_NY.jpg/220px-Irving_House%2C_New_York_City%2C_NY.jpg"},{"image_text":"William Bruce Ellis Ranken (1881-1941)/LOC cph.3c13318. Photograph of painting by William Rankin of Elisabeth Marbury in her summer home","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Photograph_of_painting_by_William_Rankin_of_Elisabeth_Marbury_in_her_summer_home.jpg/220px-Photograph_of_painting_by_William_Rankin_of_Elisabeth_Marbury_in_her_summer_home.jpg"},{"image_text":"Interior of Elsie De Wolfe' music pavilion looking out on to the pool, The Villa Trianon, William Bruce Ellis Ranken","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Interior_of_Elsie_De_Wolfe%27s_music_pavilion_looking_out_on_to_the_pool%2C_The_Villa_Trianon.jpg/220px-Interior_of_Elsie_De_Wolfe%27s_music_pavilion_looking_out_on_to_the_pool%2C_The_Villa_Trianon.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Marbury, Elisabeth (1923). My Crystal Ball:Reminiscences. Boni and Liveright.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Marbury, Elisabeth (1888). Manners;: A handbook of social customs. Cassell & company, limited.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/mannershandbooko00marb","url_text":"Manners;: A handbook of social customs"}]},{"reference":"Aldrich, Robert; Garry Wotherspoon (2002). Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-15983-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-15983-0","url_text":"0-415-15983-0"}]},{"reference":"Bunyan, Patrick (2002). All Around the Town. Fordham University Press. ISBN 0-8232-1941-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/allaroundtownama0000buny","url_text":"All Around the Town"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8232-1941-0","url_text":"0-8232-1941-0"}]},{"reference":"Von Drehle, Dave (2003). Triangle: The Fire That Changed America. Atlantic Monthly Press. ISBN 0-87113-874-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/trianglefirethat00vond","url_text":"Triangle: The Fire That Changed America"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87113-874-3","url_text":"0-87113-874-3"}]},{"reference":"Schnake, Robert A.; Kim Marra (1998). Passing Performances: Queer Readings of Leading Players in American Theater. Michigan: The University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-09681-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-472-09681-8","url_text":"0-472-09681-8"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Elisabeth+Marbury%22","external_links_name":"\"Elisabeth Marbury\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Elisabeth+Marbury%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Elisabeth+Marbury%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Elisabeth+Marbury%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Elisabeth+Marbury%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Elisabeth+Marbury%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/mannershandbooko00marb","external_links_name":"Manners;: A handbook of social customs"},{"Link":"http://www.ibdb.com/person.asp?ID=21813","external_links_name":"Elisabeth Marbury profile at Internet Broadway Database (IBDb)"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/allaroundtownama0000buny","external_links_name":"All Around the Town"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/trianglefirethat00vond","external_links_name":"Triangle: The Fire That Changed America"},{"Link":"http://www.ibdb.com/production.asp?ID=8376","external_links_name":"See America First entry at IBDb"},{"Link":"http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9125848","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/443841/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000077313495","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/3702076","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvH9HdPXvGRKyHbQhGbVC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb133058115","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb133058115","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/116758686","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007604539305171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n00020475","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810578411005606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd116758686.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6b27wv7","external_links_name":"SNAC"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Roberts_(author)	Kate Roberts (author)	["1 Life","1.1 Sexuality","2 Work","3 Selected works","3.1 In Welsh","3.2 In English translation","4 References","5 Sources","6 External links"]	Welsh author writing in Welsh Kate RobertsKate RobertsBorn(1891-02-13)13 February 1891Rhosgadfan, Gwynedd, WalesDied14 April 1985(1985-04-14) (aged 94)Denbigh, WalesOccupationAuthor, novelist, political activistLiterary movementWelsh-language literatureNotable worksTraed mewn cyffion (Feet in chains) Kate Roberts (13 February 1891 – 14 April 1985) was one of the foremost Welsh-language authors of the 20th century. Styled Brenhines ein llên ('The Queen of our Literature'), she is known mainly for her short stories, but also wrote novels. Roberts was a prominent Welsh nationalist. Life Kate Roberts was born in the village of Rhosgadfan, on the slopes of Moel Tryfan, Caernarfonshire (Gwynedd today). She was the oldest child of Owen Roberts, a quarryman in the local slate industry, and Catrin Roberts. She had two half-sisters and two half-brothers (John Evan, Mary, Jane and Owen) from earlier marriages of her parents, and three younger brothers (Richard, Evan and David). She was born in the family cottage, Cae'r Gors. Later the life in the cottage and village made an all-important backdrop to her early literary work. Her autobiographical volume Y Lôn Wen is a memorable portrayal of the district in that period. Roberts in 1923 She attended the council school at Rhosgadfan from 1895 to 1904, and Caernarfonshire School from 1904 to 1910. She went on to graduate in Welsh at the University College of North Wales, Bangor, which she attended from 1910 to 1913 under John Morris-Jones and Ifor Williams, and trained as a teacher. She taught in various schools in Wales (Dolbadarn Elementary School 1913–1914, Ystalyfera County School 1915–1917, and County Girls' School, Aberdare 1917–1928). Roberts met Morris T. Williams at Plaid Cymru (the Welsh nationalist party) meetings, and married him in 1928. Williams was a printer, and eventually they bought the printing and publishing house Gwasg Gee ('The Gee Press'), Denbigh, and moved to live in the town in 1935. The press published books, pamphlets and the Welsh-language weekly Y Faner (The Banner), for which Roberts wrote regularly. After her husband's death in 1946, she ran the press for another 10 years. In 1965 Roberts bought Cae'r Gors and presented it to the nation, but at the time there was not enough money to restore it. It was not restored until 2005, after a long campaign to raise the money. It is now in the care of Cadw as a museum presentation of Roberts. She remained in Denbigh after her retirement and died in 1985. Sexuality Alan Llwyd's 2011 biography of Roberts used diaries and letters to shed fresh light on her private life and her relationship with Morris. Llwyd suggests that Roberts may have had lesbian tendencies. For example, Roberts sent a letter to her husband describing the joy she felt when kissing another woman in Pontardawe, saying that nothing had ever made her more happy. Work Her first volume of short stories, O gors y bryniau (From the Swamp of the Hills), appeared in 1925. Perhaps her most successful book of short stories is Te yn y grug (Tea in the Heather, 1959), a series about children. Of the novels that Roberts wrote, the most famous may have been Traed mewn cyffion (Feet in Chains, 1936), which reflected the hard life of a slate-quarrying family. The book was awarded a prize at the National Eiseddfod of Wales in Neath in 1934. She won the prize jointly with Grace Wynne Griffith and her novel Creigiau Milgwyn. However it was alleged that Creigiau Milgwyn was unworthy of the prize according to the historian Thomas Richards. In 1960 Roberts published Y Lôn Wen, a volume of autobiography. Most of her novels and short stories are set in the region where she lived in North Wales. She herself said that she derived the material for her work "from the society in which I was brought up, a poor society in an age of poverty... it was always a struggle against poverty. But notice that the characters haven't reached the bottom of that poverty, they are struggling against it, afraid of it." Thus her work deals with the uneventful lives of humble people and how they deal with difficulties and disillusionments. It is remarkable for the richness of her language and for her perception. The role of women in society and progressive ideas about life and love are major themes. Roberts also struck up a literary relationship with Saunders Lewis, which they maintained through letters over a period of forty years. These letters give a picture of life in Wales during the period and record the comments of two literary giants on events at home and abroad. Many of her works have been translated into other languages. Selected works In Welsh Davies, Betty Eynon, and Kate Roberts. Y Fam : . Cardiff: Educational Publishing Co., 1920. Davies, Betty Eynon, Margaret Price, and Kate Roberts. Wel! Wel!: comedi . Drenewydd: Welsh Outlook Press, 1920. Price, Margaret, Kate Roberts, and Betty Eynon Davies. Y Canpunt: comedi o Gwm Tawe . Drefnewydd: Welsh Outlook Press, 1923. O Gors y Bryniau: naw stori fer . Wrecsam: Hughes a’i Fab, 1925. Deian a Loli: stori am blant. Darluniau gan Tom Morgan . Caerdydd: William Lewis, 1926. Rhigolau Bywyd a storïau eraill . Aberystwyth: Gwasg Aberystwyth, 1929. Laura Jones. Aberystwyth: Gwasg Aberystwyth, 1930. Novel. Ffarwel i Addysg: comedi mewn tair act . Tonypandy: Yr awdur, 1932. Traed Mewn Cyffion . Aberystwyth: Gwasg Aberystwyth, 1936. Novel. Ffair Gaeaf: a storïau eraill . Denbigh: Gwasg Gee, 1937. Stryd y Glep . Denbigh: Gwasg Gee, 1949. Novella. Y Byw Sy'n Cysgu . Denbigh: Gwasg Gee, 1956. Novel. Te yn y Grug . Denbigh: Gwasg Gee, 1959. Stories. Y Lôn Wen: Darn o hunangofiant . Denbigh: Gwasg Gee, 1960. Tywyll Heno: stori fer hir . Denbigh: Gwasg Gee, 1962. Hyn o Fyd: llyfr o storiau . Denbigh: Gwasg Gee, 1964. Tegwch y Bore: nofel . Llandybie: Llyfrau’r Dryw, 1967. Prynu Dol a storiau eraill . Denbigh: Gwasg Gee, 1969. Dau Lenor o Ochr Moeltryfan . Caernarfon: Argraffty’r M.C., 1970. Gobaith a storïau eraill . Dinbych: Gwasg Gee, 1972. Wiliam, Urien, and Kate Roberts et al. Storïau Awr Hamdden (Cyfrol 1) . Llandybie: Christopher Davies, 1974. Collected and edited by Urien Wiliam. Yr Wylan Deg . Dinbych: Gwasg Gee, 1976. Stories. Haul a Drycin a storïau eraill . Dinbych: Gwasg Gee, 1981. Dyfyniad o 'Marwolaeth Stori' o Te yn y Grug Also, a poem by Harri Gwynn. Printed by David Vickers at the Rhyl Eisteddfod, 1985. The first Gregynog Eisteddfod keepsake, three sheets in a portfolio wrapper, 100 numbered copies hand-set and hand-printed on fine paper. Lewis, Saunders and Kate Roberts. Annwyl Kate, Annwyl Saunders: gohebiaeth, 1923–83 . Aberystwyth: Llyfrgell Genedlaethol Cymru, 1992. Edited by Dafydd Ifans. The letters of Kate Roberts and Saunders Lewis. Goreuon Storïau . Denbigh: Gwasg Gee, 1997. Selected with an Introduction by Harri Pritchard Jones. In English translation A Summer Day and Other Stories. Cardiff: Penmark Press, 1946. Stories from O Gors y Bryniau, Rhugolau Bywyd, and Ffair Gaeaf. Translated by Dafydd Jenkins, Walter Dowding, and Wyn Griffith. Foreward by Storm Jameson. Tea in the Heather . Ruthin, John Jones, 1968. Translated by Wyn Griffith. The Living Sleep . Cardiff, John Jones, 1976. Translated by Wyn Griffith. Feet in Chains . Cardiff: John Jones Cardiff Ltd, 1977. Translated by Idwal Walters and John Idris Jones. Two Old Men and other Stories. Gwasg Gregynog, Newtown, Powys, 1981. Translated by Elan Closs Stephens and Wyn Griffith. Introduction by John Gwilym Jones. 26 linocuts by Kyffin Williams. XV + 265 numbered copies on fine paper, in celebration of Roberts' ninetieth birthday. The World of Kate Roberts: Selected stories, 1925–1981. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1991. Translated by Joseph P. Clancy. Substantial collection of stories, including Gossip Row, Tea in the Heather, and Dark Tonight. Sun and Storm and other stories . Denbigh: Gwasg Gee, 2001. Translated by Carolyn Watcyn. The Awakening . Bridgend, Seren, 2006. Translated by Siân James. One Bright Morning . Llandysul: Gwasg Gormer, 2008. Translated by Gillian Clarke. The White Lane: A fragment of autobiography . Llandysul: Gwasg Gormer, 2009. Translated by Gillian Clarke, parallel texts English and Welsh. Feet in Chains . Cardigan: Parthian Books, 2012. Translated and annotated by Katie Gramich. References ^ Morgan, Derec Llwyd (1991), Kate Roberts. Writers of Wales series. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. ISBN 0-7083-1115-6. An introduction to her work in English. ^ Gae'r Gors ^ Dylan Iorwerth, "Cadw's new quarry cottage", Heritage in Wales, Issue 54, Spring 2013. ^ Alan Llwyd, Kate: Y Cofiant (Y Lolfa, 2011) ^ Kate and butcher's wife Website Golwg 360. 18-11-2011. Reviewed 22 November 2011. ^ Llwyd, Alan (2012). "Kate a gwraig y cigydd". Golwg360. ^ "Griffith, Grace Wynne (1888–1963), novelist". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. Retrieved 1 October 2022. Sources Thomas Parry (1955), A History of Welsh Literature. Translated by H. Idris Bell. Oxford: Clarendon Press "Kate Roberts (1891–1985)" in Meic Stephens, ed. (1998), The New Companion to the Literature of Wales. Cardiff: University of Wales Press ISBN 0-7083-1383-3 Katie Gramich: Kate Roberts, Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2011. ISBN 978-0-7083-2338-0 External links Kate Roberts on the BBC Wales website Cae'r Gors – A Heritage Center of Kate Roberts "Archival material relating to Kate Roberts". UK National Archives. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Netherlands Poland People Trove Other SNAC IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Welsh-language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_language"},{"link_name":"Welsh nationalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_nationalism"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Welsh author writing in WelshKate Roberts (13 February 1891 – 14 April 1985) was one of the foremost Welsh-language authors of the 20th century. Styled Brenhines ein llên ('The Queen of our Literature'), she is known mainly for her short stories, but also wrote novels. Roberts was a prominent Welsh nationalist.[1]","title":"Kate Roberts (author)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rhosgadfan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhosgadfan"},{"link_name":"Moel Tryfan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moel_Tryfan"},{"link_name":"Caernarfonshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caernarfonshire"},{"link_name":"Gwynedd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwynedd"},{"link_name":"slate industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slate_industry_in_Wales"},{"link_name":"Y Lôn Wen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Y_L%C3%B4n_Wen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kate_Roberts_1923.jpg"},{"link_name":"Welsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_language"},{"link_name":"University College of North Wales, Bangor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wales,_Bangor"},{"link_name":"John Morris-Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Morris-Jones"},{"link_name":"Ifor Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifor_Williams"},{"link_name":"Dolbadarn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dolbadarn&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ystalyfera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ystalyfera"},{"link_name":"Aberdare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdare"},{"link_name":"Plaid Cymru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaid_Cymru"},{"link_name":"Gwasg Gee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwasg_Gee"},{"link_name":"Denbigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denbigh"},{"link_name":"Welsh-language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_language"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Cadw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadw"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Denbigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denbigh"}],"text":"Kate Roberts was born in the village of Rhosgadfan, on the slopes of Moel Tryfan, Caernarfonshire (Gwynedd today). She was the oldest child of Owen Roberts, a quarryman in the local slate industry, and Catrin Roberts. She had two half-sisters and two half-brothers (John Evan, Mary, Jane and Owen) from earlier marriages of her parents, and three younger brothers (Richard, Evan and David). She was born in the family cottage, Cae'r Gors. Later the life in the cottage and village made an all-important backdrop to her early literary work. Her autobiographical volume Y Lôn Wen is a memorable portrayal of the district in that period.Roberts in 1923She attended the council school at Rhosgadfan from 1895 to 1904, and Caernarfonshire School from 1904 to 1910. She went on to graduate in Welsh at the University College of North Wales, Bangor, which she attended from 1910 to 1913 under John Morris-Jones and Ifor Williams, and trained as a teacher. She taught in various schools in Wales (Dolbadarn Elementary School 1913–1914, Ystalyfera County School 1915–1917, and County Girls' School, Aberdare 1917–1928).Roberts met Morris T. Williams at Plaid Cymru (the Welsh nationalist party) meetings, and married him in 1928. Williams was a printer, and eventually they bought the printing and publishing house Gwasg Gee ('The Gee Press'), Denbigh, and moved to live in the town in 1935. The press published books, pamphlets and the Welsh-language weekly Y Faner (The Banner), for which Roberts wrote regularly. After her husband's death in 1946, she ran the press for another 10 years.In 1965 Roberts bought Cae'r Gors and presented it to the nation, but at the time there was not enough money to restore it.[2] It was not restored until 2005, after a long campaign to raise the money. It is now in the care of Cadw as a museum presentation of Roberts.[3]She remained in Denbigh after her retirement and died in 1985.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alan Llwyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Llwyd"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"lesbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesbian"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Pontardawe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontardawe"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Sexuality","text":"Alan Llwyd's 2011 biography of Roberts used diaries and letters to shed fresh light on her private life and her relationship with Morris.[4] Llwyd suggests that Roberts may have had lesbian tendencies.[5] For example, Roberts sent a letter to her husband describing the joy she felt when kissing another woman in Pontardawe, saying that nothing had ever made her more happy. [6]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Te yn y grug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Te_yn_y_grug&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"National Eiseddfod of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Eiseddfod_of_Wales&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Grace Wynne Griffith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Wynne_Griffith"},{"link_name":"Thomas Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Richards_(historian)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Saunders Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saunders_Lewis"}],"text":"Her first volume of short stories, O gors y bryniau (From the Swamp of the Hills), appeared in 1925. Perhaps her most successful book of short stories is Te yn y grug (Tea in the Heather, 1959), a series about children. Of the novels that Roberts wrote, the most famous may have been Traed mewn cyffion (Feet in Chains, 1936), which reflected the hard life of a slate-quarrying family. The book was awarded a prize at the National Eiseddfod of Wales in Neath in 1934. She won the prize jointly with Grace Wynne Griffith and her novel Creigiau Milgwyn. However it was alleged that Creigiau Milgwyn was unworthy of the prize according to the historian Thomas Richards.[7]In 1960 Roberts published Y Lôn Wen, a volume of autobiography.Most of her novels and short stories are set in the region where she lived in North Wales. She herself said that she derived the material for her work \"from the society in which I was brought up, a poor society in an age of poverty... [where] it was always a struggle against poverty. But notice that the characters haven't reached the bottom of that poverty, they are struggling against it, afraid of it.\"Thus her work deals with the uneventful lives of humble people and how they deal with difficulties and disillusionments. It is remarkable for the richness of her language and for her perception. The role of women in society and progressive ideas about life and love are major themes.Roberts also struck up a literary relationship with Saunders Lewis, which they maintained through letters over a period of forty years. These letters give a picture of life in Wales during the period and record the comments of two literary giants on events at home and abroad.Many of her works have been translated into other languages.","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Selected works"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"In Welsh","text":"Davies, Betty Eynon, and Kate Roberts. Y Fam [The Mother]: [a play in one act]. Cardiff: Educational Publishing Co., 1920.\nDavies, Betty Eynon, Margaret Price, and Kate Roberts. Wel! Wel!: comedi [Well! Well!: a comedy]. Drenewydd: Welsh Outlook Press, 1920.\nPrice, Margaret, Kate Roberts, and Betty Eynon Davies. Y Canpunt: comedi o Gwm Tawe [The Hundred Pounds: a comedy from the Tawe Valley]. Drefnewydd: Welsh Outlook Press, 1923.\nO Gors y Bryniau: naw stori fer [From the Marsh of the Hills: nine short stories]. Wrecsam: Hughes a’i Fab, 1925.\nDeian a Loli: stori am blant. Darluniau gan Tom Morgan [Deian and Loli: a story about children. Illustrations by Tom Morgan]. Caerdydd: William Lewis, 1926.\nRhigolau Bywyd a storïau eraill [The Ruts of Life and other stories]. Aberystwyth: Gwasg Aberystwyth, 1929.\nLaura Jones. Aberystwyth: Gwasg Aberystwyth, 1930. Novel.\nFfarwel i Addysg: comedi mewn tair act [Farewell to Education: a comedy in three acts]. Tonypandy: Yr awdur, 1932.\nTraed Mewn Cyffion [Feet in Chains]. Aberystwyth: Gwasg Aberystwyth, 1936. Novel.\nFfair Gaeaf: a storïau eraill [Winter Fair and other stories]. Denbigh: Gwasg Gee, 1937.\nStryd y Glep [Gossip Row]. Denbigh: Gwasg Gee, 1949. Novella.\nY Byw Sy'n Cysgu [The Living Sleep]. Denbigh: Gwasg Gee, 1956. Novel.\nTe yn y Grug [Tea in the Heather]. Denbigh: Gwasg Gee, 1959. Stories.\nY Lôn Wen: Darn o hunangofiant [The White Lane: A fragment of autobiography]. Denbigh: Gwasg Gee, 1960.\nTywyll Heno: stori fer hir [Dark Tonight: a long short story]. Denbigh: Gwasg Gee, 1962.\nHyn o Fyd: llyfr o storiau [This World: a book of stories]. Denbigh: Gwasg Gee, 1964.\nTegwch y Bore: nofel [One Bright Morning: a novel]. Llandybie: Llyfrau’r Dryw, 1967.\nPrynu Dol a storiau eraill [Buying a Doll and other stories]. Denbigh: Gwasg Gee, 1969.\nDau Lenor o Ochr Moeltryfan [Two writers from the Moel Tryfan side (Glasynys 1828-1870 and Richard Hughes 1878?-1919)]. Caernarfon: Argraffty’r M.C., 1970.\nGobaith a storïau eraill [Hope and other stories]. Dinbych: Gwasg Gee, 1972.\nWiliam, Urien, and Kate Roberts et al. Storïau Awr Hamdden (Cyfrol 1) [Leisure Hour Stories (Volume 1)]. Llandybie: Christopher Davies, 1974. Collected and edited by Urien Wiliam.\nYr Wylan Deg [The Beautiful Seagull]. Dinbych: Gwasg Gee, 1976. Stories.\nHaul a Drycin a storïau eraill [Sun and Storm and other stories]. Dinbych: Gwasg Gee, 1981.\nDyfyniad o 'Marwolaeth Stori' o Te yn y Grug [Excerpt from 'Death of a Story' from Tea in the Heather.] Also, a poem by Harri Gwynn. Printed by David Vickers [Gregynog Press] at the Rhyl Eisteddfod, 1985. The first Gregynog Eisteddfod keepsake, three sheets in a portfolio wrapper, 100 numbered copies hand-set and hand-printed on fine paper.\nLewis, Saunders and Kate Roberts. Annwyl Kate, Annwyl Saunders: gohebiaeth, 1923–83 [Dear Kate, Dear Saunders: correspondence, 1923–83] . Aberystwyth: Llyfrgell Genedlaethol Cymru, 1992. Edited by Dafydd Ifans. The letters of Kate Roberts and Saunders Lewis.\nGoreuon Storïau [Best Stories]. Denbigh: Gwasg Gee, 1997. Selected with an Introduction by Harri Pritchard Jones.","title":"Selected works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Siân James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%A2n_James_(novelist)"}],"sub_title":"In English translation","text":"A Summer Day and Other Stories. Cardiff: Penmark Press, 1946. Stories from O Gors y Bryniau, Rhugolau Bywyd, and Ffair Gaeaf. Translated by Dafydd Jenkins, Walter Dowding, and Wyn Griffith. Foreward by Storm Jameson.\nTea in the Heather [Te yn y Grug]. Ruthin, John Jones, 1968. Translated by Wyn Griffith.\nThe Living Sleep [Y Byw Sy'n Cysgu]. Cardiff, John Jones, 1976. Translated by Wyn Griffith.\nFeet in Chains [Traed Mewn Cyffion]. Cardiff: John Jones Cardiff Ltd, 1977. Translated by Idwal Walters and John Idris Jones.\nTwo Old Men and other Stories. Gwasg Gregynog, Newtown, Powys, 1981. Translated by Elan Closs Stephens and Wyn Griffith. Introduction by John Gwilym Jones. 26 linocuts by Kyffin Williams. XV + 265 numbered copies on fine paper, in celebration of Roberts' ninetieth birthday.\nThe World of Kate Roberts: Selected stories, 1925–1981. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1991. Translated by Joseph P. Clancy. Substantial collection of stories, including Gossip Row, Tea in the Heather, and Dark Tonight.\nSun and Storm and other stories [Haul a Drycin a storïau eraill]. Denbigh: Gwasg Gee, 2001. Translated by Carolyn Watcyn.\nThe Awakening [Y Byw Sy'n Cysgu]. Bridgend, Seren, 2006. Translated by Siân James.\nOne Bright Morning [Tegwch y Bore]. Llandysul: Gwasg Gormer, 2008. Translated by Gillian Clarke.\nThe White Lane: A fragment of autobiography [Y Lôn Wen: Darn o hunangofiant]. Llandysul: Gwasg Gormer, 2009. Translated by Gillian Clarke, parallel texts English and Welsh.\nFeet in Chains [Traed Mewn Cyffion]. Cardigan: Parthian Books, 2012. Translated and annotated by Katie Gramich.","title":"Selected works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7083-1383-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7083-1383-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7083-2338-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7083-2338-0"}],"text":"Thomas Parry (1955), A History of Welsh Literature. Translated by H. Idris Bell. Oxford: Clarendon Press\n\"Kate Roberts (1891–1985)\" in Meic Stephens, ed. (1998), The New Companion to the Literature of Wales. Cardiff: University of Wales Press ISBN 0-7083-1383-3\nKatie Gramich: Kate Roberts, Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2011. ISBN 978-0-7083-2338-0","title":"Sources"}]	[{"image_text":"Roberts in 1923","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Kate_Roberts_1923.jpg/220px-Kate_Roberts_1923.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Llwyd, Alan (2012). \"Kate a gwraig y cigydd\". Golwg360.","urls":[{"url":"https://golwg.360.cymru/newyddion/cymru/58403-kate-a-gwraig-y-bwtsiar","url_text":"\"Kate a gwraig y cigydd\""}]},{"reference":"\"Griffith, Grace Wynne (1888–1963), novelist\". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. Retrieved 1 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://biography.wales/article/s2-GRIF-WYN-1888","url_text":"\"Griffith, Grace Wynne (1888–1963), novelist\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_Welsh_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of Welsh Biography"}]},{"reference":"\"Archival material relating to Kate Roberts\". UK National Archives.","urls":[{"url":"https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F65116","url_text":"\"Archival material relating to Kate Roberts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)","url_text":"UK National Archives"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://cadw.gov.wales/daysout/CaerGors/?skip=1&lang=cy","external_links_name":"Gae'r Gors"},{"Link":"http://www.golwg360.com/newyddion/cymru/58403-kate-a-gwraig-y-bwtsiar","external_links_name":"Kate and butcher's wife"},{"Link":"https://golwg.360.cymru/newyddion/cymru/58403-kate-a-gwraig-y-bwtsiar","external_links_name":"\"Kate a gwraig y cigydd\""},{"Link":"https://biography.wales/article/s2-GRIF-WYN-1888","external_links_name":"\"Griffith, Grace Wynne (1888–1963), novelist\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/northwest/halloffame/arts/kateroberts.shtml","external_links_name":"Kate Roberts"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales","external_links_name":"BBC Wales"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180907022520/http://www.caergors.org/","external_links_name":"Cae'r Gors"},{"Link":"https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F65116","external_links_name":"\"Archival material relating to Kate Roberts\""},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1435201/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000063046162","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/33947","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfcPYDWdPfmrk6KH49MT3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120702609","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120702609","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/119337118","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007347161305171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50048898","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20040520015&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p203421027","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9811555588205606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/991694","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w64k5m08","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/028979559","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Bega_state_by-election	2022 Bega state by-election	["1 Candidates","2 Results","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	2022 Bega state by-election ← 2019 12 February 2022 2023 → Electoral district of Bega in the New South Wales Legislative AssemblyRegistered58,785Turnout85.7% First party Second party Candidate Michael Holland Fiona Kotvojs Party Labor Liberal Popular vote 21,361 19,165 Percentage 43.16% 38.72% Swing 12.57 10.18 2CP 55.06% 44.94% 2CP change 11.99 11.99 The Electoral district of Bega in New South Wales MP before election Andrew Constance Liberal Elected MP Michael Holland Labor A by-election was held in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly seat of Bega in on 12 February 2022. The by-election was triggered by the resignation of Liberal MP and frontbencher Andrew Constance, who resigned to unsuccessfully contest the federal seat of Gilmore at the 2022 Australian federal election. The Bega by-election was held on the same day as by-elections for the districts of Monaro, Strathfield and Willoughby. The writs for election were issued on 21 January 2022. Nominations for candidates closed seven days later at noon on 27 January, with the ballot paper draw commencing in the morning of 28 January. The NSW Electoral Commission pre-emptively sent postal ballots to all voters registered on the state electoral roll, under a regulation in a COVID amendment to the Electoral Act. Postal votes will be checked against in-person voting rolls to prevent double voting. The iVote online voting system was not used at these elections after the system failed during the NSW local government elections in December 2021. Early results showed a swing of more than 13% towards Labor in the seat, suggesting it would be won by Michael Holland, the first time the seat of Bega would be held by the Australian Labor Party (ALP) since it was created in 1988. Holland claimed victory just before 9pm on election night. The Liberals' Fiona Kotvojs conceded nine days later on 21 February. Candidates Candidates(in ballot paper order) Party Candidate Background Notes Independent Jeffrey Hawkins Sustainable Australia Karin Geiselhart Independent Ursula Bennett Labor Michael Holland Obstetrician and gynaecologist Greens Peter Haggar Cafe owner Shooters, Fishers and Farmers Victor Hazir Liberal Fiona Kotvojs Business owner and farmer Results 2022 Bega state by-election Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labor Michael Holland 21,361 43.16 +12.57 Liberal Fiona Kotvojs 19,165 38.72 −10.18 Greens Peter Haggar 3,453 6.98 –2.78 Shooters, Fishers, Farmers Victor Hazir 2,312 4.67 −1.79 Independent Jeffrey Hawkins 1,379 2.79 +2.79 Sustainable Australia Karin Geiselhart 1,011 2.04 +2.04 Independent Ursula Bennett 811 1.64 +1.64 Total formal votes 49,492 98.25 +1.07 Informal votes 884 1.75 −1.07 Turnout 50,376 85.70 −4.06 Two-party-preferred result Labor Michael Holland 24,837 55.06 +11.99 Liberal Fiona Kotvojs 20,269 44.94 −11.99 Labor gain from Liberal Swing +11.99 See also Electoral results for the district of Bega List of New South Wales state by-elections References ^ "Labor wins seat of Gilmore, no more lower house seats in doubt". ABC News. 31 May 2022. ^ "Bega State by-election". NSW Electoral Commission. Retrieved 11 February 2022. ^ Green, Antony (10 February 2022). "Antony Green explains how living with COVID could affect elections, starting tomorrow". ABC News. Retrieved 11 February 2022. ^ Stuart, Riley (12 February 2022). "NSW by-elections a 'huge disappointment' for Liberals as Labor claims Bega and Nationals hold Monaro". ABC News. Retrieved 13 February 2022. ^ Reardon, Adriane; Proust, Keira (21 February 2022). "Liberals candidate Fiona Kotvojs concedes defeat in Bega state by-election". ABC News (Australia). Archived from the original on 21 February 2022. Retrieved 21 February 2022. ^ "Nominated candidates for the 2022 Bega state by-election". NSW Electoral Commission. Retrieved 28 January 2022. ^ a b c "Bega By-election". abc.net.au. Retrieved 13 October 2021. ^ "First Preference Votes Report". Bega State By-Election 12-FEB-2022. NSW Electoral Commission. Retrieved 28 February 2022. ^ "Two Candidate Preferred Report Parliamentary Election: Bega". Bega State By-Election 12-FEB-2022. New South Wales Electoral Commission. Retrieved 28 February 2022. External links New South Wales Electoral Commission: Bega State by-election vteBy-elections of the 57th New South Wales parliament (2019–2023)2021 Upper Hunter 2022 Bega Monaro Strathfield Willoughby 1st (1856–1858) 2nd (1858–1859) 3rd (1859–1860) 4th (1860–1864) 5th (1864–1869) 6th (1869–1872) 7th (1872–1874) 8th (1874–1877) 9th (1877–1880) 10th (1880–1882) 11th (1882–1885) 12th (1885–1887) 13th (1887–1889) 14th (1889–1891) 15th (1891–1894) 16th (1894–1895) 17th (1895–1898) 18th (1898–1901) 19th (1901–1904) 20th (1904–1907) 21st (1907–1910) 22nd (1910–1913) 23rd (1913–1917) 24th (1917–1920) 25th (1920–1922) 26th (1922–1925) 27th (1925–1927) 28th (1927–1930) 29th (1930–1932) 30th (1932–1935) 31st (1935–1938) 32nd (1938–1941) 33rd (1941–1944) 34th (1944–1947) 35th (1947–1950) 36th (1950–1953) 37th (1953–1956) 38th (1956–1959) 39th (1959–1962) 40th (1962–1965) 41st (1965–1968) 42nd (1968–1971) 43rd (1971–1973) 44th (1973–1976) 45th (1976–1978) 46th (1978–1981) 47th (1981–1984) 48th (1984–1988) 49th (1988–1991) 50th (1991–1995) 51st (1995–1999) 52nd (1999–2003) 53rd (2003–2007) 54th (2007–2011) 55th (2011–2015) 56th (2015–2019) 57th (2019–2023) vte Results of New South Wales State electionsLegislative AssemblyColonial 1856 1858 1859 1860 1864–65 1869–70 1872 1874–75 1877 1880 1882 1885 1887 1889 1891 1894 1895 1898 State 1901 1904 1907 1910 1913 1917 1920 1922 1925 1927 1930 1932 1935 1938 1941 1944 1947 1950 1953 1956 1959 1962 1965 1968 1971 1973 1976 1978 1981 1984 1988 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 Legislative CouncilColonial 1843 1848 1851 State 1978 1981 1984 1988 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 By-elections Legislative Assembly Legislative Council (historic)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New South Wales Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Bega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Bega"},{"link_name":"Liberal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Andrew Constance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Constance"},{"link_name":"Gilmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_of_Gilmore"},{"link_name":"2022 Australian federal election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Australian_federal_election"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Monaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Monaro_state_by-election"},{"link_name":"Strathfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Strathfield_state_by-election"},{"link_name":"Willoughby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Willoughby_state_by-election"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dates-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-green-3"},{"link_name":"Michael Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Holland_(politician)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"A by-election was held in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly seat of Bega in on 12 February 2022. The by-election was triggered by the resignation of Liberal MP and frontbencher Andrew Constance, who resigned to unsuccessfully contest the federal seat of Gilmore at the 2022 Australian federal election.[1]The Bega by-election was held on the same day as by-elections for the districts of Monaro, Strathfield and Willoughby. The writs for election were issued on 21 January 2022. Nominations for candidates closed seven days later at noon on 27 January, with the ballot paper draw commencing in the morning of 28 January.[2]The NSW Electoral Commission pre-emptively sent postal ballots to all voters registered on the state electoral roll, under a regulation in a COVID amendment to the Electoral Act. Postal votes will be checked against in-person voting rolls to prevent double voting. The iVote online voting system was not used at these elections after the system failed during the NSW local government elections in December 2021.[3]Early results showed a swing of more than 13% towards Labor in the seat, suggesting it would be won by Michael Holland, the first time the seat of Bega would be held by the Australian Labor Party (ALP) since it was created in 1988. Holland claimed victory just before 9pm on election night.[4] The Liberals' Fiona Kotvojs conceded nine days later on 21 February.[5]","title":"2022 Bega state by-election"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Candidates"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Results"}]	[]	[{"title":"Electoral results for the district of Bega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_results_for_the_district_of_Bega"},{"title":"List of New South Wales state by-elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_New_South_Wales_state_by-elections"}]	[{"reference":"\"Labor wins seat of Gilmore, no more lower house seats in doubt\". ABC News. 31 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-05-31/labor-projected-win-gilmore-fiona-phillips/101113882","url_text":"\"Labor wins seat of Gilmore, no more lower house seats in doubt\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bega State by-election\". NSW Electoral Commission. Retrieved 11 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elections.nsw.gov.au/Elections/State-government-elections/Bega-By-election","url_text":"\"Bega State by-election\""}]},{"reference":"Green, Antony (10 February 2022). \"Antony Green explains how living with COVID could affect elections, starting tomorrow\". ABC News. Retrieved 11 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-02-11/antony-green-explains-how-covid-could-affect-how-we-vote/100819200","url_text":"\"Antony Green explains how living with COVID could affect elections, starting tomorrow\""}]},{"reference":"Stuart, Riley (12 February 2022). \"NSW by-elections a 'huge disappointment' for Liberals as Labor claims Bega and Nationals hold Monaro\". ABC News. Retrieved 13 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-02-12/nsw-by-elections-polls-close-counting-begins/100825550","url_text":"\"NSW by-elections a 'huge disappointment' for Liberals as Labor claims Bega and Nationals hold Monaro\""}]},{"reference":"Reardon, Adriane; Proust, Keira (21 February 2022). \"Liberals candidate Fiona Kotvojs concedes defeat in Bega state by-election\". ABC News (Australia). Archived from the original on 21 February 2022. Retrieved 21 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-02-21/liberals-candidate-in-bega-concedes-defeat/100847958","url_text":"\"Liberals candidate Fiona Kotvojs concedes defeat in Bega state by-election\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News_(Australia)","url_text":"ABC News (Australia)"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220221030306/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-02-21/liberals-candidate-in-bega-concedes-defeat/100847958","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Nominated candidates for the 2022 Bega state by-election\". NSW Electoral Commission. Retrieved 28 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elections.nsw.gov.au/Elections/State-government-elections/Bega-By-election/nominated-candidates","url_text":"\"Nominated candidates for the 2022 Bega state by-election\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bega By-election\". abc.net.au. Retrieved 13 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://abc.net.au/news/elections/nsw/2021/guide/bega","url_text":"\"Bega By-election\""}]},{"reference":"\"First Preference Votes Report\". Bega State By-Election 12-FEB-2022. NSW Electoral Commission. Retrieved 28 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://results.elections.nsw.gov.au/SB2201/Bega/Parliamentary/CheckCountPreferencesReport.html","url_text":"\"First Preference Votes Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"Two Candidate Preferred Report Parliamentary Election: Bega\". Bega State By-Election 12-FEB-2022. New South Wales Electoral Commission. Retrieved 28 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://results.elections.nsw.gov.au/SB2201/Bega/Parliamentary/CheckCountTCPReport.html","url_text":"\"Two Candidate Preferred Report Parliamentary Election: Bega\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-05-31/labor-projected-win-gilmore-fiona-phillips/101113882","external_links_name":"\"Labor wins seat of Gilmore, no more lower house seats in doubt\""},{"Link":"https://www.elections.nsw.gov.au/Elections/State-government-elections/Bega-By-election","external_links_name":"\"Bega State by-election\""},{"Link":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-02-11/antony-green-explains-how-covid-could-affect-how-we-vote/100819200","external_links_name":"\"Antony Green explains how living with COVID could affect elections, starting tomorrow\""},{"Link":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-02-12/nsw-by-elections-polls-close-counting-begins/100825550","external_links_name":"\"NSW by-elections a 'huge disappointment' for Liberals as Labor claims Bega and Nationals hold Monaro\""},{"Link":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-02-21/liberals-candidate-in-bega-concedes-defeat/100847958","external_links_name":"\"Liberals candidate Fiona Kotvojs concedes defeat in Bega state by-election\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220221030306/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-02-21/liberals-candidate-in-bega-concedes-defeat/100847958","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.elections.nsw.gov.au/Elections/State-government-elections/Bega-By-election/nominated-candidates","external_links_name":"\"Nominated candidates for the 2022 Bega state by-election\""},{"Link":"https://abc.net.au/news/elections/nsw/2021/guide/bega","external_links_name":"\"Bega By-election\""},{"Link":"https://results.elections.nsw.gov.au/SB2201/Bega/Parliamentary/CheckCountPreferencesReport.html","external_links_name":"\"First Preference Votes Report\""},{"Link":"https://results.elections.nsw.gov.au/SB2201/Bega/Parliamentary/CheckCountTCPReport.html","external_links_name":"\"Two Candidate Preferred Report Parliamentary Election: Bega\""},{"Link":"https://www.elections.nsw.gov.au/Elections/State-government-elections/Bega-By-election","external_links_name":"New South Wales Electoral Commission: Bega State by-election"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_Transportation_Office	Land Transportation Office (Philippines)	["1 History","1.1 Automobile Section","1.2 Motor Vehicles Office","1.3 Land Transportation Commission","1.4 Establishment of the Land Transportation Office","2 Functions and mandate","2.1 License and permit issuance","2.2 Motor vehicle registration","2.3 Law enforcement and adjudication of cases","2.4 Manufacturers, assemblers, importers, and dealers reporting (MAIDR)","3 Organizational structure","3.1 Gun attack","4 Branches","5 Projects","5.1 Land Transportation Office Infrastructure and Information System (LTO-IIS) Project","5.2 5-year Validity of Drivers’ Licenses","6 Controversies","6.1 Fixers","6.2 Private Motor Vehicle Inspection System corruption scandal","6.3 2023 Shortage of Plastic License Cards","7 References","8 External links"]	Government agency in the Philippines This article may be unbalanced toward certain viewpoints. Please improve the article by adding information on neglected viewpoints, or discuss the issue on the talk page. (February 2021) Land Transportation OfficeTanggapan ng Transportasyong-LupaAgency overviewFormedJune 20, 1964; 59 years ago (1964-06-20)Superseding agencyLand TransportationHeadquartersEast Avenue, Diliman, Quezon CityAgency executiveVigor D. Mendoza II, Assistant Secretary/ChiefParent agencyDepartment of TransportationWebsitelto.gov.ph The Land Transportation Office (Filipino: Tanggapan ng Transportasyong-Lupa; LTO) is an agency of the Philippine government under the Department of Transportation responsible for all land transportation in the Philippines. Functions of the LTO include the inspection and registration of motor vehicles, issuance of licenses and permits, enforcement of land transportation rules and regulations, and adjudication of traffic cases. Its primary mission is to rationalize land transportation services and facilities, and effectively implement various transportation laws, rules, and regulations. It believes that it is the responsibility of those involved in the public service to be more vigilant in their part in the over-all development scheme of national leadership. Hence, the promotion of safety and comfort in land travel is one of LTO's continuing commitments. It aims to be a frontline government agency that showcases fast and efficient public service for a progressive land transport sector. History There were several predecessors before the formation of the present Land Transportation Office. Automobile Section In order to regulate and license of operators for motor vehicles in the Philippines, Act No. 2159 was enacted in 1912 under the American colonial Insular Government. This was the first formal law on land transportation in the country. It created the Automobile Section under the Administrative Division of the Bureau of Public Works. In 1926, Act No. 3045 compiled and incorporated all laws governing motor vehicles. The Automobile Section was upgraded to the Automobile Division but still under the supervision of the Bureau of Public Works. Act No. 3992 (Revised Motor Vehicle Law) was enacted in 1933, amending Act No. 3045. The Automobile Division was renamed Division of Motor Vehicles. Motor Vehicles Office In 1945, the Department of Public Works and Highways issued Department Order No. 4 for the reorganization of the Division. It took effect after the Philippines were liberated from the Japanese during World War II. Executive Order No. 94 was promulgated in 1947 reorganizing the different executive Central Office of the Land Transportation Office in Quezon Citydepartments, bureaus, and offices. Under Section 82 of E.O. 94, the Division of Motor Vehicles was upgraded into the Motor Vehicles Office (MVO) with the category of the Bureau. However, the Motor Vehicle Office was abolished in 1964 by Republic Act No. 4136 or the Land Transportation and Traffic Code. The Land Transportation and Traffic Code was an act that compiled all the laws relative to transportation and traffic rules, to create a land transportation commission and for other purposes. This act was eventually replaced by the Land Transportation Commission. The Land Transportation Commission was tasked with the registration and operation of motor vehicles and the licensing of conductors and drivers. In order for the commission to effectively carry out its duty, regional offices were established in various parts of the country. Additionally, the powers, functions, and duties previously conferred on the Chief of the Motor Vehicles are now performed by the Land Transportation Commissioner. Land Transportation Commission During the Marcos dictatorship, Executive Order No. 546 was promulgated in 1979, creating the Ministry of Transportation and Communications (MOTC). The Land Transportation Commission was renamed into Bureau of Land Transportation and was absorbed into that ministry. The creation of the Board of Transportation and the Bureau of Land Transportation was nullified in 1985 by Executive Order 1011. The E.O. established the Land Transportation Commission, which was tasked to perform functions such as registering motor vehicles, licensing of drivers and conductors, franchising of public utility vehicles and enforcing land transportation rules and regulations. Establishment of the Land Transportation Office The Land Transportation Commission was abolished in 1987, and two offices were created, namely the Land Transportation Office (LTO) and the Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board (LTFRB). The LTO took over the functions of the former BLT while the LTFRB took over the functions of the BOT. The MOTC was likewise renamed as the Department of Transportation and Communications (DOTC). Functions and mandate License and permit issuance Application procedure for a Non-Professional Driver's License under the LTO Application procedure for a Professional Driver's License under the LTO The LTO is in charge of the issuance, renewal, and regulation of driver's licenses. It can issue licenses to both citizens and foreigners provided that they meet the requirements for those licenses. The LTO provides the non-professional driver's license, which allows holders to operate vehicles under the restriction codes 1,2, and 4. It also provides the professional driver's license, which allows the bearer to operate vehicles under all 8 restriction codes. The LTO also issues student permits (SP), which are a primary requirement for both the non-professional and professional driver's licenses. All applicants are also required to pass both a written and practical examination to be granted their license. The application process for any license or permit may be done at any LTO Licensing Center and District/Extension Office. Motor vehicle registration The LTO is responsible for the registration of motor vehicles and renewals. It can register brand new vehicles, including locally manufactured vehicles, imported vehicles, light electric vehicles, low speed vehicles, three wheeled vehicles, and tax exempt vehicles. Each category has an obligatory set of requirements and procedures to follow to be fully registered. Renewals are also obligated to submit the necessary requirements and to follow procedures to be fully renewed. The LTO also oversees miscellaneous transactions, specifically transactions requiring change of certificate of registration, and transactions that do not require the change of certificate of registration. Procedure for the registration of Motor Vehicles under the LTO Law enforcement and adjudication of cases One of the main functions of the LTO is to strictly implement and enforce the laws regarding land transportation. Necessary requirements and procedures are to be followed in settlements of admitted cases and contested cases of motor vehicles, plates, and driver's licenses. The LTO also follows a strict procedure in settlements of impounded violations. It also allows private and for hire motor vehicles to apply for duplicate plates. Furthermore, the LTO is in charge of ensuring that public land transportation services abide by the fares set by the LTFRB. It has sanctions for the overcharging and undercharging of fares, and for non-issuance of fare tickets. Manufacturers, assemblers, importers, and dealers reporting (MAIDR) The LTO grants accreditation to certain manufacturers, assemblers, importers, and dealers who wish to transact business with the LTO. A firm, person, or corporation must file an application for accreditation with Assistant Secretary of the Land Transportation Office containing certain requirements and qualifications in order to transact business with the LTO relative to Motor Vehicles or its components. It also issues the Certificate of Stock Reported (CSR) which certifies that a motor vehicle or its component has already been reported by its manufacturer, assembler, or importer to MAIDRS. The LTO also requires sales reports that inform the LTO that the reported stock is already sold to the end-user. Sales reports include regular sales transactions and stock transfers. It also reports the issuance of a single CSR, of Motor Vehicles (MVs) formed out of combining components (new, used, or previously registered) MV/MC that are undocumented in a procedure called special reporting. The LTO also maintains the processes that facilitate requests for the approval of the MAID office with LTO related transactions. Such transactions include the issuance of a conduction sticker, a public bidding of a motor vehicle, and the stamping of chassis identification number. Organizational structure In 1987, under section 11 of Executive Order No. 125, the Regional Offices of the Land Transportation Commission were abolished and their functions were transferred to the Regional Offices for Land Transportation. The newly renamed Department of Transportation and Communication was placed under the authority of the Secretary of Transportation and Communication. As with the Land Transportation Commission before it, the Land Transportation Office is an office under the Department of Transportation and is headed by the Assistant Secretary for Land Transportation, who is appointed by the President upon the recommendation of the Secretary. The current LTO Board is listed below: LTO Central Office East Avenue, Quezon City Name of Agency Head of Agency OFFICE OF THE ASSISTANT SECRETARY Atty. Vigor D. Mendoza II Assistant Secretary/Chief of Office Plate Making Facility Engr. Norberto D. Espino III Facility/Plant Manager Planning Staff Precious Marie C. Tondares Chief Strategic Communications Office (LTO-COMMS) and Central Public Assistance Office (CPAO) Jeanny Ann D. Torres Chief OFFICE OF THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR Esteban M. Baltazar Jr., CESO V Executive Director ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISION Louella V. Mutia (OIC) Chief Administrative Officer Medical Unit Dr. Joel V. Bascos Chief General Services Section Engr. Eduardo C. Sevilla (OIC) Chief LTO Trunkline (PABX/Information) Engr. Marie Pauline Nicetas R. Malantic Chief Ground & Building Maintenance Unit Engr. Nelson J. Lucas Chief Records Unit Ma. Perpetua Felicidad R. Ubaldo (OIC) Chief Motor Transport Unit Ernesto B. Lopez Chief GSS Records Unit Jossie M. Borja Chief Property Section Ma. Clarissa G. Ogsimer(OIC) Chief Equipment Michael H. Marquez(OIC) Chief Plate Unit Nivette Amber M. Pastorite (OIC) Chief Supply Unit Arnel P. Velarde Chief Human Resource Development Section Lady Lyn G. Funderanan (OIC) Chief Public Assistance and Complaints Center Clarence Ignatius Briones Chief Learning and Development Unit Lady Lyn G. Funderanan Chief Performance Management Unit Mary May M. Jacob Chief Rewards and Recognition Unit Rosanna A. Parica Chief Recruitment, Selection and Placement Unit Mary Jonne T. Auza Chief FINANCE DIVISION Marivic E. Lopez Chief Accounting Section Sheila D. Rodriguez Chief Budget Section Asuncion S. Cruz Chief Treasury Section Eufrecina D. Balon Chief Disbursement Unit Dianne Rosales Chief Collection Unit Carminda V. Costales Chief Financial Controller Jessalyn Bascugin Financial Controller MANAGEMENT DIVISION Emerita O. Soliven Chief LAW ENFORCEMENT SERVICE Francis Ray A. Almora, CESO VI (OIC) Chief Clearance and Custodial Section Data Control Unit Belinda C. Melendrez Chief Data Control Unit Agnes L. Ganzon Chief Field Enforcement Division Farish H. Lim (OIC) Chief Intelligence and Investigation Division Renante G. Melitante (OIC) Chief Traffic Safety Training and Advocacy Section Emerita O. Soliven Chief Traffic Safety Research Section Chief Traffic Adjudication Service Esteban M. Baltazar, CESO V Chief MANAGEMENT INFORMATION DIVISION Claudio B. Bonsol Jr. (Acting) Chief Computer Section Claudio B. Bonsol Jr. Chief Records Section Ma. Perpetua Felicidad R. Ubaldo OIC Chief Client Care and Technical Support Section Carlos Nicholas J. Vasquez (OIC) Chief OPERATIONS DIVISION Danilo J. Encela Chief License Section Richard M. Cortez Chief Registration Section Mercedita E. Gutierrez (ambushed) on May 24, 2024 Chief Central Command Center Engr. Oliver C. Marique Chief Technical Evaluation Section Ismael L. Luoang Chief COMMISSION ON AUDIT Nenita Talion Resident Auditor Gun attack On May 24, 2024, LTO Registration Section Chief, Mercedita E. Gutierrez was ambushed by an unidentified motorcycle-riding hitman. The attack was perpetrated near the corner of K-H Street near Kamias Road, Barangay Pinyahan, Quezon City at 6:20 pm. After sustaining gunshot wounds, she was brought to the nearby East Avenue Medical Center but was pronounced dead on arrival. The Quezon City Police District launched a criminal investigation forming Special Investigation Task Group, SITG “Gutierrez,” led by Colonel Amante Daro, QCPD Acting Deputy District Director for Operations. On May 25, the "SITG" arrested a suspect named “Danny” in Batasan Hills. According to DILG Secretary Benhur Abalos, he was taken into pre-trial detention and underwent inquest. Branches To service the entirety of the country, the LTO has established many branches in the different regions of the Philippines: Region I – Aguila Road, Brgy. Sevilla, San Fernando City, La Union Region II – San Gabriel, Tuguegarao, Cagayan Region III – Government Center, Brgy. Maimpis, City of San Fernando, Pampanga Region IVA – J. C. Abadilla Memorial Bldg., Old City Hall Compound, B. Morada Ave., Lipa City Batangas Region IVB – MIMAROPA – LTO Compd., East Avenue, QC. Region V – Regional Govt. Center Site, Rawis, Legaspi City Region VI – Tabuc-Suba, Jaro, Iloilo City Region VII – Natalio Bacalso Avenue, Cebu City Region VIII – Old Army Road, Tacloban City Region IX – Veterans Ave., Zamboanga City/Balangasan St., Pagadian Region X – MVIS Compound, Zone 7, Bulua, Cagayan de Oro City Region XI – Quimpo Blvd., Davao City Region XII – ARMM Compound, Cotabato City/No. 79 G. Del Pilar St., Koronadal City, South Cotabato National Capital Region (NCR) – #20 G. Araneta Avenue, Brgy. Sto Domingo, Q.C. Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR) – Engineer's Hill, Baguio City/2nd Flr., Post Office Loop, Session Road, Baguio City Caraga – J. Rosales Avenue, Butuan City For more detailed information, please visit the LTO Directory. Projects The Land Transportation Office is in charge of various projects which aims to improve its functions and mandates. Land Transportation Office Infrastructure and Information System (LTO-IIS) Project In 2012, the Department of Transportation and Communication and the Land Transportation Office introduced a project entitled the Land Transportation Office Infrastructure and Information System (LTO-IIS) which aims to utilize information and communication technology to enhance the functional efficiency of the LTO in the delivery of its front line services to the public and the performance of its mandate. LTO-IIS involves building an IT network for the LTO which can host and support its Front and Back Office Applications in order to computerize and automate its processes and services, develop its database information system, and provide interconnection between and among LTO offices nationwide. In short, the LTO-IIS serves as an efficient means to process motor vehicle registrations, renewal and application of drivers’ licenses and permits, back-end transactions, apprehensions, and such ancillary transactions or processes. This new LTO-IT system aimed to make accessing relevant vehicle information easier for authorities especially for tracing stolen vehicles while addressing issues including the involvement of third-party providers with key data such as vehicle registration. The IT system overhaul was estimated to cost P8.2-billion. 5-year Validity of Drivers’ Licenses August 29, 2017 marked the beginning of the five-year validity of drivers' licenses cards issued by the LTO. Applications were accepted beginning October 2016 for driver's licenses as well as renewals with five-year validity, however, issues with the printers' contracts stalled the card printing for almost one year resulting in a backlog of 3.6 million driver's licenses which only began to be processed September 2017. Republic Act (RA) No. 10930 effectively amended Section 23 of Republic Act No. 4136, otherwise known as the "Land Transportation (LTO) and Traffic Code" which was signed on August 2, 2017 by President Rodrigo Duterte to extend the validity of the driver's license from three years to five years. According to the law, "Except for student permits, all drivers' licenses shall be valid for five years reckoned from the birthdate of the licensee, unless sooner revoked or suspended." This amendment also added that holders of nonprofessional and professional driver's licenses who do not commit violations in RA 4136 or any other traffic laws during the five-year period "shall be entitled to a renewal of such license of 10 years, subject to the restrictions as may be imposed by the LTO." Besides the amendments to the law, new improvements to the quality and security of the license cards were introduced. The old cards with three-year validity were made from PVC, thermally printed, and had limited security features. The new plastic license cards are laser engraved and made of polycarbonate material which are more durable. The new cards also includes several new security features. The Transportation Secretary, Arthur Tugade, and LTO chief Assistant Secretary, Edgar Galvante, led the official rollout. Controversies Fixers The Land Transportation Office and their various constituent branches and offices are notorious for their corrupt employees who engage in the malpractice of hiring and colluding with 'fixers’ to illicitly garner more income. Fixers litter the various branches of the LTO, offering faster and/or easier transactions and procurement of official LTO paraphernalia at a more expensive price than the standard fee. These fixers and their employers pocket the extra payment in exchange for placing a client higher up in the queuing system, falsifying official government documents, fabricating driving test and written test results, and many other illegal practices. Section 11 of Republic Act No. 9485, the Anti-Red Tape Act of 2007 lists fixing and/or collusion with fixers as a grave offense, with the penalty being dismissal and perpetual disqualification from public service. The fixers themselves can receive a penalty of imprisonment not exceeding six years or a fine not less than twenty thousand pesos (P20,000.00) but not more than two hundred thousand pesos (P200,000.00) or both fine and imprisonment at the discretion of the court. Private Motor Vehicle Inspection System corruption scandal The Private Motor Vehicle Inspection controversy involved allegations of corruption that the 800-million Php fund fraud drying of the LTO-PMVIC wherein the charge of 1500-1800 Php for each private vehicle inspection another 900 Php in case it fails the first inspection and to give benefited high ranking officials and car inspection centers. Senator Grace Poe vowed to recommend to the Senate blue ribbon an investigation into the alleged scandals and anomalies in the Private Motor Vehicle Inspection Centers (PMVICs), specifically on the deals of Department of Transportation (DOTr) with the private inspection centers. Poe warned that passing the mandate of vehicle inspection from DOTr to the private sector may have legal infirmities. The senator lamented that even without an exhaustive public consultation and public information campaign, DOTr and LTO still issued a memorandum order on December 29, 2020, directing the immediate implementation of PMVIC in the middle of the COVID-19 pandemic. The Senate urges DOTr to cancel PMVIC operations on February 17, 2021. 2023 Shortage of Plastic License Cards The LTO, being the primary agency responsible for issuing driver's licenses in the country, has encountered a significant shortage of plastic cards used for issuing and renewing licenses. This shortage has resulted in long queues, delays, and frustrations for individuals in need of licenses. The LTO has been utilizing temporary paper licenses as an interim solution, but this has proven to be insufficient and inconvenient for both applicants and law enforcement agencies. This shortage has caused significant inconvenience and delays for thousands of individuals seeking to obtain or renew their driver's licenses. References ^ "Mandate and Functions". Land Transportation Office. Retrieved July 7, 2018. ^ "Mission". Land Transportation Office. Retrieved July 7, 2018. ^ "Vision". Land Transportation Office. Retrieved July 7, 2018. ^ a b "Historical Background". lto.gov.ph. Land Transportation Office. Retrieved July 9, 2018. ^ a b Transportation and Public Service Law. Phoenxi Bldg., 315 Quezon Blvd. Ext. Quezon City, Philippines: CENTRAL LAWBOOK PUBLISHING CO., INC. 1966. p. 166.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) ^ Passage of RA 4136 Archived July 4, 2009, at the Wayback Machine ^ "Department of Transportation and Communications". Archived from the original on April 13, 2006. Retrieved February 22, 2020. ^ "Everything you need to know about vehicle registered in the Philippines". September 18, 2019. ^ Romero, Segundo, Danielle Guillen, Lorenzo Cordova, and Gina Gatarin. "Land-Based Transport Governance in the Philippines: Focus on Metro Manila." Inclusive Mobility Project, Ateneo School of Government (2014). ^ "Manufacturers, Assemblers, Importers, and Dealers Accreditation". Republic of the Philippines – Land Transportation Office – Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 9, 2018. ^ "Stock Reporting". Republic of the Philippines – Land Transportation Office – Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 9, 2018. ^ "Sales Reporting". Republic of the Philippines – Land Transportation Office – Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 9, 2018. ^ "Special Reporting". Republic of the Philippines – Land Transportation Office – Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on July 6, 2018. Retrieved July 9, 2018. ^ "Approvals". Republic of the Philippines – Land Transportation Office – Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 9, 2018. ^ "LTO Directory". Republic of the Philippines – Land Transportation Office – Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 8, 2018. ^ "Killing of LTO official condemned". Presidential Communications Group. May 25, 2024. Retrieved May 25, 2024. ^ Relativo, James (May 25, 2024). "'A cowardly act': LTO official gunned down, ambushed in QC". The Philippine Star. Retrieved May 25, 2024. ^ Yu, Lance (May 25, 2024). "LTO official killed in gun attack in Quezon City". Rappler. Retrieved May 25, 2024. ^ Caliwan, Christopher Lloyd (May 27, 2024). "Suspect in LTO exec's slay falls in QC". Philippine News Agency. Retrieved May 29, 2024. ^ Rita, Joviland (May 27, 2024). "Alleged gunman in LTO registration chief's killing". GMA Integrated News. Retrieved May 29, 2024. ^ "Land Transportation Office Infrastructure and Information System (LTO-IIS) Project / DOTCLTO". gov.ph. Republic of the Philippines: National Government Portal. Retrieved July 9, 2018. ^ "DOTC-LTO Infrastructure and Information Systems Project Request for Information" (PDF). Republic of the Philippines National Government Portal. Retrieved July 9, 2018. ^ "LTO's P8.2-billion IT system overhaul to push through — DOTC". GMA News Online. GMA Network, Inc. October 3, 2012. Retrieved July 9, 2018. ^ "LTO to start releasing driver's licenses with 5-year validity". CNN Philippines. August 29, 2017. Archived from the original on July 21, 2018. Retrieved July 9, 2018. ^ "DOTR-LTO Rolls Out Driver's License Card with 5-Y Year Validity". dotr.gov.ph. Republic of the Philippines: Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 9, 2018. ^ "Republic Act No. 9485: Anti-Red Tape Act of 2007". Republic of the Philippines – Congress of the Philippines. Retrieved July 9, 2018. ^ David, Jun (September 11, 2022). "PH woes over LTO system continue". Manila Standard. Retrieved May 13, 2023. ^ PhilstarLIVE. "LIVE: House panel probes LTO shortage of plastic driver's license card". Philstar.com. Retrieved May 13, 2023. External links Land Transportation Office Philippines website vteDepartment of TransportationGeneral Office for Transportation Security Office of Transportation Cooperatives Aviation Civil Aeronautics Board Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines Manila International Airport Authority Mactan–Cebu International Airport Authority Maritime Maritime Industry Authority Philippine Coast Guard Philippine Ports Authority Cebu Port Authority Highway Land Transportation Office Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board Toll Regulatory Board Railway Light Rail Transit Authority Light Rail Manila Corporation Metro Rail Transit Corporation Philippine National Railways Department of Transportation vteTransportation in the PhilippinesGovernment Department of Transportation Department of Public Works and Highways Office for Transportation Security RoadRoads Expressways List Highways Pan-Philippine Highway Metro Manila roads Luzon roads Visayas roads Mindanao roads Bridges Vehicles Bus Bus companies Cebu Cebu Bus Rapid Transit System MyBus Metro Manila BGC Bus EDSA Carousel Premium Point-to-Point Bus Service Bicycles Jeepney Kalesa Tricycle Trisikad Taxicab Kuliglig UV Express Other Anti-Distracted Driving Act Automotive industry Driving license No Contact Apprehension Policy Number coding in Metro Manila Public Utility Vehicle Modernization Program Road signs Speed limits Vehicle registration plates RailRailways Philippine National Railways Stations North Main Line South Main Line Mindanao Railway Panay Railways Rail transit Metro Manila Rail Network Stations Manila LRT Manila MRT SkyTrain Cebu Monorail Davao People Mover Water Ports Philippine Nautical Highway System Shipping lines Pasig River Ferry Philippine Ports Authority Cebu Port Authority Maritime Industry Authority Josefa Slipways Aviation Airports Airlines Civil Aviation Authority Civil Aeronautics Board Manila International Airport Authority Mactan–Cebu International Airport Authority Clark International Airport Corporation Payment Beep BeepRides Expressway tolls Intermodal terminals Luzon Metro Manila terminals Santa Rosa Integrated Terminal Legazpi Grand Central Terminal Metro Cebu Cebu North Bus Terminal Cebu South Bus Terminal Related articles Traffic law in the Philippines Transportation in Metro Manila Transportation in Metro Cebu Metro Manila Dream Plan Strong Republic Transit System Italics indicate defunct, proposed, or under construction.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Filipino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_language"},{"link_name":"Philippine government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_government"},{"link_name":"Department of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Transportation_(Philippines)"},{"link_name":"land transportation in the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_transportation_in_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"motor vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_vehicle"},{"link_name":"licenses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/License"},{"link_name":"adjudication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjudication"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"land transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_transport"},{"link_name":"laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law"},{"link_name":"public service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_service"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"government agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_agency"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The Land Transportation Office (Filipino: Tanggapan ng Transportasyong-Lupa; LTO) is an agency of the Philippine government under the Department of Transportation responsible for all land transportation in the Philippines. Functions of the LTO include the inspection and registration of motor vehicles, issuance of licenses and permits, enforcement of land transportation rules and regulations, and adjudication of traffic cases.[1]Its primary mission is to rationalize land transportation services and facilities, and effectively implement various transportation laws, rules, and regulations. It believes that it is the responsibility of those involved in the public service to be more vigilant in their part in the over-all development scheme of national leadership. Hence, the promotion of safety and comfort in land travel is one of LTO's continuing commitments.[2] It aims to be a frontline government agency that showcases fast and efficient public service for a progressive land transport sector.[3]","title":"Land Transportation Office (Philippines)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"There were several predecessors before the formation of the present Land Transportation Office.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Insular Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insular_Government"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-historicalbackground-4"}],"sub_title":"Automobile Section","text":"In order to regulate and license of operators for motor vehicles in the Philippines, Act No. 2159 was enacted in 1912 under the American colonial Insular Government. This was the first formal law on land transportation in the country. It created the Automobile Section under the Administrative Division of the Bureau of Public Works.[4]In 1926, Act No. 3045 compiled and incorporated all laws governing motor vehicles. The Automobile Section was upgraded to the Automobile Division but still under the supervision of the Bureau of Public Works. Act No. 3992 (Revised Motor Vehicle Law) was enacted in 1933, amending Act No. 3045. The Automobile Division was renamed Division of Motor Vehicles.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Department of Public Works and Highways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Public_Works_and_Highways"},{"link_name":"were liberated from the Japanese during World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Executive Order No. 94","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20170813180548/http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1947/10/04/executive-order-no-94-s-1947"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Land_Transportation_Office.png"},{"link_name":"Republic Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_Acts_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"}],"sub_title":"Motor Vehicles Office","text":"In 1945, the Department of Public Works and Highways issued Department Order No. 4 for the reorganization of the Division. It took effect after the Philippines were liberated from the Japanese during World War II. Executive Order No. 94 was promulgated in 1947 reorganizing the different executiveCentral Office of the Land Transportation Office in Quezon Citydepartments, bureaus, and offices. Under Section 82 of E.O. 94, the Division of Motor Vehicles was upgraded into the Motor Vehicles Office (MVO) with the category of the Bureau. However, the Motor Vehicle Office was abolished in 1964 by Republic Act No. 4136 or the Land Transportation and Traffic Code. The Land Transportation and Traffic Code was an act that compiled all the laws relative to transportation and traffic rules, to create a land transportation commission and for other purposes.[5] This act was eventually replaced by the Land Transportation Commission. The Land Transportation Commission was tasked with the registration and operation of motor vehicles and the licensing of conductors and drivers. In order for the commission to effectively carry out its duty, regional offices were established in various parts of the country.[6] Additionally, the powers, functions, and duties previously conferred on the Chief of the Motor Vehicles are now performed by the Land Transportation Commissioner.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marcos dictatorship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcos_dictatorship"},{"link_name":"Executive Order No. 546","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.lawphil.net/executive/execord/eo1979/eo_546_1979.html"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Transportation and Communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Transportation_(Philippines)"},{"link_name":"Executive Order 1011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.lawphil.net/executive/execord/eo1985/eo_1011_1985.html"}],"sub_title":"Land Transportation Commission","text":"During the Marcos dictatorship, Executive Order No. 546 was promulgated in 1979, creating the Ministry of Transportation and Communications (MOTC). The Land Transportation Commission was renamed into Bureau of Land Transportation and was absorbed into that ministry. The creation of the Board of Transportation and the Bureau of Land Transportation was nullified in 1985 by Executive Order 1011. The E.O. established the Land Transportation Commission, which was tasked to perform functions such as registering motor vehicles, licensing of drivers and conductors, franchising of public utility vehicles and enforcing land transportation rules and regulations.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_Transportation_Franchising_and_Regulatory_Board_(Philippines)"},{"link_name":"Department of Transportation and Communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Transportation_(Philippines)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Establishment of the Land Transportation Office","text":"The Land Transportation Commission was abolished in 1987, and two offices were created, namely the Land Transportation Office (LTO) and the Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board (LTFRB). The LTO took over the functions of the former BLT while the LTFRB took over the functions of the BOT. The MOTC was likewise renamed as the Department of Transportation and Communications (DOTC).[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Functions and mandate"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Non_Professional_Driver%27s_License.png"},{"link_name":"License","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/License"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Professional_Driver%27s_License.png"},{"link_name":"License","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/License"},{"link_name":"restriction codes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driving_license_in_the_Philippines"}],"sub_title":"License and permit issuance","text":"Application procedure for a Non-Professional Driver's License under the LTOApplication procedure for a Professional Driver's License under the LTOThe LTO is in charge of the issuance, renewal, and regulation of driver's licenses. It can issue licenses to both citizens and foreigners provided that they meet the requirements for those licenses. The LTO provides the non-professional driver's license, which allows holders to operate vehicles under the restriction codes 1,2, and 4. It also provides the professional driver's license, which allows the bearer to operate vehicles under all 8 restriction codes. The LTO also issues student permits (SP), which are a primary requirement for both the non-professional and professional driver's licenses. All applicants are also required to pass both a written and practical examination to be granted their license. The application process for any license or permit may be done at any LTO Licensing Center and District/Extension Office.","title":"Functions and mandate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tax exempt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_exemption"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Motor_Vehicles%27_Registration.png"},{"link_name":"Motor Vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_vehicle"}],"sub_title":"Motor vehicle registration","text":"The LTO is responsible for the registration of motor vehicles and renewals. It can register brand new vehicles, including locally manufactured vehicles, imported vehicles, light electric vehicles, low speed vehicles, three wheeled vehicles, and tax exempt vehicles. Each category has an obligatory set of requirements and procedures to follow to be fully registered. Renewals are also obligated to submit the necessary requirements and to follow procedures to be fully renewed. The LTO also oversees miscellaneous transactions, specifically transactions requiring change of certificate of registration, and transactions that do not require the change of certificate of registration.[8]Procedure for the registration of Motor Vehicles under the LTO","title":"Functions and mandate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Law enforcement and adjudication of cases","text":"One of the main functions of the LTO is to strictly implement and enforce the laws regarding land transportation. Necessary requirements and procedures are to be followed in settlements of admitted cases and contested cases of motor vehicles, plates, and driver's licenses. The LTO also follows a strict procedure in settlements of impounded violations. It also allows private and for hire motor vehicles to apply for duplicate plates.Furthermore, the LTO is in charge of ensuring that public land transportation services abide by the fares set by the LTFRB. It has sanctions for the overcharging and undercharging of fares, and for non-issuance of fare tickets.[9]","title":"Functions and mandate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Manufacturers, assemblers, importers, and dealers reporting (MAIDR)","text":"The LTO grants accreditation to certain manufacturers, assemblers, importers, and dealers who wish to transact business with the LTO. A firm, person, or corporation must file an application for accreditation with Assistant Secretary of the Land Transportation Office containing certain requirements and qualifications in order to transact business with the LTO relative to Motor Vehicles or its components.[10] It also issues the Certificate of Stock Reported (CSR) which certifies that a motor vehicle or its component has already been reported by its manufacturer, assembler, or importer to MAIDRS.[11] The LTO also requires sales reports that inform the LTO that the reported stock is already sold to the end-user. Sales reports include regular sales transactions and stock transfers.[12] It also reports the issuance of a single CSR, of Motor Vehicles (MVs) formed out of combining components (new, used, or previously registered) MV/MC that are undocumented in a procedure called special reporting.[13] The LTO also maintains the processes that facilitate requests for the approval of the MAID office with LTO related transactions. Such transactions include the issuance of a conduction sticker, a public bidding of a motor vehicle, and the stamping of chassis identification number.[14]","title":"Functions and mandate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Executive Order No. 125","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//dotr.gov.ph/2014-09-02-05-02-30/item/7-executive-order-no-125-a.html"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"In 1987, under section 11 of Executive Order No. 125, the Regional Offices of the Land Transportation Commission were abolished and their functions were transferred to the Regional Offices for Land Transportation. The newly renamed Department of Transportation and Communication was placed under the authority of the Secretary of Transportation and Communication. As with the Land Transportation Commission before it, the Land Transportation Office is an office under the Department of Transportation and is headed by the Assistant Secretary for Land Transportation, who is appointed by the President upon the recommendation of the Secretary.The current LTO Board is listed below:[15]","title":"Organizational structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hitman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract_killing"},{"link_name":"Kamias Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_roads_in_Metro_Manila"},{"link_name":"Pinyahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyahan"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"East Avenue Medical Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Avenue_Medical_Center"},{"link_name":"dead on arrival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_on_arrival"},{"link_name":"Quezon City Police District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quezon_City_Police_District"},{"link_name":"criminal investigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_investigation"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Batasan Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batasan_Hills"},{"link_name":"DILG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DILG"},{"link_name":"Benhur Abalos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benhur_Abalos"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Gun attack","text":"On May 24, 2024, LTO Registration Section Chief, Mercedita E. Gutierrez was ambushed by an unidentified motorcycle-riding hitman. The attack was perpetrated near the corner of K-H Street near Kamias Road, Barangay Pinyahan, Quezon City at 6:20 pm.[16][17] After sustaining gunshot wounds, she was brought to the nearby East Avenue Medical Center but was pronounced dead on arrival. The Quezon City Police District launched a criminal investigation forming Special Investigation Task Group, SITG “Gutierrez,” led by Colonel Amante Daro, QCPD Acting Deputy District Director for Operations.[18]On May 25, the \"SITG\" arrested a suspect named “Danny” in Batasan Hills. According to DILG Secretary Benhur Abalos, he was taken into pre-trial detention and underwent inquest.[19][20]","title":"Organizational structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"regions of the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"LTO Directory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.lto.gov.ph/lto-directory.html"}],"text":"To service the entirety of the country, the LTO has established many branches in the different regions of the Philippines:Region I – Aguila Road, Brgy. Sevilla, San Fernando City, La Union\nRegion II – San Gabriel, Tuguegarao, Cagayan\nRegion III – Government Center, Brgy. Maimpis, City of San Fernando, Pampanga\nRegion IVA – J. C. Abadilla Memorial Bldg., Old City Hall Compound, B. Morada Ave., Lipa City Batangas\nRegion IVB – MIMAROPA – LTO Compd., East Avenue, QC.\nRegion V – Regional Govt. Center Site, Rawis, Legaspi City\nRegion VI – Tabuc-Suba, Jaro, Iloilo City\nRegion VII – Natalio Bacalso Avenue, Cebu City\nRegion VIII – Old Army Road, Tacloban City\nRegion IX – Veterans Ave., Zamboanga City/Balangasan St., Pagadian\nRegion X – MVIS Compound, Zone 7, Bulua, Cagayan de Oro City\nRegion XI – Quimpo Blvd., Davao City\nRegion XII – ARMM Compound, Cotabato City/No. 79 G. Del Pilar St., Koronadal City, South Cotabato\nNational Capital Region (NCR) – #20 G. Araneta Avenue, Brgy. Sto Domingo, Q.C.\nCordillera Administrative Region (CAR) – Engineer's Hill, Baguio City/2nd Flr., Post Office Loop, Session Road, Baguio City\nCaraga – J. Rosales Avenue, Butuan CityFor more detailed information, please visit the LTO Directory.","title":"Branches"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-historicalbackground-4"}],"text":"The Land Transportation Office is in charge of various projects which aims to improve its functions and mandates.[4]","title":"Projects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"information and communication technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_and_communication_technology"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LTO-IIS_description-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LTO-IIS_functions-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LTO-IIS_budget-23"}],"sub_title":"Land Transportation Office Infrastructure and Information System (LTO-IIS) Project","text":"In 2012, the Department of Transportation and Communication and the Land Transportation Office introduced a project entitled the Land Transportation Office Infrastructure and Information System (LTO-IIS) which aims to utilize information and communication technology to enhance the functional efficiency of the LTO in the delivery of its front line services to the public and the performance of its mandate. LTO-IIS involves building an IT network for the LTO which can host and support its Front and Back Office Applications in order to computerize and automate its processes and services, develop its database information system, and provide interconnection between and among LTO offices nationwide.[21] In short, the LTO-IIS serves as an efficient means to process motor vehicle registrations, renewal and application of drivers’ licenses and permits, back-end transactions, apprehensions, and such ancillary transactions or processes.[22] This new LTO-IT system aimed to make accessing relevant vehicle information easier for authorities especially for tracing stolen vehicles while addressing issues including the involvement of third-party providers with key data such as vehicle registration. The IT system overhaul was estimated to cost P8.2-billion.[23]","title":"Projects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5-year_validity_CNN-24"},{"link_name":"PVC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PVC"},{"link_name":"polycarbonate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycarbonate"},{"link_name":"Arthur Tugade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Tugade"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5-year_validity_DOTR-25"}],"sub_title":"5-year Validity of Drivers’ Licenses","text":"August 29, 2017 marked the beginning of the five-year validity of drivers' licenses cards issued by the LTO. Applications were accepted beginning October 2016 for driver's licenses as well as renewals with five-year validity, however, issues with the printers' contracts stalled the card printing for almost one year resulting in a backlog of 3.6 million driver's licenses which only began to be processed September 2017.Republic Act (RA) No. 10930 effectively amended Section 23 of Republic Act No. 4136, otherwise known as the \"Land Transportation (LTO) and Traffic Code\" which was signed on August 2, 2017 by President Rodrigo Duterte to extend the validity of the driver's license from three years to five years. According to the law, \"Except for student permits, all drivers' licenses shall be valid for five years reckoned from the birthdate of the licensee, unless sooner revoked or suspended.\"This amendment also added that holders of nonprofessional and professional driver's licenses who do not commit violations in RA 4136 or any other traffic laws during the five-year period \"shall be entitled to a renewal of such license of 10 years, subject to the restrictions as may be imposed by the LTO.\"[24]Besides the amendments to the law, new improvements to the quality and security of the license cards were introduced. The old cards with three-year validity were made from PVC, thermally printed, and had limited security features. The new plastic license cards are laser engraved and made of polycarbonate material which are more durable. The new cards also includes several new security features.The Transportation Secretary, Arthur Tugade, and LTO chief Assistant Secretary, Edgar Galvante, led the official rollout.[25]","title":"Projects"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"corrupt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Fixers","text":"The Land Transportation Office and their various constituent branches and offices are notorious for their corrupt employees who engage in the malpractice of hiring and colluding with 'fixers’ to illicitly garner more income. Fixers litter the various branches of the LTO, offering faster and/or easier transactions and procurement of official LTO paraphernalia at a more expensive price than the standard fee. These fixers and their employers pocket the extra payment in exchange for placing a client higher up in the queuing system, falsifying official government documents, fabricating driving test and written test results, and many other illegal practices.Section 11 of Republic Act No. 9485, the Anti-Red Tape Act of 2007 lists fixing and/or collusion with fixers as a grave offense, with the penalty being dismissal and perpetual disqualification from public service. The fixers themselves can receive a penalty of imprisonment not exceeding six years or a fine not less than twenty thousand pesos (P20,000.00) but not more than two hundred thousand pesos (P200,000.00) or both fine and imprisonment at the discretion of the court.[26]","title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Private Motor Vehicle Inspection System corruption scandal","text":"The Private Motor Vehicle Inspection controversy involved allegations of corruption that the 800-million Php fund fraud drying of the LTO-PMVIC wherein the charge of 1500-1800 Php for each private vehicle inspection another 900 Php in case it fails the first inspection and to give benefited high ranking officials and car inspection centers.Senator Grace Poe vowed to recommend to the Senate blue ribbon an investigation into the alleged scandals and anomalies in the Private Motor Vehicle Inspection Centers (PMVICs), specifically on the deals of Department of Transportation (DOTr) with the private inspection centers.Poe warned that passing the mandate of vehicle inspection from DOTr to the private sector may have legal infirmities.The senator lamented that even without an exhaustive public consultation and public information campaign, DOTr and LTO still issued a memorandum order on December 29, 2020, directing the immediate implementation of PMVIC in the middle of the COVID-19 pandemic.The Senate urges DOTr to cancel PMVIC operations on February 17, 2021.","title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"2023 Shortage of Plastic License Cards","text":"The LTO, being the primary agency responsible for issuing driver's licenses in the country, has encountered a significant shortage of plastic cards used for issuing and renewing licenses. This shortage has resulted in long queues, delays, and frustrations for individuals in need of licenses.[27] The LTO has been utilizing temporary paper licenses as an interim solution,[28] but this has proven to be insufficient and inconvenient for both applicants and law enforcement agencies. This shortage has caused significant inconvenience and delays for thousands of individuals seeking to obtain or renew their driver's licenses.","title":"Controversies"}]	[{"image_text":"Central Office of the Land Transportation Office in Quezon City","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Land_Transportation_Office.png/220px-Land_Transportation_Office.png"},{"image_text":"Application procedure for a Non-Professional Driver's License under the LTO","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Non_Professional_Driver%27s_License.png/220px-Non_Professional_Driver%27s_License.png"},{"image_text":"Application procedure for a Professional Driver's License under the LTO","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Professional_Driver%27s_License.png/220px-Professional_Driver%27s_License.png"},{"image_text":"Procedure for the registration of Motor Vehicles under the LTO","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Motor_Vehicles%27_Registration.png/220px-Motor_Vehicles%27_Registration.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Mandate and Functions\". Land Transportation Office. Retrieved July 7, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lto.gov.ph/","url_text":"\"Mandate and Functions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mission\". Land Transportation Office. Retrieved July 7, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lto.gov.ph/","url_text":"\"Mission\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vision\". Land Transportation Office. Retrieved July 7, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lto.gov.ph/","url_text":"\"Vision\""}]},{"reference":"\"Historical Background\". lto.gov.ph. Land Transportation Office. Retrieved July 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://lto.gov.ph/historical-background.html","url_text":"\"Historical Background\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation and Public Service Law. Phoenxi Bldg., 315 Quezon Blvd. Ext. Quezon City, Philippines: CENTRAL LAWBOOK PUBLISHING CO., INC. 1966. p. 166.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Department of Transportation and Communications\". Archived from the original on April 13, 2006. Retrieved February 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060413153558/http://dotc.gov.ph/","url_text":"\"Department of Transportation and Communications\""},{"url":"http://www.dotc.gov.ph/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Everything you need to know about vehicle registered in the Philippines\". September 18, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.zigwheels.ph/car-news/everything-you-need-to-know-about-vehicle-registered-in-the-philippines","url_text":"\"Everything you need to know about vehicle registered in the Philippines\""}]},{"reference":"\"Manufacturers, Assemblers, Importers, and Dealers Accreditation\". Republic of the Philippines – Land Transportation Office – Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lto.gov.ph/manufacturers-assemblers-importers-and-dealers-reporting/300-manufacturers-assemblers-importers-and-dealers-accreditation.html","url_text":"\"Manufacturers, Assemblers, Importers, and Dealers Accreditation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stock Reporting\". Republic of the Philippines – Land Transportation Office – Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lto.gov.ph/manufacturers-assemblers-importers-and-dealers-reporting/301-stock-reporting.html","url_text":"\"Stock Reporting\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sales Reporting\". Republic of the Philippines – Land Transportation Office – Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lto.gov.ph/manufacturers-assemblers-importers-and-dealers-reporting/302-sales-reporting.html","url_text":"\"Sales Reporting\""}]},{"reference":"\"Special Reporting\". Republic of the Philippines – Land Transportation Office – Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on July 6, 2018. Retrieved July 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180706081138/http://www.lto.gov.ph/manufacturers-assemblers-importers-and-dealers-reporting/303-special-reporting.html#slider%2D4","url_text":"\"Special Reporting\""},{"url":"http://www.lto.gov.ph/manufacturers-assemblers-importers-and-dealers-reporting/303-special-reporting.html#slider-4","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Approvals\". Republic of the Philippines – Land Transportation Office – Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lto.gov.ph/manufacturers-assemblers-importers-and-dealers-reporting/304-approvals.html","url_text":"\"Approvals\""}]},{"reference":"\"LTO Directory\". Republic of the Philippines – Land Transportation Office – Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lto.gov.ph/lto-directory.html/","url_text":"\"LTO Directory\""}]},{"reference":"\"Killing of LTO official condemned\". Presidential Communications Group. May 25, 2024. Retrieved May 25, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://mirror.pco.gov.ph/news_releases/killing-of-lto-official-condemned/","url_text":"\"Killing of LTO official condemned\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Communications_Group","url_text":"Presidential Communications Group"}]},{"reference":"Relativo, James (May 25, 2024). \"'A cowardly act': LTO official gunned down, ambushed in QC\". The Philippine Star. Retrieved May 25, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2024/05/25/2357848/a-cowardly-act-lto-official-gunned-down-ambushed-qc","url_text":"\"'A cowardly act': LTO official gunned down, ambushed in QC\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Philippine_Star","url_text":"The Philippine Star"}]},{"reference":"Yu, Lance (May 25, 2024). \"LTO official killed in gun attack in Quezon City\". Rappler. Retrieved May 25, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rappler.com/nation/metro-manila/land-transportation-office-mercedita-gutierrez-killed-quezon-city/","url_text":"\"LTO official killed in gun attack in Quezon City\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rappler","url_text":"Rappler"}]},{"reference":"Caliwan, Christopher Lloyd (May 27, 2024). \"Suspect in LTO exec's slay falls in QC\". Philippine News Agency. Retrieved May 29, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1225626","url_text":"\"Suspect in LTO exec's slay falls in QC\""}]},{"reference":"Rita, Joviland (May 27, 2024). \"Alleged gunman in LTO registration chief's killing\". GMA Integrated News. Retrieved May 29, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/metro/908105/alleged-gunman-in-lto-registration-chief-s-killing-nabbed-abalos-says/story/","url_text":"\"Alleged gunman in LTO registration chief's killing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMA_Integrated_News","url_text":"GMA Integrated News"}]},{"reference":"\"Land Transportation Office Infrastructure and Information System (LTO-IIS) Project / DOTCLTO\". gov.ph. Republic of the Philippines: National Government Portal. Retrieved July 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.ph/home?p_p_id=com_liferay_portal_search_web_portlet_SearchPortlet&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=maximized&p_p_mode=view&_com_liferay_portal_search_web_portlet_SearchPortlet_mvcPath=%2Fview_content.jsp&_com_liferay_portal_search_web_portlet_SearchPortlet_redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.ph%2Fhome%3Fp_p_id%3Dcom_liferay_portal_search_web_portlet_SearchPortlet%26p_p_lifecycle%3D0%26p_p_state%3Dmaximized%26p_p_mode%3Dview%26_com_liferay_portal_search_web_portlet_SearchPortlet_cur%3D1%26_com_liferay_portal_search_web_portlet_SearchPortlet_mvcPath%3D%252Fsearch.jsp%26_com_liferay_portal_search_web_portlet_SearchPortlet_entryClassName%3D%26_com_liferay_portal_search_web_portlet_SearchPortlet_keywords%3Dlto-IIs%26_com_liferay_portal_search_web_portlet_SearchPortlet_searchPrimaryKeys%3D%26_com_liferay_portal_search_web_portlet_SearchPortlet_formDate%3D1531127924915%26_com_liferay_portal_search_web_portlet_SearchPortlet_scope%3Dthis-site%26_com_liferay_portal_search_web_portlet_SearchPortlet_format%3D%26_com_liferay_portal_search_web_portlet_SearchPortlet_assetTagNames%3D%26_com_liferay_portal_search_web_portlet_SearchPortlet_folderId%3D&_com_liferay_portal_search_web_portlet_SearchPortlet_assetEntryId=654179&_com_liferay_portal_search_web_portlet_SearchPortlet_type=record&inheritRedirect=true","url_text":"\"Land Transportation Office Infrastructure and Information System (LTO-IIS) Project / DOTCLTO\""}]},{"reference":"\"DOTC-LTO Infrastructure and Information Systems Project Request for Information\" (PDF). Republic of the Philippines National Government Portal. Retrieved July 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://dotr.gov.ph/images/Public_Bidding/Goods/2012/ROAD/DOTCRoadTranspo_ITProj_LTOcomponent/RFI_LTO_16.Jan.2012_R2.pdf","url_text":"\"DOTC-LTO Infrastructure and Information Systems Project Request for Information\""}]},{"reference":"\"LTO's P8.2-billion IT system overhaul to push through — DOTC\". GMA News Online. GMA Network, Inc. October 3, 2012. Retrieved July 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/money/economy/276713/lto-s-p8-2-billion-it-system-overhaul-to-push-through-dotc/story/","url_text":"\"LTO's P8.2-billion IT system overhaul to push through — DOTC\""}]},{"reference":"\"LTO to start releasing driver's licenses with 5-year validity\". CNN Philippines. August 29, 2017. Archived from the original on July 21, 2018. Retrieved July 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180721192339/http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2017/08/28/lto-drivers-license-five-year-validity.html","url_text":"\"LTO to start releasing driver's licenses with 5-year validity\""},{"url":"http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2017/08/28/lto-drivers-license-five-year-validity.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"DOTR-LTO Rolls Out Driver's License Card with 5-Y Year Validity\". dotr.gov.ph. Republic of the Philippines: Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://dotr.gov.ph/2014-09-02-05-01-41/latest-news/289-dotr-lto-rolls-out-driver-s-license-cards-with-5-year-validity.html","url_text":"\"DOTR-LTO Rolls Out Driver's License Card with 5-Y Year Validity\""}]},{"reference":"\"Republic Act No. 9485: Anti-Red Tape Act of 2007\". Republic of the Philippines – Congress of the Philippines. Retrieved July 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2007/ra_9485_2007.html","url_text":"\"Republic Act No. 9485: Anti-Red Tape Act of 2007\""}]},{"reference":"David, Jun (September 11, 2022). \"PH woes over LTO system continue\". Manila Standard. Retrieved May 13, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://manilastandard.net/news/national/314259330/ph-woes-over-lto-system-continue.html","url_text":"\"PH woes over LTO system continue\""}]},{"reference":"PhilstarLIVE. \"LIVE: House panel probes LTO shortage of plastic driver's license card\". Philstar.com. Retrieved May 13, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2023/05/11/2265539/live-house-panel-probes-lto-shortage-plastic-drivers-license-card","url_text":"\"LIVE: House panel probes LTO shortage of plastic driver's license card\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Land_Transportation_Office_(Philippines)&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve the article"},{"Link":"https://lto.gov.ph/","external_links_name":"lto.gov.ph"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170813180548/http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1947/10/04/executive-order-no-94-s-1947","external_links_name":"Executive Order No. 94"},{"Link":"https://www.lawphil.net/executive/execord/eo1979/eo_546_1979.html","external_links_name":"Executive Order No. 546"},{"Link":"https://www.lawphil.net/executive/execord/eo1985/eo_1011_1985.html","external_links_name":"Executive Order 1011"},{"Link":"http://dotr.gov.ph/2014-09-02-05-02-30/item/7-executive-order-no-125-a.html","external_links_name":"Executive Order No. 125"},{"Link":"http://www.lto.gov.ph/lto-directory.html","external_links_name":"LTO Directory"},{"Link":"https://www.lto.gov.ph/","external_links_name":"\"Mandate and Functions\""},{"Link":"http://www.lto.gov.ph/","external_links_name":"\"Mission\""},{"Link":"http://www.lto.gov.ph/","external_links_name":"\"Vision\""},{"Link":"https://lto.gov.ph/historical-background.html","external_links_name":"\"Historical Background\""},{"Link":"http://web.kssp.upd.edu.ph/eis/2005-02-11/bolinao_jose_history.doc","external_links_name":"Passage of RA 4136"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090704105332/http://web.kssp.upd.edu.ph/eis/2005-02-11/bolinao_jose_history.doc","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060413153558/http://dotc.gov.ph/","external_links_name":"\"Department of Transportation and Communications\""},{"Link":"http://www.dotc.gov.ph/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.zigwheels.ph/car-news/everything-you-need-to-know-about-vehicle-registered-in-the-philippines","external_links_name":"\"Everything you need to know about vehicle registered in the Philippines\""},{"Link":"http://www.lto.gov.ph/manufacturers-assemblers-importers-and-dealers-reporting/300-manufacturers-assemblers-importers-and-dealers-accreditation.html","external_links_name":"\"Manufacturers, Assemblers, Importers, and Dealers Accreditation\""},{"Link":"http://www.lto.gov.ph/manufacturers-assemblers-importers-and-dealers-reporting/301-stock-reporting.html","external_links_name":"\"Stock Reporting\""},{"Link":"http://www.lto.gov.ph/manufacturers-assemblers-importers-and-dealers-reporting/302-sales-reporting.html","external_links_name":"\"Sales Reporting\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180706081138/http://www.lto.gov.ph/manufacturers-assemblers-importers-and-dealers-reporting/303-special-reporting.html#slider%2D4","external_links_name":"\"Special Reporting\""},{"Link":"http://www.lto.gov.ph/manufacturers-assemblers-importers-and-dealers-reporting/303-special-reporting.html#slider-4","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.lto.gov.ph/manufacturers-assemblers-importers-and-dealers-reporting/304-approvals.html","external_links_name":"\"Approvals\""},{"Link":"http://www.lto.gov.ph/lto-directory.html/","external_links_name":"\"LTO Directory\""},{"Link":"https://mirror.pco.gov.ph/news_releases/killing-of-lto-official-condemned/","external_links_name":"\"Killing of LTO official condemned\""},{"Link":"https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2024/05/25/2357848/a-cowardly-act-lto-official-gunned-down-ambushed-qc","external_links_name":"\"'A cowardly act': LTO official gunned down, ambushed in QC\""},{"Link":"https://www.rappler.com/nation/metro-manila/land-transportation-office-mercedita-gutierrez-killed-quezon-city/","external_links_name":"\"LTO official killed in gun attack in Quezon City\""},{"Link":"https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1225626","external_links_name":"\"Suspect in LTO exec's slay falls in QC\""},{"Link":"https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/metro/908105/alleged-gunman-in-lto-registration-chief-s-killing-nabbed-abalos-says/story/","external_links_name":"\"Alleged gunman in LTO registration chief's killing\""},{"Link":"https://www.gov.ph/home?p_p_id=com_liferay_portal_search_web_portlet_SearchPortlet&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=maximized&p_p_mode=view&_com_liferay_portal_search_web_portlet_SearchPortlet_mvcPath=%2Fview_content.jsp&_com_liferay_portal_search_web_portlet_SearchPortlet_redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.ph%2Fhome%3Fp_p_id%3Dcom_liferay_portal_search_web_portlet_SearchPortlet%26p_p_lifecycle%3D0%26p_p_state%3Dmaximized%26p_p_mode%3Dview%26_com_liferay_portal_search_web_portlet_SearchPortlet_cur%3D1%26_com_liferay_portal_search_web_portlet_SearchPortlet_mvcPath%3D%252Fsearch.jsp%26_com_liferay_portal_search_web_portlet_SearchPortlet_entryClassName%3D%26_com_liferay_portal_search_web_portlet_SearchPortlet_keywords%3Dlto-IIs%26_com_liferay_portal_search_web_portlet_SearchPortlet_searchPrimaryKeys%3D%26_com_liferay_portal_search_web_portlet_SearchPortlet_formDate%3D1531127924915%26_com_liferay_portal_search_web_portlet_SearchPortlet_scope%3Dthis-site%26_com_liferay_portal_search_web_portlet_SearchPortlet_format%3D%26_com_liferay_portal_search_web_portlet_SearchPortlet_assetTagNames%3D%26_com_liferay_portal_search_web_portlet_SearchPortlet_folderId%3D&_com_liferay_portal_search_web_portlet_SearchPortlet_assetEntryId=654179&_com_liferay_portal_search_web_portlet_SearchPortlet_type=record&inheritRedirect=true","external_links_name":"\"Land Transportation Office Infrastructure and Information System (LTO-IIS) Project / DOTCLTO\""},{"Link":"http://dotr.gov.ph/images/Public_Bidding/Goods/2012/ROAD/DOTCRoadTranspo_ITProj_LTOcomponent/RFI_LTO_16.Jan.2012_R2.pdf","external_links_name":"\"DOTC-LTO Infrastructure and Information Systems Project Request for Information\""},{"Link":"http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/money/economy/276713/lto-s-p8-2-billion-it-system-overhaul-to-push-through-dotc/story/","external_links_name":"\"LTO's P8.2-billion IT system overhaul to push through — DOTC\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180721192339/http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2017/08/28/lto-drivers-license-five-year-validity.html","external_links_name":"\"LTO to start releasing driver's licenses with 5-year validity\""},{"Link":"http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2017/08/28/lto-drivers-license-five-year-validity.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://dotr.gov.ph/2014-09-02-05-01-41/latest-news/289-dotr-lto-rolls-out-driver-s-license-cards-with-5-year-validity.html","external_links_name":"\"DOTR-LTO Rolls Out Driver's License Card with 5-Y Year Validity\""},{"Link":"https://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2007/ra_9485_2007.html","external_links_name":"\"Republic Act No. 9485: Anti-Red Tape Act of 2007\""},{"Link":"https://manilastandard.net/news/national/314259330/ph-woes-over-lto-system-continue.html","external_links_name":"\"PH woes over LTO system continue\""},{"Link":"https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2023/05/11/2265539/live-house-panel-probes-lto-shortage-plastic-drivers-license-card","external_links_name":"\"LIVE: House panel probes LTO shortage of plastic driver's license card\""},{"Link":"http://www.lto.gov.ph/","external_links_name":"Land Transportation Office Philippines website"},{"Link":"http://www.dotr.gov.ph/","external_links_name":"Department of Transportation"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si_Spencer	Si Spencer	["1 Biography","2 Bibliography","3 Notes","4 References","5 External links"]	British writer (1961–2021) Si SpencerBorn1961Died16 February 2021 (aged 60)NationalityBritishArea(s)Writer, EditorNotable worksBooks of Magick: Life During WartimeThe Vinyl UndergroundBodieshttp://blankpageparalysis.blogspot.com Si Spencer (1961 – 16 February 2021) was a British comic book writer and TV dramatist and editor whose work appeared in British comics such as Crisis. He often collaborated with Dean Ormston and later moved to the American comics industry. Biography After starting in Crisis, he was signed up for the short-lived title Revolver, where two long series, 'Stickleback' and 'YoYo', were intended to run. The magazine folded before it saw print, however, and from 1993 to 1995 Spencer was a regular writer for the Judge Dredd Megazine and created characters such as Harke & Burr and The Creep as well as working on established characters (e.g. Judge Dredd). Spencer also edited comics and music magazine Deadline between 1991 and 1992. In North America, his work has appeared primarily in series published by DC Comics under its Vertigo imprint, such as Books of Magick: Life During Wartime. Spencer has also written for television. After winning a 'New Voices' competition with the play Tracey and Lewis, he secured a position at the BBC as script editor on prime-time cop show City Central. He later worked as a staff writer for the BBC's EastEnders and ITV's The Bill in addition to being storyliner and series editor and contributing scripts to Grange Hill. He was credited as script editor on the 2009 Aardman pilot for CBBC show Men in Coats. An issue #368 of Doctor Who Magazine from March 2006 revealed that he was to write an episode for the Doctor Who spin-off series Torchwood and that he would make an appearance at the 2006 Bristol Comic Expo to publicise it, though he was not among the writers of episodes for the first series. However, a 2010 book Torch, Wood & Peasants, which was credited to "Webley Wildfoot", details the story of a writer on a fictitious British SF series and contains a script that has several strong similarities to Torchwood. His later work included The Vinyl Underground for Vertigo. In October 2010, Vertigo published the first issue of a Hellblazer mini-series, Hellblazer: City of Demons. Spencer also ran a Facebook page 'Script Doctor', providing advice and support for new writers. In June 2014, Vertigo published the first issue of his creator-owned monthly eight issue limited series Bodies. A television adaptation of the comic by Netflix and Bondage Pictures premiered in October 2023. In 2015, Self Made Hero published the one-shot graphic novel Klaxon in September. Two months later, Vertigo published the first issue of the six-part series Slash & Burn. Spencer died from heart failure in February 2021. Bibliography "Two pretty names" (with Sue Swassy in Crisis No. 33, 1989) "Strange hotel" (with Adrian Dungworthy, in Crisis No. 62, 1991) Judge Death: "Masque of the Judge, Death" (with John McCrea, in Judge Dredd Mega-Special No. 4, 1991) Mytek the Mighty: "Mytek Lives!" (with Shaky Kane, in 2000 AD Action Special, 1992) Harke & Burr: "Antique and Curious" (with Dean Ormston, in Judge Dredd Megazine (vol. 2) #27–28, 1993) "Hamster Horror" (with Dean Ormston, in Judge Dredd Megazine (vol. 2) #40–42, 1995) "Grief Encounter" (with Dean Ormston, in Judge Dredd Megazine (vol. 2) #47–49, 1994) "Secret Origin" (with Paul Peart, in Judge Dredd Megazine (vol. 2) No. 83, 1995) "Satanic Farces" (with co-author Gordon Rennie and art by Dean Ormston, in Judge Dredd Megazine (vol. 3) #4–7, 1995) Judge Dredd: "Creep" (with Kevin Cullen, in Judge Dredd Megazine (vol. 2) #41–44, 1993) "Creep's Day Out" (with Kevin Cullen, in Judge Dredd Megazine (vol. 2) No. 50, 1994) "Creep: True Love" (with Kevin Cullen, in Judge Dredd Megazine (vol. 2) #51–54, 1994) "Fall of the House of Esher" (with Dean Ormston, in Judge Dredd Megazine (vol. 2) #70, 1995) "A Very Creepy Christmas" (with Kevin Cullen, in Judge Dredd Megazine (vol. 2) #70, 1995) "Plagues of Necropolis" (in Judge Dredd Megazine (vol. 2) #78–84, 1995) "Sleeping Satellite" (with Morak, in Judge Dredd Mega Special 1995) "Judge Planet II" (with Shaky Kane, in Judge Dredd Mega Special 1995) The Corps: "Fireteam One" (with Colin MacNeil and Paul Marshall, in 2000 AD No. 923, 1994) Books of Magick: Life During Wartime #1–15 (with Dean Ormston, Steve Yeowell and Duncan Fegredo, ongoing series, Vertigo, 2004–2005, trade paperback collects #1–5, 2005, ISBN 1-4012-0488-0) The Vinyl Underground #1–12 (with Simon Gane and Cameron Stewart, ongoing series, Vertigo, December 2007 – November 2008), collected as: Watching the Detectives (collects #1–5, 128 pages, June 2008, ISBN 1-4012-1812-1) Pretty Dead Things (collects #6–12, 128 pages, December 2008, ISBN 1-4012-1977-2) Hellblazer: City of Demons (with Sean Murphy, five-issue limited series, Vertigo, December 2010 – February 2011, tpb, May 2011, ISBN 1-4012-3153-5) Bodies (with Dean Ormston, Tula Lotay, Phil Winslade, Meghan Hetrick, Lee Loughridge, eight part limited series, Vertigo, July 2014 – February 2015) Klaxon (with Dix Grim, 120-page graphic novel published by Self Made Hero, September 2015) Slash & Burn (with Max Dunbar, Ande Park, Nik Filardi, six-part limited series, Vertigo, November 2015 – April 2016) Script Doctor's 100 Writing Tips For TV and Film (Lulu.com, February 2010, ISBN 1-4452-7777-8) Script Doctor's 100 More Writing Tips For TV and Film (Lulu.com, September 2010, ISBN 1-4461-9401-9) Notes ^ Si Spencer: 1961 – 2021, Steve Holland, The Comics Journal, February 23, 2021. ^ Si Spencer, 1961-2021, at 2000AD; published February 17, 2021; retrieved February 17, 2021 ^ Irvine, Alex (2008), "The Books of Magick: Life During Wartime", in Dougall, Alastair (ed.), The Vertigo Encyclopedia, New York: Dorling Kindersley, pp. 42–43, ISBN 978-0-7566-4122-1, OCLC 213309015 ^ "'Bodies': Netflix Greenlights Adaptation of Si Spencer's Mind-Bending Graphic Novel from 'Pursuit of Love' Producer Moonage Pictures". Deadline Hollywood. 28 February 2022. ^ "'Bodies': What to Know About the Genre-Defying Crime Series". Netflix Tudum. Retrieved 11 October 2023. ^ Sebestyen, Roland (24 February 2021). "Tributes as 'big-hearted' Sheffield comic book and Eastenders script writer Si Spencer dies". Yorkshire Live. Retrieved 14 October 2023. ^ Watching the Detectives profile at DC References Si Spencer at the Grand Comics Database Si Spencer at the Comic Book DB (archived from the original) Si Spencer at Barney External links Official page on Blogger Script Doctor at Facebook Si Spencer at IMDb Si Spencer's interview, Student Life, BBC Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Catalonia Israel United States Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2000ADObit-2"},{"link_name":"comic book writer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_book_writer"},{"link_name":"British comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_comic"},{"link_name":"Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_(Fleetway)"},{"link_name":"Dean Ormston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Ormston"},{"link_name":"American comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_comic_book"}],"text":"Si Spencer (1961 – 16 February 2021)[1][2] was a British comic book writer and TV dramatist and editor whose work appeared in British comics such as Crisis. He often collaborated with Dean Ormston and later moved to the American comics industry.","title":"Si Spencer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_(Fleetway)"},{"link_name":"Revolver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolver_(Fleetway_comics)"},{"link_name":"Judge Dredd Megazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judge_Dredd_Megazine"},{"link_name":"Harke & Burr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harke_%26_Burr"},{"link_name":"The Creep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creep_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Judge Dredd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judge_Dredd"},{"link_name":"Deadline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"DC Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Comics"},{"link_name":"Vertigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertigo_Comics"},{"link_name":"Books of Magick: Life During Wartime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Books_of_Magick:_Life_During_Wartime"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vert-ency-3"},{"link_name":"City Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Central"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"EastEnders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EastEnders"},{"link_name":"ITV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_Network"},{"link_name":"The Bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bill"},{"link_name":"Grange Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grange_Hill"},{"link_name":"Aardman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aardman"},{"link_name":"CBBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBBC_(TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"Doctor Who Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who_Magazine"},{"link_name":"Doctor Who","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who"},{"link_name":"Torchwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torchwood"},{"link_name":"Comic Expo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_Expo"},{"link_name":"ambiguous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"The Vinyl Underground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Vinyl_Underground"},{"link_name":"Hellblazer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellblazer"},{"link_name":"Bodies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodies_(comics)"},{"link_name":"A television adaptation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodies_(2023_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"After starting in Crisis, he was signed up for the short-lived title Revolver, where two long series, 'Stickleback' and 'YoYo', were intended to run. The magazine folded before it saw print, however, and from 1993 to 1995 Spencer was a regular writer for the Judge Dredd Megazine and created characters such as Harke & Burr and The Creep as well as working on established characters (e.g. Judge Dredd). Spencer also edited comics and music magazine Deadline between 1991 and 1992.In North America, his work has appeared primarily in series published by DC Comics under its Vertigo imprint, such as Books of Magick: Life During Wartime.[3]Spencer has also written for television. After winning a 'New Voices' competition with the play Tracey and Lewis, he secured a position at the BBC as script editor on prime-time cop show City Central. He later worked as a staff writer for the BBC's EastEnders and ITV's The Bill in addition to being storyliner and series editor and contributing scripts to Grange Hill. He was credited as script editor on the 2009 Aardman pilot for CBBC show Men in Coats.An issue #368 of Doctor Who Magazine from March 2006 revealed that he was to write an episode for the Doctor Who spin-off series Torchwood and that he would make an appearance at the 2006 Bristol Comic Expo to publicise it,[ambiguous] though he was not among the writers of episodes for the first series. However, a 2010 book Torch, Wood & Peasants, which was credited to \"Webley Wildfoot\", details the story of a writer on a fictitious British SF series and contains a script that has several strong similarities to Torchwood.His later work included The Vinyl Underground for Vertigo.In October 2010, Vertigo published the first issue of a Hellblazer mini-series, Hellblazer: City of Demons.Spencer also ran a Facebook page 'Script Doctor', providing advice and support for new writers.In June 2014, Vertigo published the first issue of his creator-owned monthly eight issue limited series Bodies. A television adaptation of the comic by Netflix and Bondage Pictures premiered in October 2023.[4][5]In 2015, Self Made Hero published the one-shot graphic novel Klaxon in September. Two months later, Vertigo published the first issue of the six-part series Slash & Burn.Spencer died from heart failure in February 2021.[6]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_(Fleetway)"},{"link_name":"Judge Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judge_Death"},{"link_name":"John McCrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCrea_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Shaky Kane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaky_Kane"},{"link_name":"Harke & Burr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harke_%26_Burr"},{"link_name":"Dean Ormston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Ormston"},{"link_name":"Judge Dredd Megazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judge_Dredd_Megazine"},{"link_name":"Paul Peart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Peart"},{"link_name":"Gordon Rennie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Rennie"},{"link_name":"Judge Dredd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judge_Dredd"},{"link_name":"Creep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creep_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Kevin Cullen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Cullen"},{"link_name":"Colin MacNeil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_MacNeil"},{"link_name":"2000 AD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_AD_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Books of Magick: Life During Wartime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Books_of_Magick:_Life_During_Wartime"},{"link_name":"Steve Yeowell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Yeowell"},{"link_name":"Duncan Fegredo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan_Fegredo"},{"link_name":"ongoing series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ongoing_series"},{"link_name":"Vertigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertigo_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"trade paperback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_paperback_(comics)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-4012-0488-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4012-0488-0"},{"link_name":"The Vinyl Underground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Vinyl_Underground"},{"link_name":"Simon Gane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Gane"},{"link_name":"Cameron Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron_Stewart"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-4012-1812-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4012-1812-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-4012-1977-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4012-1977-2"},{"link_name":"Sean Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Murphy_(artist)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-4012-3153-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4012-3153-5"},{"link_name":"Bodies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodies_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Dean Ormston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Ormston"},{"link_name":"Tula Lotay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tula_Lotay"},{"link_name":"Self Made Hero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self_Made_Hero"},{"link_name":"Lulu.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lulu.com"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-4452-7777-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4452-7777-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-4461-9401-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4461-9401-9"}],"text":"\"Two pretty names\" (with Sue Swassy in Crisis No. 33, 1989)\n\"Strange hotel\" (with Adrian Dungworthy, in Crisis No. 62, 1991)\nJudge Death: \"Masque of the Judge, Death\" (with John McCrea, in Judge Dredd Mega-Special No. 4, 1991)\nMytek the Mighty: \"Mytek Lives!\" (with Shaky Kane, in 2000 AD Action Special, 1992)\nHarke & Burr:\n\"Antique and Curious\" (with Dean Ormston, in Judge Dredd Megazine (vol. 2) #27–28, 1993)\n\"Hamster Horror\" (with Dean Ormston, in Judge Dredd Megazine (vol. 2) #40–42, 1995)\n\"Grief Encounter\" (with Dean Ormston, in Judge Dredd Megazine (vol. 2) #47–49, 1994)\n\"Secret Origin\" (with Paul Peart, in Judge Dredd Megazine (vol. 2) No. 83, 1995)\n\"Satanic Farces\" (with co-author Gordon Rennie and art by Dean Ormston, in Judge Dredd Megazine (vol. 3) #4–7, 1995)\nJudge Dredd:\n\"Creep\" (with Kevin Cullen, in Judge Dredd Megazine (vol. 2) #41–44, 1993)\n\"Creep's Day Out\" (with Kevin Cullen, in Judge Dredd Megazine (vol. 2) No. 50, 1994)\n\"Creep: True Love\" (with Kevin Cullen, in Judge Dredd Megazine (vol. 2) #51–54, 1994)\n\"Fall of the House of Esher\" (with Dean Ormston, in Judge Dredd Megazine (vol. 2) #70, 1995)\n\"A Very Creepy Christmas\" (with Kevin Cullen, in Judge Dredd Megazine (vol. 2) #70, 1995)\n\"Plagues of Necropolis\" (in Judge Dredd Megazine (vol. 2) #78–84, 1995)\n\"Sleeping Satellite\" (with Morak, in Judge Dredd Mega Special 1995)\n\"Judge Planet II\" (with Shaky Kane, in Judge Dredd Mega Special 1995)\nThe Corps: \"Fireteam One\" (with Colin MacNeil and Paul Marshall, in 2000 AD No. 923, 1994)\nBooks of Magick: Life During Wartime #1–15 (with Dean Ormston, Steve Yeowell and Duncan Fegredo, ongoing series, Vertigo, 2004–2005, trade paperback collects #1–5, 2005, ISBN 1-4012-0488-0)\nThe Vinyl Underground #1–12 (with Simon Gane and Cameron Stewart, ongoing series, Vertigo, December 2007 – November 2008), collected as:\nWatching the Detectives (collects #1–5, 128 pages, June 2008, ISBN 1-4012-1812-1)[7]\nPretty Dead Things (collects #6–12, 128 pages, December 2008, ISBN 1-4012-1977-2)\nHellblazer: City of Demons (with Sean Murphy, five-issue limited series, Vertigo, December 2010 – February 2011, tpb, May 2011, ISBN 1-4012-3153-5)\nBodies (with Dean Ormston, Tula Lotay, Phil Winslade, Meghan Hetrick, Lee Loughridge, eight part limited series, Vertigo, July 2014 – February 2015)\nKlaxon (with Dix Grim, 120-page graphic novel published by Self Made Hero, September 2015)\nSlash & Burn (with Max Dunbar, Ande Park, Nik Filardi, six-part limited series, Vertigo, November 2015 – April 2016)\nScript Doctor's 100 Writing Tips For TV and Film (Lulu.com, February 2010, ISBN 1-4452-7777-8)\nScript Doctor's 100 More Writing Tips For TV and Film (Lulu.com, September 2010, ISBN 1-4461-9401-9)","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Si Spencer: 1961 – 2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.tcj.com/si-spencer-1961-2021/"},{"link_name":"The Comics Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Comics_Journal"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2000ADObit_2-0"},{"link_name":"Si Spencer, 1961-2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//2000ad.com/news/si-spencer-1961-2021/"},{"link_name":"2000AD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_AD_(comics)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-vert-ency_3-0"},{"link_name":"Irvine, Alex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_C._Irvine"},{"link_name":"Dorling Kindersley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorling_Kindersley"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7566-4122-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-4122-1"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"213309015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/213309015"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"'Bodies': Netflix Greenlights Adaptation of Si Spencer's Mind-Bending Graphic Novel from 'Pursuit of Love' Producer Moonage Pictures\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//deadline.com/2022/02/netflix-adapt-graphic-novel-bodies-moonage-pictures-1234961550/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"'Bodies': What to Know About the Genre-Defying Crime Series\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.netflix.com/tudum/articles/bodies-release-date-news"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Tributes as 'big-hearted' Sheffield comic book and Eastenders script writer Si Spencer dies\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.examinerlive.co.uk/news/tv/tributes-big-hearted-sheffield-comic-19907358"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_Live"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Watching the Detectives profile at DC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dccomics.com/graphic_novels/?gn=9400"}],"text":"^ Si Spencer: 1961 – 2021, Steve Holland, The Comics Journal, February 23, 2021.\n\n^ Si Spencer, 1961-2021, at 2000AD; published February 17, 2021; retrieved February 17, 2021\n\n^ Irvine, Alex (2008), \"The Books of Magick: Life During Wartime\", in Dougall, Alastair (ed.), The Vertigo Encyclopedia, New York: Dorling Kindersley, pp. 42–43, ISBN 978-0-7566-4122-1, OCLC 213309015\n\n^ \"'Bodies': Netflix Greenlights Adaptation of Si Spencer's Mind-Bending Graphic Novel from 'Pursuit of Love' Producer Moonage Pictures\". Deadline Hollywood. 28 February 2022.\n\n^ \"'Bodies': What to Know About the Genre-Defying Crime Series\". Netflix Tudum. Retrieved 11 October 2023.\n\n^ Sebestyen, Roland (24 February 2021). \"Tributes as 'big-hearted' Sheffield comic book and Eastenders script writer Si Spencer dies\". Yorkshire Live. Retrieved 14 October 2023.\n\n^ Watching the Detectives profile at DC","title":"Notes"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Irvine, Alex (2008), \"The Books of Magick: Life During Wartime\", in Dougall, Alastair (ed.), The Vertigo Encyclopedia, New York: Dorling Kindersley, pp. 42–43, ISBN 978-0-7566-4122-1, OCLC 213309015","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_C._Irvine","url_text":"Irvine, Alex"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorling_Kindersley","url_text":"Dorling Kindersley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-4122-1","url_text":"978-0-7566-4122-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/213309015","url_text":"213309015"}]},{"reference":"\"'Bodies': Netflix Greenlights Adaptation of Si Spencer's Mind-Bending Graphic Novel from 'Pursuit of Love' Producer Moonage Pictures\". Deadline Hollywood. 28 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2022/02/netflix-adapt-graphic-novel-bodies-moonage-pictures-1234961550/","url_text":"\"'Bodies': Netflix Greenlights Adaptation of Si Spencer's Mind-Bending Graphic Novel from 'Pursuit of Love' Producer Moonage Pictures\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Bodies': What to Know About the Genre-Defying Crime Series\". Netflix Tudum. Retrieved 11 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.netflix.com/tudum/articles/bodies-release-date-news","url_text":"\"'Bodies': What to Know About the Genre-Defying Crime Series\""}]},{"reference":"Sebestyen, Roland (24 February 2021). \"Tributes as 'big-hearted' Sheffield comic book and Eastenders script writer Si Spencer dies\". Yorkshire Live. Retrieved 14 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.examinerlive.co.uk/news/tv/tributes-big-hearted-sheffield-comic-19907358","url_text":"\"Tributes as 'big-hearted' Sheffield comic book and Eastenders script writer Si Spencer dies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_Live","url_text":"Yorkshire Live"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://blankpageparalysis.blogspot.com/","external_links_name":"http://blankpageparalysis.blogspot.com"},{"Link":"http://www.tcj.com/si-spencer-1961-2021/","external_links_name":"Si Spencer: 1961 – 2021"},{"Link":"https://2000ad.com/news/si-spencer-1961-2021/","external_links_name":"Si Spencer, 1961-2021"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/213309015","external_links_name":"213309015"},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2022/02/netflix-adapt-graphic-novel-bodies-moonage-pictures-1234961550/","external_links_name":"\"'Bodies': Netflix Greenlights Adaptation of Si Spencer's Mind-Bending Graphic Novel from 'Pursuit of Love' Producer Moonage Pictures\""},{"Link":"https://www.netflix.com/tudum/articles/bodies-release-date-news","external_links_name":"\"'Bodies': What to Know About the Genre-Defying Crime Series\""},{"Link":"https://www.examinerlive.co.uk/news/tv/tributes-big-hearted-sheffield-comic-19907358","external_links_name":"\"Tributes as 'big-hearted' Sheffield comic book and Eastenders script writer Si Spencer dies\""},{"Link":"http://www.dccomics.com/graphic_novels/?gn=9400","external_links_name":"Watching the Detectives profile at DC"},{"Link":"https://www.comics.org/search.lasso/?sort=chrono&query=Si+Spencer&type=credit","external_links_name":"Si Spencer"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/2018010101/http://comicbookdb.com/creator.php?ID=1547","external_links_name":"Si Spencer"},{"Link":"http://comicbookdb.com/creator.php?ID=1547","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.2000ad.org/?zone=droid&page=profiles&choice=SIS","external_links_name":"Si Spencer"},{"Link":"https://blankpageparalysis.blogspot.com/","external_links_name":"Official page"},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/pages/SCRIPT-DOCTOR/138062651688","external_links_name":"Script Doctor"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3097342/","external_links_name":"Si Spencer"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/studentlife/careersandchoices/dreamjobs/mediaandentertainment/writer/interview_writer_si_spencer.shtml","external_links_name":"Si Spencer's interview"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000052487050","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/17177962","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwMwxyKt9pXmdbtqgwBfq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1779951","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16585815z","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16585815z","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058513370606706","external_links_name":"Catalonia"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987012600360905171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr2005007576","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/197397182","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Oliver_(physician)	Thomas Oliver (physician)	["1 Life","2 Publications","3 Family","4 References"]	Thomas OliverBorn(1853-03-02)March 2, 1853St Quivox, AyrshireDiedMay 15, 1942(1942-05-15) (aged 89)Newcastle-upon-TyneOccupationPhysician Sir Thomas Oliver, FRSE (1853–1942) was a Scottish physician and expert on industrial hygiene, particularly in the mining industry and antimony workers. He was President of the College of Medicine 1926 to 1934 and President of the Royal Institute of Public Health and Hygiene from 1937 to 1942. Life He was born in St Quivox in Ayrshire on 2 March 1853 the son of James Oliver and his wife, Margaret McMurtrie. He was educated at Ayr Academy then studied medicine at Glasgow University graduating MB ChM in 1874. He undertook some practical experience at Glasgow Royal Infirmary then went to Paris to undertake further postgraduate studies. Returning to Britain he worked in Preston Hospital 1875 to 1879. In 1880 he began lecturing at the Medical School of Durham University. In 1889 he was created Professor of Medicine. In 1892 he became a member of the White Lead Commission and was instrumental in banning females from being employed in its production. In 1895 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were Sir James Alexander Russell, John Gray McKendrick, Diarmid Noel Paton and George Alexander Gibson, He was knighted by King Edward VII in 1908. In the First World War he was instrumental in the creation of the Tyneside Scottish battalion, gathering Bedlington miners to join the war effort and was given the rank of Honorary Colonel. He retired in 1927. He died aged 89 in Newcastle-upon-Tyne on 15 May 1942. Publications Lead Poisoning in its Acute and Chronic Forms (1891) Dangerous Trades; the Historical, Social, and Legal Aspects of Industrial Occupations as Affecting Health, by a Number of Experts (1902) Diseases of Occupation (1908) Family In 1881 he married Edith Rosina Jenkins, daughter of William Jenkins of Consett Hall. Following her death, in 1888, in 1893 he married Emma Octavia Woods (d. 1912), daughter of John Woods of Benton Hall in Newcastle. He had two sons and three daughters. References ^ McCallum, R. I. (2003). "Sir Thomas Oliver (1853-1942) and the health of antimony workers". Vesalius. 9 (1): 13–9. PMID 15124655. ^ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography: Thomas Oliver ^ a b http://munksroll.rcplondon.ac.uk/Biography/Details/3378 ^ Biographicl Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002 (PDF). The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006. ISBN 0-902-198-84-X. ^ a b http://www.sixtownships.org.uk/sir-thomas-oliver.html ^ Carter, J Tim; Spurgeon, Anne (January 2018). "Dangerous Trades: The Historical, Social, and Legal Aspects of Industrial Occupations as Affecting Health, by a Number of Experts". Occupational Medicine. 68 (1): 75–76. doi:10.1093/occmed/kqx170. Retrieved 9 October 2018. Academic offices Preceded byProf Percy John Heawood Vice-Chancellor & Warden of the University of Durham 1928 - 1930 Succeeded byThe Revd Henry Ellershaw Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Australia Netherlands People Trove Other IdRef This United Kingdom biographical article related to medicine is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FRSE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"antimony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimony"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Royal Institute of Public Health and Hygiene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Institute_of_Public_Health_and_Hygiene"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Sir Thomas Oliver, FRSE (1853–1942) was a Scottish physician and expert on industrial hygiene, particularly in the mining industry and antimony workers.[1] He was President of the College of Medicine 1926 to 1934 and President of the Royal Institute of Public Health and Hygiene from 1937 to 1942.[2]","title":"Thomas Oliver (physician)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St Quivox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Quivox"},{"link_name":"Ayrshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayrshire"},{"link_name":"Ayr Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayr_Academy"},{"link_name":"Glasgow University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_University"},{"link_name":"Glasgow Royal Infirmary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_Royal_Infirmary"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rcplondon3378-3"},{"link_name":"Durham University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durham_University"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rcplondon3378-3"},{"link_name":"Royal Society of Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"James Alexander Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Alexander_Russell"},{"link_name":"John Gray McKendrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gray_McKendrick"},{"link_name":"Diarmid Noel Paton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarmid_Noel_Paton"},{"link_name":"George Alexander Gibson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Alexander_Gibson"},{"link_name":"Edward VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VII"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"Tyneside Scottish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyneside_Scottish"},{"link_name":"Bedlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedlington"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sixtownships-5"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Newcastle-upon-Tyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle-upon-Tyne"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sixtownships-5"}],"text":"He was born in St Quivox in Ayrshire on 2 March 1853 the son of James Oliver and his wife, Margaret McMurtrie. He was educated at Ayr Academy then studied medicine at Glasgow University graduating MB ChM in 1874. He undertook some practical experience at Glasgow Royal Infirmary then went to Paris to undertake further postgraduate studies.[3]Returning to Britain he worked in Preston Hospital 1875 to 1879. In 1880 he began lecturing at the Medical School of Durham University. In 1889 he was created Professor of Medicine. In 1892 he became a member of the White Lead Commission and was instrumental in banning females from being employed in its production.[3]In 1895 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were Sir James Alexander Russell, John Gray McKendrick, Diarmid Noel Paton and George Alexander Gibson, He was knighted by King Edward VII in 1908.[4]In the First World War he was instrumental in the creation of the Tyneside Scottish battalion, gathering Bedlington miners to join the war effort and was given the rank of Honorary Colonel.[5]He retired in 1927.[citation needed]He died aged 89 in Newcastle-upon-Tyne on 15 May 1942.[5]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carter-6"}],"text":"Lead Poisoning in its Acute and Chronic Forms (1891)\nDangerous Trades; the Historical, Social, and Legal Aspects of Industrial Occupations as Affecting Health, by a Number of Experts (1902)[6]\nDiseases of Occupation (1908)","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Consett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consett"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"In 1881 he married Edith Rosina Jenkins, daughter of William Jenkins of Consett Hall. Following her death, in 1888, in 1893 he married Emma Octavia Woods (d. 1912), daughter of John Woods of Benton Hall in Newcastle.[citation needed]He had two sons and three daughters.[citation needed]","title":"Family"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"McCallum, R. I. (2003). \"Sir Thomas Oliver (1853-1942) and the health of antimony workers\". Vesalius. 9 (1): 13–9. PMID 15124655.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15124655","url_text":"15124655"}]},{"reference":"Biographicl Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002 (PDF). The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006. ISBN 0-902-198-84-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp2.pdf","url_text":"Biographicl Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-902-198-84-X","url_text":"0-902-198-84-X"}]},{"reference":"Carter, J Tim; Spurgeon, Anne (January 2018). \"Dangerous Trades: The Historical, Social, and Legal Aspects of Industrial Occupations as Affecting Health, by a Number of Experts\". Occupational Medicine. 68 (1): 75–76. doi:10.1093/occmed/kqx170. Retrieved 9 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://academic.oup.com/occmed/article-abstract/68/1/75/4866343","url_text":"\"Dangerous Trades: The Historical, Social, and Legal Aspects of Industrial Occupations as Affecting Health, by a Number of Experts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foccmed%2Fkqx170","url_text":"10.1093/occmed/kqx170"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15124655","external_links_name":"15124655"},{"Link":"http://munksroll.rcplondon.ac.uk/Biography/Details/3378","external_links_name":"http://munksroll.rcplondon.ac.uk/Biography/Details/3378"},{"Link":"https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp2.pdf","external_links_name":"Biographicl Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002"},{"Link":"http://www.sixtownships.org.uk/sir-thomas-oliver.html","external_links_name":"http://www.sixtownships.org.uk/sir-thomas-oliver.html"},{"Link":"https://academic.oup.com/occmed/article-abstract/68/1/75/4866343","external_links_name":"\"Dangerous Trades: The Historical, Social, and Legal Aspects of Industrial Occupations as Affecting Health, by a Number of Experts\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foccmed%2Fkqx170","external_links_name":"10.1093/occmed/kqx170"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000063179993","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/30317588","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhmQBrXdvwCp8pjG8vrbd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb167645552","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb167645552","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/117594164","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007350323305171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no88001961","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35766129","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p129640832","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1077628","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/122344766","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Oliver_(physician)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_E-Class_(C207)	Mercedes-Benz E-Class (C207)	["1 Development and launch","2 Body styles","2.1 Coupé (C207)","2.2 Convertible (A207)","3 Equipment","4 Models","4.1 Petrol engines","4.2 Diesel engines","5 2013 facelift","6 Awards","7 References"]	Motor vehicle Mercedes-Benz E-Class (C207/A207)OverviewManufacturerDaimler AGProductionApril 2008 – 2017 (coupé)March 2009 – 2017 (convertible)Model years2010–2017AssemblyGermany: BremenBody and chassisClassGrand tourer (S)Body style2-door coupé2-door convertibleLayoutFront-engine, rear-wheel driveFront-engine, all-wheel drive (4matic)RelatedMercedes-Benz C-Class (W204)Mercedes-Benz E-Class (W212)PowertrainEnginePetrol:1.8 L M271 turbo I42.0 L M274 turbo I43.0 L M276 twin-turbo V63.5 L M276 V63.5 L M272 V64.7 L M278 twin-turbo V85.5 L M273 V8Diesel:2.1 L OM651 twin-turbo I43.0 L OM642 turbo V6Transmission6-speed manual5-speed 5G-Tronic automatic7-speed 7G-Tronic automatic9-speed 9G-Tronic automaticDimensionsWheelbase2,760 mm (108.7 in)Length4,698–4,717 mm (185.0–185.7 in)Width1,786 mm (70.3 in)Height1,390–1,413 mm (54.7–55.6 in)Curb weight1,560–1,990 kg (3,439–4,387 lb)ChronologyPredecessorMercedes-Benz CLK-Class (C209/A209)SuccessorMercedes-Benz E-Class (C238/A238) The C207/A207 Mercedes-Benz E-Class are coupé and convertible models based on the W204 C-Class sedan chassis. It was produced between 2008 and 2017 as the successor to the previous C209/A209 CLK-Class. The body styles of the range are 2-door coupé (C207) and 2-door convertible (A207). The coupé and cabriolet vehicles were never offered in the high performance Mercedes-AMG variants, unlike its predecessor. E350 and E400 coupé models were also available in all-wheel drive 4MATIC variants from 2012. It was replaced by the C238/A238 E-Class in 2017 for the 2018 model year. Development and launch The C207/A207 E-Class shares its platform with the W204 C-Class sedan, featuring identical wheelbases, and similar axle track lengths. While the W212 E-Class sedan is built at the Sindelfingen plant, the E-Class C207 coupé is built in Bremen alongside the W204 C-Class. Some early petrol models had CGI BlueEFFICIENCY branding, with the exception of the E 300 BlueEFFICIENCY and E 500. With the introduction of the Mercedes 7G-Tronic automatic transmission, models subsequently dropped the CGI moniker, along with the BlueEFFICIENCY name after the 2013 facelift. Diesel models with the nine-speed automatic transmission were also called BlueTEC instead of CDI BlueEFFICIENCY, and facelifted models were simply called CDI or BlueTEC. Mercedes-Benz originally intended for the C207/A207 to continue the CLK name, but changed to E-Class branding during development. Body styles C207 coupéA207 convertible Coupé (C207) The coupé was introduced at the 2009 Geneva Motor Show. Convertible (A207) The convertible was unveiled at the 2010 North American International Auto Show. Some convertibles have Mercedes' AIRSCARF system, which provides neck heating for front occupants, and the AIRCAP windshield spoiler and wind deflector system, deflecting air over the cabin for reduced draft and wind noise. Equipment Interior (facelift model) Standard equipment includes Mercedes' AGILITY CONTROL semi-adaptive suspension and ATTENTION ASSIST which alerts the driver when the car detects driver fatigue. Models feature front, side, and knee airbags, along with belt tensioners and head restraints. An AMG Sports package can also be optioned, featuring AMG bodystyling, 15 mm (0.6 in) lower suspension, silver painted front brake calipers, and wider 18-inch alloy wheels. However, the AMG package did not include performance upgrades. Models Petrol engines Model Years Engine Power Torque 0–100 km/h (0–62 mph) E 200 CGIBlueEFFICIENCY 2010–2013 M271 DE181.8 L I4 turbo 135 kW (184 PS; 181 hp)at 5,250 rpm 270 N⋅m (199 lbf⋅ft)at 1,800–4,600 rpm 8.3 s 2013–2017 M274 DE202.0 L I4 turbo 135 kW (184 PS; 181 hp)at 5,550 rpm 300 N⋅m (221 lbf⋅ft)at 1,200–4,000 rpm 7.8 s E 250 CGIBlueEFFICIENCY 2009–2011 M271 DE181.8 L I4 turbo 150 kW (204 PS; 201 hp)at 5,500 rpm 310 N⋅m (229 lbf⋅ft)at 2,000–4,300 rpm 7.4 s 2013–2017 M274 DE202.0 L I4 turbo 155 kW (211 PS; 208 hp)at 5,500 rpm 350 N⋅m (258 lbf⋅ft)at 1,200–4,000 rpm 7.1 s E 300BlueEFFICIENCY 2011–2017 M276 DE353.5 L V6 185 kW (252 PS; 248 hp)at 6,500 rpm 340 N⋅m (251 lbf⋅ft)at 3,500–4,500 rpm 6.9 s E 350 CGIBlueEFFICIENCY 2009–2011 M272 DE353.5 L V6 215 kW (292 PS; 288 hp)at 6,400 rpm 365 N⋅m (269 lb⋅ft)at 3,000–5,100 rpm 6.5 s 2011–2017 M276 DE353.5 L V6 225 kW (306 PS; 302 hp)at 6,500 rpm 370 N⋅m (273 lbf⋅ft)at 3,500–5,250 rpm 6.4 s E 400 2013–2015 M276 E303.0 L V6 twin-turbo 245 kW (333 PS; 329 hp)at 5,500 rpm 480 N⋅m (354 lbf⋅ft)at 1,400–4,000 rpm 5.3 s 2015-2017 M276 DE 35 LA 3.5 L V6 twin-turbo 245 kW (333 PS; 329 hp)at 5,250 rpm 480 N⋅m (354 lbf⋅ft)at 1,200–4,000 rpm E 500 (E 550 / US and Canada) 2009–2011 M273 E555.5 L V8 285 kW (387 PS; 382 hp)at 6,000 rpm 530 N⋅m (391 lbf⋅ft)at 2,800–4,800 rpm 5.2 s 2011–2017 M278 DE464.7 L V8 twin-turbo 300 kW (408 PS; 402 hp)at 5,000–5,750 rpm 600 N⋅m (443 lbf⋅ft)at 1,600–4,750 rpm 4.8 s Diesel engines Model Years Engine Power Torque 0–100 km/h (0–62 mph) E 220 CDIBlueEFFICIENCY 2010–2011 OM651 DE222.1 L I4 twin-turbo 125 kW (168 hp)at 3,000–4,200 rpm 400 N⋅m (295 lbf⋅ft)at 1,400–2,800 rpm 8.5 s 2011–2017 8.3 s E 250 CDIBlueEFFICIENCY 2009–2017 150 kW (201 hp)at 4,200 rpm 500 N⋅m (369 lbf⋅ft)at 1,600–1,800 rpm 7.4 s E 350 CDIBlueEFFICIENCY 2009–2011 OM642 DE303.0L V6 turbo 170 kW (228 hp)at 3,800 rpm 540 N⋅m (398 lbf⋅ft)at 1,600–2,400 rpm 6.7 s 2011–2017 195 kW (261 hp)at 3,800 rpm 620 N⋅m (457 lbf⋅ft)at 1,600–2,400 rpm 6.4 s 2013 facelift Facelift E 200 coupéFacelift E 250 convertible with the AMG Sport package The mid-life cycle update for the C207/A207 E-Class was introduced at the North American International Auto Show in 2013: Exterior changes include: redesigned LED headlights and taillights, and revised front and rear bumpers Interior changes include: restyled instrument cluster and center console switch layout, redesigned steering wheel, and gear selector location moved to steering wheel column Introduction of E 400 model, and updated engines in E 200 and E 250 models Mercedes COLLISION PREVENTION ASSIST, ATTENTION ASSIST, and stop-start engine system now standard on models 9G-Tronic automatic transmission introduced on diesel models Awards 2009 Auto Bild Design Award: Germany's most beautiful coupé 2010 Auto motor und sport "Autonis Design Award" for the convertible References ^ "E 250 CDI BlueEFFICIENCY, 2009 - 2013". mercedes-benz-publicarchive.com. Retrieved 10 December 2023. ^ "E 250 CDI BlueEFFICIENCY, 2009 - 2013". mercedes-benz-publicarchive.com. Retrieved 10 December 2023. ^ Smith, Luke John (2017-01-27). "Mercedes E-Class Coupe 2017 price, specs, tech and design". Express.co.uk. Retrieved 2018-05-27. ^ "2014 Mercedes E-Class Coupe". Autoblog. Retrieved 2018-05-27. ^ "Exec admits Benz should have created an E63 AMG Coupe". Autoblog. Retrieved 2018-05-27. ^ "Tested: Twin-Turbo Mercedes E400 Coupe". Car and Driver. Retrieved 2018-05-27. ^ "Mercedes Expands All-Wheel Drive Availability - Autotrader". Autotrader. Retrieved 2018-05-27. ^ "2018 Mercedes-Benz E-Class Coupe Review @ Top Speed". Top Speed. Retrieved 2018-05-27. ^ "Mercedes E-class coupe (2009): review". CAR Magazine. Retrieved 2018-05-27. ^ "2010 Mercedes-Benz E-Class Coupe a C-Class underneath?". Autoblog. Retrieved 2018-05-05. ^ "The new Mercedes-Benz E-Class Cabriolet: Four seasons, four passengers - marsMediaSite". marsMediaSite. Retrieved 2018-05-27. ^ "Mercedes-Benz E 220 CDI SE review - Autocar". www.autocar.co.uk. Retrieved 2018-05-27. ^ a b "New E-Class Coupé and Cabriolet available at dealers starting in June: Passionate driving enjoyment - marsMediaSite". marsMediaSite. Retrieved 2018-05-27. ^ "The new Mercedes-Benz E-Class Cabriolet: Four seasons, four passengers - marsMediaSite". marsMediaSite. Retrieved 2018-05-27. ^ MacKenzie, Angus (7 July 2009). "First Test: 2010 Mercedes-Benz E550 Coupe". Motor Trend. Retrieved 31 August 2014. ^ "Geneva Motor Show debut for Mercedes Benz E-Class Coupe". Motor Authority. Retrieved 2018-05-05. ^ "2010 Mercedes-Benz E-Class Cabriolet World Debut in Detroit". Motor1.com. Retrieved 2018-05-05. ^ "2010 Mercedes-Benz E-Class Cabriolet World Debut in Detroit". Worldcarfans.com. Retrieved 2010-06-25. ^ "2011 Mercedes-Benz E-Class Cabriolet". Road & Track. 2010-01-08. Retrieved 2018-05-27. ^ "Mercedes-Benz E-class review (W213 series, 2016 on)". Sunday Times Driving. 2017-03-27. Retrieved 2018-05-27. ^ "Mercedes S-class facelift (2010): spy photos". CAR Magazine. Retrieved 2018-05-27. ^ "Mother Proof's view". cars.com. 2011-09-27. Retrieved 2018-05-27. ^ "2010 Mercedes-Benz E-Class gets AMG sports package". Autoblog. Retrieved 2018-05-27. ^ "Mercedes E-Class Coupe and Cabriolet facelift". Auto Express. Retrieved 2018-05-27. ^ "Drive test E Class: The most comprehensive facelift in history - MercedesBlog". MercedesBlog. 2014-09-14. Retrieved 2018-05-27. ^ "Mercedes-Benz E-Class gets a new facelift for 2013 - Recombu". Recombu. 2012-12-13. Retrieved 2018-05-27. ^ "Mercedes E-Class 2014 updates announced". Auto Express. Retrieved 2018-05-27. ^ "2014 Mercedes-Benz E-Class facelift engine lineup detailed". Motor1.com. Retrieved 2018-05-27. ^ "New: E-Class Coupé and Cabriolet. Driving pleasure at the highest level: passion, sportiness, intelligence - marsMediaSite". marsMediaSite. Retrieved 2018-05-27. ^ "2013 Mercedes E-Class Facelift - What's Changed?". Retrieved 2018-05-27. ^ "Mercedes-Benz introduces nine-speed auto". www.autocar.co.uk. Retrieved 2018-05-27. ^ "AUTO BILD Design Award 2009: New E-Class voted best-looking car in Germany - marsMediaSite". marsMediaSite. Retrieved 2018-05-27. ^ "Readers' vote for "The most beautiful cars of 2010" - Double victory for Mercedes-Benz: E-Class Cabriolet and SLS AMG are clear favourites - marsMediaSite". marsMediaSite. Retrieved 2018-05-27. vte« previous — Mercedes-Benz road car timeline, 1990s–2010s — next » Model Body 1990s 2000s 2010s 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A Hatch W168 W169 W176 W177 Sedan V177 B MPV W245 W246 W247 C Saloon W201 W202 W203 W204 W205 Estate S202 S203 S204 S205 E Saloon W124 W210 W211 W212 W213 Limousine V124 V212 V213 Estate S124 S210 S211 S212 S213 S Saloon W126 W140 W220 W221 W222 Limousine V126 V140 V220 V221 V222, X222 Pullman VF126 VF140 VF220 VV221 VV222 CLA 4-door coupé C117 C118 Shooting brake X117 X118 CLS 4-door coupé C219 C218 C257 Shooting brake X218 CLC/C Hatchback coupé CL203 Coupé C204 C205 Cabriolet A205 CLK/E Coupé C124 C208 C209 C207 C238 Cabriolet A124 A208 A209 A207 A238 Straßenversion GTR LM CL/S Coupé C126 C140 C215 C216 C217 Cabriolet A217 SLK/SLC Roadster R170 R171 R172 SL R129 R230 R231 SLS/GT Coupé C197 C190 Roadster R197 R190 4-door coupé X290 SLR Coupé C199 Roadster R199 Speedster Z199 Vaneo MPV W414 R W251 V W447 GLA Crossover X156 GLB Crossover X247 Musso/GLK/GLC SUV Musso FJ X204 X253 SUV coupé C253 EQC SUV N293 M/GLE SUV W163 W164 W166 W167 SUV coupé C292 GL/GLS SUV X164 X166 X167 G Off-road vehicle W460/461 W463 Musso Sports/X Pickup truck Musso Sports P100 W470 Citan LCV W415 Vito & Viano MB100 W638 W639 W447 Sprinter T1 W901–W905 NCV3 VS30 Vario T2 W670 Model Body 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1990s 2000s 2010s vteMercedes-Benz E-Class lineage, 1935–present W136 (1935) 170S (W136/W191) (1949) W120 (1953) W121 (1956) W110 (1961) W114/W115 (1968) W123 (1976) W124 (1984) W210 (1995) W211 (2002) W212/C207 (2009) W213/C238 (2016) W214/C236 (2023)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"coupé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"convertible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convertible"},{"link_name":"W204 C-Class sedan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_C-Class_(W204)"},{"link_name":"C209/A209 CLK-Class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_CLK-Class_(C209)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"coupé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"convertible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convertible"},{"link_name":"coupé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupe"},{"link_name":"cabriolet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convertible"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"C238/A238 E-Class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_E-Class_(W213)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The C207/A207 Mercedes-Benz E-Class are coupé and convertible models based on the W204 C-Class sedan chassis. It was produced between 2008 and 2017 as the successor to the previous C209/A209 CLK-Class.[3][4] The body styles of the range are 2-door coupé (C207) and 2-door convertible (A207).The coupé and cabriolet vehicles were never offered in the high performance Mercedes-AMG variants, unlike its predecessor.[5] E350 and E400 coupé models were also available in all-wheel drive 4MATIC variants from 2012.[6][7]It was replaced by the C238/A238 E-Class in 2017 for the 2018 model year.[8]","title":"Mercedes-Benz E-Class (C207)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"W204 C-Class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_C-Class_(W204)"},{"link_name":"wheelbases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelbase"},{"link_name":"axle track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axle_track"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Sindelfingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindelfingen"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-13"},{"link_name":"BlueTEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlueTEC"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-13"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"The C207/A207 E-Class shares its platform with the W204 C-Class sedan, featuring identical wheelbases, and similar axle track lengths.[9] While the W212 E-Class sedan is built at the Sindelfingen plant, the E-Class C207 coupé is built in Bremen alongside the W204 C-Class.[10]Some early petrol models had CGI BlueEFFICIENCY branding, with the exception of the E 300 BlueEFFICIENCY and E 500.[11] With the introduction of the Mercedes 7G-Tronic automatic transmission,[12] models subsequently dropped the CGI moniker, along with the BlueEFFICIENCY name after the 2013 facelift.[13] Diesel models with the nine-speed automatic transmission were also called BlueTEC instead of CDI BlueEFFICIENCY,[14] and facelifted models were simply called CDI or BlueTEC.[13]Mercedes-Benz originally intended for the C207/A207 to continue the CLK name, but changed to E-Class branding during development.[15]","title":"Development and launch"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2011_Mercedes-Benz_E250_Sport_CDi_BlueEFFICIENCY_Coupe_2.1_Rear.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mercedes_E_350_CDI_BlueEFFICIENCY_Cabriolet_(A207)_rear_20100821.jpg"}],"text":"C207 coupéA207 convertible","title":"Body styles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Geneva Motor Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_Motor_Show"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Coupé (C207)","text":"The coupé was introduced at the 2009 Geneva Motor Show.[16]","title":"Body styles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North American International Auto Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_International_Auto_Show"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Convertible (A207)","text":"The convertible was unveiled at the 2010 North American International Auto Show.[17]Some convertibles have Mercedes' AIRSCARF system, which provides neck heating for front occupants,[18] and the AIRCAP windshield spoiler and wind deflector system, deflecting air over the cabin for reduced draft and wind noise.[19]","title":"Body styles"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mercedes-Benz_E250_Cabriolet_interior.jpg"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Interior (facelift model)Standard equipment includes Mercedes' AGILITY CONTROL semi-adaptive suspension[20] and ATTENTION ASSIST which alerts the driver when the car detects driver fatigue.[21] Models feature front, side, and knee airbags, along with belt tensioners and head restraints.[22] An AMG Sports package can also be optioned, featuring AMG bodystyling, 15 mm (0.6 in) lower suspension, silver painted front brake calipers, and wider 18-inch alloy wheels. However, the AMG package did not include performance upgrades.[23]","title":"Equipment"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Models"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Petrol engines","title":"Models"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Diesel engines","title":"Models"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mercedes-Benz_E_200_Coup%C3%A9_Sport-Paket_(C_207,_Facelift)_%E2%80%93_Frontansicht,_10._Juli_2013,_M%C3%BCnster.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mercedes-Benz_E_250_Cabriolet_Sport-Paket_AMG_(A_207,_Facelift)_%E2%80%93_Frontansicht,_13._Juni_2014,_D%C3%BCsseldorf.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mercedes-Benz_E_250_Cabriolet_Sport-Paket_AMG_(A_207,_Facelift)_%E2%80%93_Heckansicht,_13._Juni_2014,_D%C3%BCsseldorf.jpg"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"stop-start engine system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Start-stop_system"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"Facelift E 200 coupéFacelift E 250 convertible with the AMG Sport packageThe mid-life cycle update for the C207/A207 E-Class was introduced at the North American International Auto Show in 2013:[24]Exterior changes include: redesigned LED headlights and taillights, and revised front and rear bumpers[25]\nInterior changes include: restyled instrument cluster and center console switch layout, redesigned steering wheel, and gear selector location moved to steering wheel column[26]\nIntroduction of E 400 model, and updated engines in E 200 and E 250 models[27][28]\nMercedes COLLISION PREVENTION ASSIST, ATTENTION ASSIST, and stop-start engine system now standard on models[29][30]\n9G-Tronic automatic transmission introduced on diesel models[31]","title":"2013 facelift"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Auto Bild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto_Bild"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Auto motor und sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto_motor_und_sport"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"2009 Auto Bild Design Award: Germany's most beautiful coupé[32]\n2010 Auto motor und sport \"Autonis Design Award\" for the convertible[33]","title":"Awards"}]	[{"image_text":"Interior (facelift model)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Mercedes-Benz_E250_Cabriolet_interior.jpg/220px-Mercedes-Benz_E250_Cabriolet_interior.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"E 250 CDI BlueEFFICIENCY, 2009 - 2013\". mercedes-benz-publicarchive.com. Retrieved 10 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://mercedes-benz-publicarchive.com/marsClassic/en/instance/ko/E-250-CDI-BlueEFFICIENCY-2009---2013.xhtml?oid=188954803","url_text":"\"E 250 CDI BlueEFFICIENCY, 2009 - 2013\""}]},{"reference":"\"E 250 CDI BlueEFFICIENCY, 2009 - 2013\". mercedes-benz-publicarchive.com. Retrieved 10 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://mercedes-benz-publicarchive.com/marsClassic/en/instance/ko/E-250-CDI-BlueEFFICIENCY-2009---2013.xhtml?oid=188954773","url_text":"\"E 250 CDI BlueEFFICIENCY, 2009 - 2013\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, Luke John (2017-01-27). \"Mercedes E-Class Coupe 2017 price, specs, tech and design\". Express.co.uk. Retrieved 2018-05-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.express.co.uk/life-style/cars/759087/Mercedes-E-Class-Coupe-2017-price-specs-production-Bremen","url_text":"\"Mercedes E-Class Coupe 2017 price, specs, tech and design\""}]},{"reference":"\"2014 Mercedes E-Class Coupe\". Autoblog. Retrieved 2018-05-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.autoblog.com/2013/05/29/2014-mercedes-e-class-coupe-review-first-drive/","url_text":"\"2014 Mercedes E-Class Coupe\""}]},{"reference":"\"Exec admits Benz should have created an E63 AMG Coupe\". Autoblog. Retrieved 2018-05-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.autoblog.com/2013/05/29/exec-admits-benz-should-have-created-an-e63-amg-coupe/","url_text":"\"Exec admits Benz should have created an E63 AMG Coupe\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tested: Twin-Turbo Mercedes E400 Coupe\". Car and Driver. Retrieved 2018-05-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.caranddriver.com/reviews/2015-mercedes-benz-e400-4matic-coupe-test-review","url_text":"\"Tested: Twin-Turbo Mercedes E400 Coupe\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mercedes Expands All-Wheel Drive Availability - Autotrader\". Autotrader. Retrieved 2018-05-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.autotrader.com/car-news/mercedes-expands-all-wheel-drive-availability-156751","url_text":"\"Mercedes Expands All-Wheel Drive Availability - Autotrader\""}]},{"reference":"\"2018 Mercedes-Benz E-Class Coupe Review @ Top Speed\". Top Speed. Retrieved 2018-05-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.topspeed.com/cars/mercedes/2018-mercedes-benz-e-class-coupe-ar171943.html","url_text":"\"2018 Mercedes-Benz E-Class Coupe Review @ Top Speed\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mercedes E-class coupe (2009): review\". CAR Magazine. Retrieved 2018-05-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.carmagazine.co.uk/car-reviews/mercedes-benz/mercedes-e-class-coupe-2009-review/","url_text":"\"Mercedes E-class coupe (2009): review\""}]},{"reference":"\"2010 Mercedes-Benz E-Class Coupe a C-Class underneath?\". Autoblog. Retrieved 2018-05-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.autoblog.com/2009/05/19/2010-mercedes-benz-e-class-coupe-a-c-class-underneath/","url_text":"\"2010 Mercedes-Benz E-Class Coupe a C-Class underneath?\""}]},{"reference":"\"The new Mercedes-Benz E-Class Cabriolet: Four seasons, four passengers - marsMediaSite\". marsMediaSite. Retrieved 2018-05-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://media.daimler.com/marsMediaSite/en/instance/ko.xhtml?oid=9907846&ls=L3NlYXJjaHJlc3VsdC9zZWFyY2hyZXN1bHQueGh0bWw_c2VhcmNoU3RyaW5nPU1lcmNlZGVzK0UrQ2xhc3Mmc2VhcmNoSWQ9MCZzZWFyY2hUeXBlPWRldGFpbGVkJmJvcmRlcnM9dHJ1ZSZ2aWV3VHlwZT1saXN0JnNvcnREZWZpbml0aW9uPVBVQkxJU0hFRF9BVC0yJmFqYXhSZXF1ZXN0c01hZGU9MiZ0aHVtYlNjYWxlSW5kZXg9MCZyb3dDb3VudHNJbmRleD01&rs=98","url_text":"\"The new Mercedes-Benz E-Class Cabriolet: Four seasons, four passengers - marsMediaSite\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mercedes-Benz E 220 CDI SE review - Autocar\". www.autocar.co.uk. Retrieved 2018-05-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.autocar.co.uk/car-review/mercedes-benz/e-class/first-drives/mercedes-benz-e-220-cdi-se","url_text":"\"Mercedes-Benz E 220 CDI SE review - Autocar\""}]},{"reference":"\"New E-Class Coupé and Cabriolet available at dealers starting in June: Passionate driving enjoyment - marsMediaSite\". marsMediaSite. Retrieved 2018-05-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://media.daimler.com/marsMediaSite/en/instance/ko.xhtml?oid=9919636&ls=L3NlYXJjaHJlc3VsdC9zZWFyY2hyZXN1bHQueGh0bWw_c2VhcmNoU3RyaW5nPU1lcmNlZGVzK0UrQ2xhc3Mmc2VhcmNoSWQ9MCZzZWFyY2hUeXBlPWRldGFpbGVkJmJvcmRlcnM9dHJ1ZSZ2aWV3VHlwZT1saXN0JnNvcnREZWZpbml0aW9uPVBVQkxJU0hFRF9BVC0yJmFqYXhSZXF1ZXN0c01hZGU9MSZ0aHVtYlNjYWxlSW5kZXg9MCZyb3dDb3VudHNJbmRleD01&rs=71","url_text":"\"New E-Class Coupé and Cabriolet available at dealers starting in June: Passionate driving enjoyment - marsMediaSite\""}]},{"reference":"\"The new Mercedes-Benz E-Class Cabriolet: Four seasons, four passengers - marsMediaSite\". marsMediaSite. Retrieved 2018-05-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://media.daimler.com/marsMediaSite/en/instance/ko.xhtml?oid=9907846&ls=L3NlYXJjaHJlc3VsdC9zZWFyY2hyZXN1bHQueGh0bWw_c2VhcmNoU3RyaW5nPU1lcmNlZGVzK0UrQ2xhc3Mmc2VhcmNoSWQ9MCZzZWFyY2hUeXBlPWRldGFpbGVkJmJvcmRlcnM9dHJ1ZSZ2aWV3VHlwZT1saXN0JnNvcnREZWZpbml0aW9uPVBVQkxJU0hFRF9BVC0yJmFqYXhSZXF1ZXN0c01hZGU9MiZ0aHVtYlNjYWxlSW5kZXg9MCZyb3dDb3VudHNJbmRleD01&rs=98","url_text":"\"The new Mercedes-Benz E-Class Cabriolet: Four seasons, four passengers - marsMediaSite\""}]},{"reference":"MacKenzie, Angus (7 July 2009). \"First Test: 2010 Mercedes-Benz E550 Coupe\". Motor Trend. Retrieved 31 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.motortrend.com/roadtests/coupes/112_0907_2010_mercedes_benz_e550_coupe_test/viewall.html","url_text":"\"First Test: 2010 Mercedes-Benz E550 Coupe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_Trend","url_text":"Motor Trend"}]},{"reference":"\"Geneva Motor Show debut for Mercedes Benz E-Class Coupe\". Motor Authority. Retrieved 2018-05-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.motorauthority.com/news/1032208_geneva-motor-show-debut-for-mercedes-benz-e-class-coupe","url_text":"\"Geneva Motor Show debut for Mercedes Benz E-Class Coupe\""}]},{"reference":"\"2010 Mercedes-Benz E-Class Cabriolet World Debut in Detroit\". Motor1.com. Retrieved 2018-05-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.motor1.com/news/19514/2010-mercedes-benz-e-class-cabriolet-world-debut-in-detroit/","url_text":"\"2010 Mercedes-Benz E-Class Cabriolet World Debut in Detroit\""}]},{"reference":"\"2010 Mercedes-Benz E-Class Cabriolet World Debut in Detroit\". Worldcarfans.com. Retrieved 2010-06-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.worldcarfans.com/110011123916/2010-mercedes-benz-e-class-cabriolet-world-debut-in-detroit","url_text":"\"2010 Mercedes-Benz E-Class Cabriolet World Debut in Detroit\""}]},{"reference":"\"2011 Mercedes-Benz E-Class Cabriolet\". Road & Track. 2010-01-08. Retrieved 2018-05-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.roadandtrack.com/car-shows/detroit-auto-show/news/a15345/2011-mercedes-benz-e-class-cabriolet-1/","url_text":"\"2011 Mercedes-Benz E-Class Cabriolet\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mercedes-Benz E-class review (W213 series, 2016 on)\". Sunday Times Driving. 2017-03-27. Retrieved 2018-05-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.driving.co.uk/car-reviews/mercedes-benz-e-class-review-w213-model-2016/","url_text":"\"Mercedes-Benz E-class review (W213 series, 2016 on)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mercedes S-class facelift (2010): spy photos\". CAR Magazine. Retrieved 2018-05-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.carmagazine.co.uk/spy-shots/mercedes-benz/mercedes-s-class-facelift-2010-spy-photos/","url_text":"\"Mercedes S-class facelift (2010): spy photos\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mother Proof's view\". cars.com. 2011-09-27. Retrieved 2018-05-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cars.com/reviews/mother-proofs-view-1420689329629/","url_text":"\"Mother Proof's view\""}]},{"reference":"\"2010 Mercedes-Benz E-Class gets AMG sports package\". Autoblog. Retrieved 2018-05-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.autoblog.com/2009/01/21/2010-mercedes-benz-e-class-gets-amg-sports-package/","url_text":"\"2010 Mercedes-Benz E-Class gets AMG sports package\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mercedes E-Class Coupe and Cabriolet facelift\". Auto Express. Retrieved 2018-05-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.autoexpress.co.uk/mercedes/e-class/62159/mercedes-e-class-coupe-and-cabriolet-facelif","url_text":"\"Mercedes E-Class Coupe and Cabriolet facelift\""}]},{"reference":"\"Drive test E Class: The most comprehensive facelift in history - MercedesBlog\". MercedesBlog. 2014-09-14. Retrieved 2018-05-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://mercedesblog.com/drive-test-e-class-the-most-comprehensive-facelift-from-history/","url_text":"\"Drive test E Class: The most comprehensive facelift in history - MercedesBlog\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mercedes-Benz E-Class gets a new facelift for 2013 - Recombu\". Recombu. 2012-12-13. Retrieved 2018-05-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://recombu.com/cars/article/mercedes-e-class-gets-a-new-facelift-for-2013","url_text":"\"Mercedes-Benz E-Class gets a new facelift for 2013 - Recombu\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mercedes E-Class 2014 updates announced\". Auto Express. Retrieved 2018-05-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.autoexpress.co.uk/mercedes/e-class/88082/mercedes-e-class-2014-updates-announced","url_text":"\"Mercedes E-Class 2014 updates announced\""}]},{"reference":"\"2014 Mercedes-Benz E-Class facelift engine lineup detailed\". Motor1.com. Retrieved 2018-05-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.motor1.com/news/35569/2014-mercedes-benz-e-class-facelift-engine-lineup-detailed/","url_text":"\"2014 Mercedes-Benz E-Class facelift engine lineup detailed\""}]},{"reference":"\"New: E-Class Coupé and Cabriolet. Driving pleasure at the highest level: passion, sportiness, intelligence - marsMediaSite\". marsMediaSite. Retrieved 2018-05-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://media.daimler.com/marsMediaSite/en/instance/ko.xhtml?oid=9918542&ls=L3NlYXJjaHJlc3VsdC9zZWFyY2hyZXN1bHQueGh0bWw_c2VhcmNoU3RyaW5nPU1lcmNlZGVzK0UrQ2xhc3Mmc2VhcmNoSWQ9MCZzZWFyY2hUeXBlPWRldGFpbGVkJmJvcmRlcnM9dHJ1ZSZ2aWV3VHlwZT1saXN0JnNvcnREZWZpbml0aW9uPVBVQkxJU0hFRF9BVC0yJmFqYXhSZXF1ZXN0c01hZGU9MSZ0aHVtYlNjYWxlSW5kZXg9MCZyb3dDb3VudHNJbmRleD01&rs=78","url_text":"\"New: E-Class Coupé and Cabriolet. Driving pleasure at the highest level: passion, sportiness, intelligence - marsMediaSite\""}]},{"reference":"\"2013 Mercedes E-Class Facelift - What's Changed?\". Retrieved 2018-05-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.carwow.co.uk/news/mercedes-e-class-facelift-345-564","url_text":"\"2013 Mercedes E-Class Facelift - What's Changed?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mercedes-Benz introduces nine-speed auto\". www.autocar.co.uk. Retrieved 2018-05-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/new-cars/mercedes-benz-introduces-nine-speed-auto-option","url_text":"\"Mercedes-Benz introduces nine-speed auto\""}]},{"reference":"\"AUTO BILD Design Award 2009: New E-Class voted best-looking car in Germany - marsMediaSite\". marsMediaSite. Retrieved 2018-05-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://media.daimler.com/marsMediaSite/en/instance/ko.xhtml?oid=9908751&ls=L3NlYXJjaHJlc3VsdC9zZWFyY2hyZXN1bHQueGh0bWw_c2VhcmNoU3RyaW5nPU1lcmNlZGVzK0UrQ2xhc3Mmc2VhcmNoSWQ9MCZzZWFyY2hUeXBlPWRldGFpbGVkJmJvcmRlcnM9dHJ1ZSZ2aWV3VHlwZT1saXN0JnNvcnREZWZpbml0aW9uPVBVQkxJU0hFRF9BVC0yJmFqYXhSZXF1ZXN0c01hZGU9MiZ0aHVtYlNjYWxlSW5kZXg9MCZyb3dDb3VudHNJbmRleD01&rs=113","url_text":"\"AUTO BILD Design Award 2009: New E-Class voted best-looking car in Germany - marsMediaSite\""}]},{"reference":"\"Readers' vote for \"The most beautiful cars of 2010\" - Double victory for Mercedes-Benz: E-Class Cabriolet and SLS AMG are clear favourites - marsMediaSite\". marsMediaSite. Retrieved 2018-05-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://media.daimler.com/marsMediaSite/en/instance/ko.xhtml?oid=9914697&ls=L3NlYXJjaHJlc3VsdC9zZWFyY2hyZXN1bHQueGh0bWw_c2VhcmNoU3RyaW5nPU1lcmNlZGVzK0UrQ2xhc3Mmc2VhcmNoSWQ9MCZzZWFyY2hUeXBlPWRldGFpbGVkJmJvcmRlcnM9dHJ1ZSZ2aWV3VHlwZT1saXN0JnNvcnREZWZpbml0aW9uPVBVQkxJU0hFRF9BVC0yJmFqYXhSZXF1ZXN0c01hZGU9MiZ0aHVtYlNjYWxlSW5kZXg9MCZyb3dDb3VudHNJbmRleD01&rs=86","url_text":"\"Readers' vote for \"The most beautiful cars of 2010\" - Double victory for Mercedes-Benz: E-Class Cabriolet and SLS AMG are clear favourites - marsMediaSite\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://mercedes-benz-publicarchive.com/marsClassic/en/instance/ko/E-250-CDI-BlueEFFICIENCY-2009---2013.xhtml?oid=188954803","external_links_name":"\"E 250 CDI BlueEFFICIENCY, 2009 - 2013\""},{"Link":"https://mercedes-benz-publicarchive.com/marsClassic/en/instance/ko/E-250-CDI-BlueEFFICIENCY-2009---2013.xhtml?oid=188954773","external_links_name":"\"E 250 CDI BlueEFFICIENCY, 2009 - 2013\""},{"Link":"https://www.express.co.uk/life-style/cars/759087/Mercedes-E-Class-Coupe-2017-price-specs-production-Bremen","external_links_name":"\"Mercedes E-Class Coupe 2017 price, specs, tech and design\""},{"Link":"https://www.autoblog.com/2013/05/29/2014-mercedes-e-class-coupe-review-first-drive/","external_links_name":"\"2014 Mercedes E-Class Coupe\""},{"Link":"https://www.autoblog.com/2013/05/29/exec-admits-benz-should-have-created-an-e63-amg-coupe/","external_links_name":"\"Exec admits Benz should have created an E63 AMG Coupe\""},{"Link":"https://www.caranddriver.com/reviews/2015-mercedes-benz-e400-4matic-coupe-test-review","external_links_name":"\"Tested: Twin-Turbo Mercedes E400 Coupe\""},{"Link":"https://www.autotrader.com/car-news/mercedes-expands-all-wheel-drive-availability-156751","external_links_name":"\"Mercedes Expands All-Wheel Drive Availability - Autotrader\""},{"Link":"https://www.topspeed.com/cars/mercedes/2018-mercedes-benz-e-class-coupe-ar171943.html","external_links_name":"\"2018 Mercedes-Benz E-Class Coupe Review @ Top Speed\""},{"Link":"https://www.carmagazine.co.uk/car-reviews/mercedes-benz/mercedes-e-class-coupe-2009-review/","external_links_name":"\"Mercedes E-class coupe (2009): review\""},{"Link":"https://www.autoblog.com/2009/05/19/2010-mercedes-benz-e-class-coupe-a-c-class-underneath/","external_links_name":"\"2010 Mercedes-Benz E-Class Coupe a C-Class underneath?\""},{"Link":"http://media.daimler.com/marsMediaSite/en/instance/ko.xhtml?oid=9907846&ls=L3NlYXJjaHJlc3VsdC9zZWFyY2hyZXN1bHQueGh0bWw_c2VhcmNoU3RyaW5nPU1lcmNlZGVzK0UrQ2xhc3Mmc2VhcmNoSWQ9MCZzZWFyY2hUeXBlPWRldGFpbGVkJmJvcmRlcnM9dHJ1ZSZ2aWV3VHlwZT1saXN0JnNvcnREZWZpbml0aW9uPVBVQkxJU0hFRF9BVC0yJmFqYXhSZXF1ZXN0c01hZGU9MiZ0aHVtYlNjYWxlSW5kZXg9MCZyb3dDb3VudHNJbmRleD01&rs=98","external_links_name":"\"The new Mercedes-Benz E-Class Cabriolet: Four seasons, four passengers - marsMediaSite\""},{"Link":"https://www.autocar.co.uk/car-review/mercedes-benz/e-class/first-drives/mercedes-benz-e-220-cdi-se","external_links_name":"\"Mercedes-Benz E 220 CDI SE review - Autocar\""},{"Link":"http://media.daimler.com/marsMediaSite/en/instance/ko.xhtml?oid=9919636&ls=L3NlYXJjaHJlc3VsdC9zZWFyY2hyZXN1bHQueGh0bWw_c2VhcmNoU3RyaW5nPU1lcmNlZGVzK0UrQ2xhc3Mmc2VhcmNoSWQ9MCZzZWFyY2hUeXBlPWRldGFpbGVkJmJvcmRlcnM9dHJ1ZSZ2aWV3VHlwZT1saXN0JnNvcnREZWZpbml0aW9uPVBVQkxJU0hFRF9BVC0yJmFqYXhSZXF1ZXN0c01hZGU9MSZ0aHVtYlNjYWxlSW5kZXg9MCZyb3dDb3VudHNJbmRleD01&rs=71","external_links_name":"\"New E-Class Coupé and Cabriolet available at dealers starting in June: Passionate driving enjoyment - marsMediaSite\""},{"Link":"http://media.daimler.com/marsMediaSite/en/instance/ko.xhtml?oid=9907846&ls=L3NlYXJjaHJlc3VsdC9zZWFyY2hyZXN1bHQueGh0bWw_c2VhcmNoU3RyaW5nPU1lcmNlZGVzK0UrQ2xhc3Mmc2VhcmNoSWQ9MCZzZWFyY2hUeXBlPWRldGFpbGVkJmJvcmRlcnM9dHJ1ZSZ2aWV3VHlwZT1saXN0JnNvcnREZWZpbml0aW9uPVBVQkxJU0hFRF9BVC0yJmFqYXhSZXF1ZXN0c01hZGU9MiZ0aHVtYlNjYWxlSW5kZXg9MCZyb3dDb3VudHNJbmRleD01&rs=98","external_links_name":"\"The new Mercedes-Benz E-Class Cabriolet: Four seasons, four passengers - marsMediaSite\""},{"Link":"https://www.motortrend.com/roadtests/coupes/112_0907_2010_mercedes_benz_e550_coupe_test/viewall.html","external_links_name":"\"First Test: 2010 Mercedes-Benz E550 Coupe\""},{"Link":"https://www.motorauthority.com/news/1032208_geneva-motor-show-debut-for-mercedes-benz-e-class-coupe","external_links_name":"\"Geneva Motor Show debut for Mercedes Benz E-Class Coupe\""},{"Link":"https://www.motor1.com/news/19514/2010-mercedes-benz-e-class-cabriolet-world-debut-in-detroit/","external_links_name":"\"2010 Mercedes-Benz E-Class Cabriolet World Debut in Detroit\""},{"Link":"http://www.worldcarfans.com/110011123916/2010-mercedes-benz-e-class-cabriolet-world-debut-in-detroit","external_links_name":"\"2010 Mercedes-Benz E-Class Cabriolet World Debut in Detroit\""},{"Link":"https://www.roadandtrack.com/car-shows/detroit-auto-show/news/a15345/2011-mercedes-benz-e-class-cabriolet-1/","external_links_name":"\"2011 Mercedes-Benz E-Class Cabriolet\""},{"Link":"https://www.driving.co.uk/car-reviews/mercedes-benz-e-class-review-w213-model-2016/","external_links_name":"\"Mercedes-Benz E-class review (W213 series, 2016 on)\""},{"Link":"https://www.carmagazine.co.uk/spy-shots/mercedes-benz/mercedes-s-class-facelift-2010-spy-photos/","external_links_name":"\"Mercedes S-class facelift (2010): spy photos\""},{"Link":"https://www.cars.com/reviews/mother-proofs-view-1420689329629/","external_links_name":"\"Mother Proof's view\""},{"Link":"https://www.autoblog.com/2009/01/21/2010-mercedes-benz-e-class-gets-amg-sports-package/","external_links_name":"\"2010 Mercedes-Benz E-Class gets AMG sports package\""},{"Link":"http://www.autoexpress.co.uk/mercedes/e-class/62159/mercedes-e-class-coupe-and-cabriolet-facelif","external_links_name":"\"Mercedes E-Class Coupe and Cabriolet facelift\""},{"Link":"http://mercedesblog.com/drive-test-e-class-the-most-comprehensive-facelift-from-history/","external_links_name":"\"Drive test E Class: The most comprehensive facelift in history - MercedesBlog\""},{"Link":"https://recombu.com/cars/article/mercedes-e-class-gets-a-new-facelift-for-2013","external_links_name":"\"Mercedes-Benz E-Class gets a new facelift for 2013 - Recombu\""},{"Link":"http://www.autoexpress.co.uk/mercedes/e-class/88082/mercedes-e-class-2014-updates-announced","external_links_name":"\"Mercedes E-Class 2014 updates announced\""},{"Link":"https://www.motor1.com/news/35569/2014-mercedes-benz-e-class-facelift-engine-lineup-detailed/","external_links_name":"\"2014 Mercedes-Benz E-Class facelift engine lineup detailed\""},{"Link":"http://media.daimler.com/marsMediaSite/en/instance/ko.xhtml?oid=9918542&ls=L3NlYXJjaHJlc3VsdC9zZWFyY2hyZXN1bHQueGh0bWw_c2VhcmNoU3RyaW5nPU1lcmNlZGVzK0UrQ2xhc3Mmc2VhcmNoSWQ9MCZzZWFyY2hUeXBlPWRldGFpbGVkJmJvcmRlcnM9dHJ1ZSZ2aWV3VHlwZT1saXN0JnNvcnREZWZpbml0aW9uPVBVQkxJU0hFRF9BVC0yJmFqYXhSZXF1ZXN0c01hZGU9MSZ0aHVtYlNjYWxlSW5kZXg9MCZyb3dDb3VudHNJbmRleD01&rs=78","external_links_name":"\"New: E-Class Coupé and Cabriolet. Driving pleasure at the highest level: passion, sportiness, intelligence - marsMediaSite\""},{"Link":"https://www.carwow.co.uk/news/mercedes-e-class-facelift-345-564","external_links_name":"\"2013 Mercedes E-Class Facelift - What's Changed?\""},{"Link":"https://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/new-cars/mercedes-benz-introduces-nine-speed-auto-option","external_links_name":"\"Mercedes-Benz introduces nine-speed auto\""},{"Link":"http://media.daimler.com/marsMediaSite/en/instance/ko.xhtml?oid=9908751&ls=L3NlYXJjaHJlc3VsdC9zZWFyY2hyZXN1bHQueGh0bWw_c2VhcmNoU3RyaW5nPU1lcmNlZGVzK0UrQ2xhc3Mmc2VhcmNoSWQ9MCZzZWFyY2hUeXBlPWRldGFpbGVkJmJvcmRlcnM9dHJ1ZSZ2aWV3VHlwZT1saXN0JnNvcnREZWZpbml0aW9uPVBVQkxJU0hFRF9BVC0yJmFqYXhSZXF1ZXN0c01hZGU9MiZ0aHVtYlNjYWxlSW5kZXg9MCZyb3dDb3VudHNJbmRleD01&rs=113","external_links_name":"\"AUTO BILD Design Award 2009: New E-Class voted best-looking car in Germany - marsMediaSite\""},{"Link":"http://media.daimler.com/marsMediaSite/en/instance/ko.xhtml?oid=9914697&ls=L3NlYXJjaHJlc3VsdC9zZWFyY2hyZXN1bHQueGh0bWw_c2VhcmNoU3RyaW5nPU1lcmNlZGVzK0UrQ2xhc3Mmc2VhcmNoSWQ9MCZzZWFyY2hUeXBlPWRldGFpbGVkJmJvcmRlcnM9dHJ1ZSZ2aWV3VHlwZT1saXN0JnNvcnREZWZpbml0aW9uPVBVQkxJU0hFRF9BVC0yJmFqYXhSZXF1ZXN0c01hZGU9MiZ0aHVtYlNjYWxlSW5kZXg9MCZyb3dDb3VudHNJbmRleD01&rs=86","external_links_name":"\"Readers' vote for \"The most beautiful cars of 2010\" - Double victory for Mercedes-Benz: E-Class Cabriolet and SLS AMG are clear favourites - marsMediaSite\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Finchley	East Finchley	["1 History","2 Governance","3 Transport","4 Housing","5 Schools","6 Demography","7 Amenities and features","8 Media","9 Literary references","10 Notable people","11 See also","12 References"]	Coordinates: 51°35′25″N 0°10′31″W / 51.59016°N 0.17534°W / 51.59016; -0.17534This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "East Finchley" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message) For the Frank Turner song, see "East Finchley" (song). Human settlement in EnglandEast FinchleyClockwise from top: East Finchley Underground Station, Phoenix Cinema, Cherry Tree Woods, and Holy Trinity ChurchEast FinchleyLocation within Greater LondonPopulation15,989 (2011 Census.Ward)OS grid referenceTQ265895 North• Charing Cross5.75 mi (9.3 km)London boroughBarnetCeremonial countyGreater LondonRegionLondonCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townLONDONPostcode districtN2Dialling code020PoliceMetropolitanFireLondonAmbulanceLondon UK ParliamentFinchley & Golders GreenLondon AssemblyBarnet and Camden List of places UK England London 51°35′25″N 0°10′31″W / 51.59016°N 0.17534°W / 51.59016; -0.17534 East Finchley is an area in Northwest London, immediately north of Hampstead Heath. Like neighbouring Muswell Hill, it straddles the London Boroughs of Barnet and Haringey, with most of East Finchley falling into the London Borough of Barnet. It has the greenest high road in London. East Finchley is situated 5.4 miles (8.7 km) northwest of Charing Cross. Geographically, it is separated from the rest of Finchley by the North Circular, with North Finchley and West Finchley to the north, and Finchley Central (Church End) to the northwest. East Finchley (East End) was first mentioned in 1365, when it formed a scattered hamlet, but by 1860 it was the most populous part of Finchley. Badly bombed during World War 2, and with the subsequent re-building, the street pattern of the Old Village was destroyed. However, the area retains a strong community feeling. The area collectively named Finchley, which included East Finchley (East End), Finchley Central (Church End) and North Finchley, was a parish until its incorporation into the ancient county of Middlesex in 1878; Finchley was incorporated into Greater London in 1965. Although most of East Finchley falls into the parliamentary constituency of Finchley and Golders Green, East Finchley is a village in its own right, and not considered to be part of the town of Finchley. History East Finchley High Road in 1962 The land on which most of East Finchley now stands was once part of the Bishop of London's hunting ground, to the south of Finchley Common, first recorded around 1400. The Bishop of London built a road through his land, named The Bishop's Avenue, which still exists today. Another road extended further north, weaving through what is now Market Place, The Walks, King Street, and Oak Lane. As a result, pubs such as The Old White Lion, The Bald Faced Stag, and The Five Bells (on East End Road), all of which survive today, sprang up to provide rest for the people using the road. The area of "East Finchley Old Village" around Church Lane was west of the common and Bulls Lane (now Church Lane) dates back to at least the 17th century. With the coming of the Great Northern Railway in 1868, the area began to emerge, and the property was built gradually between the 1870s and the 1930s. However, it was not until 1914 that a more recognisable East Finchley High Road and surrounding area was visible. Governance From around 1547 Finchley had a parish vestry, which became a local board in 1878, an urban district council in 1895, and finally a municipal borough council between 1933 and 1965. The area is now part of the London Borough of Barnet. From 1959 to 1992 the Finchley constituency was represented in Parliament by Margaret Thatcher, UK Prime Minister from 1979 to 1990. Finchley is now included in the new constituency of Finchley and Golders Green, currently represented by a Conservative Member of Parliament. East Finchley ward is represented on Barnet Council by three elected Labour Councillors. Transport East Finchley Southbound Platform East Finchley Underground station is marked by a well-known statue of an archer by Eric Aumonier in the Art Deco style. The archer is pointing his arrow towards the entrance to the tunnel which starts south of the station and runs for 17.3 miles (27.8 km) to the end of the Northern line at Morden. For many years this was the longest tunnel in the world. There was originally an arrow at Morden Station to match the archer at East Finchley, but this was stolen a few months after the station was opened. The station is on the High Barnet branch of the Northern line which serves the city (via Bank) and the west end (via Charing Cross) with trains every 2–3 minutes. Buses also serve the high street with the 263 route going from Barnet Hospital to Highbury Barn; the 143 bus linking East Finchley to Archway, London and Brent Cross; the 102 from Edmonton Green, the 234 serving Barnet, The Spires from Highgate Wood and the 603 running between Swiss Cottage and Muswell Hill. Housing 19th century terraced housing Housing in East Finchley is diverse in its nature, encompassing many housing styles, from 19th-century terraced housing, large 30s houses, and multimillion-pound mansions on The Bishop's Avenue. The three eleven-storey tower blocks of Prospect Ring & Norfolk Close are visible for miles around. A further even taller towerblock in Prospect Ring was completed in 2021. Schools Only one state primary school, Martin Primary School (Ofsted outstanding) is situated in East Finchley itself, but the east and southern parts of N2 are covered by the catchment of Tetherdown, Coldfall and Highgate Primary Schools (all within the London Borough of Haringey). Pupils on the west side of the village attend Brookland Infant and Junior Schools which adjoin Christ's College. There are two faith primary schools - Holy Trinity (CofE), and Eden Primary School (Jewish). East Finchley is home to two mixed non-selective non-denominational secondary schools - Archer Academy (opened 2013) and Christ's College (mixed, as of 2018) and a mixed Roman Catholic secondary school - Bishop Douglass Catholic School. Pupils on the east (Muswell Hill) side of the village also attend Fortismere School (mixed comprehensive, which falls under the London Borough of Haringey Local Education Authority). Demography 2011 United Kingdom Census Country of birth Population United Kingdom 10,492 Ireland 420 Poland 350 India 341 South Africa 206 According to the 2011 UK Census, 72% of the ward's population was White (52% White British, 4% Irish, 16% Other White), 10% Asian British (5% Indian, 1% Pakistani, 1% Chinese, 3% Other Asian), 7% Black British (5% African, 1% Caribbean, 1% Other Black); the remaining population consists of mixed ethnic groups (2.0% White and Black African/Caribbean, 1.9% White and Asian, 1.7% Other Mixed), Arab and others . The largest religion was Christianity, claimed by 41% of the population, followed by Judaism and Islam claimed by 9% and 7% of the population respectively. Of the population, 36% either stated they had no religion (27%) or did not state their religion (9%). The Ismaili Muslim community, headed by the Aga Khan, worship at a Jamatkhana opened in 1996, which had been built in harmony with the neighbourhood as per the aims of this community. It is located behind the site of the Congregational Church that had been demolished in 1965 to make way for the shops of Viceroy Parade. Amenities and features Phoenix Cinema by nightThe auditorium The independent Phoenix Cinema (once called the Rex and before that the Coliseum) is located on the High Road, and regularly shows films with more individual appeal than is the case with the cinema chains. It is the oldest purpose-built cinema in the UK (the only older ones having started life as theatres). Time Out, the arts magazine, describes the Phoenix as the best single-screen cinema in London. Film critic Mark Kermode has written that the Phoenix Cinema "remains the single most significant cinema in my development as a bona fide cinema obsessive." There is a listed Neo-Georgian public library located on the High Road opposite Leslie Road. Behind the library are some award-winning allotments, owned by Barnet Council. Adjacent to these are the Fuelland allotments which are held in trust. The massive St. Pancras and Islington Cemetery is located on the High Road. Established in 1854, it is the oldest municipal cemetery in London and the largest. The Victorian painter Ford Madox Brown is buried there. Opposite East Finchley tube station is Cherry Tree Wood, approx. 4.5 ha in size, and contains both woodland and grassland. Nearby parks include Coldfall Wood to the north, and Highgate Wood, Queens Wood, and Hampstead Heath to the south. Also close to the tube station is the head office of McDonald's UK; this is seen by the flags and logos on the building. Media The Archer, founded in 1993, is East Finchley's free monthly community newspaper, run by volunteers. It takes its name from the eponymous statue at East Finchley tube station. Literary references In Evelyn Waugh's satirical novel Scoop, Lord Copper, owner of the newspaper Daily Beast, lived in East Finchley. "That evening, Mr Salter, foreign editor of The Beast, was summoned to dinner at his chief's country seat at East Finchley." Notable people Peter Sellers lived with his mother at 211b High Road, and in his Goon Show persona as Bluebottle was usually referred to as an East Finchley Boy Scout. Singer George Michael was born in Church Lane. Ronald Fisher was born in East Finchley. Gracie Fields lived in The Bishop's Avenue. Thomas Pierrepoint, the official British hangman in the early 1900s, lived in Huntingdon Road, by chance not far where the 18th-century gibbet had stood in Lincoln Road. The poet, playwright, and educator Clive Sansom was born in East Finchley in 1910. Jerry Springer lived at Belvedere Court on Lyttleton Road in East Finchley until he was four years old, when his family moved to the United States. Ray and Dave Davies, founders of the English rock band The Kinks, were born on Huntingdon Road, later lived in Denmark Terrace, and played their first gigs in The Clissold Arms, N2. Hugo Lloris lives in East Finchley. Amy Winehouse lived in East Finchley. John 'Hutch' Hutchinson lived in East Finchley. Will Self grew up between East Finchley and Hampstead Garden Suburb. Amelia Sach and Annie Walters lived and committed their crimes in East Finchley. Noreena Hertz was born in East Finchley. See also The Bishops Avenue Hampstead Garden Suburb Highgate References ^ "Barnet Ward population 2011". Neighbourhood Statistics. Office for National Statistics. Archived from the original on 21 October 2016. Retrieved 19 October 2016. ^ "Finchley: Introduction \| British History Online". British-history.ac.uk. Retrieved 7 May 2019. ^ Baker, T F T; C R Elrington (1980). "Finchley Finchley Local government". British History Online. Retrieved 21 September 2009. ^ "Historic Figures Margaret Thatcher (1925 - )". BBC. Retrieved 27 April 2009. ^ "Your Councillors". Barnet.moderngov.co.uk. 31 August 2021. ^ "Home \| Martin Primary School". Martinprimary.org.uk. Retrieved 6 July 2022. ^ "A summary of countries of birth in London". Census Update. 2011. data.london.gov.uk: 1. 17 May 2013. Archived from the original on 12 September 2014. Retrieved 12 September 2014. ^ a b c "East Finchley - UK Census Data 2011". Ukcensusdata.com. ^ a b Ann Bronkhurst (September 2004). "East Finchley's religious heritage" (PDF). The-archer.co.uk. Retrieved 6 July 2022. ^ Kermode, Mark. It's Only a Movie: Reel Life Adventures of a Film Obsessive. London: Random House, 2010; page 26. ^ Historic England. "East Finchley Library (1390575)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 12 September 2011. ^ Cherry, Bridget; Pevsner, Nikolaus (1998). London ( ed.). London: Penguin. p. 122. ISBN 0-14-071049-3. ^ "The Archer". The-archer.co.uk. Retrieved 21 October 2009. ^ Waugh, Evelyn, 1938, Scoop, Book one, chapter 3: ISBN 0141187492 ^ "BarnetHistory". Barnet4u.co.uk. Retrieved 6 July 2022. ^ "BarnetHistory". Barnet4u.co.uk. Retrieved 6 July 2022. ^ Howie, David. Interpreting Probability: Controversies and Developments in the Early Twentieth Century. p. 52. ^ "Jerry Springer: 'I was a poor refugee'". The JC. Retrieved 9 March 2024. ^ Offord, Jen (24 August 2018). "Tottenham keeper Hugo Lloris charged with drink-driving". Retrieved 14 May 2019. ^ Johnstone, Nick (2011). Amy, Amy, Amy : the Amy Winehouse story (1983-2011 memorial updated ed.). London: Omnibus. ISBN 9780857126993. OCLC 804876901. ^ Hutchinson, John (Guitarist) (12 June 2014). Bowie & Hutch. Bridlington, . p. 96. ISBN 9781291904031. OCLC 904347639.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ Charney, Noah (9 January 2013). "Will Self: How I Write". Retrieved 11 May 2019. ^ Décharné, Max (2012). Capital crimes : seven centuries of London life and murder. London. pp. 263–284. ISBN 9781847945907. OCLC 794137000.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ Self, Will (27 May 2001). "How to be an economics goddess". The Independent. London. pp. 6–8. Neighbouring areas Church End North Finchley Friern Barnet Temple Fortune East Finchley Muswell Hill Hampstead Garden Suburb Highgate Fortis Green vteLondon Borough of BarnetDistricts Arkley Barnet Gate Brent Cross Brunswick Park Burnt Oak Childs Hill Chipping Barnet Church End, Finchley Colney Hatch East Barnet East Finchley Edgware Finchley Friern Barnet Golders Green Grahame Park The Hale Hampstead Garden Suburb Hendon The Hyde Mill Hill (including Mill Hill East) Monken Hadley New Barnet North Finchley Oakleigh Park Osidge Temple Fortune Totteridge West Hendon Whetstone Woodside Park Partly in the London Borough Cockfosters Colindale Cricklewood Muswell Hill New Southgate Abolished in 1965 Barnet East Barnet Finchley Friern Barnet Hendon Attractions artsdepot Avenue House Barnet Gate Mill Barnet Market Barnet Museum La Délivrance Francis Skaryna Belarusian Library and Museum Museum of Domestic Design and Architecture RAF Museum Parks and open spaces Arrandene Open Space Barnet Gate Wood Basing Hill Park Bethune Park Bittacy Hill Park Brent Park Brent Reservoir Cherry Tree Wood Childs Hill Park Clitterhouse Recreation Ground Coppetts Wood Darland's Lake Nature Reserve Dollis Valley Greenwalk Edgwarebury Park Friary Park Golders Hill Park Greenhill Gardens Hendon Park King George's Fields Long Lane Pasture Lyttelton Playing Fields The Mill Field Mill Hill Park Moat Mount Open Space Princes Park Monken Hadley Common Oak Hill Park Oak Hill Wood Old Court House Recreation Ground Princes Park Rowley Green Common Scratchwood Stoneyfields Park Sunny Hill Park Swan Lane Open Space Totteridge Fields Tudor Sports Ground Victoria Park Victoria Recreation Ground Watling Park West Hendon Playing Fields Whalebones Park Whitings Hill Open Space Constituencies Chipping Barnet Hendon Finchley and Golders Green Tube and rail stations Brent Cross Burnt Oak Colindale Cricklewood East Finchley Edgware Finchley Central Golders Green Hendon Hendon Central High Barnet Mill Hill Broadway Mill Hill East New Barnet New Southgate Oakleigh Park Totteridge & Whetstone West Finchley Woodside Park Other topics Brent Cross Cricklewood Coat of arms Council Grade I and II* listed buildings Nature reserves People Public art Schools Category Commons vteAreas of LondonCentral activities zone Bloomsbury City of London wards Holborn Marylebone Mayfair Paddington Pimlico Soho Southwark Vauxhall Waterloo Westminster Town centrenetworkInternational Knightsbridge West End Metropolitan Bromley Croydon Ealing Harrow Hounslow Ilford Kingston Romford Shepherd's Bush Stratford Sutton Uxbridge Wood Green Major Angel Barking Bayswater Bexleyheath Brixton Camden Town Canary Wharf Catford Chiswick Clapham Junction Dalston East Ham Edgware Eltham Enfield Town Fulham Hammersmith Holloway Nags Head Kensington High Street Kilburn King's Road East Lewisham Orpington Peckham Putney Richmond Southall Streatham Tooting Walthamstow Wandsworth Wembley Wimbledon Woolwich Districts(principal) Acton Beckenham Belgravia Bethnal Green Brentford Camberwell Canada Water Carshalton Chadwell Heath Chingford Clapham Crystal Palace Coulsdon Cricklewood Dagenham Deptford Dulwich Edmonton Elephant and Castle Erith Feltham Finchley Forest Gate Forest Hill Golders Green Greenwich Harlesden Hampstead Harringay Hayes (Hillingdon) Hendon Hornchurch Kentish Town Leyton Mill Hill Mitcham Morden Muswell Hill New Cross New Malden Northwood Notting Hill Penge Pinner Purley Ruislip Sidcup Southgate South Norwood Stanmore Stoke Newington Surbiton Sydenham Teddington Thamesmead Tolworth Tulse Hill Twickenham Upminster Upper Norwood Wanstead Wealdstone Welling West Ham West Hampstead West Norwood Whitechapel Willesden Green Woodford Neighbourhoods(principal) Abbey Wood Alperton Anerley Archway Barnes Barnsbury Battersea Beckton Bermondsey Bow Brent Cross Brockley Canonbury Charlton Chelsea Chessington Chipping Barnet Chislehurst Clerkenwell Elmers End Gidea Park Greenford Gunnersbury Hackbridge Hackney Ham Hampton Hanwell Hanworth Harold Wood Highams Park Highbury Highgate Hillingdon Hook Holloway Hoxton Ickenham Isle of Dogs Isleworth Islington Kensal Green Kew Lambeth Manor Park Mortlake Neasden Northolt Nunhead Plaistow (Newham) Poplar Roehampton Rotherhithe Seven Kings Seven Sisters Shoreditch Stamford Hill Stepney St Helier Surrey Quays Tottenham Upper and Lower Clapton Upper Holloway Walworth Wapping West Drayton Worcester Park Yiewsley Fictional Canley (borough) (The Bill: TV soap) Charnham (suburb) (Family Affairs: TV soap) London Below (magical realm) (Neverwhere: TV series, novel) Walford (borough) (EastEnders: TV soap) Authority control databases: Geographic MusicBrainz area	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"East Finchley\" (song)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Finchley_(song)"},{"link_name":"Northwest London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Northwest_London&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hampstead Heath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampstead_Heath"},{"link_name":"Muswell Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muswell_Hill"},{"link_name":"Barnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Barnet"},{"link_name":"Haringey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Haringey"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Charing Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charing_Cross"},{"link_name":"Finchley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finchley"},{"link_name":"North Circular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Circular_Road,_London"},{"link_name":"North Finchley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Finchley"},{"link_name":"West Finchley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Finchley"},{"link_name":"Finchley Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_End,_Barnet"},{"link_name":"World War 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Finchley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finchley"},{"link_name":"Middlesex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesex"},{"link_name":"Finchley and Golders Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finchley_and_Golders_Green"}],"text":"For the Frank Turner song, see \"East Finchley\" (song).Human settlement in EnglandEast Finchley is an area in Northwest London, immediately north of Hampstead Heath. Like neighbouring Muswell Hill, it straddles the London Boroughs of Barnet and Haringey, with most of East Finchley falling into the London Borough of Barnet. It has the greenest high road in London.[citation needed]East Finchley is situated 5.4 miles (8.7 km) northwest of Charing Cross. Geographically, it is separated from the rest of Finchley by the North Circular, with North Finchley and West Finchley to the north, and Finchley Central (Church End) to the northwest.East Finchley (East End) was first mentioned in 1365, when it formed a scattered hamlet, but by 1860 it was the most populous part of Finchley. Badly bombed during World War 2, and with the subsequent re-building, the street pattern of the Old Village was destroyed. However, the area retains a strong community feeling.[2]The area collectively named Finchley, which included East Finchley (East End), Finchley Central (Church End) and North Finchley, was a parish until its incorporation into the ancient county of Middlesex in 1878; Finchley was incorporated into Greater London in 1965. \nAlthough most of East Finchley falls into the parliamentary constituency of Finchley and Golders Green, East Finchley is a village in its own right, and not considered to be part of the town of Finchley.","title":"East Finchley"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:East_Finchley_High_Road_geograph-3385868-by-Ben-Brooksbank.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bishop of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_London"},{"link_name":"Finchley Common","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finchley_Common"},{"link_name":"Great Northern Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Northern_Railway_(Great_Britain)"}],"text":"East Finchley High Road in 1962The land on which most of East Finchley now stands was once part of the Bishop of London's hunting ground, to the south of Finchley Common, first recorded around 1400. The Bishop of London built a road through his land, named The Bishop's Avenue, which still exists today. Another road extended further north, weaving through what is now Market Place, The Walks, King Street, and Oak Lane. As a result, pubs such as The Old White Lion, The Bald Faced Stag, and The Five Bells (on East End Road), all of which survive today, sprang up to provide rest for the people using the road.The area of \"East Finchley Old Village\" around Church Lane was west of the common and Bulls Lane (now Church Lane) dates back to at least the 17th century. With the coming of the Great Northern Railway in 1868, the area began to emerge, and the property was built gradually between the 1870s and the 1930s. However, it was not until 1914 that a more recognisable East Finchley High Road and surrounding area was visible.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"vestry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestry"},{"link_name":"urban district council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_district_(Great_Britain_and_Ireland)"},{"link_name":"municipal borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_borough"},{"link_name":"London Borough of Barnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Barnet"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Finchley constituency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finchley_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"represented in Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_constituencies"},{"link_name":"Margaret Thatcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thatcher-4"},{"link_name":"Finchley and Golders Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finchley_and_Golders_Green_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"From around 1547 Finchley had a parish vestry, which became a local board in 1878, an urban district council in 1895, and finally a municipal borough council between 1933 and 1965. The area is now part of the London Borough of Barnet.[3]From 1959 to 1992 the Finchley constituency was represented in Parliament by Margaret Thatcher, UK Prime Minister from 1979 to 1990.[4] Finchley is now included in the new constituency of Finchley and Golders Green, currently represented by a Conservative Member of Parliament. East Finchley ward is represented on Barnet Council by three elected Labour Councillors.[5]","title":"Governance"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:East_Finchley_tube_station_(3).jpg"},{"link_name":"East Finchley Underground station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Finchley_tube_station"},{"link_name":"Eric Aumonier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Aumonier"},{"link_name":"Art Deco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Deco"},{"link_name":"Northern line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_line"},{"link_name":"Morden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morden"},{"link_name":"Morden Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morden_tube_station"},{"link_name":"Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_and_Monument_stations"},{"link_name":"Charing Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charing_Cross_tube_station"},{"link_name":"Barnet Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnet_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Highbury Barn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highbury"},{"link_name":"Archway, London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archway_tube_station"},{"link_name":"Brent Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brent_Cross"},{"link_name":"Edmonton Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton_Green_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Barnet, The Spires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spires_Shopping_Centre"},{"link_name":"Highgate Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highgate_Wood"}],"text":"East Finchley Southbound PlatformEast Finchley Underground station is marked by a well-known statue of an archer by Eric Aumonier in the Art Deco style. The archer is pointing his arrow towards the entrance to the tunnel which starts south of the station and runs for 17.3 miles (27.8 km) to the end of the Northern line at Morden. For many years this was the longest tunnel in the world. There was originally an arrow at Morden Station to match the archer at East Finchley, but this was stolen a few months after the station was opened.The station is on the High Barnet branch of the Northern line which serves the city (via Bank) and the west end (via Charing Cross) with trains every 2–3 minutes. Buses also serve the high street with the 263 route going from Barnet Hospital to Highbury Barn; the 143 bus linking East Finchley to Archway, London and Brent Cross; the 102 from Edmonton Green, the 234 serving Barnet, The Spires from Highgate Wood and the 603 running between Swiss Cottage and Muswell Hill.","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Houses_in_East_Finchley.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Bishop's Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bishop%27s_Avenue"}],"text":"19th century terraced housingHousing in East Finchley is diverse in its nature, encompassing many housing styles, from 19th-century terraced housing, large 30s houses, and multimillion-pound mansions on The Bishop's Avenue. The three eleven-storey tower blocks of Prospect Ring & Norfolk Close are visible for miles around. A further even taller towerblock in Prospect Ring was completed in 2021.","title":"Housing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"primary school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_school"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"London Borough of Haringey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Haringey"},{"link_name":"secondary schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_schools"},{"link_name":"Christ's College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ%27s_College,_East_Finchley"},{"link_name":"Bishop Douglass Catholic School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_Douglass_Catholic_School"},{"link_name":"Muswell Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muswell_Hill"},{"link_name":"Fortismere School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortismere_School"},{"link_name":"London Borough of Haringey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Haringey"}],"text":"Only one state primary school, Martin Primary School[6] (Ofsted outstanding) is situated in East Finchley itself, but the east and southern parts of N2 are covered by the catchment of Tetherdown, Coldfall and Highgate Primary Schools (all within the London Borough of Haringey). Pupils on the west side of the village attend Brookland Infant and Junior Schools which adjoin Christ's College. There are two faith primary schools - Holy Trinity (CofE), and Eden Primary School (Jewish).East Finchley is home to two mixed non-selective non-denominational secondary schools - Archer Academy (opened 2013) and Christ's College (mixed, as of 2018) and a mixed Roman Catholic secondary school - Bishop Douglass Catholic School. Pupils on the east (Muswell Hill) side of the village also attend Fortismere School (mixed comprehensive, which falls under the London Borough of Haringey Local Education Authority).","title":"Schools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2011 UK Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_UK_Census"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-8"},{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"Judaism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-8"},{"link_name":"Ismaili Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isma%27ilism"},{"link_name":"Aga Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aga_Khan"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-9"}],"text":"According to the 2011 UK Census, 72% of the ward's population was White (52% White British, 4% Irish, 16% Other White), 10% Asian British (5% Indian, 1% Pakistani, 1% Chinese, 3% Other Asian), 7% Black British (5% African, 1% Caribbean, 1% Other Black); the remaining population consists of mixed ethnic groups (2.0% White and Black African/Caribbean, 1.9% White and Asian, 1.7% Other Mixed), Arab and others .[8]The largest religion was Christianity, claimed by 41% of the population, followed by Judaism and Islam claimed by 9% and 7% of the population respectively.[8] Of the population, 36% either stated they had no religion (27%) or did not state their religion (9%).[8]The Ismaili Muslim community, headed by the Aga Khan, worship at a Jamatkhana opened in 1996, which had been built in harmony with the neighbourhood as per the aims of this community.[9] It is located behind the site of the Congregational Church that had been demolished in 1965 to make way for the shops of Viceroy Parade.[9]","title":"Demography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phoenix_Cinema_frontage_at_night.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phoenix_Auditorium.jpg"},{"link_name":"Phoenix Cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Cinema"},{"link_name":"Time Out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Out_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Mark Kermode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Kermode"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Neo-Georgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Georgian_architecture"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Barnet"},{"link_name":"allotments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allotment_(gardening)"},{"link_name":"St. Pancras and Islington Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Pancras_and_Islington_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Ford Madox Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Madox_Brown"},{"link_name":"Cherry Tree Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherry_Tree_Wood"},{"link_name":"ha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hectare"},{"link_name":"Coldfall Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coldfall_Wood"},{"link_name":"Highgate Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highgate_Wood"},{"link_name":"Queens Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens_Wood"},{"link_name":"Hampstead Heath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampstead_Heath"},{"link_name":"McDonald's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonald%27s"}],"text":"Phoenix Cinema by nightThe auditoriumThe independent Phoenix Cinema (once called the Rex and before that the Coliseum) is located on the High Road, and regularly shows films with more individual appeal than is the case with the cinema chains. It is the oldest purpose-built cinema in the UK (the only older ones having started life as theatres). Time Out, the arts magazine, describes the Phoenix as the best single-screen cinema in London. Film critic Mark Kermode has written that the Phoenix Cinema \"remains the single most significant cinema in my development as a bona fide cinema obsessive.\"[10]There is a listed Neo-Georgian[11][12] public library located on the High Road opposite Leslie Road. Behind the library are some award-winning allotments, owned by Barnet Council. Adjacent to these are the Fuelland allotments which are held in trust. The massive St. Pancras and Islington Cemetery is located on the High Road. Established in 1854, it is the oldest municipal cemetery in London and the largest. The Victorian painter Ford Madox Brown is buried there.Opposite East Finchley tube station is Cherry Tree Wood, approx. 4.5 ha in size, and contains both woodland and grassland. Nearby parks include Coldfall Wood to the north, and Highgate Wood, Queens Wood, and Hampstead Heath to the south. Also close to the tube station is the head office of McDonald's UK; this is seen by the flags and logos on the building.","title":"Amenities and features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"community newspaper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_newspaper"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"The Archer, founded in 1993, is East Finchley's free monthly community newspaper, run by volunteers.[13] It takes its name from the eponymous statue at East Finchley tube station.","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Evelyn Waugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evelyn_Waugh"},{"link_name":"Scoop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scoop_(novel)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"In Evelyn Waugh's satirical novel Scoop, Lord Copper, owner of the newspaper Daily Beast, lived in East Finchley. \"That evening, Mr Salter, foreign editor of The Beast, was summoned to dinner at his chief's country seat at East Finchley.\"[14]","title":"Literary references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peter Sellers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Sellers"},{"link_name":"Goon Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goon_Show"},{"link_name":"Bluebottle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluebottle_(character)"},{"link_name":"Boy Scout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scout_(Scouting)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"George Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Michael"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Ronald Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Fisher"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Gracie Fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gracie_Fields"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Thomas Pierrepoint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pierrepoint"},{"link_name":"hangman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executioner"},{"link_name":"gibbet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbet"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Clive Sansom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Sansom"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Jerry Springer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Springer"},{"link_name":"Belvedere Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belvedere_Court"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Davies"},{"link_name":"Dave Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Davies"},{"link_name":"The Kinks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kinks"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Hugo Lloris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Lloris"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Amy Winehouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Winehouse"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Will Self","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Self"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Amelia Sach and Annie Walters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amelia_Sach_and_Annie_Walters"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Noreena Hertz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noreena_Hertz"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Self-24"}],"text":"Peter Sellers lived with his mother at 211b High Road, and in his Goon Show persona as Bluebottle was usually referred to as an East Finchley Boy Scout.[15]\nSinger George Michael was born in Church Lane.[16]\nRonald Fisher was born in East Finchley.[17]\nGracie Fields lived in The Bishop's Avenue.[citation needed]\nThomas Pierrepoint, the official British hangman in the early 1900s, lived in Huntingdon Road, by chance not far where the 18th-century gibbet had stood in Lincoln Road.[citation needed]\nThe poet, playwright, and educator Clive Sansom was born in East Finchley in 1910.[citation needed]\nJerry Springer lived at Belvedere Court on Lyttleton Road in East Finchley until he was four years old, when his family moved to the United States.[18]\nRay and Dave Davies, founders of the English rock band The Kinks, were born on Huntingdon Road, later lived in Denmark Terrace, and played their first gigs in The Clissold Arms, N2.[citation needed]\nHugo Lloris lives in East Finchley.[19]\nAmy Winehouse lived in East Finchley.[20]\nJohn 'Hutch' Hutchinson lived in East Finchley.[21]\nWill Self grew up between East Finchley and Hampstead Garden Suburb.[22]\nAmelia Sach and Annie Walters lived and committed their crimes in East Finchley.[23]\nNoreena Hertz was born in East Finchley.[24]","title":"Notable people"}]	[{"image_text":"East Finchley High Road in 1962","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/East_Finchley_High_Road_geograph-3385868-by-Ben-Brooksbank.jpg/220px-East_Finchley_High_Road_geograph-3385868-by-Ben-Brooksbank.jpg"},{"image_text":"East Finchley Southbound Platform","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/East_Finchley_tube_station_%283%29.jpg/220px-East_Finchley_tube_station_%283%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"19th century terraced housing","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Houses_in_East_Finchley.jpg/220px-Houses_in_East_Finchley.jpg"}]	[{"title":"The Bishops Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bishops_Avenue"},{"title":"Hampstead Garden Suburb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampstead_Garden_Suburb"},{"title":"Highgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highgate"}]	[{"reference":"\"Barnet Ward population 2011\". Neighbourhood Statistics. Office for National Statistics. Archived from the original on 21 October 2016. Retrieved 19 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161021060517/http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=13688556&c=East+Finchley&d=14&e=62&g=6318146&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&o=362&m=0&r=1&s=1476888713687&enc=1","url_text":"\"Barnet Ward population 2011\""},{"url":"http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=13688556&c=East+Finchley&d=14&e=62&g=6318146&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&o=362&m=0&r=1&s=1476888713687&enc=1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Finchley: Introduction \| British History Online\". British-history.ac.uk. Retrieved 7 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/middx/vol6/pp38-55","url_text":"\"Finchley: Introduction \| British History Online\""}]},{"reference":"Baker, T F T; C R Elrington (1980). \"Finchley Finchley Local government\". British History Online. Retrieved 21 September 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=22506","url_text":"\"Finchley Finchley Local government\""}]},{"reference":"\"Historic Figures Margaret Thatcher (1925 - )\". BBC. Retrieved 27 April 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/thatcher_margaret.shtml","url_text":"\"Historic Figures Margaret Thatcher (1925 - )\""}]},{"reference":"\"Your Councillors\". Barnet.moderngov.co.uk. 31 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://barnet.moderngov.co.uk/mgMemberIndex.aspx?FN=WARD&VW=TABLE&PIC=1","url_text":"\"Your Councillors\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home \| Martin Primary School\". Martinprimary.org.uk. Retrieved 6 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.martinprimary.org.uk/","url_text":"\"Home \| Martin Primary School\""}]},{"reference":"\"A summary of countries of birth in London\". Census Update. 2011. data.london.gov.uk: 1. 17 May 2013. Archived from the original on 12 September 2014. Retrieved 12 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140912095019/http://data.london.gov.uk/datastore/package/detailed-country-birth-2011-census-borough","url_text":"\"A summary of countries of birth in London\""},{"url":"http://data.london.gov.uk/datastore/package/detailed-country-birth-2011-census-borough","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"East Finchley - UK Census Data 2011\". Ukcensusdata.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ukcensusdata.com/east-finchley-e05000049","url_text":"\"East Finchley - UK Census Data 2011\""}]},{"reference":"Ann Bronkhurst (September 2004). \"East Finchley's religious heritage\" (PDF). The-archer.co.uk. Retrieved 6 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.the-archer.co.uk/archive/2004/2004Sep09.pdf","url_text":"\"East Finchley's religious heritage\""}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"East Finchley Library (1390575)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 12 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1390575","url_text":"\"East Finchley Library (1390575)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"Cherry, Bridget; Pevsner, Nikolaus (1998). London ([New ed.] ed.). London: Penguin. p. 122. ISBN 0-14-071049-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-071049-3","url_text":"0-14-071049-3"}]},{"reference":"\"The Archer\". The-archer.co.uk. Retrieved 21 October 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.the-archer.co.uk/","url_text":"\"The Archer\""}]},{"reference":"\"BarnetHistory\". Barnet4u.co.uk. Retrieved 6 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.barnet4u.co.uk/","url_text":"\"BarnetHistory\""}]},{"reference":"\"BarnetHistory\". Barnet4u.co.uk. Retrieved 6 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.barnet4u.co.uk/","url_text":"\"BarnetHistory\""}]},{"reference":"Howie, David. Interpreting Probability: Controversies and Developments in the Early Twentieth Century. p. 52.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Jerry Springer: 'I was a poor refugee'\". The JC. Retrieved 9 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thejc.com/life-and-culture/jerry-springer-i-was-a-poor-refugee-j14tku2v","url_text":"\"Jerry Springer: 'I was a poor refugee'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_JC","url_text":"The JC"}]},{"reference":"Offord, Jen (24 August 2018). \"Tottenham keeper Hugo Lloris charged with drink-driving\". Retrieved 14 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eurosport.co.uk/football/premier-league/2018-2019/spurs-keeper-hugo-lloris-charged-with-drink-driving_sto6899510/story.shtml","url_text":"\"Tottenham keeper Hugo Lloris charged with drink-driving\""}]},{"reference":"Johnstone, Nick (2011). Amy, Amy, Amy : the Amy Winehouse story (1983-2011 memorial updated ed.). London: Omnibus. ISBN 9780857126993. OCLC 804876901.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857126993","url_text":"9780857126993"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/804876901","url_text":"804876901"}]},{"reference":"Hutchinson, John (Guitarist) (12 June 2014). Bowie & Hutch. Bridlington, [England]. p. 96. ISBN 9781291904031. OCLC 904347639.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781291904031","url_text":"9781291904031"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/904347639","url_text":"904347639"}]},{"reference":"Charney, Noah (9 January 2013). \"Will Self: How I Write\". Retrieved 11 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/01/09/will-self-how-i-write","url_text":"\"Will Self: How I Write\""}]},{"reference":"Décharné, Max (2012). Capital crimes : seven centuries of London life and murder. London. pp. 263–284. ISBN 9781847945907. OCLC 794137000.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781847945907","url_text":"9781847945907"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/794137000","url_text":"794137000"}]},{"reference":"Self, Will (27 May 2001). \"How to be an economics goddess\". The Independent. London. pp. 6–8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Self","url_text":"Self, Will"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=East_Finchley&params=51.59016_N_0.17534_W_region:GB_type:city(15989)","external_links_name":"51°35′25″N 0°10′31″W / 51.59016°N 0.17534°W / 51.59016; -0.17534"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22East+Finchley%22","external_links_name":"\"East Finchley\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22East+Finchley%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22East+Finchley%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22East+Finchley%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22East+Finchley%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22East+Finchley%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=East_Finchley&params=51.590151_N_0.175341_W_region:GB_scale:25000&title=East+Finchley","external_links_name":"TQ265895"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=East_Finchley&params=51.59016_N_0.17534_W_region:GB_type:city(15989)","external_links_name":"51°35′25″N 0°10′31″W / 51.59016°N 0.17534°W / 51.59016; -0.17534"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161021060517/http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=13688556&c=East+Finchley&d=14&e=62&g=6318146&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&o=362&m=0&r=1&s=1476888713687&enc=1","external_links_name":"\"Barnet Ward population 2011\""},{"Link":"http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=13688556&c=East+Finchley&d=14&e=62&g=6318146&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&o=362&m=0&r=1&s=1476888713687&enc=1","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/middx/vol6/pp38-55","external_links_name":"\"Finchley: Introduction \| British History Online\""},{"Link":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=22506","external_links_name":"\"Finchley Finchley Local government\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/thatcher_margaret.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Historic Figures Margaret Thatcher (1925 - )\""},{"Link":"https://barnet.moderngov.co.uk/mgMemberIndex.aspx?FN=WARD&VW=TABLE&PIC=1","external_links_name":"\"Your Councillors\""},{"Link":"https://www.martinprimary.org.uk/","external_links_name":"\"Home \| Martin Primary School\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140912095019/http://data.london.gov.uk/datastore/package/detailed-country-birth-2011-census-borough","external_links_name":"\"A summary of countries of birth in London\""},{"Link":"http://data.london.gov.uk/datastore/package/detailed-country-birth-2011-census-borough","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.ukcensusdata.com/east-finchley-e05000049","external_links_name":"\"East Finchley - UK Census Data 2011\""},{"Link":"http://www.the-archer.co.uk/archive/2004/2004Sep09.pdf","external_links_name":"\"East Finchley's religious heritage\""},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1390575","external_links_name":"\"East Finchley Library (1390575)\""},{"Link":"http://www.the-archer.co.uk/","external_links_name":"\"The Archer\""},{"Link":"http://www.barnet4u.co.uk/","external_links_name":"\"BarnetHistory\""},{"Link":"http://www.barnet4u.co.uk/","external_links_name":"\"BarnetHistory\""},{"Link":"https://www.thejc.com/life-and-culture/jerry-springer-i-was-a-poor-refugee-j14tku2v","external_links_name":"\"Jerry Springer: 'I was a poor refugee'\""},{"Link":"https://www.eurosport.co.uk/football/premier-league/2018-2019/spurs-keeper-hugo-lloris-charged-with-drink-driving_sto6899510/story.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Tottenham keeper Hugo Lloris charged with drink-driving\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/804876901","external_links_name":"804876901"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/904347639","external_links_name":"904347639"},{"Link":"https://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/01/09/will-self-how-i-write","external_links_name":"\"Will Self: How I Write\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/794137000","external_links_name":"794137000"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/area/d91a9509-512c-4eb2-b9e2-7cf2b4e7bf78","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz area"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zi_Corporation	Zi Corporation	["1 Products","2 Patent war","3 Other controversies","4 References","5 External links"]	Zi CorporationFormerlyMulti-Corp IncCompany typePrivateTraded asNasdaq: ZICATSX: ZICIndustrySoftwareFounded1987 (1987) in Calgary, CanadaDefunctApril 9, 2009 (2009-04-09)FateAcquired by Nuance CommunicationsHeadquartersCalgary, CanadaAreas servedCanadaChinaSwedenUnited StatesKey peopleMilos Djokovic (President and CEO)Blair Mullin (CFO)George Tai (Chairman)ProductsDecumaeZiTexteZiTypeQixRevenueCA$13,323,492 (2008)Total assetsCA$8,327,550 (2008)Number of employees77 (1987)Websitezicorp.com (defunct) Zi Corporation was a software company based in Calgary, Canada. The company was founded on 4 December 1987 as Cancom Ventures Inc, owning an Edmonton secretarial college and an industrial equipment rental business. On 30 August 1989 the name was changed to Multi-Corp Inc. In 1993, board member Michael Lobsinger took control of the company, became CEO, and turned the company towards the telecommunications industry, purchasing several privately held companies involved in the telecommunications businesses, and in November 1993, Multi-Corp entered into an exclusive licensing agreement with Eric Chappell for a stroke-based Chinese text entry system which they referred to as the Jiejing Licenses. A wholly owned subsidiary, Ziran Developments Inc, was formed to handle the Chinese text entry business. The company was listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange on 9 June 1995 (symbol MCU). Under Lobsinger, the strategic importance of the Chinese text entry grew, and Ziran was renamed Zi Corporation in 1996; Zi meaning character in Chinese. The telecommunications businesses were disposed of by 1997. In June 1997, the parent company was renamed Zi Corporation to reflect the importance of the new business. In 1999, co-founder Gary Kovacs joined as COO. Having started with Chinese on personal computers, toward the end of the 1990s Zi's focus moved to text entry for all languages for mobile phones and other handheld devices, where efficient entry of text traditionally has been challenging due to limitations of a physically small device. This new business area was quickly quite successful, especially in the Chinese market, and in 1998 Zi entered into licensing agreements with Ericsson (later Sony Ericsson), who at that time was a very significant player in the Chinese market. Further license agreements with Ericsson and other companies were to follow, for a total of more than 1000 different device models being shipped with Zi text entry software, in more than 100 million devices. The introduction of touch screen technology for mobile devices made the company follow up with software for handwriting recognition, with focus on languages such as Chinese and Japanese. In 2003, Mike Donnell took over as CEO from Lobsinger. Zi Corporation was listed on NASDAQ from September 2007. Text entry on devices with limited number of keys was early subject to a number of software patents, and Zi was engaged in several costly patent disputes with Tegic Corporation, later Nuance Communications. In August 2008, Nuance made a takeover bid to acquire the company for US$40.4 million, which the company declined. Shortly thereafter, Nuance filed a patent infringement lawsuit against Zi. The company was finally acquired by Nuance for US$35 million on 26 February 2009, and the acquisition was completed on 9 April 2009. Products Zi's main product was EZiText predictive text entry software, in competition with solutions such as the original T9 product from Tegic, later Nuance. Other products include eZiType, a predictive text entry product for mobile email users, for keyboard-based mobile devices, Qix, a service discovery engine that provides a quick and easy method for accessing a phone's features, applications, and services, and Decuma which delivers an input method for pen-based devices by fusing handwriting recognition with predictive text technology. Patent war There was a series of patent infringement lawsuits between Tegic, the holder of the T9 patents, and Zi: A patent infringement lawsuit by Zi against Tegic, filed in the District Court in Seattle for Japanese and Chinese character-based text input technologies was dismissed in September 1999. In February 2002, the District Court for Northern California granted Zi a partial summary judgment that eZiText for alphabetic does not infringe on Tegic's patents. In March 2002, the Federal District Court for the Western District of Washington granted Zi partial summary judgment stating that eZiText for alphabetic languages does not infringe Tegic's text input patents. In September 2002, the U.S. District Court for Northern California awarded Tegic, owned by AOL Time Warner, US$9 million in damages for Zi's infringement of two Tegic patents. Zi's claim that the two Tegic patents were based on existing methods of inputting Chinese ideographic characters were rejected. In August 2008 Nuance filed a patent infringement lawsuit against Zi in the Federal Court in Toronto, Canada, where Nuance accuses Zi of infringing Canadian Patent Numbers 2,399,961 and 2,278,549, each entitled "Reduced Keyboard Disambiguating System. Other controversies In 1995 the company sold stock to the wives of Alberta Premier Ralph Klein and his chief of staff Rod Love well below market value, with no payment required until they sold them. Klein had participated in a ribbon-cutting ceremony at the company's Hong Kong office while Love served as a company director. Klein was later cleared of wrongdoing in a decision by Alberta's Ethics Commissioner Bob Clark, although this decision was controversial. In 1998, Eric Chappell receives 4.5 million shares as compensation for transfer of all rights of the Jiejing Licenses to Zi. 3 million shares, representing 11.5% of the shares, are sold to Lancer Funds without disclosure, as is required by law. In 2003, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission froze the assets of Lancer Group, a hedge fund investment management firm, when it discovered it owned 49.1% of Zi's shares, far beyond the 10% limit requiring disclosure. This was suspected to be for market manipulation, and the Lancer assets were taken over by an appointed receiver. Zi entered into a settlement agreement with the SEC. References ^ "Company Overview of Zi Corporation". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 23 December 2015. ^ "Zi - Corporation review". Retrieved 23 December 2015. ^ a b c d e f Wahl, Andrew (22 November 2004). "China calling". Canadian Business. Retrieved 25 December 2015. ^ Geist, Richard (23 Sep 2003). Investor Therapy: A Psychologist and Investing Guru Tells You How to Out-Psych Wall Street. Crown Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-60960-916-3. ^ a b "Investigation Report: November 10, 1995 1 REPORT OF INVESTIGATION INTO ALLEGATIONS RELATING TO THE HON. RALPH KLEIN, PREMIER" (PDF). Alberta Ethics Commissioner. Retrieved 27 December 2015. ^ Zi Corp entry, Edgar Online. ^ "Zi Corporation 1998 Annual Report" (PDF). Morningstar. Zi Corporation. Retrieved 27 December 2015. ^ Au, Maggie (16 September 2008). "Sony Ericsson signs expansion deal with Zi Corp". Telecom Asia. Retrieved 27 December 2015. ^ Constantinou, Andreas (2008). "Watchlist: The 100 million club". VisionMobile. Retrieved 27 December 2015. ^ Zi Corporation Application to Trade on the NASDAQ Capital Market Approved ^ Kapko, Matt (25 August 2008). "Nuance Sues Zi Corp. For Patent Infringement Days After It Rejects Takeover Offer". The Washington Post. Retrieved 27 December 2015. ^ "Canada's Zi Corporation Hopes to Fend Off Nuance Takeover; Companies Issue Dueling Statements". Xconomy. Retrieved 25 Dec 2015. ^ "Nuance buys Zi Corp. for $35M". Boston Business Journal. 27 February 2009. Retrieved 25 Dec 2015. ^ "Nuance Closes Acquisition of Zi Corporation". Nuance Communications. 27 February 2009. Retrieved 29 Dec 2015. ^ "Zi announces advanced Chinese text messaging input system". Engadget. Retrieved 26 December 2015. ^ "Zi Corporation Completes Acquisition of Assets of Decuma AB of Sweden". 26 January 2005. Retrieved 29 December 2015. ^ "Tegic Wins Patent Infringement Dispute; U.S. District Court In Seattle Summarily Dismisses Zi Corp Claims". 13 September 1999. Retrieved 29 December 2015. ^ "Zi Claims Second Patent Victory Against Tegic Communications, a Unit of AOL Time Warner". 14 March 2002. Retrieved 29 December 2015. ^ "Tegic Hails Sweeping Legal Victory in Patent Infringement Lawsuit Against Zi Corporation". Time Warner. 5 September 2002. Retrieved 29 December 2015. ^ "Nuance and Its Subsidiary Tegic Communications File Patent Infringement Lawsuit Against Zi Corporation". Reuters. 25 August 2008. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 29 December 2015. ^ a b "Calgary firm linked to hedge fund investigation". Canadian Hedgewatch. National Post. 12 August 2003. Retrieved 26 December 2015. ^ Henton, Darcy (28 March 2013). "Ralph Klein—the Teflon premier—and his nine lives". Calgary Herald. Retrieved 27 December 2015. ^ a b Mrozek, Andrea (12 December 2005). "The Right Connections". Western Standard. Retrieved 27 December 2015. ^ "Zi Corporation and Marty Steinberg, Receiver for the Lancer Funds, Enter into Settlement Agreement". U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Retrieved 26 December 2015. External links http://www.zicorp.com/ Original website on Wayback Machine XBRL Voluntary Filing Program entries for Zi Corporation	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software"},{"link_name":"Calgary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary"},{"link_name":"Edmonton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton"},{"link_name":"telecommunications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-China-3"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geist-4"},{"link_name":"Toronto Stock Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Stock_Exchange"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Klein-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Gary Kovacs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Kovacs"},{"link_name":"personal computers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer"},{"link_name":"mobile phones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-China-3"},{"link_name":"Sony Ericsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Ericsson"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-China-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1998_Annual_Report-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VisionMobile-9"},{"link_name":"touch screen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touch_screen"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-China-3"},{"link_name":"NASDAQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASDAQ"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"software patents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_patent"},{"link_name":"Tegic Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegic_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Nuance Communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuance_Communications"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-xconomy-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Zi Corporation was a software company based in Calgary, Canada. The company was founded on 4 December 1987 as Cancom Ventures Inc, owning an Edmonton secretarial college and an industrial equipment rental business. On 30 August 1989 the name was changed to Multi-Corp Inc. In 1993, board member Michael Lobsinger took control of the company, became CEO, and turned the company towards the telecommunications industry, purchasing several privately held companies involved in the telecommunications businesses,[3] and in November 1993, Multi-Corp entered into an exclusive licensing agreement with Eric Chappell for a stroke-based Chinese text entry system which they referred to as the Jiejing Licenses.[4] A wholly owned subsidiary, Ziran Developments Inc, was formed to handle the Chinese text entry business.The company was listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange on 9 June 1995 (symbol MCU).[5] Under Lobsinger, the strategic importance of the Chinese text entry grew, and Ziran was renamed Zi Corporation in 1996; Zi meaning character in Chinese.The telecommunications businesses were disposed of by 1997.[6] In June 1997, the parent company was renamed Zi Corporation to reflect the importance of the new business. In 1999, co-founder Gary Kovacs joined as COO.Having started with Chinese on personal computers, toward the end of the 1990s Zi's focus moved to text entry for all languages for mobile phones and other handheld devices, where efficient entry of text traditionally has been challenging due to limitations of a physically small device.[3] This new business area was quickly quite successful, especially in the Chinese market, and in 1998 Zi entered into licensing agreements with Ericsson (later Sony Ericsson), who at that time was a very significant player in the Chinese market.[3][7] Further license agreements with Ericsson and other companies were to follow, for a total of more than 1000 different device models being shipped with Zi text entry software,[8]\nin more than 100 million devices.[9]The introduction of touch screen technology for mobile devices made the company follow up with software for handwriting recognition, with focus on languages such as Chinese and Japanese.In 2003, Mike Donnell took over as CEO from Lobsinger.[3]\nZi Corporation was listed on NASDAQ from September 2007.[10]Text entry on devices with limited number of keys was early subject to a number of software patents, and Zi was engaged in several costly patent disputes with Tegic Corporation, later Nuance Communications.In August 2008, Nuance made a takeover bid to acquire the company for US$40.4 million, which the company declined. Shortly thereafter, Nuance filed a patent infringement lawsuit against Zi.[11][12] The company was finally acquired by Nuance for US$35 million on 26 February 2009,[13] and the acquisition was completed on 9 April 2009.[14]","title":"Zi Corporation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"predictive text entry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predictive_text_entry"},{"link_name":"T9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T9_(predictive_text)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Zi's main product was EZiText predictive text entry software, in competition with solutions such as the original T9 product from Tegic, later Nuance.[15]Other products include eZiType, a predictive text entry product for mobile email users, for keyboard-based mobile devices, Qix, a service discovery engine that provides a quick and easy method for accessing a phone's features, applications, and services, and Decuma which delivers an input method for pen-based devices by fusing handwriting recognition with predictive text technology.[16]","title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"patent infringement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent_infringement"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"AOL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOL"},{"link_name":"Time Warner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Warner"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"There was a series of patent infringement lawsuits between Tegic, the holder of the T9 patents, and Zi:A patent infringement lawsuit by Zi against Tegic, filed in the District Court in Seattle for Japanese and Chinese character-based text input technologies was dismissed in September 1999.[17]\nIn February 2002, the District Court for Northern California granted Zi a partial summary judgment that eZiText for alphabetic does not infringe on Tegic's patents.[citation needed]\nIn March 2002, the Federal District Court for the Western District of Washington granted Zi partial summary judgment stating that eZiText for alphabetic languages does not infringe Tegic's text input patents.[18]\nIn September 2002, the U.S. District Court for Northern California awarded Tegic, owned by AOL Time Warner, US$9 million in damages for Zi's infringement of two Tegic patents. Zi's claim that the two Tegic patents were based on existing methods of inputting Chinese ideographic characters were rejected.[19]\nIn August 2008 Nuance filed a patent infringement lawsuit against Zi in the Federal Court in Toronto, Canada, where Nuance accuses Zi of infringing Canadian Patent Numbers 2,399,961 and 2,278,549, each entitled \"Reduced Keyboard Disambiguating System.[20]","title":"Patent war"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta"},{"link_name":"Ralph Klein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Klein"},{"link_name":"Rod Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_Love"},{"link_name":"Bob Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Curtis_Clark"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-China-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Klein-5"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Post-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Teflon-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Western-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Western-23"},{"link_name":"U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission"},{"link_name":"hedge fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedge_fund"},{"link_name":"market manipulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_manipulation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-China-3"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Post-21"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"In 1995 the company sold stock to the wives of Alberta Premier Ralph Klein and his chief of staff Rod Love well below market value, with no payment required until they sold them. Klein had participated in a ribbon-cutting ceremony at the company's Hong Kong office while Love served as a company director. Klein was later cleared of wrongdoing in a decision by Alberta's Ethics Commissioner Bob Clark,[3][5][21] although this decision was controversial.[22][23]\nIn 1998, Eric Chappell receives 4.5 million shares as compensation for transfer of all rights of the Jiejing Licenses to Zi. 3 million shares, representing 11.5% of the shares, are sold to Lancer Funds without disclosure, as is required by law.[23]\nIn 2003, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission froze the assets of Lancer Group, a hedge fund investment management firm, when it discovered it owned 49.1% of Zi's shares, far beyond the 10% limit requiring disclosure. This was suspected to be for market manipulation, and the Lancer assets were taken over by an appointed receiver.[3][21] Zi entered into a settlement agreement with the SEC.[24]","title":"Other controversies"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Company Overview of Zi Corporation\". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 23 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=235233","url_text":"\"Company Overview of Zi Corporation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P.","url_text":"Bloomberg L.P."}]},{"reference":"\"Zi - Corporation review\". Retrieved 23 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.techvibes.com/company-directory/zi-corporation","url_text":"\"Zi - Corporation review\""}]},{"reference":"Wahl, Andrew (22 November 2004). \"China calling\". Canadian Business. Retrieved 25 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.canadianbusiness.com/business-strategy/china-calling/","url_text":"\"China calling\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Business","url_text":"Canadian Business"}]},{"reference":"Geist, Richard (23 Sep 2003). Investor Therapy: A Psychologist and Investing Guru Tells You How to Out-Psych Wall Street. Crown Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-60960-916-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/investortherapyp00geis","url_text":"Investor Therapy: A Psychologist and Investing Guru Tells You How to Out-Psych Wall Street"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-60960-916-3","url_text":"978-0-60960-916-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Investigation Report: November 10, 1995 1 REPORT OF INVESTIGATION INTO ALLEGATIONS RELATING TO THE HON. RALPH KLEIN, PREMIER\" (PDF). Alberta Ethics Commissioner. Retrieved 27 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ethicscommissioner.ab.ca/media/1057/multicorp95.pdf","url_text":"\"Investigation Report: November 10, 1995 1 REPORT OF INVESTIGATION INTO ALLEGATIONS RELATING TO THE HON. RALPH KLEIN, PREMIER\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zi Corporation 1998 Annual Report\" (PDF). Morningstar. Zi Corporation. Retrieved 27 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://globaldocuments.morningstar.com/documentlibrary/document/3405d5ef283dbaf1.msdoc/original","url_text":"\"Zi Corporation 1998 Annual Report\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morningstar,_Inc.","url_text":"Morningstar"}]},{"reference":"Au, Maggie (16 September 2008). \"Sony Ericsson signs expansion deal with Zi Corp\". Telecom Asia. Retrieved 27 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.telecomasia.net/content/sony-ericsson-signs-expansion-deal-zi-corp-0","url_text":"\"Sony Ericsson signs expansion deal with Zi Corp\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecom_Asia","url_text":"Telecom Asia"}]},{"reference":"Constantinou, Andreas (2008). \"Watchlist: The 100 million club\". VisionMobile. Retrieved 27 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.visionmobile.com/blog/2008/04/watchlist-the-100-million-club/","url_text":"\"Watchlist: The 100 million club\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=VisionMobile&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"VisionMobile"}]},{"reference":"Kapko, Matt (25 August 2008). \"Nuance Sues Zi Corp. For Patent Infringement Days After It Rejects Takeover Offer\". The Washington Post. Retrieved 27 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/25/AR2008082502093.html","url_text":"\"Nuance Sues Zi Corp. For Patent Infringement Days After It Rejects Takeover Offer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"\"Canada's Zi Corporation Hopes to Fend Off Nuance Takeover; Companies Issue Dueling Statements\". Xconomy. Retrieved 25 Dec 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.xconomy.com/boston/2008/08/18/canadas-zi-corporation-hopes-to-fend-off-nuance-takeover-companies-issue-dueling-statements/","url_text":"\"Canada's Zi Corporation Hopes to Fend Off Nuance Takeover; Companies Issue Dueling Statements\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xconomy","url_text":"Xconomy"}]},{"reference":"\"Nuance buys Zi Corp. for $35M\". Boston Business Journal. 27 February 2009. Retrieved 25 Dec 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bizjournals.com/boston/blog/mass-high-tech/2009/02/nuance-buys-zi-corp-for-35m.html","url_text":"\"Nuance buys Zi Corp. for $35M\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Business_Journal","url_text":"Boston Business Journal"}]},{"reference":"\"Nuance Closes Acquisition of Zi Corporation\". Nuance Communications. 27 February 2009. Retrieved 29 Dec 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nuance.com/news/pressreleases/2009/20090409_ziClosing.asp","url_text":"\"Nuance Closes Acquisition of Zi Corporation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zi announces advanced Chinese text messaging input system\". Engadget. Retrieved 26 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.engadget.com/2006/06/16/zi-announces-advanced-chinese-text-messaging-input-system/","url_text":"\"Zi announces advanced Chinese text messaging input system\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engadget","url_text":"Engadget"}]},{"reference":"\"Zi Corporation Completes Acquisition of Assets of Decuma AB of Sweden\". 26 January 2005. Retrieved 29 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20050126005704/en/Zi-Corporation-Completes-Acquisition-Assets-Decuma-AB","url_text":"\"Zi Corporation Completes Acquisition of Assets of Decuma AB of Sweden\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tegic Wins Patent Infringement Dispute; U.S. District Court In Seattle Summarily Dismisses Zi Corp Claims\". 13 September 1999. Retrieved 29 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Tegic+Wins+Patent+Infringement+Dispute%3B+U.S.+District+Court+In...-a055731624","url_text":"\"Tegic Wins Patent Infringement Dispute; U.S. District Court In Seattle Summarily Dismisses Zi Corp Claims\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zi Claims Second Patent Victory Against Tegic Communications, a Unit of AOL Time Warner\". 14 March 2002. Retrieved 29 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Zi+Claims+Second+Patent+Victory+Against+Tegic+Communications,+a+Unit...-a083757620","url_text":"\"Zi Claims Second Patent Victory Against Tegic Communications, a Unit of AOL Time Warner\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tegic Hails Sweeping Legal Victory in Patent Infringement Lawsuit Against Zi Corporation\". Time Warner. 5 September 2002. Retrieved 29 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.timewarner.com/newsroom/press-releases/2002/09/05/tegic-hails-sweeping-legal-victory-in-patent-infringement-lawsuit","url_text":"\"Tegic Hails Sweeping Legal Victory in Patent Infringement Lawsuit Against Zi Corporation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Warner","url_text":"Time Warner"}]},{"reference":"\"Nuance and Its Subsidiary Tegic Communications File Patent Infringement Lawsuit Against Zi Corporation\". Reuters. 25 August 2008. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 29 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304235227/http://www.reuters.com/article/idUS143090+25-Aug-2008+BW20080825","url_text":"\"Nuance and Its Subsidiary Tegic Communications File Patent Infringement Lawsuit Against Zi Corporation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters","url_text":"Reuters"},{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/idUS143090+25-Aug-2008+BW20080825","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Calgary firm linked to hedge fund investigation\". Canadian Hedgewatch. National Post. 12 August 2003. Retrieved 26 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.canadianhedgewatch.com/content/news/general/?id=205","url_text":"\"Calgary firm linked to hedge fund investigation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Post","url_text":"National Post"}]},{"reference":"Henton, Darcy (28 March 2013). \"Ralph Klein—the Teflon premier—and his nine lives\". Calgary Herald. Retrieved 27 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://calgaryherald.com/news/alberta/ralph+klein+teflon+premier+nine+lives/8171734/story.html","url_text":"\"Ralph Klein—the Teflon premier—and his nine lives\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary_Herald","url_text":"Calgary Herald"}]},{"reference":"Mrozek, Andrea (12 December 2005). \"The Right Connections\". Western Standard. Retrieved 27 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://investorvoice.ca/PI/2439.htm","url_text":"\"The Right Connections\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Standard","url_text":"Western Standard"}]},{"reference":"\"Zi Corporation and Marty Steinberg, Receiver for the Lancer Funds, Enter into Settlement Agreement\". U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Retrieved 26 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/922658/000120445907000264/zic0223exh991.htm","url_text":"\"Zi Corporation and Marty Steinberg, Receiver for the Lancer Funds, Enter into Settlement Agreement\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission","url_text":"U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=235233","external_links_name":"\"Company Overview of Zi Corporation\""},{"Link":"http://www.techvibes.com/company-directory/zi-corporation","external_links_name":"\"Zi - Corporation review\""},{"Link":"https://www.canadianbusiness.com/business-strategy/china-calling/","external_links_name":"\"China calling\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/investortherapyp00geis","external_links_name":"Investor Therapy: A Psychologist and Investing Guru Tells You How to Out-Psych Wall Street"},{"Link":"http://www.ethicscommissioner.ab.ca/media/1057/multicorp95.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Investigation Report: November 10, 1995 1 REPORT OF INVESTIGATION INTO ALLEGATIONS RELATING TO THE HON. RALPH KLEIN, PREMIER\""},{"Link":"http://yahoo.brand.edgar-online.com/DisplayFiling.aspx?TabIndex=2&FilingID=5832654&companyid=97501&ppu=%252fdefault.aspx%253fcompanyid%253d97501%2526amp%253bformtypeId%253d53","external_links_name":"Zi Corp entry"},{"Link":"http://globaldocuments.morningstar.com/documentlibrary/document/3405d5ef283dbaf1.msdoc/original","external_links_name":"\"Zi Corporation 1998 Annual Report\""},{"Link":"http://www.telecomasia.net/content/sony-ericsson-signs-expansion-deal-zi-corp-0","external_links_name":"\"Sony Ericsson signs expansion deal with Zi Corp\""},{"Link":"http://www.visionmobile.com/blog/2008/04/watchlist-the-100-million-club/","external_links_name":"\"Watchlist: The 100 million club\""},{"Link":"http://www.marketwired.com/press-release/zi-corporation-application-to-trade-on-the-nasdaq-capital-market-approved-nasdaq-zica-766930.htm","external_links_name":"Zi Corporation Application to Trade on the NASDAQ Capital Market Approved"},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/25/AR2008082502093.html","external_links_name":"\"Nuance Sues Zi Corp. For Patent Infringement Days After It Rejects Takeover Offer\""},{"Link":"http://www.xconomy.com/boston/2008/08/18/canadas-zi-corporation-hopes-to-fend-off-nuance-takeover-companies-issue-dueling-statements/","external_links_name":"\"Canada's Zi Corporation Hopes to Fend Off Nuance Takeover; Companies Issue Dueling Statements\""},{"Link":"http://www.bizjournals.com/boston/blog/mass-high-tech/2009/02/nuance-buys-zi-corp-for-35m.html","external_links_name":"\"Nuance buys Zi Corp. for $35M\""},{"Link":"http://www.nuance.com/news/pressreleases/2009/20090409_ziClosing.asp","external_links_name":"\"Nuance Closes Acquisition of Zi Corporation\""},{"Link":"https://www.engadget.com/2006/06/16/zi-announces-advanced-chinese-text-messaging-input-system/","external_links_name":"\"Zi announces advanced Chinese text messaging input system\""},{"Link":"http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20050126005704/en/Zi-Corporation-Completes-Acquisition-Assets-Decuma-AB","external_links_name":"\"Zi Corporation Completes Acquisition of Assets of Decuma AB of Sweden\""},{"Link":"http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Tegic+Wins+Patent+Infringement+Dispute%3B+U.S.+District+Court+In...-a055731624","external_links_name":"\"Tegic Wins Patent Infringement Dispute; U.S. District Court In Seattle Summarily Dismisses Zi Corp Claims\""},{"Link":"http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Zi+Claims+Second+Patent+Victory+Against+Tegic+Communications,+a+Unit...-a083757620","external_links_name":"\"Zi Claims Second Patent Victory Against Tegic Communications, a Unit of AOL Time Warner\""},{"Link":"http://www.timewarner.com/newsroom/press-releases/2002/09/05/tegic-hails-sweeping-legal-victory-in-patent-infringement-lawsuit","external_links_name":"\"Tegic Hails Sweeping Legal Victory in Patent Infringement Lawsuit Against Zi Corporation\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304235227/http://www.reuters.com/article/idUS143090+25-Aug-2008+BW20080825","external_links_name":"\"Nuance and Its Subsidiary Tegic Communications File Patent Infringement Lawsuit Against Zi Corporation\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/idUS143090+25-Aug-2008+BW20080825","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.canadianhedgewatch.com/content/news/general/?id=205","external_links_name":"\"Calgary firm linked to hedge fund investigation\""},{"Link":"https://calgaryherald.com/news/alberta/ralph+klein+teflon+premier+nine+lives/8171734/story.html","external_links_name":"\"Ralph Klein—the Teflon premier—and his nine lives\""},{"Link":"http://investorvoice.ca/PI/2439.htm","external_links_name":"\"The Right Connections\""},{"Link":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/922658/000120445907000264/zic0223exh991.htm","external_links_name":"\"Zi Corporation and Marty Steinberg, Receiver for the Lancer Funds, Enter into Settlement Agreement\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090205063225/http://zicorp.com/","external_links_name":"http://www.zicorp.com/"},{"Link":"http://www.sedar.com/DisplayCompanyDocuments.do?lang=EN&issuerNo=00003895","external_links_name":"XBRL Voluntary Filing Program"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housing_and_Finance_Institute	Housing and Finance Institute	["1 Funding","2 Organisation","3 Policies","4 References"]	The Housing and Finance Institute (HFI) is an industry group whose stated aim is "to boost the capacity and delivery of housing". The institute is privately funded and works with the private and public sector to build more homes in the United Kingdom. It was set up by the Cameron–Clegg coalition following a review by Natalie Elphicke and Keith House. The HFI drew support from Local Partnerships, Pinnacle Group, Keepmoat, Plus Dane and Trowers & Hamlins. Funding HFI is funded by the City of London Corporation who agreed to fund the HFI by £40,000 per annum for 2015/16, 2016/17 and 2017/18. Other Founding members are Local Partnerships, Pinnacle Group and Keepmoat. Non-founding members Laing O’Rourke and Home Group. Organisation The HFI was established in 2015 with the support of the UK Government, businesses and local authorities. The board of the HFI, was originally chaired by Sir Mark Boleat, a membership drawn from central government, local government and business. The Chief Executive of the Institute is Natalie Elphicke OBE, former independent government adviser and co-author of the Elphicke-House Report on the role of councils in housing supply. The HFI board consists of Natalie Elphicke, Chief Executive Mark Boleat, Chairman Keith House, Leader of Eastleigh Borough Council Bob Kerslake James Thomson Barbara Spicer Judith Armitt Judith Mayhew Jonas Peregrine Lloyd Steve Bullock Rob Beiley Policies As well as its work with industry stakeholders to increase the rate of housebuilding, the HFI is also a housing think tank. The HFI launched a six-month government backed pilot research programme on infrastructure which brought together key players from private and public sectors. It followed a HFI paper which highlighted how the failure of some water companies was exacerbating the housing crisis. The report set out an eight-point plan to get Britain building infrastructure in the right places and at the right time in order to support the housebuilding industry. The HFI has looked extensively at the housing crisis in London. The Institute's chairman, Mark Boleat, has called for a radical planning shake-up to solve London's housing crisis that would professionalise decision-making in the planning system, increase the supply of land suitable for house building and allow substantially greater densities of homes in the capital. Following this report, Chancellor Philip Hammond welcomed planning reform in his 2017 Autumn Budget and announced a review to be conducted by Oliver Letwin. At the end of October 2018, the Letwin Review ultimately determined that slow build out was caused by a lack of diversity in new housing and the incentive of housebuilders to restrict supply to avoid reducing prices. The HFI has also proposed a series of measures to regenerate Britain’s seaside towns, most notably new rent controls. References ^ "The HFI \| Home \| Our mission". thehfi.com. Housing and finance Institute. ^ "Dedicated housing finance support for local authorities - GOV.UK". www.gov.uk. Department for Communities and Local Government. Retrieved 28 October 2017. ^ Keith House; Natalie Elphicke (2016). "Driving Innovation in Housing Finance". First Magazine (February 2016): 13. Retrieved 29 October 2017. ^ "Agenda and Minutes for Policy and Resources Committee on Thursday, 24th September, 2015, 1.45 pm". City of London Corporation. 24 September 2015. Retrieved 30 October 2017. ^ "PIF Proposal: Housing & Finance Institute" (PDF). City Of London Corporation. Retrieved 30 October 2017. ^ "The HFI \| Home \| Our team". thehfi.com. Housing and Finance Institute. Retrieved 28 October 2017. ^ Morris, Jessica (14 March 2016). "How water companies are exacerbating the housing crisis". City A.M. ^ "Housing crisis can be solved by 'reining in middle class nimbys'". 18 October 2017. ^ Letwin, Oliver (29 October 2018). "Independent review of build out: final report". ^ Knowles, Tom. "Rent caps could help coastal towns all at sea".	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cameron–Clegg coalition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron%E2%80%93Clegg_coalition"},{"link_name":"Natalie Elphicke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalie_Elphicke"},{"link_name":"Keith House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_House_(politician)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DHFS-2"},{"link_name":"Local Partnerships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Partnerships"},{"link_name":"Pinnacle Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinnacle_Group&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Keepmoat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keepmoat"},{"link_name":"Plus Dane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plus_Dane&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trowers & Hamlins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trowers_%26_Hamlins"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Driving_Innovation-3"}],"text":"It was set up by the Cameron–Clegg coalition following a review by Natalie Elphicke and Keith House.[2]The HFI drew support from Local Partnerships, Pinnacle Group, Keepmoat, Plus Dane and Trowers & Hamlins.[3]","title":"Housing and Finance Institute"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"City of London Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_London_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-City_of_Lon_P&R_Meeting_2015.09.24-4"},{"link_name":"Laing O’Rourke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laing_O%E2%80%99Rourke"},{"link_name":"Home Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Group"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PIF_Proposal:_Housing_&_Finance_Institute-5"}],"text":"HFI is funded by the City of London Corporation who agreed to fund the HFI by £40,000 per annum for 2015/16, 2016/17 and 2017/18.[4] Other Founding members are Local Partnerships, Pinnacle Group and Keepmoat. Non-founding members Laing O’Rourke and Home Group.[5]","title":"Funding"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mark Boleat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Boleat"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HFI_Our_Team-6"},{"link_name":"Mark Boleat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Boleat"},{"link_name":"Eastleigh Borough Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastleigh_Borough_Council"},{"link_name":"Bob Kerslake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Kerslake"},{"link_name":"James Thomson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Thomson_(London_politician)"},{"link_name":"Judith Mayhew Jonas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_Mayhew_Jonas"},{"link_name":"Steve Bullock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Bullock_(British_politician)"}],"text":"The HFI was established in 2015 with the support of the UK Government, businesses and local authorities. The board of the HFI, was originally chaired by Sir Mark Boleat, a membership drawn from central government, local government and business. The Chief Executive of the Institute is Natalie Elphicke OBE, former independent government adviser and co-author of the Elphicke-House Report on the role of councils in housing supply.The HFI board[6] consists ofNatalie Elphicke, Chief Executive\nMark Boleat, Chairman\nKeith House, Leader of Eastleigh Borough Council\nBob Kerslake\nJames Thomson\nBarbara Spicer\nJudith Armitt\nJudith Mayhew Jonas\nPeregrine Lloyd\nSteve Bullock\nRob Beiley","title":"Organisation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Philip Hammond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Hammond"},{"link_name":"Oliver Letwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Letwin"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"As well as its work with industry stakeholders to increase the rate of housebuilding, the HFI is also a housing think tank. \nThe HFI launched a six-month government backed pilot research programme on infrastructure which brought together key players from private and public sectors. It followed a HFI paper which highlighted how the failure of some water companies was exacerbating the housing crisis.[7] The report set out an eight-point plan to get Britain building infrastructure in the right places and at the right time in order to support the housebuilding industry.The HFI has looked extensively at the housing crisis in London. The Institute's chairman, Mark Boleat, has called for a radical planning shake-up to solve London's housing crisis that would professionalise decision-making in the planning system, increase the supply of land suitable for house building and allow substantially greater densities of homes in the capital.[8] Following this report, Chancellor Philip Hammond welcomed planning reform in his 2017 Autumn Budget and announced a review to be conducted by Oliver Letwin. At the end of October 2018, the Letwin Review ultimately determined that slow build out was caused by a lack of diversity in new housing and the incentive of housebuilders to restrict supply to avoid reducing prices.[9]The HFI has also proposed a series of measures to regenerate Britain’s seaside towns, most notably new rent controls.[10]","title":"Policies"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"The HFI \| Home \| Our mission\". thehfi.com. Housing and finance Institute.","urls":[{"url":"http://thehfi.com/home/our-mission","url_text":"\"The HFI \| Home \| Our mission\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dedicated housing finance support for local authorities - GOV.UK\". www.gov.uk. Department for Communities and Local Government. Retrieved 28 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/news/dedicated-housing-finance-support-for-local-authorities","url_text":"\"Dedicated housing finance support for local authorities - GOV.UK\""}]},{"reference":"Keith House; Natalie Elphicke (2016). \"Driving Innovation in Housing Finance\". First Magazine (February 2016): 13. Retrieved 29 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_House_(politician)","url_text":"Keith House"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalie_Elphicke","url_text":"Natalie Elphicke"},{"url":"https://issuu.com/lgapublications/docs/lga_first_596_web_version_250116","url_text":"\"Driving Innovation in Housing Finance\""}]},{"reference":"\"Agenda and Minutes for Policy and Resources Committee on Thursday, 24th September, 2015, 1.45 pm\". City of London Corporation. 24 September 2015. Retrieved 30 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://democracy.cityoflondon.gov.uk/ieListDocuments.aspx?CId=395&MId=16691&Ver=4","url_text":"\"Agenda and Minutes for Policy and Resources Committee on Thursday, 24th September, 2015, 1.45 pm\""}]},{"reference":"\"PIF Proposal: Housing & Finance Institute\" (PDF). City Of London Corporation. Retrieved 30 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://democracy.cityoflondon.gov.uk/documents/s54709/Housing%20and%20Financial%20Institute%20Funding%20-%20DRAFT.pdf","url_text":"\"PIF Proposal: Housing & Finance Institute\""}]},{"reference":"\"The HFI \| Home \| Our team\". thehfi.com. Housing and Finance Institute. Retrieved 28 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://thehfi.com/home/our-team","url_text":"\"The HFI \| Home \| Our team\""}]},{"reference":"Morris, Jessica (14 March 2016). \"How water companies are exacerbating the housing crisis\". City A.M.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cityam.com/236642/housing-finance-institute-how-water-companies-are-exacerbating-the-housing-crisis","url_text":"\"How water companies are exacerbating the housing crisis\""}]},{"reference":"\"Housing crisis can be solved by 'reining in middle class nimbys'\". 18 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/londons-housing-crisis-can-be-solved-by-reining-in-middle-class-nimbys-a3661871.html","url_text":"\"Housing crisis can be solved by 'reining in middle class nimbys'\""}]},{"reference":"Letwin, Oliver (29 October 2018). \"Independent review of build out: final report\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/independent-review-of-build-out-final-report","url_text":"\"Independent review of build out: final report\""}]},{"reference":"Knowles, Tom. \"Rent caps could help coastal towns all at sea\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/rent-caps-could-help-coastal-towns-all-at-sea-n63rs2qnf","url_text":"\"Rent caps could help coastal towns all at sea\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://thehfi.com/home/our-mission","external_links_name":"\"The HFI \| Home \| Our mission\""},{"Link":"https://www.gov.uk/government/news/dedicated-housing-finance-support-for-local-authorities","external_links_name":"\"Dedicated housing finance support for local authorities - GOV.UK\""},{"Link":"https://issuu.com/lgapublications/docs/lga_first_596_web_version_250116","external_links_name":"\"Driving Innovation in Housing Finance\""},{"Link":"https://democracy.cityoflondon.gov.uk/ieListDocuments.aspx?CId=395&MId=16691&Ver=4","external_links_name":"\"Agenda and Minutes for Policy and Resources Committee on Thursday, 24th September, 2015, 1.45 pm\""},{"Link":"https://democracy.cityoflondon.gov.uk/documents/s54709/Housing%20and%20Financial%20Institute%20Funding%20-%20DRAFT.pdf","external_links_name":"\"PIF Proposal: Housing & Finance Institute\""},{"Link":"http://thehfi.com/home/our-team","external_links_name":"\"The HFI \| Home \| Our team\""},{"Link":"http://www.cityam.com/236642/housing-finance-institute-how-water-companies-are-exacerbating-the-housing-crisis","external_links_name":"\"How water companies are exacerbating the housing crisis\""},{"Link":"https://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/londons-housing-crisis-can-be-solved-by-reining-in-middle-class-nimbys-a3661871.html","external_links_name":"\"Housing crisis can be solved by 'reining in middle class nimbys'\""},{"Link":"https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/independent-review-of-build-out-final-report","external_links_name":"\"Independent review of build out: final report\""},{"Link":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/rent-caps-could-help-coastal-towns-all-at-sea-n63rs2qnf","external_links_name":"\"Rent caps could help coastal towns all at sea\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_West_Shelf	North West Shelf	["1 Geology","2 Oil and gas","2.1 Location","2.2 Production areas","2.3 Oil fields","2.4 Gas project","3 See also","4 References","5 Further reading"]	The Northwest Shelf marine province, as defined by the Integrated Marine and Coastal Regionalisation of Australia (ICMRA), contains the North West Shelf region. The North West Shelf is a continental shelf region of Western Australia. It includes an extensive oil and gas region off the North West Australia coast in the Pilbara region. Geology Considerable parts of the region are the highest prospective gas and oil areas of Australia. The main sedimentary basin providing the opportunity is the Northern Carnarvon Basin - however it is only one part of the regional complex. Oil and gas It has a considerable number of oil and gas wells, pipelines, production areas and support facilities. Location As an area it is located in the Indian Ocean between North West Cape and Dampier. Dampier is usually considered the main administrative locality for the shelf. Production areas The production areas are located offshore and within the jurisdiction of the Western Australian state government. The two main production areas are the Thevenard Production Area close to Onslow, and the Varanus Production Area west of Dampier. Oil fields The North West Shelf oil extraction is negligible compared to the volume of gas produced. Gas project North West Shelf Venture leases and infrastructure The North West Shelf Venture is a project to extract resources within the region from various gas fields - however it is considered to be only in part of the whole shelf region. It involves developments on the Burrup Peninsula, Barrow Island and other locations. See also Regions of Western Australia References ^ Geoscience Australia – Offshore Northwest Australia Archived 5 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine ^ State Reference Library of Western Australia; Library Board of Western Australia; J. S. Battye Library of West Australian History (1983), North west shelf : resources and responsibility, Library Board of Western Australia, retrieved 1 June 2015 ^ North West Shelf Symposium (1988 : Perth, W.A.); Purcell, Peter G; Purcell, R. R. (Robyn R.); Petroleum Exploration Society of Australia. Western Australian Branch (1988), The North West Shelf, Australia, , ISBN 978-0-9588440-1-7{{citation}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ Atherton, Graeme, and Rick Wilkinson. (1989) Beyond the flame : the story of Australia's North West shelf natural gas project Perth, W.A.: Government and Public Affairs Division, Woodside Offshore Petroleum ^ Murray, Robert; Murray, Robert (1991), From the edge of a timeless land : a history of the North West Shelf Gas Project, Allen & Unwin, ISBN 978-0-04-442295-2 Further reading (1980) State of excitement over North-West Shelf Gas Fields. Petroleum gazette, Sept. 1980, p. 58-62, This article about a location in Western Australia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IMCRA_4.0_Northwest_Shelf_Province.png"},{"link_name":"Northwest Shelf marine province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Shelf_Province"},{"link_name":"Integrated Marine and Coastal Regionalisation of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Marine_and_Coastal_Regionalisation_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"continental shelf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_shelf"},{"link_name":"Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum"},{"link_name":"gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas"},{"link_name":"North West Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_West_Australia"},{"link_name":"Pilbara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilbara"}],"text":"The Northwest Shelf marine province, as defined by the Integrated Marine and Coastal Regionalisation of Australia (ICMRA), contains the North West Shelf region.The North West Shelf is a continental shelf region of Western Australia. It includes an extensive oil and gas region off the North West Australia coast in the Pilbara region.","title":"North West Shelf"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Northern Carnarvon Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Carnarvon_Basin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Considerable parts of the region are the highest prospective gas and oil areas of Australia. The main sedimentary basin providing the opportunity is the Northern Carnarvon Basin - however it is only one part of the regional complex.[1]","title":"Geology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"It has a considerable number of oil and gas wells, pipelines, production areas and support facilities.[2][3]","title":"Oil and gas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indian Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Ocean"},{"link_name":"North West Cape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_West_Cape"},{"link_name":"Dampier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dampier,_Western_Australia"}],"sub_title":"Location","text":"As an area it is located in the Indian Ocean between North West Cape and Dampier. Dampier is usually considered the main administrative locality for the shelf.","title":"Oil and gas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Onslow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onslow,_Western_Australia"}],"sub_title":"Production areas","text":"The production areas are located offshore and within the jurisdiction of the Western Australian state government.The two main production areas are the Thevenard Production Area close to Onslow, and the Varanus Production Area west of Dampier.","title":"Oil and gas"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Oil fields","text":"The North West Shelf oil extraction is negligible compared to the volume of gas produced.","title":"Oil and gas"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nws_map1.png"},{"link_name":"North West Shelf Venture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_West_Shelf_Venture"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Burrup Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burrup_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Barrow Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrow_Island_(Western_Australia)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Gas project","text":"North West Shelf Venture leases and infrastructureThe North West Shelf Venture[4] is a project to extract resources within the region from various gas fields - however it is considered to be only in part of the whole shelf region. It involves developments on the Burrup Peninsula, Barrow Island and other locations.[5]","title":"Oil and gas"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WA_in_Australia_map.png"},{"link_name":"Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_West_Shelf&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:WesternAustralia-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:WesternAustralia-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:WesternAustralia-geo-stub"}],"text":"(1980) State of excitement over North-West Shelf Gas Fields. Petroleum gazette, Sept. 1980, p. 58-62,This article about a location in Western Australia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"The Northwest Shelf marine province, as defined by the Integrated Marine and Coastal Regionalisation of Australia (ICMRA), contains the North West Shelf region.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/IMCRA_4.0_Northwest_Shelf_Province.png/350px-IMCRA_4.0_Northwest_Shelf_Province.png"},{"image_text":"North West Shelf Venture leases and infrastructure","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/59/Nws_map1.png/220px-Nws_map1.png"}]	[{"title":"Regions of Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_Western_Australia"}]	[{"reference":"State Reference Library of Western Australia; Library Board of Western Australia; J. S. Battye Library of West Australian History (1983), North west shelf : resources and responsibility, Library Board of Western Australia, retrieved 1 June 2015","urls":[{"url":"http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/21339983","url_text":"North west shelf : resources and responsibility"}]},{"reference":"North West Shelf Symposium (1988 : Perth, W.A.); Purcell, Peter G; Purcell, R. R. (Robyn R.); Petroleum Exploration Society of Australia. Western Australian Branch (1988), The North West Shelf, Australia, [PESA], ISBN 978-0-9588440-1-7","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9588440-1-7","url_text":"978-0-9588440-1-7"}]},{"reference":"Murray, Robert; Murray, Robert (1991), From the edge of a timeless land : a history of the North West Shelf Gas Project, Allen & Unwin, ISBN 978-0-04-442295-2","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-04-442295-2","url_text":"978-0-04-442295-2"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.ga.gov.au/oceans/rpg_OffNorthWestA.jsp","external_links_name":"Geoscience Australia – Offshore Northwest Australia"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080805184544/http://www.ga.gov.au/oceans/rpg_OffNorthWestA.jsp","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/21339983","external_links_name":"North west shelf : resources and responsibility"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_West_Shelf&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_telegraphy_in_the_United_Kingdom	Electrical telegraphy in the United Kingdom	["1 Early development","2 Telegraph companies","2.1 Electric Telegraph Company","2.2 Magnetic Telegraph Company","2.3 London District Telegraph Company","2.4 United Kingdom Telegraph Company","2.5 Universal Private Telegraph Company","3 Profitability","4 News service","5 Submarine cables","5.1 Cable manufacturing companies","5.2 Ocean cable companies","5.3 Maintenance and technical problems","6 Employment of women","7 Spread of public use","8 Nationalisation","8.1 Telegraph Act 1868","8.2 Aftermath","9 Post Office Telegraphs","9.1 Unionisation","9.2 Exchange Telegraph Company","10 Competition from the telephone","11 Specialist uses","11.1 Railway block signalling","11.2 News service","11.3 Military","11.4 Meteorology","11.5 Emergency services","11.6 Commercial codebooks","12 Automation","13 Decline and recovery","14 World War II","15 End of the telegraph era","15.1 Telegrams","15.2 Telex and private wires","16 References","17 Bibliography"]	History of electrical telegraphy in the United Kingdom A map of the Eastern Telegraph Company's submarine cables, 1901 In the nineteenth century, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland had the world's first commercial telegraph company. British telegraphy dominated international telecommunications well into the twentieth. Telegraphy is the sending of textual messages by human operators using symbolic codes. Electrical telegraphy used conducting wires to send messages, often incorporating a telegram service to deliver the telegraphed communication from the telegraph office. This is distinct from optical telegraphy that preceded it and the radiotelegraphy that followed. Though Francis Ronalds first demonstrated a working telegraph over a substantial distance in 1816, he was unable to put it into practical use. Starting in 1836, William Fothergill Cooke, with the scientific assistance of Charles Wheatstone, developed the Cooke and Wheatstone telegraph. The needle telegraph instrument suggested by Wheatstone, the battery invented by John Frederic Daniell, and the relay invented by Edward Davy were important components of this system. In 1846, Cooke and financier John Lewis Ricardo formed the Electric Telegraph Company which initially supplied telegraph systems to railway companies but soon branched out into other businesses, slowly building a network that could be used by the public. Many competing companies arose; the most important of them was the Magnetic Telegraph Company (the "Magnetic") formed in 1850. They used the telegraph invented by William Thomas Henley, which did not require batteries. The Electric and Magnetic companies soon formed a cartel to control the market. They were profitable, but most other companies were not. Submarine telegraph cables were required to extend the telegraph beyond mainland Britain. Suitable insulation for these was unavailable until Scottish military surgeon William Montgomerie introduced gutta-percha in 1843. The Submarine Telegraph Company laid the world's first international submarine cable in 1851 connecting England with France. In 1864, John Pender formed the Telegraph Construction and Maintenance Company to manufacture and maintain the transatlantic telegraph cable for the Atlantic Telegraph Company. He formed many additional companies to lay various cables connecting Britain with its colonies in India, the Far East and Australia. Once these were laid, these disparate companies were merged into the Eastern Telegraph Company, established in 1872. In 1934, Cable & Wireless Ltd absorbed the company. The inland telegraph companies were nationalised in 1870 and then operated as part of the General Post Office. Companies operating international submarine cables remained independent. A major mistake made during nationalisation was cost estimates failed to take into account the cost of purchasing railway company wayleaves, or even that it would be necessary to do so. The final bill far exceeded the original estimate. The telegraph was never profitable under nationalisation because of government policies. Prices were held low to make it affordable for as many people as possible, and the telegraph was extended to every post office issuing money orders, whether or not that office generated enough telegraph business to be profitable. Telegraph usage increased enormously under the Post Office, but it was never as cheap as the postal service, and growing competition from the telephone reduced its market share. The telegraph was an important resource in both world wars, delaying its decline. The introduction of special greetings telegrams in 1935 proved highly popular and somewhat offset a further decline, but by 1970, telegram usage had fallen to its lowest total ever under nationalisation. Repeated price increases to control the deficit drove usage down even further. Post Office Telecommunications was separated from the Post Office as British Telecom in 1981. This was a first step towards its privatisation in 1984. In 1982 British Telecom ended its inland telegram service. International telegrams could be sent by telephone and were received by ordinary letter post. Some private wire use of telegraph continued after the end of the telegram service, and the telex system continued in use by an ever-diminishing group of private users. Most of these succumbed to alternatives on the internet in the 1990s. Early development Ronalds' eight miles of iron wire strung in his garden Francis Ronalds conducted the first demonstration that an electric telegraph could be operated over a substantial distance in his Hammersmith garden in 1816. He used eight miles of iron wire strung between wooden frames. High-voltage friction machines were his power source. Ronalds offered his system to the Admiralty. They were already using an optical telegraph, and despite it being frequently unusable because of weather, saw no need for his invention. Though never put to the test, it is unlikely that Ronalds' system would have worked over very long distances using static electricity generators. Even the relatively short test system only worked well in dry weather. Nearly all the successful telegraph systems used extensive electrochemical cells as their power source. The invention of the Daniell cell in 1836 by John Frederic Daniell made this possible. The earlier voltaic pile suffered from falling voltage if used continuously because of the formation of hydrogen bubbles around the copper electrode which tended to insulate it. The Daniell cell solved this problem by placing the zinc and copper electrodes in separate electrolytes with a porous barrier between them. The sulfuric acid electrolyte consumed the hydrogen oxidizing it to water, before it could reach the copper electrode in the copper sulphate electrolyte. A later improvement by J. F. Fuller in 1853 replaced sulfuric acid with zinc sulfate. Another important development was the relay, invented by surgeon Edward Davy in 1837 and patented in 1838. It allowed the regeneration of weak telegraph pulses. The incoming pulse activated an electromagnet that moved an armature. Electrical contacts attached to it closed and completed a secondary circuit. A local battery provided the current for a new pulse through the contacts and onwards along the telegraph line. Davy's relay was the first device to use metallic make-and-break contacts, a great improvement on electrodes dipping into a container of mercury. The relay's importance was it allowed telegraph transmissions over long distances that would otherwise require operators at periodic intermediate stations to read and retransmit the message. Davy began experimenting in telegraphy in 1835, and in 1837 demonstrated his telegraph system in Regent's Park over a mile of copper wire. He held an exhibition in London, but after his marriage broke down, he abandoned telegraphy and emigrated to Australia. William Fothergill Cooke William Fothergill Cooke was the driving force in establishing the telegraph as a business in the United Kingdom. Inspired to build a telegraph after seeing Georg Wilhelm Muncke demonstrate a needle telegraph in March 1836, Cooke built a prototype shortly afterwards but did not pursue this design. He looked for mechanical solutions instead because he believed (wrongly) that the needle telegraph would require multiple wires, each driving a separate needle. Cooke initially made a telegraph with a clockwork detent mechanism operating electromagnets. The first mechanical apparatus was built in 1836. He pitched the telegraph to various railway companies as a means of signalling to control trains without success. Cooke, who was not scientifically trained, sought advice from Michael Faraday and Charles Wheatstone. Wheatstone recommended using a needle telegraph system. After the collaboration with Wheatstone had begun, they pursued only needle telegraphs. The Cooke and Wheatstone telegraph they developed and patented in May 1837 could have various arrangements of needles, but the one that initially succeeded used five needles. They were operated in pairs, so they pointed to a letter of the alphabet marked on a board. Cooke and Wheatstone five-needle telegraph Cooke proposed the Cooke and Wheatstone system to the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, and the London and Birmingham Railway trialled a four-needle system in July 1837. Both applications were for signalling rope-hauled trains; both railways rejected them in favour of steam-driven whistles. Their first success came in 1838 when the Great Western Railway installed a five-needle telegraph from Paddington station to West Drayton—the first commercial telegraph in the world. The cables were laid originally in an underground conduit, but the insulation began to fail. Cooke replaced the instruments with a two-needle system using only the wires that remained intact. The code for the two-needle system could not be read off a board; it had to be learned. The profession of telegraph operator (telegraphist) had been created. In 1843, the telegraph line was extended to Slough and Cooke converted it to a one-needle system. New uninsulated wires were run suspended from poles on ceramic insulators, a system Cooke patented, which rapidly became ubiquitous. Cooke financed this extension as the Great Western was unwilling to finance a system it considered experimental. Up to this point, they had insisted on exclusive use and had refused Cooke permission to open public telegraph offices. Cooke's new agreement gave the railway free use of the system in exchange for the right to open public offices, establishing a public telegraph service for the first time. A flat rate of one shilling (5decimal pence) was charged regardless of message length; many people paid this just to see the strange equipment. The earliest machine for sending pictures by telegraph (fax) is credited to Scottish inventor Alexander Bain in 1848. He patented an earlier unbuilt design in 1843. Frederick C. Bakewell demonstrated another fax machine with an improved design at the Great Exhibition in 1851. Bain also invented a chemical printing telegraph. He used a dot-dash code with this machine similar to Morse code, but with different codepoints. The Bain telegraph enjoyed some popularity in the 1850s in England, but when he took it to the US in 1849 he became embroiled in litigation with Samuel Morse. The dispute broke him financially, and he returned to clockmaking, his original profession, in later life. Telegraph companies See also: List of historical British telcos § Telegraph companies Development of the telegraph in Britain was distinctly different from that in other European countries. In Continental Europe, governments developed the telegraph for their own purposes and controlled them as a state monopoly. For instance, Siemens early telegraph installations in Prussia had a distinctly military purpose; in France it was years before the public could use the telegraph. In Britain, between 1846, the formation of the first telegraph company, until nationalisation in 1870, the telegraph grew entirely at the instigation of private companies using private capital and without government support. 64 telegraph companies were formed during that period, though 68% of them failed and only a handful of them grew to any significant size. Electric Telegraph Company Main article: Electric Telegraph Company Cooke and Wheatstone single-needle instrument c. 1872–1873 Cooke and financier John Lewis Ricardo established the Electric Telegraph Company (ETC) in 1846, the first company formed to provide a telegraph service to the public. Wheatstone was not involved having had a serious falling out with Cooke over who should take credit for the invention. The matter went to arbitration with Marc Isambard Brunel acting for Cooke and Daniell acting for Wheatstone. They reached a compromise with both taking some credit. Wheatstone had no interest in commercial enterprises, wishing only to publish scientific results. The ETC bought out Wheatstone's patent interest in exchange for royalties, and acquired Davy's relay patent. They bought out Bain for the substantial sum of £7,500 (equivalent to £830,000 in 2019) after he had threatened to derail the bill forming the company because his patents would be infringed. The ETC bought out other telegraph patents when they could, often not because they wanted to use them, but to suppress competition. The company concentrated on their railway business first but struggled to be profitable. Their relationship with the railways, however, gave them a structural advantage over competitors that started up later. By the time they arrived on the scene, the ETC had agreements with most railways, which gave them exclusive use of the wayleaves, shutting out their competitors from the most economical way of building a telegraph network. After 1848, other areas of the business grew. Supplying news to newspapers and stock exchange information to the financial sector was profitable. The insurer Lloyd's of London was a major user from the beginning. They had telegraph instruments installed directly in their London offices in 1851. Telegraph use by the public was slow to grow because of high prices but increased after competition drove down prices. This led to the company relocating their London central office to bigger premises in Great Bell Alley, Moorgate, in 1859. The eastern portion of the road was later renamed Telegraph Street after the company. The ETC remained by far the largest telegraph company until nationalisation in 1870, after which Cooke retired. Both he and Wheatstone were knighted for their services to telegraphy in 1869 and 1868, respectively. The ETC was heavily involved in laying submarine telegraph cables to Europe and Ireland. They operated the first cable ship permanently fitted out for laying cables, CS Monarch. In 1853, they created the International Telegraph Company to overcome Dutch objections to a British company laying telegraph cables on their soil. This company was merged back into the ETC in 1854 and named the Electric and International Telegraph Company. Other subsidiary companies created to lay submarine cables were the Channel Islands Telegraph Company (1857) and the Isle of Man Telegraph Company (1859). Magnetic Telegraph Company Main article: British and Irish Magnetic Telegraph Company Henley-Foster two-needle telegraph John Watkins Brett established the English and Irish Magnetic Telegraph Company (Magnetic Telegraph Company, or "Magnetic" for short) in 1850, initially to connect Britain and Ireland with a submarine telegraph cable. The first attempt failed, as did several attempts by rival companies. The Magnetic finally succeeded in 1853, giving Ireland a telegraphic connection to Britain for the first time, and through Britain to mainland Europe. This was the deepest submarine cable laid to date. The Magnetic was the ETC's largest competitor; both formed a virtual duopoly. In this context the ETC was commonly referred to as the Electric to counterpose it to the Magnetic. The Magnetic was not, however, the Electric's first competitor. The British Electric Telegraph Company (BETC), founded in 1849, was the first. Its name was later changed to the British Telegraph Company to avoid confusion with the ETC. The BETC failed because they were founded on the mistaken assumption that they could obtain railway wayleaves. They wrongly believed Parliament would force the railway companies to allow them to erect lines. They obtained very few wayleaves; one exception was the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway. Magnetic took them over in 1857 under the new name of the British and Irish Magnetic Telegraph Company. The Magnetic avoided the pitfalls encountered by the BETC. From the start, they planned their system based on underground cables along highways. Not only did the ETC have the railway wayleaves, but the United Kingdom Telegraph Company had the wayleaves for canals and the BETC had the wayleaves for overground cables along highways. This asset of the BETC was the attraction for the Magnetic in its takeover of both. The Magnetic used a telegraph system not covered by ETC's patents—William Thomas Henley and George Foster's needle telegraph, which did not require batteries. While the operator was sending a message, the handle's movement generated the electricity electromagnetically. This was the meaning of magnetic in the company name. After the BETC takeover, the Magnetic acquired its founder Henry Highton's needle telegraph. This instrument was the cheapest of the manual telegraph systems at between £2 10 shillings (£2.50) and £3 (equivalent to £300 in 2019). By the time of nationalisation, the Magnetic were also using Bright's bells on their most important lines. Charles Tilston Bright invented this instrument; it was acoustic rather than visual allowing the operator to work faster. Not only did the Magnetic lay the first cable to Ireland, they had an exclusive agreement with the Submarine Telegraph Company which controlled the cables to Europe. For a short period, the Magnetic had control of all international traffic, shutting out the ETC. It acquired most of the railway wayleaves in Ireland, forcing the ETC to use roads and canals, the exact opposite of the situation in Great Britain. London District Telegraph Company Main article: London District Telegraph Company London District Telegraph Company (the District), formed in 1859 in London, was closely associated with the Magnetic. John Watkins Brett and Charles Kemp Dyer were directors of both companies; Edward Brailsford Bright was secretary of both. Their telegraph operators were trained at the Magnetic's headquarters in the Strand. The Magnetic installed the telegraph lines for the District and leased them back for a peppercorn rent in exchange for the District passing on the Magnetic's messages to and from outside London. The District's business model was to provide cheap telegrams within London and not install expensive links between cities. Prices were fourpence (1.7p) for ten words and sixpence (2.5p) for fifteen. By comparison, a long distance telegram on the Electric cost four shillings (20p). The District's area was limited to within four miles (6.4 km) of Charing Cross, with possible later expansion to 20 miles (32 km). The District avoided the expense of erecting telegraph poles or burying cables by stringing the wires from building to building, a technique that could only be used in heavily built-up areas. Rooftop wires may have been cheap to install but getting the wayleaves could be troublesome. Thousands of individual permissions had to be obtained, and unusual conditions were sometimes imposed. One householder insisted the installers enter her property only once (after wiping their feet) to access the roof. Meals were hoisted up to the workmen on rooftops until they had finished. Around seven thousand interviews and negotiations were conducted, many of them equally troublesome, to erect only 280 miles (450 km) of wire. The District's cheap prices stimulated a much more casual use of the telegraph; in 1862 the company transmitted a quarter of a million messages. United Kingdom Telegraph Company The United Kingdom Telegraph Company (UKTC), founded by Thomas Allan, was the last major telegraph company to be formed. Registered in 1850, it did not raise sufficient capital to launch until 1860. The business model was to charge a flat rate of one shilling (5p) for twenty words within 100 miles (160 km) and two shillings (10p) beyond this, undercutting the established companies. The Electric, with the Magnetic's support, put a great deal of effort into obstructing the UKTC, challenging their right to use highways in Parliament. This was unresolved until Parliament passed an Act in 1862, allowing the UKTC to erect trunk lines along highways. The Electric used their exclusive agreements with the railways to demand they cut down UKTC lines crossing railway property, a demand with which the railway companies mostly complied. The Electric also petitioned other landowners to exclude the UKTC; sometimes UKTC lines were cut illegally. All this activity made it extremely difficult for the UKTC to establish trunk routes between cities. They had one good option—exclusive rights along canals, but they could not reach Scotland or Ireland this way. The UKTC completed their first trunk line in 1863 connecting London, Birmingham, Manchester, and Liverpool. In 1864, a second trunk ran along the route from London, to Northampton, Leicester, Sheffield, Barnsley, and Wakefield, ending in Hull. The northern end of this line was linked to Manchester and Liverpool, connecting the two trunks together at both ends. Later, UKTC extended the trunk network into Scotland, reaching Glasgow and Edinburgh. In 1865, the network was extended west, reaching Swansea and Plymouth. In 1858, the UKTC laid a cable from Newbiggin to Jutland, Denmark, which was extended to Russia giving the UK direct telegraph access to North European and Scandinavian countries. The UKTC used the printing telegraph of David Edward Hughes. This was an early form of teleprinter that printed the message directly without the operator needing to decode it. Transmission was from a piano-like keyboard marked with the letters of the alphabet. The system had been offered to the Electric in 1858, but they rejected it. The operation of the printing telegraph was mechanical. A spinning wheel with the character types, similar to a modern daisy wheel printer, was pressed against the paper at the appropriate time. The wheel in the receiving machine had to be kept in exact synchrony with the sending machine, otherwise the result would be unreadable. The Hughes machine did this by sending synchronisation pulses down the line, a marked improvement over earlier machines which were slow and temperamental. Universal Private Telegraph Company An ABC telegraph instrument from the General Post Office era, dated 1885 The Universal Private Telegraph Company (UPTC) was established in 1861 to provide private telegraph links for companies and institutions. They used the ABC telegraph, also known as Wheatstone's universal telegraph, an instrument patented by Charles Wheatstone in 1858. It was designed to be used by unskilled operators with no knowledge of telegraph codes. Letters were marked around a dial with a button for each. The operator pressed the desired button and then turned a handle which generated pulses of current. These pulses moved a pointer through successive positions until it reached the button that had been pressed, at which point the current was cut off. A receiving dial indicated the position that had been reached at both ends of the circuit. Although much slower than other telegraph systems, it was possible to reach 25 wpm with practice. The company proved to be highly profitable. It charged £4 per mile of wire per annum and had few overheads. Unlike the public companies, it did not have to staff telegraph offices or employ operators to send and receive messages. Profitability Of the inland public companies, only the ETC and the Magnetic were profitable. The District, with its low prices, suffered a loss every year of its existence except 1865. The UKTC, a later start up, hoped to take business away from the big two with low prices, but they were handicapped by an inability to obtain wayleaves on the best routes. The resulting price war ended with them joining the ETC/Magnetic cartel and agreeing a common price structure, destroying their original business model. Competition from the District and UKTC, together with economies of scale as the network grew, steadily drove down prices. In 1851, the ETC charged ten shillings (50p) for a twenty-word inland telegram over 100 miles (160 km). This fell to four shillings (20p) in 1855, but was still expensive for a typical Victorian worker to use. A weaver, for instance, earned on average ten shillings and sixpence (52.5p) per week in 1855. Further reductions occurred in the early 1860s, with both the ETC and the Magnetic attempting to compete with the UKTC's flat one shilling rate. The ETC stopped charging for the address as part of the message, reducing the cost further. In 1865, the ETC, Magnetic and UKTC fixed a common scale of charges for all three companies. The flat rate was dropped and a twenty-word message cost one shilling (5p) up to 100 miles (160 km), one shilling and sixpence (7.5p) up to 200 miles (320 km), and two shillings (10p) up to 300 miles (480 km). Local messages within London and large towns were sixpence (2.5p). The falling prices stimulated more traffic as the public used the telegraph for mundane everyday messages. This generated a steep increase in profits. Between 1861 and 1866, the combined net profits of the ETC and Magnetic rose from £99,000 to £178,000. This was not due solely to the increasing size of the network, the gross income per mile of wire was also increasing. News service The telegraph companies offered a news service useful to regional newspapers, which would otherwise have received the information some time after an event. The ETC had a staff of news gathering journalists and by 1854 had 120 newspaper customers. News items included political news from Parliament, stock exchange prices, and sports news, especially horse racing where race results were wanted quickly. Until telegraph offices were opened directly at the racetrack, (Newmarket did not get one until 1860) a fast rider took the results to the nearest telegraph office. In places where the office was in line of sight, the results could be signalled to an observer with a telescope at the office but only in clear weather. In 1859, the ETC and Magnetic entered into an exclusive agreement with Reuters to supply foreign news. Reuters retained the right to supply shipping and commercial news directly to private subscribers in the London region. In 1865 the ETC, Magnetic, and UKTC formed a combined news service, leaving only one source of news by telegraph. This monopoly irritated the newspapers, and some campaigned vigorously against the telegraph companies. This control of the news became an argument for nationalisation of the telegraph system. Submarine cables To connect the telegraph to anywhere outside Britain, submarine telegraph cables were needed. The lack of a good insulator held back their development. Rubber was tried but degraded in salt water. The solution came with gutta-percha, a natural latex from trees of the genus Palaquium in the Far East. It sets harder than rubber when exposed to air, but when soaked in hot water it becomes plastic and mouldable. On cooling it rehardens. William Montgomerie, the head of the medical department in Singapore, brought the material to the attention of the Royal Society in 1843 when he sent samples of Gutta-percha to them. Montgomerie thought of using the material, in place of rubber which deteriorated rapidly in damp tropical conditions, to make medical equipment. After testing some samples, Michael Faraday recognised its potential for underwater cables. Wheatstone introduced plans in the House of Commons for submarine cables as early as 1840. In 1844–1845, he tested (probably short) lengths of cable in Swansea Bay. He tried various insulations, including gutta-percha, but he could not find a suitable way of applying it to long runs of cable. Cable manufacturing companies Telcon cable works at Greenwich, 1865–1866 The Gutta Percha Company was founded in 1845 to exploit the new material. They initially made bottle stoppers, but soon expanded to a wide range of products. In 1848, on hearing of its potential use for telegraph cables, the firm modified a machine for extruding gutta-percha tubing into one capable of continuously applying gutta-percha to a copper conductor. Up to 1865, the Gutta Percha Company, which had a monopoly on the supply of the material, made nearly all the cores for submarine cables in the UK. S. W. Silver and Co. in Silvertown, London, made waterproof clothing using rubber and gutta-percha. In 1864, an offshoot of Silver and Co., the India Rubber, Gutta Percha and Telegraph Works Company, was founded as a rival cable manufacturer. Some early submarine cables were laid with just their insulation for protection. This was often unsuccessful. The cables were easily damaged and some attempts to lay them failed because they would not sink. The configuration found to work well was to twist the cable cores together, bind them with tarred hemp, wind a tarred cord around the whole group of cores, and then protect the assembled cores with iron wires twisted around them. The Gutta Percha Company never made completed cables of this sort, sending them to another company for finishing instead. These companies were specialists in the manufacturing of wire rope. R.S. Newall and Company in Tyne and Wear, Glass, Elliot & Company, and W. T. Henley in London. were the principal companies involved in this early work. In 1864, the Gutta Percha Company merged with Glass, Elliot to form the Telegraph Construction and Maintenance Company (Telcon). John Pender instigated this becoming chairman. Pender, with a consortium including Thomas Brassey and Daniel Gooch, bought the SS Great Eastern, a huge, failing passenger ship built by Isambard Kingdom Brunel. They converted it into a cable layer. Telcon chartered the ship using it on some of the major cable installations around the world. By 1880, cable production was centred on the banks of the Thames in East London. Telcon was the major supplier, with some work subcontracted to W. T. Henley at North Woolwich, a major manufacturer of electrical equipment with a 16.5-acre (6.7 ha) site. Gutta-percha production was near-monopolised by the India Rubber, Gutta Percha and Telegraph Works Company, by then a subsidiary of Telcon, at their 15-acre (6.1 ha) site in Silvertown. The company operated several cable ships, of which the Silvertown was the largest in the world. Siemens also had a cable manufacturing facility at Woolwich. Exports were a large part of the business totalling well over £2 million in 1873—one per cent of total British manufactured exports. Ocean cable companies See also: Submarine telegraph cable John Brett c. 1850s Jacob Brett in later life The world's first ocean cable was laid across the English Channel. Jacob and John Watkins Brett had been planning such a cable since 1847. In 1849, the South Eastern Railway Company conducted a trial of two miles (3.2 km) of cable made by the Gutta Percha Company from the ship Princess Clementine anchored off Folkestone. The ship could send telegraph messages directly to London via a connection to the South Eastern's overhead telegraph line. After several failed attempts, the Bretts' company, the Submarine Telegraph Company (STC), succeeded in connecting to France in 1851. The company went on to lay many other cables to European countries. The Magnetic had a close relationship with the STC. From about 1857, the two companies had an agreement that all STC submarine cables were to be used only with the Magnetic's landlines. The Magnetic also controlled the first cable to Ireland. This control of international traffic gave them a significant advantage in the domestic market. Both Newall and Glass, Elliot laid cables as subcontractors to the inland telegraph companies. Newall was prone to fall out with his customers and was often involved in litigation resulting in the company slowly moving away from the telegraph cable business. The British government took a strong interest in the provision of international telegraph connections. Government assistance to telegraph projects included the provision of Royal Navy ships to assist with cable laying and monetary guarantees. Two major failures gave them cause for concern—the first transatlantic telegraph cable, laid in 1858 by the Atlantic Telegraph Company, and the Red Sea to India cable in 1859 laid by the Red Sea & India Company. The transatlantic cable's insulation failed after a few weeks. The cable to India (manufactured and laid by Newall) was too thin and laid taut over underwater peaks which soon broke it in multiple places. The guarantees provided by the government for these two ventures led to a financial loss. In response, a government committee was formed in 1859 to investigate the issue. In their final report in 1861, the committee concluded that future failures of this kind were avoidable now that the technology was better understood. They recommended specifications for future cable construction, installation, and maintenance. After the Red Sea failure, the government no longer provided subsidies or guarantees and left it to private companies to assume the risk of new ventures entirely. Getting a telegraph connection to India was a priority for the government after the Indian Mutiny of 1857; the urgent telegram requesting assistance had taken forty days to reach London. The telegraph went only as far as the coast of India and from there the message travelled by ship. The failure of the first cable was a significant blow. A connection to India was finally achieved in 1864 after the Indian government had laid a new cable made by W. T. Henley from Karachi to Fao, Iraq, and the using overland routes. This ocean route was a shorter distance than the Red Sea route and in shallower water, but still 1,450 miles (2,330 km). Many times longer than any other submarine cables, this was the first extremely long submarine cable to be a permanent success. The British government believed the telegraph would provide the means for much greater central control of overseas possessions. Colonial officials necessarily had a great deal of latitude for independent action due to the communication delay. The telegraph greatly restricted their independence, although it took some time for embedded attitudes to change. The nondescript hut where the Porthcurno cables were landed The equipment inside the Porthcurno hut Pender's motivation in creating Telcon from the merger of Glass, Elliot and the Gutta Percha companies was to create a company that could make and maintain the second transatlantic telegraph cable for the Atlantic Telegraph Company. It was also his motivation for buying Great Eastern, the only ship capable of holding all the required cable. With great difficulty, the transatlantic connection was achieved by 1866, creating a truly worldwide telegraph network. London could now communicate with most other telegraph offices in the world. In 1862, a new submarine cable had been laid from Queenstown in southern Ireland to St David's Head in Wales. When this was connected to the transatlantic landing point at Valentia Bay (opposite Valentia Island), it dramatically reduced the distance transatlantic messages had to travel from Ireland to London from 750 miles (1,210 km) to 285 miles (459 km). The success of the transatlantic cable triggered the formation of many new companies to lay more submarine cables around the world. Pender founded most of these companies. His first project was to lay a new cable to India that covered most of the distance in international waters. This put it fully under British control, avoiding the political and other risks associated with an overland route. Telcon manufactured the cable and used the Great Eastern to lay it. To limit the risk, Pender founded three companies, each tasked with laying one section of the cable. The Anglo-Mediterranean Company (founded 1868) laid a cable from Malta to Alexandria in Egypt. From there, a short overland cable via Cairo connected to Suez. The Falmouth, Gibraltar and Malta Telegraph Company (founded 1869) connected Malta to Porthcurno, Cornwall, with landings at Gibraltar and Carcavelos, Portugal. The company was so named because Falmouth was originally intended as the landing site in England. The tiny village of Porthcurno became the largest submarine cable station in the world after numerous other cables were landed there. In 1870, the British-Indian Submarine Company (founded 1869) provided the final link from Suez via Aden to Bombay. Once the connection was complete, the three companies were merged as the Eastern Telegraph Company in 1872. James Anderson, the captain of the Great Eastern, was made managing director. The British-Indian Submarine Extension Company laid a cable going east from India in 1871. This ran from Madras, which was connected overland to Bombay, to Singapore via Penang and Malacca. This met a cable in Singapore laid by the China Submarine Telegraph Company (founded 1869) running to Hong Kong. The British-Australian Telegraph Company (founded 1870) then connected Hong Kong to Port Darwin, Australia, via Java. This was the end point of the Australian Overland Telegraph Line, running 2,000 miles (3,200 km) to Port Augusta in South Australia. The three companies were merged as the Eastern Extension, Australasia and China Telegraph Company in 1873. This company connected Australia to New Zealand in 1876. Other Pender companies included: the Western and Brazilian Telegraph Company (1873), the Brazilian Submarine Telegraph Company (1873), Marseilles, Algiers and Malta Telegraph Company (1870), Eastern & South African Telegraph Company (1879), and the African Direct Telegraph Company (1885). These companies were all merged into the Eastern Telegraph Company, which became the Eastern and Associated Cable Company—the largest multinational of the 19th century. British telegraph All Red Line global network in 1902 The development of the undersea telegraph cable network began in the late nineteenth century. In October 1902, a worldwide network of cables and relay stations—including some 100,000 miles of undersea cables—was inaugurated. Called the All Red Line, because at that time British territories and colonies were usually coloured red or pink on maps, it carried long-distance telecommunications to all parts of the British Empire. The idea was to create a network that did not pass through any non-British territory to avoid security and political risks. In 1928, British submarine cables still dominated world telecommunications, but they were increasingly under threat from radiotelegraphy. A particular concern was RCA in the US, but they were also losing business because of the Imperial Wireless Chain set up by the British government to connect the empire. The Marconi Wireless Telegraph Company, which was also a competitor outside the Empire, supplied the transmitters for the Imperial Chain. The Electra House Group, an informal alliance of British telecommunication companies, decided that they could best compete worldwide by merging their cable and radio companies into a single entity. Thus, the Eastern Telegraph Company and the Marconi Wireless Company were merged into Imperial and International Communications Ltd, which changed its name to Cable & Wireless Ltd in 1934. The Porthcurno station remained open for exactly one hundred years, closing in 1970 when the last cable was taken out of service. Submarine coaxial cables with repeaters, which carried multiple telephone channels using frequency division multiplexing, had been in use for some time. By then, there was no real need for distinct telegraph cables. Telegraph was declining, and multiple telegraph channels could be multiplexed into a single telephone channel since the 1920s. The Porthcurno Cable Hut where cables were landed is now the Porthcurno Telegraph Museum and the historic archive of Cable & Wireless. Maintenance and technical problems Maintenance costs of submarine cables were high. Ships' anchors frequently damaged them, and their insulation deteriorated over time. They were most at risk in shallow water near the coast, but very deep water was avoided because it was difficult to retrieve cables for repair. In 1868, the expected life of a cable was fifteen years, and most laid to that date had not lasted that long. A similar problem with deteriorating insulation plagued buried inland cables, the Magnetic suffering the most from this. Lord Kelvin gave the first mathematical description of retardation A recurring problem with buried cables, and most especially submarine cables, was the phenomenon of dispersion, which produces the effect called retardation. Dispersion, as it relates to transmission lines, is different frequency components of a signal travelling along a line at different speeds. Early telegraph engineers did not understand frequency analysis of this sort. The effect of dispersion on a telegraph pulse is to spread it out in time. This is because a rectangular pulse (as used in telegraphy) has multiple frequency components. At the receiving end it appears as if part of the pulse has been retarded, hence the term. The problem this causes for telegraphy is that adjacent pulses smear into each other, an effect called intersymbol interference by modern engineers, and if severe enough the message cannot be read. It forces the operator to slow the speed of sending so that there is again separation between the pulses. The problem was so bad on the first transatlantic cable in 1858 that transmission speeds were in minutes per word rather than words per minute. Thinking he could solve the problem by using a higher voltage, telegraph engineer Wildman Whitehouse only succeeded in permanently damaging the cable, making it unusable. This failure represented a loss of nearly £2 million (£230 million in 2019)) for the Atlantic Telegraph Company. Retardation is worse in insulated cables because the electromagnetic wave is travelling mostly in the insulation material. Uninsulated wires on overhead poles, the most common system on overland routes, are largely unaffected, even over long distances. This solution is not open to submarine cables and the very long distances maximise the problem. The problem of retardation was not fully solved until the introduction of long-distance telephony made it essential to do so. However, various mitigating actions were taken. The Magnetic, operating a large number of buried cables, had an instrument that sent a delayed pulse of opposite polarity to the main pulse, cancelling the worst of the retarded signal. The mirror galvanometer designed by Lord Kelvin made it easier to read weak signals, and larger cables with thicker insulation had less retardation. In 1854, Kelvin produced a mathematical description of retardation by analogy with heat flow after the fiasco with the first transatlantic cable. In 1881, Oliver Heaviside gave the full analysis of transmission lines which described how the problem arose and suggested how it could be resolved n 1887. Heaviside believed that adding the right amount of inductance to the line would completely remove the dispersion effect. He tried to persuade the General Post Office (the Post Office) to take up the idea, but as an outsider—and considered a maverick—he was ignored, largely because of his long-running dispute with William Preece, the Post Office chief electrician (chief engineer). It was left to George Ashley Campbell in the US to implement the idea when he added loading coils to a telephone line for the first time in 1900. Employment of women See also: Women in telegraphy Telegraph companies began employing women as telegraph operators early on in the companies' period. The Magnetic was one of the first to do so and the ETC started employing them from 1855. It was a popular, keenly sought job with unmarried women, who had few other good employment options—a well- paid job in nice surroundings. The ETC paid between ten shillings (50p) and thirty shillings (£1.50) per week and the Magnetic paid a starting rate of ten shillings. The District heavily employed women when it began operating in 1859. New recruits were unpaid until they completed training—typically six weeks. At the end of training, the Magnetic expected trainees to achieve a minimum transmission speed of 10 wpm, 8 wpm at the ETC. Failure to achieve this minimum speed resulted in dismissal. These wages compared very well with other common occupations for women. A seamstress working at home, for instance, earned about threepence (1.3p) per day. The pay was still less than a male operator could expect. Companies preferred to use women primarily because of their lower pay rate and because they were not organised into unions. Adolescent boys were also employed, but only men worked the night shifts. Employment of women continued after nationalisation. The primary reason was the economic one of lower wages, but a secondary reason was the social class of the women. They usually had a well-educated middle-class background. Only men from an "inferior class" could be employed at the same wage. Spread of public use The ability of the telegraph was first brought to the attention of a wider public on 6 August 1844 when The Times reported the birth of Alfred Ernest Albert to Queen Victoria only 40 minutes after it was announced. A second event was even more sensational when John Tawell murdered a woman in Salt Hill (near Slough) and tried to escape by train. His description was telegraphed to Paddington station, and he was arrested shortly after arriving. The event was widely reported in the newspapers. The 1851 channel cable boosted the telegraph's reputation further. Prices in Paris could be relayed to the London Stock Exchange the same day during opening hours, a hitherto unprecedented ability in international communication. Likewise, news stories in France could be reported promptly to London newspapers. In the same year, the Great Exhibition featured many telegraph instruments which greatly enhanced the public awareness of the telegraph. The biggest driver of the public take up was the fall in prices; firstly, through competition between the companies, especially competition with the District, and later price control under nationalisation. By 1860, it had become common to use the telegraph for everyday purposes, especially in areas where a cheap service was available such as the London area covered by the District. Nationalisation Thomas Allan was an early advocate of nationalisation in 1854. He believed a flat rate of one shilling (5p) for 20 words regardless of distance would encourage wider use of the telegraph, which would lead to more intensive usage of lines and provide the economic case for building new ones. According to Allen, this could only happen if the Post Office ran the network as a unified whole. He compared his proposal to the effect of the introduction of the Penny Post. Allan later tried to bring about cheaper telegrams through private enterprise by founding the UKTC. A surprising and influential advocate was John Ricardo, co-founder of the ETC. He was a free trade campaigning Member of Parliament and a railway entrepreneur and banker. In 1861 he wrote a memorandum to William Gladstone, then chancellor of the exchequer and future prime minister, setting out the case for nationalisation. Ricardo's argument was the telegraph was an important government tool for diplomatic, military, and administrative purposes. He pointed out that in all European countries state control had been in place from the beginning. The first sign of government disquiet came in 1862 when the Act enabling the UKTC was passed. The Act included provisions to prevent the UKTC selling assets to other companies without permission. This was to discourage the UKTC from joining the emerging cartel in the telegraph industry. A further cause for concern came in 1865 when the companies, including the UKTC, set common tariffs and dropped the one shilling/20-word flat rate. In 1863, a Telegraph Act gave the Board of Trade the power to regulate the telegraph companies on the same basis as other utilities. In 1865, Lord Stanley the postmaster general, came out in favour of nationalisation with Post Office reformer Frank Ives Scudamore leading the campaign. Scudamore pointed out that telegraph offices were often located inconveniently at railway stations outside town, some towns were not served at all, and some had multiple rival companies' offices next to each other. State control in continental countries, according to Scudamore, ensured a more rational and convenient distribution of offices and cheaper rates would lead to greater telegraph use. His opponents pointed to the United States, where rates were also cheaper but with a great profusion of private companies. Many newspapers campaigned for nationalisation. They were generally dissatisfied with the news service they got from the companies, and they especially resented being unable to choose their own news provider. They wanted the telegraph merely to deliver the product from their chosen supplier. Telegraph Act 1868 By 1866 it was clear the government intended to nationalise the inland telegraph. This had the effect of inhibiting growth of the network. In fact, growth temporarily went backwards that year because of a great snowstorm in January, which had damaged every above ground line within a 50-mile (80 km) radius of London; the rooftop system of the District was put out of action entirely. Across the country, the Electric had 450 miles (720 km) of line damaged. In May, the Panic of 1866 put a further brake on growth. The financial turmoil and the resultant change of government caused a delay but did not change the policy. In the following year, the Reform Bill took up significant parliamentary time and Scudamore's bill did not come before parliament until 1868. It did not mandate nationalisation or give the Post Office a legal monopoly. It merely gave it the right to set up telegraph services on the same basis as private companies and the ability to purchase private companies or their assets through normal commercial negotiation. The government had expected the telegraph companies' opposition. They had not expected the railway companies were going to be a problem. In costing the scheme, Scudamore had made no allowance for purchasing railway wayleaves. The railway companies started to oppose the Telegraph Bill vociferously. Many railway telegraph systems were run by the telegraph company that had the wayleave. If the Post Office were to take over the telegraph company, the railway company would, or so they claimed, have the additional expense of running their own telegraph. This difficulty came as a great surprise to the new chancellor, George Ward Hunt. The problem for the Post Office was they could not take over on the same terms as private companies, effectively becoming servants of the railway companies. They wanted the lines but not the terms that came with them. The government was determined to reach a decision quickly so that future planning was not left in limbo. Rising company share prices meant any delay would likely add to the costs. In June, the companies began to negotiate, fearing that if they did not, a disadvantageous arrangement would be imposed on them. A select committee under Hunt reached deals with the telegraph companies based on the last twenty years' net profits and compensation for the railway companies. By July, opposition had largely disappeared. Originally, the government had not planned to nationalise the UPTC because they had no lines for public use; their lines were private wires of no interest to the Post Office. However, the UPTC complained that the planned Post Office uniform rate would so damage their business that they would become unprofitable. This persuaded Hunt that private wires should also be nationalised. Another problem area was the cables to continental Europe. The Magnetic was obliged to send all continental traffic through STC's cables. The ETC was obliged to use Reuter's Nordeney cable. It would be impossible for a unified nationalised organisation to meet both contractual obligations simultaneously. To solve this, the government purchased Reuter's cables and leased them back to the STC, together with other continental cables acquired by the Post Office. This was done in a great hurry, and the government admitted afterwards it had not been ideal. Reuters and STC were to remain un-nationalised. Parliament passed the bill into law as the Telegraph Act 1868, to take effect in July 1869. Under the act, government expenditure was not allowed immediately. They had concerns the entrepreneurs who had been bought out would set up in business again undercutting the Post Office flat rate of one shilling (5p) in lucrative city areas (the District charged sixpence (2.5p) in London) with no obligation to serve unremunerative outlying areas. Consequently, nationalisation was delayed until The Telegraph Act of 1869 was passed. This amended the 1868 Act to create a Post Office monopoly, with the actual transfer taking effect on 1 January 1870. The Act excluded companies operating submarine cables with no landlines from nationalisation. Any company the Post Office had not taken over so far could demand this happen under the Act on the same 20-year net profit basis as before. Several small companies that the Post Office considered virtually defunct and not worth buying took advantage of this. The Telegraph Acts Extension Act 1870 extended the monopoly to the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man, resulting in the purchase of the Jersey and Guernsey Telegraph Company and the Isle of Man Electric Telegraph Company. The Orkneys & Shetland Telegraph Company was purchased in 1876–77 and the Scilly Islands Telegraph Company in 1879–80. The STC was finally nationalised in 1890, bringing their international submarine cables and cable ships under Post Office control. Aftermath There was some criticism of the government handling of the nationalisation. The total price paid to nationalise the telegraph was £5.9 million, compared to Scudamore's original estimate of £2.5 million. By 1876, the total cost of acquisitions and extensions had exceeded £10 million. The price paid for most of the telegraph companies far exceeded their capital value because of the 20-year profit calculation. In comparison, the cost of the telegraph across the whole of continental Europe was only £4 million. It was alleged in Parliament, somewhat speculatively, that a new UK telegraph system could have been built from scratch for £2 million. The discrepancy was due largely to the unbudgeted payments to the railways, but compounded by paying them based on 20 year's net profit. Most of the railway leases had far less than 20 years to run, so the Post Office would not get 20 years profit from the purchase. However, it was difficult to avoid once the principle had been established; Reuters went to arbitration over the issue when the government offered them a lesser deal and won. Further criticism concerned the purchase of the reversionary rights of the railway wayleaves, which had been another unforeseen expense. Without these purchases, when the lease expired, the railway company would then have the right to use the line for public telegraphy on its own account unless a new lease was taken out. Another issue concerned the railways' free use of the telegraph on their property. This was part of the leasing arrangement with the private companies inherited by the Post Office. Also, in most cases, the railway company was entitled to send free messages to stations not on its own line for the purpose of controlling trains, but it was heavily abused; in 1891 1.6 million free messages were sent, compared to 97,000 in 1871. The contractual arrangements with the railway companies were so complex arbitration cases concerning them were still being heard ten years after nationalisation. Post Office Telegraphs Post Office Telegraphs, the branch of the Post Office running the telegraph network, located their head office in Telegraph Street in the old ETC building. "The ever open door" was their slogan above the entrance. Immediately after nationalisation, they set about extending the telegraph from outlying railway stations to town centres. It was their policy to provide telegraph facilities at every office where money orders could be sent, a great increase over the existing number. For example, telegraph offices in London increased from 95 in 1869 to 334 in 1870. By the end of 1870, over 90% of telegrams were sent from post offices. By 1872, the Post Office had 5,000 offices, and traffic had increased 50% over pre-nationalisation, to some 12 million messages per year. More offices meant installing more lines, plus the lines handed over to the railways for operating their own internal telegraphs had to be replaced. There were 22,000 miles (35,000 km) of line, 83,000 miles (134,000 km) of wire, and over 6,000 instruments in 1872. By 1875, the Telegraph Street central office was the largest telegraph centre in the world, with 450 instruments on three floors working connections both in the UK and worldwide on the Imperial telegraph network. Hugh Childers, 1878 The Post Office decided to standardise on the Morse telegraph system, the international standard since 1865. Companies had used a great variety of different equipment. The largest company, ETC, used the Cooke and Wheatstone needle telegraph. It is possible to send Morse code on a needle telegraph system but this is slower than using Morse sounders. This standardisation could not be implemented everywhere immediately, not least because the Franco-Prussian War prevented imports of German-made instruments. Some needle telegraphs continued in use, mostly on the railways, well in to the 20th century. In 1873, Scudamore left the Post Office under a cloud. He had been taking money out of other Post Office budgets to pay for the unforeseen costs of telegraph expansion, anticipating that Parliament would soon approve more money. He went to Turkey where he was employed to modernise the post and telegraph of the Ottoman Empire. Post Office Telegraph losses grew steadily until 1914. Interest on the capital overspend was not the only problem. Although Scudamore's estimate of the increase in traffic from expansion proved largely accurate, he badly underestimated the operating costs. As a result, net revenue did not cover the interest on loans and year on year the debt was growing, but overall the Post Office remained profitable throughout the period. The government attempted to stop the rot with a change in policy in 1873. It was no longer policy to open a telegraph facility at every office issuing money orders in outlying areas. It would now have to be shown the office was likely to be profitable. There was no proposal to disconnect already connected unprofitable offices. However, the number of these declined with increasing traffic. The situation was not helped when in 1883, against the wishes of the government and the Chancellor of the Exchequer Hugh Childers, parliament, under pressure from business groups, called for the minimum charge on inland telegrams be reduced to sixpence (2.5p). In 1885 Postmaster General George Shaw-Lefevre introduced a bill to implement the sixpence rate, which was passed into law. Shaw-Lefevre tried to mitigate the adverse effects by limiting sixpence telegrams to only 12 words, including the address. Addresses had been free but would now be charged for on all telegrams. £500,000 was spent on new wires and training additional staff in anticipation of the increased traffic. Traffic did increase from 33 million messages in 1884–85 to 50 million in 1886–87, reaching its peak by 1900 at over 90 million. At the same time, there was an increase in the deficit, mainly due to the cost of the increased staff. Despite the losses, the telegraph remained under national ownership as it was considered a public service. Unionisation In 1871, telegraph clerks in Manchester formed the Telegraphers' Association to agitate for higher wages. This was the first active union in the public service. Scudamore demanded the clerks resign from the association and then dismissed those who refused. A strike followed to demand their reinstatement. Scudamore blocked the telegraphic transmission of news of the strike to national newspapers. The resulting protests from the press got him officially censured. Wages were increased in 1872 and a formal staff structure introduced. Their pay was still less than that of cable and maintenance companies, resulting in more than 2,300 out of 6,000 clerks leaving the Post Office between 1872 and 1880. In 1868 Charles Monk introduced a private member's bill in parliament that extended the vote to Post Office workers and other civil servants. It became law, despite opposition from the Benjamin Disraeli government and lack of support from Gladstone, the leader of the opposition. There was concern that organised workers could have an undue influence on Members of Parliament, but this fear never materialised. Exchange Telegraph Company The Exchange Telegraph Company (later known as Extel) was a news distribution service like Reuters. Founded in 1862, it was a very minor player until 1872 when the Post Office granted it a license to provide London Stock Exchange prices and other financial news to its customers in London. The license limited their operation to within 900 yards of the stock exchange. The Post Office granted similar licenses for local stock exchanges in Liverpool, Manchester, Leeds, Birmingham, Edinburgh, Glasgow, and Dublin. These were all linked to a central office from which news could be distributed. Extel also provided a service for calling the police, or raising a fire alarm. Competition from the telephone William Preece, 1904 Telegraph usage never developed to the extent Scudamore predicted. Despite the introduction of the sixpence (2.5p) rate, it was still too expensive to compete on price with the letter post, and the telephone after its introduction at the end of the 19th century. Telephones were introduced to Britain when William Preece exhibited a pair he brought from America in 1877. In 1878 the Post Office entered into an agreement with the Bell Telephone Company for the supply of telephones. They initially intended to rent telephone instruments as an alternative to the Wheatstone ABC telegraph on private wires. The founding of a string of private telephone companies followed; the Telephone Company had the rights to Alexander Graham Bell's patent, and the Edison Telephone Company had Thomas Edison's rival patents. These two firms later merged, forming the United Telephone Company (UTC). Additionally, a number of companies were founded to set up telephone exchanges, starting with the Lancashire Telephone Exchange Company in Manchester in 1879. Telephones on private wires were not a threat, but if exchanges were allowed to connect people over more than a very limited distance, or even worse, connect between exchanges nationally, they could do serious damage to the telegraph business. Parliament had declined to give the Post Office a monopoly over telephones. However, the Post Office argued telephone messages counted as telegraph messages under the Telegraph Act 1869, so private companies so could not set up telephone exchanges without a license from the Post Office. The Post Office announced they would issue licenses similar to that granted to Extel in 1872, with a limit of half a mile to the distance an exchange could connect. The companies challenged the Post Office monopoly in court, but lost the case in 1880. The same year, a new Postmaster General, Henry Fawcett, began setting up telephone exchanges on the Post Office's own account by modifying the ABC telegraph private wire network, and using telephones made by the Gower Bell Telephone Company. The telephone companies launched an appeal against the court decision. The UTC, which held all the telephone instrument patents, further claimed that Gower-Bell, by selling to the Post Office, were in breach of their license which forbade them to set up their own exchanges. However, an agreement was reached before it came to court. The companies were given licenses on more liberal terms and in exchange they dropped their appeal and recognised the Post Office monopoly. Although the Post Office now accepted the telegraph service was going to decline, they were in a better position financially as the telephone business was very lucrative. Not only was there a fixed charge for the licenses, but the Post Office also took 10% of company gross receipts as a royalty payment. The cost to the Post Office of maintaining the telephone system was insignificant compared to the cost of the telegram system. The Post Office was careful not to allow the companies to grow into a national system. They refused the companies permission to install trunk lines in 1881, preferring to provide them themselves and rent them to the companies. Licenses were limited to one year so that only the Post Office had long term control. In response to complaints that the Post Office was hindering the development of the telephone in the UK, Fawcett allowed the companies to build trunk lines in 1874. Nevertheless, telephone development in the UK still lagged behind other countries. In 1889, the three main companies, UTC, the National Telephone Company, and the Lancashire & Cheshire Telephone Company amalgamated as the National Telephone Company (NTC). In 1891, the NTC patents ran out and the question of nationalisation was raised, but the Post Office was not ready to do so. The NTC was accused of inefficiency, high prices, and of disfiguring the landscape with haphazard overhead wires—especially in London. When the NTC's license expired in 1911, they were nationalised under the Post Office. After 1911, telegraph usage declined rapidly. At the same time, telephone use grew, especially after 1960; by 1970 there were nearly 14 million telephones in the UK, nearly double the 1960 figure. Specialist uses Railway block signalling Main article: Signalling block system From the beginning, Cooke promoted the Cooke and Wheatstone telegraph to the railways as a safer way of working, particularly on single lines, with the first installations in the 1840s. Previously, separation of trains had relied on strict timetabling. Block working, controlled by the telegraph, ensured that only one train at a time could be on a section of line. The benefits of block working were not generally appreciated until the late 1860s. The number of block instruments on the London and North Western Railway, for instance, increased from 311 in 1869 to 3,000 in 1879. News service Lord Rothermere, 1914 Prior to World War I, the telegraph rates charged to news services became a political issue. There was a preferential rate granted for news providers. They were charged one shilling (5p) for 75 or 100 words (depending whether it was inside or out of office hours respectively) and then twopence (0.4p) for each additional 75/100 words, including repeat messages to different addresses. A journalist could send 100 messages and 99 of them would cost only twopence. This was unprofitable for the Post Office, but the government was reluctant to act because they did not want to antagonise the newspapers. The issue was put on hold when war broke out, but in 1915, the minimum price of ordinary inland telegrams was raised from sixpence (2.5p) to ninepence (3.8p). Postmaster General Herbert Samuel commented, "If 6d for 12 words is unremunerative, 1s for 100 words is far more so", let alone the twopence copy rate for subsequent messages. Samuel proposed a new press scale of 1s for 60/80 words and a copy rate of threepence (1.3p). This was delayed to 1917 because of the war, and then to 1920, when it was finally implemented. Some London newspaper proprietors, notably Lord Rothermere, proprietor of the Daily Mirror and cofounder of the Daily Mail, supported increased charges, which could discourage new rivals. In 1926 Rothermere tried to persuade the chancellor of the exchequer, Winston Churchill, but the postmaster general, William Mitchell-Thomson, was against charging an economic rate. Provincial papers would stop using the telegraph, or be driven out of business altogether, with little saving to the Post Office. The fixed costs of maintaining and operating the telegraph system would still have to be paid. The press rate was not increased until 1940 when it went up to one shilling and threepence (6.3p), the result of a general increase in all charges. The copy rate remained at threepence until 1955, when it was abolished. By that time, with increasing use of the telephone, income from press telegrams had become insignificant. Military The first military use of the telegraph in action was during the Crimean War (1853–1856). A submarine cable was laid across the Black Sea from Varna to Balaklava. The army found the use of civilian volunteer telegraphists problematic because of their lack of military training. From 1870, the War Office arranged with the Post Office to train military telegraphists. The army used Royal Engineers from the Telegraph Battalion on state telegraphs, withdrawing them for overseas duties in time of war. In World War I, the telegraph was recognised as being of crucial importance. Both sides tried to damage the other's international telegraph lines. Post Office cable ships were involved in the action. Just a few hours after the declaration of war on 4 August 1914, CS Alert cut the German cables in the English Channel, almost completely isolating Germany from the rest of the world. Meteorology The rapid weather reports made possible by the telegraph assisted the science of meteorology. In 1860, the Board of Trade contracted the Magnetic to pass weather data between London and Paris. Lighthouses, lightships, and islands got telegraph connections and became weather stations. There were even attempts to place weather ships far out into the Atlantic. The first attempt was in 1870 with the old Corvette The Brick 50 miles (80 km) off Lands End. £15,000 was spent on the project, which ultimately failed. In 1881, a proposal for a weather ship in the mid-Atlantic came to nothing. Deep-ocean weather ships had to await the commencement of radiotelegraphy. Emergency services The provision of telegraph connections to lightships gave them a means of calling for assistance for a ship in difficulties. Prior to having a telegraph connection, there had been cases of ships wrecked on rocks after being seen to be struggling by a lightship for as long as twelve hours. For instance, the SS Agnes Jack sunk with the loss of all hands in January 1883 in view of a lightship off the coast of Wales. Street call points to raise a fire alarm by electric telegraph had been installed in Berlin as early as 1849. Siemens Brothers had proposed a system in Manchester using the now ubiquitous break glass call points around 1861. The town council rejected the scheme, fearing hooliganism. The first system was not installed in Britain until the Metropolitan Fire Brigade in London took it up in 1880, installing 40 call points. Other towns soon followed resulting in a dramatic reduction in serious fires. The police were an early user of telegraph private wires. In 1850 Scotland Yard had a line to Charing Cross railway station. In 1860, the Wheatstone ABC system connected the City of London's police stations. Church steeples were used to keep the wires out of reach of vandals and criminals. In 1872–73 the Metropolitan Police connected numerous points in their district to police stations. Commercial codebooks Main article: Commercial code (communications) Telegraph codebooks comprise many short codewords which replace a whole phrase or sentence. They were important in the UK, and elsewhere. Used by businesses which sent a large number of telegrams, their use reduced a message's word count, holding down its cost. This was particularly important for international traffic sent over long, expensive submarine cables, and much more effective than the common practise of telegram style—heavily abbreviated messaging using the minimum number of words. In some cases, telegraph codes also served the purpose of maintaining the secrecy of commercially sensitive information; companies developed their own private codes. Many commercial codebooks were published in the UK. Popular titles included The ABC Universal Commercial Electric Telegraphic Code, first published 1873, and Bentley's Complete Phrase Code, first published 1906. William Clausen-Thue, a shipping manager, who later became a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, wrote the ABC Code, the first public code to be widely sold. Many codebooks were written for a specific trade or industry. Bentley's, for instance, published a supplement especially for mining. Bentley's, written by Ernest Lungley Bentley, may have been the most widely used codebook worldwide. It had sold 100,000 copies by 1967. In 1905, Bentley was working for a shipping agency on the company's private code. He left to found his own company and develop a code for general use. He used codewords from Whitelaw's Telegraph Cyphers, published in London in 1904, which contained 20,000 pronounceable five-letter words. Whitelaw's could be used to generate 400 million codewords by running any two five-letter words together to make a still pronounceable ten-letter word. Pronouncability was important because the telegraph authorities only allowed pronounceable codewords. Whitelaw's was purely a list of codewords with no meanings assigned to them. Bentley's was the first codebook of such five-letter codewords. Starting in 1896, the International Telegraph Union (ITU) attempted to control the use of codes in international telegrams to protect telegraph incomes and avoid messages difficult for operators to transmit. In 1875 they reduced the maximum length of a word (telegrams were charged by the word) from seven syllables to ten letters. In 1879, at a conference in London, they decided all words used must come from one of eight named languages. Codes using invented words could then be charged as a cipher message at a much higher rate. The attempt was unsuccessful. The rules were abused in the UK and Europe and incoming messages from the US (which was not an ITU member) ignored them entirely. In 1890, in an attempt to stop the abuse, the ITU published a list of a quarter of a million authorised codewords. There was strong opposition to this, as many existing codes would not be allowed under this scheme. In 1896, they allowed any code provided it was first submitted for approval and the words added to the official dictionary. By 1901 this had expanded to well over a million words. Maintaining the list had become too difficult, and in 1903 the requirement became that words merely had to be "pronounceable". The publication of Whitelaw's 400 million codewords permanently killed the idea of an official list. Automation Punched paper tape as used for Baudot-Murray code messages, c. 1976 On busy lines, multiplexing was used to avoid the cost of erecting additional wires. The Post Office used a system that could send four messages simultaneously in each direction (eight simultaneous messages in all). These systems were usually used with high-speed paper punched tape readers to maximise usage of the line. Messages were first typed on to punched tape before sending to the line. The code used was the Baudot code, invented by Émile Baudot. The early keyboards used were Baudot's five-key "piano" keyboards (each key corresponding to one of the bits of the code, and hence to one hole in each column of holes on the tape). Later keyboards were like a typewriter and used Murray's 1901 modification of the Baudot code. Motorcycle telegraph messenger from Wood Green Post Office, 1941 The teleprinter was invented in the United States in 1915, but the Post Office did not adopt it until 1922, after a British firm, Creed & Company, began producing a similar machine in 1921. From then on, the adoption of teleprinters replaced the Morse system. Morse was eliminated from Post Office landlines and submarine lines in 1932, but continued in use in radiotelegraphy. A teleprinter has a typewriter-like keyboard for sending messages, which are printed automatically at both the sending and receiving ends. The system had great cost savings for the Post Office. The operators did not need to be trained in Morse, and a receiving operator did not need to be attending the machine during receipt of the message. It was only necessary to fix the printed message to the telegram form for delivery, allowing one operator to work several telegraph lines simultaneously. Because traffic was declining in the 1920s, it was not worthwhile to automate many less-busy lines. Wherever possible, the Post Office closed direct lines and diverted traffic on to the main automated lines by a more circuitous route. About eighty such circuits were closed. Between 1929 and 1935, on the recommendation of a committee set up by Postmaster General William Mitchell-Thomson in 1927, Creed teleprinters replaced the old Morse and Baudot equipment without waiting for it to reach end of life. The War Office expressed concern at this change; they would no longer have a pool of trained Morse operators to call upon. Another innovation in this period was the use of motorcycle messengers to speed up delivery. Automation, closing uneconomic lines, and staff rationalisation reduced, but did not eliminate, the deficit on the telegraph service. Between 1930 and 1934 the deficit fell from over £1 million to £650,000. Towards the end of the 1930s, teleprinter automatic switching in exchanges was introduced, eliminating the need for manual exchange operators. The possibility of direct dialing between customers' teleprinters was investigated in 1939, but nothing was done until after World War II. Decline and recovery Female telegram messenger during World War I The pre-war decline was halted briefly during World War I, but usage started falling again in 1920 when the minimum charge for inland telegrams doubled to one shilling (5p). By 1935, with the country in the grip of an economic depression, inland telegram messages had fallen to 35 million, less than half the pre-war figure, and just over one third of the 1900 peak. At the same time, telephone usage increased rapidly as the number of subscribers grew. The number of telephone calls grew from 716 million in 1919 to over 2.2 billion in 1939. Even the number of telephone trunk calls alone, 112 million in 1939, exceeded the number of telegrams. In some cases telegrams were sent or received by telephone (phonograms), making it increasingly difficult to treat the two services separately. By 1939, 40% of telegrams were phonograms. Another issue that encouraged the decline was the introduction in 1921 of telegram delivery by "walks" similar to mail delivery. A group of telegrams was delivered by one messenger on the same outing over a predefined route. Previously, as soon as the telegram was received, a messenger was sent out to deliver it. Walks eroded the speed advantage of the telegraph over the post, although the time between them was still usually very short; the postal service was cheaper and could guarantee next-day delivery almost anywhere in the British Isles, which for most purposes was good enough. Around 800 fewer messengers were required as a result of the introduction of this system. In 1935, Postmaster General Kingsley Wood took steps to increase use of the telegraph service. The sixpence (2.5p) rate was restored, but for only nine words. A priority service was introduced for an additional sixpence, delivered in a red envelope. Special envelopes were also introduced for greetings telegrams, coloured gold with a red and blue border, and a dove logo. This service was heavily publicised to overcome a widespread belief that telegrams usually meant bad news. The message was handwritten rather than using the printed tape, and the Post Office provided a free diary service for recurring events like birthdays and anniversaries. In 1939, over four million greetings telegrams were delivered and the total number of telegrams rose back to 50 million. Another service introduced around this time was facsimile by telegraphy (fax), which newspapers used heavily to receive photographs. World War II Telegraph messengers collecting telephone messages for bombed-out telephone subscribers at an emergency telephone bureau, 1942 World War II saw an increase in telegraph traffic. Usage peaked in 1945 with 63 million messages. Children evacuated overseas were given one free telegram per month to stay in touch with their parents. Telegraph operators trained in Morse were considered important enough to make it a reserved occupation. Enemy action caused disruption to the British telegraph system both domestically and in the imperial network worldwide, but communication was largely maintained. A German bombing raid in December 1940 destroyed the Central Telegraph Office in Telegraph Street. Service was maintained by emergency centres in London set up to cover just such an eventuality. The financial centre in the City of London was important enough that messengers were stationed in the street in 1941 to collect telegrams. Italy entered the war on the Axis side in June 1940, before the fall of France to the Germans. The Italian navy then cut the five British telegraph cables from Gibraltar to Malta and two of the five going on from Malta to Alexandria. This was the most direct route of communication with the British forces in Egypt and East Africa. The resistance of the British forces in Egypt to first the Italians, then Erwin Rommel's Afrika Korps played an important part in winning the war, and it was vital to maintain a telegraph connection. Malta was important too because of the threat it posed to the German line of communication supplying their forces in North Africa. The telegraph system was resilient enough to do this, but only by a very roundabout route going round the African continent on submarine cables. End of the telegraph era Telegrams After the war, telegram usage went back into decline and the deficit returned into the millions of pounds. Telegram numbers were 42 million in 1950, under 14 million in 1960, and only 7.7 million in 1970, the lowest it had ever been under nationalisation. Repeated price rises by successive postmasters general, Ness Edwards and Ernest Marples, in an attempt to keep the deficit under control only made the situation worse by driving traffic down even further. Other measures were the ending or reduction of special prices for certain categories. These included the end of free messages for the railways in 1967, an increase of the press rate, and an increase of the surcharge for telegrams to the Republic of Ireland, which had not been part of the United Kingdom since 1922, and officially a republic since 1949. Wartime poster instructing users not to send greetings telegrams One area that continued to grow was greetings telegrams. More special occasion categories were added and premium "de luxe" telegrams were introduced for some categories in 1961. Business use of public telegrams, once the major user of the service, was now minimal. A greeting telegram unique to the UK was the practise of the monarch sending a message to citizens reaching their hundredth birthday. Instituted by George V in 1917, in the 1940s a special telegram bearing a Royal Crest was introduced. There were only 24 recipients in 1917, rising to 255 in 1952 and by 2015, over 8,000 messages were sent, but no longer by telegram as the service had been discontinued. In 1969 Post Office Telecommunications, of which the telegraph service formed a part, was made a distinct department of the Post Office, and in 1981 it was separated entirely from the Post Office as British Telecom as a first step to its privatisation in 1984. British Telecom ended their inland telegram service in 1982. International telegrams were still handled, of which there were 13.7 million in 1970. However, incoming international telegrams were no longer delivered by messenger but by ordinary post. The telegram service was replaced with the telemessage service in which the message is dictated over the phone to an operator and delivered by post in a yellow envelope similar to the old telegram envelope. British Telecom discontinued this service in 2003 and sold the business to Telegrams Online. Telex and private wires At the end of World War II, the Post Office restarted their move to automatic switching, which had been put on hold for the duration. Automatic switching was established in 1947 and sowed the seed of the international telex network that developed from 1970 onwards. Telex, standing for "telegraphy exchange", was a switched network of teleprinters using automatic exchanges. It was originally a trademark of Western Union, which set up a telex system in the United States in 1962, but soon became a generic name for the worldwide network. The advantages of telex over telephone were that an operator was not required to staff the station to receive messages, and a printed message provided a permanent record. While the telegram service was declining post-war, in the same period business use of telegraph private wires and telex was growing. Most press traffic was also now on telex or private wires so the increase in the press rate on the public telegram system was of little concern to them. The British military also used telex to link military installations through the Cold War period. Their Telegraph Automatic Switching System was used from 1955 until well into the 1980s. As office computers became commonplace in the 1980s, telex switched to a new telegraph code, ASCII, which aided integration with computers. ASCII is a 7-bit code, compared to the Baudot 5-bit code, which means it has enough codes to represent both upper and lower case whereas Baudot machines printed in upper case only. Teleprinters could then be used in conjunction with word processor programs for instance. Increased use of fax machines on telephone lines drove down telex traffic, a change that was precipitated by the postal strikes of 1971, and most especially those of 1988. Email and the internet mostly superseded Telex in the 1990s. The number of subscribers in the UK fell from 115,000 in 1988 to 18,000 in 1997. One of the last groups using the telex service was solicitors, who used it for exchange of contracts in conveyancing amongst other things. Conveyancing can be done by post or telephone, but telex has an immediacy that the former does not and provides a written record that the latter does not. Conveyancing can also be done over the internet, but in the 1990s there was some concern over its security. References ^ Kieve, pp. 15–16 ^ Derry & Williams, p. 611 ^ Hewitt, p. 137 ^ Derry & Williams, p. 611 ^ McDonald & Hunt, p. 306 ^ Kieve, p. 24 ^ Kieve, p. 23 ^ McDonald & Hunt, pp. 306–307 ^ Kieve, pp. 17–19Shaffner, 179–185 ^ Shaffner, p. 187 ^ Shaffner, pp. 185–187 ^ Bowers, pp. 123–125 ^ Shaffner, p. 191 ^ Shaffner, pp. 191–201 ^ Hubbard, pp. 33–46 ^ Hubbard, pp. 47–55 ^ Bowers, p. 129 ^ Bowers, p. 129 ^ Huurdeman, p. 67 ^ Huurdeman, pp. 67–68Beauchamp, p. 35 ^ Mercer, p. 7 ^ Kieve, pp. 32–33 ^ Huurdeman, page 69 ^ Kieve, p. 32 ^ Duffy, p. 5 ^ Kieve, pages 31–32 ^ Kieve, p. 33 ^ Coopersmith, p. 14 ^ Parsons, p. 13 ^ Russell, pp. 62–63Morrison, pp. 36–37 ^ Burns (2004b) ^ Kieve, pp. 46–47 ^ Kieve, p. 96 ^ Haigh, p. 195 ^ Kieve, pp. 31–32Roberts, ch. 4 ^ Bowler & Morus, pp. 146–147, 403–404Bowers, p. 119 ^ Kieve, p. 24 ^ UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017). "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 7 May 2024. ^ Burns (2004a), pp. 93–94 ^ Roberts, ch. 4 ^ Kieve, p. 49 ^ Kieve, pp. 49, 52 ^ Kieve, p. 49 ^ Huurdeman, p. 106 ^ Kieve, p. 49 ^ Roberts, ch. 4 ^ Hills, p. 22 ^ Huurdeman, p. 107 ^ Kieve, p. 52Haigh, p. 195 ^ Haigh, pp. 195–196 ^ Huurdeman, p. 129Hills, p. 294 ^ Smith, p. 21 ^ Smith, p. 22Ash, p. 22 ^ Bright, p. 14 ^ Hills, p. 22 ^ Kieve, p. 50 ^ Roberts, ch.5 ^ Roberts, ch.5 ^ Beauchamp, p. 77 ^ Bright, p. 5Beauchamp, p. 77 ^ Bright & Bright, pp. 74–75 ^ Bright & Bright, pp. 72–73 ^ Mercer, p. 8 ^ Beauchamp, p. 77 ^ Morse, p. 117 ^ Morse, p. 116Bright & Bright, pp. 67–71 ^ Bright & Bright, pp. 73–74 ^ Hills, pp. 62–63 ^ Kieve, p. 54 ^ Kieve, p. 56 ^ Kieve, p. 59 ^ Kieve, p. 56 ^ Kieve, p. 53 ^ Kieve, p. 56 ^ Kieve, pp. 58–59 ^ Prescott, p. 359 ^ Kieve, p. 59 ^ Kieve, pp. 61–62 ^ Kieve, p. 62 ^ Kieve, pp. 63–64 ^ Kieve, p. 64 ^ Kieve, p. 90 ^ Kieve, p. 65 ^ Beauchamp, p. 89 ^ Kieve, p. 64 ^ Kieve, p. 70 ^ Kieve, pp. 92–93 ^ Kieve, pp. 66–67 ^ Kieve, p. 53 ^ Ittmann, p. 53 ^ Kieve, pp. 66–67 ^ Kieve, p. 59 ^ Kieve, p. 67 ^ Kieve, p. 71 ^ Kieve, pp. 71–72 ^ Kieve, p. 101 ^ Black, p. 11 ^ Kieve, p. 101 ^ Kieve, p. 102 ^ Haigh, p. 26 ^ Kieve, p. 102 ^ Beauchamp, p. 137 ^ Bright, p. 158 ^ Bright, p. 157 ^ Smith, pp. 7–8, 22 ^ Kieve, p. 104 ^ Winseck & Pike, p. 23 ^ Haigh, p. 27 ^ Huurdeman, pp. 132, 136 ^ pp. 169–170, 182–183 ^ Kieve, pp. 116–117 ^ Haigh, p. 192 ^ Kieve, p. 102 ^ Haigh, p. 193 ^ Bright & Bright, pp. 73–74 ^ Hills, pp. 62–63 ^ Cookson, p. 81 ^ Kieve, p. 117 ^ Headrick, p. 20 ^ Kieve, p. 117 ^ Kieve, p. 117 ^ Headrick, p. 19 ^ Kieve, pp. 105–113 ^ Nickles, pp. 33–34 ^ Huurdeman, pp. 132, 136 ^ Davies, p. 71 ^ Kieve, p. 66 ^ Huurdeman, p. 136Kieve, pp. 115–116 ^ Huurdeman, pp. 137–138 ^ Bruton, p. 3 ^ Huurdeman, pp. 289–291 ^ Huurdeman, p. 291 ^ Huurdeman, p. 136 ^ Kragh, p. 810 ^ Huurdeman, pp. 324–325Beauchamp, p. 85 ^ Huurdeman, p. 136 ^ Kieve, p. 90 ^ Bright & Bright, pp. 72–73 ^ Lundheim, pp. 24–25 ^ Hunt (2010), pp. 87–88 ^ Schiffer, p. 231Darella, p. 302 ^ Lindey, p. 141 ^ Hearn, p. 51 ^ McNamara, pp. 131–132 ^ Bright, p. 26 ^ Thompson, pp. 347–349 ^ Hunt (1997), p. 327 ^ Hunt (2010), pp. 88–89 ^ McNamara, p. 131 ^ Nahin, pp. 139–184 ^ McNamara, pp. 131–132Nahin, pp. 275–276 ^ Beauchamp, p. 77 ^ Kieve, p. 85 ^ Beauchamp, p. 77 ^ Beauchamp, p. 77 ^ Kieve, p. 87 ^ Kieve, p. 87 ^ Kieve, p. 190 ^ Burns (2004a), pp. 78–79 ^ Kieve, p. 51 ^ Kieve, p. 59 ^ Kieve, pp. 193–195 ^ Kieve, p. 59 ^ Kieve, pp. 119-120 ^ Kieve, pp. 120–121 ^ Kieve, p. 115 ^ Kieve, p. 125Huurdeman, p. 106 ^ Kieve, p. 128 ^ Kieve, pp. 129–134 ^ Kieve, pp. 144–145 ^ Kieve, p. 65 ^ Kieve, p. 135 ^ Kieve, p. 136 ^ Kieve, pp. 138, 150 ^ Kieve, p. 141 ^ Kieve, p. 139 ^ Kieve, p. 140 ^ Kieve, pp. 147–149 ^ Kieve, pp. 148–151 ^ Kieve, pp. 159–160 ^ Kieve, p. 176 ^ Hills, p. 26 ^ Kieve, p. 159 ^ Kieve, p. 160 ^ Haigh, p. 193 ^ Kieve, p. 161 ^ Kieve, p. 175 ^ Kieve, p. 169 ^ Kieve, p. 166 ^ Kieve, p. 166 citing,Hansard, 21 July 1869, p. 250 ^ Kieve, pp. 164–165 ^ Kieve, pp. 171–172, 191 ^ Kieve, p. 174 ^ Kieve, p. 190 ^ Hamer, p. 75 ^ Kieve, p. 177 ^ Kieve, p. 178 ^ Kieve, p. 176 ^ Kieve, p. 178 ^ Huurdeman, pp. 106–107 ^ Kieve, p. 176 ^ Orji, p. 57 ^ Moran, p. 201 ^ Kieve, p. 178 ^ Huurdeman, pp. 67–69 ^ Kieve, p. 180 ^ Kieve, pp. 180–183 ^ Kieve, p. 247 ^ Kieve, pp. 185–186 ^ Kieve, p. 193 ^ Kieve, pp. 193–195 ^ Kieve, p. 195 ^ Kieve, p. 187 ^ Kieve, p. 246 ^ Beauchamp, pp. 80–81 ^ Kieve, p. 196 ^ Day & McNeil, p. 998 ^ Kieve, p. 199 ^ Kieve, p. 199-200 ^ Kieve, p. 201 ^ Kieve, pp. 201–202Ball & Sunderland, p. 286Thomas, p. 126 ^ Kieve, pp. 203–204 ^ Kieve, pp. 204–205 ^ Kieve, pp. 205–207 ^ Kieve, pp. 210–211 ^ Kieve, pp. 211–212 ^ Kieve, p. 213 ^ Kieve, p. 212–213 ^ Kieve, p. 214 ^ Kieve, p. 236 ^ Kieve, p. 266 ^ Kieve, pp. 33–34 ^ Kieve, p. 239 ^ Kieve, pp. 216–217 ^ Kieve, p. 223 ^ Kieve, pp. 223, 290 ^ Kieve, pp. 223–224 ^ Kieve, pp. 225–226 ^ Kieve, p. 228 ^ Kieve, p. 239 ^ Kieve, pp. 240–241 ^ Kieve, p. 241 ^ Corera, Prologue ^ Kieve, p. 241 ^ Kieve, p. 242–243 ^ Kieve, p. 241 ^ Kieve, p. 245 ^ Kieve, p. 245 ^ Kahn, p. 838 ^ Wenzlhuemer, p. 247 ^ Godfrey, p. 29 ^ Clauson-Thue (1873)>Wenzlhuemer, p. 247 ^ Bentley (1906)Kahn, pp. 843–844 ^ Kahn, p. 838 ^ Godfrey, p. 30Kahn, p. 844 ^ Bentley (1907) ^ Whitelaw (1904) ^ Kahn, p. 843 ^ Godfrey ^ Kahn, p. 842 ^ Kahn, p. 842 ^ Kahn, p. 843 ^ Kieve, pp. 249–250 ^ Kieve, p. 249 ^ Huurdeman, p. 142 ^ Kieve, p. 249 ^ Kieve, p. 250 ^ Kieve, p. 250 ^ Kieve, pp. 255–256 ^ Kieve, p. 256 ^ Kieve, p. 260 ^ Huurdeman, p. 510 ^ Kieve, pp. 248, 195 ^ Kieve, p. 248 ^ Kieve, pp. 256–257 ^ Kieve, p. 259 ^ Kieve, pp. 248, 250 ^ Kieve, pp. 257–259 ^ Kieve, p. 260 ^ Kieve, p. 260 ^ Kieve, p. 261 ^ Hamer, p. 75 ^ Kieve, p. 261 ^ Stephenson, p. 50Kieve, p. 261 ^ Kieve, pp. 261–262 ^ Kieve, pp. 262–263 ^ Kieve, pp. 262–264 ^ Kieve, p. 265 ^ Kieve, p. 263 ^ Williams, pt. 1Seward, p. 256 ^ Pitt, p. 154 ^ Welch & Frémond, p. 16 ^ Kieve, p. 266 ^ Hamer, p. 75 ^ "Edward Prince of Wales visits London's telegram boys", The Telegraph, 9 June 2017, archived 4 March 2019. ^ Huurdeman, pp. 510–511 ^ Kieve, p. 263 ^ Kieve, p. 264 ^ Lord & Sterling, p. 449 ^ Huurdeman, p. 512 ^ Bennett, p. 579 ^ Commission of the EC, p. 15 ^ Huurdeman, pp. 512–513 ^ Walker, p. 492 Bibliography Ash, Stewart, "The development of submarine cables", Ch. 1 in, Burnett, Douglas R.; Beckman, Robert; Davenport, Tara M., Submarine Cables: The Handbook of Law and Policy, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2014 ISBN 978-90-04-26032-0. Ball, Michael; Sunderland, David T., An Economic History of London, 1800–1914, Routledge, 2001 ISBN 978-0-415-24691-0 Beauchamp, Ken, History of Telegraphy, Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2001 ISBN 978-0-85296-792-8. Bennett, Robert J., Local Business Voice: The History of Chambers of Commerce in Britain, Ireland, and Revolutionary America, 1760-2011, Oxford University Press, 2011 ISBN 0-19-958473-7. Bentley, Ernest L., Bentley's Complete Phrase Code, London: E. L. Bentley, 1906 OCLC 556787913 (1909 edition). Bentley, Ernest L., Mining Supplement to Bentley's Complete Phrase Code, London: E. L. Bentley, 1907, OCLC 38695869. Black, Robert Monro, The History of Electric Wires and Cables, Peter Peregrinus, 1983, ISBN 978-0-86341-001-7. Bowers, Brian, Sir Charles Wheatstone: 1802–1875, IEE, 2001 ISBN 978-0-85296-103-2. Bowler, Peter J.; Morus, Iwan Rhys, Making Modern Science: A Historical Survey, University of Chicago Press, 2010 ISBN 978-0-226-06862-6. Bright, Charles, Submarine Telegraphs, London: Crosby Lockwood, 1898 OCLC 776529627. Bright, Edward Brailsford; Bright, Charles, The Life Story of the Late Sir Charles Tilston Bright, Civil Engineer, Cambridge University Press, 2012 ISBN 978-1-108-05288-7 (first published 1898). Bruton, Elizabeth, "'The Cable Wars': military and state surveillance of the British telegraph cable network during World War One" in, Marklund, Andreas (ed); Mogens, Rüdiger (ed), Historicizing Infrastructure Aalborg University Press, 2017 ISBN 87-7112-594-9. Burns, Russel W., Communications: An International History of the Formative Years, IEE, 2004a ISBN 978-0-86341-327-8. Burns, Russel W., "Bain, Alexander", Dictionary of National Biography (online), Oxford University Press, 2004b, retrieved 4 April 2020. Clauson-Thue, William, The ABC Universal Commercial Electric Telegraphic Code, London: Rock Terrace, Talfourd Road, Peckham, SE, 1873. Commission of the European Communities: Directorate-General for Employment, Industrial Relations and Social Affairs, "Office automation and social change in Europe", Social Europe, supplement 5/91, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1992 ISBN 92-826-3757-3. Cookson, Gillian, "The golden age of electricity", ch. 6 in, Inkster, Ian; Griffin, Colin; Hill, Jeff; Rowbotham, Judith (eds), The Golden Age: Essays in British Social and Economic History, 1850–1870, Taylor & Francis, 2017 ISBN 978-1-351-88874-5. Coopersmith, Jonathan, Faxed: The Rise and Fall of the Fax Machine, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2015 ISBN 1-4214-1591-7. Corera, Gordon, Intercept: The Secret History of Computers and Spies, Hachette UK, 2015 ISBN 978-0-297-87174-3. Darella, Sara L., "Transatlantic cable", pp. 302–303 in, Welch, Rosanne; Lamphier, Peg A. (eds), Technical Innovation in American History: An Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, vol. 1, ABC-Clio, 2019 ISBN 978-1-61069-094-2. Davies, Edward J. II, The United States in World History, Routledge, 2006 ISBN 1-134-47716-3. Day, Lance; McNeil, Ian, Biographical Dictionary of the History of Technology, Taylor & Francis, 1998 ISBN 978-0-415-19399-3. Derry, Thomas Kingston; Williams, Trevor Illtyd, A Short History of Technology from the Earliest Times to A.D. 1900, Courier Corporation, 1960 ISBN 978-0-486-27472-0. Duffy, Michael C., Electric Railways: 1880–1990, IEE, 2003, ISBN 978-0-85296-805-5. Godfrey, Helen, Submarine Telegraphy and the Hunt for Gutta Percha, BRILL, 2018 ISBN 90-04-35728-9. Haigh, Kenneth Richardson, Cableships and Submarine Cables, Adlard Coles, 1968 OCLC 497380538. Hamer, Mick, "Quicker by phone?", New Scientist, no. 1689, 4 November 1989. Headrick, Daniel R., The Invisible Weapon: Telecommunications and International Politics, 1851-1945, Oxford University Press, 1991 ISBN 0-19-972819-4. Hearn, Chester G., Circuits in the Sea: The Men, the Ships, and the Atlantic Cable, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2004 ISBN 978-0-275-98231-7. Hewitt, D.E., Engineering Science II, Macmillan, 1978 ISBN 978-1-349-03180-1. Hills, Jill, The Struggle for Control of Global Communication, University of Illinois Press, 2002 ISBN 978-0-7099-3701-2. Hubbard, Geoffrey, Cooke and Wheatstone and the Invention of the Electric Telegraph, Routledge\, 2013 ISBN 978-1-135-02850-3. Huurdeman, Anton A., The Worldwide History of Telecommunications, Wiley, 2003 ISBN 978-0-471-20505-0. Hunt, Bruce J., "Doing science in a global empire: cable telegraphy and electrical physics in Victorian Britain", ch. 15 in, Lightman, Bernard (ed), Victorian Science in Context, University of Chicago Press\, 1997 ISBN 978-0-226-48112-8. Hunt, Bruce J., Pursuing Power and Light: Technology and Physics from James Watt to Albert Einstein, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010 ISBN 978-0-8018-9358-2. Ittmann, Karl, Work, Gender and Family in Victorian England, Springer, 2016 ISBN 134913337X. Kahn, David, The Codebreakers: The Story of Secret Writing, New York: Macmillan, 1967 OCLC 855457547. Kieve, Jeffrey L., The Electric Telegraph: A Social and Economic History, David and Charles, 1973 OCLC 655205099. Kragh, Helge, "Telephony, long distance", pp. 809–811 in, Hempstead, Colin; Worthington William (eds), Encyclopedia of 20th-Century Technology, Routledge, 2005 ISBN 978-1-135-45551-4. Lord, Cliff; Sterling, Christopher H., "Teleprinter/teletype", pp. 447–449 in, Christopher H. Sterling (ed), Military Communications: From Ancient Times to the 21st Century, ABC-CLIO, 2008 ISBN 1-85109-732-5. Lundheim, Lars, "On Shannon and Shannon's formula", Telektronikk, vol. 98, no. 1, pp. 20–29, 2002. McDonald, Donald; Hunt, Leslie B., A History of Platinum and its Allied Metals, Johnson Matthey, 1982 ISBN 978-0-905118-83-3. McNamara, John R., The Economics of Innovation in the Telecommunications Industry, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1991 ISBN 978-0-89930-558-5. Mercer, David, The Telephone: The Life Story of a Technology, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006 ISBN 978-0-313-33207-4. Moran, Terence P., Introduction to the History of Communication, Peter Lang, 2010 ISBN 978-1-4331-0412-1. Morrison, Heather S., Inventors of Communications Technology, Cavendish Square Publishing, 2015 ISBN 1-5026-0656-9. Morse, Samuel, "Examination of the Telegraphic Apparatus and the Processes in Telegraphy", in, Blake, William Phipps (ed), Reports of the United States Commissioners to the Paris Universal Exposition, 1867, vol. 4, US Government Printing Office, 1870 OCLC 752259860. Nahin, Paul J., Oliver Heaviside: The Life, Work, and Times of an Electrical Genius of the Victorian Age, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002 ISBN 978-0-8018-6909-9. Nickles, David Paull, How the Telegraph Changed Diplomacy, Harvard University Press, 2003 ISBN 0-674-01035-3. Orji, Uchenna Jerome, International Telecommunications Law and Policy, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2019 ISBN 978-1-5275-2641-9. Parsons, Patrick R., Blue Skies: A History of Cable Television, Temple University Press, 2008 ISBN 1-59213-706-7 Pitt, Douglas C., The Telecommunications Function of the British Post Office, Saxon House, 1980 ISBN 978-0-566-00273-1. Prescott, George Bartlett, History, Theory, and Practice of the Electric Telegraph, Boston: Ticknor and Fields, 1866 LCCN 17-10907 Roberts, Steven, Distant Writing, distantwriting.co.uk, ch. 4, "The Electric Telegraph Company", archived 1 July 2016, ch. 5, "Competitors and allies", archived 1 July 2016. Russell, Robert W., History of the Invention of the Electric Telegraph, New York: William C. Bryant & Co., 1853 OCLC 904216191. Schiffer, Michael B., Power Struggles: Scientific Authority and the Creation of Practical Electricity Before Edison, MIT Press, 2008 ISBN 978-0-262-19582-9. Seward, Ingrid, The Queen's Speech: An Intimate Portrait of the Queen in Her Own Words, Simon and Schuster, 2015 ISBN 1-4711-5097-6. Shaffner, Taliaferro Preston, The Telegraph Manual, Pudney & Russell, 1859. Smith, Willoughby, The Rise and Extension of Submarine Telegraphy, London: J.S. Virtue & Co., 1891 OCLC 1079820592. Stephenson, Charles, The Fortifications of Malta 1530–1945, Bloomsbury Publishing, 2012 ISBN 978-1-84908-015-6. Thomas, William Arthur, The Provincial Stock Exchanges, Routledge, 2012 ISBN 978-0-7146-2981-0 (1973 reprint). Thompson, Silvanus Phillips, The Life of Lord Kelvin, vol. 1, American Mathematical Society, 2004 ISBN 978-0-8218-3743-6 (first published 1910). Walker, Peter M., "Contract", The Solicitors' Journal, vol. 142, 1998. Welch, Dick; Frémond, Olivier (eds), The Case-by-case Approach to Privatization, World Bank Publications, 1998 ISBN 978-0-8213-4196-4. Wenzlhuemer, Roland, Connecting the Nineteenth-Century World: The Telegraph and Globalization, Cambridge University Press, 2013 ISBN 1-107-02528-1. Williams, Liz, Kind Regards: The Lost Art of Letter Writing, Michael O'Mara Books, 2012 ISBN 1-84317-713-7. Winseck, Dwayne R.; Pike, Robert M., Communication and Empire, Duke University Press, 2007 ISBN 978-0-8223-8999-6. Whitelaw, Whitelaw's Telegraph Cyphers, London: Whitelaw's Telegraph Cypher Co., 1904 OCLC 820084531.	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1901_Eastern_Telegraph_cables.png"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Telegraphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraphy"},{"link_name":"symbolic codes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraph_code"},{"link_name":"Electrical telegraphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_telegraph"},{"link_name":"telegram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegram"},{"link_name":"optical telegraphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_telegraphy"},{"link_name":"radiotelegraphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiotelegraphy"},{"link_name":"Francis Ronalds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Ronalds"},{"link_name":"William Fothergill Cooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Fothergill_Cooke"},{"link_name":"Charles Wheatstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone"},{"link_name":"Cooke and Wheatstone telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooke_and_Wheatstone_telegraph"},{"link_name":"needle telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Needle_telegraph"},{"link_name":"battery invented by John Frederic Daniell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniell_cell"},{"link_name":"relay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relay"},{"link_name":"Edward Davy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Davy"},{"link_name":"John Lewis Ricardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lewis_Ricardo"},{"link_name":"Electric Telegraph Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_Telegraph_Company"},{"link_name":"Magnetic Telegraph Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_Telegraph_Company"},{"link_name":"William Thomas Henley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Thomas_Henley"},{"link_name":"cartel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartel"},{"link_name":"Submarine telegraph cables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_telegraph_cable"},{"link_name":"mainland Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"William Montgomerie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Montgomerie"},{"link_name":"gutta-percha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gutta-percha"},{"link_name":"Submarine Telegraph Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_Telegraph_Company"},{"link_name":"John Pender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Pender"},{"link_name":"Telegraph Construction and Maintenance Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraph_Construction_and_Maintenance_Company"},{"link_name":"transatlantic telegraph cable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transatlantic_telegraph_cable"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Telegraph Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Telegraph_Company"},{"link_name":"Eastern Telegraph Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Telegraph_Company"},{"link_name":"Cable & Wireless Ltd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_%26_Wireless_Ltd"},{"link_name":"nationalised","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalization"},{"link_name":"General Post Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Post_Office"},{"link_name":"wayleaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayleave"},{"link_name":"money orders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_orders"},{"link_name":"Post Office Telecommunications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_Office_Telecommunications"},{"link_name":"British Telecom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Telecom"},{"link_name":"telex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telex"},{"link_name":"internet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet"}],"text":"History of electrical telegraphy in the United KingdomA map of the Eastern Telegraph Company's submarine cables, 1901In the nineteenth century, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland had the world's first commercial telegraph company. British telegraphy dominated international telecommunications well into the twentieth. Telegraphy is the sending of textual messages by human operators using symbolic codes. Electrical telegraphy used conducting wires to send messages, often incorporating a telegram service to deliver the telegraphed communication from the telegraph office. This is distinct from optical telegraphy that preceded it and the radiotelegraphy that followed. Though Francis Ronalds first demonstrated a working telegraph over a substantial distance in 1816, he was unable to put it into practical use. Starting in 1836, William Fothergill Cooke, with the scientific assistance of Charles Wheatstone, developed the Cooke and Wheatstone telegraph. The needle telegraph instrument suggested by Wheatstone, the battery invented by John Frederic Daniell, and the relay invented by Edward Davy were important components of this system.In 1846, Cooke and financier John Lewis Ricardo formed the Electric Telegraph Company which initially supplied telegraph systems to railway companies but soon branched out into other businesses, slowly building a network that could be used by the public. Many competing companies arose; the most important of them was the Magnetic Telegraph Company (the \"Magnetic\") formed in 1850. They used the telegraph invented by William Thomas Henley, which did not require batteries. The Electric and Magnetic companies soon formed a cartel to control the market. They were profitable, but most other companies were not.Submarine telegraph cables were required to extend the telegraph beyond mainland Britain. Suitable insulation for these was unavailable until Scottish military surgeon William Montgomerie introduced gutta-percha in 1843. The Submarine Telegraph Company laid the world's first international submarine cable in 1851 connecting England with France. In 1864, John Pender formed the Telegraph Construction and Maintenance Company to manufacture and maintain the transatlantic telegraph cable for the Atlantic Telegraph Company. He formed many additional companies to lay various cables connecting Britain with its colonies in India, the Far East and Australia. Once these were laid, these disparate companies were merged into the Eastern Telegraph Company, established in 1872. In 1934, Cable & Wireless Ltd absorbed the company.The inland telegraph companies were nationalised in 1870 and then operated as part of the General Post Office. Companies operating international submarine cables remained independent. A major mistake made during nationalisation was cost estimates failed to take into account the cost of purchasing railway company wayleaves, or even that it would be necessary to do so. The final bill far exceeded the original estimate. The telegraph was never profitable under nationalisation because of government policies. Prices were held low to make it affordable for as many people as possible, and the telegraph was extended to every post office issuing money orders, whether or not that office generated enough telegraph business to be profitable. Telegraph usage increased enormously under the Post Office, but it was never as cheap as the postal service, and growing competition from the telephone reduced its market share.The telegraph was an important resource in both world wars, delaying its decline. The introduction of special greetings telegrams in 1935 proved highly popular and somewhat offset a further decline, but by 1970, telegram usage had fallen to its lowest total ever under nationalisation. Repeated price increases to control the deficit drove usage down even further. Post Office Telecommunications was separated from the Post Office as British Telecom in 1981. This was a first step towards its privatisation in 1984. In 1982 British Telecom ended its inland telegram service. International telegrams could be sent by telephone and were received by ordinary letter post. Some private wire use of telegraph continued after the end of the telegram service, and the telex system continued in use by an ever-diminishing group of private users. Most of these succumbed to alternatives on the internet in the 1990s.","title":"Electrical telegraphy in the United Kingdom"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ronalds_telegraph.png"},{"link_name":"Francis Ronalds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Ronalds"},{"link_name":"Hammersmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammersmith"},{"link_name":"friction machines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrostatic_generator"},{"link_name":"Admiralty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Admiralty"},{"link_name":"optical telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_telegraph"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"electrochemical cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrochemical_cells"},{"link_name":"Daniell cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniell_cell"},{"link_name":"John Frederic Daniell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Frederic_Daniell"},{"link_name":"voltaic pile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltaic_pile"},{"link_name":"electrolytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolytes"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"sulfuric acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfuric_acid"},{"link_name":"oxidizing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidizing_agent"},{"link_name":"copper sulphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_sulphate"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"zinc sulfate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc_sulfate"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"relay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relay"},{"link_name":"Edward Davy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Davy"},{"link_name":"electromagnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnet"},{"link_name":"armature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armature_(electrical)"},{"link_name":"Electrical contacts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_contacts"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Regent's Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regent%27s_Park"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cooke_William_Fothergill_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"William Fothergill Cooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Fothergill_Cooke"},{"link_name":"Georg Wilhelm Muncke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Muncke"},{"link_name":"needle telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Needle_telegraph"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"detent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detent"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"signalling to control trains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_signalling"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Michael Faraday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Faraday"},{"link_name":"Charles Wheatstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Cooke and Wheatstone telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooke_and_Wheatstone_telegraph"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cooke_and_Wheatstone_electric_telegraph.jpg"},{"link_name":"Liverpool and Manchester Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"London and Birmingham Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_and_Birmingham_Railway"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"rope-hauled trains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_railway"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Great Western Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Western_Railway"},{"link_name":"Paddington station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddington_station"},{"link_name":"West Drayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Drayton"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraph_code"},{"link_name":"telegraph operator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraphist"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Slough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slough"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"ceramic insulators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulator_(electricity)#Telegraph_and_power_transmission_insulators"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"shilling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shilling"},{"link_name":"decimal pence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penny_(British_decimal_coin)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"fax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fax"},{"link_name":"Alexander Bain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Bain_(inventor)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Frederick C. Bakewell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_C._Bakewell"},{"link_name":"Great Exhibition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Exhibition"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"printing telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing_telegraph"},{"link_name":"Morse code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morse_code"},{"link_name":"codepoints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codepoint"},{"link_name":"Samuel Morse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Morse"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"Ronalds' eight miles of iron wire strung in his gardenFrancis Ronalds conducted the first demonstration that an electric telegraph could be operated over a substantial distance in his Hammersmith garden in 1816. He used eight miles of iron wire strung between wooden frames. High-voltage friction machines were his power source. Ronalds offered his system to the Admiralty. They were already using an optical telegraph, and despite it being frequently unusable because of weather, saw no need for his invention. Though never put to the test, it is unlikely that Ronalds' system would have worked over very long distances using static electricity generators. Even the relatively short test system only worked well in dry weather.[1]Nearly all the successful telegraph systems used extensive electrochemical cells as their power source. The invention of the Daniell cell in 1836 by John Frederic Daniell made this possible. The earlier voltaic pile suffered from falling voltage if used continuously because of the formation of hydrogen bubbles around the copper electrode which tended to insulate it. The Daniell cell solved this problem by placing the zinc and copper electrodes in separate electrolytes with a porous barrier between them.[2] The sulfuric acid electrolyte consumed the hydrogen oxidizing it to water, before it could reach the copper electrode in the copper sulphate electrolyte.[3] A later improvement by J. F. Fuller in 1853 replaced sulfuric acid with zinc sulfate.[4]Another important development was the relay, invented by surgeon Edward Davy in 1837 and patented in 1838. It allowed the regeneration of weak telegraph pulses. The incoming pulse activated an electromagnet that moved an armature. Electrical contacts attached to it closed and completed a secondary circuit. A local battery provided the current for a new pulse through the contacts and onwards along the telegraph line. Davy's relay was the first device to use metallic make-and-break contacts, a great improvement on electrodes dipping into a container of mercury.[5] The relay's importance was it allowed telegraph transmissions over long distances that would otherwise require operators at periodic intermediate stations to read and retransmit the message.[6] Davy began experimenting in telegraphy in 1835, and in 1837 demonstrated his telegraph system in Regent's Park over a mile of copper wire.[7] He held an exhibition in London, but after his marriage broke down, he abandoned telegraphy and emigrated to Australia.[8]William Fothergill CookeWilliam Fothergill Cooke was the driving force in establishing the telegraph as a business in the United Kingdom. Inspired to build a telegraph after seeing Georg Wilhelm Muncke demonstrate a needle telegraph in March 1836, Cooke built a prototype shortly afterwards but did not pursue this design.[9] He looked for mechanical solutions instead because he believed (wrongly) that the needle telegraph would require multiple wires, each driving a separate needle.[10] Cooke initially made a telegraph with a clockwork detent mechanism operating electromagnets. The first mechanical apparatus was built in 1836.[11] He pitched the telegraph to various railway companies as a means of signalling to control trains without success.[12] Cooke, who was not scientifically trained, sought advice from Michael Faraday and Charles Wheatstone. Wheatstone recommended using a needle telegraph system.[13] After the collaboration with Wheatstone had begun, they pursued only needle telegraphs. The Cooke and Wheatstone telegraph they developed and patented in May 1837 could have various arrangements of needles, but the one that initially succeeded used five needles. They were operated in pairs, so they pointed to a letter of the alphabet marked on a board.[14]Cooke and Wheatstone five-needle telegraphCooke proposed the Cooke and Wheatstone system to the Liverpool and Manchester Railway,[15] and the London and Birmingham Railway trialled a four-needle system in July 1837.[16] Both applications were for signalling rope-hauled trains; both railways rejected them in favour of steam-driven whistles.[17] Their first success came in 1838 when the Great Western Railway installed a five-needle telegraph from Paddington station to West Drayton[18]—the first commercial telegraph in the world.[19] The cables were laid originally in an underground conduit, but the insulation began to fail.[20] Cooke replaced the instruments with a two-needle system using only the wires that remained intact.[21] The code for the two-needle system could not be read off a board; it had to be learned. The profession of telegraph operator (telegraphist) had been created.[22]In 1843, the telegraph line was extended to Slough and Cooke converted it to a one-needle system.[23] New uninsulated wires were run suspended from poles on ceramic insulators, a system Cooke patented,[24] which rapidly became ubiquitous.[25] Cooke financed this extension as the Great Western was unwilling to finance a system it considered experimental. Up to this point, they had insisted on exclusive use and had refused Cooke permission to open public telegraph offices. Cooke's new agreement gave the railway free use of the system in exchange for the right to open public offices, establishing a public telegraph service for the first time.[26] A flat rate of one shilling (5decimal pence) was charged regardless of message length; many people paid this just to see the strange equipment.[27]The earliest machine for sending pictures by telegraph (fax) is credited to Scottish inventor Alexander Bain in 1848. He patented an earlier unbuilt design in 1843.[28] Frederick C. Bakewell demonstrated another fax machine with an improved design at the Great Exhibition in 1851.[29] Bain also invented a chemical printing telegraph. He used a dot-dash code with this machine similar to Morse code, but with different codepoints. The Bain telegraph enjoyed some popularity in the 1850s in England, but when he took it to the US in 1849 he became embroiled in litigation with Samuel Morse.[30] The dispute broke him financially, and he returned to clockmaking, his original profession, in later life.[31]","title":"Early development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of historical British telcos § Telegraph companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_historical_British_telcos#Telegraph_companies"},{"link_name":"Continental Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Europe"},{"link_name":"Siemens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siemens"},{"link_name":"Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussia"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"See also: List of historical British telcos § Telegraph companiesDevelopment of the telegraph in Britain was distinctly different from that in other European countries. In Continental Europe, governments developed the telegraph for their own purposes and controlled them as a state monopoly. For instance, Siemens early telegraph installations in Prussia had a distinctly military purpose; in France it was years before the public could use the telegraph. In Britain, between 1846, the formation of the first telegraph company, until nationalisation in 1870, the telegraph grew entirely at the instigation of private companies using private capital and without government support.[32] 64 telegraph companies were formed during that period, though 68% of them failed and only a handful of them grew to any significant size.[33]","title":"Telegraph companies"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PSM_V03_D418_Single_needle_instrument.jpg"},{"link_name":"John Lewis Ricardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lewis_Ricardo"},{"link_name":"Electric Telegraph Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_Telegraph_Company"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Marc Isambard Brunel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Isambard_Brunel"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inflation-UK-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"wayleaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayleaves"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Lloyd's of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd%27s_of_London"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"central office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_office_(telecommunications)"},{"link_name":"Moorgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moorgate"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"cable ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_ship"},{"link_name":"CS Monarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CS_Monarch_(1830)"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Isle of Man Telegraph Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Man_Telegraph_Company"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"sub_title":"Electric Telegraph Company","text":"Cooke and Wheatstone single-needle instrument c. 1872–1873Cooke and financier John Lewis Ricardo established the Electric Telegraph Company (ETC) in 1846,[34] the first company formed to provide a telegraph service to the public.[35] Wheatstone was not involved having had a serious falling out with Cooke over who should take credit for the invention. The matter went to arbitration with Marc Isambard Brunel acting for Cooke and Daniell acting for Wheatstone. They reached a compromise with both taking some credit. Wheatstone had no interest in commercial enterprises, wishing only to publish scientific results. The ETC bought out Wheatstone's patent interest in exchange for royalties,[36] and acquired Davy's relay patent.[37] They bought out Bain for the substantial sum of £7,500 (equivalent to £830,000 in 2019[38]) after he had threatened to derail the bill forming the company because his patents would be infringed.[39] The ETC bought out other telegraph patents when they could, often not because they wanted to use them, but to suppress competition.[40]The company concentrated on their railway business first but struggled to be profitable.[41] Their relationship with the railways, however, gave them a structural advantage over competitors that started up later. By the time they arrived on the scene, the ETC had agreements with most railways, which gave them exclusive use of the wayleaves, shutting out their competitors from the most economical way of building a telegraph network.[42]After 1848, other areas of the business grew. Supplying news to newspapers and stock exchange information to the financial sector was profitable.[43] The insurer Lloyd's of London was a major user from the beginning. They had telegraph instruments installed directly in their London offices in 1851.[44] Telegraph use by the public was slow to grow because of high prices[45] but increased after competition drove down prices. This led to the company relocating their London central office to bigger premises in Great Bell Alley, Moorgate, in 1859. The eastern portion of the road was later renamed Telegraph Street after the company.[46] The ETC remained by far the largest telegraph company until nationalisation in 1870,[47] after which Cooke retired. Both he and Wheatstone were knighted for their services to telegraphy in 1869 and 1868, respectively.[48]The ETC was heavily involved in laying submarine telegraph cables to Europe and Ireland. They operated the first cable ship permanently fitted out for laying cables, CS Monarch. In 1853, they created the International Telegraph Company to overcome Dutch objections to a British company laying telegraph cables on their soil. This company was merged back into the ETC in 1854 and named the Electric and International Telegraph Company.[49] Other subsidiary companies created to lay submarine cables were the Channel Islands Telegraph Company (1857) and the Isle of Man Telegraph Company (1859).[50]","title":"Telegraph companies"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Foster_magneto-electric_telegraph.png"},{"link_name":"John Watkins Brett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Watkins_Brett"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"duopoly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duopoly"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancashire_and_Yorkshire_Railway"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom Telegraph Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_Telegraph_Company"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"William Thomas Henley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Thomas_Henley"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Henry Highton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Highton"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Charles Tilston Bright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Tilston_Bright"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Submarine Telegraph Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_Telegraph_Company"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"}],"sub_title":"Magnetic Telegraph Company","text":"Henley-Foster two-needle telegraphJohn Watkins Brett established the English and Irish Magnetic Telegraph Company (Magnetic Telegraph Company, or \"Magnetic\" for short) in 1850,[51] initially to connect Britain and Ireland with a submarine telegraph cable.[52] The first attempt failed, as did several attempts by rival companies. The Magnetic finally succeeded in 1853, giving Ireland a telegraphic connection to Britain for the first time, and through Britain to mainland Europe.[53] This was the deepest submarine cable laid to date.[54]The Magnetic was the ETC's largest competitor; both formed a virtual duopoly. In this context the ETC was commonly referred to as the Electric to counterpose it to the Magnetic.[55] The Magnetic was not, however, the Electric's first competitor. The British Electric Telegraph Company (BETC), founded in 1849, was the first.[56] Its name was later changed to the British Telegraph Company to avoid confusion with the ETC.[57] The BETC failed because they were founded on the mistaken assumption that they could obtain railway wayleaves. They wrongly believed Parliament would force the railway companies to allow them to erect lines. They obtained very few wayleaves; one exception was the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway.[58] Magnetic took them over in 1857 under the new name of the British and Irish Magnetic Telegraph Company.[59] The Magnetic avoided the pitfalls encountered by the BETC. From the start, they planned their system based on underground cables along highways.[60] Not only did the ETC have the railway wayleaves, but the United Kingdom Telegraph Company had the wayleaves for canals and the BETC had the wayleaves for overground cables along highways.[61] This asset of the BETC was the attraction for the Magnetic in its takeover of both.[62]The Magnetic used a telegraph system not covered by ETC's patents[63]—William Thomas Henley and George Foster's needle telegraph, which did not require batteries. While the operator was sending a message, the handle's movement generated the electricity electromagnetically. This was the meaning of magnetic in the company name.[64] After the BETC takeover, the Magnetic acquired its founder Henry Highton's needle telegraph. This instrument was the cheapest of the manual telegraph systems at between £2 10 shillings (£2.50) and £3 (equivalent to £300 in 2019).[65] By the time of nationalisation, the Magnetic were also using Bright's bells on their most important lines. Charles Tilston Bright invented this instrument; it was acoustic rather than visual allowing the operator to work faster.[66]Not only did the Magnetic lay the first cable to Ireland, they had an exclusive agreement with the Submarine Telegraph Company which controlled the cables to Europe.[67] For a short period, the Magnetic had control of all international traffic, shutting out the ETC.[68] It acquired most of the railway wayleaves in Ireland, forcing the ETC to use roads and canals, the exact opposite of the situation in Great Britain.[69]","title":"Telegraph companies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Strand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strand,_London"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"peppercorn rent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peppercorn_rent"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"fourpence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penny_(British_pre-decimal_coin)"},{"link_name":"sixpence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixpence_(British_coin)"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Charing Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charing_Cross"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"}],"sub_title":"London District Telegraph Company","text":"London District Telegraph Company (the District), formed in 1859 in London, was closely associated with the Magnetic. John Watkins Brett and Charles Kemp Dyer were directors of both companies; Edward Brailsford Bright was secretary of both. Their telegraph operators were trained at the Magnetic's headquarters in the Strand.[70] The Magnetic installed the telegraph lines for the District and leased them back for a peppercorn rent in exchange for the District passing on the Magnetic's messages to and from outside London.[71] The District's business model was to provide cheap telegrams within London and not install expensive links between cities. Prices were fourpence (1.7p) for ten words and sixpence (2.5p) for fifteen.[72] By comparison, a long distance telegram on the Electric cost four shillings (20p).[73] The District's area was limited to within four miles (6.4 km) of Charing Cross, with possible later expansion to 20 miles (32 km). The District avoided the expense of erecting telegraph poles or burying cables by stringing the wires from building to building, a technique that could only be used in heavily built-up areas.[74]Rooftop wires may have been cheap to install but getting the wayleaves could be troublesome. Thousands of individual permissions had to be obtained, and unusual conditions were sometimes imposed. One householder insisted the installers enter her property only once (after wiping their feet) to access the roof. Meals were hoisted up to the workmen on rooftops until they had finished.[75] Around seven thousand interviews and negotiations were conducted, many of them equally troublesome, to erect only 280 miles (450 km) of wire.[76] The District's cheap prices stimulated a much more casual use of the telegraph; in 1862 the company transmitted a quarter of a million messages.[77]","title":"Telegraph companies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"flat rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_rate"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"trunk lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trunk_lines"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham"},{"link_name":"Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool"},{"link_name":"Northampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northampton"},{"link_name":"Leicester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester"},{"link_name":"Sheffield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield"},{"link_name":"Barnsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnsley"},{"link_name":"Wakefield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakefield"},{"link_name":"Hull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull"},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Swansea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swansea"},{"link_name":"Plymouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"Newbiggin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newbiggin-by-the-Sea"},{"link_name":"Jutland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jutland"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"David Edward Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Edward_Hughes"},{"link_name":"teleprinter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleprinter"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"types","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sort_(typesetting)"},{"link_name":"daisy wheel printer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daisy_wheel_printing"},{"link_name":"synchrony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronization"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"}],"sub_title":"United Kingdom Telegraph Company","text":"The United Kingdom Telegraph Company (UKTC), founded by Thomas Allan, was the last major telegraph company to be formed. Registered in 1850, it did not raise sufficient capital to launch until 1860.[78] The business model was to charge a flat rate of one shilling (5p) for twenty words within 100 miles (160 km) and two shillings (10p) beyond this, undercutting the established companies.[79] The Electric, with the Magnetic's support, put a great deal of effort into obstructing the UKTC, challenging their right to use highways in Parliament. This was unresolved until Parliament passed an Act in 1862, allowing the UKTC to erect trunk lines along highways. The Electric used their exclusive agreements with the railways to demand they cut down UKTC lines crossing railway property, a demand with which the railway companies mostly complied. The Electric also petitioned other landowners to exclude the UKTC; sometimes UKTC lines were cut illegally. All this activity made it extremely difficult for the UKTC to establish trunk routes between cities. They had one good option—exclusive rights along canals, but they could not reach Scotland or Ireland this way.[80]The UKTC completed their first trunk line in 1863 connecting London, Birmingham, Manchester, and Liverpool. In 1864, a second trunk ran along the route from London, to Northampton, Leicester, Sheffield, Barnsley, and Wakefield, ending in Hull. The northern end of this line was linked to Manchester and Liverpool, connecting the two trunks together at both ends. Later, UKTC extended the trunk network into Scotland, reaching Glasgow and Edinburgh. In 1865, the network was extended west, reaching Swansea and Plymouth.[81] In 1858, the UKTC laid a cable from Newbiggin to Jutland, Denmark, which was extended to Russia giving the UK direct telegraph access to North European and Scandinavian countries.[82]The UKTC used the printing telegraph of David Edward Hughes. This was an early form of teleprinter that printed the message directly without the operator needing to decode it. Transmission was from a piano-like keyboard marked with the letters of the alphabet. The system had been offered to the Electric in 1858, but they rejected it.[83] The operation of the printing telegraph was mechanical. A spinning wheel with the character types, similar to a modern daisy wheel printer, was pressed against the paper at the appropriate time. The wheel in the receiving machine had to be kept in exact synchrony with the sending machine, otherwise the result would be unreadable. The Hughes machine did this by sending synchronisation pulses down the line, a marked improvement over earlier machines which were slow and temperamental.[84]","title":"Telegraph companies"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ABC_machine.jpg"},{"link_name":"Universal Private Telegraph Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Private_Telegraph_Company"},{"link_name":"wpm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wpm"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"}],"sub_title":"Universal Private Telegraph Company","text":"An ABC telegraph instrument from the General Post Office era, dated 1885The Universal Private Telegraph Company (UPTC) was established in 1861 to provide private telegraph links for companies and institutions. They used the ABC telegraph, also known as Wheatstone's universal telegraph, an instrument patented by Charles Wheatstone in 1858. It was designed to be used by unskilled operators with no knowledge of telegraph codes. Letters were marked around a dial with a button for each. The operator pressed the desired button and then turned a handle which generated pulses of current. These pulses moved a pointer through successive positions until it reached the button that had been pressed, at which point the current was cut off. A receiving dial indicated the position that had been reached at both ends of the circuit. Although much slower than other telegraph systems, it was possible to reach 25 wpm with practice.[85]The company proved to be highly profitable. It charged £4 per mile of wire per annum and had few overheads. Unlike the public companies, it did not have to staff telegraph offices or employ operators to send and receive messages.[86]","title":"Telegraph companies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"weaver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weaving"},{"link_name":"ten shillings and sixpence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C2%A3sd"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"gross income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_income"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"}],"text":"Of the inland public companies, only the ETC and the Magnetic were profitable. The District, with its low prices, suffered a loss every year of its existence except 1865. The UKTC, a later start up, hoped to take business away from the big two with low prices, but they were handicapped by an inability to obtain wayleaves on the best routes.[87] The resulting price war ended with them joining the ETC/Magnetic cartel and agreeing a common price structure, destroying their original business model.[88]Competition from the District and UKTC, together with economies of scale as the network grew, steadily drove down prices. In 1851, the ETC charged ten shillings (50p) for a twenty-word inland telegram over 100 miles (160 km). This fell to four shillings (20p) in 1855,[89] but was still expensive for a typical Victorian worker to use. A weaver, for instance, earned on average ten shillings and sixpence (52.5p) per week in 1855.[90] Further reductions occurred in the early 1860s, with both the ETC and the Magnetic attempting to compete with the UKTC's flat one shilling rate. The ETC stopped charging for the address as part of the message, reducing the cost further. In 1865, the ETC, Magnetic and UKTC fixed a common scale of charges for all three companies. The flat rate was dropped and a twenty-word message cost one shilling (5p) up to 100 miles (160 km), one shilling and sixpence (7.5p) up to 200 miles (320 km), and two shillings (10p) up to 300 miles (480 km). Local messages within London and large towns were sixpence (2.5p).[91]The falling prices stimulated more traffic as the public used the telegraph for mundane everyday messages.[92] This generated a steep increase in profits. Between 1861 and 1866, the combined net profits of the ETC and Magnetic rose from £99,000 to £178,000. This was not due solely to the increasing size of the network, the gross income per mile of wire was also increasing.[93]","title":"Profitability"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Newmarket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newmarket_Racecourse"},{"link_name":"line of sight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sightline"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"Reuters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"}],"text":"The telegraph companies offered a news service useful to regional newspapers, which would otherwise have received the information some time after an event. The ETC had a staff of news gathering journalists and by 1854 had 120 newspaper customers. News items included political news from Parliament, stock exchange prices, and sports news, especially horse racing where race results were wanted quickly. Until telegraph offices were opened directly at the racetrack, (Newmarket did not get one until 1860) a fast rider took the results to the nearest telegraph office. In places where the office was in line of sight, the results could be signalled to an observer with a telescope at the office but only in clear weather.[94]In 1859, the ETC and Magnetic entered into an exclusive agreement with Reuters to supply foreign news. Reuters retained the right to supply shipping and commercial news directly to private subscribers in the London region. In 1865 the ETC, Magnetic, and UKTC formed a combined news service, leaving only one source of news by telegraph. This monopoly irritated the newspapers, and some campaigned vigorously against the telegraph companies. This control of the news became an argument for nationalisation of the telegraph system.[95]","title":"News service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rubber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubber"},{"link_name":"gutta-percha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gutta-percha"},{"link_name":"latex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latex"},{"link_name":"Palaquium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaquium"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"William Montgomerie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Montgomerie"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"Royal Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons"},{"link_name":"Swansea Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swansea_Bay"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"}],"text":"To connect the telegraph to anywhere outside Britain, submarine telegraph cables were needed. The lack of a good insulator held back their development. Rubber was tried but degraded in salt water. The solution came with gutta-percha, a natural latex from trees of the genus Palaquium in the Far East. It sets harder than rubber when exposed to air, but when soaked in hot water it becomes plastic and mouldable. On cooling it rehardens.[96] William Montgomerie, the head of the medical department in Singapore, brought the material to the attention of the Royal Society in 1843 when he sent samples of Gutta-percha to them.[97] Montgomerie thought of using the material, in place of rubber which deteriorated rapidly in damp tropical conditions, to make medical equipment. After testing some samples, Michael Faraday recognised its potential for underwater cables.[98]Wheatstone introduced plans in the House of Commons for submarine cables as early as 1840. In 1844–1845, he tested (probably short) lengths of cable in Swansea Bay. He tried various insulations, including gutta-percha, but he could not find a suitable way of applying it to long runs of cable.[99]","title":"Submarine cables"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Reels_of_Gutta-percha_Covered_Conducting_Wire_Conveyed_into_Tanks_at_the_Works_of_the_Telegraph_Construction_and_Maintenance_Company,_at_Greenwich_MET_DP801249.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gutta Percha Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gutta_Percha_Company"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"S. W. Silver and Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S._W._Silver_and_Co.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Silvertown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvertown"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"India Rubber, Gutta Percha and Telegraph Works Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_Rubber,_Gutta_Percha_and_Telegraph_Works_Company"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"hemp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemp"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"R.S. Newall and Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.S._Newall_and_Company"},{"link_name":"Tyne and Wear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyne_and_Wear"},{"link_name":"Glass, Elliot & Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass,_Elliot_%26_Company"},{"link_name":"W. T. Henley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._T._Henley"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"Telegraph Construction and Maintenance Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraph_Construction_and_Maintenance_Company"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"John Pender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Pender"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"Thomas Brassey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Brassey"},{"link_name":"Daniel Gooch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Gooch"},{"link_name":"SS Great Eastern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Great_Eastern"},{"link_name":"Isambard Kingdom Brunel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel"},{"link_name":"cable layer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_layer"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"Thames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thames"},{"link_name":"East London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_London"},{"link_name":"North Woolwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Woolwich"},{"link_name":"Siemens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siemens"},{"link_name":"Woolwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolwich"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"}],"sub_title":"Cable manufacturing companies","text":"Telcon cable works at Greenwich, 1865–1866The Gutta Percha Company was founded in 1845 to exploit the new material. They initially made bottle stoppers, but soon expanded to a wide range of products.[100] In 1848, on hearing of its potential use for telegraph cables, the firm modified a machine for extruding gutta-percha tubing into one capable of continuously applying gutta-percha to a copper conductor.[101] Up to 1865, the Gutta Percha Company, which had a monopoly on the supply of the material, made nearly all the cores for submarine cables in the UK.[102] S. W. Silver and Co. in Silvertown, London, made waterproof clothing using rubber and gutta-percha.[103] In 1864, an offshoot of Silver and Co., the India Rubber, Gutta Percha and Telegraph Works Company, was founded as a rival cable manufacturer.[104]Some early submarine cables were laid with just their insulation for protection. This was often unsuccessful. The cables were easily damaged and some attempts to lay them failed because they would not sink.[105] The configuration found to work well was to twist the cable cores together, bind them with tarred hemp, wind a tarred cord around the whole group of cores, and then protect the assembled cores with iron wires twisted around them.[106] The Gutta Percha Company never made completed cables of this sort, sending them to another company for finishing instead. These companies were specialists in the manufacturing of wire rope. R.S. Newall and Company in Tyne and Wear, Glass, Elliot & Company, and W. T. Henley in London. were the principal companies involved in this early work.[107] In 1864, the Gutta Percha Company merged with Glass, Elliot to form the Telegraph Construction and Maintenance Company (Telcon).[108] John Pender instigated this becoming chairman.[109] Pender, with a consortium including Thomas Brassey and Daniel Gooch, bought the SS Great Eastern, a huge, failing passenger ship built by Isambard Kingdom Brunel. They converted it into a cable layer. Telcon chartered the ship using it on some of the major cable installations around the world.[110]By 1880, cable production was centred on the banks of the Thames in East London. Telcon was the major supplier, with some work subcontracted to W. T. Henley at North Woolwich, a major manufacturer of electrical equipment with a 16.5-acre (6.7 ha) site. Gutta-percha production was near-monopolised by the India Rubber, Gutta Percha and Telegraph Works Company, by then a subsidiary of Telcon, at their 15-acre (6.1 ha) site in Silvertown. The company operated several cable ships, of which the Silvertown was the largest in the world. Siemens also had a cable manufacturing facility at Woolwich. Exports were a large part of the business totalling well over £2 million in 1873—one per cent of total British manufactured exports.[111]","title":"Submarine cables"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Submarine telegraph cable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_telegraph_cable"},{"link_name":"English Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Channel"},{"link_name":"Jacob and John Watkins Brett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_and_John_Watkins_Brett"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"South Eastern Railway Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Eastern_Railway_Company"},{"link_name":"Folkestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkestone"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"transatlantic telegraph cable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transatlantic_telegraph_cable"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Telegraph Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Telegraph_Company"},{"link_name":"Red Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"Indian Mutiny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Mutiny"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"Indian government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj#Organisation"},{"link_name":"Karachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi"},{"link_name":"Fao, Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fao,_Iraq"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Porthcurno_Cable_Hut_-_geograph.org.uk_-_318569.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Inside_Porthcurno_Cable_Hut_-_geograph.org.uk_-_318578.jpg"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"Queenstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobh"},{"link_name":"St David's Head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_David%27s_Head"},{"link_name":"Valentia Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentia_Island"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta"},{"link_name":"Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria"},{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"},{"link_name":"Suez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez"},{"link_name":"Porthcurno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porthcurno"},{"link_name":"Gibraltar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar"},{"link_name":"Carcavelos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcavelos"},{"link_name":"Falmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falmouth,_Cornwall"},{"link_name":"Aden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aden"},{"link_name":"Bombay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay"},{"link_name":"Eastern Telegraph Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Telegraph_Company"},{"link_name":"James Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Anderson_(sea_captain)"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"Madras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madras"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"Penang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penang"},{"link_name":"Malacca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malacca"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Port Darwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Darwin"},{"link_name":"Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java"},{"link_name":"Australian Overland Telegraph Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Overland_Telegraph_Line"},{"link_name":"Port Augusta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Augusta"},{"link_name":"South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australia"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:All_Red_Line_(retouched).jpg"},{"link_name":"All Red Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Red_Line"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"link_name":"radiotelegraphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiotelegraphy"},{"link_name":"RCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA"},{"link_name":"Imperial Wireless Chain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Wireless_Chain"},{"link_name":"Marconi Wireless Telegraph Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marconi_Wireless_Telegraph_Company"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"Cable & Wireless Ltd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_%26_Wireless_Ltd"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"coaxial cables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cable"},{"link_name":"repeaters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repeater"},{"link_name":"frequency division multiplexing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_division_multiplexing"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"Porthcurno Telegraph Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porthcurno_Telegraph_Museum"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"}],"sub_title":"Ocean cable companies","text":"See also: Submarine telegraph cableThe world's first ocean cable was laid across the English Channel. Jacob and John Watkins Brett had been planning such a cable since 1847.[112] In 1849, the South Eastern Railway Company conducted a trial of two miles (3.2 km) of cable made by the Gutta Percha Company from the ship Princess Clementine anchored off Folkestone. The ship could send telegraph messages directly to London via a connection to the South Eastern's overhead telegraph line.[113] After several failed attempts, the Bretts' company, the Submarine Telegraph Company (STC), succeeded in connecting to France in 1851. The company went on to lay many other cables to European countries.[114]The Magnetic had a close relationship with the STC. From about 1857, the two companies had an agreement that all STC submarine cables were to be used only with the Magnetic's landlines.[115] The Magnetic also controlled the first cable to Ireland. This control of international traffic gave them a significant advantage in the domestic market.[116] Both Newall and Glass, Elliot laid cables as subcontractors to the inland telegraph companies. Newall was prone to fall out with his customers and was often involved in litigation resulting in the company slowly moving away from the telegraph cable business.[117]The British government took a strong interest in the provision of international telegraph connections. Government assistance to telegraph projects included the provision of Royal Navy ships to assist with cable laying and monetary guarantees. Two major failures gave them cause for concern—the first transatlantic telegraph cable, laid in 1858 by the Atlantic Telegraph Company, and the Red Sea to India cable in 1859 laid by the Red Sea & India Company.[118] The transatlantic cable's insulation failed after a few weeks. The cable to India (manufactured and laid by Newall) was too thin and laid taut over underwater peaks which soon broke it in multiple places.[119] The guarantees provided by the government for these two ventures led to a financial loss. In response, a government committee was formed in 1859 to investigate the issue. In their final report in 1861, the committee concluded that future failures of this kind were avoidable now that the technology was better understood. They recommended specifications for future cable construction, installation, and maintenance.[120] After the Red Sea failure, the government no longer provided subsidies or guarantees and left it to private companies to assume the risk of new ventures entirely.[121]Getting a telegraph connection to India was a priority for the government after the Indian Mutiny of 1857; the urgent telegram requesting assistance had taken forty days to reach London. The telegraph went only as far as the coast of India and from there the message travelled by ship.[122] The failure of the first cable was a significant blow. A connection to India was finally achieved in 1864 after the Indian government had laid a new cable made by W. T. Henley from Karachi to Fao, Iraq, and the using overland routes. This ocean route was a shorter distance than the Red Sea route and in shallower water, but still 1,450 miles (2,330 km). Many times longer than any other submarine cables, this was the first extremely long submarine cable to be a permanent success.[123] The British government believed the telegraph would provide the means for much greater central control of overseas possessions. Colonial officials necessarily had a great deal of latitude for independent action due to the communication delay. The telegraph greatly restricted their independence, although it took some time for embedded attitudes to change.[124]The nondescript hut where the Porthcurno cables were landedThe equipment inside the Porthcurno hutPender's motivation in creating Telcon from the merger of Glass, Elliot and the Gutta Percha companies was to create a company that could make and maintain the second transatlantic telegraph cable for the Atlantic Telegraph Company.[125] It was also his motivation for buying Great Eastern, the only ship capable of holding all the required cable.[126] With great difficulty, the transatlantic connection was achieved by 1866, creating a truly worldwide telegraph network. London could now communicate with most other telegraph offices in the world. In 1862, a new submarine cable had been laid from Queenstown in southern Ireland to St David's Head in Wales. When this was connected to the transatlantic landing point at Valentia Bay (opposite Valentia Island), it dramatically reduced the distance transatlantic messages had to travel from Ireland to London from 750 miles (1,210 km) to 285 miles (459 km).[127]The success of the transatlantic cable triggered the formation of many new companies to lay more submarine cables around the world. Pender founded most of these companies. His first project was to lay a new cable to India that covered most of the distance in international waters. This put it fully under British control, avoiding the political and other risks associated with an overland route. Telcon manufactured the cable and used the Great Eastern to lay it. To limit the risk, Pender founded three companies, each tasked with laying one section of the cable. The Anglo-Mediterranean Company (founded 1868) laid a cable from Malta to Alexandria in Egypt. From there, a short overland cable via Cairo connected to Suez. The Falmouth, Gibraltar and Malta Telegraph Company (founded 1869) connected Malta to Porthcurno, Cornwall, with landings at Gibraltar and Carcavelos, Portugal. The company was so named because Falmouth was originally intended as the landing site in England. The tiny village of Porthcurno became the largest submarine cable station in the world after numerous other cables were landed there. In 1870, the British-Indian Submarine Company (founded 1869) provided the final link from Suez via Aden to Bombay. Once the connection was complete, the three companies were merged as the Eastern Telegraph Company in 1872. James Anderson, the captain of the Great Eastern, was made managing director.[128]The British-Indian Submarine Extension Company laid a cable going east from India in 1871. This ran from Madras, which was connected overland to Bombay, to Singapore via Penang and Malacca. This met a cable in Singapore laid by the China Submarine Telegraph Company (founded 1869) running to Hong Kong. The British-Australian Telegraph Company (founded 1870) then connected Hong Kong to Port Darwin, Australia, via Java. This was the end point of the Australian Overland Telegraph Line, running 2,000 miles (3,200 km) to Port Augusta in South Australia. The three companies were merged as the Eastern Extension, Australasia and China Telegraph Company in 1873. This company connected Australia to New Zealand in 1876. Other Pender companies included: the Western and Brazilian Telegraph Company (1873), the Brazilian Submarine Telegraph Company (1873), Marseilles, Algiers and Malta Telegraph Company (1870), Eastern & South African Telegraph Company (1879), and the African Direct Telegraph Company (1885). These companies were all merged into the Eastern Telegraph Company, which became the Eastern and Associated Cable Company—the largest multinational of the 19th century.[129]British telegraph All Red Line global network in 1902The development of the undersea telegraph cable network began in the late nineteenth century. In October 1902, a worldwide network of cables and relay stations—including some 100,000 miles of undersea cables—was inaugurated. Called the All Red Line, because at that time British territories and colonies were usually coloured red or pink on maps, it carried long-distance telecommunications to all parts of the British Empire. The idea was to create a network that did not pass through any non-British territory to avoid security and political risks.[130]In 1928, British submarine cables still dominated world telecommunications, but they were increasingly under threat from radiotelegraphy. A particular concern was RCA in the US, but they were also losing business because of the Imperial Wireless Chain set up by the British government to connect the empire. The Marconi Wireless Telegraph Company, which was also a competitor outside the Empire, supplied the transmitters for the Imperial Chain.[131] The Electra House Group, an informal alliance of British telecommunication companies, decided that they could best compete worldwide by merging their cable and radio companies into a single entity. Thus, the Eastern Telegraph Company and the Marconi Wireless Company were merged into Imperial and International Communications Ltd, which changed its name to Cable & Wireless Ltd in 1934.[132] The Porthcurno station remained open for exactly one hundred years, closing in 1970 when the last cable was taken out of service.[133] Submarine coaxial cables with repeaters, which carried multiple telephone channels using frequency division multiplexing, had been in use for some time.[134] By then, there was no real need for distinct telegraph cables. Telegraph was declining, and multiple telegraph channels could be multiplexed into a single telephone channel since the 1920s.[135] The Porthcurno Cable Hut where cables were landed is now the Porthcurno Telegraph Museum and the historic archive of Cable & Wireless.[136]","title":"Submarine cables"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lord_Kelvin_photograph.jpg"},{"link_name":"dispersion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispersion_relation"},{"link_name":"transmission lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_lines"},{"link_name":"frequency components","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourier_analysis"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"},{"link_name":"intersymbol interference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersymbol_interference"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"},{"link_name":"Wildman Whitehouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildman_Whitehouse"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"electromagnetic wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_wave"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"},{"link_name":"mirror galvanometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirror_galvanometer"},{"link_name":"Lord Kelvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Kelvin"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-147"},{"link_name":"mathematical description of retardation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_squares"},{"link_name":"Oliver Heaviside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside"},{"link_name":"full analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegrapher%27s_equation"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"},{"link_name":"inductance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductance"},{"link_name":"General Post Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Post_Office"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-149"},{"link_name":"William Preece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Preece"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-150"},{"link_name":"George Ashley Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Ashley_Campbell"},{"link_name":"loading coils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loading_coils"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-151"}],"sub_title":"Maintenance and technical problems","text":"Maintenance costs of submarine cables were high. Ships' anchors frequently damaged them, and their insulation deteriorated over time. They were most at risk in shallow water near the coast, but very deep water was avoided because it was difficult to retrieve cables for repair. In 1868, the expected life of a cable was fifteen years, and most laid to that date had not lasted that long.[137] A similar problem with deteriorating insulation plagued buried inland cables, the Magnetic suffering the most from this.[138]Lord Kelvin gave the first mathematical description of retardationA recurring problem with buried cables, and most especially submarine cables, was the phenomenon of dispersion, which produces the effect called retardation. Dispersion, as it relates to transmission lines, is different frequency components of a signal travelling along a line at different speeds. Early telegraph engineers did not understand frequency analysis of this sort.[139] The effect of dispersion on a telegraph pulse is to spread it out in time. This is because a rectangular pulse (as used in telegraphy) has multiple frequency components. At the receiving end it appears as if part of the pulse has been retarded, hence the term. The problem this causes for telegraphy is that adjacent pulses smear into each other, an effect called intersymbol interference by modern engineers, and if severe enough the message cannot be read. It forces the operator to slow the speed of sending so that there is again separation between the pulses.[140] The problem was so bad on the first transatlantic cable in 1858 that transmission speeds were in minutes per word rather than words per minute. Thinking he could solve the problem by using a higher voltage, telegraph engineer Wildman Whitehouse only succeeded in permanently damaging the cable, making it unusable.[141] This failure represented a loss of nearly £2 million (£230 million in 2019)) for the Atlantic Telegraph Company.[142]Retardation is worse in insulated cables because the electromagnetic wave is travelling mostly in the insulation material. Uninsulated wires on overhead poles, the most common system on overland routes, are largely unaffected, even over long distances. This solution is not open to submarine cables and the very long distances maximise the problem.[143] The problem of retardation was not fully solved until the introduction of long-distance telephony made it essential to do so.[144] However, various mitigating actions were taken. The Magnetic, operating a large number of buried cables, had an instrument that sent a delayed pulse of opposite polarity to the main pulse, cancelling the worst of the retarded signal.[145] The mirror galvanometer designed by Lord Kelvin made it easier to read weak signals,[146] and larger cables with thicker insulation had less retardation.[147]In 1854, Kelvin produced a mathematical description of retardation by analogy with heat flow after the fiasco with the first transatlantic cable. In 1881, Oliver Heaviside gave the full analysis of transmission lines which described how the problem arose and suggested how it could be resolved n 1887.[148] Heaviside believed that adding the right amount of inductance to the line would completely remove the dispersion effect. He tried to persuade the General Post Office (the Post Office) to take up the idea, but as an outsider—and considered a maverick—he was ignored,[149] largely because of his long-running dispute with William Preece, the Post Office chief electrician (chief engineer).[150] It was left to George Ashley Campbell in the US to implement the idea when he added loading coils to a telephone line for the first time in 1900.[151]","title":"Submarine cables"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Women in telegraphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_telegraphy"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-152"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-153"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-154"},{"link_name":"wpm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Words_per_minute"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-155"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-156"},{"link_name":"seamstress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seamstress"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-157"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-158"}],"text":"See also: Women in telegraphyTelegraph companies began employing women as telegraph operators early on in the companies' period. The Magnetic was one of the first to do so[152] and the ETC started employing them from 1855. It was a popular, keenly sought job with unmarried women, who had few other good employment options—a well- paid job in nice surroundings. The ETC paid between ten shillings (50p) and thirty shillings (£1.50) per week[153] and the Magnetic paid a starting rate of ten shillings.[154] The District heavily employed women when it began operating in 1859. New recruits were unpaid until they completed training—typically six weeks. At the end of training, the Magnetic expected trainees to achieve a minimum transmission speed of 10 wpm,[155] 8 wpm at the ETC. Failure to achieve this minimum speed resulted in dismissal.[156]These wages compared very well with other common occupations for women. A seamstress working at home, for instance, earned about threepence (1.3p) per day. The pay was still less than a male operator could expect. Companies preferred to use women primarily because of their lower pay rate and because they were not organised into unions. Adolescent boys were also employed, but only men worked the night shifts.[157] Employment of women continued after nationalisation. The primary reason was the economic one of lower wages, but a secondary reason was the social class of the women. They usually had a well-educated middle-class background. Only men from an \"inferior class\" could be employed at the same wage.[158]","title":"Employment of women"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"},{"link_name":"Alfred Ernest Albert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha"},{"link_name":"Queen Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria"},{"link_name":"John Tawell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tawell"},{"link_name":"Salt Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Hill"},{"link_name":"Slough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slough"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-159"},{"link_name":"London Stock Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange"},{"link_name":"Great Exhibition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Exhibition"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-160"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-161"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-162"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-163"}],"text":"The ability of the telegraph was first brought to the attention of a wider public on 6 August 1844 when The Times reported the birth of Alfred Ernest Albert to Queen Victoria only 40 minutes after it was announced. A second event was even more sensational when John Tawell murdered a woman in Salt Hill (near Slough) and tried to escape by train. His description was telegraphed to Paddington station, and he was arrested shortly after arriving. The event was widely reported in the newspapers.[159]The 1851 channel cable boosted the telegraph's reputation further. Prices in Paris could be relayed to the London Stock Exchange the same day during opening hours, a hitherto unprecedented ability in international communication. Likewise, news stories in France could be reported promptly to London newspapers. In the same year, the Great Exhibition featured many telegraph instruments which greatly enhanced the public awareness of the telegraph.[160]The biggest driver of the public take up was the fall in prices; firstly, through competition between the companies, especially competition with the District,[161] and later price control under nationalisation.[162] By 1860, it had become common to use the telegraph for everyday purposes, especially in areas where a cheap service was available such as the London area covered by the District.[163]","title":"Spread of public use"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Post Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Post_Office"},{"link_name":"Penny Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Penny_Post"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-164"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"William Gladstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone"},{"link_name":"chancellor of the exchequer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_exchequer"},{"link_name":"prime minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-165"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-166"},{"link_name":"Board of Trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_Trade"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-167"},{"link_name":"Lord Stanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Stanley,_2nd_Baron_Stanley_of_Alderley"},{"link_name":"postmaster general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmaster_General_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Frank Ives Scudamore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Ives_Scudamore"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-168"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-169"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-170"}],"text":"Thomas Allan was an early advocate of nationalisation in 1854. He believed a flat rate of one shilling (5p) for 20 words regardless of distance would encourage wider use of the telegraph, which would lead to more intensive usage of lines and provide the economic case for building new ones. According to Allen, this could only happen if the Post Office ran the network as a unified whole. He compared his proposal to the effect of the introduction of the Penny Post. Allan later tried to bring about cheaper telegrams through private enterprise by founding the UKTC.[164] A surprising and influential advocate was John Ricardo, co-founder of the ETC. He was a free trade campaigning Member of Parliament and a railway entrepreneur and banker. In 1861 he wrote a memorandum to William Gladstone, then chancellor of the exchequer and future prime minister, setting out the case for nationalisation. Ricardo's argument was the telegraph was an important government tool for diplomatic, military, and administrative purposes. He pointed out that in all European countries state control had been in place from the beginning.[165]The first sign of government disquiet came in 1862 when the Act enabling the UKTC was passed. The Act included provisions to prevent the UKTC selling assets to other companies without permission. This was to discourage the UKTC from joining the emerging cartel in the telegraph industry. A further cause for concern came in 1865 when the companies, including the UKTC, set common tariffs and dropped the one shilling/20-word flat rate.[166] In 1863, a Telegraph Act gave the Board of Trade the power to regulate the telegraph companies on the same basis as other utilities.[167] In 1865, Lord Stanley the postmaster general, came out in favour of nationalisation with Post Office reformer Frank Ives Scudamore leading the campaign.[168] Scudamore pointed out that telegraph offices were often located inconveniently at railway stations outside town, some towns were not served at all, and some had multiple rival companies' offices next to each other. State control in continental countries, according to Scudamore, ensured a more rational and convenient distribution of offices and cheaper rates would lead to greater telegraph use. His opponents pointed to the United States, where rates were also cheaper but with a great profusion of private companies.[169] Many newspapers campaigned for nationalisation. They were generally dissatisfied with the news service they got from the companies, and they especially resented being unable to choose their own news provider. They wanted the telegraph merely to deliver the product from their chosen supplier.[170]","title":"Nationalisation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Panic of 1866","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_of_1866"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-171"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-172"},{"link_name":"Reform Bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_Act_1867"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-173"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-174"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-175"},{"link_name":"George Ward Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Ward_Hunt"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-176"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-177"},{"link_name":"select committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Select_committee_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"net profits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_income"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-178"},{"link_name":"Nordeney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordeney"},{"link_name":"Telegraph Act 1868","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraph_Act_1868"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-179"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-180"},{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-181"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-182"},{"link_name":"[183]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-183"},{"link_name":"Telegraph Acts Extension Act 1870","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraph_Act_1870"},{"link_name":"Channel Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_Islands"},{"link_name":"Isle of Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Man"},{"link_name":"Jersey and Guernsey Telegraph Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey_and_Guernsey_Telegraph_Company"},{"link_name":"Isle of Man Electric Telegraph Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Man_Electric_Telegraph_Company"},{"link_name":"[184]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-184"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-185"}],"sub_title":"Telegraph Act 1868","text":"By 1866 it was clear the government intended to nationalise the inland telegraph. This had the effect of inhibiting growth of the network. In fact, growth temporarily went backwards that year because of a great snowstorm in January, which had damaged every above ground line within a 50-mile (80 km) radius of London; the rooftop system of the District was put out of action entirely. Across the country, the Electric had 450 miles (720 km) of line damaged. In May, the Panic of 1866 put a further brake on growth.[171] The financial turmoil and the resultant change of government caused a delay but did not change the policy.[172] In the following year, the Reform Bill took up significant parliamentary time and Scudamore's bill did not come before parliament until 1868.[173] It did not mandate nationalisation or give the Post Office a legal monopoly. It merely gave it the right to set up telegraph services on the same basis as private companies and the ability to purchase private companies or their assets through normal commercial negotiation.[174]The government had expected the telegraph companies' opposition.[175] They had not expected the railway companies were going to be a problem. In costing the scheme, Scudamore had made no allowance for purchasing railway wayleaves. The railway companies started to oppose the Telegraph Bill vociferously. Many railway telegraph systems were run by the telegraph company that had the wayleave. If the Post Office were to take over the telegraph company, the railway company would, or so they claimed, have the additional expense of running their own telegraph. This difficulty came as a great surprise to the new chancellor, George Ward Hunt.[176] The problem for the Post Office was they could not take over on the same terms as private companies, effectively becoming servants of the railway companies. They wanted the lines but not the terms that came with them.[177]The government was determined to reach a decision quickly so that future planning was not left in limbo. Rising company share prices meant any delay would likely add to the costs. In June, the companies began to negotiate, fearing that if they did not, a disadvantageous arrangement would be imposed on them. A select committee under Hunt reached deals with the telegraph companies based on the last twenty years' net profits and compensation for the railway companies. By July, opposition had largely disappeared.[178] Originally, the government had not planned to nationalise the UPTC because they had no lines for public use; their lines were private wires of no interest to the Post Office. However, the UPTC complained that the planned Post Office uniform rate would so damage their business that they would become unprofitable. This persuaded Hunt that private wires should also be nationalised. Another problem area was the cables to continental Europe. The Magnetic was obliged to send all continental traffic through STC's cables. The ETC was obliged to use Reuter's Nordeney cable. It would be impossible for a unified nationalised organisation to meet both contractual obligations simultaneously. To solve this, the government purchased Reuter's cables and leased them back to the STC, together with other continental cables acquired by the Post Office. This was done in a great hurry, and the government admitted afterwards it had not been ideal. Reuters and STC were to remain un-nationalised. Parliament passed the bill into law as the Telegraph Act 1868, to take effect in July 1869.[179]Under the act, government expenditure was not allowed immediately. They had concerns the entrepreneurs who had been bought out would set up in business again undercutting the Post Office flat rate of one shilling (5p) in lucrative city areas (the District charged sixpence (2.5p) in London) with no obligation to serve unremunerative outlying areas. Consequently, nationalisation was delayed until The Telegraph Act of 1869 was passed. This amended the 1868 Act to create a Post Office monopoly,[180] with the actual transfer taking effect on 1 January 1870.[181] The Act excluded companies operating submarine cables with no landlines from nationalisation.[182] Any company the Post Office had not taken over so far could demand this happen under the Act on the same 20-year net profit basis as before. Several small companies that the Post Office considered virtually defunct and not worth buying took advantage of this.[183] The Telegraph Acts Extension Act 1870 extended the monopoly to the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man, resulting in the purchase of the Jersey and Guernsey Telegraph Company and the Isle of Man Electric Telegraph Company. The Orkneys & Shetland Telegraph Company was purchased in 1876–77 and the Scilly Islands Telegraph Company in 1879–80.[184] The STC was finally nationalised in 1890, bringing their international submarine cables and cable ships under Post Office control.[185]","title":"Nationalisation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-186"},{"link_name":"[187]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-187"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-188"},{"link_name":"[189]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-189"},{"link_name":"[190]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-190"},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-191"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-192"},{"link_name":"[193]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-193"}],"sub_title":"Aftermath","text":"There was some criticism of the government handling of the nationalisation. The total price paid to nationalise the telegraph was £5.9 million, compared to Scudamore's original estimate of £2.5 million.[186] By 1876, the total cost of acquisitions and extensions had exceeded £10 million.[187] The price paid for most of the telegraph companies far exceeded their capital value because of the 20-year profit calculation.[188] In comparison, the cost of the telegraph across the whole of continental Europe was only £4 million.[189] It was alleged in Parliament, somewhat speculatively, that a new UK telegraph system could have been built from scratch for £2 million.[190] The discrepancy was due largely to the unbudgeted payments to the railways, but compounded by paying them based on 20 year's net profit. Most of the railway leases had far less than 20 years to run, so the Post Office would not get 20 years profit from the purchase. However, it was difficult to avoid once the principle had been established; Reuters went to arbitration over the issue when the government offered them a lesser deal and won.[191]Further criticism concerned the purchase of the reversionary rights of the railway wayleaves, which had been another unforeseen expense. Without these purchases, when the lease expired, the railway company would then have the right to use the line for public telegraphy on its own account unless a new lease was taken out. Another issue concerned the railways' free use of the telegraph on their property. This was part of the leasing arrangement with the private companies inherited by the Post Office. Also, in most cases, the railway company was entitled to send free messages to stations not on its own line for the purpose of controlling trains, but it was heavily abused; in 1891 1.6 million free messages were sent, compared to 97,000 in 1871.[192] The contractual arrangements with the railway companies were so complex arbitration cases concerning them were still being heard ten years after nationalisation.[193]","title":"Nationalisation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[194]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-194"},{"link_name":"[195]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-195"},{"link_name":"money orders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_orders"},{"link_name":"[196]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-196"},{"link_name":"[197]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-197"},{"link_name":"[198]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-198"},{"link_name":"[199]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-199"},{"link_name":"[200]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-200"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hugh_Childers,_Lock_%26_Whitfield_woodburytype,_1876-83_crop.jpg"},{"link_name":"[201]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-201"},{"link_name":"[202]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-202"},{"link_name":"[203]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-203"},{"link_name":"Franco-Prussian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War"},{"link_name":"[204]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-204"},{"link_name":"[205]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-205"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"[206]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-206"},{"link_name":"[207]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-207"},{"link_name":"[208]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-208"},{"link_name":"[209]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-209"},{"link_name":"Hugh Childers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Childers"},{"link_name":"[210]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-210"},{"link_name":"George Shaw-Lefevre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Shaw-Lefevre,_1st_Baron_Eversley"},{"link_name":"[211]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-211"},{"link_name":"[212]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-212"}],"text":"Post Office Telegraphs, the branch of the Post Office running the telegraph network, located their head office in Telegraph Street in the old ETC building.[194] \"The ever open door\" was their slogan above the entrance.[195] Immediately after nationalisation, they set about extending the telegraph from outlying railway stations to town centres. It was their policy to provide telegraph facilities at every office where money orders could be sent, a great increase over the existing number. For example, telegraph offices in London increased from 95 in 1869 to 334 in 1870. By the end of 1870, over 90% of telegrams were sent from post offices.[196] By 1872, the Post Office had 5,000 offices, and traffic had increased 50% over pre-nationalisation, to some 12 million messages per year.[197] More offices meant installing more lines, plus the lines handed over to the railways for operating their own internal telegraphs had to be replaced.[198] There were 22,000 miles (35,000 km) of line, 83,000 miles (134,000 km) of wire, and over 6,000 instruments in 1872.[199] By 1875, the Telegraph Street central office was the largest telegraph centre in the world, with 450 instruments on three floors working connections both in the UK and worldwide on the Imperial telegraph network.[200]Hugh Childers, 1878The Post Office decided to standardise on the Morse telegraph system,[201] the international standard since 1865.[202] Companies had used a great variety of different equipment. The largest company, ETC, used the Cooke and Wheatstone needle telegraph. It is possible to send Morse code on a needle telegraph system but this is slower than using Morse sounders.[203] This standardisation could not be implemented everywhere immediately, not least because the Franco-Prussian War prevented imports of German-made instruments.[204] Some needle telegraphs continued in use, mostly on the railways, well in to the 20th century.[205]In 1873, Scudamore left the Post Office under a cloud. He had been taking money out of other Post Office budgets to pay for the unforeseen costs of telegraph expansion, anticipating that Parliament would soon approve more money. He went to Turkey where he was employed to modernise the post and telegraph of the Ottoman Empire.[206] Post Office Telegraph losses grew steadily until 1914. Interest on the capital overspend was not the only problem. Although Scudamore's estimate of the increase in traffic from expansion proved largely accurate, he badly underestimated the operating costs. As a result, net revenue did not cover the interest on loans and year on year the debt was growing,[207] but overall the Post Office remained profitable throughout the period.[208]The government attempted to stop the rot with a change in policy in 1873. It was no longer policy to open a telegraph facility at every office issuing money orders in outlying areas. It would now have to be shown the office was likely to be profitable. There was no proposal to disconnect already connected unprofitable offices. However, the number of these declined with increasing traffic.[209] The situation was not helped when in 1883, against the wishes of the government and the Chancellor of the Exchequer Hugh Childers, parliament, under pressure from business groups, called for the minimum charge on inland telegrams be reduced to sixpence (2.5p).[210] In 1885 Postmaster General George Shaw-Lefevre introduced a bill to implement the sixpence rate, which was passed into law. Shaw-Lefevre tried to mitigate the adverse effects by limiting sixpence telegrams to only 12 words, including the address. Addresses had been free but would now be charged for on all telegrams. £500,000 was spent on new wires and training additional staff in anticipation of the increased traffic. Traffic did increase from 33 million messages in 1884–85 to 50 million in 1886–87, reaching its peak by 1900 at over 90 million. At the same time, there was an increase in the deficit, mainly due to the cost of the increased staff.[211] Despite the losses, the telegraph remained under national ownership as it was considered a public service.[212]","title":"Post Office Telegraphs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[213]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-213"},{"link_name":"Charles Monk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Monk"},{"link_name":"private member's bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_member%27s_bill"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Disraeli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli"},{"link_name":"[214]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-214"}],"sub_title":"Unionisation","text":"In 1871, telegraph clerks in Manchester formed the Telegraphers' Association to agitate for higher wages. This was the first active union in the public service. Scudamore demanded the clerks resign from the association and then dismissed those who refused. A strike followed to demand their reinstatement. Scudamore blocked the telegraphic transmission of news of the strike to national newspapers. The resulting protests from the press got him officially censured. Wages were increased in 1872 and a formal staff structure introduced. Their pay was still less than that of cable and maintenance companies, resulting in more than 2,300 out of 6,000 clerks leaving the Post Office between 1872 and 1880.[213]In 1868 Charles Monk introduced a private member's bill in parliament that extended the vote to Post Office workers and other civil servants. It became law, despite opposition from the Benjamin Disraeli government and lack of support from Gladstone, the leader of the opposition. There was concern that organised workers could have an undue influence on Members of Parliament, but this fear never materialised.[214]","title":"Post Office Telegraphs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Exchange Telegraph Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchange_Telegraph_Company"},{"link_name":"[215]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-215"}],"sub_title":"Exchange Telegraph Company","text":"The Exchange Telegraph Company (later known as Extel) was a news distribution service like Reuters. Founded in 1862, it was a very minor player until 1872 when the Post Office granted it a license to provide London Stock Exchange prices and other financial news to its customers in London. The license limited their operation to within 900 yards of the stock exchange. The Post Office granted similar licenses for local stock exchanges in Liverpool, Manchester, Leeds, Birmingham, Edinburgh, Glasgow, and Dublin. These were all linked to a central office from which news could be distributed. Extel also provided a service for calling the police, or raising a fire alarm.[215]","title":"Post Office Telegraphs"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:William_Henry_Preece_-_Page%27s_Magazine.png"},{"link_name":"telephone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone"},{"link_name":"[216]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-216"},{"link_name":"[217]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-217"},{"link_name":"Bell Telephone Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Telephone_Company"},{"link_name":"[218]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-218"},{"link_name":"Alexander Graham Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell"},{"link_name":"Thomas Edison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison"},{"link_name":"telephone exchanges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_exchanges"},{"link_name":"[219]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-219"},{"link_name":"[220]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-220"},{"link_name":"[221]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-221"},{"link_name":"Henry Fawcett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Fawcett"},{"link_name":"Gower Bell Telephone Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gower_Bell_Telephone_Company"},{"link_name":"[222]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-222"},{"link_name":"[223]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-223"},{"link_name":"royalty payment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royalty_payment"},{"link_name":"[224]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-224"},{"link_name":"[225]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-225"},{"link_name":"National Telephone Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Telephone_Company"},{"link_name":"[226]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-226"},{"link_name":"[227]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-227"},{"link_name":"[228]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-228"},{"link_name":"[229]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-229"},{"link_name":"[230]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-230"},{"link_name":"[231]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-231"}],"text":"William Preece, 1904Telegraph usage never developed to the extent Scudamore predicted. Despite the introduction of the sixpence (2.5p) rate, it was still too expensive to compete on price with the letter post, and the telephone after its introduction at the end of the 19th century.[216] Telephones were introduced to Britain when William Preece exhibited a pair he brought from America in 1877.[217] In 1878 the Post Office entered into an agreement with the Bell Telephone Company for the supply of telephones. They initially intended to rent telephone instruments as an alternative to the Wheatstone ABC telegraph on private wires.[218]The founding of a string of private telephone companies followed; the Telephone Company had the rights to Alexander Graham Bell's patent, and the Edison Telephone Company had Thomas Edison's rival patents. These two firms later merged, forming the United Telephone Company (UTC). Additionally, a number of companies were founded to set up telephone exchanges, starting with the Lancashire Telephone Exchange Company in Manchester in 1879. Telephones on private wires were not a threat, but if exchanges were allowed to connect people over more than a very limited distance, or even worse, connect between exchanges nationally, they could do serious damage to the telegraph business.[219] Parliament had declined to give the Post Office a monopoly over telephones. However, the Post Office argued telephone messages counted as telegraph messages under the Telegraph Act 1869, so private companies so could not set up telephone exchanges without a license from the Post Office.[220]The Post Office announced they would issue licenses similar to that granted to Extel in 1872, with a limit of half a mile to the distance an exchange could connect. The companies challenged the Post Office monopoly in court, but lost the case in 1880.[221] The same year, a new Postmaster General, Henry Fawcett, began setting up telephone exchanges on the Post Office's own account by modifying the ABC telegraph private wire network, and using telephones made by the Gower Bell Telephone Company.[222] The telephone companies launched an appeal against the court decision. The UTC, which held all the telephone instrument patents, further claimed that Gower-Bell, by selling to the Post Office, were in breach of their license which forbade them to set up their own exchanges. However, an agreement was reached before it came to court. The companies were given licenses on more liberal terms and in exchange they dropped their appeal and recognised the Post Office monopoly.[223]Although the Post Office now accepted the telegraph service was going to decline, they were in a better position financially as the telephone business was very lucrative. Not only was there a fixed charge for the licenses, but the Post Office also took 10% of company gross receipts as a royalty payment. The cost to the Post Office of maintaining the telephone system was insignificant compared to the cost of the telegram system. The Post Office was careful not to allow the companies to grow into a national system. They refused the companies permission to install trunk lines in 1881, preferring to provide them themselves and rent them to the companies. Licenses were limited to one year so that only the Post Office had long term control.[224] In response to complaints that the Post Office was hindering the development of the telephone in the UK, Fawcett allowed the companies to build trunk lines in 1874. Nevertheless, telephone development in the UK still lagged behind other countries.[225]In 1889, the three main companies, UTC, the National Telephone Company, and the Lancashire & Cheshire Telephone Company amalgamated as the National Telephone Company (NTC).[226] In 1891, the NTC patents ran out and the question of nationalisation was raised, but the Post Office was not ready to do so.[227] The NTC was accused of inefficiency, high prices, and of disfiguring the landscape with haphazard overhead wires—especially in London.[228] When the NTC's license expired in 1911, they were nationalised under the Post Office.[229] After 1911, telegraph usage declined rapidly.[230] At the same time, telephone use grew, especially after 1960; by 1970 there were nearly 14 million telephones in the UK, nearly double the 1960 figure.[231]","title":"Competition from the telephone"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Specialist uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"single lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-line_working"},{"link_name":"Block working","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_block_signalling"},{"link_name":"[232]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-232"},{"link_name":"London and North Western Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_and_North_Western_Railway"},{"link_name":"[233]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-233"}],"sub_title":"Railway block signalling","text":"From the beginning, Cooke promoted the Cooke and Wheatstone telegraph to the railways as a safer way of working, particularly on single lines, with the first installations in the 1840s. Previously, separation of trains had relied on strict timetabling. Block working, controlled by the telegraph, ensured that only one train at a time could be on a section of line.[232] The benefits of block working were not generally appreciated until the late 1860s. The number of block instruments on the London and North Western Railway, for instance, increased from 311 in 1869 to 3,000 in 1879.[233]","title":"Specialist uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lord_Rothermere.jpg"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[234]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-234"},{"link_name":"Herbert Samuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Samuel"},{"link_name":"[235]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-235"},{"link_name":"[236]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-236"},{"link_name":"[237]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-237"},{"link_name":"Lord Rothermere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Harmsworth,_1st_Viscount_Rothermere"},{"link_name":"Daily Mirror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Mirror"},{"link_name":"Daily Mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Mail"},{"link_name":"Winston Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill"},{"link_name":"William Mitchell-Thomson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Mitchell-Thomson,_1st_Baron_Selsdon"},{"link_name":"[238]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-238"},{"link_name":"[239]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-239"}],"sub_title":"News service","text":"Lord Rothermere, 1914Prior to World War I, the telegraph rates charged to news services became a political issue. There was a preferential rate granted for news providers. They were charged one shilling (5p) for 75 or 100 words (depending whether it was inside or out of office hours respectively) and then twopence (0.4p) for each additional 75/100 words, including repeat messages to different addresses. A journalist could send 100 messages and 99 of them would cost only twopence. This was unprofitable for the Post Office, but the government was reluctant to act because they did not want to antagonise the newspapers.[234] The issue was put on hold when war broke out, but in 1915, the minimum price of ordinary inland telegrams was raised from sixpence (2.5p) to ninepence (3.8p). Postmaster General Herbert Samuel commented, \"If 6d for 12 words is unremunerative, 1s for 100 words is far more so\", let alone the twopence copy rate for subsequent messages.[235] Samuel proposed a new press scale of 1s for 60/80 words and a copy rate of threepence (1.3p).[236] This was delayed to 1917 because of the war, and then to 1920, when it was finally implemented.[237]Some London newspaper proprietors, notably Lord Rothermere, proprietor of the Daily Mirror and cofounder of the Daily Mail, supported increased charges, which could discourage new rivals. In 1926 Rothermere tried to persuade the chancellor of the exchequer, Winston Churchill, but the postmaster general, William Mitchell-Thomson, was against charging an economic rate. Provincial papers would stop using the telegraph, or be driven out of business altogether, with little saving to the Post Office. The fixed costs of maintaining and operating the telegraph system would still have to be paid.[238] The press rate was not increased until 1940 when it went up to one shilling and threepence (6.3p), the result of a general increase in all charges. The copy rate remained at threepence until 1955, when it was abolished. By that time, with increasing use of the telephone, income from press telegrams had become insignificant.[239]","title":"Specialist uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Crimean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_War"},{"link_name":"Black Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea"},{"link_name":"Varna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Balaklava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balaklava"},{"link_name":"[240]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-240"},{"link_name":"War Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Office"},{"link_name":"Royal Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Engineers"},{"link_name":"Telegraph Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraph_Battalion"},{"link_name":"[241]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-241"},{"link_name":"[242]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-242"},{"link_name":"CS Alert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CS_Alert_(1890)"},{"link_name":"[243]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-243"}],"sub_title":"Military","text":"The first military use of the telegraph in action was during the Crimean War (1853–1856). A submarine cable was laid across the Black Sea from Varna to Balaklava.[240] The army found the use of civilian volunteer telegraphists problematic because of their lack of military training. From 1870, the War Office arranged with the Post Office to train military telegraphists. The army used Royal Engineers from the Telegraph Battalion on state telegraphs, withdrawing them for overseas duties in time of war.[241]In World War I, the telegraph was recognised as being of crucial importance. Both sides tried to damage the other's international telegraph lines. Post Office cable ships were involved in the action.[242] Just a few hours after the declaration of war on 4 August 1914, CS Alert cut the German cables in the English Channel, almost completely isolating Germany from the rest of the world.[243]","title":"Specialist uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"meteorology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorology"},{"link_name":"Lighthouses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighthouses"},{"link_name":"lightships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightvessel"},{"link_name":"weather ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_ship"},{"link_name":"Lands End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lands_End"},{"link_name":"[244]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-244"},{"link_name":"[245]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-245"}],"sub_title":"Meteorology","text":"The rapid weather reports made possible by the telegraph assisted the science of meteorology. In 1860, the Board of Trade contracted the Magnetic to pass weather data between London and Paris. Lighthouses, lightships, and islands got telegraph connections and became weather stations. There were even attempts to place weather ships far out into the Atlantic. The first attempt was in 1870 with the old Corvette The Brick 50 miles (80 km) off Lands End. £15,000 was spent on the project, which ultimately failed. In 1881, a proposal for a weather ship in the mid-Atlantic came to nothing.[244] Deep-ocean weather ships had to await the commencement of radiotelegraphy.[245]","title":"Specialist uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SS Agnes Jack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Agnes_Jack"},{"link_name":"[246]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-246"},{"link_name":"call points","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manual_fire_alarm_activation"},{"link_name":"Siemens Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siemens_Brothers"},{"link_name":"break glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Break_glass"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Fire Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Fire_Brigade_(London)"},{"link_name":"[247]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-247"},{"link_name":"Scotland Yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland_Yard"},{"link_name":"Charing Cross railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charing_Cross_railway_station"},{"link_name":"City of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_London"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Police"},{"link_name":"[248]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-248"}],"sub_title":"Emergency services","text":"The provision of telegraph connections to lightships gave them a means of calling for assistance for a ship in difficulties. Prior to having a telegraph connection, there had been cases of ships wrecked on rocks after being seen to be struggling by a lightship for as long as twelve hours. For instance, the SS Agnes Jack sunk with the loss of all hands in January 1883 in view of a lightship off the coast of Wales.[246]Street call points to raise a fire alarm by electric telegraph had been installed in Berlin as early as 1849. Siemens Brothers had proposed a system in Manchester using the now ubiquitous break glass call points around 1861. The town council rejected the scheme, fearing hooliganism. The first system was not installed in Britain until the Metropolitan Fire Brigade in London took it up in 1880, installing 40 call points. Other towns soon followed resulting in a dramatic reduction in serious fires.[247]The police were an early user of telegraph private wires. In 1850 Scotland Yard had a line to Charing Cross railway station. In 1860, the Wheatstone ABC system connected the City of London's police stations. Church steeples were used to keep the wires out of reach of vandals and criminals. In 1872–73 the Metropolitan Police connected numerous points in their district to police stations.[248]","title":"Specialist uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"codebooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codebooks"},{"link_name":"codewords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_word_(communication)"},{"link_name":"[249]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-249"},{"link_name":"telegram style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegram_style"},{"link_name":"[250]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-250"},{"link_name":"[251]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-251"},{"link_name":"[252]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-252"},{"link_name":"[253]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-253"},{"link_name":"William Clausen-Thue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Clausen-Thue&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Royal Geographical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Geographical_Society"},{"link_name":"[254]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-254"},{"link_name":"[255]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-255"},{"link_name":"[256]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-256"},{"link_name":"Ernest Lungley Bentley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Lungley_Bentley&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[257]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-257"},{"link_name":"[258]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-258"},{"link_name":"[259]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-259"},{"link_name":"International Telegraph Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Telegraph_Union"},{"link_name":"cipher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipher"},{"link_name":"[260]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-260"},{"link_name":"[261]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-261"},{"link_name":"[262]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-262"}],"sub_title":"Commercial codebooks","text":"Telegraph codebooks comprise many short codewords which replace a whole phrase or sentence. They were important in the UK, and elsewhere. Used by businesses which sent a large number of telegrams, their use reduced a message's word count, holding down its cost. This was particularly important for international traffic sent over long, expensive submarine cables,[249] and much more effective than the common practise of telegram style—heavily abbreviated messaging using the minimum number of words.[250] In some cases, telegraph codes also served the purpose of maintaining the secrecy of commercially sensitive information; companies developed their own private codes.[251]Many commercial codebooks were published in the UK. Popular titles included The ABC Universal Commercial Electric Telegraphic Code, first published 1873,[252] and Bentley's Complete Phrase Code, first published 1906.[253] William Clausen-Thue, a shipping manager, who later became a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, wrote the ABC Code, the first public code to be widely sold.[254] Many codebooks were written for a specific trade or industry.[255] Bentley's, for instance, published a supplement especially for mining.[256]Bentley's, written by Ernest Lungley Bentley, may have been the most widely used codebook worldwide. It had sold 100,000 copies by 1967. In 1905, Bentley was working for a shipping agency on the company's private code. He left to found his own company and develop a code for general use. He used codewords from Whitelaw's Telegraph Cyphers,[257] published in London in 1904, which contained 20,000 pronounceable five-letter words. Whitelaw's could be used to generate 400 million codewords by running any two five-letter words together to make a still pronounceable ten-letter word. Pronouncability was important because the telegraph authorities only allowed pronounceable codewords. Whitelaw's was purely a list of codewords with no meanings assigned to them. Bentley's was the first codebook of such five-letter codewords.[258]Starting in 1896,[259] the International Telegraph Union (ITU) attempted to control the use of codes in international telegrams to protect telegraph incomes and avoid messages difficult for operators to transmit. In 1875 they reduced the maximum length of a word (telegrams were charged by the word) from seven syllables to ten letters. In 1879, at a conference in London, they decided all words used must come from one of eight named languages. Codes using invented words could then be charged as a cipher message at a much higher rate.[260] The attempt was unsuccessful. The rules were abused in the UK and Europe and incoming messages from the US (which was not an ITU member) ignored them entirely.[261] In 1890, in an attempt to stop the abuse, the ITU published a list of a quarter of a million authorised codewords. There was strong opposition to this, as many existing codes would not be allowed under this scheme. In 1896, they allowed any code provided it was first submitted for approval and the words added to the official dictionary. By 1901 this had expanded to well over a million words. Maintaining the list had become too difficult, and in 1903 the requirement became that words merely had to be \"pronounceable\". The publication of Whitelaw's 400 million codewords permanently killed the idea of an official list.[262]","title":"Specialist uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lochstreifen-2.png"},{"link_name":"multiplexing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplexing"},{"link_name":"punched tape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punched_tape"},{"link_name":"Baudot code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baudot_code"},{"link_name":"Émile Baudot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Baudot"},{"link_name":"bits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit"},{"link_name":"Murray's 1901 modification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baudot_code#Murray_code"},{"link_name":"[263]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-263"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mr_W_A_J_Dearn,_a_motorcycle_messenger_attached_to_Wood_Green_Post_Office,_1941._D5245.jpg"},{"link_name":"Wood Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_Green"},{"link_name":"Creed & Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creed_%26_Company"},{"link_name":"[264]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-264"},{"link_name":"[265]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-265"},{"link_name":"[266]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-266"},{"link_name":"[267]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-267"},{"link_name":"[268]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-268"},{"link_name":"[269]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-269"},{"link_name":"[270]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-270"},{"link_name":"[271]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-271"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[272]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-272"}],"text":"Punched paper tape as used for Baudot-Murray code messages, c. 1976On busy lines, multiplexing was used to avoid the cost of erecting additional wires. The Post Office used a system that could send four messages simultaneously in each direction (eight simultaneous messages in all). These systems were usually used with high-speed paper punched tape readers to maximise usage of the line. Messages were first typed on to punched tape before sending to the line. The code used was the Baudot code, invented by Émile Baudot. The early keyboards used were Baudot's five-key \"piano\" keyboards (each key corresponding to one of the bits of the code, and hence to one hole in each column of holes on the tape). Later keyboards were like a typewriter and used Murray's 1901 modification of the Baudot code.[263]Motorcycle telegraph messenger from Wood Green Post Office, 1941The teleprinter was invented in the United States in 1915, but the Post Office did not adopt it until 1922, after a British firm, Creed & Company, began producing a similar machine in 1921. From then on, the adoption of teleprinters replaced the Morse system.[264] Morse was eliminated from Post Office landlines and submarine lines in 1932, but continued in use in radiotelegraphy.[265] A teleprinter has a typewriter-like keyboard for sending messages, which are printed automatically at both the sending and receiving ends. The system had great cost savings for the Post Office. The operators did not need to be trained in Morse, and a receiving operator did not need to be attending the machine during receipt of the message. It was only necessary to fix the printed message to the telegram form for delivery, allowing one operator to work several telegraph lines simultaneously.[266]Because traffic was declining in the 1920s, it was not worthwhile to automate many less-busy lines. Wherever possible, the Post Office closed direct lines and diverted traffic on to the main automated lines by a more circuitous route. About eighty such circuits were closed.[267] Between 1929 and 1935, on the recommendation of a committee set up by Postmaster General William Mitchell-Thomson in 1927,[268] Creed teleprinters replaced the old Morse and Baudot equipment without waiting for it to reach end of life. The War Office expressed concern at this change; they would no longer have a pool of trained Morse operators to call upon. Another innovation in this period was the use of motorcycle messengers to speed up delivery.[269]Automation, closing uneconomic lines, and staff rationalisation reduced, but did not eliminate, the deficit on the telegraph service. Between 1930 and 1934 the deficit fell from over £1 million to £650,000.[270] Towards the end of the 1930s, teleprinter automatic switching in exchanges was introduced, eliminating the need for manual exchange operators. The possibility of direct dialing between customers' teleprinters was investigated in 1939,[271] but nothing was done until after World War II.[272]","title":"Automation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Female_telegraph_messenger_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"economic depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"[273]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-273"},{"link_name":"[274]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-274"},{"link_name":"[275]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-275"},{"link_name":"[276]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-276"},{"link_name":"[277]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-277"},{"link_name":"Kingsley Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingsley_Wood"},{"link_name":"[278]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-278"},{"link_name":"facsimile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facsimile"},{"link_name":"[279]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-279"}],"text":"Female telegram messenger during World War IThe pre-war decline was halted briefly during World War I, but usage started falling again in 1920 when the minimum charge for inland telegrams doubled to one shilling (5p). By 1935, with the country in the grip of an economic depression, inland telegram messages had fallen to 35 million, less than half the pre-war figure, and just over one third of the 1900 peak.[273] At the same time, telephone usage increased rapidly as the number of subscribers grew. The number of telephone calls grew from 716 million in 1919 to over 2.2 billion in 1939. Even the number of telephone trunk calls alone, 112 million in 1939, exceeded the number of telegrams.[274] In some cases telegrams were sent or received by telephone (phonograms), making it increasingly difficult to treat the two services separately.[275] By 1939, 40% of telegrams were phonograms.[276]Another issue that encouraged the decline was the introduction in 1921 of telegram delivery by \"walks\" similar to mail delivery. A group of telegrams was delivered by one messenger on the same outing over a predefined route. Previously, as soon as the telegram was received, a messenger was sent out to deliver it. Walks eroded the speed advantage of the telegraph over the post, although the time between them was still usually very short; the postal service was cheaper and could guarantee next-day delivery almost anywhere in the British Isles, which for most purposes was good enough. Around 800 fewer messengers were required as a result of the introduction of this system.[277]In 1935, Postmaster General Kingsley Wood took steps to increase use of the telegraph service. The sixpence (2.5p) rate was restored, but for only nine words. A priority service was introduced for an additional sixpence, delivered in a red envelope. Special envelopes were also introduced for greetings telegrams, coloured gold with a red and blue border, and a dove logo. This service was heavily publicised to overcome a widespread belief that telegrams usually meant bad news. The message was handwritten rather than using the printed tape, and the Post Office provided a free diary service for recurring events like birthdays and anniversaries. In 1939, over four million greetings telegrams were delivered and the total number of telegrams rose back to 50 million.[278] Another service introduced around this time was facsimile by telegraphy (fax), which newspapers used heavily to receive photographs.[279]","title":"Decline and recovery"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Telephone_Service_Carries_On,_London,_January_1942_D6422.jpg"},{"link_name":"Children evacuated overseas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evacuations_of_civilians_in_Britain_during_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[280]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-280"},{"link_name":"reserved occupation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserved_occupation"},{"link_name":"[281]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-281"},{"link_name":"[282]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-282"},{"link_name":"[283]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-283"},{"link_name":"Axis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_powers"},{"link_name":"fall of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_France"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Erwin Rommel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwin_Rommel"},{"link_name":"Afrika Korps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_Korps"},{"link_name":"line of communication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_communication"},{"link_name":"[284]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-284"}],"text":"Telegraph messengers collecting telephone messages for bombed-out telephone subscribers at an emergency telephone bureau, 1942World War II saw an increase in telegraph traffic. Usage peaked in 1945 with 63 million messages. Children evacuated overseas were given one free telegram per month to stay in touch with their parents.[280] Telegraph operators trained in Morse were considered important enough to make it a reserved occupation.[281]Enemy action caused disruption to the British telegraph system both domestically and in the imperial network worldwide, but communication was largely maintained. A German bombing raid in December 1940 destroyed the Central Telegraph Office in Telegraph Street.[282] Service was maintained by emergency centres in London set up to cover just such an eventuality. The financial centre in the City of London was important enough that messengers were stationed in the street in 1941 to collect telegrams.[283] Italy entered the war on the Axis side in June 1940, before the fall of France to the Germans. The Italian navy then cut the five British telegraph cables from Gibraltar to Malta and two of the five going on from Malta to Alexandria. This was the most direct route of communication with the British forces in Egypt and East Africa. The resistance of the British forces in Egypt to first the Italians, then Erwin Rommel's Afrika Korps played an important part in winning the war, and it was vital to maintain a telegraph connection. Malta was important too because of the threat it posed to the German line of communication supplying their forces in North Africa. The telegraph system was resilient enough to do this, but only by a very roundabout route going round the African continent on submarine cables.[284]","title":"World War II"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"End of the telegraph era"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[285]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-285"},{"link_name":"Ness Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ness_Edwards"},{"link_name":"Ernest Marples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Marples"},{"link_name":"[286]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-286"},{"link_name":"Republic of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[287]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-287"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Post_Office_Telegram_Art.IWMPST10025.jpg"},{"link_name":"[288]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-288"},{"link_name":"[289]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-289"},{"link_name":"George V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_V"},{"link_name":"Royal Crest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Crest"},{"link_name":"[290]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-290"},{"link_name":"Post Office Telecommunications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_Office_Telecommunications"},{"link_name":"[291]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-291"},{"link_name":"British Telecom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BT_Group"},{"link_name":"[292]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-292"},{"link_name":"[293]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-293"},{"link_name":"[294]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-294"},{"link_name":"[295]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-295"}],"sub_title":"Telegrams","text":"After the war, telegram usage went back into decline and the deficit returned into the millions of pounds. Telegram numbers were 42 million in 1950, under 14 million in 1960, and only 7.7 million in 1970, the lowest it had ever been under nationalisation.[285] Repeated price rises by successive postmasters general, Ness Edwards and Ernest Marples, in an attempt to keep the deficit under control only made the situation worse by driving traffic down even further.[286] Other measures were the ending or reduction of special prices for certain categories. These included the end of free messages for the railways in 1967, an increase of the press rate, and an increase of the surcharge for telegrams to the Republic of Ireland, which had not been part of the United Kingdom since 1922, and officially a republic since 1949.[287]Wartime poster instructing users not to send greetings telegramsOne area that continued to grow was greetings telegrams. More special occasion categories were added and premium \"de luxe\" telegrams were introduced for some categories in 1961.[288] Business use of public telegrams, once the major user of the service, was now minimal.[289] A greeting telegram unique to the UK was the practise of the monarch sending a message to citizens reaching their hundredth birthday. Instituted by George V in 1917, in the 1940s a special telegram bearing a Royal Crest was introduced. There were only 24 recipients in 1917, rising to 255 in 1952 and by 2015, over 8,000 messages were sent, but no longer by telegram as the service had been discontinued.[290]In 1969 Post Office Telecommunications, of which the telegraph service formed a part, was made a distinct department of the Post Office,[291] and in 1981 it was separated entirely from the Post Office as British Telecom as a first step to its privatisation in 1984.[292] British Telecom ended their inland telegram service in 1982. International telegrams were still handled, of which there were 13.7 million in 1970.[293] However, incoming international telegrams were no longer delivered by messenger but by ordinary post.[294]The telegram service was replaced with the telemessage service in which the message is dictated over the phone to an operator and delivered by post in a yellow envelope similar to the old telegram envelope. British Telecom discontinued this service in 2003 and sold the business to Telegrams Online.[295]","title":"End of the telegraph era"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"telex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telex"},{"link_name":"Western Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Union"},{"link_name":"[296]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-296"},{"link_name":"[297]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-297"},{"link_name":"[298]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-298"},{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"[299]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-299"},{"link_name":"ASCII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII"},{"link_name":"upper and lower case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_case"},{"link_name":"word processor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_processor"},{"link_name":"[300]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-300"},{"link_name":"postal strikes of 1971","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_United_Kingdom_postal_workers_strike"},{"link_name":"[301]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-301"},{"link_name":"those of 1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_United_Kingdom_postal_workers_strike"},{"link_name":"[302]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-302"},{"link_name":"Email","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email"},{"link_name":"internet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet"},{"link_name":"[303]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-303"},{"link_name":"exchange of contracts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchanging_contracts"},{"link_name":"conveyancing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conveyancing"},{"link_name":"[304]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-304"}],"sub_title":"Telex and private wires","text":"At the end of World War II, the Post Office restarted their move to automatic switching, which had been put on hold for the duration. Automatic switching was established in 1947 and sowed the seed of the international telex network that developed from 1970 onwards. Telex, standing for \"telegraphy exchange\", was a switched network of teleprinters using automatic exchanges. It was originally a trademark of Western Union, which set up a telex system in the United States in 1962, but soon became a generic name for the worldwide network. The advantages of telex over telephone were that an operator was not required to staff the station to receive messages, and a printed message provided a permanent record.[296] While the telegram service was declining post-war, in the same period business use of telegraph private wires and telex was growing.[297] Most press traffic was also now on telex or private wires so the increase in the press rate on the public telegram system was of little concern to them.[298] The British military also used telex to link military installations through the Cold War period. Their Telegraph Automatic Switching System was used from 1955 until well into the 1980s.[299]As office computers became commonplace in the 1980s, telex switched to a new telegraph code, ASCII, which aided integration with computers. ASCII is a 7-bit code, compared to the Baudot 5-bit code, which means it has enough codes to represent both upper and lower case whereas Baudot machines printed in upper case only. Teleprinters could then be used in conjunction with word processor programs for instance.[300] Increased use of fax machines on telephone lines drove down telex traffic, a change that was precipitated by the postal strikes of 1971,[301] and most especially those of 1988.[302] Email and the internet mostly superseded Telex in the 1990s. The number of subscribers in the UK fell from 115,000 in 1988 to 18,000 in 1997.[303] One of the last groups using the telex service was solicitors, who used it for exchange of contracts in conveyancing amongst other things. Conveyancing can be done by post or telephone, but telex has an immediacy that the former does not and provides a written record that the latter does not. Conveyancing can also be done over the internet, but in the 1990s there was some concern over its security.[304]","title":"End of the telegraph era"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Martinus Nijhoff Publishers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinus_Nijhoff_Publishers"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-90-04-26032-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-26032-0"},{"link_name":"Routledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-415-24691-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-24691-0"},{"link_name":"Institution of Engineering and Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institution_of_Engineering_and_Technology"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-85296-792-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85296-792-8"},{"link_name":"Oxford University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-19-958473-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-958473-7"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"556787913","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/556787913"},{"link_name":"1909 edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/bentleyscomplete00bentuoft/page/n3/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"Mining Supplement to Bentley's Complete Phrase Code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=TYw3AQAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"38695869","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/38695869"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-86341-001-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86341-001-7"},{"link_name":"IEE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institution_of_Electrical_Engineers"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-85296-103-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85296-103-2"},{"link_name":"University of Chicago Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-226-06862-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-06862-6"},{"link_name":"Submarine Telegraphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/cihm_00867/page/n3"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"776529627","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/776529627"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-108-05288-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-05288-7"},{"link_name":"\"'The Cable Wars': military and state surveillance of the British telegraph cable network during World War One\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.academia.edu/37096519/"},{"link_name":"Aalborg University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aalborg_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"87-7112-594-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/87-7112-594-9"},{"link_name":"IEE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institution_of_Electrical_Engineers"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-86341-327-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86341-327-8"},{"link_name":"Oxford University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press"},{"link_name":"The ABC Universal Commercial Electric Telegraphic Code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/abcuniversalcom01thuegoog/page/n4/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"\"Office automation and social change in Europe\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/33d24f0b-c2c7-437a-90b4-7bb3286dd8f8/language-en/format-PDF/source-123415446"},{"link_name":"Office for Official Publications of the European Communities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_for_Official_Publications_of_the_European_Communities"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"92-826-3757-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-826-3757-3"},{"link_name":"Taylor & Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-351-88874-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-88874-5"},{"link_name":"Johns Hopkins University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-4214-1591-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4214-1591-7"},{"link_name":"Hachette UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hachette_UK"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-297-87174-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-87174-3"},{"link_name":"ABC-Clio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC-Clio"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-61069-094-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-094-2"},{"link_name":"Routledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-134-47716-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-134-47716-3"},{"link_name":"Taylor & Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-415-19399-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-19399-3"},{"link_name":"Courier Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courier_Corporation"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-486-27472-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-27472-0"},{"link_name":"IEE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institution_of_Electrical_Engineers"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-85296-805-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85296-805-5"},{"link_name":"BRILL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brill_Publishers"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"90-04-35728-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-35728-9"},{"link_name":"Adlard Coles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adlard_Coles_Nautical"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"497380538","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/497380538"},{"link_name":"New Scientist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Scientist"},{"link_name":"Oxford University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-19-972819-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-972819-4"},{"link_name":"Greenwood Publishing Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-275-98231-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98231-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-349-03180-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-03180-1"},{"link_name":"University of Illinois Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7099-3701-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7099-3701-2"},{"link_name":"Routledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-135-02850-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-02850-3"},{"link_name":"Wiley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiley_(publisher)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-471-20505-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-20505-0"},{"link_name":"University of Chicago Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-226-48112-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-48112-8"},{"link_name":"Johns Hopkins University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8018-9358-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-9358-2"},{"link_name":"Springer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Publishing"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"134913337X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/134913337X"},{"link_name":"Macmillan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macmillan_Inc."},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"855457547","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/855457547"},{"link_name":"The Electric Telegraph: A Social and Economic History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//atlantic-cable.com/Books/Kieve/Kieve-Electric_Telegraph.pdf"},{"link_name":"David and Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_and_Charles"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"655205099","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/655205099"},{"link_name":"Routledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-135-45551-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-45551-4"},{"link_name":"ABC-CLIO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC-CLIO"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-85109-732-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85109-732-5"},{"link_name":"\"On Shannon and Shannon's formula\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110724183448/http://www.iet.ntnu.no/groups/signal/people/lundheim/Page_020-029.pdf"},{"link_name":"Johnson Matthey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_Matthey"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-905118-83-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-905118-83-3"},{"link_name":"Greenwood Publishing Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-89930-558-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89930-558-5"},{"link_name":"Greenwood Publishing Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-313-33207-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33207-4"},{"link_name":"Peter Lang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Lang_(publisher)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4331-0412-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4331-0412-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-5026-0656-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-5026-0656-9"},{"link_name":"Morse, Samuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Morse"},{"link_name":"\"Examination of the Telegraphic Apparatus and the Processes in Telegraphy\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/reportsofuniteds04unit_1/page/n9"},{"link_name":"Blake, William Phipps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Phipps_Blake"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"752259860","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/752259860"},{"link_name":"Johns Hopkins University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8018-6909-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6909-9"},{"link_name":"Harvard University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-674-01035-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01035-3"},{"link_name":"Cambridge Scholars Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_Scholars_Publishing"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-5275-2641-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5275-2641-9"},{"link_name":"Temple University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-59213-706-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59213-706-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-566-00273-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-566-00273-1"},{"link_name":"Ticknor and Fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticknor_and_Fields"},{"link_name":"LCCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"17-10907","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.loc.gov/item/17010907"},{"link_name":"Distant Writing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//distantwriting.co.uk/index.htm"},{"link_name":"archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.webarchive.org.uk/wayback/en/archive/20160107230519/http://distantwriting.co.uk/electrictelegraphcompany.html"},{"link_name":"archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.webarchive.org.uk/wayback/en/archive/20160107230155/http://distantwriting.co.uk/competitorsallies.html"},{"link_name":"History of the Invention of the Electric Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=k6xGAQAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"904216191","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/904216191"},{"link_name":"MIT Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-262-19582-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-19582-9"},{"link_name":"Simon and Schuster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_and_Schuster"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-4711-5097-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4711-5097-6"},{"link_name":"Shaffner, Taliaferro Preston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliaferro_Preston_Shaffner"},{"link_name":"The Telegraph Manual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/telegraphmanualc00shafrich#page/n3/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"Smith, Willoughby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willoughby_Smith"},{"link_name":"The Rise and Extension of Submarine Telegraphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/riseandextensio00smitgoog"},{"link_name":"J.S. Virtue & Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Virtue"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1079820592","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1079820592"},{"link_name":"Bloomsbury Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-84908-015-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84908-015-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7146-2981-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-2981-0"},{"link_name":"Thompson, Silvanus Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvanus_P._Thompson"},{"link_name":"American Mathematical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Mathematical_Society"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8218-3743-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8218-3743-6"},{"link_name":"The Solicitors' Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solicitors_Journal"},{"link_name":"World Bank Publications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank_Publications"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8213-4196-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8213-4196-4"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-107-02528-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-107-02528-1"},{"link_name":"Michael O'Mara Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_O%27Mara_Books"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-84317-713-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84317-713-7"},{"link_name":"Duke University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8223-8999-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-8999-6"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"820084531","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/820084531"}],"text":"Ash, Stewart, \"The development of submarine cables\", Ch. 1 in, Burnett, Douglas R.; Beckman, Robert; Davenport, Tara M., Submarine Cables: The Handbook of Law and Policy, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2014 ISBN 978-90-04-26032-0.\nBall, Michael; Sunderland, David T., An Economic History of London, 1800–1914, Routledge, 2001 ISBN 978-0-415-24691-0\nBeauchamp, Ken, History of Telegraphy, Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2001 ISBN 978-0-85296-792-8.\nBennett, Robert J., Local Business Voice: The History of Chambers of Commerce in Britain, Ireland, and Revolutionary America, 1760-2011, Oxford University Press, 2011 ISBN 0-19-958473-7.\nBentley, Ernest L., Bentley's Complete Phrase Code, London: E. L. Bentley, 1906 OCLC 556787913 (1909 edition).\nBentley, Ernest L., Mining Supplement to Bentley's Complete Phrase Code, London: E. L. Bentley, 1907, OCLC 38695869.\nBlack, Robert Monro, The History of Electric Wires and Cables, Peter Peregrinus, 1983, ISBN 978-0-86341-001-7.\nBowers, Brian, Sir Charles Wheatstone: 1802–1875, IEE, 2001 ISBN 978-0-85296-103-2.\nBowler, Peter J.; Morus, Iwan Rhys, Making Modern Science: A Historical Survey, University of Chicago Press, 2010 ISBN 978-0-226-06862-6.\nBright, Charles, Submarine Telegraphs, London: Crosby Lockwood, 1898 OCLC 776529627.\nBright, Edward Brailsford; Bright, Charles, The Life Story of the Late Sir Charles Tilston Bright, Civil Engineer, Cambridge University Press, 2012 ISBN 978-1-108-05288-7 (first published 1898).\nBruton, Elizabeth, \"'The Cable Wars': military and state surveillance of the British telegraph cable network during World War One\" in, Marklund, Andreas (ed); Mogens, Rüdiger (ed), Historicizing Infrastructure Aalborg University Press, 2017 ISBN 87-7112-594-9.\nBurns, Russel W., Communications: An International History of the Formative Years, IEE, 2004a ISBN 978-0-86341-327-8.\nBurns, Russel W., \"Bain, Alexander\", Dictionary of National Biography (online), Oxford University Press, 2004b, retrieved 4 April 2020.\nClauson-Thue, William, The ABC Universal Commercial Electric Telegraphic Code, London: Rock Terrace, Talfourd Road, Peckham, SE, 1873.\nCommission of the European Communities: Directorate-General for Employment, Industrial Relations and Social Affairs, \"Office automation and social change in Europe\", Social Europe, supplement 5/91, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1992 ISBN 92-826-3757-3.\nCookson, Gillian, \"The golden age of electricity\", ch. 6 in, Inkster, Ian; Griffin, Colin; Hill, Jeff; Rowbotham, Judith (eds), The Golden Age: Essays in British Social and Economic History, 1850–1870, Taylor & Francis, 2017 ISBN 978-1-351-88874-5.\nCoopersmith, Jonathan, Faxed: The Rise and Fall of the Fax Machine, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2015 ISBN 1-4214-1591-7.\nCorera, Gordon, Intercept: The Secret History of Computers and Spies, Hachette UK, 2015 ISBN 978-0-297-87174-3.\nDarella, Sara L., \"Transatlantic cable\", pp. 302–303 in, Welch, Rosanne; Lamphier, Peg A. (eds), Technical Innovation in American History: An Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, vol. 1, ABC-Clio, 2019 ISBN 978-1-61069-094-2.\nDavies, Edward J. II, The United States in World History, Routledge, 2006 ISBN 1-134-47716-3.\nDay, Lance; McNeil, Ian, Biographical Dictionary of the History of Technology, Taylor & Francis, 1998 ISBN 978-0-415-19399-3.\nDerry, Thomas Kingston; Williams, Trevor Illtyd, A Short History of Technology from the Earliest Times to A.D. 1900, Courier Corporation, 1960 ISBN 978-0-486-27472-0.\nDuffy, Michael C., Electric Railways: 1880–1990, IEE, 2003, ISBN 978-0-85296-805-5.\nGodfrey, Helen, Submarine Telegraphy and the Hunt for Gutta Percha, BRILL, 2018 ISBN 90-04-35728-9.\nHaigh, Kenneth Richardson, Cableships and Submarine Cables, Adlard Coles, 1968 OCLC 497380538.\nHamer, Mick, \"Quicker by phone?\", New Scientist, no. 1689, 4 November 1989.\nHeadrick, Daniel R., The Invisible Weapon: Telecommunications and International Politics, 1851-1945, Oxford University Press, 1991 ISBN 0-19-972819-4.\nHearn, Chester G., Circuits in the Sea: The Men, the Ships, and the Atlantic Cable, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2004 ISBN 978-0-275-98231-7.\nHewitt, D.E., Engineering Science II, Macmillan, 1978 ISBN 978-1-349-03180-1.\nHills, Jill, The Struggle for Control of Global Communication, University of Illinois Press, 2002 ISBN 978-0-7099-3701-2.\nHubbard, Geoffrey, Cooke and Wheatstone and the Invention of the Electric Telegraph, Routledge\\, 2013 ISBN 978-1-135-02850-3.\nHuurdeman, Anton A., The Worldwide History of Telecommunications, Wiley, 2003 ISBN 978-0-471-20505-0.\nHunt, Bruce J., \"Doing science in a global empire: cable telegraphy and electrical physics in Victorian Britain\", ch. 15 in, Lightman, Bernard (ed), Victorian Science in Context, University of Chicago Press\\, 1997 ISBN 978-0-226-48112-8.\nHunt, Bruce J., Pursuing Power and Light: Technology and Physics from James Watt to Albert Einstein, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010 ISBN 978-0-8018-9358-2.\nIttmann, Karl, Work, Gender and Family in Victorian England, Springer, 2016 ISBN 134913337X.\nKahn, David, The Codebreakers: The Story of Secret Writing, New York: Macmillan, 1967 OCLC 855457547.\nKieve, Jeffrey L., The Electric Telegraph: A Social and Economic History, David and Charles, 1973 OCLC 655205099.\nKragh, Helge, \"Telephony, long distance\", pp. 809–811 in, Hempstead, Colin; Worthington William (eds), Encyclopedia of 20th-Century Technology, Routledge, 2005 ISBN 978-1-135-45551-4.\nLord, Cliff; Sterling, Christopher H., \"Teleprinter/teletype\", pp. 447–449 in, Christopher H. Sterling (ed), Military Communications: From Ancient Times to the 21st Century, ABC-CLIO, 2008 ISBN 1-85109-732-5.\nLundheim, Lars, \"On Shannon and Shannon's formula\", Telektronikk, vol. 98, no. 1, pp. 20–29, 2002.\nMcDonald, Donald; Hunt, Leslie B., A History of Platinum and its Allied Metals, Johnson Matthey, 1982 ISBN 978-0-905118-83-3.\nMcNamara, John R., The Economics of Innovation in the Telecommunications Industry, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1991 ISBN 978-0-89930-558-5.\nMercer, David, The Telephone: The Life Story of a Technology, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006 ISBN 978-0-313-33207-4.\nMoran, Terence P., Introduction to the History of Communication, Peter Lang, 2010 ISBN 978-1-4331-0412-1.\nMorrison, Heather S., Inventors of Communications Technology, Cavendish Square Publishing, 2015 ISBN 1-5026-0656-9.\nMorse, Samuel, \"Examination of the Telegraphic Apparatus and the Processes in Telegraphy\", in, Blake, William Phipps (ed), Reports of the United States Commissioners to the Paris Universal Exposition, 1867, vol. 4, US Government Printing Office, 1870 OCLC 752259860.\nNahin, Paul J., Oliver Heaviside: The Life, Work, and Times of an Electrical Genius of the Victorian Age, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002 ISBN 978-0-8018-6909-9.\nNickles, David Paull, How the Telegraph Changed Diplomacy, Harvard University Press, 2003 ISBN 0-674-01035-3.\nOrji, Uchenna Jerome, International Telecommunications Law and Policy, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2019 ISBN 978-1-5275-2641-9.\nParsons, Patrick R., Blue Skies: A History of Cable Television, Temple University Press, 2008 ISBN 1-59213-706-7\nPitt, Douglas C., The Telecommunications Function of the British Post Office, Saxon House, 1980 ISBN 978-0-566-00273-1.\nPrescott, George Bartlett, History, Theory, and Practice of the Electric Telegraph, Boston: Ticknor and Fields, 1866 LCCN 17-10907\nRoberts, Steven, Distant Writing, distantwriting.co.uk,\nch. 4, \"The Electric Telegraph Company\", archived 1 July 2016,\nch. 5, \"Competitors and allies\", archived 1 July 2016.\nRussell, Robert W., History of the Invention of the Electric Telegraph, New York: William C. Bryant & Co., 1853 OCLC 904216191.\nSchiffer, Michael B., Power Struggles: Scientific Authority and the Creation of Practical Electricity Before Edison, MIT Press, 2008 ISBN 978-0-262-19582-9.\nSeward, Ingrid, The Queen's Speech: An Intimate Portrait of the Queen in Her Own Words, Simon and Schuster, 2015 ISBN 1-4711-5097-6.\nShaffner, Taliaferro Preston, The Telegraph Manual, Pudney & Russell, 1859.\nSmith, Willoughby, The Rise and Extension of Submarine Telegraphy, London: J.S. Virtue & Co., 1891 OCLC 1079820592.\nStephenson, Charles, The Fortifications of Malta 1530–1945, Bloomsbury Publishing, 2012 ISBN 978-1-84908-015-6.\nThomas, William Arthur, The Provincial Stock Exchanges, Routledge, 2012 ISBN 978-0-7146-2981-0 (1973 reprint).\nThompson, Silvanus Phillips, The Life of Lord Kelvin, vol. 1, American Mathematical Society, 2004 ISBN 978-0-8218-3743-6 (first published 1910).\nWalker, Peter M., \"Contract\", The Solicitors' Journal, vol. 142, 1998.\nWelch, Dick; Frémond, Olivier (eds), The Case-by-case Approach to Privatization, World Bank Publications, 1998 ISBN 978-0-8213-4196-4.\nWenzlhuemer, Roland, Connecting the Nineteenth-Century World: The Telegraph and Globalization, Cambridge University Press, 2013 ISBN 1-107-02528-1.\nWilliams, Liz, Kind Regards: The Lost Art of Letter Writing, Michael O'Mara Books, 2012 ISBN 1-84317-713-7.\nWinseck, Dwayne R.; Pike, Robert M., Communication and Empire, Duke University Press, 2007 ISBN 978-0-8223-8999-6.\nWhitelaw, Whitelaw's Telegraph Cyphers, London: Whitelaw's Telegraph Cypher Co., 1904 OCLC 820084531.","title":"Bibliography"}]	[{"image_text":"A map of the Eastern Telegraph Company's submarine cables, 1901","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/1901_Eastern_Telegraph_cables.png/370px-1901_Eastern_Telegraph_cables.png"},{"image_text":"Ronalds' eight miles of iron wire strung in his garden","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Ronalds_telegraph.png/220px-Ronalds_telegraph.png"},{"image_text":"William Fothergill Cooke","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Cooke_William_Fothergill_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Cooke_William_Fothergill_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cooke and Wheatstone five-needle telegraph","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Cooke_and_Wheatstone_electric_telegraph.jpg/170px-Cooke_and_Wheatstone_electric_telegraph.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cooke and Wheatstone single-needle instrument c. 1872–1873","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/PSM_V03_D418_Single_needle_instrument.jpg/220px-PSM_V03_D418_Single_needle_instrument.jpg"},{"image_text":"Henley-Foster two-needle telegraph","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Foster_magneto-electric_telegraph.png/220px-Foster_magneto-electric_telegraph.png"},{"image_text":"An ABC telegraph instrument from the General Post Office era, dated 1885","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/ABC_machine.jpg/130px-ABC_machine.jpg"},{"image_text":"Telcon cable works at Greenwich, 1865–1866","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/The_Reels_of_Gutta-percha_Covered_Conducting_Wire_Conveyed_into_Tanks_at_the_Works_of_the_Telegraph_Construction_and_Maintenance_Company%2C_at_Greenwich_MET_DP801249.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg"},{"image_text":"John Brett c. 1850s","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/John_Watkins_Brett.jpg/130px-John_Watkins_Brett.jpg"},{"image_text":"Jacob Brett in later life","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Jacob_Brett.jpg/130px-Jacob_Brett.jpg"},{"image_text":"The nondescript hut where the Porthcurno cables were landed","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Porthcurno_Cable_Hut_-_geograph.org.uk_-_318569.jpg/220px-Porthcurno_Cable_Hut_-_geograph.org.uk_-_318569.jpg"},{"image_text":"The equipment inside the Porthcurno hut","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Inside_Porthcurno_Cable_Hut_-_geograph.org.uk_-_318578.jpg/220px-Inside_Porthcurno_Cable_Hut_-_geograph.org.uk_-_318578.jpg"},{"image_text":"British telegraph All Red Line global network in 1902","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/All_Red_Line_%28retouched%29.jpg/220px-All_Red_Line_%28retouched%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lord Kelvin gave the first mathematical description of retardation","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Lord_Kelvin_photograph.jpg/170px-Lord_Kelvin_photograph.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hugh Childers, 1878","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Hugh_Childers%2C_Lock_%26_Whitfield_woodburytype%2C_1876-83_crop.jpg/170px-Hugh_Childers%2C_Lock_%26_Whitfield_woodburytype%2C_1876-83_crop.jpg"},{"image_text":"William Preece, 1904","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/William_Henry_Preece_-_Page%27s_Magazine.png/170px-William_Henry_Preece_-_Page%27s_Magazine.png"},{"image_text":"Lord Rothermere, 1914","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Lord_Rothermere.jpg/170px-Lord_Rothermere.jpg"},{"image_text":"Punched paper tape as used for Baudot-Murray code messages, c. 1976","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Lochstreifen-2.png/220px-Lochstreifen-2.png"},{"image_text":"Motorcycle telegraph messenger from Wood Green Post Office, 1941","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Mr_W_A_J_Dearn%2C_a_motorcycle_messenger_attached_to_Wood_Green_Post_Office%2C_1941._D5245.jpg/220px-Mr_W_A_J_Dearn%2C_a_motorcycle_messenger_attached_to_Wood_Green_Post_Office%2C_1941._D5245.jpg"},{"image_text":"Female telegram messenger during World War I","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Female_telegraph_messenger_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Female_telegraph_messenger_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Telegraph messengers collecting telephone messages for bombed-out telephone subscribers at an emergency telephone bureau, 1942","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/The_Telephone_Service_Carries_On%2C_London%2C_January_1942_D6422.jpg/220px-The_Telephone_Service_Carries_On%2C_London%2C_January_1942_D6422.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wartime poster instructing users not to send greetings telegrams","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Post_Office_Telegram_Art.IWMPST10025.jpg/170px-Post_Office_Telegram_Art.IWMPST10025.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Clark, Gregory (2017). \"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)\". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 7 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://measuringworth.com/datasets/ukearncpi/","url_text":"\"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MeasuringWorth","url_text":"MeasuringWorth"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://measuringworth.com/datasets/ukearncpi/","external_links_name":"\"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/connecting-britain/edward-prince-wales-visits-londons-telegram-boys/","external_links_name":"\"Edward Prince of Wales visits London's telegram boys\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190304162409/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/connecting-britain/edward-prince-wales-visits-londons-telegram-boys/","external_links_name":"archived"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/556787913","external_links_name":"556787913"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/bentleyscomplete00bentuoft/page/n3/mode/2up","external_links_name":"1909 edition"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TYw3AQAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"Mining Supplement to Bentley's Complete Phrase Code"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/38695869","external_links_name":"38695869"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/cihm_00867/page/n3","external_links_name":"Submarine Telegraphs"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/776529627","external_links_name":"776529627"},{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/37096519/","external_links_name":"\"'The Cable Wars': military and state surveillance of the British telegraph cable network during World War One\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/abcuniversalcom01thuegoog/page/n4/mode/2up","external_links_name":"The ABC Universal Commercial Electric Telegraphic Code"},{"Link":"https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/33d24f0b-c2c7-437a-90b4-7bb3286dd8f8/language-en/format-PDF/source-123415446","external_links_name":"\"Office automation and social change in Europe\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/497380538","external_links_name":"497380538"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/855457547","external_links_name":"855457547"},{"Link":"https://atlantic-cable.com/Books/Kieve/Kieve-Electric_Telegraph.pdf","external_links_name":"The Electric Telegraph: A Social and Economic History"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/655205099","external_links_name":"655205099"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110724183448/http://www.iet.ntnu.no/groups/signal/people/lundheim/Page_020-029.pdf","external_links_name":"\"On Shannon and Shannon's formula\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/reportsofuniteds04unit_1/page/n9","external_links_name":"\"Examination of the Telegraphic Apparatus and the Processes in Telegraphy\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/752259860","external_links_name":"752259860"},{"Link":"https://www.loc.gov/item/17010907","external_links_name":"17-10907"},{"Link":"http://distantwriting.co.uk/index.htm","external_links_name":"Distant Writing"},{"Link":"https://www.webarchive.org.uk/wayback/en/archive/20160107230519/http://distantwriting.co.uk/electrictelegraphcompany.html","external_links_name":"archived"},{"Link":"https://www.webarchive.org.uk/wayback/en/archive/20160107230155/http://distantwriting.co.uk/competitorsallies.html","external_links_name":"archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=k6xGAQAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"History of the Invention of the Electric Telegraph"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/904216191","external_links_name":"904216191"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/telegraphmanualc00shafrich#page/n3/mode/2up","external_links_name":"The Telegraph Manual"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/riseandextensio00smitgoog","external_links_name":"The Rise and Extension of Submarine Telegraphy"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1079820592","external_links_name":"1079820592"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/820084531","external_links_name":"820084531"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caol	Caol	["1 References"]	Coordinates: 56°50′17″N 5°06′07″W / 56.838°N 5.102°W / 56.838; -5.102Village in Scotland Human settlement in ScotlandCaolScottish Gaelic: An CaolKilmallie RoadCaolLocation within the Lochaber areaPopulation3,310 (2020)OS grid referenceNN108762Council areaHighlandCountryScotlandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townFORT WILLIAMPostcode districtPH33Dialling code01397PoliceScotlandFireScottishAmbulanceScottish UK ParliamentRoss, Skye and LochaberScottish ParliamentSkye, Lochaber and Badenoch List of places UK Scotland 56°50′17″N 5°06′07″W / 56.838°N 5.102°W / 56.838; -5.102 Caol (Gaelic: An Caol) is a village near Fort William, in the Highland council area of Scotland. It is about 1+1⁄4 miles (2 kilometres) north of Fort William town centre, on the shore of Loch Linnhe, and is within the parish of Kilmallie. The name "Caol" is from the Gaelic for "narrow", in this case the narrow water between Loch Linnhe and Loch Eil. The Caledonian Canal passes by to the north-west of Caol, and the Great Glen Way long-distance footpath passes through the village before it follows the canal towpath. The village is largely residential, and has three primary schools, Caol Primary School; St Columba's RC Primary School; and, for Scottish Gaelic-medium education, the Bun-sgoil Ghàidhlig Loch Abar, which has hosted the Lochaber Mòd since 2016. The local shinty team is Kilmallie Shinty Club, which plays at Canal Park in the west of Caol. References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Caol. ^ "Mid-2020 Population Estimates for Settlements and Localities in Scotland". National Records of Scotland. 31 March 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2022. ^ "Place name database - Caol". Ainmean-Àite na h-Alba. Retrieved 14 November 2016. ^ "Schools: Caol Primary School". Highland Council. Retrieved 14 March 2016. vteLochaberSettlements Ach' An Todhair A' Chill Achaphubuil Acharacle Achnaha Achluachrach Achriabhach Ardechive Ardmolich Ardshealach Ardtoe Arisaig Back of Keppoch Ballachulish Banavie Blaich Caol Cleadale Corpach Corran Dalnabreck Druimarben Duisky Fort William Galmisdale Glenborrodale Glencoe Glenfinnan Glenuig Inverie Kilchoan Kilmory (Ardnamurchan) Kinloch Kinlochleven Lochaline Mallaig Morar Ockle Onich Port Mòr Portuairk Resipole Roybridge Salen Sanna Spean Bridge Strontian Geography Ardgour Ardnamurchan Knoydart Moidart Morvern Glen Nevis Islands Canna Eigg Muck Rùm Peaks Am Bodach Aonach Beag Aonach Eagach Aonach Mòr Beinn a' Bheithir Ben Hiant Ben Nevis Bidean nam Bian Binnein Mòr Buachaille Etive Beag Buachaille Etive Mòr Càrn Mòr Dearg Gulvain Ladhar Bheinn Meall an t-Suidhe Sgùrr a' Mhàim Sgùrr Eilde Mòr Sgùrr na Cìche Sgùrr Thuilm Stob Ban (Grey Corries) Stob Bàn (Mamores) Stob Choire Claurigh Stob Coire Easain Lochs Aline Arkaig Eil Laggan Linnhe Lochy Moidart Morar Nevis Shiel Sunart Treig Rivers River Coe River Lochy River Spean Landmarks Commando Memorial Glencoe House Glenfinnan Viaduct Mingary Castle Castle Tioram Tor Castle Transport A82 A830 A861 Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gaelic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A%C3%80A-2"},{"link_name":"Fort William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_William,_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Highland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highland_(council_area)"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Loch Linnhe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loch_Linnhe"},{"link_name":"Kilmallie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilmallie"},{"link_name":"Loch Linnhe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loch_Linnhe"},{"link_name":"Loch Eil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loch_Eil"},{"link_name":"Caledonian Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caledonian_Canal"},{"link_name":"Great Glen Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Glen_Way"},{"link_name":"Scottish Gaelic-medium education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic-medium_education"},{"link_name":"Bun-sgoil Ghàidhlig Loch Abar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bun-sgoil_Gh%C3%A0idhlig_Loch_Abar"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Lochaber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lochaber"},{"link_name":"Mòd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B2d"},{"link_name":"shinty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinty"},{"link_name":"Kilmallie Shinty Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilmallie_Shinty_Club"}],"text":"Village in ScotlandHuman settlement in ScotlandCaol (Gaelic: An Caol[2]) is a village near Fort William, in the Highland council area of Scotland. It is about 1+1⁄4 miles (2 kilometres) north of Fort William town centre, on the shore of Loch Linnhe, and is within the parish of Kilmallie.The name \"Caol\" is from the Gaelic for \"narrow\", in this case the narrow water between Loch Linnhe and Loch Eil.The Caledonian Canal passes by to the north-west of Caol, and the Great Glen Way long-distance footpath passes through the village before it follows the canal towpath.The village is largely residential, and has three primary schools, Caol Primary School; St Columba's RC Primary School; and, for Scottish Gaelic-medium education, the Bun-sgoil Ghàidhlig Loch Abar,[3] which has hosted the Lochaber Mòd since 2016.The local shinty team is Kilmallie Shinty Club, which plays at Canal Park in the west of Caol.","title":"Caol"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Mid-2020 Population Estimates for Settlements and Localities in Scotland\". National Records of Scotland. 31 March 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/statistics-and-data/statistics/statistics-by-theme/population/population-estimates/settlements-and-localities/mid-2020","url_text":"\"Mid-2020 Population Estimates for Settlements and Localities in Scotland\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Records_of_Scotland","url_text":"National Records of Scotland"}]},{"reference":"\"Place name database - Caol\". Ainmean-Àite na h-Alba. Retrieved 14 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ainmean-aite.org/databasedetails.php?id=593","url_text":"\"Place name database - Caol\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ainmean-%C3%80ite_na_h-Alba","url_text":"Ainmean-Àite na h-Alba"}]},{"reference":"\"Schools: Caol Primary School\". Highland Council. Retrieved 14 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.highland.gov.uk/directory_record/521860/caol_primary/category/380/primary","url_text":"\"Schools: Caol Primary School\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highland_Council","url_text":"Highland Council"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Caol&params=56.838_N_5.102_W_region:GB_type:city(3310)","external_links_name":"56°50′17″N 5°06′07″W / 56.838°N 5.102°W / 56.838; -5.102"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Caol&params=56.838551_N_5.103238_W_region:GB_scale:25000&title=Caol","external_links_name":"NN108762"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Caol&params=56.838_N_5.102_W_region:GB_type:city(3310)","external_links_name":"56°50′17″N 5°06′07″W / 56.838°N 5.102°W / 56.838; -5.102"},{"Link":"https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/statistics-and-data/statistics/statistics-by-theme/population/population-estimates/settlements-and-localities/mid-2020","external_links_name":"\"Mid-2020 Population Estimates for Settlements and Localities in Scotland\""},{"Link":"http://www.ainmean-aite.org/databasedetails.php?id=593","external_links_name":"\"Place name database - Caol\""},{"Link":"http://www.highland.gov.uk/directory_record/521860/caol_primary/category/380/primary","external_links_name":"\"Schools: Caol Primary School\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/140832768","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007562519505171","external_links_name":"Israel"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fields_and_Streams	Fields and Streams	["1 Track list","2 References","3 External links"]	This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Fields and Streams" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for music. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Fields and Streams" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 2002 compilation album by Various artistsFields and StreamsCompilation album by Various artistsReleased2002GenreAlternative rockLabelKill Rock StarsVarious artists chronology Fields and Streams(2002) Tracks and Fields(2004) Fields and Streams is a double CD compilation album released by the label Kill Rock Stars on May 7, 2002. Track list CD 1 "Memo From The Desk of the Quails - The Quails "Sex Object - Manda & The Marbles "Waste of Time" - The Coolies "Total Destruction" - Lost Sounds "Noon Under The Trees" - The RockATeens "Industrial Skyline" - Industrial Skyline "Pick up You"- Dada Swing "The Monster" - Stereo Total "Caesar's Planet - Gene Defcon "Male In Communication" - The Supreme Indifference "Blame The Glass Man" - Mecca Normal "Leading The Weird" - The Convocation Of... "Blight Blues" - Beehive & The Barracudas "Through The Swells" - Aislers Set "Look At You Now, You're Crying" - Comet Gain "The Slip That Hides You" - The Mona Reels "Lake Is A Time Bomb" - I'm Being Good "What Energy" - Drillboxignition "Beautiful Fiction" - Braille Stars "For The Win" - The Reputation "Still No Sparks" - Delta Dart CD 2 "That Girl" - Tender Trap "New Scars" - Bangs "Imbecile" - Fifth Column "Ran Out" - The Dishes "Hiding Behind The Moon" - Jeff Hanson "Tiger In The Forest" - Mary Timony "Modern Things" - Yeah Yeah Yeahs "Dawn of Understand" - The Long Goodbye "Missy" - Red Monkey "Blue Boys" - Carla Bozulich "Poseidon's Kiss" - The Process "Leg Night" - Erase Errata "Love Potions Poison" - Love Life "Song of Scorn" - Deerhoof "Queen Majesty" - Quasi "All The Evils of the World" - The Mooney Suzuki "Ode To The Go Cart" - Dirt Bike Annie "17" - The Butchies "My Assassin" - Lorelei "If It's Not Grounded Then It's Not Dead" - Thoroughbred "I Don't Know Where I'm Going" - Danielle Howle & The Tantrums "Tell Me Once More" - Virginia North & The Them Wranch "Knock Loud" - Neko Case "Porcelein Throne" - Two Ton Boa References ^ Adrien Begrand (July 12, 2002). "Indie Heaven, Circa 2002". Pop Matters. Archived from the original on July 14, 2002. External links Pop Matters Review vteQuasi Sam Coomes Janet Weiss Joanna Bolme Studio albums R&B Transmogrification Featuring "Birds" Field Studies The Sword of God Hot Shit! When the Going Gets Dark American Gong Mole City Breaking the Balls of History Compilation albums Early Recordings Quasi Self Boot 93–96 Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"double CD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_album"},{"link_name":"Kill Rock Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kill_Rock_Stars"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-popmatters-1"}],"text":"2002 compilation album by Various artistsFields and Streams is a double CD compilation album released by the label Kill Rock Stars on May 7, 2002.[1]","title":"Fields and Streams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Quails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jen_Smith"},{"link_name":"Manda & The Marbles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manda_%26_The_Marbles&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Coolies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Coolies"},{"link_name":"Lost Sounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_Sounds"},{"link_name":"The RockATeens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_RockATeens"},{"link_name":"Industrial Skyline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Industrial_Skyline&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dada Swing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dada_Swing&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stereo Total","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereo_Total"},{"link_name":"Gene Defcon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gene_Defcon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Supreme Indifference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Supreme_Indifference&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mecca Normal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca_Normal"},{"link_name":"The Convocation Of...","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Convocation_Of..."},{"link_name":"Beehive & The Barracudas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beehive_%26_The_Barracudas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Aislers Set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aislers_Set"},{"link_name":"Comet Gain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comet_Gain"},{"link_name":"The Mona Reels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Mona_Reels&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"I'm Being Good","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I%27m_Being_Good&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Drillboxignition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drillboxignition&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Braille Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Braille_Stars&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Reputation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Reputation"},{"link_name":"Delta Dart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Delta_Dart_(band)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tender Trap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tender_Trap"},{"link_name":"Bangs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangs_(band)"},{"link_name":"Fifth Column","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Column_(band)"},{"link_name":"The Dishes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Dishes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jeff Hanson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Hanson"},{"link_name":"Mary Timony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Timony"},{"link_name":"Yeah Yeah Yeahs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeah_Yeah_Yeahs"},{"link_name":"The Long Goodbye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Long_Goodbye_(band)"},{"link_name":"Red Monkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Monkey_(band)"},{"link_name":"Carla Bozulich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carla_Bozulich"},{"link_name":"The Process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Process_(band)"},{"link_name":"Erase Errata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erase_Errata"},{"link_name":"Love Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Love_Life_(band)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Deerhoof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deerhoof"},{"link_name":"Quasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasi_(band)"},{"link_name":"The Mooney Suzuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mooney_Suzuki"},{"link_name":"Dirt Bike Annie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirt_Bike_Annie"},{"link_name":"The Butchies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Butchies"},{"link_name":"Lorelei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorelei_(band)"},{"link_name":"Thoroughbred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thoroughbred_(band)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Danielle Howle & The Tantrums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Danielle_Howle_%26_The_Tantrums&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Virginia North & The Them Wranch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia_North_%26_The_Them_Wranch&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Neko Case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neko_Case"},{"link_name":"Two Ton Boa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Two_Ton_Boa&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"CD 1\"Memo From The Desk of the Quails - The Quails\n\"Sex Object - Manda & The Marbles\n\"Waste of Time\" - The Coolies\n\"Total Destruction\" - Lost Sounds\n\"Noon Under The Trees\" - The RockATeens\n\"Industrial Skyline\" - Industrial Skyline\n\"Pick up You\"- Dada Swing\n\"The Monster\" - Stereo Total\n\"Caesar's Planet - Gene Defcon\n\"Male In Communication\" - The Supreme Indifference\n\"Blame The Glass Man\" - Mecca Normal\n\"Leading The Weird\" - The Convocation Of...\n\"Blight Blues\" - Beehive & The Barracudas\n\"Through The Swells\" - Aislers Set\n\"Look At You Now, You're Crying\" - Comet Gain\n\"The Slip That Hides You\" - The Mona Reels\n\"Lake Is A Time Bomb\" - I'm Being Good\n\"What Energy\" - Drillboxignition\n\"Beautiful Fiction\" - Braille Stars\n\"For The Win\" - The Reputation\n\"Still No Sparks\" - Delta DartCD 2\"That Girl\" - Tender Trap\n\"New Scars\" - Bangs\n\"Imbecile\" - Fifth Column\n\"Ran Out\" - The Dishes\n\"Hiding Behind The Moon\" - Jeff Hanson\n\"Tiger In The Forest\" - Mary Timony\n\"Modern Things\" - Yeah Yeah Yeahs\n\"Dawn of Understand\" - The Long Goodbye\n\"Missy\" - Red Monkey\n\"Blue Boys\" - Carla Bozulich\n\"Poseidon's Kiss\" - The Process\n\"Leg Night\" - Erase Errata\n\"Love Potions Poison\" - Love Life\n\"Song of Scorn\" - Deerhoof\n\"Queen Majesty\" - Quasi\n\"All The Evils of the World\" - The Mooney Suzuki\n\"Ode To The Go Cart\" - Dirt Bike Annie\n\"17\" - The Butchies\n\"My Assassin\" - Lorelei\n\"If It's Not Grounded Then It's Not Dead\" - Thoroughbred\n\"I Don't Know Where I'm Going\" - Danielle Howle & The Tantrums\n\"Tell Me Once More\" - Virginia North & The Them Wranch\n\"Knock Loud\" - Neko Case\n\"Porcelein Throne\" - Two Ton Boa","title":"Track list"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Adrien Begrand (July 12, 2002). \"Indie Heaven, Circa 2002\". Pop Matters. Archived from the original on July 14, 2002.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020714145605/https://www.popmatters.com/music/reviews/various/various-fieldsandstreams.shtml","url_text":"\"Indie Heaven, Circa 2002\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_Matters","url_text":"Pop Matters"},{"url":"https://www.popmatters.com/music/reviews/various/various-fieldsandstreams.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Fields+and+Streams%22","external_links_name":"\"Fields and Streams\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Fields+and+Streams%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Fields+and+Streams%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Fields+and+Streams%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Fields+and+Streams%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Fields+and+Streams%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Fields+and+Streams%22","external_links_name":"\"Fields and Streams\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Fields+and+Streams%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Fields+and+Streams%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Fields+and+Streams%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Fields+and+Streams%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Fields+and+Streams%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020714145605/https://www.popmatters.com/music/reviews/various/various-fieldsandstreams.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Indie Heaven, Circa 2002\""},{"Link":"https://www.popmatters.com/music/reviews/various/various-fieldsandstreams.shtml","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020714145605/https://www.popmatters.com/music/reviews/various/various-fieldsandstreams.shtml","external_links_name":"Pop Matters Review"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/e8b65b58-5ba7-3ac9-905f-b9d1359f49cc","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruka_Yamaya	Ruka Yamaya	["1 Club career","2 References"]	Japanese footballer Ruka YamayaPersonal informationDate of birth (1995-02-10) 10 February 1995 (age 29)Place of birth Hokkaido Prefecture, JapanHeight 1.64 m (5 ft 5 in)Position(s) MidfielderTeam informationCurrent team Albirex Niigata LadiesNumber 20Senior careerYears Team Apps (Gls) Albirex Niigata Ladies Club domestic league appearances and goals Ruka Yamaya (born 10 February 1995) is a Japanese professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for WE League club Albirex Niigata Ladies. Club career Yamaya made her WE League debut on 12 September 2021. References ^ "山谷瑠香 \| アルビレックス新潟レディース公式ホームページ". アルビレックス新潟レディース　公式ホームページ. ^ "Match PDF" (PDF). weleague.jp. Retrieved 2021-09-20. This biographical article related to a Japanese association football midfielder born in the 1990s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"midfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midfielder_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"WE League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WE_League"},{"link_name":"Albirex Niigata Ladies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albirex_Niigata_Ladies"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Ruka Yamaya (born 10 February 1995) is a Japanese professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for WE League club Albirex Niigata Ladies.[1]","title":"Ruka Yamaya"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"WE League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WE_League"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Yamaya made her WE League debut on 12 September 2021.[2]","title":"Club career"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"山谷瑠香 \| アルビレックス新潟レディース公式ホームページ\". アルビレックス新潟レディース　公式ホームページ.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.albirex-niigata-ladies.com/club/player_staff/cn35/ruka_yamaya.html","url_text":"\"山谷瑠香 \| アルビレックス新潟レディース公式ホームページ\""}]},{"reference":"\"Match PDF\" (PDF). weleague.jp. Retrieved 2021-09-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://weleague.jp/files/2021/match_pdf/2021091211.pdf","url_text":"\"Match PDF\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.albirex-niigata-ladies.com/club/player_staff/cn35/ruka_yamaya.html","external_links_name":"\"山谷瑠香 \| アルビレックス新潟レディース公式ホームページ\""},{"Link":"https://weleague.jp/files/2021/match_pdf/2021091211.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Match PDF\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruka_Yamaya&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanyang_88	Hanyang 88	["1 History","2 Design","2.1 Performance","3 Users","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	Bolt-action rifle Hanyang 88 A Hanyang 88 rifle display in the National Museum of ChinaTypeBolt-action riflePlace of originQing DynastyService historyIn service1895–1980sUsed bySee UsersWarsBoxer RebellionXinhai RevolutionNorthern ExpeditionLong MarchCentral Plains WarChinese Civil WarSecond Sino-Japanese WarWorld War IIFirst Indochina WarKorean War Soviet-Afghan WarProduction historyManufacturerHanyang ArsenalProduced1895–1944No. built1,083,480VariantsRifleCarbineSpecificationsMass4.06 kg (9.0 lb)Length1,250 mm (49 in)Barrel length740 mm (29 in)CartridgeM/88ActionBolt-actionRate of fire~15 rounds per minuteMuzzle velocity620 m/s (2066 fps)Effective firing range500 m (550 yd)Maximum firing range2,000 m (2,200 yd)Feed system5 round en-bloc clip, external box magazine, clip fedSightsrear sight with a range of 160m, front blade sight The Type 88, sometimes known as "Hanyang 88" or Hanyang Type 88 (Chinese: 漢陽八八式步槍) and Hanyang Zao (Which means Made in Hanyang), is a Chinese-made bolt-action rifle, based on the German Gewehr 88. It was adopted by the Qing Dynasty towards the end of the 19th century and was used by multiple factions and formations like those in the Republic of China, until the end of the Chinese Civil War. The name of the rifle is derived from Hanyang Arsenal, the main factory that produced this rifle. The rifle was due to be replaced as the standard Chinese rifle by the Chiang Kai-shek rifle. However, manufacture of the new rifle never managed to match demand, and the Type 88 continued to be manufactured and to equip the National Revolutionary Army during the Second Sino-Japanese War. History This firearm was a rifle directly patterned on the German Gewehr 88 and was initially fielded by the New Armies of the Qing Dynasty. From the start of production in 1895, the Type 88 was modified twice to improve performance in 1904 and in 1930. It served as one of the standard battle rifles used by the National Revolutionary Army from its founding in 1925 until the late 1940s, after the end of World War II. Japanese forces in China captured large amounts of Hanyang 88s and issued them to second-line units and collaborationist Chinese troops. It was also used by the Chinese Communists, who not only used it during the same time period, but also during the Korean War. Some were reportedly supplied to the Viet Minh. Production of the rifle ceased in 1944, 1.1 million rifles having been produced. Initially manufactured at Hanyang Arsenal, production was moved to the 21st Arsenal in Chongqing after Wuhan fell to Japanese forces in 1938. Further production halted when the Chiang Kai-Shek rifle was instead being produced in 1944. When the rifles were used by the People's Liberation Army, they were either used by militia forces or were used as training/drill rifles. As part of the Sino-Soviet split, China supplied surplus Hanyang 88s to the Afghan Mujahideen during the Soviet-Afghan War. Design The Hanyang 88 was essentially a copy of the Gewehr 88, with a few minor differences, including the absence of the barrel shroud, and an extension of the bayonet. It was a bolt-action rifle that cocked on opening, and its Mannlicher-style magazine could hold 5 7.92×57mm Mauser rounds. The magazine was loaded by using a 5-round en-bloc clip. When the last round was chambered, the clip would fall out of the magazine via a hole in the bottom. It can also be equipped with a bayonet. The main advantage of this kind of loading mechanism was that it allowed the user to reload very quickly. The disadvantages, however, were that the hole in the magazine could allow dirt to get in, thus possibly causing reliability issues. In 1904, the rifle's design was changed to remove the barrel shroud and more wood placed on it to protect the person's hands from being burned. Other changes included the rear sight based on the Kar98. Although the 5-round en-bloc clips of Hanyang 88 can accept the new round, mass conversion of Hanyang 88 to accept the spitzer bullet, despite having been planned, did not take place. The Hanyang 88 also had a carbine variant, which was shorter and lighter, albeit with inferior accuracy and range, similarly to the Gewehr 1891 carbine and a short rifle variant. Performance Monument of Hanyang 88 The Hanyang 88 was originally chambered for the German round-nose 7.92×57mm I round. By World War I, this round had already become obsolete. Nevertheless, it was the most numerous rifle used by the Chinese National Revolutionary Army in their engagements with the Japanese during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Users Afghanistan: Used by the Afghan mujahideen Qing Dynasty: Known to be used in the Boxer Rebellion. Republic of China: Used by various Warlords and the NRA. People's Republic of China: Used by the PLA before they were phased out. Empire of Japan: Some used by second line units. Some Hanyang 88s used by Collaborationist Chinese Army forces. Manchukuo: Used by second-line units of the Manchukuo Imperial Army North Vietnam: Some supplied covertly to Viet Minh forces. See also Sino-German cooperation Chiang Kai-shek rifle - Another Chinese-made rifle used in World War II. Mauser Model 1907 rifle - rifle that failed to replace the Hanyang 88 References ^ a b c d e "Chinese Hanyang 88 Rifle \| Collectors Weekly". www.collectorsweekly.com. Archived from the original on October 7, 2022. ^ a b c Jalali, Ali Ahmad; Grau Lester (1989). Afghan Guerrilla Warfare, in the Words of the Mujahideen Fighters. MBI Publishing. pp. 253. ISBN 0-7603-1322-9. We had one RPG-7 with three rounds, two Kalashnikovs, and some Marko Chinese bolt-action rifles. Marko is the Chinese copy of the German M-88 Mauser. ^ "Visitor information" (PDF). www.weekinchina.com. 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-04-03. Retrieved 2020-12-24. ^ "Rifle Gew.88 ("Gewehr modell 1888") or "Komissiongewehr" (Commission rifle) (Germany)". Modern Firearms. July 27, 2012. ^ a b c "汉阳兵工厂的历史". March 3, 2016. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. ^ Jowett, Philip S. (1997). Chinese Civil War Armies 1911-49. Men at Arms 306. Osprey Publishing. p. 16. ISBN 1855326655. ^ a b Scarlata, Paul (November 2013). "From Arisaka to assault rifle: The military rifle cartridges of Japan part 2". Shotgun News. Archived from the original on April 17, 2022. ^ McNab, Chris (2002). 20th Century Military Uniforms (2nd ed.). Kent: Grange Books. p. 48. ISBN 1-84013-476-3. ^ a b Tucker-Jones, Anthony (30 August 2017). Dien Bien Phu. Pen and Sword. p. 28. ISBN 9781526708007. ^ Ness & Shih 2016, p. 249. ^ a b c Ness & Shih 2016, p. 248. ^ a b c "Rifle: Chinese Hanyang Type 88 - C&Rsenal : : C&Rsenal". April 3, 2019. Archived from the original on 2019-04-03. ^ "Blast from the past: Chinese Hanyang 88". The Loadout Room. Archived from the original on April 3, 2019. ^ "Hanyang 88: A Piece of Weapon History". April 3, 2019. Archived from the original on 2019-04-03. ^ "痛饮鬼子血之百战老枪汉阳造 - 一氧化碳不多的日志 - 网易博客". Archived from the original on 2012-05-01. Retrieved 2012-11-19. ^ Ness & Shih 2016, p. 261. ^ Jowett, Philip S. (2005). The Chinese Army 1937-1949. Men at Arms 424. Osprey Publishing. p. 15. ISBN 978-1841769042. ^ A Visual History of Soldiers and Armies Around the World by Alberto Moreno de la Fuente, page 79. ^ Jowett 2004, pp. 48, 75. ^ Jowett, Philip S. (2004). Rays of the rising sun : armed forces of Japan's Asian allies, 1931-45. Vol. 1, China & Manchukuo. Helion. pp. 15, 31. ISBN 9781906033781. Ness, Leland; Shih, Bin (July 2016). Kangzhan: Guide to Chinese Ground Forces 1937–45. Helion & Company. ISBN 9781910294420. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hanyang 88. Type 88 photos vteChinese infantry weapons of the Second Sino-Japanese WarSwords Dadao Miaodao Bayonets HY1935 bayonet Pistols FN M1900 Mauser C96 M1932 Astra Model 900 TT-33 M1911 Browning Hi-Power Smith & Wesson Model 10 Luger Rifles and carbines Hanyang 88 Type 1 Type 21 and Type 77 Chiang Kai-shek rifle vz. 24 vz. 98/22 Karabinek wz. 1929 Gewehr 98 Standardmodell Karabiner 98k Lee–Enfield Mosin–Nagant M1903 Springfield M1917 Enfield M1941 Johnson rifle BAR Lebel 1886 Type 38 Carcano Submachine guns MP 18 Thompson M3 PPD-40 Sten United Defense M42 MP 28 MP 34 EMP Light machine guns MG 34 ZB vz. 26 ZB vz. 30 DP Bren Hotchkiss M1922 Maxim–Tokarev Madsen Lahti-Saloranta M/26 SIG KE7 Medium machine guns Schwarzlose Hotchkiss M1914 M1919 Browning ZB-53 Heavy machine guns Type 24 Type 30 PM M1910 M2 Browning Hand grenades Type 23 Flamethrowers M2 flamethrower M1A1 flamethrower Rocket launchers and anti-tank rifles Bazooka Boys anti-tank rifle CartridgesPistol 7.62×25mm Tokarev 7.63×25mm Mauser 7.65×17mmSR Browning 9×19mm Parabellum 9×20mmR S&W 11.43×23mm ACP Rifle 7.62×54mmR 7.62×63mm Springfield 7.7×56mmR British 7.92×57mm Mauser 12.7×99mm 13.9×99mmB Boys 14.5×114mm	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WIC-3"},{"link_name":"bolt-action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolt-action"},{"link_name":"rifle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifle"},{"link_name":"Gewehr 88","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gewehr_88"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Qing Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_Dynasty"},{"link_name":"Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Chinese Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Hanyang Arsenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanyang_Arsenal"},{"link_name":"Chiang Kai-shek rifle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek_rifle"},{"link_name":"National Revolutionary Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army"},{"link_name":"Second Sino-Japanese War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CW-1"}],"text":"The Type 88, sometimes known as \"Hanyang 88\" or Hanyang Type 88 (Chinese: 漢陽八八式步槍) and Hanyang Zao (Which means Made in Hanyang),[3] is a Chinese-made bolt-action rifle, based on the German Gewehr 88.[4] It was adopted by the Qing Dynasty towards the end of the 19th century and was used by multiple factions and formations like those in the Republic of China, until the end of the Chinese Civil War.The name of the rifle is derived from Hanyang Arsenal, the main factory that produced this rifle.The rifle was due to be replaced as the standard Chinese rifle by the Chiang Kai-shek rifle. However, manufacture of the new rifle never managed to match demand, \nand the Type 88 continued to be manufactured and to equip the National Revolutionary Army during the Second Sino-Japanese War.[1]","title":"Hanyang 88"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gewehr 88","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gewehr_88"},{"link_name":"New Armies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Armies"},{"link_name":"Qing Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_Dynasty"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceB-5"},{"link_name":"National Revolutionary Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"collaborationist Chinese troops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaborationist_Chinese_Army"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SN-7"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mcnab2002-8"},{"link_name":"Viet Minh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viet_Minh"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBP30-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENessShih2016249-10"},{"link_name":"fell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wuhan"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENessShih2016248-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SUR-12"},{"link_name":"Sino-Soviet split","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split"},{"link_name":"Soviet-Afghan War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet-Afghan_War"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-words-2"}],"text":"This firearm was a rifle directly patterned on the German Gewehr 88 and was initially fielded by the New Armies of the Qing Dynasty. From the start of production in 1895, the Type 88 was modified twice to improve performance in 1904 and in 1930.[5] It served as one of the standard battle rifles used by the National Revolutionary Army from its founding in 1925 until the late 1940s, after the end of World War II.[6]Japanese forces in China captured large amounts of Hanyang 88s and issued them to second-line units and collaborationist Chinese troops.[7] It was also used by the Chinese Communists, who not only used it during the same time period, but also during the Korean War.[8] Some were reportedly supplied to the Viet Minh.[9]Production of the rifle ceased in 1944, 1.1 million rifles having been produced.[10]Initially manufactured at Hanyang Arsenal, production was moved to the 21st Arsenal in Chongqing after Wuhan fell to Japanese forces in 1938. Further production halted when the Chiang Kai-Shek rifle was instead being produced in 1944.[11]When the rifles were used by the People's Liberation Army, they were either used by militia forces or were used as training/drill rifles.[12]As part of the Sino-Soviet split, China supplied surplus Hanyang 88s to the Afghan Mujahideen during the Soviet-Afghan War.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gewehr 88","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gewehr_88"},{"link_name":"barrel shroud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrel_shroud"},{"link_name":"7.92×57mm Mauser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7.92%C3%9757mm_Mauser"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WOS-14"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceB-5"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SUR-12"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceB-5"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SUR-12"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceX-15"},{"link_name":"spitzer bullet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spitzer_bullet"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENessShih2016248-11"}],"text":"The Hanyang 88 was essentially a copy of the Gewehr 88, with a few minor differences, including the absence of the barrel shroud, and an extension of the bayonet. It was a bolt-action rifle that cocked on opening, and its Mannlicher-style magazine could hold 5 7.92×57mm Mauser rounds.[13] The magazine was loaded by using a 5-round en-bloc clip. When the last round was chambered, the clip would fall out of the magazine via a hole in the bottom.[14] It can also be equipped with a bayonet.[5]The main advantage of this kind of loading mechanism was that it allowed the user to reload very quickly. The disadvantages, however, were that the hole in the magazine could allow dirt to get in, thus possibly causing reliability issues.[12]In 1904, the rifle's design was changed to remove the barrel shroud and more wood placed on it to protect the person's hands from being burned.[5] Other changes included the rear sight based on the Kar98.[12]Although the 5-round en-bloc clips of Hanyang 88 can accept the new round,[15] mass conversion of Hanyang 88 to accept the spitzer bullet, despite having been planned, did not take place.The Hanyang 88 also had a carbine variant, which was shorter and lighter, albeit with inferior accuracy and range, similarly to the Gewehr 1891 carbine and a short rifle variant.[11]","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E6%B1%89%E9%98%B3%E9%80%A01.JPG"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENessShih2016261-16"},{"link_name":"National Revolutionary Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army"},{"link_name":"Second Sino-Japanese War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENessShih2016248-11"}],"sub_title":"Performance","text":"Monument of Hanyang 88The Hanyang 88 was originally chambered for the German round-nose 7.92×57mm I round. By World War I, this round had already become obsolete.[16] Nevertheless, it was the most numerous rifle used by the Chinese National Revolutionary Army in their engagements with the Japanese during the Second Sino-Japanese War.[11]","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Afghan mujahideen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_mujahideen"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-words-2"},{"link_name":"Qing Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CW-1"},{"link_name":"Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Warlords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warlord_Era"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CW-1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"People's Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Empire of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CW-1"},{"link_name":"Collaborationist Chinese Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaborationist_Chinese_Army"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SN-7"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJowett200448,_75-19"},{"link_name":"Manchukuo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchukuo"},{"link_name":"Manchukuo Imperial Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchukuo_Imperial_Army"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"North Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBP30-9"}],"text":"Afghanistan: Used by the Afghan mujahideen[2]\n Qing Dynasty: Known to be used in the Boxer Rebellion.[1]\n Republic of China: Used by various Warlords and the NRA.[1][17]\n People's Republic of China: Used by the PLA before they were phased out.[18]\n Empire of Japan: Some used by second line units.[1]\nSome Hanyang 88s used by Collaborationist Chinese Army forces.[7][19]\n Manchukuo: Used by second-line units of the Manchukuo Imperial Army[20]\n North Vietnam: Some supplied covertly to Viet Minh forces.[9]","title":"Users"}]	[{"image_text":"Monument of Hanyang 88","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/%E6%B1%89%E9%98%B3%E9%80%A01.JPG/220px-%E6%B1%89%E9%98%B3%E9%80%A01.JPG"}]	[{"title":"Sino-German cooperation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-German_cooperation"},{"title":"Chiang Kai-shek rifle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek_rifle"},{"title":"Mauser Model 1907 rifle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauser_Model_1904#Chinese_variants"}]	[{"reference":"\"Chinese Hanyang 88 Rifle \| Collectors Weekly\". www.collectorsweekly.com. Archived from the original on October 7, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221007005341/https://www.collectorsweekly.com/stories/117164-chinese-hanyang-88-rifle","url_text":"\"Chinese Hanyang 88 Rifle \| Collectors Weekly\""},{"url":"https://www.collectorsweekly.com/stories/117164-chinese-hanyang-88-rifle","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jalali, Ali Ahmad; Grau Lester (1989). Afghan Guerrilla Warfare, in the Words of the Mujahideen Fighters. MBI Publishing. pp. 253. ISBN 0-7603-1322-9. We had one RPG-7 with three rounds, two Kalashnikovs, and some Marko Chinese bolt-action rifles. [Footnote:] Marko is the Chinese copy of the German M-88 Mauser.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Ahmad_Jalali","url_text":"Jalali, Ali Ahmad"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/othersidemountainmuj","url_text":"Afghan Guerrilla Warfare, in the Words of the Mujahideen Fighters"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/othersidemountainmuj/page/252/mode/2up","url_text":"253"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7603-1322-9","url_text":"0-7603-1322-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Visitor information\" (PDF). www.weekinchina.com. 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-04-03. Retrieved 2020-12-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190403145910/https://www.weekinchina.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/03-Visitor-information.pdf","url_text":"\"Visitor information\""},{"url":"https://www.weekinchina.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/03-Visitor-information.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Rifle Gew.88 (\"Gewehr modell 1888\") or \"Komissiongewehr\" (Commission rifle) (Germany)\". Modern Firearms. July 27, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://modernfirearms.net/en/military-rifles/bolt-action-rifles/germany-bolt-action-rifles/gew-88-eng/","url_text":"\"Rifle Gew.88 (\"Gewehr modell 1888\") or \"Komissiongewehr\" (Commission rifle) (Germany)\""}]},{"reference":"\"汉阳兵工厂的历史\". March 3, 2016. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303174056/http://hoplite.cn/Templates/hpjh0050.htm","url_text":"\"汉阳兵工厂的历史\""},{"url":"http://hoplite.cn/Templates/hpjh0050.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jowett, Philip S. (1997). Chinese Civil War Armies 1911-49. Men at Arms 306. Osprey Publishing. p. 16. ISBN 1855326655.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Ck6IumJLdPkC&pg=PA16","url_text":"Chinese Civil War Armies 1911-49"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1855326655","url_text":"1855326655"}]},{"reference":"Scarlata, Paul (November 2013). \"From Arisaka to assault rifle: The military rifle cartridges of Japan part 2\". Shotgun News. Archived from the original on April 17, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220417075921/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/From+Arisaka+to+assault+rifle%3A+in+Part+1+(10%2F1+issue),+Scarlata...-a0349000555","url_text":"\"From Arisaka to assault rifle: The military rifle cartridges of Japan part 2\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shotgun_News","url_text":"Shotgun News"},{"url":"https://www.thefreelibrary.com/From+Arisaka+to+assault+rifle%3A+in+Part+1+(10%2F1+issue),+Scarlata...-a0349000555","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"McNab, Chris (2002). 20th Century Military Uniforms (2nd ed.). Kent: Grange Books. p. 48. ISBN 1-84013-476-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84013-476-3","url_text":"1-84013-476-3"}]},{"reference":"Tucker-Jones, Anthony (30 August 2017). Dien Bien Phu. Pen and Sword. p. 28. ISBN 9781526708007.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=V4QwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28","url_text":"Dien Bien Phu"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781526708007","url_text":"9781526708007"}]},{"reference":"\"Rifle: Chinese Hanyang Type 88 - C&Rsenal : : C&Rsenal\". April 3, 2019. Archived from the original on 2019-04-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190403020018/http://surplused.com/rifle-chinese-hanyang-type-88/","url_text":"\"Rifle: Chinese Hanyang Type 88 - C&Rsenal : : C&Rsenal\""},{"url":"http://surplused.com/rifle-chinese-hanyang-type-88/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Blast from the past: Chinese Hanyang 88\". The Loadout Room. Archived from the original on April 3, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190403051312/https://loadoutroom.com/thearmsguide/do-you-know-about-the-chinese-hanyang-88/","url_text":"\"Blast from the past: Chinese Hanyang 88\""},{"url":"https://loadoutroom.com/thearmsguide/do-you-know-about-the-chinese-hanyang-88/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Hanyang 88: A Piece of Weapon History\". April 3, 2019. Archived from the original on 2019-04-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190403020018/https://www.wideopenspaces.com/history-hanyang-88/","url_text":"\"Hanyang 88: A Piece of Weapon History\""},{"url":"https://www.wideopenspaces.com/history-hanyang-88/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"痛饮鬼子血之百战老枪汉阳造 - 一氧化碳不多的日志 - 网易博客\". Archived from the original on 2012-05-01. Retrieved 2012-11-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120501204642/http://colimited.blog.163.com/blog/static/1800980082011731245585/","url_text":"\"痛饮鬼子血之百战老枪汉阳造 - 一氧化碳不多的日志 - 网易博客\""},{"url":"http://colimited.blog.163.com/blog/static/1800980082011731245585/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jowett, Philip S. (2005). The Chinese Army 1937-1949. Men at Arms 424. Osprey Publishing. p. 15. ISBN 978-1841769042.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1841769042","url_text":"978-1841769042"}]},{"reference":"Jowett, Philip S. (2004). Rays of the rising sun : armed forces of Japan's Asian allies, 1931-45. Vol. 1, China & Manchukuo. Helion. pp. 15, 31. ISBN 9781906033781.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781906033781","url_text":"9781906033781"}]},{"reference":"Ness, Leland; Shih, Bin (July 2016). Kangzhan: Guide to Chinese Ground Forces 1937–45. Helion & Company. ISBN 9781910294420.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZYQwDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Kangzhan: Guide to Chinese Ground Forces 1937–45"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781910294420","url_text":"9781910294420"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221007005341/https://www.collectorsweekly.com/stories/117164-chinese-hanyang-88-rifle","external_links_name":"\"Chinese Hanyang 88 Rifle \| Collectors Weekly\""},{"Link":"https://www.collectorsweekly.com/stories/117164-chinese-hanyang-88-rifle","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/othersidemountainmuj","external_links_name":"Afghan Guerrilla Warfare, in the Words of the Mujahideen Fighters"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/othersidemountainmuj/page/252/mode/2up","external_links_name":"253"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190403145910/https://www.weekinchina.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/03-Visitor-information.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Visitor information\""},{"Link":"https://www.weekinchina.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/03-Visitor-information.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://modernfirearms.net/en/military-rifles/bolt-action-rifles/germany-bolt-action-rifles/gew-88-eng/","external_links_name":"\"Rifle Gew.88 (\"Gewehr modell 1888\") or \"Komissiongewehr\" (Commission rifle) (Germany)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303174056/http://hoplite.cn/Templates/hpjh0050.htm","external_links_name":"\"汉阳兵工厂的历史\""},{"Link":"http://hoplite.cn/Templates/hpjh0050.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Ck6IumJLdPkC&pg=PA16","external_links_name":"Chinese Civil War Armies 1911-49"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220417075921/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/From+Arisaka+to+assault+rifle%3A+in+Part+1+(10%2F1+issue),+Scarlata...-a0349000555","external_links_name":"\"From Arisaka to assault rifle: The military rifle cartridges of Japan part 2\""},{"Link":"https://www.thefreelibrary.com/From+Arisaka+to+assault+rifle%3A+in+Part+1+(10%2F1+issue),+Scarlata...-a0349000555","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=V4QwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28","external_links_name":"Dien Bien Phu"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190403020018/http://surplused.com/rifle-chinese-hanyang-type-88/","external_links_name":"\"Rifle: Chinese Hanyang Type 88 - C&Rsenal : : C&Rsenal\""},{"Link":"http://surplused.com/rifle-chinese-hanyang-type-88/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190403051312/https://loadoutroom.com/thearmsguide/do-you-know-about-the-chinese-hanyang-88/","external_links_name":"\"Blast from the past: Chinese Hanyang 88\""},{"Link":"https://loadoutroom.com/thearmsguide/do-you-know-about-the-chinese-hanyang-88/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190403020018/https://www.wideopenspaces.com/history-hanyang-88/","external_links_name":"\"Hanyang 88: A Piece of Weapon History\""},{"Link":"https://www.wideopenspaces.com/history-hanyang-88/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120501204642/http://colimited.blog.163.com/blog/static/1800980082011731245585/","external_links_name":"\"痛饮鬼子血之百战老枪汉阳造 - 一氧化碳不多的日志 - 网易博客\""},{"Link":"http://colimited.blog.163.com/blog/static/1800980082011731245585/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZYQwDwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Kangzhan: Guide to Chinese Ground Forces 1937–45"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120207001308/http://www.oldrifles.com/China.htm","external_links_name":"Type 88 photos"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%ADse%C4%8Dn%C3%A9_(Jind%C5%99ich%C5%AFv_Hradec_District)	Písečné (Jindřichův Hradec District)	["1 Administrative parts","2 Demographics","3 References"]	Coordinates: 48°57′54″N 15°27′45″E / 48.96500°N 15.46250°E / 48.96500; 15.46250Municipality in South Bohemian, Czech RepublicPísečnéMunicipalityPísečné Castle FlagCoat of armsPísečnéLocation in the Czech RepublicCoordinates: 48°57′54″N 15°27′45″E / 48.96500°N 15.46250°E / 48.96500; 15.46250Country Czech RepublicRegionSouth BohemianDistrictJindřichův HradecFirst mentioned1366Area • Total33.46 km2 (12.92 sq mi)Elevation443 m (1,453 ft)Population (2023-01-01) • Total485 • Density14/km2 (38/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal codes378 72, 378 81Websitewww.pisecne.cz Písečné (German: Piesling) is a municipality and village in Jindřichův Hradec District in the South Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 500 inhabitants. Písečné lies approximately 39 kilometres (24 mi) south-east of Jindřichův Hradec, 71 km (44 mi) east of České Budějovice, and 146 km (91 mi) south-east of Prague. Administrative parts The villages of Chvaletín, Marketa, Modletice, Nové Sady, Slavětín and Václavov are administrative parts of Písečné. Demographics Historical populationYearPop.±%18691,865— 18801,860−0.3%18901,887+1.5%19001,873−0.7%19101,859−0.7%19211,830−1.6%19301,646−10.1%19501,134−31.1%19611,066−6.0%1970892−16.3%1980682−23.5%1991592−13.2%2001558−5.7%2011533−4.5%2021449−15.8%Source: Censuses References ^ "Population of Municipalities – 1 January 2023". Czech Statistical Office. 2023-05-23. ^ "Historický lexikon obcí České republiky 1869–2011 – Okres Jindřichův Hradec" (in Czech). Czech Statistical Office. 2015-12-21. pp. 13–14. ^ "Population Census 2021: Population by sex". Public Database. Czech Statistical Office. 2021-03-27. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Písečné. vteTowns, market towns and villages of Jindřichův Hradec District Báňovice Bednárec Bednáreček Blažejov Bořetín Březina Budeč Budíškovice Cep Červený Hrádek České Velenice Český Rudolec Chlum u Třeboně Číměř Cizkrajov Člunek Dačice Dešná Deštná Dívčí Kopy Dobrohošť Dolní Pěna Dolní Žďár Domanín Doňov Drunče Dunajovice Dvory nad Lužnicí Frahelž Hadravova Rosička Halámky Hamr Hatín Heřmaneč Horní Meziříčko Horní Němčice Horní Pěna Horní Radouň Horní Skrýchov Horní Slatina Hospříz Hrachoviště Hříšice Jarošov nad Nežárkou Jilem Jindřichův Hradec Kačlehy Kamenný Malíkov Kardašova Řečice Klec Kostelní Radouň Kostelní Vydří Kunžak Lásenice Lodhéřov Lomnice nad Lužnicí Lužnice Majdalena Nová Bystřice Nová Olešná Nová Včelnice Nová Ves nad Lužnicí Novosedly nad Nežárkou Okrouhlá Radouň Peč Písečné Pístina Plavsko Pleše Pluhův Žďár Polště Ponědraž Ponědrážka Popelín Příbraz Rapšach Ratiboř Rodvínov Roseč Rosička Slavonice Smržov Staňkov Staré Hobzí Staré Město pod Landštejnem Stráž nad Nežárkou Strmilov Stříbřec Střížovice Studená Suchdol nad Lužnicí Světce Třebětice Třeboň Újezdec Velký Ratmírov Vícemil Višňová Vlčetínec Volfířov Vydří Záblatí Záhoří Zahrádky Žďár Županovice Authority control databases: National Czech Republic This South Bohemian Region location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Jindřichův Hradec District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jind%C5%99ich%C5%AFv_Hradec_District"},{"link_name":"South Bohemian Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bohemian_Region"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Jindřichův Hradec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jind%C5%99ich%C5%AFv_Hradec"},{"link_name":"České Budějovice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cesk%C3%A9_Bud%C4%9Bjovice"},{"link_name":"Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague"}],"text":"Municipality in South Bohemian, Czech RepublicPísečné (German: Piesling) is a municipality and village in Jindřichův Hradec District in the South Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 500 inhabitants.Písečné lies approximately 39 kilometres (24 mi) south-east of Jindřichův Hradec, 71 km (44 mi) east of České Budějovice, and 146 km (91 mi) south-east of Prague.","title":"Písečné (Jindřichův Hradec District)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The villages of Chvaletín, Marketa, Modletice, Nové Sady, Slavětín and Václavov are administrative parts of Písečné.","title":"Administrative parts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Population of Municipalities – 1 January 2023\". Czech Statistical Office. 2023-05-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.czso.cz/csu/czso/population-of-municipalities-1-january-2023","url_text":"\"Population of Municipalities – 1 January 2023\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Statistical_Office","url_text":"Czech Statistical Office"}]},{"reference":"\"Historický lexikon obcí České republiky 1869–2011 – Okres Jindřichův Hradec\" (in Czech). Czech Statistical Office. 2015-12-21. pp. 13–14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.czso.cz/documents/10180/20537734/130084150313.pdf/c9e11ff9-2b03-4f5c-ab01-f8269513e57d?version=1.2","url_text":"\"Historický lexikon obcí České republiky 1869–2011 – Okres Jindřichův Hradec\""}]},{"reference":"\"Population Census 2021: Population by sex\". Public Database. Czech Statistical Office. 2021-03-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://vdb.czso.cz/vdbvo2/faces/en/index.jsf?page=vystup-objekt-parametry&z=T&f=TABULKA&sp=A&skupId=4429&katalog=33515&pvo=SLD21001-OB-OK","url_text":"\"Population Census 2021: Population by sex\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Statistical_Office","url_text":"Czech Statistical Office"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=P%C3%ADse%C4%8Dn%C3%A9_(Jind%C5%99ich%C5%AFv_Hradec_District)&params=48_57_54_N_15_27_45_E_type:city(485)","external_links_name":"48°57′54″N 15°27′45″E / 48.96500°N 15.46250°E / 48.96500; 15.46250"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=P%C3%ADse%C4%8Dn%C3%A9_(Jind%C5%99ich%C5%AFv_Hradec_District)&params=48_57_54_N_15_27_45_E_type:city(485)","external_links_name":"48°57′54″N 15°27′45″E / 48.96500°N 15.46250°E / 48.96500; 15.46250"},{"Link":"https://www.pisecne.cz/","external_links_name":"www.pisecne.cz"},{"Link":"https://www.czso.cz/csu/czso/population-of-municipalities-1-january-2023","external_links_name":"\"Population of Municipalities – 1 January 2023\""},{"Link":"https://www.czso.cz/documents/10180/20537734/130084150313.pdf/c9e11ff9-2b03-4f5c-ab01-f8269513e57d?version=1.2","external_links_name":"\"Historický lexikon obcí České republiky 1869–2011 – Okres Jindřichův Hradec\""},{"Link":"https://vdb.czso.cz/vdbvo2/faces/en/index.jsf?page=vystup-objekt-parametry&z=T&f=TABULKA&sp=A&skupId=4429&katalog=33515&pvo=SLD21001-OB-OK","external_links_name":"\"Population Census 2021: Population by sex\""},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge336948&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P%C3%ADse%C4%8Dn%C3%A9_(Jind%C5%99ich%C5%AFv_Hradec_District)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_von_Brenner	Ludwig von Brenner	["1 Notes","2 References"]	German conductor and composer Ludwig von Brenner (19 September 1833 – 9 February 1902) was a German conductor and composer. He was born in Leipzig, and studied at Leipzig conservatoire, later going to Saint Petersburg to play in the court orchestra of the Tsar. In 1872 he returned to Germany, conducting an orchestra known as the Berlin Symphony Orchestra before establishing his own Neue Berliner Symphoniekapelle in 1876. In 1882 he became the first conductor of the newly established Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra, leading its Berlin debut concert on October 17 of that year. He continued to conduct the orchestra until 1884. He later went to Breslau, conducting an orchestra in succession to Meyder. He died in Berlin. He was especially renowned as a composer of sacred music. His works include 4 grand masses; 2 Te Deums; symphonic poems, overtures, and other orchestral music. Notes ^ a b c Baker (1919) ^ Dzapo, Kyle J (1999). Joachim Andersen: A Bio-Bibliography. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. p. 5. ISBN 0-313-30889-6. References Baker, Theodore; Alfred Remy (1919). Baker's Biographical Dictionary of Musicians (third edition, revised and enlarged ed.). New York: G. Schirmer. OCLC 752566. Article "Brenner, Ludwig von" vteBerlin PhilharmonicConductors Ludwig von Brenner (1882–1887) Hans von Bülow (1887–1893) Richard Strauss (1894–1895) Arthur Nikisch (1895–1922) Wilhelm Furtwängler (1922–1945) Leo Borchard (1945) Sergiu Celibidache (1945–1952) Wilhelm Furtwängler (1952–1954) Herbert von Karajan (1954–1989) Claudio Abbado (1989–2002) Simon Rattle (2002–2018) Kirill Petrenko (2019–present) Groups Philharmonia Quartet Berlin Scharoun Ensemble The 12 Cellists of the Berlin Philharmonic Related Berliner Philharmonie Digital Concert Hall Karajan: Beethoven Symphonies (1963) Rhythm Is It! Category Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany Czech Republic Poland Artists MusicBrainz People Deutsche Biographie Other RISM SNAC	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"conductor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conducting"},{"link_name":"composer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composer"},{"link_name":"Leipzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig"},{"link_name":"Saint Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg"},{"link_name":"court orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Philharmonic_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b-1"},{"link_name":"Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Philharmonic_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Breslau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breslau"},{"link_name":"Meyder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meyder&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"sacred music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_music"},{"link_name":"masses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass"},{"link_name":"Te Deums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te_Deum"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b-1"}],"text":"Ludwig von Brenner (19 September 1833 – 9 February 1902) was a German conductor and composer.He was born in Leipzig, and studied at Leipzig conservatoire, later going to Saint Petersburg to play in the court orchestra of the Tsar.[1] In 1872 he returned to Germany, conducting an orchestra known as the Berlin Symphony Orchestra before establishing his own Neue Berliner Symphoniekapelle in 1876.[1] In 1882 he became the first conductor of the newly established Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra, leading its Berlin debut concert on October 17 of that year.[2] He continued to conduct the orchestra until 1884. He later went to Breslau, conducting an orchestra in succession to Meyder. He died in Berlin.He was especially renowned as a composer of sacred music. His works include 4 grand masses; 2 Te Deums; symphonic poems, overtures, and other orchestral music.[1]","title":"Ludwig von Brenner"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-b_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-b_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-b_1-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Joachim Andersen: A Bio-Bibliography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=CqhprtdPIcoC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-313-30889-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-30889-6"}],"text":"^ a b c Baker (1919)\n\n^ \nDzapo, Kyle J (1999). Joachim Andersen: A Bio-Bibliography. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. p. 5. ISBN 0-313-30889-6.","title":"Notes"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Dzapo, Kyle J (1999). Joachim Andersen: A Bio-Bibliography. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. p. 5. ISBN 0-313-30889-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CqhprtdPIcoC","url_text":"Joachim Andersen: A Bio-Bibliography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-30889-6","url_text":"0-313-30889-6"}]},{"reference":"Baker, Theodore; Alfred Remy (1919). Baker's Biographical Dictionary of Musicians (third edition, revised and enlarged ed.). New York: G. Schirmer. OCLC 752566.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_H2kNAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"Baker's Biographical Dictionary of Musicians"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/752566","url_text":"752566"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CqhprtdPIcoC","external_links_name":"Joachim Andersen: A Bio-Bibliography"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_H2kNAAAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"Baker's Biographical Dictionary of Musicians"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/752566","external_links_name":"752566"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/54901471","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgxpV6JBjHFrDvygBctrq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/116486368","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0217948&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810541507005606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/8b2aceb0-1b69-495e-8369-32bf9683f40d","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd116486368.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://rism.online/people/49079","external_links_name":"RISM"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w65m7187","external_links_name":"SNAC"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyerereite	Nyerereite	["1 Special characteristics","2 Occurrence and discovery","3 References","4 Bibliography"]	NyerereiteGeneralCategoryCarbonate mineralFormula(repeating unit)Na2Ca(CO3)2IMA symbolNyeStrunz classification5.AC.10Crystal systemOrthorhombicCrystal classPyramidal (mm2) H-M symbol: (mm2)Space groupCmc21IdentificationColorColorlessCrystal habitPlatey, pseudo-hexagonalTwinningAlways polysynthetically twinned parallel to StreakWhiteDiaphaneityTransparentSpecific gravity2.541Optical propertiesBiaxial (−)Refractive indexnα = 1.511 nβ = 1.533 nγ = 1.535Birefringenceδ = 0.0232V angleMeasured: 29°References Nyerereite is a very rare sodium calcium carbonate mineral with formula Na2Ca(CO3)2. It forms colorless, platey pseudohexagonal orthorhombic crystals that are typically twinned. It has a specific gravity of 2.54 and indices of refraction of nα=1.511, nβ=1.533 and nγ=1.535. Nyerereite is not stable in contact with the atmosphere and rapidly breaks down. Collection specimens must be kept in a sealed argon environment. It has a Hermann–Mauguin notation of mm2 and the respective space group is Cmc21. In nature Nyerereite is naturally twinned and is pseudohexagonal with triad twinning; meaning that this is a six sided crystal that apparently has a hexagonal shape but is not in the hexagonal system. Triad twinning is the intergrowth of three orthorhombic crystals that turn at their center and form hexagonally shaped crystals. Nyerereite is biaxial negative, and has a 2v of 29 degrees. It shows a center acute bisectrix and a birefringence of approximately 0.023. At high temperatures or just erupted lava nyerereite is uniaxial and shows an interference color of second order blue when twinning is not present, and when twinning is there the interference color of nyerereite is first order grey. Special characteristics Since nyerereite is very unstable when it reaches the surface it creates pseudomorphs, which is basically the process by which the rock appearance and dimensions remain constant but the main mineral component is replaced by another. McKie (1976) categorized nyerereite into two different categories, high and low nyerereite. There are two types because the Ol Doinyo Lengai lavas are very soluble and hygroscopic; when they come in contact with water or the atmosphere, the lava changes physically and chemically. Therefore, when nyerereite is at high temperature or warm we have what McKie (1976) calls high nyerereite, but when it cools down and gets hydrated we have pirssonite that has a chemical formula of Na2Ca(CO3)2·2(H2O). Occurrence and discovery It was first recognized and described by J.B. Dawson from the Ol Doinyo Lengai carbonatite lavas of Arusha Region in 1963 and named in honor of the president of Tanzania, Julius Nyerere (1922–1999). In the carbonatite lava it is associated with the potassium-bearing gregoryite. It has also been reported from the Afrikanda alkaline intrusive complex, in the Kola Peninsula, Russia. References ^ Warr, L.N. (2021). "IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols". Mineralogical Magazine. 85 (3): 291–320. Bibcode:2021MinM...85..291W. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43. S2CID 235729616. ^ a b Webmineral data ^ http://www.mindat.org/min-2945.html Mindat.org ^ http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/hom/nyerereite.pdf Handbook of Mineralogy ^ a b c d Mckie, D., Frankis, E.J., (1976) Nyerereite: A new volcanic carbonate mineral from Ol Doinyo Lengai, Tanzania. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie 145, 73–95 ^ Hay, R.L., (1983) Carbonatite tuffs in the Laetolil Beds of Tanzania and the Kaiserstuhl in Germany. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 82, 403–406 ^ a b Zaitsev, A. N.; Keller, J. (Oct 2006). "Mineralogical and chemical transformation of Oldoinyo Lengai natrocarbonatites, Tanzania". Lithos. 91 (1–4): 191–207. Bibcode:2006Litho..91..191Z. doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2006.03.018. ^ "Calcite – amphibole – clinopyroxene rock from the Afrikanda Complex, Kola Peninsula, Russia: Mineralogy and a possible link to carbonatites. II. Oxysalt minerals". Archived from the original on 2006-02-08. Retrieved 2006-02-26. Anatoly N Zaitsev and Anton R Chakhmouradian, Calcite – amphibole – clinopyroxene rock from the Afrikanda Complex, Kola Peninsula, Russia: mineralogy and a possible link to carbonatites. II. Oxysalt minerals, The Canadian Mineralogist 40 pp 103–120 (Abstract) Bibliography Dawson, J.B., (1962) The geology of Ol Doinyo Lengai. Bulletin of Volcanologique 24,348–387. Simkin, T., (1994) Volcanoes of the world. Geoscience press. second edition, 20–35.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"carbonate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonate"},{"link_name":"mineral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral"},{"link_name":"Na","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium"},{"link_name":"Ca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon"},{"link_name":"O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen"},{"link_name":"orthorhombic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthorhombic"},{"link_name":"twinned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_twinning"},{"link_name":"specific gravity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_gravity"},{"link_name":"indices of refraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractive_index"},{"link_name":"argon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argon"},{"link_name":"Hermann–Mauguin notation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann%E2%80%93Mauguin_notation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Webmin-2"},{"link_name":"twinned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_twinning"},{"link_name":"pseudohexagonal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pseudohexagonal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"hexagonal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexagonal"},{"link_name":"hexagonal system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexagonal_crystal_system"},{"link_name":"orthorhombic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthorhombic"},{"link_name":"bisectrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisectrix"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McKie-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McKie-5"}],"text":"Nyerereite is a very rare sodium calcium carbonate mineral with formula Na2Ca(CO3)2. It forms colorless, platey pseudohexagonal orthorhombic crystals that are typically twinned. It has a specific gravity of 2.54 and indices of refraction of nα=1.511, nβ=1.533 and nγ=1.535. Nyerereite is not stable in contact with the atmosphere and rapidly breaks down. Collection specimens must be kept in a sealed argon environment.It has a Hermann–Mauguin notation of mm2 and the respective space group is Cmc21.[2] In nature Nyerereite is naturally twinned and is pseudohexagonal with triad twinning; meaning that this is a six sided crystal that apparently has a hexagonal shape but is not in the hexagonal system. Triad twinning is the intergrowth of three orthorhombic crystals that turn at their center and form hexagonally shaped crystals. Nyerereite is biaxial negative, and has a 2v of 29 degrees. It shows a center acute bisectrix and a birefringence of approximately 0.023.[5] At high temperatures or just erupted lava nyerereite is uniaxial and shows an interference color of second order blue when twinning is not present, and when twinning is there the interference color of nyerereite is first order grey.[5]","title":"Nyerereite"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pseudomorphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomorph"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McKie-5"},{"link_name":"Ol Doinyo Lengai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ol_Doinyo_Lengai"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zaitsev2006-7"},{"link_name":"pirssonite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pirssonite&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zaitsev2006-7"}],"text":"Since nyerereite is very unstable when it reaches the surface it creates pseudomorphs,[6] which is basically the process by which the rock appearance and dimensions remain constant but the main mineral component is replaced by another.[5] McKie (1976) categorized nyerereite into two different categories, high and low nyerereite. There are two types because the Ol Doinyo Lengai lavas are very soluble and hygroscopic; when they come in contact with water or the atmosphere, the lava changes physically and chemically.[7] Therefore, when nyerereite is at high temperature or warm we have what McKie (1976) calls high nyerereite, but when it cools down and gets hydrated we have pirssonite that has a chemical formula of Na2Ca(CO3)2·2(H2O).[7]","title":"Special characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ol Doinyo Lengai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ol_Doinyo_Lengai"},{"link_name":"carbonatite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonatite"},{"link_name":"lavas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava"},{"link_name":"Arusha Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arusha_Region"},{"link_name":"Tanzania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania"},{"link_name":"Julius Nyerere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Nyerere"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McKie-5"},{"link_name":"gregoryite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregoryite"},{"link_name":"intrusive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrusive_rock"},{"link_name":"Kola Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kola_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"It was first recognized and described by J.B. Dawson from the Ol Doinyo Lengai carbonatite lavas of Arusha Region in 1963 and named in honor of the president of Tanzania, Julius Nyerere (1922–1999).[5] In the carbonatite lava it is associated with the potassium-bearing gregoryite. It has also been reported from the Afrikanda alkaline intrusive complex, in the Kola Peninsula, Russia.[8]","title":"Occurrence and discovery"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Dawson, J.B., (1962) The geology of Ol Doinyo Lengai. Bulletin of Volcanologique 24,348–387.\nSimkin, T., (1994) Volcanoes of the world. Geoscience press. second edition, 20–35.","title":"Bibliography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Warr, L.N. (2021). \"IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols\". Mineralogical Magazine. 85 (3): 291–320. Bibcode:2021MinM...85..291W. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43. S2CID 235729616.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/mineralogical-magazine/article/imacnmnc-approved-mineral-symbols/62311F45ED37831D78603C6E6B25EE0A","url_text":"\"IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021MinM...85..291W","url_text":"2021MinM...85..291W"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1180%2Fmgm.2021.43","url_text":"10.1180/mgm.2021.43"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235729616","url_text":"235729616"}]},{"reference":"Zaitsev, A. N.; Keller, J. (Oct 2006). \"Mineralogical and chemical transformation of Oldoinyo Lengai natrocarbonatites, Tanzania\". Lithos. 91 (1–4): 191–207. Bibcode:2006Litho..91..191Z. doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2006.03.018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithos_(journal)","url_text":"Lithos"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Litho..91..191Z","url_text":"2006Litho..91..191Z"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.lithos.2006.03.018","url_text":"10.1016/j.lithos.2006.03.018"}]},{"reference":"\"Calcite – amphibole – clinopyroxene rock from the Afrikanda Complex, Kola Peninsula, Russia: Mineralogy and a possible link to carbonatites. II. Oxysalt minerals\". Archived from the original on 2006-02-08. Retrieved 2006-02-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060208115145/http://pubs.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/mineral/tcm-10340-1.html","url_text":"\"Calcite – amphibole – clinopyroxene rock from the Afrikanda Complex, Kola Peninsula, Russia: Mineralogy and a possible link to carbonatites. II. Oxysalt minerals\""},{"url":"http://pubs.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/mineral/tcm-10340-1.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/mineralogical-magazine/article/imacnmnc-approved-mineral-symbols/62311F45ED37831D78603C6E6B25EE0A","external_links_name":"\"IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021MinM...85..291W","external_links_name":"2021MinM...85..291W"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1180%2Fmgm.2021.43","external_links_name":"10.1180/mgm.2021.43"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235729616","external_links_name":"235729616"},{"Link":"http://webmineral.com/data/Nyerereite.shtml","external_links_name":"Webmineral data"},{"Link":"http://www.mindat.org/min-2945.html","external_links_name":"http://www.mindat.org/min-2945.html"},{"Link":"http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/hom/nyerereite.pdf","external_links_name":"http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/hom/nyerereite.pdf"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Litho..91..191Z","external_links_name":"2006Litho..91..191Z"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.lithos.2006.03.018","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.lithos.2006.03.018"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060208115145/http://pubs.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/mineral/tcm-10340-1.html","external_links_name":"\"Calcite – amphibole – clinopyroxene rock from the Afrikanda Complex, Kola Peninsula, Russia: Mineralogy and a possible link to carbonatites. II. Oxysalt minerals\""},{"Link":"http://pubs.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/mineral/tcm-10340-1.html","external_links_name":"the original"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_Waltzes	Court Waltzes	["1 Cast","2 References","3 Bibliography","4 External links"]	1933 film Court WaltzesDirected byLudwig BergerRaoul PloquinWritten byRobert LiebmannHans MüllerJacques BousquetProduced byGünther StapenhorstStarringFernand GraveyArmand DranemMadeleine OzerayCinematographyCarl HoffmannEdited byWilly ZeynMusic byAlois MelicharProductioncompanyUFADistributed byL'Alliance Cinématographique EuropéenneRelease date 12 December 1933 (1933-12-12) Running time85 minutesCountryGermanyLanguageFrench Court Waltzes (French: La guerre des valses) is a 1933 musical film directed by Ludwig Berger and Raoul Ploquin and starring Fernand Gravey, Armand Dranem and Madeleine Ozeray. It was the French-language version of Waltz War, made by the German studio UFA and also directed by Berger. In the early years of sound it was common to shoot completely separate versions of films in different languages before dubbing became more established. It was part of a trend of operetta films released during the decade. Cast Fernand Gravey as Franz Armand Dranem as Le juge Madeleine Ozeray as Queen Victoria Fernand Charpin as Joseph Lanner Pierre Mingand as Johann Strauss Janine Crispin as Katie Paul Ollivier as Le chambellan François Rozet as Prince Albert Arletty as La chocolatière Maximilienne as Une dame d'honneur Eric Roiné Nane Germon Jane Marken Willy Rozier Hélène Regelly References ^ Bock & Bergfelder, p. 195 Bibliography Bock, Hans-Michael; Bergfelder, Tim, eds. (2009). The Concise Cinegraph: Encyclopaedia of German Cinema. New York: Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-1-57181-655-9. External links Court Waltzes at IMDb vteFilms directed by Ludwig Berger The Mayor of Zalamea (1920) The Story of Christine von Herre (1921) A Glass of Water (1923) The Lost Shoe (1923) A Waltz Dream (1925) The Master of Nuremberg (1927) The Street of Sin (1928) The Woman from Moscow (1928) Sins of the Fathers (1928) The Burning Heart (1929) The Vagabond King (1930) Playboy of Paris (1930) The Little Cafe (1931) I by Day, You by Night (1932) À moi le jour, à toi la nuit (1932) Waltz War (1933) Early to Bed (1933) Court Waltzes (1933) Pygmalion (1937) Three Waltzes (1938) Ergens in Nederland (1940) The Thief of Bagdad (1940) Ballerina (1950) This article related to a German film of the 1930s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a historic musical film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"musical film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_film"},{"link_name":"Ludwig Berger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Berger_(director)"},{"link_name":"Raoul Ploquin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoul_Ploquin"},{"link_name":"Fernand Gravey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernand_Gravey"},{"link_name":"Armand Dranem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand_Dranem"},{"link_name":"Madeleine Ozeray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeleine_Ozeray"},{"link_name":"Waltz War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waltz_War"},{"link_name":"UFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universum_Film_AG"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_film"},{"link_name":"dubbing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubbing_(filmmaking)"},{"link_name":"operetta films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operetta_films"}],"text":"Court Waltzes (French: La guerre des valses) is a 1933 musical film directed by Ludwig Berger and Raoul Ploquin and starring Fernand Gravey, Armand Dranem and Madeleine Ozeray. It was the French-language version of Waltz War, made by the German studio UFA and also directed by Berger.[1] In the early years of sound it was common to shoot completely separate versions of films in different languages before dubbing became more established. It was part of a trend of operetta films released during the decade.","title":"Court Waltzes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fernand Gravey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernand_Gravey"},{"link_name":"Armand Dranem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand_Dranem"},{"link_name":"Madeleine Ozeray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeleine_Ozeray"},{"link_name":"Fernand Charpin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernand_Charpin"},{"link_name":"Pierre Mingand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Mingand"},{"link_name":"Janine Crispin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janine_Crispin"},{"link_name":"Paul Ollivier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ollivier"},{"link_name":"François Rozet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rozet"},{"link_name":"Arletty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arletty"},{"link_name":"Maximilienne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilienne"},{"link_name":"Eric Roiné","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eric_Roin%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nane Germon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nane_Germon"},{"link_name":"Jane Marken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Marken"},{"link_name":"Willy Rozier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Rozier"},{"link_name":"Hélène Regelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Regelly&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Fernand Gravey as Franz\nArmand Dranem as Le juge\nMadeleine Ozeray as Queen Victoria\nFernand Charpin as Joseph Lanner\nPierre Mingand as Johann Strauss\nJanine Crispin as Katie\nPaul Ollivier as Le chambellan\nFrançois Rozet as Prince Albert\nArletty as La chocolatière\nMaximilienne as Une dame d'honneur\nEric Roiné\nNane Germon\nJane Marken\nWilly Rozier\nHélène Regelly","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-57181-655-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-655-9"}],"text":"Bock, Hans-Michael; Bergfelder, Tim, eds. (2009). The Concise Cinegraph: Encyclopaedia of German Cinema. New York: Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-1-57181-655-9.","title":"Bibliography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Bock, Hans-Michael; Bergfelder, Tim, eds. (2009). The Concise Cinegraph: Encyclopaedia of German Cinema. New York: Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-1-57181-655-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-655-9","url_text":"978-1-57181-655-9"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0169978/","external_links_name":"Court Waltzes"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Court_Waltzes&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Court_Waltzes&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warbleton	Warbleton	["1 Etymology","2 History","3 Governance","4 Geography","5 Principal buildings","6 References"]	Coordinates: 50°56′26″N 0°17′22″E / 50.94068°N 0.28933°E / 50.94068; 0.28933Village in East Sussex, England Human settlement in EnglandWarbletonSt Mary's churchWarbletonLocation within East SussexArea29.1 km2 (11.2 sq mi) Population1,375 (2011)• Density112/sq mi (43/km2)OS grid referenceTQ605186• London42 miles (68 km) NNWDistrictWealdenShire countyEast SussexRegionSouth EastCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townHEATHFIELDPostcode districtTN21Dialling code01435PoliceSussexFireEast SussexAmbulanceSouth East Coast UK ParliamentBexhill and BattleWebsitehttp://www.warbletonparishcouncil.co.uk/community/warbleton-parish-council-18007/home/ List of places UK England East Sussex 50°56′26″N 0°17′22″E / 50.94068°N 0.28933°E / 50.94068; 0.28933 Warbleton is a village and civil parish in the Wealden district of East Sussex, England. Within its bounds are three other settlements. It is located south-east of Heathfield on the slopes of the Weald. Etymology The place-name Warbleton, derived from the Old English Wǣrburhe tūn, means the farmstead or village of a woman called Wǣrburh. In the Domesday Book (1086) the name is recorded as 'Warborgetone'. It is subsequently recorded as Warberton (1166), Walberton (1340), and Warbleton (1404). Wǣrburh is said to be one of the half-dozen or so women who owned property in the land of the South Saxons. History The manor of Warbleton was held by the Levett family of Sussex for several centuries. The same family held Salehurst, and had earlier held Firle, Catsfield, Hollington and other manors across Sussex. The family is of Anglo-Norman descent, and members of the family were vicars, ironmasters, and landowners. The Levetts of Salehurst, Warbleton and Fittleworth owned Bodiam Castle and sold it to Nicholas Tufton, 1st Earl of Thanet. Some of the Levett family's property was forfeited due to the bankruptcy of an early heir, and other lands were carried by marriage into other prominent Sussex and Kent families. Brian Epstein, manager of the Beatles, once owned a house in the parish named Kingsley Hill. Governance Richard Woodman was a local Ironmaster who was one of the 17 Lewes martyrs burned during the Marian persecutions of Protestants during the 1550s. The parish council consists of eleven members. Geography The parish consists of two villages, Rushlake Green and Bodle Street Green; and two hamlets, Warbleton and Three Cups. They lie in an area of the Weald between the A267 road between Hailsham and Heathfield to the west and the B2096 Hailsham to Battle road to the north. Principal buildings There are two churches in the civil parish, St Mary the Virgin at Warbleton; and St John the Evangelist at Bodle Street Green. The two form a united benefice under one vicar. Chapel services are held at Three Cups. Warbleton has a village hall; and a second, Dunn Village Hall, is at Rushlake Green. References ^ "East Sussex in Figures". East Sussex County Council. Retrieved 26 April 2008. ^ "Civil Parish population 2011". Retrieved 11 October 2015. ^ Parish council website ^ Mills, A.D. (1998). A Guide to English Place-Names. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ^ Glover, Judith (1986). The Place Names of Sussex. London: B.T. Batsford Ltd. ^ Attree, F. W. T. (1894). "Lists of Gentry at Various Dates, with Descriptions of the Arms of a Few Families Not Previously Noticed". Sussex Archaeological Collections. 39: 122. doi:10.5284/1086058. ^ Valuation of Bodiam Castle and manor and of Broomham manor preparatory to its purchase by Sir Nicholas Tufton from John Levett, East Sussex Record Office, The National Archives, nationalarchives.gov.uk ^ Parish Councillors ^ Churches vteTowns, villages and hamlets in the Wealden District of East Sussex, England Alciston Alfriston Arlington Berwick Best Beech Hill Birling Gap Blackboys Blackham Bodle Street Green Boreham Street Broad Oak Burlow Buxted Chalvington Chelwood Gate Chiddingly Coleman's Hatch Cooper's Green Cousley Wood Cowbeech Cross-in-Hand Crowborough Danehill Duddleswell East Dean East Hoathly Eridge Green Etchingwood Exceat Fairwarp Five Ash Down Five Ashes Fletching Folkington Forest Row Framfield Frant Friston Furner's Green Golden Cross Groombridge Gun Hill Hadlow Down Hailsham Halland Hammerwood Hankham Hartfield Heathfield Hellingly Heron's Ghyll Herstmonceux High Hurstwood Holtye Hooe Hooe Common Horam Horney Common Isfield Jevington Laughton Litlington Little Horsted Little London Lower Dicker Lower Horsebridge Lullington Magham Down Maresfield Mark Cross Mayfield Maynard's Green Milton Street Muddles Green Ninfield Nutley Old Heathfield Pevensey Pevensey Bay Polegate Poundgate Punnett's Town Rickney Ripe Roser's Cross Rotherfield Rushlake Green Selmeston Sparrow's Green Stone Cross Stunts Green Tidebrook Three Cups Corner Uckfield Upper Dicker Upper Hartfield Vines Cross Wadhurst Waldron Warbleton Wartling Westdean Westham Whitesmith Willingdon Wilmington Windmill Hill Winton Withyham Wych Cross	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"civil parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_parish"},{"link_name":"Wealden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wealden_District"},{"link_name":"East Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Sussex"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Heathfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heathfield,_East_Sussex"},{"link_name":"Weald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weald"}],"text":"Village in East Sussex, EnglandHuman settlement in EnglandWarbleton is a village and civil parish in the Wealden district of East Sussex, England.[3] Within its bounds are three other settlements. It is located south-east of Heathfield on the slopes of the Weald.","title":"Warbleton"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Old English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English"},{"link_name":"Domesday Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domesday_Book"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The place-name Warbleton, derived from the Old English Wǣrburhe tūn, means the farmstead or village of a woman called Wǣrburh. In the Domesday Book (1086) the name is recorded as 'Warborgetone'. It is subsequently recorded as Warberton (1166), Walberton (1340), and Warbleton (1404).[4] Wǣrburh is said to be one of the half-dozen or so women who owned property in the land of the South Saxons.[5]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Levett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levett"},{"link_name":"Salehurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salehurst"},{"link_name":"Firle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firle"},{"link_name":"Catsfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catsfield"},{"link_name":"Hollington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollington,_East_Sussex"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Norman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Normans"},{"link_name":"Salehurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salehurst"},{"link_name":"Fittleworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fittleworth"},{"link_name":"Bodiam Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodiam_Castle"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The manor of Warbleton was held by the Levett family of Sussex for several centuries. The same family held Salehurst, and had earlier held Firle, Catsfield, Hollington and other manors across Sussex.[6] The family is of Anglo-Norman descent, and members of the family were vicars, ironmasters, and landowners. The Levetts of Salehurst, Warbleton and Fittleworth owned Bodiam Castle and sold it to Nicholas Tufton, 1st Earl of Thanet.[7] Some of the Levett family's property was forfeited due to the bankruptcy of an early heir, and other lands were carried by marriage into other prominent Sussex and Kent families.[citation needed] Brian Epstein, manager of the Beatles, once owned a house in the parish named Kingsley Hill.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Richard_Woodman_martyr.jpg"},{"link_name":"Richard Woodman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Woodman_(martyr)"},{"link_name":"Ironmaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironmaster"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Richard Woodman was a local Ironmaster who was one of the 17 Lewes martyrs burned during the Marian persecutions of Protestants during the 1550s.The parish council consists of eleven members.[8]","title":"Governance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rushlake Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rushlake_Green"},{"link_name":"Bodle Street Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodle_Street_Green"},{"link_name":"Three Cups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Three_Cups&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"A267 road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A267_road"},{"link_name":"Heathfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heathfield,_East_Sussex"},{"link_name":"Battle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle,_East_Sussex"}],"text":"The parish consists of two villages, Rushlake Green and Bodle Street Green; and two hamlets, Warbleton and Three Cups. They lie in an area of the Weald between the A267 road between Hailsham and Heathfield to the west and the B2096 Hailsham to Battle road to the north.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"There are two churches in the civil parish, St Mary the Virgin at Warbleton; and St John the Evangelist at Bodle Street Green. The two form a united benefice under one vicar. Chapel services are held at Three Cups.[9] Warbleton has a village hall; and a second, Dunn Village Hall, is at Rushlake Green.","title":"Principal buildings"}]	[{"image_text":"Richard Woodman was a local Ironmaster who was one of the 17 Lewes martyrs burned during the Marian persecutions of Protestants during the 1550s.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Richard_Woodman_martyr.jpg/220px-Richard_Woodman_martyr.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"East Sussex in Figures\". East Sussex County Council. Retrieved 26 April 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eastsussexinfigures.org.uk/webview/","url_text":"\"East Sussex in Figures\""}]},{"reference":"\"Civil Parish population 2011\". Retrieved 11 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=11130137&c=BN27+4QL&d=16&e=62&g=6421991&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=0&s=1444560458023&enc=1","url_text":"\"Civil Parish population 2011\""}]},{"reference":"Mills, A.D. (1998). A Guide to English Place-Names. Oxford: Oxford University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A.D._Mills&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Mills, A.D."}]},{"reference":"Glover, Judith (1986). The Place Names of Sussex. London: B.T. Batsford Ltd.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Judith_Glovers&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Glover, Judith"}]},{"reference":"Attree, F. W. T. (1894). \"Lists of Gentry at Various Dates, with Descriptions of the Arms of a Few Families Not Previously Noticed\". Sussex Archaeological Collections. 39: 122. doi:10.5284/1086058.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5284%2F1086058","url_text":"\"Lists of Gentry at Various Dates, with Descriptions of the Arms of a Few Families Not Previously Noticed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5284%2F1086058","url_text":"10.5284/1086058"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Warbleton&params=50.94068_N_0.28933_E_region:GB_type:city(1375)","external_links_name":"50°56′26″N 0°17′22″E / 50.94068°N 0.28933°E / 50.94068; 0.28933"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Warbleton&params=50.944480_N_0.283276_E_region:GB_scale:25000&title=Warbleton","external_links_name":"TQ605186"},{"Link":"http://www.warbletonparishcouncil.co.uk/community/warbleton-parish-council-18007/home/","external_links_name":"http://www.warbletonparishcouncil.co.uk/community/warbleton-parish-council-18007/home/"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Warbleton&params=50.94068_N_0.28933_E_region:GB_type:city(1375)","external_links_name":"50°56′26″N 0°17′22″E / 50.94068°N 0.28933°E / 50.94068; 0.28933"},{"Link":"http://www.eastsussexinfigures.org.uk/webview/","external_links_name":"\"East Sussex in Figures\""},{"Link":"http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=11130137&c=BN27+4QL&d=16&e=62&g=6421991&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=0&s=1444560458023&enc=1","external_links_name":"\"Civil Parish population 2011\""},{"Link":"http://www.warbletonparishcouncil.co.uk/community/warbleton-parish-council-18007/home/","external_links_name":"Parish council website"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.5284%2F1086058","external_links_name":"\"Lists of Gentry at Various Dates, with Descriptions of the Arms of a Few Families Not Previously Noticed\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.5284%2F1086058","external_links_name":"10.5284/1086058"},{"Link":"http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/A2A/records.aspx?cat=179-amsj&cid=-1&Gsm=2008-06-18","external_links_name":"Valuation of Bodiam Castle and manor and of Broomham manor preparatory to its purchase by Sir Nicholas Tufton from John Levett, East Sussex Record Office, The National Archives, nationalarchives.gov.uk"},{"Link":"http://warbletoncouncil.org/parish-councillors-2/","external_links_name":"Parish Councillors"},{"Link":"http://warbletoncouncil.org/churches/","external_links_name":"Churches"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos_national_football_team	Laos national football team	["1 History","2 Results and fixtures","2.1 2024","2.2 2025","2.3 2026","3 Players","3.1 Current squad","3.2 Recent call-ups","4 Coaching staff","4.1 Coaching history","5 Records","5.1 Most appearances","5.2 Top goalscorers","6 Competition records","6.1 FIFA World Cup","6.2 AFC Asian Cup","6.3 Asian Games","6.4 AFC Challenge Cup","6.5 AFC Solidarity Cup","6.6 AFF Championship","6.7 Football at the Southeast Asian Games","7 Head-to-head record","8 Honours","9 Kit suppliers","10 See also","11 References","12 External links"]	Men's association football team This article is about the men's team. For the women's team, see Laos women's national football team. LaosNickname(s)ລ້ານຊ້າງ / Lan Sang (Million Elephants)AssociationLao Football FederationConfederationAFC (Asia)Sub-confederationAFF (Southeast Asia)Head coachVacantCaptainBounphachan BounkongMost capsSoukaphone Vongchiengkham (57)Top scorerVisay Phaphouvanin (18)Home stadiumNew Laos National StadiumFIFA codeLAO First colours Second colours FIFA rankingCurrent 190 1 (4 April 2024)Highest134 (September 1998)Lowest210 (August 2012)First international South Vietnam 7–0 Laos (Rangoon, Burma; 12 December 1961)Biggest win Laos 6–1 East Timor (Vientiane, Laos; 26 October 2010)Biggest defeat United Arab Republic 15–0 Laos (Jakarta, Indonesia; 15 November 1963)AFC Solidarity CupAppearances1 (first in 2016)Best resultThird place (2016)AFF ChampionshipAppearances12 (first in 1996)Best resultGroup stage The Laos national football team (Lao: ທິມຊາດ ບານເຕະ ແຫ່ງຊາດ ລາວ; French: Équipe du Laos de football) is the men's national football team that represents the Lao People's Democratic Republic. It is affiliated with the Asian Football Confederation (AFC) and the regional ASEAN Football Federation (AFF). History Laos established their national football association in 1951. The Southrast Asian nation is still waiting to make its entrance into a major international competition. Laos have never qualified for the FIFA World Cup, AFC Asian Cup or Asian Games and as an international side, their appearances have been restricted to regional tournaments such as the Southeast Asian Games and the AFF Championship. After years of internal strife, Laos focused on economic and political recovery. With the country achieving political stability, football has made an impact on Laotians. Since making their appearance at the 1995 Southeast Asian Games, Laos has competed in the inaugural 1996 AFF Championship, drawing against Vietnam 1–1 and winning against Cambodia 1–0. Although they are new to the regional tournaments, Laos has displayed a fiery passion and talent. In 1995, they beat Brunei and Philippines and two years later in the 1997 Southeast Asian Games held in Jakarta, they also beat Malaysia 1–0 and Philippines 4–1. Domestic competitions are also active with over 60 clubs competing at various levels. Domestic football is amateur although most of the top teams are drawn from government ministries and public services. In the qualifying preliminary rounds for the 2004 Asian Cup, Laos beat Bangladesh 2–1. In the 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification, Laos qualified for the second round as a lucky loser after Guam and Nepal both withdrew from the competition, but proceeded to lose all its games (against Qatar, Iran and Jordan). They also advanced to the second round of the 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification for the 2014 FIFA World Cup, after defeating Cambodia 8–6 on aggregate. In the second round, they lost to China 13–3 on aggregate. Laos has defeated their much more established counterparts such as Brunei, Cambodia, Philippines, Singapore and Malaysia. Laos' first appearance in a continental tournament was in 2014, when they played at the 2014 AFC Challenge Cup. In 2016, Laos were invited to the inaugural 2016 AFC Solidarity Cup held in Kuching being grouped with Macau, Sri Lanka and Mongolia. In the first match, Laos won Sri Lanka 2–0 before losing to Macau 1–4 but bounced back with another win against Mongolia 3–0 sending the team to the knockout stage. They would go on to face Nepal in the semi-finals and were 2–2 at the end of extra time but lost in the penalty shootout, thus bowing out from the cup. In 2023, Laos participated in the first round of the 2026 FIFA World Cup qualification facing against Nepal. On 12 October 2023, Laos contested in a 1–1 draw at the Dasharath Rangasala in Kathmandu but lost 1–0 at home suffering a 2–1 aggregate. Results and fixtures The following is a list of match results in the last 12 months, as well as any future matches that have been scheduled. Win Draw Loss Fixture 2024 Laos v Vietnam 24 November 2024 (2024-11-24) 2024 ASEAN Championship Laos v Vietnam Vientiane, Laos--:-- UTC+7 Stadium: New Laos National Stadium Indonesia v Laos 27 November 2024 (2024-11-27) 2024 ASEAN Championship Indonesia v Laos Jakarta, Indonesia--:-- UTC+7 Stadium: Gelora Bung Karno Stadium Laos v Philippines 30 November 2024 (2024-11-30) 2024 ASEAN Championship Laos v Philippines Vientiane, Laos--:-- UTC+7 Stadium: New Laos National Stadium Myanmar v Laos 3 December 2024 (2024-12-03) 2024 ASEAN Championship Myanmar v Laos Yangon, Myanmar--:-- UTC+8 Stadium: Thuwunna Stadium 2025 Laos v 25 March 2025 (2025-03-25) 2027 AFC Asian Cup qualification – third round Laos v TBD--:-- UTC+8 Stadium: TBD Laos v 10 June 2025 (2025-06-10) 2027 AFC Asian Cup qualification – third round Laos v TBD--:-- UTC+8 Stadium: TBD Laos v 9 September 2025 (2025-09-09) 2027 AFC Asian Cup qualification – third round Laos v TBD--:-- UTC+8 Stadium: TBD Laos v 14 October 2025 (2025-10-14) 2027 AFC Asian Cup qualification – third round Laos v TBD--:-- UTC+8 Stadium: TBD Laos v 18 November 2025 (2025-11-18) 2027 AFC Asian Cup qualification – third round Laos v TBD--:-- UTC+8 Stadium: TBD 2026 Laos v 31 March 2026 (2026-03-31) 2027 AFC Asian Cup qualification – third round Laos v TBD--:-- UTC+8 Stadium: TBD Players Current squad The following 23 players were selected for the 2026 FIFA World Cup qualification – AFC first round against Nepal on 12 and 17 October 2023. Caps and goals as of 27 September 2023, after the match against the Nepal. No. Pos. Player Date of birth (age) Caps Goals Club 1 1GK Kop Lokphathip (2006-05-08) 8 May 2006 (age 18) 0 0 Ezra 18 1GK Xaysavath Souvanhansok (1999-09-03) 3 September 1999 (age 24) 8 0 Namtha United 21 1GK Anoulak Vilaphone (2001-02-15) 15 February 2001 (age 23) 0 0 Master 7 2 2DF Phoutthavong Sangvilay (2004-10-16) 16 October 2004 (age 19) 13 2 Ezra 3 2DF Vanna Bounlovongsa (1998-11-21) 21 November 1998 (age 25) 4 0 HBT 941 4 2DF Anantaza Siphongphan (2004-11-09) 9 November 2004 (age 19) 14 0 Ezra 5 2DF Thipphachanh Inthavong (1999-08-14) 14 August 1999 (age 24) 10 0 Young Elephants 12 2DF Chittakone Vannachone (2004-12-24) 24 December 2004 (age 19) 0 0 Luang prabang 13 2DF Thanouthong Kietnalonglop (2001-03-05) 5 March 2001 (age 23) 3 0 Young Elephants 16 2DF Xayasith Singsavang (2000-12-13) 13 December 2000 (age 23) 0 0 Namtha United 19 2DF Inthachak Sisouphan (2001-05-21) 21 May 2001 (age 23) 2 0 Luang Prabang 20 2DF Sengdaovy Hanthavong (1998-10-04) 4 October 1998 (age 25) 0 0 Young Elephants 22 2DF Aphixay Thanakhanty (1998-07-15) 15 July 1998 (age 25) 8 0 Ezra 6 3MF Chanthavixay Khounthoumphone (2004-02-17) 17 February 2004 (age 20) 11 0 Ezra 8 3MF Michael Vang (2000-05-13) 13 May 2000 (age 24) 3 0 Miami 14 3MF Chanthaviphone Phoumsavanh (2005-06-19) 19 June 2005 (age 19) 0 0 Namtha United 15 3MF Damoth Thongkhamsavath (2004-04-03) 3 April 2004 (age 20) 3 0 Ezra 17 3MF Bounphachan Bounkong (captain) (2000-11-29) 29 November 2000 (age 23) 23 4 Svay Rieng 23 3MF Phoutdavy Phommasane (1994-02-02) 2 February 1994 (age 30) 11 0 Master 7 7 4FW Anousone Xaypanya (2002-12-16) 16 December 2002 (age 21) 9 0 Ezra 9 4FW Kydavone Souvanny (1999-12-22) 22 December 1999 (age 24) 10 1 Young Elephants 10 4FW Chony Wenpaserth (2002-11-27) 27 November 2002 (age 21) 13 1 Ezra 11 4FW Soukphachan Lueanthala (2002-08-24) 24 August 2002 (age 21) 0 0 Master 7 Recent call-ups The following players have also been called up to the Laos squad within the last twelve months. Pos. Player Date of birth (age) Caps Goals Club Latest call-up DF Nalongsit Chanthalangsy (2001-12-03) 3 December 2001 (age 22) 12 1 Namtha United 2023 Prime Minister's Three Nations Cup DF At Viengkham (2000-10-24) 24 October 2000 (age 23) 9 0 Master 7 2023 Prime Minister's Three Nations Cup DF Phetdavanh Somsanid (2004-04-24) 24 April 2004 (age 20) 5 0 Master 7 2023 Prime Minister's Three Nations Cup DF Phonsack Seesavath (2004-10-04) 4 October 2004 (age 19) 4 0 Young Elephants 2023 Prime Minister's Three Nations Cup MF Soukaphone Vongchiengkham (1992-03-09) 9 March 1992 (age 32) 58 15 Nakhon Si United 2023 Prime Minister's Three Nations Cup MF Sonexay Phanhthaxay (2001-06-10) 10 June 2001 (age 23) 0 0 Master 7 2023 Prime Minister's Three Nations Cup MF Thanongsay Rammangkoun (2003-04-12) 12 April 2003 (age 21) 2 0 Namtha United 2023 Prime Minister's Three Nations Cup MF Raphaël Merkies (2002-04-15) 15 April 2002 (age 22) 0 0 Southern FW Vannasone Douangmaity (1997-03-15) 15 March 1997 (age 27) 10 1 Namtha United 2023 Prime Minister's Three Nations Cup Coaching staff In October 2018, V. Sundramoorthy became the head coach of the Laos national football team. He was joined by V. Selvaraj who managed Laos' youth teams and also assisted him in the senior team. In October 2021, Sundramoorthy became the Technical Director of the team while Selvaraj took over his head coach position. Position Name Technical director V. Sundramoorthy Team manager Nitar Thatsanithone Head coach Vacant Assistant coach Viengsavanh Sayyaboun Phoutpasong Sengdalavong Goalkeeper coach Chanthakhad Siengpongsai Team doctor Banchong Jinda Buaphan Sihavong Chanthit Inchai Equipment manager Savai Olathai Team management Outtama Khangmanivong Media manager Thaiphakone Phakasy Coaching history As of 20 September 2023 Name Period Matches Wins Draws Losses Efficiency % Songphu Phongsa January 1996 – December 1999 Outhensackda Vatthana July 1999 – June 2002 Vangchay Muangmany February 2000 – May 2000 Boris Zhuravlyov January 2001 – June 2001 1 0 0 1 0 Soutsakhone Oudomphet March 2002 – April 2003 Dominique Fernandez March 2003 – September 2003 Saythong Syphasay October 2003 – October 2004 7 0 1 6 0 Bounlap Khenkitisack October 2004 – September 2006 5 1 0 4 20 Saythong Syphasay October 2006 – January 2008 7 3 1 3 42.86 Valeriy Vdovin February 2008 – November 2008 4 3 0 1 75 Saysana Savatdy December 2008 – July 2009 3 0 0 3 0 Alfred Riedl July 2009 – July 2010 5 1 2 2 20 David Booth July 2010 – December 2010 6 1 3 2 16.67 Bounlap Khenkitisack January 2011 – February 2011 2 0 1 1 0 Hans-Peter Schaller February 2011 – December 2011 4 1 0 3 25 Kokichi Kimura May 2012 – January 2014 18 4 5 9 22.22 Norio Tsukitate January 2014 – July 2014 5 0 1 4 0 David Booth August 2014 – May 2015 10 4 1 5 40 Steve Darby June 2015 – May 2016 6 0 1 5 0 Valakone Phomphakdy May 2016 – December 2016 2 0 1 1 0 Vernsavanh Sivisay (Interim) 12 – 21 October 2016 2 1 0 1 Mike Wong June 2017 – August 2018 3 1 0 2 33.33 V. Sundramoorthy 15 October 2018 – 2019 8 1 3 4 12.5 V. Selvaraj December 2021 4 0 0 4 0 Michael Weiß 7 January 2022 – 5 June 2023 13 3 1 9 23,07 Kanlaya Sysomvang 20 September 2023 – 2024 2 0 1 1 0 Records As of 25 March 2023 Players in bold are still active with Laos. Most appearances Soukaphone Vongchiengkham is Laos' most capped player with 57 appearances. Rank Player Caps Goals Period 1 Soukaphone Vongchiengkham 57 15 2010–present 2 Saynakhonevieng Phommapanya 54 2 2006–2016 3 Visay Phaphouvanin 51 18 2002–2013 4 Khampheng Sayavutthi 50 15 2010–2017 5 Phoutthasay Khochalern 43 1 2013–present 6 Ketsada Souksavanh 36 3 2008–2014 7 Keoviengphet Liththideth 35 4 2010–2018 Khamphoumy Hanvilay 35 0 2011–2016 9 Khonesavanh Sihavong 34 6 2012–2017 10 Chalana Luang-Amath 32 5 1996–2004 Top goalscorers Rank Player Goals Caps Ratio Period 1 Visay Phaphouvanin 18 51 0.35 2002–2013 2 Khampheng Sayavutthi 15 50 0.3 2010–2017 Soukaphone Vongchiengkham 15 57 0.26 2010–present 4 Bounlap Khenkitisack 6 16 0.38 1993–2000 Lamnao Singto 6 20 0.3 2004–2011 Phithack Kongmathilath 6 23 0.26 2017–present Phatthana Syvilay 6 31 0.19 2010–2016 Khonesavanh Sihavong 6 34 0.18 2012–2017 9 Kanlaya Sysomvang 5 19 0.26 2010–2012 Sitthideth Khanthavong 5 24 0.21 2012–2016 Chalana Luang-Amath 5 32 0.16 1996–2004 Competition records FIFA World Cup FIFA World Cup FIFA World Cup qualification Year Round Pld W D L F A Pld W D L F A 1930 to 1950 Part of France Part of France 1954 to 1998 Did not enter Did not enter 2002 Did not qualify 6 1 1 4 3 40 2006 8 0 1 7 3 36 2010 Did not enter Did not enter 2014 Did not qualify 4 1 0 3 9 21 2018 8 1 1 6 6 29 2022 2 0 1 1 0 1 2026 2 0 1 1 1 2 2030 To be determined To be determined 2034 Total 0/19 – – – – – – 30 3 5 22 22 129 AFC Asian Cup AFC Asian Cup record AFC Asian Cup qualification Year Round Position Pld W D L GF GA Pld W D L GF GA 1956 Did not enter Did not enter 1960 1964 1968 1972 Withdrew Withdrew 1976 1980 1984 Did not enter Did not enter 1988 1992 1996 2000 Did not qualify 3 1 0 2 2 14 2004 2 1 0 1 3 6 2007 Did not enter Did not enter 2011 2015 Did not qualify AFC Challenge Cup 2019 12 1 2 9 8 41 2023 2 0 1 1 0 1 2027 To be determined To be determined Total – 0/18 – – – – – – 19 3 3 13 13 62 Asian Games Asian Games record Year Result M W D L GF GA 1998 21st 2 0 0 2 1 11 2002–present See Laos national under-23 football team Total 1/13 2 0 0 2 1 11 AFC Challenge Cup AFC Challenge Cup record Year Round Pos Pld W D L GF GA 2006 Removed by AFC 2008 Withdrew 2010 did not enter 2012 did not qualify 2014 Group stage 8/8 3 0 1 2 1 7 Total Group stage 1/5 3 0 1 2 1 7 AFC Solidarity Cup AFC Solidarity Cup record Year Result Pld W D L GF GA 2016 Third place 5 3 1 1 11 9 AFF Championship This competition was formerly known as the Tiger Cup AFF Championship record Qualification record Year Round Pos Pld W D L GF GA Pld W D L GF GA 1996 Group stage 7th 4 1 1 2 5 10 No qualification 1998 7th 3 0 1 2 2 8 2 1 0 1 2 4 2000 9th 4 0 0 4 0 16 No qualification 2002 8th 3 0 1 2 3 8 2004 8th 4 1 0 3 4 16 2007 8th 3 0 0 3 1 23 4 3 1 0 11 6 2008 8th 3 0 0 3 0 13 4 3 0 1 9 7 2010 8th 3 0 1 2 3 13 3 1 2 0 8 3 2012 7th 3 0 1 2 6 10 4 2 1 1 5 4 2014 8th 3 0 0 3 2 12 4 3 0 1 10 6 2016 did not qualify 3 2 0 1 7 6 2018 Group stage 9th 4 0 0 4 3 12 Qualified automatically 2020 9th 4 0 0 4 1 14 2022 9th 4 0 1 3 2 15 Total Group stage 13/14 45 2 6 37 32 170 24 15 4 5 52 36 Football at the Southeast Asian Games Head-to-head record Last match updated was against Nepal on 17 October 2023 Key Positive balance (more Wins) Neutral balance (equal W/L ratio) Negative balance (more Losses) Opponents Pld W D L GF GA GD Confederation Afghanistan 3 0 2 1 1 3 -2 AFC Bangladesh 5 1 2 2 4 5 -1 AFC Bhutan 1 1 0 0 2 1 +1 AFC Brunei 11 10 0 1 30 15 +15 AFC Cambodia 17 6 3 8 24 30 -6 AFC China 2 0 0 2 3 13 −10 AFC Chinese Taipei 4 0 1 3 4 10 −6 AFC Egypt 1 0 0 1 0 15 -15 CAF Guam 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 AFC Hong Kong 3 0 0 3 3 13 −10 AFC India 2 0 0 2 1 7 −6 AFC Indonesia 10 0 1 9 9 45 −36 AFC Iran 3 0 0 3 1 20 −19 AFC Jordan 2 0 0 2 2 8 −6 AFC Kazakhstan 1 0 0 1 0 5 −5 UEFA Kuwait 2 1 0 1 3 2 +1 AFC Lebanon 2 0 0 2 0 9 −9 AFC Lesotho 1 0 0 1 1 3 -2 CAF Macau 2 0 0 2 2 7 -5 AFC Malaysia 19 1 5 13 10 59 −49 AFC Maldives 4 0 1 3 3 15 −12 AFC Mongolia 5 3 1 1 8 5 +3 AFC Myanmar 18 0 4 14 11 55 −44 AFC Nepal 6 0 3 3 5 9 −4 AFC Oman 0 0 0 2 0 19 −19 AFC Philippines 13 7 2 4 22 21 +1 AFC Qatar 0 0 0 2 1 11 −10 AFC Saudi Arabia 0 0 0 1 0 4 −4 AFC Singapore 13 1 1 11 12 42 −30 AFC South Korea 7 0 0 5 0 28 −28 AFC Sri Lanka 7 3 2 2 11 12 -1 AFC Syria 2 0 0 2 0 20 −20 AFC Thailand 12 1 1 10 14 45 −31 AFC East Timor 8 7 0 1 22 9 +13 AFC Turkmenistan 2 0 0 2 3 9 −6 AFC United Arab Emirates 3 0 0 3 0 9 −9 AFC Vietnam ^ 22 0 2 20 5 86 −81 AFC Total (37) 212 42 30 140 217 667 −450 ^ Includes the result of North Vietnam and South Vietnam Honours AFC Solidarity Cup Third place (1): 2016 2023 Prime Minister's Three Nations Cup Runners-up (1): 2023 Kit suppliers Kit supplier Period Notes Adidas 2004 Deffo 2006–2007 FBT 2008–2014 King Tiger 2015–2016 FBT 2016–2019 Grand Sport 2019– See also Association football portalLaos portal Laos national football team Laos national football team results List of Laos international footballers Laos national under-23 football team Laos national under-21 football team Laos national under-20 football team Laos national under-17 football team Laos national futsal team Laos national under-20 futsal team Laos national beach soccer team Laos women's national football team Laos women's national football team results List of Laos women's international footballers Laos women's national under-20 football team Laos women's national under-17 football team References ^ Mamrud, Roberto; Stokkermans, Karel. "Players with 100+ Caps and 30+ International Goals". RSSSF. Archived from the original on 28 June 2011. Retrieved 16 December 2010. ^ "The FIFA/Coca-Cola World Ranking". FIFA. 4 April 2024. Retrieved 4 April 2024. ^ "Laos matches, ratings and points exchanged". World Football Elo Ratings: Laos. Archived from the original on 29 January 2018. Retrieved 24 November 2016. ^ Elo rankings change compared to one year ago. "World Football Elo Ratings". eloratings.net. 19 June 2024. Retrieved 19 June 2024. ^ "LFF hold knowledge exchange workshop with DFL". Archived from the original on 25 February 2020. Retrieved 25 February 2020. ^ "Laos National Team - Thailandoriginalmade". Archived from the original on 25 February 2020. Retrieved 25 February 2020. ^ https://www.thai2english.com/dictionary/Laos%20national%20football%20team.html Archived 6 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Laos national football team: FIFA ranking". www.11v11.com. Archived from the original on 25 February 2020. Retrieved 25 February 2020. ^ "Laos". 3 September 2015. Archived from the original on 13 October 2020. Retrieved 25 February 2020. ^ "Squad List". Facebook (in Lao). Laos Football Federation. ^ "Laos". National Football Teams. ^ "Record number of 204 teams enter preliminary competition". FIFA Media Department. 30 March 2007. Archived from the original on 16 June 2010. Retrieved 23 June 2010. ^ "Laos withdraw from AFC Challenge Cup". The-AFC.com. Asian Football Confederation. 2 May 2008. Archived from the original on 25 May 2012. Retrieved 10 February 2011. ^ "World Football Elo Ratings: Laos". Elo Ratings. Archived from the original on 24 April 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2018. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Laos national football team. Laos at FIFA.com Laos Football Fanclub (archived 26 October 2009) Lao Football's Forum Laos 2012/13 at FIFA.com vte Football in LaosLao Football FederationNational teams Laos men's (Futsal) U-23 U-21 U-20 U-17 Laos women's League system Lao League 1 Lao League 2 Domestic cup Lao FF Cup LFF Super Cup Laotian Prime Minister's Cup (defunct) List of clubs List of venues vteNational football team head-to-head recordsAFCMen Australia Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan China Hong Kong India Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Jordan Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Northern Mariana Islands Pakistan Palestine Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore South Korea Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Timor-Leste Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen Women Australia China Lebanon Palestine CAFMen Algeria Botswana Central African Republic Chad Comoros DR Congo Egypt Eritrea Lesotho Malawi Mali Mauritius Morocco Namibia Niger Nigeria Réunion São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal South Africa South Sudan Tunisia Uganda Women Algeria Seychelles Sudan CONCACAFMen Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Aruba Bahamas Barbados Belize Bonaire British Virgin Islands Canada Cayman Islands Costa Rica Curaçao Dominican Republic El Salvador French Guiana Guatemala Honduras Jamaica Mexico Montserrat Nicaragua Panama Saint Martin Sint Maarten Suriname Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos United States U.S. Virgin Islands Women Canada United States CONMEBOLMen Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru Uruguay Venezuela Women Brazil OFCMen American Samoa Cook Islands Federated States of Micronesia Fiji Kiribati New Caledonia New Zealand Niue Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tahiti Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Women American Samoa UEFAMen Albania Andorra Armenia Azerbaijan Austria Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark England Estonia Faroe Islands Finland France Georgia Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Kazakhstan Kosovo Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Northern Ireland Norway Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia San Marino Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Women Italy Kosovo Sweden OtherUnaffiliated Basque Country Catalonia Chagos Islands Greenland Mayotte Monaco Saint Pierre and Miquelon Sealand Vatican Wallis and Futuna Western Sahara Defunct Czechoslovakia Mandatory Palestine North Vietnam Russian Empire Saar Serbia and Montenegro South Vietnam South Yemen Soviet Union Yugoslavia vteNational men's football teams of Asia (AFC)AFC Asian CupWest Asia (WAFF) Bahrain Iraq Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria United Arab Emirates Yemen Central Asia (CAFA) Afghanistan Iran Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan South Asia (SAFF) Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka East Asia (EAFF) China Chinese Taipei1 Guam Hong Kong Japan Macau Mongolia North Korea Northern Mariana Islands2 South Korea Southeast Asia (AFF) Australia Brunei Cambodia East Timor Indonesia Laos Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam Defunct Malaya Manchukuo North Vietnam South Vietnam South Yemen Former Israel (moved to UEFA in 1994) Kazakhstan (moved to UEFA in 2002) New Zealand (formed the OFC in 1966) 1 Taiwan, officially the Republic of China, competes as "Chinese Taipei" 2 Not a member of FIFA vte National sports teams of Laos Badminton Baseball Basketball M W W U/18 Beach soccer Football M M U/23 M U/21 M U/20 M U/17 W Futsal Rugby union M W Olympics Paralympics Asian Games	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Laos women's national football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Lao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lao_language"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Lao People's Democratic Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos"},{"link_name":"Asian Football Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Football_Confederation"},{"link_name":"ASEAN Football Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASEAN_Football_Federation"}],"text":"This article is about the men's team. For the women's team, see Laos women's national football team.The Laos national football team (Lao: ທິມຊາດ ບານເຕະ ແຫ່ງຊາດ ລາວ; French: Équipe du Laos de football) is the men's national football team that represents the Lao People's Democratic Republic. It is affiliated with the Asian Football Confederation (AFC) and the regional ASEAN Football Federation (AFF).","title":"Laos national football team"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"AFC Asian Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFC_Asian_Cup"},{"link_name":"Asian Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Games"},{"link_name":"Southeast Asian Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asian_Games"},{"link_name":"AFF Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFF_Championship"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"1995 Southeast Asian Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_1995_SEA_Games"},{"link_name":"1996 AFF Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_AFF_Championship"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Brunei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"1997 Southeast Asian Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_1997_SEA_Games"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"2004 Asian Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_AFC_Asian_Cup"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"2006 FIFA World Cup qualification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_FIFA_World_Cup_qualification_(AFC)"},{"link_name":"second round","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_FIFA_World_Cup_qualification_%E2%80%93_AFC_second_round"},{"link_name":"Guam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guam_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Qatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"second round","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_FIFA_World_Cup_qualification_%E2%80%93_AFC_second_round"},{"link_name":"2014 FIFA World Cup qualification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_FIFA_World_Cup_qualification_(AFC)"},{"link_name":"2014 FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"2014 AFC Challenge Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_AFC_Challenge_Cup"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"2016 AFC Solidarity Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_AFC_Solidarity_Cup"},{"link_name":"Kuching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuching"},{"link_name":"Macau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macau_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"2026 FIFA World Cup qualification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_FIFA_World_Cup_qualification_%E2%80%93_AFC_first_round"},{"link_name":"Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Dasharath Rangasala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasharath_Rangasala"},{"link_name":"Kathmandu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathmandu"}],"text":"Laos established their national football association in 1951. The Southrast Asian nation is still waiting to make its entrance into a major international competition. Laos have never qualified for the FIFA World Cup, AFC Asian Cup or Asian Games and as an international side, their appearances have been restricted to regional tournaments such as the Southeast Asian Games and the AFF Championship. After years of internal strife, Laos focused on economic and political recovery. With the country achieving political stability, football has made an impact on Laotians.[5][6]Since making their appearance at the 1995 Southeast Asian Games, Laos has competed in the inaugural 1996 AFF Championship, drawing against Vietnam 1–1 and winning against Cambodia 1–0. Although they are new to the regional tournaments, Laos has displayed a fiery passion and talent. In 1995, they beat Brunei and Philippines and two years later in the 1997 Southeast Asian Games held in Jakarta, they also beat Malaysia 1–0 and Philippines 4–1. Domestic competitions are also active with over 60 clubs competing at various levels. Domestic football is amateur although most of the top teams are drawn from government ministries and public services. In the qualifying preliminary rounds for the 2004 Asian Cup, Laos beat Bangladesh 2–1. In the 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification, Laos qualified for the second round as a lucky loser after Guam and Nepal both withdrew from the competition, but proceeded to lose all its games (against Qatar, Iran and Jordan).[7] They also advanced to the second round of the 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification for the 2014 FIFA World Cup, after defeating Cambodia 8–6 on aggregate. In the second round, they lost to China 13–3 on aggregate. Laos has defeated their much more established counterparts such as Brunei, Cambodia, Philippines, Singapore and Malaysia. Laos' first appearance in a continental tournament was in 2014, when they played at the 2014 AFC Challenge Cup.[8][9] In 2016, Laos were invited to the inaugural 2016 AFC Solidarity Cup held in Kuching being grouped with Macau, Sri Lanka and Mongolia. In the first match, Laos won Sri Lanka 2–0 before losing to Macau 1–4 but bounced back with another win against Mongolia 3–0 sending the team to the knockout stage. They would go on to face Nepal in the semi-finals and were 2–2 at the end of extra time but lost in the penalty shootout, thus bowing out from the cup.In 2023, Laos participated in the first round of the 2026 FIFA World Cup qualification facing against Nepal. On 12 October 2023, Laos contested in a 1–1 draw at the Dasharath Rangasala in Kathmandu but lost 1–0 at home suffering a 2–1 aggregate.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The following is a list of match results in the last 12 months, as well as any future matches that have been scheduled.Win\n Draw\n Loss\n Fixture","title":"Results and fixtures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"2024 ASEAN Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_ASEAN_Championship"},{"link_name":"Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Vientiane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vientiane"},{"link_name":"Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos"},{"link_name":"UTC+7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B07:00"},{"link_name":"New Laos National Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Laos_National_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"2024 ASEAN Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_ASEAN_Championship"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Jakarta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"UTC+7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B07:00"},{"link_name":"Gelora Bung Karno Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelora_Bung_Karno_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"2024 ASEAN Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_ASEAN_Championship"},{"link_name":"Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Vientiane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vientiane"},{"link_name":"Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos"},{"link_name":"UTC+7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B07:00"},{"link_name":"New Laos National Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Laos_National_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Myanmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"2024 ASEAN Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_ASEAN_Championship"},{"link_name":"Myanmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Yangon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangon"},{"link_name":"Myanmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar"},{"link_name":"UTC+8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B08:00"},{"link_name":"Thuwunna Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuwunna_Stadium"}],"sub_title":"2024","text":"Laos v Vietnam\n24 November 2024 (2024-11-24) 2024 ASEAN Championship Laos v Vietnam Vientiane, Laos--:-- UTC+7\n\n\n\nStadium: New Laos National StadiumIndonesia v Laos\n27 November 2024 (2024-11-27) 2024 ASEAN Championship Indonesia v Laos Jakarta, Indonesia--:-- UTC+7\n\n\n\nStadium: Gelora Bung Karno StadiumLaos v Philippines\n30 November 2024 (2024-11-30) 2024 ASEAN Championship Laos v Philippines Vientiane, Laos--:-- UTC+7\n\n\n\nStadium: New Laos National StadiumMyanmar v Laos\n3 December 2024 (2024-12-03) 2024 ASEAN Championship Myanmar v Laos Yangon, Myanmar--:-- UTC+8\n\n\n\nStadium: Thuwunna Stadium","title":"Results and fixtures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"2027 AFC Asian Cup qualification – third round","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2027_AFC_Asian_Cup_qualification_%E2%80%93_third_round"},{"link_name":"Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"UTC+8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B08:00"},{"link_name":"Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"2027 AFC Asian Cup qualification – third round","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2027_AFC_Asian_Cup_qualification_%E2%80%93_third_round"},{"link_name":"Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"UTC+8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B08:00"},{"link_name":"Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"2027 AFC Asian Cup qualification – third round","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2027_AFC_Asian_Cup_qualification_%E2%80%93_third_round"},{"link_name":"Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"UTC+8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B08:00"},{"link_name":"Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"2027 AFC Asian Cup qualification – third round","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2027_AFC_Asian_Cup_qualification_%E2%80%93_third_round"},{"link_name":"Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"UTC+8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B08:00"},{"link_name":"Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"2027 AFC Asian Cup qualification – third round","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2027_AFC_Asian_Cup_qualification_%E2%80%93_third_round"},{"link_name":"Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"UTC+8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B08:00"}],"sub_title":"2025","text":"Laos v \n25 March 2025 (2025-03-25) 2027 AFC Asian Cup qualification – third round Laos v TBD--:-- UTC+8\n\n\n\nStadium: TBDLaos v \n10 June 2025 (2025-06-10) 2027 AFC Asian Cup qualification – third round Laos v TBD--:-- UTC+8\n\n\n\nStadium: TBDLaos v \n9 September 2025 (2025-09-09) 2027 AFC Asian Cup qualification – third round Laos v TBD--:-- UTC+8\n\n\n\nStadium: TBDLaos v \n14 October 2025 (2025-10-14) 2027 AFC Asian Cup qualification – third round Laos v TBD--:-- UTC+8\n\n\n\nStadium: TBDLaos v \n18 November 2025 (2025-11-18) 2027 AFC Asian Cup qualification – third round Laos v TBD--:-- UTC+8\n\n\n\nStadium: TBD","title":"Results and fixtures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"2027 AFC Asian Cup qualification – third round","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2027_AFC_Asian_Cup_qualification_%E2%80%93_third_round"},{"link_name":"Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"UTC+8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B08:00"}],"sub_title":"2026","text":"Laos v \n31 March 2026 (2026-03-31) 2027 AFC Asian Cup qualification – third round Laos v TBD--:-- UTC+8\n\n\n\nStadium: TBD","title":"Results and fixtures"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2026 FIFA World Cup qualification – AFC first round","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_FIFA_World_Cup_qualification_%E2%80%93_AFC_first_round"},{"link_name":"Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal_national_football_team"}],"sub_title":"Current squad","text":"The following 23 players were selected for the 2026 FIFA World Cup qualification – AFC first round against Nepal on 12 and 17 October 2023.[10]Caps and goals as of 27 September 2023, after the match against the Nepal.","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Recent call-ups","text":"The following players have also been called up to the Laos squad within the last twelve months.","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sundramoorthy2.JPG"},{"link_name":"V. Sundramoorthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V._Sundramoorthy"},{"link_name":"V. Selvaraj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V._Selvaraj"}],"text":"In October 2018, V. Sundramoorthy became the head coach of the Laos national football team. He was joined by V. Selvaraj who managed Laos' youth teams and also assisted him in the senior team. In October 2021, Sundramoorthy became the Technical Director of the team while Selvaraj took over his head coach position.","title":"Coaching staff"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Coaching history","text":"As of 20 September 2023","title":"Coaching staff"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"As of 25 March 2023[11]\nPlayers in bold are still active with Laos.","title":"Records"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SoukaphoneVongchiengkamUthaiThani20Feb2021.jpg"},{"link_name":"Soukaphone Vongchiengkham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soukaphone_Vongchiengkham"}],"sub_title":"Most appearances","text":"Soukaphone Vongchiengkham is Laos' most capped player with 57 appearances.","title":"Records"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Top goalscorers","title":"Records"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Competition records"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"FIFA World Cup","title":"Competition records"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"AFC Asian Cup","title":"Competition records"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Asian Games","title":"Competition records"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"AFC Challenge Cup","title":"Competition records"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"AFC Solidarity Cup","title":"Competition records"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tiger Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_Cup"}],"sub_title":"AFF Championship","text":"This competition was formerly known as the Tiger Cup","title":"Competition records"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Football at the Southeast Asian Games","title":"Competition records"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"North Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Vietnam_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"South Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Vietnam_national_football_team"}],"text":"Last match updated was against Nepal on 17 October 2023[14]^ Includes the result of North Vietnam and South Vietnam","title":"Head-to-head record"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AFC Solidarity Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFC_Solidarity_Cup"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Med_3.png"},{"link_name":"2023 Prime Minister's Three Nations Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Prime_Minister%27s_Three_Nations_Cup"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Med_2.png"}],"text":"AFC Solidarity Cup\n Third place (1): 20162023 Prime Minister's Three Nations Cup\n Runners-up (1): 2023","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Kit suppliers"}]	[{"image_text":"In October 2018, V. Sundramoorthy became the head coach of the Laos national football team. He was joined by V. Selvaraj who managed Laos' youth teams and also assisted him in the senior team. In October 2021, Sundramoorthy became the Technical Director of the team while Selvaraj took over his head coach position.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Sundramoorthy2.JPG/244px-Sundramoorthy2.JPG"},{"image_text":"Soukaphone Vongchiengkham is Laos' most capped player with 57 appearances.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/SoukaphoneVongchiengkamUthaiThani20Feb2021.jpg/200px-SoukaphoneVongchiengkamUthaiThani20Feb2021.jpg"}]	[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Soccer_ball.svg"},{"title":"Association football portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Association_football"},{"title":"Laos portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Laos"},{"title":"Laos national football team results","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos_national_football_team_results"},{"title":"List of Laos international footballers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Laos_international_footballers&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Laos national under-23 football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos_national_under-23_football_team"},{"title":"Laos national under-21 football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos_national_under-21_football_team"},{"title":"Laos national under-20 football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos_national_under-20_football_team"},{"title":"Laos national under-17 football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos_national_under-17_football_team"},{"title":"Laos national futsal team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos_national_futsal_team"},{"title":"Laos national under-20 futsal team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laos_national_under-20_futsal_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Laos national beach soccer team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos_national_beach_soccer_team"},{"title":"Laos women's national football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"title":"Laos women's national football team results","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laos_women%27s_national_football_team_results&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"List of Laos women's international footballers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Laos_women%27s_international_footballers&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Laos women's national under-20 football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laos_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Laos women's national under-17 football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos_women%27s_national_under-17_football_team"}]	[{"reference":"Mamrud, Roberto; Stokkermans, Karel. \"Players with 100+ Caps and 30+ International Goals\". RSSSF. Archived from the original on 28 June 2011. Retrieved 16 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/century.html","url_text":"\"Players with 100+ Caps and 30+ International Goals\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSSSF","url_text":"RSSSF"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110628192800/http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/century.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The FIFA/Coca-Cola World Ranking\". FIFA. 4 April 2024. Retrieved 4 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fifa.com/fifa-world-ranking/men","url_text":"\"The FIFA/Coca-Cola World Ranking\""}]},{"reference":"\"Laos matches, ratings and points exchanged\". World Football Elo Ratings: Laos. Archived from the original on 29 January 2018. Retrieved 24 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eloratings.net/Laos","url_text":"\"Laos matches, ratings and points exchanged\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180129004539/http://www.eloratings.net/Laos","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"World Football Elo Ratings\". eloratings.net. 19 June 2024. Retrieved 19 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eloratings.net/","url_text":"\"World Football Elo Ratings\""}]},{"reference":"\"LFF hold knowledge exchange workshop with DFL\". Archived from the original on 25 February 2020. Retrieved 25 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aseanfootball.org/v3/category/laos/","url_text":"\"LFF hold knowledge exchange workshop with DFL\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200225235733/https://www.aseanfootball.org/v3/category/laos/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Laos National Team - Thailandoriginalmade\". Archived from the original on 25 February 2020. Retrieved 25 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thailandoriginalmade.com/category/3301/2363/laos-national-team","url_text":"\"Laos National Team - Thailandoriginalmade\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200225235735/https://www.thailandoriginalmade.com/category/3301/2363/laos-national-team","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Laos national football team: FIFA ranking\". www.11v11.com. Archived from the original on 25 February 2020. Retrieved 25 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.11v11.com/teams/laos/option/ranking/","url_text":"\"Laos national football team: FIFA ranking\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200225235730/https://www.11v11.com/teams/laos/option/ranking/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Laos\". 3 September 2015. Archived from the original on 13 October 2020. Retrieved 25 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldfootball.net/teams/laos-team/","url_text":"\"Laos\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201013130040/https://www.worldfootball.net/teams/laos-team/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Squad List\". Facebook (in Lao). Laos Football Federation.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/LaoFF/posts/pfbid0aWDQy5JGTEJwS4NwoKJPVGNbjCUbjfrveLivTF12bXzVsdrb7VW74JrCBprhS5cxl","url_text":"\"Squad List\""}]},{"reference":"\"Laos\". National Football Teams.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.national-football-teams.com/de/country/101/Laos.html","url_text":"\"Laos\""}]},{"reference":"\"Record number of 204 teams enter preliminary competition\". FIFA Media Department. 30 March 2007. Archived from the original on 16 June 2010. Retrieved 23 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100616012256/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/organisation/media/newsid=122766/index.html","url_text":"\"Record number of 204 teams enter preliminary competition\""},{"url":"https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/organisation/media/newsid=122766/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Laos withdraw from AFC Challenge Cup\". The-AFC.com. Asian Football Confederation. 2 May 2008. Archived from the original on 25 May 2012. Retrieved 10 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.the-afc.com/en/challenge-cup-previous-competitions/afc-challenge-cup-2008/18952","url_text":"\"Laos withdraw from AFC Challenge Cup\""},{"url":"https://archive.today/20120525040033/http://www.the-afc.com/en/challenge-cup-previous-competitions/afc-challenge-cup-2008/18952","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"World Football Elo Ratings: Laos\". Elo Ratings. Archived from the original on 24 April 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eloratings.net/Philippines.htm","url_text":"\"World Football Elo Ratings: Laos\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180424212530/http://www.eloratings.net/Philippines.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/century.html","external_links_name":"\"Players with 100+ Caps and 30+ International Goals\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110628192800/http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/century.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.fifa.com/fifa-world-ranking/men","external_links_name":"\"The FIFA/Coca-Cola World Ranking\""},{"Link":"http://www.eloratings.net/Laos","external_links_name":"\"Laos matches, ratings and points exchanged\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180129004539/http://www.eloratings.net/Laos","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.eloratings.net/","external_links_name":"\"World Football Elo Ratings\""},{"Link":"https://www.aseanfootball.org/v3/category/laos/","external_links_name":"\"LFF hold knowledge exchange workshop with DFL\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200225235733/https://www.aseanfootball.org/v3/category/laos/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.thailandoriginalmade.com/category/3301/2363/laos-national-team","external_links_name":"\"Laos National Team - Thailandoriginalmade\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200225235735/https://www.thailandoriginalmade.com/category/3301/2363/laos-national-team","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.thai2english.com/dictionary/Laos%20national%20football%20team.html","external_links_name":"https://www.thai2english.com/dictionary/Laos%20national%20football%20team.html"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200706135311/https://www.thai2english.com/dictionary/Laos%20national%20football%20team.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.11v11.com/teams/laos/option/ranking/","external_links_name":"\"Laos national football team: FIFA ranking\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200225235730/https://www.11v11.com/teams/laos/option/ranking/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.worldfootball.net/teams/laos-team/","external_links_name":"\"Laos\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201013130040/https://www.worldfootball.net/teams/laos-team/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/LaoFF/posts/pfbid0aWDQy5JGTEJwS4NwoKJPVGNbjCUbjfrveLivTF12bXzVsdrb7VW74JrCBprhS5cxl","external_links_name":"\"Squad List\""},{"Link":"https://www.national-football-teams.com/de/country/101/Laos.html","external_links_name":"\"Laos\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100616012256/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/organisation/media/newsid=122766/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Record number of 204 teams enter preliminary competition\""},{"Link":"https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/organisation/media/newsid=122766/index.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.the-afc.com/en/challenge-cup-previous-competitions/afc-challenge-cup-2008/18952","external_links_name":"\"Laos withdraw from AFC Challenge Cup\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120525040033/http://www.the-afc.com/en/challenge-cup-previous-competitions/afc-challenge-cup-2008/18952","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.eloratings.net/Philippines.htm","external_links_name":"\"World Football Elo Ratings: Laos\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180424212530/http://www.eloratings.net/Philippines.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/associations/LAO","external_links_name":"Laos"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091026200702/http://geocities.com/LaoFootball/","external_links_name":"Laos Football Fanclub"},{"Link":"http://pub45.bravenet.com/forum/3842324786","external_links_name":"Lao Football's Forum"},{"Link":"https://www.fifa.com/worldranking/news/newsid=1965551/","external_links_name":"[1]"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu_ramming_attack	2014 Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu ramming attack	["1 Attack and pursuit","2 Victims","3 Perpetrator","4 Responses","5 Media reactions","6 See also","7 References"]	Terror car ramming This article may be excessively based on contemporary reporting. Please use newer secondary sources; articles on events that lack lasting impact may be merged, redirected, or deleted. (March 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu ramming attackLocationSaint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec, CanadaDateOctober 20, 2014 (2014-10-20) 11:30 a.m. (EDT)Attack typeVehicle ramming, Islamic terrorismWeaponsNissan Altima, KnifeDeaths2 (including the perpetrator)Injured1PerpetratorMartin Couture-RouleauMotiveJihadism The 2014 Saint Jean sur Richelieu ramming attack was a terror car ramming that occurred in Quebec on October 20, 2014. Two Canadian Forces members were hit by a lone wolf terrorist, Martin Couture-Rouleau. Warrant officer Patrice Vincent died from injuries, while another soldier was injured, but survived. The RCMP and the Government of Canada has characterized the homicide as a terrorist act by an Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant-inspired terrorist. Attack and pursuit On October 20, 2014, Martin Couture-Rouleau deliberately rammed a car into a pair of Canadian Armed Forces soldiers in a shopping centre parking lot in Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec, Canada, at 11:30 a.m. ET. He had been seen sitting in his car and watching for over two hours before the attack. A police chase ensued. The Toronto Sun reported that the suspect called 911 during the chase to say that he carried out his acts in the name of Allah. The chase ended when Martin Couture-Rouleau lost control of his car, rolling it into a ditch and onto its roof. A witness said that a spike belt was deployed. According to witnesses, Couture-Rouleau exited the car and charged a female police officer with a knife. Police shot him up to seven times and he was pronounced dead that evening in hospital. A large knife was seen stuck in the ground according to eyewitnesses. There were two victims. Warrant officer Patrice Vincent (53), one of the two ramming victims, died in hospital the next day while the other soldier (whose name was not released) sustained non-life-threatening injures. One of the soldiers was in uniform and one was not. A statement by Prime Minister Stephen Harper indicated that government and police officials linked the attack to terrorism. Victims Warrant officerPatrice VincentBornJuly 19, 1961DiedOctober 21, 2014 (age 53)Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, QuebecAllegianceCanadaRankWarrant officer Warrant officer Patrice Vincent, 53, had served in the military for 28 years and was considering retiring to become a cabinet maker. He had previously served as a refrigeration and mechanical technician engineer as well as a military firefighter. Vincent's funeral was held on November 1, 2014. A second Canadian Forces member was injured in the attack. Perpetrator Martin Couture-Rouleau (died October 20, 2014, age 25) was a francophone Canadian living with his parents in Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu at the time of the attack. He was separated from his partner and their young child. Couture-Rouleau had converted to Islam in the previous year, and was praying at a mosque "regularly." He had owned a small power-washing business that failed. Legal documents show Couture-Rouleau became a Muslim convert in 2013 and started to refer to himself as Ahmad LeConverti (Ahmad the Converted). Facebook activity and a CBC interview show that he had become a supporter of ISIL. He posted images and links that were anti-American foreign policy, and links to anti-Semitic YouTube videos. Global reported Facebook posts in both English and French about Allah and graphic posters with references to Islam's superiority over Christianity. A Facebook friend who corresponded with Couture-Rouleau said, "So he was really mad that Canada actually supported the American bombing of in Syria and Iraq so I think that was the main motive in killing that Canadian soldier." Another told Radio-Canada that Couture-Rouleau spent hours on the internet and devoured jihadist literature and dreamed of dying as a martyr. According to information Radio-Canada obtained, he had convinced at least four or five people in his circle of friends to convert to Islam, but the friend said that Couture-Rouleau got carried away with an extreme interpretation of the Qur'an. A friend said he was obsessed with practicing his new religion and trying to convert his friends. The RCMP became aware of Couture-Rouleau after a relative alerted police to the man's terrorist leanings. He wanted to travel to Iraq to fight with ISIL the summer before he perpetrated the attack in Quebec. His Canadian passport was revoked in June 2014 over concerns that he had "become radicalized after converting to Islam." RCMP Commissioner Bob Paulson confirmed he was one of 90 Canadians under surveillance by the RCMP because they were suspected of wanting to join terrorist organizations. Responses The federal government immediately labelled the act as a terrorist attack. According to Steven Blaney, Canadian Minister of Public Safety, the attack was "clearly linked to terrorist ideology." The Prime Minister's office released a statement that said in part "The individual who struck the two CAF members with his car is known to federal authorities, including the Integrated National Security Enforcement Teams (the Integrated National Security Enforcement Teams are an anti-terrorism police unit). Federal authorities have confirmed that there are clear indications that the individual had become radicalized." After the 2014 shootings at Parliament Hill, Ottawa, Prime Minister Stephen Harper gave a nationally televised address in which he said "Warrant Officer Patrice Vincent... was killed earlier this week by an ISIL-inspired terrorist" and "this week's events are a grim reminder that Canada is not immune to the types of terrorist attacks we have seen elsewhere around the world. We are also reminded that attacks on our security personnel and on our institutions of governance are by their very nature, attacks on our country, on our values, on our society, on us Canadians as a free and democratic people who embrace human dignity for all." Conservative MP Erin O'Toole said on Power Play that he stands behind the terrorist act label, both in the case of Zehaf-Bibeau and Martin Couture-Rouleau. "Warrant Officer Vincent and Nathan Cirillo weren't attacked for who they were, they were attacked for what their uniform represented, so inherently that's terrorism." Rouleau's next-door neighbour said, "Mr. Rouleau's father, Gilles, is a peaceful man who tried to help his troubled son. She said Mr. Rouleau had been "brainwashed" by online radicals. "I don't think it's a terrorist act," she said. "He needed help. We could see that he needed psychiatric help." "To convert to a new religion and to adopt such violent, radical ideology suggests that he was influenced by others, in person or online," said Wagdy Loza, head of the Canadian Psychological Association's extremism and terrorism section. In an article on The Daily Beast website, Jacob Siegel equated both Couture-Rouleau and Zehaf-Bibeau, "the killers who brought terror to Canada this week", with the 2014 New York City hatchet attacker, saying "like the killers who brought terror to Canada this week, the New York attacker is being called a "lone wolf", meaning he acted essentially on his own, seem custom made for the stray dog profile, and the kind of terrorist the West could be seeing a lot more of in the future". He cites a paper by Brian Michael Jenkins of the RAND Corporation. Jenkins described them as "stray dogs," rather than lone wolves, characterizing them as "misfits" who are "who are moved from seething anger to spontaneous deadly action" by exposure to Islamist propaganda. Media reactions Commentators have cited the attacks against Canadian soldiers in Quebec and Ottawa while arguing against Canadian Government changes to anti-terrorism legislation, although the legislation was prepared long before the attacks occurred and is not in response specifically to the two attacks. James Baxter, editor-in-chief of ipolitics.ca, an Ottawa political zine, said "the government is exploiting two isolated murders to push through sweeping new surveillance powers" and pointed out "the would-be 'terrorists' involved were armed only with a car and a vintage hunting rifle". Andre Picard, in an opinion piece for The Globe and Mail, acknowledged the Couture-Rouleau and Zehaf-Bibeau were both attracted to radical elements in Islam, and dismissed arguments that mental illness caused their actions. Vincent and Nathan Cirillo, the victim in the Ottawa shootings, were jointly named the Canadian Newsmakers of the Year by the Canadian Press. See also 2014 shootings at Parliament Hill, Ottawa Shooting of Jesse Hartnett References ^ a b "Ottawa shooting: Harper, Mulcair, Trudeau speak about attack". CBC News. Retrieved November 30, 2014. ^ a b c d CBC News. "Martin Couture-Rouleau, hit-and-run driver, arrested by RCMP in July". CBC News. Retrieved October 27, 2014. ^ a b c d e Deland, Maxime. "'Radicalized' Quebecer shot dead after running down 2 soldiers in suspected terrorist attack". Toronto Sun. Retrieved November 30, 2014. ^ "Canadian soldiers run down in possible Quebec terror attack". Cambridge Times. October 20, 2014. Retrieved November 17, 2014. ^ "Canadian soldier killed by convert to Islam in hit and run". The Guardian. October 21, 2014. Retrieved October 22, 2014. ^ National Post Staff (October 21, 2014). "Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu attack was 'clearly linked to terrorist ideology,' safety minister says – National Post". National Post. ^ Ellis, Ralph (October 21, 2014). "Canada: Soldier attack suspect 'radicalized'". CNN. ^ a b CBC News (October 23, 2014). "Patrice Vincent, soldier killed in St-Jean-sur-Richelieu, was close to retirement". CBC News. Retrieved October 27, 2014. ^ "Funeral arrangements confirmed for Patrice Vincent". CHCH TV. Retrieved October 27, 2014. ^ Austen, Ian (October 21, 2014). "Hit-and-Run That Killed Canadian Soldier Is Called Terrorist Attack". New York Times. Retrieved November 7, 2014. ^ a b Bruemmer, Rene (November 9, 2014). "From typical teen to jihadist: How Martin Couture-Rouleau became radicalized after converting to Islam". National Post. Retrieved November 11, 2014. ^ a b c Tucker, Erika. "Who is Quebec terror-linked suspect Martin Rouleau?". Global News. Retrieved November 30, 2014. ^ a b c d Gollom, Mark; Lindeman, Tracey (October 22, 2014). "Who is Martin Couture-Rouleau?". CBC News. Retrieved October 26, 2014. ^ APreport (October 21, 2014). "Canadian soldier killed by convert to Islam in hit and run". The Guardian. AP. Retrieved October 27, 2014. ^ Woods, Allan. "How Martin Couture-Rouleau became an aspiring Islamic State fighter". Toronto Star. Retrieved October 27, 2014. ^ Mayer, Andre (October 27, 2014). "Michael Zehaf-Bibeau and Martin Couture-Rouleau: How Canada tracks homegrown radicals Parliament Hill, Quebec attacks renew concerns about home-grown extremists". CBC News. Retrieved November 7, 2014. ^ staff (October 21, 2014). "Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu attack was 'clearly linked to terrorist ideology,' safety minister says". National Post. Retrieved November 7, 2014. ^ "Was Parliament gunman a terrorist? Mulcair says 'criminal,' igniting debate". CTV News. Retrieved December 1, 2014. ^ Hamilton, Graeme (October 21, 2014). "Martin Rouleau's neighbours sad but not surprised over his alleged role in soldier's death". National Post. Retrieved December 1, 2014. ^ Blackwell, Tom (October 21, 2014). "Was Quebec attack on soldiers really terrorism, or just the violent actions of a disturbed man?". National Post. Retrieved December 1, 2014. ^ Siegel, Jacob (October 24, 2014). "Lone Wolves, Terrorist Runts, and the Stray Dogs of ISIS Why ISIS and al Qaeda rely on loners and losers to carry out their terrorist agenda in the West". Daily Beast. Retrieved November 7, 2014. ^ Baxter, James (November 4, 2014). "Harper isn't about to get a good crisis get away". iPolitics. Retrieved December 1, 2014. ^ Picard, Andre (October 28, 2014). "We can't legislate lost souls". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved November 11, 2014. ^ Perkel, Colin (December 20, 2014). "Slain soldiers Cirillo and Vincent named Canada's Newsmaker of the Year". The Canadian Press. Archived from the original on December 28, 2014. Retrieved December 20, 2014. vteCanadian Newsmaker of the Year Igor Gouzenko 1946 Barbara Ann Scott 1947 William Lyon Mackenzie King 1948 Louis St. Laurent 1949 Lester B. Pearson 1950–1953 Marilyn Bell 1954 Lester B. Pearson 1955–1956 John Diefenbaker 1957–1960 Joey Smallwood 1959 James Coyne 1961 Réal Caouette 1962 Lester B. Pearson 1963–1964 Lucien Rivard 1965 John Diefenbaker 1966 Lester B. Pearson 1967 Pierre Trudeau 1968–1975 René Lévesque 1976–1977 Pierre Trudeau 1978 Joe Clark 1979 Terry Fox 1980–1981 Wayne Gretzky 1982 Brian Mulroney 1983–1984 Steve Fonyo 1985 Rick Hansen 1986–1987 Ben Johnson 1988 Michael Wilson 1989 Elijah Harper 1990 Brian Mulroney 1991 The referendum on the Charlottetown Accord 1992 Kim Campbell 1993 Jacques Parizeau 1994 Lucien Bouchard 1995 Donovan Bailey 1996 Sheldon Kennedy 1997 Jean Chrétien 1998 Pierre Trudeau 1999, as Newsmaker of the 20th Century Pierre Trudeau 2000 Stockwell Day 2001 Jean Chrétien 2002 Paul Martin 2003–2004 John Gomery 2005 The Canadian Soldier 2006 RCMP 2007 Stephen Harper 2008–2009 Russell Williams 2010 Jack Layton 2011 Luka Magnotta 2012 Rob Ford 2013 Patrice Vincent and Nathan Cirillo 2014 Justin Trudeau 2015 Gord Downie 2016–2017 Humboldt Broncos 2018 Jody Wilson-Raybould 2019 Front-line workers in the COVID-19 pandemic 2020 Children lost in residential schools 2021 Canada convoy protesters 2022 Pierre Poilievre 2023 History portal Canada portal vteIslamic StateNames of the Islamic StateMembers(List of leaders)Current Abu Hafs al-Hashimi al-Qurashi Abu Hudhayfah Al-Ansari Abu Fatima al-Jaheishi Abu Yusaf Abu al-Baraa el-Azdi Abu Habib al-Libi Abu Jandal al-Masri Abu Rumaysah Zulfi Hoxha Bajro Ikanović Faysal Ahmad Ali al-Zahrani Fatiha Mejjati Ahlam al-Nasr Issam Abuanza Hayat Boumeddiene † Former Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi Abu al-Hasan al-Hashimi al-Qurashi Abu al-Hussein al-Husseini al-Qurashi Abu Ahmad al-Alwani Haji Bakr Abu Usamah al-Maghrebi Abu Abdulrahman al-Bilawi Abu Muhannad al-Suwaydawi Abdul Rauf Aliza Abu Sayyaf Ali Awni al-Harzi Tariq al-Harzi Abu Khattab al-Tunisi Maher Meshaal Abu Muslim al-Turkmani Abu Saleh Mohammed Emwazi Abu Nabil al-Anbari Abu Ali al-Anbari Abu Waheeb Ali Aswad al-Jiburi Abu Omar al-Shishani Abu Mohammad al-Adnani Abu Hamza Al-Qurashi Abu Muhammad al-Furqan Abu Jandal al-Kuwaiti Abu Bilal al-Harbi Ahmad Abousamra Turki al-Binali Tareq Kamleh Lavdrim Muhaxheri Abu Osama al-Masri Abul-Hasan al-Muhajir Abu Muhammad al-Shimali Gulmurod Khalimov Abdul Nasser Qardash (captured) Abu Yasser al-Issawi Adnan Abu Walid al-Sahrawi Abu Hamza Al-Qurashi Yusuf al-Hindi Abu Omar al-Muhajir (captured) Othman al-Nazih Jamal Udeen Al-Harith Aine Davis (captured) Alexanda Kotey (captured) El Shafee Elsheikh (captured) Denis Cuspert Abdelhamid Abaaoud History Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad (1999–2004) Al-Qaeda in Iraq (2004–2006) Mujahideen Shura Council (2006) Islamic State of Iraq (2006–2013) Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (2013–2014) Islamic State (2014–present) Timeline of events 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 GroupsInternational branches Khorasan Province (Afghanistan and Pakistan) Libyan Provinces (Libya) Caucasus Province (North Caucasus, Russia) Sinai Province (Sinai, Egypt) Algeria Province (Algeria) Yemen Province (Yemen) Abnaa ul-Calipha (Somalia and Somaliland) Bengal Province (Bangladesh) Boko Haram (Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad, Niger and Mali) (2015–2016) West Africa Province (Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad and Niger) Central Africa Province (DR Congo, Kenya, Mozambique and Tanzania) Greater Sahara Province (Mali, Niger and Burkina Faso) Khalid ibn al-Walid Army (Syria) (2016–2018) Sheikh Omar Hadid Brigade (Gaza) Abu Sayyaf (Philippines) (1991–2024) Ansar Khalifa (Philippines) (2014–2021) Ansar al-Khilafah Brazil (Brazil) (2016–2018) East Indonesia Mujahideen (Indonesia) (2014–2022) Unorganized cells Azerbaijan Province (Azerbaijan) Hind Province (India, Pakistan and Bangladesh) Jammu and Kashmir Province (Jammu and Kashmir) Pakistan Province (Pakistan) Kurdistan Province (Kurdistan) Turkey Province (Turkey) Haramayn Province (Saudi Arabia and Bahrain) Lebanon Province (Lebanon) Tunis Province (Tunisia) Misr Province (Egypt) Muzambiq Province (Mozambique and Tanzania) Brussels Islamic State terror cell (Belgium) Wars War on terror Iraq War Insurgency (2003–2011) Iraqi civil war (2006–2008) Insurgency (2011–2013) War in Iraq (2013–2017) Insurgency (2017–present) Syrian civil war Spillover Spillover in Lebanon Opposition–Islamic State conflict Sinai insurgency Second Libyan Civil War Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Mozambique Islamist insurgency in the Sahel Mali War War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) Conflict with Taliban Moro conflict (1968–2019) al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen Yemeni civil war (2014–present) Boko Haram insurgency Military intervention against IS US-led intervention in Iraq US-led intervention in Syria Russian intervention in Syria Turkish operation Somalia Battles2013 Akashat Hawija Raqqa Al-Shabah Ras al-Ayn Tell Abyad Latakia Menagh Sidi Ali Ben Aoun Sadad Qalamoun Aleppo Al-Yaarubiyah Tell Hamis and Tell Brak Anbar 2014 Fallujah N Aleppo Markada N Iraq (Jun) Mosul Salahuddin Baiji (Jun) Tikrit N Iraq (Aug) Kobanî Sinjar (Aug) Derna Ramadi Deir ez-Zor Baiji (14–15) Sinjar (Dec) Zumar Amirli 2015 Nofaliya W Africa Egyptian airstrikes in Libya Niger raid E al-Hasakah Tikrit Sirte Hama & Homs (Mar–Apr) Sarrin (Mar–Apr) Yarmouk Qalamoun Palmyra (May) W al-Hasakah Al-Hasakah city Tell Abyad Sarrin (Jun–Jul) Al-Hasakah Kobani Palmyra (Jul–Aug) Ramadi (15–16) Al-Qaryatayn Al-Hawl Homs (Nov–Dec) Sinjar E Aleppo (15–16) Niveneh Plains Tishrin Dam 2016 Deir ez-Zor (Jan) Fallujah (Feb–May) Nangarhar Ben Guerdane Ithriyah-Raqqa (Feb–Mar) Al-Shaddadi Khanasir Al-Qaryatayn (Mar–Apr) Palmyra (Mar) N Aleppo (Mar–Jun) Hīt Tipo-Tipo Sirte Ar-Rutbah N Raqqa Fallujah (May–Jun) Manbij Ithriyah-Raqqa (Jun) Abu Kamal al-Rai (Aug) N al-Bab (Sep) W al-Bab (Sep) Dabiq W al-Bab (Oct–Nov) Al-Bab Aleppo Palmyra 2017 Mosul (16–17) Raqqa (16–17) Palmyra Deir ez-Zor (Jan–Feb) E Aleppo (Jan–Apr) E Homs Hama W Nineveh Tabqa Syrian Desert (Dec 16–Apr 17) Syrian Desert (May–Jul) Maskanah Marawi Raqqa S Raqqa C Syria Tal Afar Deir ez-Zor (17–19) Hawija E Syria (Sep–Dec) NW Syria (Oct 17–Feb 18) Abu Kamal W Iraq 2018 As-Suwayda (Jun) S Syria As-Suwayda (Aug–Nov) 2019 Hajin Baghuz Fawqani Barisha raid 2020 Chinagodrar Danag Mocímboa da Praia Al Bayda 2021 Tessit Palma Sambisa Dangarous 2022 Al-Hasakah Atme raid Andéramboukane Talataye 2023 Falagountou Attacks2014 Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting Camp Speicher massacre Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu ramming 2015 Hypercacher kosher supermarket siege Beheading of Copts in Libya Corinthia Hotel Al Qubbah bombings Bardo National Museum Sanaa bombings (Mar) Jalalabad bombing Curtis Culwell Center Qatif & Dammam bombings 26 June Kobanî massacre Saint-Quentin-Fallavier Kuwait mosque bombing Sousse Khan Bani Saad bombing Suruç bombing Baghdad bombing (Aug) Sanaa bombing (Sep) Ankara bombings Saihat shooting Metrojet Flight 9268 Beirut bombings Paris (Nov) Tunis bombing San Bernardino attack Qamishli bombings 2016 Zliten truck bombing Hurghada Istanbul bombing (Jan) Jakarta Ramadi bombing Mahasin mosque Sayyidah Zaynab (Jan) Mosul massacre Homs bombings (Feb) Sayyidah Zaynab bombings (Feb) Baghdad bombings (Feb) Istanbul bombing (Mar) Brussels bombings Aden bombing Iskandariya bombing Baghdad bombing (Apr) Samawa bombing Gaziantep bombing (May) Baghdad bombings (11 May) Real Madrid fan club massacres Baghdad gas plant Yemen police bombings (15 May) Baghdad bombings (17 May) Jableh & Tartous bombings (May) Yemen bombings (23 May) Aktobe shootings Pulse nightclub shooting Magnanville stabbing Mukalla (Jun) Movida Bar Atatürk Airport Dhaka (Jul) Karrada bombing Muhammad ibn Ali al-Hadi Mausoleum Nice truck Würzburg train Kabul bombing (Jul) Ansbach bombing Normandy church Qamishli bombings (Jul) Charleroi stabbing Shchelkovo Highway police station Aden bombing (Aug) Syria bombings (5 Sep) Baghdad bombings (9 Sep) Baghdad bombings (Oct) Quetta police college Hamam al-Alil massacre Khuzdar bombing Samarinda bombing Hillah bombing (Nov) Aden bombings (Dec) Botroseya bombing Al-Karak Berlin truck Murders of Sefter Taş and Fethi Şahin Baghdad bombings (Dec) 2017 Istanbul nightclub shooting Baghdad bombings (2 Jan) Azaz bombing (Jan) Sehwan bombing Kabul (Mar) Westminster St Petersburg Metro bombing Egypt church bombings Mastung bombing Manchester Arena bombing Jakarta bombings Minya Al-Faqma bombing London Bridge Brighton siege Tehran Pakistan attacks (Jun) Hurghada Quetta bombing (Aug) Barcelona Brussels (Aug) Nasiriyah Afghanistan (20 Oct) New York City truck Sinai mosque Kabul bombing (28 Dec) Saint Menas church 2018 Baghdad bombings Save The Children Jalalabad Kizlyar church shooting Kabul bombing (Mar) Carcasonne & Trèbes Kabul bombing (22 Apr) Kabul bombings (30 Apr) Tripoli Mako Brimob standoff Paris knife Surabaya bombings Liège Jalalabad bombing (Jul) Mastung & Bannu bombings Quetta bombing As-Suwayda Tajikistan attack Kabul (Sep) Ahvaz military parade Minya bus Melbourne stabbing Murders of Louisa Vesterager Jespersen and Maren Ueland 2019 Jolo Cathedral bombings Sri Lanka Easter bombings Sainthamaruthu shootout Kabul bombing (17 Aug) 2020 Kabul shooting (6 Mar) Kabul gurdwara Xitaxi Afghanistan (May) Jalalabad prison Jolo bombings Kabul University Vienna Afghanistan (Dec) 2021 Machh January Baghdad bombings Kabul school bombing Kabul airport Kunduz bombing Kandahar bombing Kampala bombings Kabul hospital 2022 Diyala massacre Peshawar mosque Hadera shooting Mazar-i-Sharif mosque bombing Mazar-i-Sharif minivan bombings Bourasso and Namissiguima Kuje prison break 5 August Kabul bombing August Kabul mosque bombing Bombing of the Russian embassy in Kabul Shah Cheragh Kabul hotel 2023 Kabul airport bombing Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Afghanistan bombing Al-Sukhnah Hama Khar bombing Arras school stabbing Pul-i-Khumri bombing Brussels shooting Kabul bombing (Nov) Paris Mindanao State University bombing 2024 Kerman bombings Istanbul church shooting Balochistan bombings Sibi bombing Zürich stabbing attack Mucojo attack Karabulak clash Kandahar New Kabul Bank bombing Tillabéri attack Crocus City Hall attack 2024 Bamyan shooting Politics and organization Finances Ideology Medicare Military Armoured warfare Human rights Genocide of Christians Persecution of Shias Genocide of Yazidis Genocide of Turkmen Persecution of gay and bisexual men Killing of captives Beheading incidents Destruction of cultural heritage Occupation of Mosul Executions in Mosul Relations Iran and the Islamic State Philippines and the Islamic State United Kingdom and the Islamic State Trinidad and Tobago and the Islamic State Foreign fighters Name changes due to the Islamic State Portrayal of the Islamic State in American media Connection with Saddam Regime and Baath Party Society Members Terrorist cell in Brussels Territorial claims al-Barakah district Collaboration Media A Second Message to America Al-Bayan Al-Furat Media Center Al-Hayat Media Center Al-Naba Amaq News Agency Dar al-Islam Dabiq Dawlat al-Islam Qamat Huroof I'lam foundation Istok Konstantiniyye Rumiyah Salil al-Sawarim Related topics Defeating ISIS ISIS-chan Islamism Millenarianism Sexual violence in the Iraqi insurgency Shia–Sunni relations Slavery in 21st-century jihadism Theocracy vteVehicle-ramming attacks1970s Prague (July 1973) Ciurea (July 1974) 1980s Reno (November 1980) Uluru (August 1983) 1990s Costa Mesa (May 1999) 2000s Azor (February 2001) Isla Vista (February 2001) Lyon (March 2002) UNC (March 2006) Glasgow (June 2007) Akihabara (June 2008) Jerusalem bulldozer (July 2008) Kashgar (August 2008) Jerusalem BMW (September 2008) Apeldoorn (April 2009) 2010s Tel Aviv truck (May 2011) Kashgar (July 2011) Tel Aviv nightclub (August 2011) Woolwich (May 2013) Beijing (October 2013) Taipei (January 2014) Urumqi (May 2014) Isla Vista (May 2014) Jerusalem tractor (August 2014) Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu (October 2014) Jerusalem (October 2014) Jerusalem (November 2014) Dijon (December 2014) Nantes (December 2014) Graz (June 2015) Oklahoma (October 2015) Nice (July 2016) Ohio (November 2016) Berlin (December 2016) Jerusalem (January 2017) Melbourne (January 2017) Westminster (March 2017) Stockholm (April 2017) Times Square (May 2017) London Bridge (June 2017) Finsbury Park (June 2017) Paris (June 2017) Levallois-Perret (August 2017) Charlottesville (August 2017) Sept-Sorts (August 2017) Barcelona (August 2017) Edmonton (September 2017) NYC (October 2017) Melbourne (December 2017) Munster (April 2018) Toronto (April 2018) Westminster (August 2018) Tajikistan (July 2018) Mishui (September 2018) Tokyo (January 2019) Zaoyang (March 2019) Gush Etzion (August 2019) 2020s Volkmarsen (February 2020) George Floyd protests (2020) Trier (December 2020) Washington, D.C. (April 2021) London, Ontario (June 2021) Minneapolis (June 2021) Novara (June 2021) Waukesha (November 2021) Beersheba (March 2022) Ariel (November 2022) Guangzhou (January 2023) Laval (February 2023) Ramot (February 2023) Amqui (March 2023) Brownsville (May 2023) Washington D.C. (May 2023) Nottingham (June 2023) Tel Aviv (July 2023) Rochester (January 2024) Ra'anana (January 2024)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"terror car ramming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicular_assault_as_a_terrorist_tactic"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"Canadian Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"lone wolf terrorist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lone_wolf_terrorist"},{"link_name":"Warrant officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrant_officer"},{"link_name":"RCMP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police"},{"link_name":"Government of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-speeches-1"}],"text":"The 2014 Saint Jean sur Richelieu ramming attack was a terror car ramming that occurred in Quebec on October 20, 2014. Two Canadian Forces members were hit by a lone wolf terrorist, Martin Couture-Rouleau. Warrant officer Patrice Vincent died from injuries, while another soldier was injured, but survived. The RCMP and the Government of Canada has characterized the homicide as a terrorist act by an Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant-inspired terrorist.[1]","title":"2014 Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu ramming attack"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"deliberately rammed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_ramming_as_a_terrorism_tactic"},{"link_name":"Canadian Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prevarrest-2"},{"link_name":"Toronto Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Sun"},{"link_name":"911","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9-1-1"},{"link_name":"Allah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TSun-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TSun-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TSun-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Warrant officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrant_officer"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Guardian,_re:Rouleau-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TSun-3"},{"link_name":"Stephen Harper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Harper"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"On October 20, 2014, Martin Couture-Rouleau deliberately rammed a car into a pair of Canadian Armed Forces soldiers in a shopping centre parking lot in Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec, Canada, at 11:30 a.m. ET. He had been seen sitting in his car and watching for over two hours before the attack.[2] A police chase ensued. The Toronto Sun reported that the suspect called 911 during the chase to say that he carried out his acts in the name of Allah.[3]The chase ended when Martin Couture-Rouleau lost control of his car, rolling it into a ditch and onto its roof. A witness said that a spike belt was deployed. According to witnesses, Couture-Rouleau exited the car and charged a female police officer with a knife.[3] Police shot him up to seven times and he was pronounced dead that evening in hospital.[3] A large knife was seen stuck in the ground according to eyewitnesses.[4]There were two victims. Warrant officer Patrice Vincent (53), one of the two ramming victims, died in hospital the next day while the other soldier (whose name was not released) sustained non-life-threatening injures.[5] One of the soldiers was in uniform and one was not.[3]A statement by Prime Minister Stephen Harper indicated that government and police officials linked the attack to terrorism.[6][7]","title":"Attack and pursuit"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Retirement-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prevarrest-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Retirement-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Warrant officer Patrice Vincent, 53, had served in the military for 28 years and was considering retiring to become a cabinet maker.[8] He had previously served as a refrigeration and mechanical technician engineer as well as a military firefighter.[2] Vincent's funeral was held on November 1, 2014.[8][9]A second Canadian Forces member was injured in the attack.","title":"Victims"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Austen-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bruemmer-11"},{"link_name":"Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim"},{"link_name":"convert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_conversion"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prevarrest-2"},{"link_name":"Facebook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook"},{"link_name":"CBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation"},{"link_name":"ISIL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant"},{"link_name":"anti-American foreign policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_US_foreign_policy"},{"link_name":"anti-Semitic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"Global","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Television_Network"},{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Global-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Who_is_Martin_Couture-Rouleau-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"jihadist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihadism"},{"link_name":"martyr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyr"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Who_is_Martin_Couture-Rouleau-13"},{"link_name":"Qur'an","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Who_is_Martin_Couture-Rouleau-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Global-12"},{"link_name":"RCMP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TSun-3"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bruemmer-11"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ForeignFighter-15"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prevarrest-2"},{"link_name":"Bob Paulson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Paulson"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Who_is_Martin_Couture-Rouleau-13"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Martin Couture-Rouleau (died October 20, 2014, age 25) was a francophone Canadian living with his parents in Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu at the time of the attack. He was separated from his partner and their young child. Couture-Rouleau had converted to Islam in the previous year, and was praying at a mosque \"regularly.\"[10] He had owned a small power-washing business that failed.[11]Legal documents show Couture-Rouleau became a Muslim convert in 2013 and started to refer to himself as Ahmad LeConverti (Ahmad the Converted).[2] Facebook activity and a CBC interview show that he had become a supporter of ISIL. He posted images and links that were anti-American foreign policy, and links to anti-Semitic YouTube videos. Global reported Facebook posts in both English and French about Allah and graphic posters with references to Islam's superiority over Christianity.[12] A Facebook friend who corresponded with Couture-Rouleau said, \"So he was really mad that Canada actually supported the American bombing of [ISIS] in Syria and Iraq so I think that was the main motive in killing that Canadian soldier.\"[13][14] Another told Radio-Canada that Couture-Rouleau spent hours on the internet and devoured jihadist literature and dreamed of dying as a martyr.[13]According to information Radio-Canada obtained, he had convinced at least four or five people in his circle of friends to convert to Islam, but the friend said that Couture-Rouleau got carried away with an extreme interpretation of the Qur'an.[13] A friend said he was obsessed with practicing his new religion and trying to convert his friends.[12]The RCMP became aware of Couture-Rouleau after a relative alerted police to the man's terrorist leanings.[3] He wanted to travel to Iraq to fight with ISIL the summer before he perpetrated the attack in Quebec.[11][15] His Canadian passport was revoked in June 2014 over concerns that he had \"become radicalized after converting to Islam.\"[2] RCMP Commissioner Bob Paulson confirmed he was one of 90 Canadians under surveillance[13] by the RCMP because they were suspected of wanting to join terrorist organizations.[16]","title":"Perpetrator"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Steven Blaney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Blaney"},{"link_name":"Minister of Public Safety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Public_Safety"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Integrated National Security Enforcement Teams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_National_Security_Enforcement_Teams"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Global-12"},{"link_name":"2014 shootings at Parliament Hill, Ottawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_shootings_at_Parliament_Hill,_Ottawa"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-speeches-1"},{"link_name":"Erin O'Toole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erin_O%27Toole"},{"link_name":"Power Play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_Play_(Canadian_political_affairs_series)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Canadian Psychological Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Psychological_Association"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"The Daily Beast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Beast"},{"link_name":"2014 New York City hatchet attacker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Queens_hatchet_attack"},{"link_name":"Brian Michael Jenkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Michael_Jenkins"},{"link_name":"RAND Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAND_Corporation"},{"link_name":"lone wolves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lone_wolf_(terrorism)"},{"link_name":"Islamist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamism"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"The federal government immediately labelled the act as a terrorist attack. According to Steven Blaney, Canadian Minister of Public Safety, the attack was \"clearly linked to terrorist ideology.\"[17] The Prime Minister's office released a statement that said in part \"The individual who struck the two CAF members with his car is known to federal authorities, including the Integrated National Security Enforcement Teams (the Integrated National Security Enforcement Teams are an anti-terrorism police unit). Federal authorities have confirmed that there are clear indications that the individual had become radicalized.\"[12]After the 2014 shootings at Parliament Hill, Ottawa, Prime Minister Stephen Harper gave a nationally televised address in which he said \"Warrant Officer Patrice Vincent... was killed earlier this week by an ISIL-inspired terrorist\" and \"this week's events are a grim reminder that Canada is not immune to the types of terrorist attacks we have seen elsewhere around the world. We are also reminded that attacks on our security personnel and on our institutions of governance are by their very nature, attacks on our country, on our values, on our society, on us Canadians as a free and democratic people who embrace human dignity for all.\"[1] Conservative MP Erin O'Toole said on Power Play that he stands behind the terrorist act label, both in the case of Zehaf-Bibeau and Martin Couture-Rouleau. \"Warrant Officer Vincent and Nathan Cirillo weren't attacked for who they were, they were attacked for what their uniform represented, so inherently that's terrorism.\"[18]Rouleau's next-door neighbour said, \"Mr. Rouleau's father, Gilles, is a peaceful man who tried to help his troubled son. She said Mr. Rouleau had been \"brainwashed\" by online radicals. \"I don't think it's a terrorist act,\" she said. \"He needed help. We could see that he needed psychiatric help.\"[19] \"To convert to a new religion and to adopt such violent, radical ideology suggests that he was influenced by others, in person or online,\" said Wagdy Loza, head of the Canadian Psychological Association's extremism and terrorism section.[20]In an article on The Daily Beast website, Jacob Siegel equated both Couture-Rouleau and Zehaf-Bibeau, \"the killers who brought terror to Canada this week\", with the 2014 New York City hatchet attacker, saying \"like the killers who brought terror to Canada this week, the New York attacker is being called a \"lone wolf\", meaning he acted essentially on his own, [Couture-Rouleau and Zehab-Bibeau] seem custom made for the stray dog profile, and the kind of terrorist the West could be seeing a lot more of in the future\". He cites a paper by Brian Michael Jenkins of the RAND Corporation. Jenkins described them as \"stray dogs,\" rather than lone wolves, characterizing them as \"misfits\" who are \"who are moved from seething anger to spontaneous deadly action\" by exposure to Islamist propaganda.[21]","title":"Responses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"zine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zine"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"The Globe and Mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Canadian Newsmakers of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Newsmaker_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"Canadian Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Press"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"Commentators have cited the attacks against Canadian soldiers in Quebec and Ottawa while arguing against Canadian Government changes to anti-terrorism legislation, although the legislation was prepared long before the attacks occurred and is not in response specifically to the two attacks.James Baxter, editor-in-chief of ipolitics.ca, an Ottawa political zine, said \"the government is exploiting two isolated murders to push through sweeping new surveillance powers\" and pointed out \"the would-be 'terrorists' involved were armed only with a car and a vintage hunting rifle\".[22]Andre Picard, in an opinion piece for The Globe and Mail, acknowledged the Couture-Rouleau and Zehaf-Bibeau were both attracted to radical elements in Islam, and dismissed arguments that mental illness caused their actions.[23]Vincent and Nathan Cirillo, the victim in the Ottawa shootings, were jointly named the Canadian Newsmakers of the Year by the Canadian Press.[24]","title":"Media reactions"}]	[]	[{"title":"2014 shootings at Parliament Hill, Ottawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_shootings_at_Parliament_Hill,_Ottawa"},{"title":"Shooting of Jesse Hartnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_of_Jesse_Hartnett"}]	[{"reference":"\"Ottawa shooting: Harper, Mulcair, Trudeau speak about attack\". CBC News. Retrieved November 30, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/ottawa-shooting-harper-mulcair-trudeau-speak-about-attack-1.2809530","url_text":"\"Ottawa shooting: Harper, Mulcair, Trudeau speak about attack\""}]},{"reference":"CBC News. \"Martin Couture-Rouleau, hit-and-run driver, arrested by RCMP in July\". CBC News. Retrieved October 27, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/martin-couture-rouleau-hit-and-run-driver-arrested-by-rcmp-in-july-1.2807078","url_text":"\"Martin Couture-Rouleau, hit-and-run driver, arrested by RCMP in July\""}]},{"reference":"Deland, Maxime. \"'Radicalized' Quebecer shot dead after running down 2 soldiers in suspected terrorist attack\". Toronto Sun. Retrieved November 30, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.torontosun.com/2014/10/20/possible-terror-attack-as-soldiers-run-down-in-quebec-parking-lot","url_text":"\"'Radicalized' Quebecer shot dead after running down 2 soldiers in suspected terrorist attack\""}]},{"reference":"\"Canadian soldiers run down in possible Quebec terror attack\". Cambridge Times. October 20, 2014. Retrieved November 17, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cambridgetimes.ca/news-story/4924393-canadian-soldiers-run-down-in-possible-quebec-terror-attack/","url_text":"\"Canadian soldiers run down in possible Quebec terror attack\""}]},{"reference":"\"Canadian soldier killed by convert to Islam in hit and run\". The Guardian. October 21, 2014. Retrieved October 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/oct/21/canada-soldier-convert-islam-hit-and-run-quebec","url_text":"\"Canadian soldier killed by convert to Islam in hit and run\""}]},{"reference":"National Post Staff (October 21, 2014). \"Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu attack was 'clearly linked to terrorist ideology,' safety minister says – National Post\". National Post.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.nationalpost.com/2014/10/21/saint-jean-sur-richelieu-attack-was-an-unacceptable-act-of-violence-against-canada-public-safety-minister-says/","url_text":"\"Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu attack was 'clearly linked to terrorist ideology,' safety minister says – National Post\""}]},{"reference":"Ellis, Ralph (October 21, 2014). \"Canada: Soldier attack suspect 'radicalized'\". CNN.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cnn.com/2014/10/21/us/canada-soldiers-killed-officer-attack/","url_text":"\"Canada: Soldier attack suspect 'radicalized'\""}]},{"reference":"CBC News (October 23, 2014). \"Patrice Vincent, soldier killed in St-Jean-sur-Richelieu, was close to retirement\". CBC News. Retrieved October 27, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/patrice-vincent-soldier-killed-in-st-jean-sur-richelieu-was-close-to-retirement-1.2810967","url_text":"\"Patrice Vincent, soldier killed in St-Jean-sur-Richelieu, was close to retirement\""}]},{"reference":"\"Funeral arrangements confirmed for Patrice Vincent\". CHCH TV. Retrieved October 27, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chch.com/funeral-arrangements-confirmed-patrice-vincent/","url_text":"\"Funeral arrangements confirmed for Patrice Vincent\""}]},{"reference":"Austen, Ian (October 21, 2014). \"Hit-and-Run That Killed Canadian Soldier Is Called Terrorist Attack\". New York Times. Retrieved November 7, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/22/world/americas/canadian-soldier-run-down-in-what-officials-call-act-of-terror-dies.html","url_text":"\"Hit-and-Run That Killed Canadian Soldier Is Called Terrorist Attack\""}]},{"reference":"Bruemmer, Rene (November 9, 2014). \"From typical teen to jihadist: How Martin Couture-Rouleau became radicalized after converting to Islam\". National Post. Retrieved November 11, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.nationalpost.com/2014/11/09/from-typical-teen-to-jihadist-how-martin-couture-rouleau-became-radicalized-after-converting-to-islam/","url_text":"\"From typical teen to jihadist: How Martin Couture-Rouleau became radicalized after converting to Islam\""}]},{"reference":"Tucker, Erika. \"Who is Quebec terror-linked suspect Martin Rouleau?\". Global News. Retrieved November 30, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://globalnews.ca/news/1626457/who-is-quebec-terror-linked-suspect-martin-rouleau/","url_text":"\"Who is Quebec terror-linked suspect Martin Rouleau?\""}]},{"reference":"Gollom, Mark; Lindeman, Tracey (October 22, 2014). \"Who is Martin Couture-Rouleau?\". CBC News. Retrieved October 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/who-is-martin-couture-rouleau-1.2807285","url_text":"\"Who is Martin Couture-Rouleau?\""}]},{"reference":"APreport (October 21, 2014). \"Canadian soldier killed by convert to Islam in hit and run\". The Guardian. AP. Retrieved October 27, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/oct/21/canada-soldier-convert-islam-hit-and-run-quebec","url_text":"\"Canadian soldier killed by convert to Islam in hit and run\""}]},{"reference":"Woods, Allan. \"How Martin Couture-Rouleau became an aspiring Islamic State fighter\". Toronto Star. Retrieved October 27, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2014/10/26/how_martin_couturerouleau_became_an_aspiring_islamic_state_fighter.html","url_text":"\"How Martin Couture-Rouleau became an aspiring Islamic State fighter\""}]},{"reference":"Mayer, Andre (October 27, 2014). \"Michael Zehaf-Bibeau and Martin Couture-Rouleau: How Canada tracks homegrown radicals Parliament Hill, Quebec attacks renew concerns about home-grown extremists\". CBC News. Retrieved November 7, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbc.ca/news/michael-zehaf-bibeau-and-martin-couture-rouleau-how-canada-tracks-homegrown-radicals-1.2807390","url_text":"\"Michael Zehaf-Bibeau and Martin Couture-Rouleau: How Canada tracks homegrown radicals Parliament Hill, Quebec attacks renew concerns about home-grown extremists\""}]},{"reference":"staff (October 21, 2014). \"Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu attack was 'clearly linked to terrorist ideology,' safety minister says\". National Post. Retrieved November 7, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.nationalpost.com/2014/10/21/saint-jean-sur-richelieu-attack-was-an-unacceptable-act-of-violence-against-canada-public-safety-minister-says/","url_text":"\"Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu attack was 'clearly linked to terrorist ideology,' safety minister says\""}]},{"reference":"\"Was Parliament gunman a terrorist? Mulcair says 'criminal,' igniting debate\". CTV News. Retrieved December 1, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/was-parliament-gunman-a-terrorist-mulcair-says-criminal-igniting-debate-1.2078067#ixzz3KXvgHuEW","url_text":"\"Was Parliament gunman a terrorist? Mulcair says 'criminal,' igniting debate\""}]},{"reference":"Hamilton, Graeme (October 21, 2014). \"Martin Rouleau's neighbours sad but not surprised over his alleged role in soldier's death\". National Post. Retrieved December 1, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.nationalpost.com/2014/10/21/martin-rouleaus-neighbours-sad-but-not-surprised-over-his-alleged-role-in-soldiers-death/","url_text":"\"Martin Rouleau's neighbours sad but not surprised over his alleged role in soldier's death\""}]},{"reference":"Blackwell, Tom (October 21, 2014). \"Was Quebec attack on soldiers really terrorism, or just the violent actions of a disturbed man?\". National Post. Retrieved December 1, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.nationalpost.com/2014/10/21/was-quebec-attack-on-soldiers-really-terrorism-or-just-the-violent-actions-of-a-disturbed-man/","url_text":"\"Was Quebec attack on soldiers really terrorism, or just the violent actions of a disturbed man?\""}]},{"reference":"Siegel, Jacob (October 24, 2014). \"Lone Wolves, Terrorist Runts, and the Stray Dogs of ISIS Why ISIS and al Qaeda rely on loners and losers to carry out their terrorist agenda in the West\". Daily Beast. Retrieved November 7, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/10/24/in-canada-the-stray-dogs-of-isis.html","url_text":"\"Lone Wolves, Terrorist Runts, and the Stray Dogs of ISIS Why ISIS and al Qaeda rely on loners and losers to carry out their terrorist agenda in the West\""}]},{"reference":"Baxter, James (November 4, 2014). \"Harper isn't about to get a good crisis get away\". iPolitics. Retrieved December 1, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ipolitics.ca/2014/11/04/harper-isnt-about-to-let-a-good-crisis-get-away/","url_text":"\"Harper isn't about to get a good crisis get away\""}]},{"reference":"Picard, Andre (October 28, 2014). \"We can't legislate lost souls\". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved November 11, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-debate/we-cant-legislate-lost-souls/article21330013/","url_text":"\"We can't legislate lost souls\""}]},{"reference":"Perkel, Colin (December 20, 2014). \"Slain soldiers Cirillo and Vincent named Canada's Newsmaker of the Year\". The Canadian Press. Archived from the original on December 28, 2014. Retrieved December 20, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141228203158/http://www.calgaryherald.com/news/national/Slain+soldiers+Cirillo+Vincent+named+Canadas+Newsmaker+Year/10671276/story.html","url_text":"\"Slain soldiers Cirillo and Vincent named Canada's Newsmaker of the Year\""},{"url":"https://calgaryherald.com/news/national/Slain+soldiers+Cirillo+Vincent+named+Canadas+Newsmaker+Year/10671276/story.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/ottawa-shooting-harper-mulcair-trudeau-speak-about-attack-1.2809530","external_links_name":"\"Ottawa shooting: Harper, Mulcair, Trudeau speak about attack\""},{"Link":"http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/martin-couture-rouleau-hit-and-run-driver-arrested-by-rcmp-in-july-1.2807078","external_links_name":"\"Martin Couture-Rouleau, hit-and-run driver, arrested by RCMP in July\""},{"Link":"http://www.torontosun.com/2014/10/20/possible-terror-attack-as-soldiers-run-down-in-quebec-parking-lot","external_links_name":"\"'Radicalized' Quebecer shot dead after running down 2 soldiers in suspected terrorist attack\""},{"Link":"http://www.cambridgetimes.ca/news-story/4924393-canadian-soldiers-run-down-in-possible-quebec-terror-attack/","external_links_name":"\"Canadian soldiers run down in possible Quebec terror attack\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/oct/21/canada-soldier-convert-islam-hit-and-run-quebec","external_links_name":"\"Canadian soldier killed by convert to Islam in hit and run\""},{"Link":"http://news.nationalpost.com/2014/10/21/saint-jean-sur-richelieu-attack-was-an-unacceptable-act-of-violence-against-canada-public-safety-minister-says/","external_links_name":"\"Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu attack was 'clearly linked to terrorist ideology,' safety minister says – National Post\""},{"Link":"http://www.cnn.com/2014/10/21/us/canada-soldiers-killed-officer-attack/","external_links_name":"\"Canada: Soldier attack suspect 'radicalized'\""},{"Link":"http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/patrice-vincent-soldier-killed-in-st-jean-sur-richelieu-was-close-to-retirement-1.2810967","external_links_name":"\"Patrice Vincent, soldier killed in St-Jean-sur-Richelieu, was close to retirement\""},{"Link":"http://www.chch.com/funeral-arrangements-confirmed-patrice-vincent/","external_links_name":"\"Funeral arrangements confirmed for Patrice Vincent\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/22/world/americas/canadian-soldier-run-down-in-what-officials-call-act-of-terror-dies.html","external_links_name":"\"Hit-and-Run That Killed Canadian Soldier Is Called Terrorist Attack\""},{"Link":"http://news.nationalpost.com/2014/11/09/from-typical-teen-to-jihadist-how-martin-couture-rouleau-became-radicalized-after-converting-to-islam/","external_links_name":"\"From typical teen to jihadist: How Martin Couture-Rouleau became radicalized after converting to Islam\""},{"Link":"http://globalnews.ca/news/1626457/who-is-quebec-terror-linked-suspect-martin-rouleau/","external_links_name":"\"Who is Quebec terror-linked suspect Martin Rouleau?\""},{"Link":"http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/who-is-martin-couture-rouleau-1.2807285","external_links_name":"\"Who is Martin Couture-Rouleau?\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/oct/21/canada-soldier-convert-islam-hit-and-run-quebec","external_links_name":"\"Canadian soldier killed by convert to Islam in hit and run\""},{"Link":"https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2014/10/26/how_martin_couturerouleau_became_an_aspiring_islamic_state_fighter.html","external_links_name":"\"How Martin Couture-Rouleau became an aspiring Islamic State fighter\""},{"Link":"http://www.cbc.ca/news/michael-zehaf-bibeau-and-martin-couture-rouleau-how-canada-tracks-homegrown-radicals-1.2807390","external_links_name":"\"Michael Zehaf-Bibeau and Martin Couture-Rouleau: How Canada tracks homegrown radicals Parliament Hill, Quebec attacks renew concerns about home-grown extremists\""},{"Link":"http://news.nationalpost.com/2014/10/21/saint-jean-sur-richelieu-attack-was-an-unacceptable-act-of-violence-against-canada-public-safety-minister-says/","external_links_name":"\"Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu attack was 'clearly linked to terrorist ideology,' safety minister says\""},{"Link":"http://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/was-parliament-gunman-a-terrorist-mulcair-says-criminal-igniting-debate-1.2078067#ixzz3KXvgHuEW","external_links_name":"\"Was Parliament gunman a terrorist? Mulcair says 'criminal,' igniting debate\""},{"Link":"http://news.nationalpost.com/2014/10/21/martin-rouleaus-neighbours-sad-but-not-surprised-over-his-alleged-role-in-soldiers-death/","external_links_name":"\"Martin Rouleau's neighbours sad but not surprised over his alleged role in soldier's death\""},{"Link":"http://news.nationalpost.com/2014/10/21/was-quebec-attack-on-soldiers-really-terrorism-or-just-the-violent-actions-of-a-disturbed-man/","external_links_name":"\"Was Quebec attack on soldiers really terrorism, or just the violent actions of a disturbed man?\""},{"Link":"http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/10/24/in-canada-the-stray-dogs-of-isis.html","external_links_name":"\"Lone Wolves, Terrorist Runts, and the Stray Dogs of ISIS Why ISIS and al Qaeda rely on loners and losers to carry out their terrorist agenda in the West\""},{"Link":"http://www.ipolitics.ca/2014/11/04/harper-isnt-about-to-let-a-good-crisis-get-away/","external_links_name":"\"Harper isn't about to get a good crisis get away\""},{"Link":"https://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-debate/we-cant-legislate-lost-souls/article21330013/","external_links_name":"\"We can't legislate lost souls\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141228203158/http://www.calgaryherald.com/news/national/Slain+soldiers+Cirillo+Vincent+named+Canadas+Newsmaker+Year/10671276/story.html","external_links_name":"\"Slain soldiers Cirillo and Vincent named Canada's Newsmaker of the Year\""},{"Link":"https://calgaryherald.com/news/national/Slain+soldiers+Cirillo+Vincent+named+Canadas+Newsmaker+Year/10671276/story.html","external_links_name":"the original"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_25_Business_(Wyoming)	Business routes of Interstate 25	["1 New Mexico","1.1 Williamsburg–Truth or Consequences","1.2 Socorro","1.3 Belen","1.4 Santa Fe","1.5 Las Vegas","1.6 Springer","1.7 Raton","2 Colorado","2.1 Trinidad","2.2 Aguilar","2.3 Walsenburg","2.4 Colorado Springs","2.5 Castle Rock","3 Wyoming","3.1 Cheyenne","3.2 Chugwater","3.3 Wheatland","3.4 Douglas","3.5 Glenrock","3.6 Casper","3.7 Buffalo","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	Route system The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's general notability guideline. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Business routes of Interstate 25" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "Business routes of Interstate 25" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Interstate 25 BusinessLocationCountryUnited States Highway system Interstate Highway System Main Auxiliary Suffixed Business Future Interstate business routes are roads connecting a central or commercial district of a city or town with an Interstate bypass. These roads typically follow along local streets often along a former US or state highway that had been replaced by an Interstate. Interstate business route reassurance markers are signed as either loops or spurs using a green shield shaped sign and numbered like the shield of the parent Interstate Highway. Along Interstate 25 (I-25), business routes are found in all three states through which I-25 passes: New Mexico, Colorado, and Wyoming. Some states regard Interstate business routes as fully integrated within their state highway system while other states consider them to be either local roads to be maintained by county or municipal authorities or a hybrid of state and local control. Every state along I-25 regards its business routes as fully incorporated members of their respective state maintained highway systems. Although the public may differentiate between different business routes by the number of the parent route and the location of the route, there is no uniform naming convention. Each state highway department internally uses its own designations to identify segments within its jurisdiction. New Mexico All the business loops within New Mexico are maintained by the New Mexico Department of Transportation (NMDOT). In New Mexico, Interstate business routes are named independently of their parent Interstate's designation with business loops of I-25 numbered between 10–19, those of I-10 between 20–29, and those of I-40 between 30–39. New Mexico business loop numbers ascend eastward and northward with gaps in numbering to allow for future designations. I-25 begins with a business route through Williamsburg and Truth or Consequences before proceeding northward with additional routes serving the towns of Socorro, Belen, Las Vegas, Springer, and Raton. These routes largely conform to the current or former alignment of the unsigned US Highway 85 (US 85) through these communities before the construction of I-25. NMDOT has decommissioned US 85 throughout the state and no longer signs the highway along its length, as US 85 entirely follows I-25 with the single exception of the business loop in Las Vegas. The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), however, continues to recognize the New Mexico portion of US 85 maintaining continuity with sections in adjacent states. Williamsburg–Truth or Consequences Interstate 25 BusinessBusiness Loop 11LocationWilliamsburg–Truth or ConsequencesLength5.711 mi: 1 (9.191 km) Interstate 25 Business (I-25 Bus.), inventoried as Business Loop 11 (BL 11), is a 5.711-mile (9.191 km) business loop serving the cities of Williamsburg and Truth or Consequences in Sierra County. The loop begins at exit 75 of I-25 in Williamsburg, intersecting State Road 187 (NM 187), traveling northeast on Broadway Street through Truth or Consequences until meeting Main Avenue. Between that point and Date Street, the route follows two one-way roads with Broadway carrying northbound traffic and Main conveying traffic to the south. The routes combine and turn north on Date Street, intersecting the western terminus of NM 51. Turning northwest, the highway intersects NM 181 and terminates at exit 79 on I-25 on the north side of Truth or Consequences.: 1 Most of the loop, with the exception of its I-25 interchanges, was previously part of US 85, which joined the route from the south at NM 187 and departed to the north along NM 181.: 42–43 Major intersections The entire route is in Sierra County. Locationmi: 1 kmDestinationsNotes Williamsburg0.0000.000 I-25 / US 85 – Las Cruces, AlbuquerqueSouthern terminus 0.4150.668 NM 187 southNorthern terminus of NM 187 Truth or Consequences3.5925.781 NM 51 east (Third Avenue) – Elephant Butte, EngleWestern terminus of NM 51 4.8487.802 NM 181 north – Elephant Butte State ParkSouthern terminus of NM 181 5.7119.191 I-25 / US 85 – Las Cruces, AlbuquerqueNorthern terminus 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Socorro Interstate 25 BusinessBusiness Loop 12LocationSocorroLength2.879 mi: 1 (4.633 km) Interstate 25 Business (I-25 Bus.), inventoried as Business Loop 12 (BL 12), is a 2.879-mile (4.633 km) business loop serving the city of Socorro in Socorro County. The loop begins at exit 147 of I-25 and travels northwest along California Avenue until an intersection with the northern terminus of NM 1. The loop turns north as a divided highway as it enters the city. US 60 intersects from the west, and the loop becomes concurrent with US 60 as the pair of highways continue to the north. The loop terminates at exit 150 on I-25, and US 60 continues along the Interstate as it exits Socorro.: 1 Major intersections The entire route is in Socorro County. Locationmi: 1 kmDestinationsNotes Socorro0.0000.000 I-25 / US 85 – Las Cruces, AlbuquerqueSouthern terminus 0.3660.589 NM 1 southNorthern terminus of NM 1 1.0551.698 US 60 west (Spring Street) – VLASouthern end of US 60 concurrency 2.8794.633 I-25 / US 60 east / US 85 – Las Cruces, AlbuquerqueNorthern terminus; northern end of US 60 concurrency 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Concurrency terminus Belen Interstate 25 BusinessBusiness Loop 13LocationBelenLength6.645 mi: 1 (10.694 km) Interstate 25 Business (I-25 Bus.), inventoried as Business Loop 13 (BL 13), is a 6.645-mile (10.694 km) business loop serving the city of Belen in Valencia County. The loop begins at exit 190 on I-25 and intersects the northern terminus of NM 116 as the highway travels north along Main Street into the city. The western terminus of NM 309 is met in central Belen. The loop continues north to NM 314 then turns northwest before terminating at exit 195 on I-25.: 1–2 Major intersections The entire route is in Valencia County. Locationmi: 1–2 kmDestinationsNotes Belen0.0000.000 I-25 / US 85 – Socorro, AlbuquerqueSouthern terminus 0.7001.127 NM 116 southNorthern terminus of NM 116 2.3103.718 NM 309 east (Reinken Avenue)Western terminus of NM 309 4.6057.411 NM 314 north – Los LunasSouthern terminus of NM 314 6.64510.694 I-25 / US 85 – Socorro, AlbuquerqueNorthern terminus 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Santa Fe Interstate 25 BusinessBusiness Loop 14LocationSanta FeLength9.370 mi (15.080 km) Interstate 25 Business (I-25 Bus.), inventoried as Business Loop 14 (BL 14), was a 9.37-mile (15.08 km) business loop that served Santa Fe in Santa Fe County. The loop began at exit 278 on I-25 and traveled northeast along NM 14 (Cerrillos Road). It then went east on NM 466 (Saint Michaels Drive), cutting through the south side of Santa Fe. The road ended up as Old Pecos Trail and remained so until reaching I-25 again and terminating at exit 284. The route was decommissioned. Major intersections The entire route is in Santa Fe County. LocationmikmDestinationsNotes 0.0000.000 I-25 / US 85 / NM 14 (Cerrillos Road)Western terminus; begins concurrency with NM 14 Agua Fria2.7044.352 NM 300 (Rodeo Road) / NM 284 (Airport Road)Western terminus of NM 300; eastern terminus of NM 284 Santa Fe5.5808.980 NM 14 (Cerrillos Road) / NM 466 (St Michaels Drive)Ends concurrency with NM 14; begins concurrency with NM 466 6.79010.927 US 84 / US 285 (St Francis Drive)Interchanges US 84 and US 285 9.09314.634 NM 466 (Old Pecos Trail) / NM 300 (Old Las Vegas Hwy.)Intersects NM 300 9.37015.080 I-25 / US 84 / US 85 / US 285 (Old Pecos Trail) / NM 466Eastern terminus; ends concurrency with NM 466; NM 466 continues south 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Concurrency terminus Las Vegas Interstate 25 BusinessBusiness Loop 15LocationLas VegasLength4.240 mi: 2 (6.824 km) Interstate 25 Business (I-25 Bus.), inventoried as Business Loop 15 (BL 15), is a 4.24-mile (6.82 km) business loop serving Las Vegas in San Miguel County. It also carries unsigned US 85. The loop begins at exit 343 of I-25 and travels northeast, intersecting NM 329. The loop continues north, passing to the west of Las Vegas station served by the Southwest Chief line of Amtrak, just south of the intersection with NM 104. Continuing north, the highway passes east of Municipal Park before terminating at NM 250 and I-25 at exit 347.: 2–3 Major intersections The entire route is in Las Vegas, San Miguel County. mi: 2–3 kmDestinationsNotes 0.0000.000 I-25 / Santa Fe Trail Scenic Byway to US 84 south – Santa Fe, RatonSouthern terminus; road continues as Grand Avenue 0.3410.549 NM 329 north (New Mexico Avenue)Southern terminus of NM 329 7th Street / Jackson Street / Santa Fe Trail Scenic Byway to NM 518 2.1173.407 NM 104 east (University Avenue) – Conchas Lake, TucumcariWestern terminus of NM 104 Mills Avenue to NM 518 / NM 65 – Luna Community CollegeFormer NM 329 4.2406.824 I-25 / NM 250 north – Santa Fe, Springer, RatonNorthern terminus; road continues as NM 250; serves Las Vegas Municipal Airport 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Route transition Springer Interstate 25 BusinessBusiness Loop 16LocationSpringerLength3.430 mi: 2 (5.520 km) Interstate 25 Business (I-25 Bus.), inventoried as Business Loop 16 (BL 16), is an unsigned 3.43-mile (5.52 km) business loop serving the city of Springer in Colfax County. The loop begins at exit 412 of I-25 and travels northeast along Railroad Avenue. The loop serves as the main north–south road in the town and intersects Fourth Street, which, to the west of the loop, is NM 21 and, to the east, is US 56 and US 412. Continuing northwest, the loop intersects NM 468 and then runs closely parallel to the Interstate before merging at exit 414.: 3 Major intersections The entire route is in Colfax County. Locationmi: 3 kmDestinationsNotes 0.0000.000 I-25 (US 85) – Las Vegas, RatonSouthern terminus; I-25 exit 412 Springer1.2582.025 US 56 / US 412 east (Fourth Street east) / NM 21 west (Fourth Street west) – Miami, ClaytonWestern termini of US 56 and US 412; eastern terminus of NM 21 1.8272.940 NM 468 west – Springer Correctional Facility, Lake SpringerEastern terminus of NM 468 3.4305.520 I-25 (US 85) – RatonNorthern terminus; I-25 exit 414 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Raton Interstate 25 BusinessBusiness Loop 17LocationRatonLength4.161 mi: 2 (6.696 km) Interstate 25 Business (I-25 Bus.), inventoried as Business Loop 17 (BL 17), is a 4.161-mile (6.696 km) business loop that begins at exit 450 on I-25 south of Raton in Colfax County concurrent with US 64. The two highways intersect NM 555 then pass east of La Mesa Park, traveling along Second Street north into the city. Clayton Road takes US 64 off of the loop to the east as the loop continues north, crossing over the rail line that serves Raton station before turning northwest and terminating at exit 454 on I-25.: 4 Major intersections The entire route is in Colfax County. Locationmi: 4 kmDestinationsNotes Raton0.0000.000 I-25 / US 64 west / US 85 – Springer, Trinidad, COSouthern terminus; begin overlay of US 64 0.4400.708 NM 555 west (York Canyon Road)Eastern terminus of NM 555 1.6272.618 US 64 east (Clayton Road) – Clayton, Amarillo, TXEnd overlay of US 64 4.1616.696 I-25 / US 85 / US 87 – Springer, Trinidad, CONorthern terminus 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Concurrency terminus Colorado All Interstate business routes in Colorado are maintained by the Colorado Department of Transportation (CDOT). Within Colorado, all highways maintained by the state are classified as state highways, including Interstates and US Highways which hold the same numerical designations as their nationally established routes. The numerical values of all state highway names are followed by an alphabetic suffix, although this convention is used by the department internally and not reflected in route signage. Hence, the mainline of I-25 throughout the length of the state is classified as State Highway 25A (SH 25A) while its two business routes in Aguilar and Walsenburg are internally named SH 25B and SH 25C, respectively. US 85 and US 87 are hidden routes not recognized nor signed by CDOT in southern Colorado. They are, however, established AASHTO routes maintaining continuity with signed portions in other states along their routes. In southern Colorado, the routes primarily follow I-25, including at Aguilar, but with deviations, such as along the Walsenburg business route. In addition to these, US 160 joins I-25 at Walsenburg and follows concurrently with the Interstate to Trinidad, including the portion bypassing Aguilar. Thus, in Walsenburg, US 160 crosses the business route in the town center and again at the business route's southern terminus. Trinidad Interstate 25 BusinessState Highway 25ALocationTrinidadLength0.5 mi (800 m) Interstate 25 Business (I-25 Bus.), inventoried as State Highway 25A (SH 25A), was a business route of I-25 that connected Trinidad in Las Animas County to the Interstate. The 0.5-mile (0.80 km) route began as Animas Street, coming from University Street at a diamond interchange at exit 13 on I-25. The route was concurrent with US 160 along Main Street. The route turned southwest on Main Street and terminated at I-25. In 2009, a reconstruction project involved a replacement of the northbound viaduct crossing the Purgatoire River and more reconstruction in 2011, adding a new diamond interchange at Main Street and I-25 and replacing the antiquated ramps at Animas and University streets, which ultimately eliminated the route. Major intersections The entire route is in Las Animas County. LocationmikmDestinationsNotes Trinidad0.0000.000 I-25 / US 85 / US 87 / US 160 – Trinidad, PuebloNorthern terminus; roadway continues as University Street 0.0490.079 US 160 north (Animas Street) – TrinidadBegin overlay of US 160 0.20.32 US 160 south (Main Street) – TrinidadEnd overlay of US 160 0.50.80 I-25 / US 85 / US 87 / US 160 – Trinidad, PuebloSouthern terminus 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Concurrency terminus Aguilar Interstate 25 BusinessState Highway 25BLocationAguilarLength1.981 mi (3.188 km) Interstate 25 Business (I-25 Bus.), inventoried as State Highway 25B (SH 25B), is a business spur of I-25 connecting the town of Aguilar in Las Animas County to the Interstate. The 1.981-mile (3.188 km) route begins at the corner of Main and Fir streets in Aguilar. The spur proceeds for one block north along North Fir Street before turning to the northwest along Lynn Road away from town. The route turns east along County Road 60 (CR 60) immediately before terminating at I-25 exit 34. Major intersections The entire route is in Las Animas County. LocationmikmDestinationsNotes Aguilar0.0000.000Main Street / S. Fir StreetWestern terminus; roadway continues south as S. Fir Street 1.9813.188 I-25 / US 85 / US 87 / US 160 – Trinidad, PuebloEastern terminus; roadway continues east as County Road 60 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Walsenburg Interstate 25 BusinessState Highway 25CLocationWalsenburgLength4.356 mi (7.010 km) Interstate 25 Business (I-25 Bus.), inventoried as State Highway 25C (SH 25C), is a business loop of I-25 serving the town of Walsenburg in Huerfano County. The 4.356-mile (7.010 km) route begins at I-25 exit 49 and proceeds to the west along the southern edge of Walsenburg. The route then turns to the northwest along Walsen Avenue. At Seventh Street, US 160 intersects from the west US 160 runs concurrently with the loop until US 160 turns off to the east along Fifth Street to I-25. The loop then continues northeast along Walsen Avenue, leaving town, and intersects SH 69 before terminating at I-25 exit 52. CDOT does not recognize or sign US 85 in the southernmost part of its route within the state, nor does it recognize US 87 anywhere within Colorado, as they are redundant with other routes in the state highway system. The highways remain established by AASHTO primarily along I-25 in southern Colorado and along Walsenburg's I-25 business route. Major intersections The entire route is in Huerfano County. LocationmikmDestinationsNotes Walsenburg0.0000.000 I-25 / US 85 south / US 87 south / US 160 – Trinidad, PuebloSouthern terminus; begin overlay of US 85 / US 87 1.3972.248 US 160 west (Seventh Street) – AlamosaBegin overlay of US 160 1.5422.482 US 160 east (Fifth Street)End overlay of US 160 3.6695.905 SH 69 west – WestcliffeEastern terminus of SH 69 4.3567.010 I-25 / US 85 north / US 87 north – Trinidad, PuebloNorthern terminus; end overlay of US 85 / US 87 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Concurrency terminus Colorado Springs Interstate 25 BusinessState Highway 25 BusinessLocationColorado Springs, ColoradoLength6.750 mi (10.863 km)Existed2007 Interstate 25 Business (I-25 Bus.), inventoried as State Highway 25 Business (SH 25 Bus.), was a business loop of I-25 that served downtown Colorado Springs and Northeast Colorado Springs. The route started at exit 140 on I-25 and ran along with Nevada Avenue. This route was also part of the CanAm Highway. It was a four-lane divided street that took a straight shot through downtown going north. The route terminated at exit 148 at I-25. In 2007, actions were taken to decommission the route, along with SH 38 and portions of SH 83, in an effort to add the alignment of SH 21 (Powers Boulevard). Major intersections The entire route is in El Paso County. LocationmikmDestinationsNotes Colorado Springs0.0000.000 I-25 / US 24 / US 85 / US 87Southern terminus 6.75010.863 I-25 / US 85 / US 87Northern terminus 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Castle Rock Interstate 25 BusinessState Highway 25 BusinessLocationCastle RockLength1.200 mi (1.931 km)Existed1996 Interstate 25 Business (I-25 Bus.), inventoried as State Highway 25 Business (SH 25 Bus.), was a business loop that served the westside of Castle Rock. The route began at exit 181 as Plum Creek Pkwy and headed northwest. It then turned northeast on CR 46 (Wolfensburger Road), heading back to the Interstate, and then terminated at exit 182 as Wilcox Street. The route was decommissioned in 1996 and was likely unsigned. Major intersections The entire route is in Douglas County. LocationmikmDestinationsNotes Castle Rock0.0000.000 I-25 / US 85 / US 87Southern terminus 1.2001.931 I-25 / US 85 / US 87Northern terminus 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Wyoming All business routes of I-25 within Wyoming are maintained by the Wyoming Department of Transportation (WYDOT). Wyoming has no naming convention for disambiguation between different business routes with all designated simply as I-25 Business (I-25 Bus.) along the Interstate. I-25 has seven business routes within the state. Road concurrences are frequent in Wyoming, and the seven business highways often overlay multiple other highways, including US 87 Bus., wholly or partly at most of these seven locations, as US 87 largely follows I-25 throughout the state. Cheyenne Interstate 25 BusinessLocationCheyenneLength8.006 mi: 101–102 (12.884 km) U.S. Highway 87 BusinessLocationCheyenne Interstate 25 Business (I-25 Bus.) and U.S. Highway 87 Business (US 87 Bus.) are business loops serving the city of Cheyenne in Laramie County. The 8.006-mile (12.884 km) multiplexed highway begins at exit 7 of I-25/US 87 and is routed along Wyoming Highway 212 (WYO 212) and named College Drive. At just over 2.5 miles (4.0 km), US 85 is intersected. Here, I-25 Bus. leaves WYO 212, turns north onto US 85, and remains paired with it until its end. I-25 Bus./US 85/US 87 Bus. enter Cheyenne from the south and intersect I-80 at exit 362. At this point, I-180 begins. Despite the Interstate designation, the I-180 portion is not a freeway. The I-180 concurrency only lasts for just over one mile (1.6 km) as I-180 ends at I-80 Bus./US 30 along Lincolnway. I-25 Bus. continues north with US 85 and US 87 Bus. now as a one-way couplet through central Cheyenne northbound as Warren Avenue and southbound as Central Avenue. Near Cheyenne Regional Airport, the one-way streets combine and continue as Central Avenue before intersecting the southern terminus of WYO 219 at Yellowstone Road. I-25 Bus. and US 87 Bus. terminate at exit 12 of I-25/US 87. Here, US 85 joins those routes northbound. Major intersections The entire route is in Laramie County. Locationmi: 101–102 kmDestinationsNotes 0.0000.000 I-25 (US 87) – Ft. Collins WYO 212 beginsBraided interchange; southern terminus of I-25 BL/US 87 Bus.; exit 7 on I-25; south end of WYO 212 concurrency; road continues as Clear Creek Parkway South Greeley2.7054.353 US 85 south (South Greeley Highway south) / WYO 212 east (College Drive east) – Greeley, Laramie County Community CollegeNorth end of WYO 212 concurrency; south end of US 85 concurrency Cheyenne3.8986.273 I-80 to US 30 west – Rock Springs, Sidney I-180 beginsSouth end of I-180 concurrency; exit 362 on I-80 See I-180 5.1388.269 I-180 ends I-80 BL / US 30 (Lincolnway)North end of I-180 concurrency 7.18811.568 WYO 219 (Yellowstone Road)Southern terminus of WYO 219 8.00612.884 US 85 north / I-25 / US 87 / Central Avenue (WYO 224) – Fort Collins, Torrington, Casper, Wyoming Department of Transportation, Game and Fish, Warren AFB, National GuardNorthern terminus of I-25 BL/US 87 Bus.; exit 12 on I-25; north end of US 85 concurrency; road continues west as Central Avenue (WYO 224) 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Concurrency terminus Chugwater Main article: Wyoming Highway 321 Interstate 25 BusinessLocationChugwaterLength3.28 mi (5.28 km) Interstate 25 Business (I-25 Bus.) is a business route signed as WYO 321 and serving the town of Chugwater in southeastern Platte County. The highway begins at exit 54 of I-25/US 87. At this interchange lies the northern terminus of WYO 211. Here, I-25 Bus. travels east past the Chugwater rest area. At 0.6 miles (0.97 km) is the western terminus of WYO 313. Less than three miles (4.8 km) later, I-25 Bus. (WYO 321) reaches I-25/US 87 at exit 57, where they both end. WYO 321 is signed from the freeway as I-25 Bus. and serves as a de facto business route; however, I-25 Bus. is not signed anywhere along WYO 321. Wheatland Interstate 25 BusinessLocationWheatlandLength2.95 mi (4.75 km) U.S. Highway 87 BusinessLocationWheatland Interstate 25 Business (I-25 Bus.) and U.S. Highway 87 Business (US 87 Bus.) are concurrent business loops serving the town of Wheatland in central Platte County. I-25 Bus./US 87 Bus. begin at exit 78 of I-25/US 87. Here, I-25 Bus./US 87 Bus. begin on a short section of Mariposa Parkway but then turn north onto South Wheatland Highway for 0.3 miles (0.48 km). WYO 310 and WYO 312 are then intersected as the business routes turn east along South Street. The business routes turn north 0.5 miles (0.80 km) later onto 9th Street and intersect WYO 316 (Gilchrist Street) shortly after. Further north, the southern terminus of WYO 320 is intersected as the business loops become South Swanson Road. At 2.95 miles (4.75 km), I-25 Bus./US 87 Bus. meet I-25/US 87 at exit 80 where they end. Major intersections The entire route is in Platte County. LocationmikmDestinationsNotes Wheatland0.0000.000 I-25 / US 87 – Cheyenne, DouglasSouthern terminus of I-25 BL/US 87 Bus.; I-25 exit 78; road continues west as Mariposa Parkway 0.5900.950 WYO 312 (South Street west) / WYO 310 (16th Street north)Northern terminus of WYO 312; western terminus of WYO 310 1.2792.058 WYO 316 (Gilchrist Street)Western terminus of WYO 316 2.1983.537 WYO 320 – Laramie River Power Station, Grayrocks ReservoirSouthern terminus of WYO 320 2.954.75 I-25 / US 87 – Cheyenne, DouglasNorthern terminus of I-25 BL/US 87 Bus.; I-25 exit 80; road continues west, unpaved, as Swanson Road 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Douglas Interstate 25 BusinessLocationDouglasLength4.966 mi: 65 (7.992 km) U.S. Highway 20 BusinessLocationDouglas U.S. Highway 26 BusinessLocationDouglas U.S. Highway 87 BusinessLocationDouglas Interstate 25 Business (I-25 Bus.), U.S. Highway 20 Business (US 20 Bus.), U.S. Highway 26 Business (US 26 Bus.), and U.S. Highway 87 Business (US 87 Bus.) are concurrent 4.966-mile (7.992 km) business loops serving the town of Douglas in southern Converse County. I-25 Bus./US 20 Bus./US 26 Bus./US 87 Bus. begin at exit 135 of I-25/US 20/US 26/US 87 southeast of Douglas. The loops follow East Richards Street into Douglas. At South 4th Street, the loops turn north through Douglas. The loops turn west onto Center Street one mile (1.6 km) later, which becomes Yellowstone Highway. Near their end, the northern terminus of WYO 94 and the southern terminus of WYO 59 are intersected at Riverbend Drive. Past that intersection, the business routes rejoin I-25/US 20/US 26/US 87 at exit 140.: 65 Center Street—Douglas, WY Major intersections The entire route is in Converse County. Locationmi: 65 kmDestinationsNotes 0.0000.000 I-25 / US 20 / US 26 / US 87 – Cheyenne, CasperSouthern terminus of I-25 Bus./US 87 Bus., eastern terminus of US 20 Bus./US 26 Bus.; exit 135 on I-25 Douglas4.5997.401 WYO 59 north / WYO 94 south (Riverbend Drive) to WYO 91 – Gillette, Esterbrook, Law Enforcement Academy, Eastern Wyoming College Douglas CampusSouthern terminus of WYO 59; northern terminus of WYO 94 4.9667.992 I-25 / US 20 / US 26 / US 87 – Cheyenne, CasperNorthern terminus of I-25 Bus./US 87 Bus., western terminus of US 20 Bus./US 26 Bus.; exit 140 on I-25 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Glenrock Interstate 25 BusinessLocationGlenrockLength6.98 mi (11.23 km) Interstate 25 Business (I-25 Bus.) is a business route serving the town of Glenrock in Converse County. I-25 Bus. begins at exit 165 of I-25. The business route travels north, concurrent with WYO 95, into Glenrock on Deer Creek Road and then South 4th Street. At approximately two miles (3.2 km), I-25 Bus./WYO 95 intersect US 20/US 26/US 87. Here, I-25 Bus. turns east onto Birch Street to travel with US 20/US 26/US 87 for the remainder of its route, while WYO 95 turns west onto Birch Street. I-25 Bus. continues east out of Glenrock, intersecting the northern terminus of WYO 90 (Boxelder Road), before reaching its eastern end at exit 160 of I-25. US 20/US 26/US 87 join eastbound I-25. Major intersections The entire route is in Converse County. LocationmikmDestinationsNotes 0.0000.000 US 20 / US 26 east / US 87 south / I-25 – Douglas, CasperEastern terminus; west end of concurrency with US 20/US 26/US 87; I-25 exit Glenrock4.9007.886 US 20 / US 26 west / US 87 north (WYO 95 north)East end of concurrency with US 20/US 26/US 87; west end of concurrency with WYO 95 6.9811.23 WYO 95 ends / I-25 – Douglas, CasperWestern terminus of I-25 BL; west end of concurrency with WYO 95; southern terminus of WYO 95; I-25 exit 165; road continues as CR 19 (Don't Litter) 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Concurrency terminus Casper Interstate 25 BusinessLocationCasperLength2.180 mi: 115–116 (3.508 km) Interstate 25 Business (I-25 Bus.) is a business loop serving the city of Casper in eastern Natrona County. The 2.18-mile (3.51 km) loop begins at exit 188A of I-25, heading south on Center Street along with US 20 Bus. and unsigned WYO 255. The loop turns left onto 1st Street, where it joins US 20 Bus. and US 26 Bus. WYO 251 intersects the loop from the south along Wolcott and Durbin streets before US 20/US 26/US 87 depart on Yellowstone Highway and their respective business routes end. There, I-25 Bus. turns north along Bryan Stock Trail, where eastbound US 20/US 26 and southbound US 87 are concurrent with I-25 Bus. westbound. The loop ends at exit 186 of I-25.: 115–116 Major intersections The entire route is in Casper, Natrona County. mi: 115–116 kmDestinationsNotes 0.0000.000 US 87 Bus. / WYO 255 begin / I-25 / US 20 / US 26 / US 87 – Buffalo, Shoshoni, CheyenneWestern terminus of I-25 BL/US 87 Bus.; west end of unsigned WYO 255 concurrency; northern terminus of unsigned WYO 255; exit 188A on I-25; road continues north as Center Street 0.4800.772 US 20 Bus. / US 26 Bus. west (1st Street west) / WYO 255 endsWest end of US 20 Bus./US 26 Bus. concurrency; east end of unsigned WYO 255 concurrency 0.5460.879Wolcott Street (WYO 251 south)One-way street, outbound access only Durbin Street (WYO 251)One-way street, inbound access only 2.1303.428 US 20 / US 26 east / US 87 south (Yellowstone Highway east) / US 20 Bus. / US 26 Bus. / US 87 Bus. endEastern terminus of US 20 Bus./US 26 Bus./US 87 Bus.; east end of US 20 Bus./US 26 Bus./US 87 Bus. concurrency 2.1803.508 I-25 / US 87 north / US 20 / US 26 west – Buffalo, ShoshoniEastern terminus; east end of westbound concurrency with US 20/US 26/US 87; exit 186 on I-25; road continues north as Bryan Stock Trail; access to I-25 south via US 20/US 26 east/US 87 south (Yellowstone Hwy. east) 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Concurrency terminus Buffalo Interstate 25 BusinessLocationBuffaloLength1.673 mi: 94 (2.692 km) Interstate 25 Business (I-25 Bus.) is a business spur serving the city of Buffalo in Johnson County that runs concurrently with US 87 Bus. The 1.673-mile (2.692 km) spur begins at exit 298 of I-25/US 87 south of Buffalo. I-25 Bus. intersects WYO 196 0.5 miles (0.80 km) into its route as it follows Main Street into Buffalo. US 16 joins the spur at Fort Street one mile (1.6 km) later. US 16 has a short 0.5-mile (0.80 km) concurrency with the spur until Hart Street, where it turns east along I-90 Bus. where I-25 Bus. terminates. I-90 Bus. approaches the intersection from the north along the northern extension of US 87 Bus.: 94 Major intersections The entire route is in Johnson County. Locationmi: 94 kmDestinationsNotes 0.0000.000 US 87 Bus. begins / I-25 / US 87 to I-90 – Gillette, Sheridan, CasperSouthern termini of I-25 Bus. and US 87 Bus.; south end of US 87 Bus. concurrency Buffalo0.4260.686 WYO 196Northern terminus of WYO 196 1.2562.021 US 16 west (Fort Street) – Worland, YellowstoneSouth end of US 16 concurrency 1.6732.692 US 16 east (I-90 BL east) to I-25 / I-90 / Main Street north ( I-90 BL west / US 87 Bus. north)Northern terminus; north end of US 16/US 87 Bus. concurrency; highway continues north as Main Street (I-90 Bus. west/US 87 Bus. north) 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Concurrency terminus See also U.S. Roads portal Colorado portal References ^ a b c d e f Staff, Data Management Bureau (March 16, 2010). "Posted Route–Legal Description; Business Loops" (PDF). New Mexico Department of Transportation. Retrieved September 10, 2014. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Staff, Data Management Bureau (March 27, 2014). "TIMS Road Segments by Posted Route/Point with AADT Info; BL, I, ICR, IX-Routes" (PDF). New Mexico Department of Transportation. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 3, 2014. Retrieved September 10, 2014. ^ Google (September 11, 2014). "Overview of Business Loop 11" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved September 11, 2014. ^ Staff, Data Management Bureau (March 16, 2010). "Posted Route–Legal Description; New Mexico Routes Sorted by Routes" (PDF). New Mexico Department of Transportation. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 3, 2020. Retrieved September 14, 2014. ^ Google (September 11, 2014). "Overview of Business Loop 12" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved September 11, 2014. ^ Google (September 12, 2014). "Overview of Business Loop 13" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved September 12, 2014. ^ "Interstate Business Route 25". interstate-guide.com. September 1, 2016. Retrieved November 20, 2023. ^ Google (September 12, 2014). "Overview of Business Loop 15" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved September 12, 2014. ^ Microsoft; Nokia. "Overview of Business Loop 16" (Map). Bing Maps. Microsoft. Retrieved September 12, 2014. ^ Google (September 12, 2014). "Overview of Business Loop 17" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved September 12, 2014. ^ "Business Route 25". ^ a b c Staff, Online Transportation Information System. "Highway 025B between 0 and 1.948". Colorado Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on September 10, 2012. Retrieved September 15, 2014. ^ Google (September 15, 2014). "Overview of State Highway 25B" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved September 15, 2014. ^ a b c Staff, Online Transportation Information System. "Highway 025C between 0 and 4.039". Colorado Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on September 10, 2012. Retrieved September 15, 2014. ^ Google (September 15, 2014). "Overview of SH 25C" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved September 15, 2014. ^ Staff. "Highway Data Explorer". Online Transportation Information System. Colorado Department of Transportation. ^ Staff, Special Committee on U.S. Route Numbering (December 2009). "U.S. Route Number Database". American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. Archived from the original on July 14, 2011. Retrieved September 14, 2014. ^ "Business Route 25". ^ "Business Route 25". ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Maintenance Staff (February 15, 2013). "2013 Maintenance Section Reference Book" (PDF). Wyoming Department of Transportation. Retrieved September 17, 2014. ^ Google (September 21, 2014). "Overview of I-25 Bus. in Cheyenne" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved September 21, 2014. ^ a b Overview Map of I-25 Business (Chugwater) (Map). Yahoo Maps. Retrieved April 10, 2011. ^ "WYO 321/I-25 Business - Chugwater". Archived from the original on September 24, 2012. Retrieved April 15, 2011. ^ a b Overview Map of I-25 Business (Wheatland) (Map). Yahoo Maps. Retrieved April 10, 2011. ^ Wyoming Department of Transportation Reference Marker Book — November 2004 (PDF) (Map). WYDOT. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 17, 2011. Retrieved April 14, 2011. ^ I-25 Bus -Wheatland I-25 Bus - I-25/US 87 to WYO 320 Archived 2012-09-24 at the Wayback Machine I-25 Bus - WYO 320 to WYO 316 Archived 2012-09-24 at the Wayback Machine I-25 Bus - WYO 316 to WYO 310/WYO 312 Archived 2012-09-24 at the Wayback Machine I-25 Bus - WYO 310/WYO 312 to I-25/US 87 Archived September 24, 2012, at the Wayback Machine ^ Google (September 22, 2014). "Overview of I-25 Bus. in Douglas" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved September 22, 2014. ^ a b Overview Map of I-25 Business (Glenrock) (Map). Yahoo Maps. Retrieved April 15, 2011. ^ I-25 Business - Glenrock I-25 Bus - I-25/WYO 95 to US 20/US 26/US 87/WYO 95 Archived 2012-09-24 at the Wayback Machine I-25 Bus - WYO 95 to WYO 90 Archived 2012-09-25 at the Wayback Machine I-25 Bus - WYO 90 to I-25/US 20/US 26/US 87 Archived 2012-09-25 at the Wayback Machine ^ Google (September 23, 2014). "Overview of I-25 Bus. in Casper" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved September 23, 2014. ^ Google (September 22, 2014). "Overview of I-25 Bus. in Buffalo" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved September 22, 2014. External links Interstate 25 in Wyoming, AARoads Interstate Highways, Wyoming Routes, Corco Highways	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"business routes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_route"},{"link_name":"Interstate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_Highway_System"},{"link_name":"US","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Numbered_Highway_System"},{"link_name":"state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway"},{"link_name":"reassurance markers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reassurance_markers"},{"link_name":"loops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loop_route"},{"link_name":"spurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spur_route"},{"link_name":"shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highway_shield"},{"link_name":"Interstate 25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_25"},{"link_name":"New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado"},{"link_name":"Wyoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyoming"}],"text":"Interstate business routes are roads connecting a central or commercial district of a city or town with an Interstate bypass. These roads typically follow along local streets often along a former US or state highway that had been replaced by an Interstate. Interstate business route reassurance markers are signed as either loops or spurs using a green shield shaped sign and numbered like the shield of the parent Interstate Highway.Along Interstate 25 (I-25), business routes are found in all three states through which I-25 passes: New Mexico, Colorado, and Wyoming. Some states regard Interstate business routes as fully integrated within their state highway system while other states consider them to be either local roads to be maintained by county or municipal authorities or a hybrid of state and local control. Every state along I-25 regards its business routes as fully incorporated members of their respective state maintained highway systems.Although the public may differentiate between different business routes by the number of the parent route and the location of the route, there is no uniform naming convention. Each state highway department internally uses its own designations to identify segments within its jurisdiction.","title":"Business routes of Interstate 25"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Mexico Department of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico_Department_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"I-25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_25_in_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"I-10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_10_in_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"I-40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_40_in_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Williamsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamsburg,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Truth or Consequences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth_or_Consequences,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Socorro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socorro,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Belen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belen,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Springer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Raton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raton,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"US Highway 85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_85_in_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_of_State_Highway_and_Transportation_Officials"}],"text":"All the business loops within New Mexico are maintained by the New Mexico Department of Transportation (NMDOT). In New Mexico, Interstate business routes are named independently of their parent Interstate's designation with business loops of I-25 numbered between 10–19, those of I-10 between 20–29, and those of I-40 between 30–39. New Mexico business loop numbers ascend eastward and northward with gaps in numbering to allow for future designations. I-25 begins with a business route through Williamsburg and Truth or Consequences before proceeding northward with additional routes serving the towns of Socorro, Belen, Las Vegas, Springer, and Raton. These routes largely conform to the current or former alignment of the unsigned US Highway 85 (US 85) through these communities before the construction of I-25. NMDOT has decommissioned US 85 throughout the state and no longer signs the highway along its length, as US 85 entirely follows I-25 with the single exception of the business loop in Las Vegas. The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), however, continues to recognize the New Mexico portion of US 85 maintaining continuity with sections in adjacent states.","title":"New Mexico"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sierra County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_County,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"State Road 187","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico_State_Road_187"},{"link_name":"one-way roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-way_road"},{"link_name":"NM 51","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico_State_Road_51"},{"link_name":"NM 181","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico_State_Road_181"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NM_AADT-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-loop_11_gmaps-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NMDOT_Highway_Log_NM_Routes-4"},{"link_name":"Sierra County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_County,_New_Mexico"}],"sub_title":"Williamsburg–Truth or Consequences","text":"Interstate 25 Business (I-25 Bus.), inventoried as Business Loop 11 (BL 11), is a 5.711-mile (9.191 km) business loop serving the cities of Williamsburg and Truth or Consequences in Sierra County. The loop begins at exit 75 of I-25 in Williamsburg, intersecting State Road 187 (NM 187), traveling northeast on Broadway Street through Truth or Consequences until meeting Main Avenue. Between that point and Date Street, the route follows two one-way roads with Broadway carrying northbound traffic and Main conveying traffic to the south. The routes combine and turn north on Date Street, intersecting the western terminus of NM 51. Turning northwest, the highway intersects NM 181 and terminates at exit 79 on I-25 on the north side of Truth or Consequences.[2]: 1 [3]Most of the loop, with the exception of its I-25 interchanges, was previously part of US 85, which joined the route from the south at NM 187 and departed to the north along NM 181.[4]: 42–43Major intersections\nThe entire route is in Sierra County.","title":"New Mexico"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Socorro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socorro,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Socorro County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socorro_County,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"intersection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersection_(road)"},{"link_name":"NM 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico_State_Road_1"},{"link_name":"divided highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divided_highway"},{"link_name":"US 60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_60_in_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"concurrent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrency_(road)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NM_AADT-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-loop_12_gmaps-5"},{"link_name":"Socorro County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socorro_County,_New_Mexico"}],"sub_title":"Socorro","text":"Interstate 25 Business (I-25 Bus.), inventoried as Business Loop 12 (BL 12), is a 2.879-mile (4.633 km) business loop serving the city of Socorro in Socorro County. The loop begins at exit 147 of I-25 and travels northwest along California Avenue until an intersection with the northern terminus of NM 1. The loop turns north as a divided highway as it enters the city. US 60 intersects from the west, and the loop becomes concurrent with US 60 as the pair of highways continue to the north. The loop terminates at exit 150 on I-25, and US 60 continues along the Interstate as it exits Socorro.[2]: 1 [5]Major intersections\nThe entire route is in Socorro County.","title":"New Mexico"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Valencia County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencia_County,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"NM 116","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico_State_Road_116"},{"link_name":"NM 309","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico_State_Road_309"},{"link_name":"NM 314","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico_State_Road_314"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NM_AADT-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-loop_13_gmaps-6"},{"link_name":"Valencia County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencia_County,_New_Mexico"}],"sub_title":"Belen","text":"Interstate 25 Business (I-25 Bus.), inventoried as Business Loop 13 (BL 13), is a 6.645-mile (10.694 km) business loop serving the city of Belen in Valencia County. The loop begins at exit 190 on I-25 and intersects the northern terminus of NM 116 as the highway travels north along Main Street into the city. The western terminus of NM 309 is met in central Belen. The loop continues north to NM 314 then turns northwest before terminating at exit 195 on I-25.[2]: 1–2 [6]Major intersections\nThe entire route is in Valencia County.","title":"New Mexico"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Santa Fe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Santa Fe County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Fe_County,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"NM 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico_State_Road_14"},{"link_name":"NM 466","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico_State_Road_466"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Santa Fe County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Fe_County,_New_Mexico"}],"sub_title":"Santa Fe","text":"Interstate 25 Business (I-25 Bus.), inventoried as Business Loop 14 (BL 14), was a 9.37-mile (15.08 km) business loop that served Santa Fe in Santa Fe County. The loop began at exit 278 on I-25 and traveled northeast along NM 14 (Cerrillos Road). It then went east on NM 466 (Saint Michaels Drive), cutting through the south side of Santa Fe. The road ended up as Old Pecos Trail and remained so until reaching I-25 again and terminating at exit 284. The route was decommissioned.[7]Major intersections\nThe entire route is in Santa Fe County.","title":"New Mexico"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Miguel County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Miguel_County,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"US 85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_85"},{"link_name":"NM 329","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico_State_Road_329"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_station_(New_Mexico)"},{"link_name":"Southwest Chief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Chief"},{"link_name":"Amtrak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak"},{"link_name":"NM 104","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico_State_Road_104"},{"link_name":"NM 250","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico_State_Road_250"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NM_AADT-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-loop_15_gmaps-8"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"San Miguel County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Miguel_County,_New_Mexico"}],"sub_title":"Las Vegas","text":"Interstate 25 Business (I-25 Bus.), inventoried as Business Loop 15 (BL 15), is a 4.24-mile (6.82 km) business loop serving Las Vegas in San Miguel County. It also carries unsigned US 85. The loop begins at exit 343 of I-25 and travels northeast, intersecting NM 329. The loop continues north, passing to the west of Las Vegas station served by the Southwest Chief line of Amtrak, just south of the intersection with NM 104. Continuing north, the highway passes east of Municipal Park before terminating at NM 250 and I-25 at exit 347.[2]: 2–3 [8]Major intersections\nThe entire route is in Las Vegas, San Miguel County.","title":"New Mexico"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Colfax County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colfax_County,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"NM 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico_State_Road_21"},{"link_name":"US 56","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_56_in_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"US 412","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_412_in_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"NM 468","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico_State_Road_468"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NM_AADT-2"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-loop_16_bmaps-9"},{"link_name":"Colfax County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colfax_County,_New_Mexico"}],"sub_title":"Springer","text":"Interstate 25 Business (I-25 Bus.), inventoried as Business Loop 16 (BL 16), is an unsigned 3.43-mile (5.52 km) business loop serving the city of Springer in Colfax County. The loop begins at exit 412 of I-25 and travels northeast along Railroad Avenue. The loop serves as the main north–south road in the town and intersects Fourth Street, which, to the west of the loop, is NM 21 and, to the east, is US 56 and US 412. Continuing northwest, the loop intersects NM 468 and then runs closely parallel to the Interstate before merging at exit 414.[2]: 3 [9]Major intersections\nThe entire route is in Colfax County.","title":"New Mexico"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"US 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_64_in_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"NM 555","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico_State_Road_555"},{"link_name":"Raton station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raton_station"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NM_AADT-2"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-loop_17_gmaps-10"},{"link_name":"Colfax County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colfax_County,_New_Mexico"}],"sub_title":"Raton","text":"Interstate 25 Business (I-25 Bus.), inventoried as Business Loop 17 (BL 17), is a 4.161-mile (6.696 km) business loop that begins at exit 450 on I-25 south of Raton in Colfax County concurrent with US 64. The two highways intersect NM 555 then pass east of La Mesa Park, traveling along Second Street north into the city. Clayton Road takes US 64 off of the loop to the east as the loop continues north, crossing over the rail line that serves Raton station before turning northwest and terminating at exit 454 on I-25.[2]: 4 [10]Major intersections\nThe entire route is in Colfax County.","title":"New Mexico"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Colorado Department of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Department_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"I-25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_25_in_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Aguilar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aguilar,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Walsenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walsenburg,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"US 85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_85_in_Colorado"},{"link_name":"US 87","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_87_in_Colorado"},{"link_name":"US 160","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_160_in_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Trinidad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad,_Colorado"}],"text":"All Interstate business routes in Colorado are maintained by the Colorado Department of Transportation (CDOT). Within Colorado, all highways maintained by the state are classified as state highways, including Interstates and US Highways which hold the same numerical designations as their nationally established routes. The numerical values of all state highway names are followed by an alphabetic suffix, although this convention is used by the department internally and not reflected in route signage. Hence, the mainline of I-25 throughout the length of the state is classified as State Highway 25A (SH 25A) while its two business routes in Aguilar and Walsenburg are internally named SH 25B and SH 25C, respectively. US 85 and US 87 are hidden routes not recognized nor signed by CDOT in southern Colorado. They are, however, established AASHTO routes maintaining continuity with signed portions in other states along their routes. In southern Colorado, the routes primarily follow I-25, including at Aguilar, but with deviations, such as along the Walsenburg business route. In addition to these, US 160 joins I-25 at Walsenburg and follows concurrently with the Interstate to Trinidad, including the portion bypassing Aguilar. Thus, in Walsenburg, US 160 crosses the business route in the town center and again at the business route's southern terminus.","title":"Colorado"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Las Animas County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Animas_County,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"US 160","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_160_in_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Purgatoire River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purgatoire_River"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Las Animas County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Animas_County,_Colorado"}],"sub_title":"Trinidad","text":"Interstate 25 Business (I-25 Bus.), inventoried as State Highway 25A (SH 25A), was a business route of I-25 that connected Trinidad in Las Animas County to the Interstate. The 0.5-mile (0.80 km) route began as Animas Street, coming from University Street at a diamond interchange at exit 13 on I-25. The route was concurrent with US 160 along Main Street. The route turned southwest on Main Street and terminated at I-25. In 2009, a reconstruction project involved a replacement of the northbound viaduct crossing the Purgatoire River and more reconstruction in 2011, adding a new diamond interchange at Main Street and I-25 and replacing the antiquated ramps at Animas and University streets, which ultimately eliminated the route.[11]Major intersections\nThe entire route is in Las Animas County.","title":"Colorado"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Las Animas County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Animas_County,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SH_25B-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Google_SH_25B-13"},{"link_name":"Las Animas County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Animas_County,_Colorado"}],"sub_title":"Aguilar","text":"Interstate 25 Business (I-25 Bus.), inventoried as State Highway 25B (SH 25B), is a business spur of I-25 connecting the town of Aguilar in Las Animas County to the Interstate. The 1.981-mile (3.188 km) route begins at the corner of Main and Fir streets in Aguilar. The spur proceeds for one block north along North Fir Street before turning to the northwest along Lynn Road away from town. The route turns east along County Road 60 (CR 60) immediately before terminating at I-25 exit 34.[12][13]Major intersections\nThe entire route is in Las Animas County.","title":"Colorado"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Huerfano County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huerfano_County,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"SH 69","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_State_Highway_69"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SH_25C-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Google_25C-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CO_hwy_data-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AASHTO-17"},{"link_name":"Huerfano County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huerfano_County,_Colorado"}],"sub_title":"Walsenburg","text":"Interstate 25 Business (I-25 Bus.), inventoried as State Highway 25C (SH 25C), is a business loop of I-25 serving the town of Walsenburg in Huerfano County. The 4.356-mile (7.010 km) route begins at I-25 exit 49 and proceeds to the west along the southern edge of Walsenburg. The route then turns to the northwest along Walsen Avenue. At Seventh Street, US 160 intersects from the west US 160 runs concurrently with the loop until US 160 turns off to the east along Fifth Street to I-25. The loop then continues northeast along Walsen Avenue, leaving town, and intersects SH 69 before terminating at I-25 exit 52.[14][15]CDOT does not recognize or sign US 85 in the southernmost part of its route within the state, nor does it recognize US 87 anywhere within Colorado, as they are redundant with other routes in the state highway system.[16] The highways remain established by AASHTO primarily along I-25 in southern Colorado and along Walsenburg's I-25 business route.[17]Major intersections\nThe entire route is in Huerfano County.","title":"Colorado"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Colorado Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Springs,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"CanAm Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CanAm_Highway"},{"link_name":"SH 38","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_State_Highway_38_(pre-2007)"},{"link_name":"SH 83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_State_Highway_83"},{"link_name":"SH 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_State_Highway_21"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"El Paso County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Paso_County,_Colorado"}],"sub_title":"Colorado Springs","text":"Interstate 25 Business (I-25 Bus.), inventoried as State Highway 25 Business (SH 25 Bus.), was a business loop of I-25 that served downtown Colorado Springs and Northeast Colorado Springs. The route started at exit 140 on I-25 and ran along with Nevada Avenue. This route was also part of the CanAm Highway. It was a four-lane divided street that took a straight shot through downtown going north. The route terminated at exit 148 at I-25. In 2007, actions were taken to decommission the route, along with SH 38 and portions of SH 83, in an effort to add the alignment of SH 21 (Powers Boulevard).[18]Major intersections\nThe entire route is in El Paso County.","title":"Colorado"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Castle Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_Rock,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Douglas County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_County,_Colorado"}],"sub_title":"Castle Rock","text":"Interstate 25 Business (I-25 Bus.), inventoried as State Highway 25 Business (SH 25 Bus.), was a business loop that served the westside of Castle Rock. The route began at exit 181 as Plum Creek Pkwy and headed northwest. It then turned northeast on CR 46 (Wolfensburger Road), heading back to the Interstate, and then terminated at exit 182 as Wilcox Street. The route was decommissioned in 1996 and was likely unsigned.[19]Major intersections\nThe entire route is in Douglas County.","title":"Colorado"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"I-25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_25_in_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Wyoming Department of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyoming_Department_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"US 87","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_87_in_Wyoming"}],"text":"All business routes of I-25 within Wyoming are maintained by the Wyoming Department of Transportation (WYDOT). Wyoming has no naming convention for disambiguation between different business routes with all designated simply as I-25 Business (I-25 Bus.) along the Interstate. I-25 has seven business routes within the state. Road concurrences are frequent in Wyoming, and the seven business highways often overlay multiple other highways, including US 87 Bus., wholly or partly at most of these seven locations, as US 87 largely follows I-25 throughout the state.","title":"Wyoming"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Laramie County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laramie_County,_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Wyoming Highway 212","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyoming_Highway_212"},{"link_name":"US 85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_85_in_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"I-80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_80_in_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"I-180","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_180_(Wyoming)"},{"link_name":"I-80 Bus.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_80_Business_(Cheyenne,_Wyoming)"},{"link_name":"US 30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_30_in_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"one-way couplet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-way_couplet"},{"link_name":"Cheyenne Regional Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheyenne_Regional_Airport"},{"link_name":"WYO 219","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyoming_Highway_219"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WY_ref-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Google_Cheyenne-21"},{"link_name":"Laramie County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laramie_County,_Wyoming"}],"sub_title":"Cheyenne","text":"Interstate 25 Business (I-25 Bus.) and U.S. Highway 87 Business (US 87 Bus.) are business loops serving the city of Cheyenne in Laramie County. The 8.006-mile (12.884 km) multiplexed highway begins at exit 7 of I-25/US 87 and is routed along Wyoming Highway 212 (WYO 212) and named College Drive. At just over 2.5 miles (4.0 km), US 85 is intersected. Here, I-25 Bus. leaves WYO 212, turns north onto US 85, and remains paired with it until its end. I-25 Bus./US 85/US 87 Bus. enter Cheyenne from the south and intersect I-80 at exit 362. At this point, I-180 begins. Despite the Interstate designation, the I-180 portion is not a freeway. The I-180 concurrency only lasts for just over one mile (1.6 km) as I-180 ends at I-80 Bus./US 30 along Lincolnway. I-25 Bus. continues north with US 85 and US 87 Bus. now as a one-way couplet through central Cheyenne northbound as Warren Avenue and southbound as Central Avenue. Near Cheyenne Regional Airport, the one-way streets combine and continue as Central Avenue before intersecting the southern terminus of WYO 219 at Yellowstone Road. I-25 Bus. and US 87 Bus. terminate at exit 12 of I-25/US 87. Here, US 85 joins those routes northbound.[20][21]Major intersections\nThe entire route is in Laramie County.","title":"Wyoming"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"business route","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_route"},{"link_name":"Chugwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chugwater,_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Platte County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platte_County,_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"I-25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_25_in_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"US 87","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_87_in_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"WYO 211","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyoming_Highway_211"},{"link_name":"rest area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rest_area"},{"link_name":"WYO 313","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyoming_Highway_313"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yahooChugwater-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wyoroutes-23"}],"sub_title":"Chugwater","text":"Interstate 25 Business (I-25 Bus.) is a business route signed as WYO 321 and serving the town of Chugwater in southeastern Platte County. The highway begins at exit 54 of I-25/US 87. At this interchange lies the northern terminus of WYO 211. Here, I-25 Bus. travels east past the Chugwater rest area. At 0.6 miles (0.97 km) is the western terminus of WYO 313. Less than three miles (4.8 km) later, I-25 Bus. (WYO 321) reaches I-25/US 87 at exit 57, where they both end.[22] WYO 321 is signed from the freeway as I-25 Bus. and serves as a de facto business route; however, I-25 Bus. is not signed anywhere along WYO 321.[23]","title":"Wyoming"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wheatland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheatland,_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Platte County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platte_County,_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"I-25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_25_in_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"US 87","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_87_in_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"WYO 310","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyoming_Highway_310"},{"link_name":"WYO 312","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyoming_Highway_312"},{"link_name":"WYO 316","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyoming_Highway_316"},{"link_name":"WYO 320","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyoming_Highway_320"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yahooWheatland-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wyorefbook-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Platte County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platte_County,_Wyoming"}],"sub_title":"Wheatland","text":"Interstate 25 Business (I-25 Bus.) and U.S. Highway 87 Business (US 87 Bus.) are concurrent business loops serving the town of Wheatland in central Platte County. I-25 Bus./US 87 Bus. begin at exit 78 of I-25/US 87. Here, I-25 Bus./US 87 Bus. begin on a short section of Mariposa Parkway but then turn north onto South Wheatland Highway for 0.3 miles (0.48 km). WYO 310 and WYO 312 are then intersected as the business routes turn east along South Street. The business routes turn north 0.5 miles (0.80 km) later onto 9th Street and intersect WYO 316 (Gilchrist Street) shortly after. Further north, the southern terminus of WYO 320 is intersected as the business loops become South Swanson Road. At 2.95 miles (4.75 km), I-25 Bus./US 87 Bus. meet I-25/US 87 at exit 80 where they end.[24][25][26]Major intersections\nThe entire route is in Platte County.","title":"Wyoming"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Converse County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Converse_County,_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"US 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_20_in_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"US 26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_26_in_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"US 87","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_87_in_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"WYO 94","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyoming_Highway_94"},{"link_name":"WYO 59","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyoming_Highway_59"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WY_ref-20"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Google_Douglas-27"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Douglas_Yellowstone_hw.jpg"},{"link_name":"Converse County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Converse_County,_Wyoming"}],"sub_title":"Douglas","text":"Interstate 25 Business (I-25 Bus.), U.S. Highway 20 Business (US 20 Bus.), U.S. Highway 26 Business (US 26 Bus.), and U.S. Highway 87 Business (US 87 Bus.) are concurrent 4.966-mile (7.992 km) business loops serving the town of Douglas in southern Converse County. I-25 Bus./US 20 Bus./US 26 Bus./US 87 Bus. begin at exit 135 of I-25/US 20/US 26/US 87 southeast of Douglas. The loops follow East Richards Street into Douglas. At South 4th Street, the loops turn north through Douglas. The loops turn west onto Center Street one mile (1.6 km) later, which becomes Yellowstone Highway. Near their end, the northern terminus of WYO 94 and the southern terminus of WYO 59 are intersected at Riverbend Drive. Past that intersection, the business routes rejoin I-25/US 20/US 26/US 87 at exit 140.[20]: 65 [27]Center Street—Douglas, WYMajor intersections\nThe entire route is in Converse County.","title":"Wyoming"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"business route","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_route"},{"link_name":"Glenrock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenrock,_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Converse County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Converse_County,_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"I-25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_25_in_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"concurrent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrency_(road)"},{"link_name":"WYO 95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyoming_Highway_95"},{"link_name":"US 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_20_in_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"US 26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_26_in_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"US 87","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_87_in_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"WYO 90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyoming_Highway_90"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yahooGlenrock-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Converse County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Converse_County,_Wyoming"}],"sub_title":"Glenrock","text":"Interstate 25 Business (I-25 Bus.) is a business route serving the town of Glenrock in Converse County. I-25 Bus. begins at exit 165 of I-25. The business route travels north, concurrent with WYO 95, into Glenrock on Deer Creek Road and then South 4th Street. At approximately two miles (3.2 km), I-25 Bus./WYO 95 intersect US 20/US 26/US 87. Here, I-25 Bus. turns east onto Birch Street to travel with US 20/US 26/US 87 for the remainder of its route, while WYO 95 turns west onto Birch Street. I-25 Bus. continues east out of Glenrock, intersecting the northern terminus of WYO 90 (Boxelder Road), before reaching its eastern end at exit 160 of I-25. US 20/US 26/US 87 join eastbound I-25.[28][29]Major intersections\nThe entire route is in Converse County.","title":"Wyoming"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Natrona County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natrona_County,_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"US 20 Bus.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_20_Business_(Mountain_View%E2%80%93Casper,_Wyoming)"},{"link_name":"WYO 255","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyoming_Highway_255"},{"link_name":"WYO 251","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyoming_Highway_251"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WY_ref-20"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Google_Casper-30"},{"link_name":"Casper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casper,_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Natrona County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natrona_County,_Wyoming"}],"sub_title":"Casper","text":"Interstate 25 Business (I-25 Bus.) is a business loop serving the city of Casper in eastern Natrona County. The 2.18-mile (3.51 km) loop begins at exit 188A of I-25, heading south on Center Street along with US 20 Bus. and unsigned WYO 255. The loop turns left onto 1st Street, where it joins US 20 Bus. and US 26 Bus. WYO 251 intersects the loop from the south along Wolcott and Durbin streets before US 20/US 26/US 87 depart on Yellowstone Highway and their respective business routes end. There, I-25 Bus. turns north along Bryan Stock Trail, where eastbound US 20/US 26 and southbound US 87 are concurrent with I-25 Bus. westbound. The loop ends at exit 186 of I-25.[20]: 115–116 [30]Major intersections\nThe entire route is in Casper, Natrona County.","title":"Wyoming"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Johnson County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_County,_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"US 87 Bus.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_87_Business_(Buffalo,_Wyoming)"},{"link_name":"WYO 196","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyoming_Highway_196"},{"link_name":"US 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_16_in_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"I-90 Bus.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_90_Business_(Buffalo,_Wyoming)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WY_ref-20"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Google_Buffalo-31"},{"link_name":"Johnson County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_County,_Wyoming"}],"sub_title":"Buffalo","text":"Interstate 25 Business (I-25 Bus.) is a business spur serving the city of Buffalo in Johnson County that runs concurrently with US 87 Bus. The 1.673-mile (2.692 km) spur begins at exit 298 of I-25/US 87 south of Buffalo. I-25 Bus. intersects WYO 196 0.5 miles (0.80 km) into its route as it follows Main Street into Buffalo. US 16 joins the spur at Fort Street one mile (1.6 km) later. US 16 has a short 0.5-mile (0.80 km) concurrency with the spur until Hart Street, where it turns east along I-90 Bus. where I-25 Bus. terminates. I-90 Bus. approaches the intersection from the north along the northern extension of US 87 Bus.[20]: 94 [31]Major intersections\nThe entire route is in Johnson County.","title":"Wyoming"}]	[{"image_text":"Center Street—Douglas, WY","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Douglas_Yellowstone_hw.jpg/220px-Douglas_Yellowstone_hw.jpg"}]	[{"title":"U.S. Roads portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:U.S._Roads"},{"title":"Colorado portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Colorado"}]	[{"reference":"Staff, Data Management Bureau (March 16, 2010). \"Posted Route–Legal Description; Business Loops\" (PDF). New Mexico Department of Transportation. Retrieved September 10, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://dot.state.nm.us/content/dam/nmdot/Data_Management/POSTED%20ROUTE-businessloops.pdf","url_text":"\"Posted Route–Legal Description; Business Loops\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"New Mexico Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Staff, Data Management Bureau (March 27, 2014). \"TIMS Road Segments by Posted Route/Point with AADT Info; BL, I, ICR, IX-Routes\" (PDF). New Mexico Department of Transportation. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 3, 2014. Retrieved September 10, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140903133437/http://dot.state.nm.us/content/dam/nmdot/Data_Management/Interstate_%20AADT_Listing.pdf","url_text":"\"TIMS Road Segments by Posted Route/Point with AADT Info; BL, I, ICR, IX-Routes\""},{"url":"http://dot.state.nm.us/content/dam/nmdot/Data_Management/Interstate_%20AADT_Listing.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Google (September 11, 2014). \"Overview of Business Loop 11\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved September 11, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/33.112125,-107.30081/33.1151635,-107.2951382/33.1331088,-107.2503696/33.1529396,-107.2465555/33.1570354,-107.2558037/@33.1346317,-107.2707812,7976m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m8!4m7!1m1!4e1!1m0!1m0!1m0!1m0!3e0?hl=en","url_text":"\"Overview of Business Loop 11\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"Staff, Data Management Bureau (March 16, 2010). \"Posted Route–Legal Description; New Mexico Routes Sorted by Routes\" (PDF). New Mexico Department of Transportation. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 3, 2020. Retrieved September 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201203072711/https://www.dot.state.nm.us/content/dam/nmdot/Data_Management/POSTED%20ROUTE-NM_Routes.pdf","url_text":"\"Posted Route–Legal Description; New Mexico Routes Sorted by Routes\""},{"url":"http://dot.state.nm.us/content/dam/nmdot/Data_Management/POSTED%20ROUTE-NM_Routes.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Google (September 11, 2014). \"Overview of Business Loop 12\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved September 11, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/34.0387368,-106.8881254/34.0459463,-106.8923144/34.0534653,-106.8913208/34.079738,-106.8934555/@34.059083,-106.8973504,7891m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m6!4m5!1m0!1m0!1m0!1m0!3e0?hl=en","url_text":"\"Overview of Business Loop 12\""}]},{"reference":"Google (September 12, 2014). \"Overview of Business Loop 13\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved September 12, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/34.6294632,-106.7839817/34.6391194,-106.78073/34.6627652,-106.7761546/34.6934617,-106.7666804/34.7120653,-106.7906174/@34.672715,-106.7990706,15667m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m7!4m6!1m0!1m0!1m0!1m0!1m0!3e0","url_text":"\"Overview of Business Loop 13\""}]},{"reference":"\"Interstate Business Route 25\". interstate-guide.com. September 1, 2016. Retrieved November 20, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.interstate-guide.com/business/ir-025/","url_text":"\"Interstate Business Route 25\""}]},{"reference":"Google (September 12, 2014). \"Overview of Business Loop 15\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved September 12, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/35.575401,-105.219687/35.5677833,-105.2191866/35.5966263,-105.2138029/35.6249906,-105.2023559/@35.596713,-105.2164134,7745m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m6!4m5!1m0!1m0!1m0!1m0!3e0?hl=en","url_text":"\"Overview of Business Loop 15\""}]},{"reference":"Microsoft; Nokia. \"Overview of Business Loop 16\" (Map). Bing Maps. Microsoft. Retrieved September 12, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft","url_text":"Microsoft"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia","url_text":"Nokia"},{"url":"https://www.bing.com/maps/?v=2&cp=q1vms368gx5x&lvl=14&sty=b&rtp=pos.36.351970_-104.607792_near%20Ramp%20%26%20US-85%2C%20Springer%2C%20NM%2087747___a_~pos.36.361061_-104.595755_near%20Maxwell%20Ave%20%26%20US-412%20%26%20US-56%2C%20Springer%2C%20NM%2087747___e_~pos.36.368952_-104.598210_near%20Railroad%20Ave%20%26%20NM-468%2C%20Springer%2C%20NM%2087747___a_~pos.36.387166_-104.596610_near%20Ramp%2C%20Springer%2C%20NM%2087747___a_&mode=D&rtop=0~0~0~&form=LMLTCC","url_text":"\"Overview of Business Loop 16\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bing_Maps","url_text":"Bing Maps"}]},{"reference":"Google (September 12, 2014). \"Overview of Business Loop 17\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved September 12, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/36.861846,-104.4388024/36.8677601,-104.4399022/36.8849564,-104.4401852/36.9185301,-104.4454705/@36.8906956,-104.4492806,7618m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m6!4m5!1m0!1m0!1m0!1m0!3e0?hl=en","url_text":"\"Overview of Business Loop 17\""}]},{"reference":"\"Business Route 25\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.interstate-guide.com/business/ir-025/","url_text":"\"Business Route 25\""}]},{"reference":"Staff, Online Transportation Information System. \"Highway 025B between 0 and 1.948\". Colorado Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on September 10, 2012. Retrieved September 15, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120910013513/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/Otis/HighwayData#/ui/1/0/criteria/025B/0/1.948#/ui/1/0/criteria/025B/0/1.948","url_text":"\"Highway 025B between 0 and 1.948\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Colorado Department of Transportation"},{"url":"http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/otis/HighwayData#/ui/1/0/criteria/025B/0/1.948","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Google (September 15, 2014). \"Overview of State Highway 25B\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved September 15, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/37.4029622,-104.6510908/37.4275247,-104.6389124/@37.4145561,-104.6459271,3783m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m3!4m2!1m0!1m0","url_text":"\"Overview of State Highway 25B\""}]},{"reference":"Staff, Online Transportation Information System. \"Highway 025C between 0 and 4.039\". Colorado Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on September 10, 2012. Retrieved September 15, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120910013513/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/Otis/HighwayData#/ui/1/0/criteria/025C/0/4.039#/ui/1/0/criteria/025C/0/4.039","url_text":"\"Highway 025C between 0 and 4.039\""},{"url":"http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/otis/HighwayData#/ui/1/0/criteria/025C/0/4.039","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Google (September 15, 2014). \"Overview of SH 25C\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved September 15, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/37.617646,-104.7586083/37.6227163,-104.7803743/37.6246516,-104.7814003/37.6532355,-104.7928573/37.6587391,-104.7931416/@37.6397714,-104.7907893,7542m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m7!4m6!1m0!1m0!1m0!1m0!1m0!3e0","url_text":"\"Overview of SH 25C\""}]},{"reference":"Staff. \"Highway Data Explorer\". Online Transportation Information System. Colorado Department of Transportation.","urls":[{"url":"https://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/otis/HighwayData#","url_text":"\"Highway Data Explorer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Colorado Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Staff, Special Committee on U.S. Route Numbering (December 2009). \"U.S. Route Number Database\". American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. Archived from the original on July 14, 2011. Retrieved September 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110714162753/http://nchrp20-7-228.com/USRoute.aspx","url_text":"\"U.S. Route Number Database\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_of_State_Highway_and_Transportation_Officials","url_text":"American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials"},{"url":"http://nchrp20-7-228.com/USRoute.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Business Route 25\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.interstate-guide.com/business/ir-025/","url_text":"\"Business Route 25\""}]},{"reference":"\"Business Route 25\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.interstate-guide.com/business/ir-025/","url_text":"\"Business Route 25\""}]},{"reference":"Maintenance Staff (February 15, 2013). \"2013 Maintenance Section Reference Book\" (PDF). Wyoming Department of Transportation. Retrieved September 17, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.wy.us/files/live/sites/wydot/files/shared/Maintenance/Maintenance%20Section%20Reference%20Book/2013%20Maintenance%20Section%20Reference%20Book%20(2-15-2013).pdf","url_text":"\"2013 Maintenance Section Reference Book\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyoming_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Wyoming Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Google (September 21, 2014). \"Overview of I-25 Bus. in Cheyenne\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved September 21, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/41.0995979,-104.8510526/41.1023271,-104.800519/41.1189928,-104.8048628/41.1335701,-104.8130596/41.1606677,-104.8282839/41.1675155,-104.840842/@41.131768,-104.8410733,14348m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m8!4m7!1m0!1m0!1m0!1m0!1m0!1m0!3e0","url_text":"\"Overview of I-25 Bus. in Cheyenne\""}]},{"reference":"Overview Map of I-25 Business (Chugwater) (Map). Yahoo Maps. Retrieved April 10, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://maps.yahoo.com/#mvt=m&lat=41.763184&lon=-104.806275&zoom=14&q1=41.757018%2C-104.83197&w0=41.76209309432243%2C-104.81300354003906&q2=41.784552%2C-104.791361","url_text":"Overview Map of I-25 Business (Chugwater)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo_Maps","url_text":"Yahoo Maps"}]},{"reference":"\"WYO 321/I-25 Business - Chugwater\". Archived from the original on September 24, 2012. Retrieved April 15, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120924201654/http://www.davidjcorcoran.com/highways/wy/wyroutes/?p=404","url_text":"\"WYO 321/I-25 Business - Chugwater\""},{"url":"http://www.davidjcorcoran.com/highways/wy/wyroutes/?p=404","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Overview Map of I-25 Business (Wheatland) (Map). Yahoo Maps. Retrieved April 10, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://maps.yahoo.com/#mvt=m&lat=42.060134&lon=-104.95879&zoom=14&q1=42.04654%2C-104.965463&q2=42.051567%2C-104.963007&q3=42.051646%2C-104.953222&q4=42.054423%2C-104.953254&q5=42.067614%2C-104.954112&q6=42.074331%2C-104.966611","url_text":"Overview Map of I-25 Business (Wheatland)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo_Maps","url_text":"Yahoo Maps"}]},{"reference":"Wyoming Department of Transportation Reference Marker Book — November 2004 (PDF) (Map). WYDOT. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 17, 2011. Retrieved April 14, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110717050844/http://www.dot.state.wy.us/webdav/site/wydot/shared/Planning/Reference%20Marker%20Book.pdf","url_text":"Wyoming Department of Transportation Reference Marker Book — November 2004"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WYDOT","url_text":"WYDOT"},{"url":"http://www.dot.state.wy.us/webdav/site/wydot/shared/Planning/Reference%20Marker%20Book.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Google (September 22, 2014). \"Overview of I-25 Bus. in Douglas\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved September 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/42.7308305,-105.3411281/42.7595766,-105.3826792/42.7620647,-105.4066353/42.7587519,-105.4168894/@42.7472618,-105.3767836,6995m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m6!4m5!1m0!1m0!1m0!1m0!3e0","url_text":"\"Overview of I-25 Bus. in Douglas\""}]},{"reference":"Overview Map of I-25 Business (Glenrock) (Map). Yahoo Maps. Retrieved April 15, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://maps.yahoo.com/#mvt=m&lat=42.751034&lon=-105.374151&zoom=14&q1=42.73215%2C-105.341439&q2=42.748497%2C-105.382712&q3=42.759486%2C-105.382669&q4=42.76207%2C-105.406573&q5=42.759309%2C-105.412517","url_text":"Overview Map of I-25 Business (Glenrock)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo_Maps","url_text":"Yahoo Maps"}]},{"reference":"Google (September 23, 2014). \"Overview of I-25 Bus. in Casper\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved September 23, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/42.8570803,-106.2948459/42.8578912,-106.2975911/42.8542763,-106.2976957/42.8500885,-106.3162566/42.8500835,-106.3237498/42.8500771,-106.3251733/42.8572605,-106.3251633/@42.853999,-106.3110468,1746m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m9!4m8!1m0!1m0!1m0!1m0!1m0!1m0!1m0!3e0","url_text":"\"Overview of I-25 Bus. in Casper\""}]},{"reference":"Google (September 22, 2014). \"Overview of I-25 Bus. in Buffalo\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved September 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/44.3352823,-106.6841697/44.3370757,-106.6936654/44.3481969,-106.699106/44.3542173,-106.6989947/@44.3458568,-106.693181,3406m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m6!4m5!1m0!1m0!1m0!1m0!3e0","url_text":"\"Overview of I-25 Bus. in Buffalo\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Business+routes+of+Interstate+25%22","external_links_name":"\"Business routes of Interstate 25\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Business+routes+of+Interstate+25%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Business+routes+of+Interstate+25%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Business+routes+of+Interstate+25%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Business+routes+of+Interstate+25%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Business+routes+of+Interstate+25%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Business+routes+of+Interstate+25%22","external_links_name":"\"Business routes of Interstate 25\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Business+routes+of+Interstate+25%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Business+routes+of+Interstate+25%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Business+routes+of+Interstate+25%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Business+routes+of+Interstate+25%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Business+routes+of+Interstate+25%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://dot.state.nm.us/content/dam/nmdot/Data_Management/POSTED%20ROUTE-businessloops.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Posted Route–Legal Description; Business Loops\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140903133437/http://dot.state.nm.us/content/dam/nmdot/Data_Management/Interstate_%20AADT_Listing.pdf","external_links_name":"\"TIMS Road Segments by Posted Route/Point with AADT Info; BL, I, ICR, IX-Routes\""},{"Link":"http://dot.state.nm.us/content/dam/nmdot/Data_Management/Interstate_%20AADT_Listing.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/33.112125,-107.30081/33.1151635,-107.2951382/33.1331088,-107.2503696/33.1529396,-107.2465555/33.1570354,-107.2558037/@33.1346317,-107.2707812,7976m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m8!4m7!1m1!4e1!1m0!1m0!1m0!1m0!3e0?hl=en","external_links_name":"\"Overview of Business Loop 11\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201203072711/https://www.dot.state.nm.us/content/dam/nmdot/Data_Management/POSTED%20ROUTE-NM_Routes.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Posted Route–Legal Description; New Mexico Routes Sorted by Routes\""},{"Link":"http://dot.state.nm.us/content/dam/nmdot/Data_Management/POSTED%20ROUTE-NM_Routes.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/34.0387368,-106.8881254/34.0459463,-106.8923144/34.0534653,-106.8913208/34.079738,-106.8934555/@34.059083,-106.8973504,7891m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m6!4m5!1m0!1m0!1m0!1m0!3e0?hl=en","external_links_name":"\"Overview of Business Loop 12\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/34.6294632,-106.7839817/34.6391194,-106.78073/34.6627652,-106.7761546/34.6934617,-106.7666804/34.7120653,-106.7906174/@34.672715,-106.7990706,15667m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m7!4m6!1m0!1m0!1m0!1m0!1m0!3e0","external_links_name":"\"Overview of Business Loop 13\""},{"Link":"https://www.interstate-guide.com/business/ir-025/","external_links_name":"\"Interstate Business Route 25\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/35.575401,-105.219687/35.5677833,-105.2191866/35.5966263,-105.2138029/35.6249906,-105.2023559/@35.596713,-105.2164134,7745m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m6!4m5!1m0!1m0!1m0!1m0!3e0?hl=en","external_links_name":"\"Overview of Business Loop 15\""},{"Link":"https://www.bing.com/maps/?v=2&cp=q1vms368gx5x&lvl=14&sty=b&rtp=pos.36.351970_-104.607792_near%20Ramp%20%26%20US-85%2C%20Springer%2C%20NM%2087747___a_~pos.36.361061_-104.595755_near%20Maxwell%20Ave%20%26%20US-412%20%26%20US-56%2C%20Springer%2C%20NM%2087747___e_~pos.36.368952_-104.598210_near%20Railroad%20Ave%20%26%20NM-468%2C%20Springer%2C%20NM%2087747___a_~pos.36.387166_-104.596610_near%20Ramp%2C%20Springer%2C%20NM%2087747___a_&mode=D&rtop=0~0~0~&form=LMLTCC","external_links_name":"\"Overview of Business Loop 16\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/36.861846,-104.4388024/36.8677601,-104.4399022/36.8849564,-104.4401852/36.9185301,-104.4454705/@36.8906956,-104.4492806,7618m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m6!4m5!1m0!1m0!1m0!1m0!3e0?hl=en","external_links_name":"\"Overview of Business Loop 17\""},{"Link":"https://www.interstate-guide.com/business/ir-025/","external_links_name":"\"Business Route 25\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120910013513/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/Otis/HighwayData#/ui/1/0/criteria/025B/0/1.948#/ui/1/0/criteria/025B/0/1.948","external_links_name":"\"Highway 025B between 0 and 1.948\""},{"Link":"http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/otis/HighwayData#/ui/1/0/criteria/025B/0/1.948","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/37.4029622,-104.6510908/37.4275247,-104.6389124/@37.4145561,-104.6459271,3783m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m3!4m2!1m0!1m0","external_links_name":"\"Overview of State Highway 25B\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120910013513/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/Otis/HighwayData#/ui/1/0/criteria/025C/0/4.039#/ui/1/0/criteria/025C/0/4.039","external_links_name":"\"Highway 025C between 0 and 4.039\""},{"Link":"http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/otis/HighwayData#/ui/1/0/criteria/025C/0/4.039","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/37.617646,-104.7586083/37.6227163,-104.7803743/37.6246516,-104.7814003/37.6532355,-104.7928573/37.6587391,-104.7931416/@37.6397714,-104.7907893,7542m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m7!4m6!1m0!1m0!1m0!1m0!1m0!3e0","external_links_name":"\"Overview of SH 25C\""},{"Link":"https://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/otis/HighwayData#","external_links_name":"\"Highway Data Explorer\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110714162753/http://nchrp20-7-228.com/USRoute.aspx","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Route Number Database\""},{"Link":"http://nchrp20-7-228.com/USRoute.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.interstate-guide.com/business/ir-025/","external_links_name":"\"Business Route 25\""},{"Link":"https://www.interstate-guide.com/business/ir-025/","external_links_name":"\"Business Route 25\""},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.wy.us/files/live/sites/wydot/files/shared/Maintenance/Maintenance%20Section%20Reference%20Book/2013%20Maintenance%20Section%20Reference%20Book%20(2-15-2013).pdf","external_links_name":"\"2013 Maintenance Section Reference Book\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/41.0995979,-104.8510526/41.1023271,-104.800519/41.1189928,-104.8048628/41.1335701,-104.8130596/41.1606677,-104.8282839/41.1675155,-104.840842/@41.131768,-104.8410733,14348m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m8!4m7!1m0!1m0!1m0!1m0!1m0!1m0!3e0","external_links_name":"\"Overview of I-25 Bus. in Cheyenne\""},{"Link":"http://maps.yahoo.com/#mvt=m&lat=41.763184&lon=-104.806275&zoom=14&q1=41.757018%2C-104.83197&w0=41.76209309432243%2C-104.81300354003906&q2=41.784552%2C-104.791361","external_links_name":"Overview Map of I-25 Business (Chugwater)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120924201654/http://www.davidjcorcoran.com/highways/wy/wyroutes/?p=404","external_links_name":"\"WYO 321/I-25 Business - Chugwater\""},{"Link":"http://www.davidjcorcoran.com/highways/wy/wyroutes/?p=404","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://maps.yahoo.com/#mvt=m&lat=42.060134&lon=-104.95879&zoom=14&q1=42.04654%2C-104.965463&q2=42.051567%2C-104.963007&q3=42.051646%2C-104.953222&q4=42.054423%2C-104.953254&q5=42.067614%2C-104.954112&q6=42.074331%2C-104.966611","external_links_name":"Overview Map of I-25 Business (Wheatland)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110717050844/http://www.dot.state.wy.us/webdav/site/wydot/shared/Planning/Reference%20Marker%20Book.pdf","external_links_name":"Wyoming Department of Transportation Reference Marker Book — November 2004"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.wy.us/webdav/site/wydot/shared/Planning/Reference%20Marker%20Book.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.aaroads.com/west/bl-025c_wy.html","external_links_name":"I-25 Bus -Wheatland"},{"Link":"http://www.davidjcorcoran.com/highways/wy/wyroutes/?p=394","external_links_name":"I-25 Bus - I-25/US 87 to WYO 320"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120924201717/http://www.davidjcorcoran.com/highways/wy/wyroutes/?p=394","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.davidjcorcoran.com/highways/wy/wyroutes/?p=395","external_links_name":"I-25 Bus - WYO 320 to WYO 316"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120924201833/http://www.davidjcorcoran.com/highways/wy/wyroutes/?p=395","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.davidjcorcoran.com/highways/wy/wyroutes/?p=396","external_links_name":"I-25 Bus - WYO 316 to WYO 310/WYO 312"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120924201944/http://www.davidjcorcoran.com/highways/wy/wyroutes/?p=396","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.davidjcorcoran.com/highways/wy/wyroutes/?p=397","external_links_name":"I-25 Bus - WYO 310/WYO 312 to I-25/US 87"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120924202016/http://www.davidjcorcoran.com/highways/wy/wyroutes/?p=397","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/42.7308305,-105.3411281/42.7595766,-105.3826792/42.7620647,-105.4066353/42.7587519,-105.4168894/@42.7472618,-105.3767836,6995m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m6!4m5!1m0!1m0!1m0!1m0!3e0","external_links_name":"\"Overview of I-25 Bus. in Douglas\""},{"Link":"http://maps.yahoo.com/#mvt=m&lat=42.751034&lon=-105.374151&zoom=14&q1=42.73215%2C-105.341439&q2=42.748497%2C-105.382712&q3=42.759486%2C-105.382669&q4=42.76207%2C-105.406573&q5=42.759309%2C-105.412517","external_links_name":"Overview Map of I-25 Business (Glenrock)"},{"Link":"http://www.aaroads.com/west/bl-025e_wy.html","external_links_name":"I-25 Business - Glenrock"},{"Link":"http://www.davidjcorcoran.com/highways/wy/wyroutes/?p=1430","external_links_name":"I-25 Bus - I-25/WYO 95 to US 20/US 26/US 87/WYO 95"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120924202506/http://www.davidjcorcoran.com/highways/wy/wyroutes/?p=1430","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.davidjcorcoran.com/highways/wy/wyroutes/?p=1431","external_links_name":"I-25 Bus - WYO 95 to WYO 90"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120925143106/http://www.davidjcorcoran.com/highways/wy/wyroutes/?p=1431","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.davidjcorcoran.com/highways/wy/wyroutes/?p=1432","external_links_name":"I-25 Bus - WYO 90 to I-25/US 20/US 26/US 87"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120925143237/http://www.davidjcorcoran.com/highways/wy/wyroutes/?p=1432","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/42.8570803,-106.2948459/42.8578912,-106.2975911/42.8542763,-106.2976957/42.8500885,-106.3162566/42.8500835,-106.3237498/42.8500771,-106.3251733/42.8572605,-106.3251633/@42.853999,-106.3110468,1746m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m9!4m8!1m0!1m0!1m0!1m0!1m0!1m0!1m0!3e0","external_links_name":"\"Overview of I-25 Bus. in Casper\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/44.3352823,-106.6841697/44.3370757,-106.6936654/44.3481969,-106.699106/44.3542173,-106.6989947/@44.3458568,-106.693181,3406m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m6!4m5!1m0!1m0!1m0!1m0!3e0","external_links_name":"\"Overview of I-25 Bus. in Buffalo\""},{"Link":"http://www.aaroads.com/west/i-025_wy.html","external_links_name":"Interstate 25 in Wyoming"},{"Link":"http://www.corcohighways.org/highways/wy/wyroutes/?page_id=10","external_links_name":"Interstate Highways, Wyoming Routes"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KUF_(disambiguation)	KUF (disambiguation)	["1 Language","2 Other uses"]	Kuf or KUF may refer to: Language Kuf, a letter of the modern Hebrew alphabet Katu language, spoken in Southeast Asia (ISO 639: kuf) Other uses Kurumoch International Airport, Samara, Russia (IATA code: KUF) Kurdish United Front, a political group of Iranian Kurds Jan Kuf, Czech pentathlete Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title KUF.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"KUF (disambiguation)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kuf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuf"},{"link_name":"Katu language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katu_language"}],"text":"Kuf, a letter of the modern Hebrew alphabet\nKatu language, spoken in Southeast Asia (ISO 639: kuf)","title":"Language"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kurumoch International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurumoch_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Kurdish United Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_United_Front"},{"link_name":"Jan Kuf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Kuf"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"link_name":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"link_name":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/KUF_(disambiguation)&namespace=0"}],"text":"Kurumoch International Airport, Samara, Russia (IATA code: KUF)\nKurdish United Front, a political group of Iranian Kurds\nJan Kuf, Czech pentathleteTopics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title KUF.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.","title":"Other uses"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/KUF_(disambiguation)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debates_over_Americanization	Debates over Americanization	["1 Historian Frederick Jackson Turner","2 President Theodore \"Teddy\" Roosevelt","3 Author, Cuban National, and Political Activist José Martí","4 Author and Political Activist Charles W. Chesnutt","5 Anna Julia Cooper","6 Humanitarian and Political Activist (Laura) Jane Addams","7 References"]	According to The Norton Anthology of American Literature, the term Americanization was coined in the early 1900s and "referred to a concerted movement to turn immigrants into Americans, including classes, programs, and ceremonies focused on American speech, ideals, traditions, and customs, but it was also a broader term used in debates about national identity and a person’s general fitness for citizenship”. Historian Frederick Jackson Turner In Frederick Jackson Turner's The Significance of the Frontier, he establishes the frontier thesis, which states that the frontier helped establish the American identity and break away from European influence. In other words, westward expansion was a "steady movement away from the influence of Europe, a steady growth of independence on American lines". The frontier creates the American. Turner states that the wilderness and man battle one another because they are both trying to "master" one another; however, in the end, the wilderness and man reach this equilibrium with each other (they both end up adhering to one another's conditions) which results in the creation of the America. Arthur Redding writes in his article "Frontier Mythographies: Savagery and Civilization in Frederick Jackson Turner and John Ford” that the language Turner uses to describe this battle between the wilderness and the man is "systematic". The language is scientific and makes "Turner reveal himself as a rigorously Darwinian thinker, as he applies the same systematic approach to explain the evolution of new social and historical species—the American—as Darwin applied to natural history: natural selection and struggle for survival". In other words, the wilderness and man mastering one another is described in a similar sense of “survival of the fittest.” Therefore, the questions to ask would be is who will survive, the wilderness or man? Who is the stronger of the two? In the end, however, the wilderness and man make adjustments to their ways of living. While the wilderness has taught the man to survive, the man has taught the wilderness to be under his control. Turner states that the greatness of the American frontier is that two key important values for America, tolerance and individualism, are able to thrive. He believed that "so long as free land exists, the opportunity for a competency exists, and economic power secures political power”. The greatness of the American frontier was that different political or religious beliefs could exist without violent conflict. In other words, because the frontier was so vast, it could contain people with various beliefs, and there would be no need for worry about conflict unlike people in a confined space. However, Turner emphasized that while tolerance and individualism are important and the vastness of the frontier allowed these values to thrive, a downside existed. He believed that these values caused government affairs to not be regulated. As a result, certain evils arose from this lack of accountability. Some of these evils were inflated paper currency and wildcat banking. Inflated paper currency was basically the rise of prices, and wild-cat banking was "uncontrolled banking" and "the giving of nearly worthless currency backed by questionable security". Without regulation, these evils would not be questioned, which was a danger for the success of the America. The frontier eventually closes and at the end of his essay, Turner reminisces about what the frontier has done for America. Certain qualities such as strength, quickness of the "grasp of material things", and freedom came from the frontier, which defined the American. Americans owe the greatness of the frontier to developing their freedom and strength. President Theodore "Teddy" Roosevelt Roosevelt's books, American Ideals and The Strenuous Life are both devoted to not only describing Americans, but Roosevelt also uses his books to describe how Americans should be. "There was scant room for the coward and the weakling in the ranks of the adventurous frontiersmen -- the pioneer settlers who first broke up the wild prairie soil, who first hewed their way into the primeval forest, who guided their white-topped wagons across the endless leagues of Indian-haunted desolation, and explored every remote mountain-chain in the restless quest for metal wealth". "This country cannot afford to have its sons less than men". Roosevelt was undoubtedly pro-assimilation and expected that all immigrants should turn from their old customs and beliefs and devote themselves wholeheartedly into being American. "He must revere only our flag; not only must it come first, but no other flag should even come second". Roosevelt felt that the Western portion of the United States needed to be subdued and conquered in a war-like manner. This included the land, resources, as well as the Natives of the West. "A record of endless feats of arms, of victory after victory in the ceaseless strife waged against wild man and wild nature". Author, Cuban National, and Political Activist José Martí José Martí's Our America challenges many the prevailing ideas on Americanization of the time such as the idea that there should be some American standard that all new citizens need to live up to, that people needed to leave behind the lives and customs they had in the old country and remake themselves anew in America. He calls out those that would shed their past in the name of progress stating "Those carpenters' sons who are ashamed that their fathers are carpenters! Those born in America who are ashamed of the mother who reared them, because she wears an Indian apron, and who disown their sick mother, the scoundrels, abandoning her on her sick bed!”. The idea that Americans need not shed their past but rather embrace it comes up as a repeated theme throughout the essay. The essay makes the point that to establish an American identity people need to break away from Europe, from its history, its politics, and its culture. Instead, Martí urges Americans to instead to mine the rich history of the Americas. He says, "The history of America, from the Incas to the present must be taught in clear detail and to the letter, even if the archons of Greece are overlooked. Our Greece must take priority over the Greece which is not ours". Here Martí makes the point that for America to succeed it must use the knowledge and history that pertains to it and that European ideas were not formed in America and therefore do not take into account the realities of this American continent. Martí feels that people should be proud of being American, and not in some jingoistic or nationalistic sense but in the sense of being proud of history of the land and the people that inhabit it. He feels that the struggles that the masses have gone through here on this continent makes America unique among nations, that the common struggle of such disparate people is unique. He writes, "Never in history have such advanced and united nations been forged in so short a time from such disorganized elements". Here the point is made that while being a young country on a young continent America has overcome these obstacles and made itself a world power. Author and Political Activist Charles W. Chesnutt Charles W. Chesnutt wrote a literary review of William Hannibal Thomas's The American Negro: What He Was, What He Is, and What He May Become. In his review, "A Defamer of His Race", Chesnutt expresses his frustrations with men like Thomas; mulattos who refuse to claim their heritage and support it. Chesnutt is a mulatto himself and although people perceived him to be white; he claimed his African American heritage. Thomas on the other hand felt that he was clearly white and Chesnutt explains that "he has not had a single friend or well-wisher among the whole eight or ten millions of his own people". Chesnutt continues on to explain how much he despises Thomas's book by pointing out that, the negro has suffered a great deal, in the public estimation, from loose and hasty generalizations with reference to his intelligence, his morals, his physical characteristics, and his social efficiency. But not the worst things said about him by his most radical defamers, all put together, could surpass in untruthfulness and malignity the screed which this alleged reformer has put forth under his publisher's imprint. Thomas was supposed to be assisting the African Americans in gaining respect amongst the white folk but instead he was focused on personal gain. In an article about Chesnutt, "Neither Fish, Flesh, Nor Fowl: Race and Region in the Writings of Charles W. Chesnutt, Anne Fleischmann, explains a bit about Chesnutt. She explains his mulatto heritage as "not a tragic figure emblematic of racial strife but as a testimony to the possibility of racial hybridity". Chesnutt "follows the call for racial uplift and ventures out into what to him is a cultural wilderness". The entire article explains Chesnutt's mulatto views and his influence via literature on the African American culture. He clearly had reason to be upset with Thomas' views. During the time of Americanization, Chesnutt wanted all individuals regardless of race to be accepted in the new nation. Thomas made it even more difficult because his book is noted as a "review of the history of black Americans and an assessment of the challenges that faced them at the beginning of the twentieth century". Basically, the main character explains that "African Americans will only achieve a desirable standard of living—in both economic and moral sense—through association with and emulation of Anglo-Saxon society". It had an either be white or be doomed sort of message throughout the book. This contradicted everything Chesnutt was working towards and made it harder for Africans to rise up. Anna Julia Cooper Anna J. Cooper has an essay, "One Phase of American Literature", which includes an excerpt directed towards W. D. Howells. Howells wrote a book, An Imperative Duty which details the life of a young woman who is considered white until her Aunt explains that she is actually of African descent. The New York Times ran a review of Howell's book, which questioned, "Has or has not Mr. Howells any sympathy with the colored race?”. The article continues explaining that Howells used every black American stereotype he could find and incorporated it into the book. Overall, the article showed a clear disliking to the book. Anna J. Cooper had similar emotions; she explains, "that it is an insult to humanity and a sin against God to publish any such sweeping generalizations of a race on such meager and superficial information". In a very brief selection, Cooper clearly expresses her dislike for Howell and his book. Her anger is evident through the bashing of Howell for "giving only a half truth and a partisan half truth ". Her strong sense of frustration can be understood in an article, "Tending to the Roots: Anna Julia Cooper’s Sociopolitical Thought and Activism", by Kathy L. Glass. Glass explains that " the boundaries of race and sex to court communities from which black women are traditionally excluded, or within which they are routinely marginalized". Cooper had a tough time fighting for individuals of color, especially women, "African American not only had to deal with the oppressive white society but also oppression within their own racial group". Howell was a member of the "white society" so he was her main oppressor but the point is, it is not fair for her life and culture to be interpreted in such a foul manner. During Americanization, people were looking to be accepted into the white society. This is probably why Howell wrote his book. He wanted to depict an African American being accepted in the white society. Unfortunately, he did it all wrong. Howell took an idea about a culture and ran with it, unfortunately in the wrong direction. Cooper even expresses one of her main concerns being, "there is little point and no force of character about the beautiful and irresponsible young heroine". Cooper was notably a woman with strong values and she fought for all people. It is obvious that Howell's horrid depiction of a young African woman would seriously displease her. Humanitarian and Political Activist (Laura) Jane Addams In Twenty Years at Hull-House, Jane Addams documented her belief that Americanization should include services available for all. Her focus was equality for American citizens and foreign immigrants into the United States, and she actively worked to achieve this goal. She originally planned to attend medical school, but her father would not allow it. Instead, she attended Rockford Female Seminary and graduated in 1882. Addams became known for social reform, including housing and sanitation issues, factory inspection, rights of immigrants, women and children, pacifism and the 8-hour day. Addams was Vice President of the National Woman Suffrage Association from 1911–1914, campaigned for presidential candidate Teddy Roosevelt in 1912, worked with the Peace Party, helped found and served as president (1919–1935) of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, was a founding member of the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), and in 1931 she was the first American woman to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. In 1889, Addams co-founded Hull House, a social settlement in Chicago. In addition to shelter, services available at the settlement included food, education, healthcare, and a variety of social activities. Addams based her support of Americanization on the belief that immigrants should embrace their new identity as an American, but should not leave behind their heritage. She reasoned that past experiences, family history, and culture are all a part of who you are. We learn from who we are today and where we came from. Becoming Americanized did not mean reinventing yourself, but rather melding your history with your present and future. Addams suggested immigrants bridge relations between their European and American experiences. American history started long before America declared independence, and part of the Americanization process for early settlers was deciding what practices to retain from their old country, and which ones to adopt in the new. Addams supported the adage, "united we stand, divided we fall". She believed that everyone had something to offer American society, and combining knowledge with skills would create a more united America. She was a proponent for preserving history by recognizing how the past influences progress. References ^ Debates Over Americanization. Ed. Nina Baym. The Norton Anthology of American Literature. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2008. 675. Print. ^ a b Turner, Frederick Jackson. "The Significance of the Frontier". Ed. Nina Baym. The Norton Anthology of American Literature. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2008. 679. Print. ^ Turner, Frederick Jackson. "The Significance of the Frontier". Ed. Nina Baym. The Norton Anthology of American Literature. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2008. 678. Print. ^ Redding, Arthur. "Frontier Mythographies: Savagery and Civilization in Frederick Jackson Turner and John Ford". Literature Film Quarterly. 35.4 (2007): 313. EBSCOhost. Web. 13 May 2010. ^ a b Redding, Arthur. "Frontier Mythographies: Savagery and Civilization in Frederick Jackson Turner and John Ford". Literature Film Quarterly. 35.4 (2007): 314. EBSCOhost. Web. 13 May 2010. ^ Turner, Frederick Jackson. "The Significance of the Frontier". Ed. Nina Baym. The Norton Anthology of American Literature. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2008. 680. Print. ^ "Wild-cat banking". Encyclopædia Britannica eb.com. Web. 13 May 2010. ^ Roosevelt, Theodore. "The Strenuous Life". Ed. Nina Baym. The Norton Anthology of American Literature. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2008. 684-685. Print. ^ Roosevelt, Theodore. "The Strenuous Life". Ed. Nina Baym. The Norton Anthology of American Literature. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2008. 686. Print. ^ Roosevelt, Theodore. "American Ideals". Ed. Nina Baym. The Norton Anthology of American Literature. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2008. 682. Print. ^ Roosevelt, Theodore. "The Strenuous Life". Ed. Nina Baym. The Norton Anthology of American Literature. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2008. 685. Print. ^ a b c Marti, Jose. "Our America". Ed. Nina Baym. The Norton Anthology of American Literature. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2008. 694. Print ^ a b Chesnutt, Charles W. "A Defamer of His Race." Ed. Nina Baym. The Norton Anthology of American Literature. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2008. 695-697. Print. ^ a b Fleischmann, Anne. "Neither Fish, Flesh, Nor Fowl: Race and Region in the Writings of Charles W. Chesnutt." African American Review 34.3 (2000): 461–73. ProQuest. Web. 5 May 2010. ^ a b "William Hannibal Thomas- The American Negro: What He Was, What He Is, and What He May Become." Documenting the American South. The University Library, The University of North Carolina, 2004. Web. 2010. <http://docsouth.unc.edu/church/thomas/summary.html>. ^ "The Color Line, An Imperative Duty, A Novel by W. D. Howells." The New York Times 30 November 1891. ProQuest. Web. ^ "The Color Line, An Imperative Duty, A Novel by W. D. Howells." The New York Times 30 November 1891. ProQuest. Web. ^ a b c Cooper, Anna J. "One Phase of American Literature." The Norton Anthology of American Literature. By Nina Baym. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2008. 703. Print. ^ a b Glass, Kathy L. "Tending to the Roots: Anna Julia Cooper's Sociopolitical Thought and Activism." Meridians 6.1 (2005): 23–57. ProQuest. Web. 5 May 2010. ^ Addams, Jane. "Twenty Years at Hull-House". Ed. Nina Baym. The Norton Anthology of American Literature. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2008. 698-699. Print. ^ a b c Addams, Jane. "Twenty Years at Hull-House". Ed. Nina Baym. The Norton Anthology of American Literature. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2008. 697. Print. ^ Addams, Jane. "Twenty Years at Hull-House". Ed. Nina Baym. The Norton Anthology of American Literature. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2008. 702. Print. ^ Addams, Jane. "Twenty Years at Hull-House". Ed. Nina Baym. The Norton Anthology of American Literature. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2008. 701. Print.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Americanization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americanization"},{"link_name":"immigrants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigrant"},{"link_name":"national identity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_identity"},{"link_name":"citizenship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizenship"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"According to The Norton Anthology of American Literature, the term Americanization was coined in the early 1900s and \"referred to a concerted movement to turn immigrants into Americans, including classes, programs, and ceremonies focused on American speech, ideals, traditions, and customs, but it was also a broader term used in debates about national identity and a person’s general fitness for citizenship”.[1]","title":"Debates over Americanization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frederick Jackson Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Jackson_Turner"},{"link_name":"The Significance of the Frontier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Significance_of_the_Frontier_in_American_History"},{"link_name":"frontier thesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontier_Thesis"},{"link_name":"American identity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_identity"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Turner,_Frederick_Jackson_2008-2"},{"link_name":"wilderness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderness"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"John Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ford"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Darwinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwinism"},{"link_name":"natural selection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_selection"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Redding,_Arthur_2007-5"},{"link_name":"survival of the fittest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survival_of_the_fittest"},{"link_name":"American frontier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_frontier"},{"link_name":"tolerance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toleration"},{"link_name":"individualism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individualism"},{"link_name":"economic power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_power"},{"link_name":"political power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_power"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Turner,_Frederick_Jackson_2008-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Redding,_Arthur_2007-5"},{"link_name":"conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_conflict"},{"link_name":"accountability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accountability"},{"link_name":"currency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currency"},{"link_name":"wildcat banking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildcat_banking"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"In Frederick Jackson Turner's The Significance of the Frontier, he establishes the frontier thesis, which states that the frontier helped establish the American identity and break away from European influence. In other words, westward expansion was a \"steady movement away from the influence of Europe, a steady growth of independence on American lines\".[2] The frontier creates the American. Turner states that the wilderness and man battle one another because they are both trying to \"master\" one another; however, in the end, the wilderness and man reach this equilibrium with each other (they both end up adhering to one another's conditions) which results in the creation of the America.[3]Arthur Redding writes in his article \"Frontier Mythographies: Savagery and Civilization in Frederick Jackson Turner and John Ford” that the language Turner uses to describe this battle between the wilderness and the man is \"systematic\".[4] The language is scientific and makes \"Turner reveal himself as a rigorously Darwinian thinker, as he applies the same systematic approach to explain the evolution of new social and historical species—the American—as Darwin applied to natural history: natural selection and struggle for survival\".[5] In other words, the wilderness and man mastering one another is described in a similar sense of “survival of the fittest.” Therefore, the questions to ask would be is who will survive, the wilderness or man? Who is the stronger of the two? In the end, however, the wilderness and man make adjustments to their ways of living. While the wilderness has taught the man to survive, the man has taught the wilderness to be under his control.Turner states that the greatness of the American frontier is that two key important values for America, tolerance and individualism, are able to thrive. He believed that \"so long as free land exists, the opportunity for a competency exists, and economic power secures political power”.[2] The greatness of the American frontier was that different political or religious beliefs could exist without violent conflict.[5] In other words, because the frontier was so vast, it could contain people with various beliefs, and there would be no need for worry about conflict unlike people in a confined space.However, Turner emphasized that while tolerance and individualism are important and the vastness of the frontier allowed these values to thrive, a downside existed. He believed that these values caused government affairs to not be regulated. As a result, certain evils arose from this lack of accountability. Some of these evils were inflated paper currency and wildcat banking.[6] Inflated paper currency was basically the rise of prices, and wild-cat banking was \"uncontrolled banking\" and \"the giving of nearly worthless currency backed by questionable security\".[7] Without regulation, these evils would not be questioned, which was a danger for the success of the America.The frontier eventually closes and at the end of his essay, Turner reminisces about what the frontier has done for America. Certain qualities such as strength, quickness of the \"grasp of material things\", and freedom came from the frontier, which defined the American. Americans owe the greatness of the frontier to developing their freedom and strength.","title":"Historian Frederick Jackson Turner"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roosevelt's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"The Strenuous Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Strenuous_Life"},{"link_name":"pioneer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_pioneer"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"assimilation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_assimilation"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Natives of the West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Roosevelt's books, American Ideals and The Strenuous Life are both devoted to not only describing Americans, but Roosevelt also uses his books to describe how Americans should be. \"There was scant room for the coward and the weakling in the ranks of the adventurous frontiersmen -- the pioneer settlers who first broke up the wild prairie soil, who first hewed their way into the primeval forest, who guided their white-topped wagons across the endless leagues of Indian-haunted desolation, and explored every remote mountain-chain in the restless quest for metal wealth\".[8]\"This country cannot afford to have its sons less than men\".[9] Roosevelt was undoubtedly pro-assimilation and expected that all immigrants should turn from their old customs and beliefs and devote themselves wholeheartedly into being American. \"He must revere only our flag; not only must it come first, but no other flag should even come second\".[10] Roosevelt felt that the Western portion of the United States needed to be subdued and conquered in a war-like manner. This included the land, resources, as well as the Natives of the West. \"A record of endless feats of arms, of victory after victory in the ceaseless strife waged against wild man and wild nature\".[11]","title":"President Theodore \"Teddy\" Roosevelt"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"José Martí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marti,_Jose_2008-12"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Incas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inca"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marti,_Jose_2008-12"},{"link_name":"jingoistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jingoism"},{"link_name":"nationalistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalism"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marti,_Jose_2008-12"},{"link_name":"world power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_power"}],"text":"José Martí's Our America challenges many the prevailing ideas on Americanization of the time such as the idea that there should be some American standard that all new citizens need to live up to, that people needed to leave behind the lives and customs they had in the old country and remake themselves anew in America. He calls out those that would shed their past in the name of progress stating \"Those carpenters' sons who are ashamed that their fathers are carpenters! Those born in America who are ashamed of the mother who reared them, because she wears an Indian apron, and who disown their sick mother, the scoundrels, abandoning her on her sick bed!”.[12] The idea that Americans need not shed their past but rather embrace it comes up as a repeated theme throughout the essay.The essay makes the point that to establish an American identity people need to break away from Europe, from its history, its politics, and its culture. Instead, Martí urges Americans to instead to mine the rich history of the Americas. He says, \"The history of America, from the Incas to the present must be taught in clear detail and to the letter, even if the archons of Greece are overlooked. Our Greece must take priority over the Greece which is not ours\".[12] Here Martí makes the point that for America to succeed it must use the knowledge and history that pertains to it and that European ideas were not formed in America and therefore do not take into account the realities of this American continent.Martí feels that people should be proud of being American, and not in some jingoistic or nationalistic sense but in the sense of being proud of history of the land and the people that inhabit it. He feels that the struggles that the masses have gone through here on this continent makes America unique among nations, that the common struggle of such disparate people is unique. He writes, \"Never in history have such advanced and united nations been forged in so short a time from such disorganized elements\".[12] Here the point is made that while being a young country on a young continent America has overcome these obstacles and made itself a world power.","title":"Author, Cuban National, and Political Activist José Martí"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles W. Chesnutt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_W._Chesnutt"},{"link_name":"William Hannibal Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hannibal_Thomas"},{"link_name":"mulatto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulatto"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chesnutt,_Charles_W_2008-13"},{"link_name":"generalizations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalization"},{"link_name":"screed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screed"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chesnutt,_Charles_W_2008-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fleischmann,_Anne_2000-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fleischmann,_Anne_2000-14"},{"link_name":"literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-docsouth.unc.edu-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-docsouth.unc.edu-15"}],"text":"Charles W. Chesnutt wrote a literary review of William Hannibal Thomas's The American Negro: What He Was, What He Is, and What He May Become. In his review, \"A Defamer of His Race\", Chesnutt expresses his frustrations with men like Thomas; mulattos who refuse to claim their heritage and support it. Chesnutt is a mulatto himself and although people perceived him to be white; he claimed his African American heritage. Thomas on the other hand felt that he was clearly white and Chesnutt explains that \"he [Thomas] has not had a single friend or well-wisher among the whole eight or ten millions of his own people\".[13] Chesnutt continues on to explain how much he despises Thomas's book by pointing out that,\nthe negro has suffered a great deal, in the public estimation, from loose and hasty generalizations [like Thomas' book] with reference to his intelligence, his morals, his physical characteristics, and his social efficiency. But not the worst things said about him by his most radical defamers, all put together, could surpass in untruthfulness and malignity the screed which this alleged reformer has put forth under his publisher's imprint.[13] Thomas was supposed to be assisting the African Americans in gaining respect amongst the white folk but instead he was focused on personal gain.In an article about Chesnutt, \"Neither Fish, Flesh, Nor Fowl: Race and Region in the Writings of Charles W. Chesnutt, Anne Fleischmann, explains a bit about Chesnutt. She explains his mulatto heritage as \"not […] a tragic figure emblematic of racial strife but as a testimony to the possibility of racial hybridity\".[14] Chesnutt \"follows the call for racial uplift and ventures out into what to him is a cultural wilderness\".[14] The entire article explains Chesnutt's mulatto views and his influence via literature on the African American culture. He clearly had reason to be upset with Thomas' views.During the time of Americanization, Chesnutt wanted all individuals regardless of race to be accepted in the new nation. Thomas made it even more difficult because his book is noted as a \"review of the history of black Americans and an assessment of the challenges that faced them at the beginning of the twentieth century\".[15] Basically, the main character explains that \"African Americans will only achieve a desirable standard of living—in both economic and moral sense—through association with and emulation of Anglo-Saxon society\".[15] It had an either be white or be doomed sort of message throughout the book. This contradicted everything Chesnutt was working towards and made it harder for Africans to rise up.","title":"Author and Political Activist Charles W. Chesnutt"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anna J. Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_J._Cooper"},{"link_name":"W. D. Howells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._D._Howells"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"stereotype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereotype"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cooper,_Anna_J_2008-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cooper,_Anna_J_2008-18"},{"link_name":"frustration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frustration"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Glass,_Kathy_L_2005-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Glass,_Kathy_L_2005-19"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cooper,_Anna_J_2008-18"}],"text":"Anna J. Cooper has an essay, \"One Phase of American Literature\", which includes an excerpt directed towards W. D. Howells. Howells wrote a book, An Imperative Duty which details the life of a young woman who is considered white until her Aunt explains that she is actually of African descent.[16] The New York Times ran a review of Howell's book, which questioned, \"Has or has not Mr. Howells any sympathy with the colored race?”.[17] The article continues explaining that Howells used every black American stereotype he could find and incorporated it into the book. Overall, the article showed a clear disliking to the book.Anna J. Cooper had similar emotions; she explains, \"that it is an insult to humanity and a sin against God to publish any such sweeping generalizations of a race on such meager and superficial information\".[18] In a very brief selection, Cooper clearly expresses her dislike for Howell and his book. Her anger is evident through the bashing of Howell for \"giving only a half truth and […] a partisan half truth [at that]\".[18] Her strong sense of frustration can be understood in an article, \"Tending to the Roots: Anna Julia Cooper’s Sociopolitical Thought and Activism\", by Kathy L. Glass. Glass explains that \"[Cooper crosses] the boundaries of race and sex to court communities from which black women are traditionally excluded, or within which they are routinely marginalized\".[19] Cooper had a tough time fighting for individuals of color, especially women, \"African American not only had to deal with the oppressive white society but also oppression within their own racial group\".[19] Howell was a member of the \"white society\" so he was her main oppressor but the point is, it is not fair for her life and culture to be interpreted in such a foul manner.During Americanization, people were looking to be accepted into the white society. This is probably why Howell wrote his book. He wanted to depict an African American being accepted in the white society. Unfortunately, he did it all wrong. Howell took an idea about a culture and ran with it, unfortunately in the wrong direction. Cooper even expresses one of her main concerns being, \"there is little point and no force of character about the beautiful and irresponsible young heroine\".[18] Cooper was notably a woman with strong values and she fought for all people. It is obvious that Howell's horrid depiction of a young African woman would seriously displease her.","title":"Anna Julia Cooper"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jane Addams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Addams"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"medical school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_school"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Addams,_Jane_2008-21"},{"link_name":"Rockford Female Seminary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockford_Female_Seminary"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Addams,_Jane_2008-21"},{"link_name":"social reform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_reform"},{"link_name":"pacifism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacifism"},{"link_name":"National Woman Suffrage Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Woman_Suffrage_Association"},{"link_name":"Peace Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_International_League_for_Peace_and_Freedom#History"},{"link_name":"Women's International League for Peace and Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_International_League_for_Peace_and_Freedom"},{"link_name":"American Civil Liberties Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union"},{"link_name":"Nobel Peace Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize"},{"link_name":"Hull House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_House"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Addams,_Jane_2008-21"},{"link_name":"education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"family history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_history"},{"link_name":"American society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_society"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"In Twenty Years at Hull-House, Jane Addams documented her belief that Americanization should include services available for all.[20] Her focus was equality for American citizens and foreign immigrants into the United States, and she actively worked to achieve this goal. She originally planned to attend medical school, but her father would not allow it.[21] Instead, she attended Rockford Female Seminary and graduated in 1882.[21] Addams became known for social reform, including housing and sanitation issues, factory inspection, rights of immigrants, women and children, pacifism and the 8-hour day. Addams was Vice President of the National Woman Suffrage Association from 1911–1914, campaigned for presidential candidate Teddy Roosevelt in 1912, worked with the Peace Party, helped found and served as president (1919–1935) of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, was a founding member of the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), and in 1931 she was the first American woman to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.In 1889, Addams co-founded Hull House, a social settlement in Chicago.[21] In addition to shelter, services available at the settlement included food, education, healthcare, and a variety of social activities. Addams based her support of Americanization on the belief that immigrants should embrace their new identity as an American, but should not leave behind their heritage.[22] She reasoned that past experiences, family history, and culture are all a part of who you are. We learn from who we are today and where we came from. Becoming Americanized did not mean reinventing yourself, but rather melding your history with your present and future. Addams suggested immigrants bridge relations between their European and American experiences. American history started long before America declared independence, and part of the Americanization process for early settlers was deciding what practices to retain from their old country, and which ones to adopt in the new. Addams supported the adage, \"united we stand, divided we fall\". She believed that everyone had something to offer American society, and combining knowledge with skills would create a more united America. She was a proponent for preserving history by recognizing how the past influences progress.[23]","title":"Humanitarian and Political Activist (Laura) Jane Addams"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://docsouth.unc.edu/church/thomas/summary.html","external_links_name":"http://docsouth.unc.edu/church/thomas/summary.html"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_Island_Systems_International	Grey Island Systems International	["1 InterFleet","2 NextBus","3 Senior management team","4 Products","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	Software company in Canada Grey Island Systems InternationalCompany typePublic (TSX-V: GIS])IndustryGPS/AVL & Telematics Information SystemsFounded1998Defunct2009 (2009)HeadquartersToronto, Ontario, CanadaArea servedNorth AmericaSubsidiariesInterFleet and NextBusWebsitewww.greyisland.com Grey Island Systems International (TSX-V: GIS) was a provider of 'real-time' Internet-based GPS/AVL and passenger information solutions targeted to government and enterprise fleets. Its InterFleet and NextBus brands were independently launched commercially in 1998. It was acquired by WebTech Wireless Inc. in 2009. Headquartered in Toronto, with over 55 employees in offices around North America, Grey Island has garnered recognition from Industry groups such as the Profit 100, Canada’s Fastest Growing Companies (2005–2007) and Deloitte and Touche Technology Fast 50 (2006–2008). InterFleet InterFleet was launched commercially in 1998 with an EMS (Emergency Medical Services) client, tracking ambulances every 100 meters of vehicle travel. This translated into the industry leading vehicle average update rate of 6 to 10 reports per minute. InterFleet’s patented live screen map thus displays the entire fleet and automatically refreshes updated status changes every second. Its applications have primarily been focused on public sector fleet tracking, and most of its users are state/provincial and local governments. The InterFleet on-board GPS/AVL hardware and firmware as well as the middleware and end-user software is typically customized for each clients particular needs. It provides a broad variety of machine-to-machine and sensor integrations, allowing for application development to be focused on specific fleet management operation concerns, i.e. fuel costs, winter maintenance operations, government regulations, etc. NextBus NextBus Logo NextBus uses Global Positioning System (GPS) tracking satellites and advanced computer modeling to track vehicles in their routes, thus providing accurate vehicle arrival information and real-time maps instead of bus schedules to passengers and managers of public transit, shuttles, and trains. The information is updated at regular intervals to account for traffic variations, breakdowns, and day-to-day problems faced by transit providers that can interrupt service. In addition, NextBus provides transit riders access to the information over the internet, via wireless devices such as PDAs and cell phones, through IVR (interactive voice response), and at electronic signs at specific bus stops. Senior management team Andrew Moore, Chief Executive Officer and Co-founder Owen Moore, President and Co-Founder Brian Boychuk, Executive Vice-President, Business Development and Marketing and Co-founder Chris Madden, Chief Financial Officer Alban Hoxha, Vice-President Software Jerry Dellacorte, Vice-President, InterFleet, Inc. Saleem Ahmed, Vice-President, Manufacturing Lillian Chan, Chief Operating Officer, NextBus, Inc. John Eaton, Chief Financial Officer, NextBus, Inc Products Day of the Zombie - Released on 6 March 2009 Marine Sharpshooter IV: Locked and Loaded - Released on 28 July 2008 Playboy the Mansion: Private Party - Released in 2007 Marine Sharpshooter 3 - Released on 28 May 2007 LA Street Racing - Released on 28 May 2007 Close Quarters Conflict - Released on 22 January 2007 World War II Combat: Iwo Jima - Released on 21 July 2006 Warpath - Released on 18 July 2006 World War II Combat: Road to Berlin - Released on 24 January 2006 Military Action Pack: Volume 1 - Released on 25 October 2005 See also NextBus InterFleet References ^ "Profit 100 Canada's Fastest Growing Companies: Profile". Archived from the original on 2008-10-05. Retrieved 2008-10-06. ^ "Deloitte: Canadian Technology Fast 50 Ranking, 1998–2008". Archived from the original on 2008-09-28. Retrieved 2008-10-06. External links Grey Island Official Website NextBus Real-Time Arrivals Interfleet Inc. - U.S. Operating Company	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"TSX-V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSX_Venture_Exchange"},{"link_name":"GIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//money.tmx.com/en/quote/GIS"},{"link_name":"InterFleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterFleet"},{"link_name":"NextBus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NextBus"},{"link_name":"WebTech Wireless Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WebTech_Wireless_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Deloitte and Touche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deloitte_and_Touche"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Grey Island Systems International (TSX-V: GIS) was a provider of 'real-time' Internet-based GPS/AVL and passenger information solutions targeted to government and enterprise fleets. Its InterFleet and NextBus brands were independently launched commercially in 1998. It was acquired by WebTech Wireless Inc. in 2009.Headquartered in Toronto, with over 55 employees in offices around North America, Grey Island has garnered recognition from Industry groups such as the Profit 100, Canada’s Fastest Growing Companies (2005–2007)[1] and Deloitte and Touche Technology Fast 50 (2006–2008).[2]","title":"Grey Island Systems International"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"InterFleet was launched commercially in 1998 with an EMS (Emergency Medical Services) client, tracking ambulances every 100 meters of vehicle travel. This translated into the industry leading vehicle average update rate of 6 to 10 reports per minute. InterFleet’s patented live screen map thus displays the entire fleet and automatically refreshes updated status changes every second. Its applications have primarily been focused on public sector fleet tracking, and most of its users are state/provincial and local governments.The InterFleet on-board GPS/AVL hardware and firmware as well as the middleware and end-user software is typically customized for each clients particular needs. It provides a broad variety of machine-to-machine and sensor integrations, allowing for application development to be focused on specific fleet management operation concerns, i.e. fuel costs, winter maintenance operations, government regulations, etc.","title":"InterFleet"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nextbus.jpg"},{"link_name":"Global Positioning System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_System"}],"text":"NextBus LogoNextBus uses Global Positioning System (GPS) tracking satellites and advanced computer modeling to track vehicles in their routes, thus providing accurate vehicle arrival information and real-time maps instead of bus schedules to passengers and managers of public transit, shuttles, and trains. The information is updated at regular intervals to account for traffic variations, breakdowns, and day-to-day problems faced by transit providers that can interrupt service.In addition, NextBus provides transit riders access to the information over the internet, via wireless devices such as PDAs and cell phones, through IVR (interactive voice response), and at electronic signs at specific bus stops.","title":"NextBus"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Andrew Moore, Chief Executive Officer and Co-founder\nOwen Moore, President and Co-Founder\nBrian Boychuk, Executive Vice-President, Business Development and Marketing and Co-founder\nChris Madden, Chief Financial Officer\nAlban Hoxha, Vice-President Software\nJerry Dellacorte, Vice-President, InterFleet, Inc.\nSaleem Ahmed, Vice-President, Manufacturing\nLillian Chan, Chief Operating Officer, NextBus, Inc.\nJohn Eaton, Chief Financial Officer, NextBus, Inc","title":"Senior management team"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Day of the Zombie - Released on 6 March 2009\nMarine Sharpshooter IV: Locked and Loaded - Released on 28 July 2008\nPlayboy the Mansion: Private Party - Released in 2007\nMarine Sharpshooter 3 - Released on 28 May 2007\nLA Street Racing - Released on 28 May 2007\nClose Quarters Conflict - Released on 22 January 2007\nWorld War II Combat: Iwo Jima - Released on 21 July 2006\nWarpath - Released on 18 July 2006\nWorld War II Combat: Road to Berlin - Released on 24 January 2006\nMilitary Action Pack: Volume 1 - Released on 25 October 2005","title":"Products"}]	[{"image_text":"NextBus Logo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Nextbus.jpg/170px-Nextbus.jpg"}]	[{"title":"NextBus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NextBus"}]	[{"reference":"\"Profit 100 Canada's Fastest Growing Companies: Profile\". Archived from the original on 2008-10-05. Retrieved 2008-10-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081005225140/http://list.canadianbusiness.com/rankings/profit100/2008/DisplayProfile.aspx?profile=61","url_text":"\"Profit 100 Canada's Fastest Growing Companies: Profile\""},{"url":"https://list.canadianbusiness.com/rankings/profit100/2008/DisplayProfile.aspx?profile=61","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Deloitte: Canadian Technology Fast 50 Ranking, 1998–2008\". Archived from the original on 2008-09-28. Retrieved 2008-10-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080928050102/http://en.fast50.ca/winners","url_text":"\"Deloitte: Canadian Technology Fast 50 Ranking, 1998–2008\""},{"url":"http://en.fast50.ca/winners","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://money.tmx.com/en/quote/GIS","external_links_name":"GIS"},{"Link":"http://www.greyisland.com/","external_links_name":"www.greyisland.com"},{"Link":"https://money.tmx.com/en/quote/GIS","external_links_name":"GIS"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081005225140/http://list.canadianbusiness.com/rankings/profit100/2008/DisplayProfile.aspx?profile=61","external_links_name":"\"Profit 100 Canada's Fastest Growing Companies: Profile\""},{"Link":"https://list.canadianbusiness.com/rankings/profit100/2008/DisplayProfile.aspx?profile=61","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080928050102/http://en.fast50.ca/winners","external_links_name":"\"Deloitte: Canadian Technology Fast 50 Ranking, 1998–2008\""},{"Link":"http://en.fast50.ca/winners","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.greyisland.com/","external_links_name":"Grey Island Official Website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081005100859/http://www.nextbus.com/predictor/newUserWelcome.shtml","external_links_name":"NextBus Real-Time Arrivals"},{"Link":"http://www.interfleet.com/","external_links_name":"Interfleet Inc."}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_and_Western_Railway_Company_Historic_District	Norfolk and Western Railway Company Historic District	["1 History","2 Gallery","3 References"]	Coordinates: 37°16′23″N 79°56′31″W / 37.27306°N 79.94194°W / 37.27306; -79.94194Historic district in Virginia, United States United States historic placeNorfolk and Western Railway Company Historic DistrictU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesU.S. Historic districtVirginia Landmarks Register Norfolk and Western Railway Company Historic District, June 2010Show map of VirginiaShow map of the United StatesLocation88 and 108 Jefferson St. NW, and 209 Shenandoah Ave., Roanoke, VirginiaCoordinates37°16′23″N 79°56′31″W / 37.27306°N 79.94194°W / 37.27306; -79.94194Area4.9 acres (2.0 ha)Built1896 (1896), 1903, 1931, 1905, 1949ArchitectLoewy, Raymond; et al.Architectural styleClassical Revival, Art Deco, ModerneNRHP reference No.99000076VLR No.128-5432Significant datesAdded to NRHPJanuary 27, 1999Designated VLRSeptember 14, 1998 Norfolk and Western Railway Company Historic District is a national historic district located in Roanoke, Virginia. It encompasses three contributing buildings constructed by the Norfolk and Western Railway (N&W). They are the Neoclassical Revival style General Office Building–South (1896, 1903); the Art Deco period General Office Building–North (1931); and the Moderne style Passenger Station (1905, 1949). History The eastern wing of the General Office Building–South was constructed in 1896 on the site of the prior N&W headquarters building that had been destroyed in a fire in January of the same year. The western wing – a duplicate of the eastern – was erected in 1903 and connected to the first via a hyphen. These structures were followed in 1931 by the construction of General Office Building–North, located next to the GOB–South and connected to it by a skywalk. GOB–North's Art Deco architecture utilizes similar design elements to New York City's Chrysler Building. The Passenger Station is located just east of GOB–South and downhill from the Hotel Roanoke (which was also constructed and owned by N&W). Built in 1905 and designed initially in the Neoclassical Revival style, the station saw a 1949 renovation in the Moderne style by industrial designer Raymond Loewy, and has been called "perhaps finest architectural work". In 1992 N&W's successor Norfolk Southern moved into a new office building in Downtown Roanoke and donated the former offices to a nonprofit foundation. The two wings comprising GOB–South were converted to upscale apartments in 2002, while GOB–North is the home of the Roanoke Higher Education Center. The Passenger Station was converted into offices when passenger service ended in the city in 1971, and was vacant from 1992 until being purchased by the Center in the Square foundation in 2000. As of 2023 it houses the city's visitor center, the Historical Society of Western Virginia, and the O. Winston Link Museum. The three buildings were collectively listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999. Gallery The Passenger Station as it appeared in 1909 The Passenger Station in the 1950s, after the Raymond Loewy renovation References ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010. ^ a b "Virginia Landmarks Register" (PDF). Virginia Department of Historic Resources. Retrieved August 4, 2023. ^ Barnes, Raymond (1968). A History of the City of Roanoke. Commonwealth Press, Inc. p. 284. ^ a b c Douglas J. Harnesberger and Nancy Kraus (July 1998). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Norfolk and Western Railway Company Historic District" (PDF). Virginia Department of Historic Resources. and Accompanying two photos and Accompanying map Archived 2012-09-27 at the Wayback Machine ^ a b Stewart, Keisha. "Old N&W Offices are Downtown's Newest Address - Apartments at Eight Jefferson Place will Rent From $545 TO $1,195." Roanoke Times, The (VA), May 31, 2002: B1. ^ Edwards, John S. "Twenty years of the Roanoke Higher Education Center." Roanoke Times, The (VA), August 19, 2020: 51B. ^ Kittredge, Kevin. "Preserving Link's Place in Railroad History." Roanoke Times, The (VA), January 10, 2001: 1. ^ Koomen, Christina. "Preservation awards salute adaptive uses Everything old is new again." Roanoke Times, The (VA), November 27, 2022: 1C. vteU.S. National Register of Historic Places in VirginiaListsby county Accomack Albemarle Alleghany Amelia Amherst Appomattox Arlington Augusta Bath Bedford Bland Botetourt Brunswick Buchanan Buckingham Campbell Caroline Carroll Charles City Charlotte Chesterfield Clarke Craig Culpeper Cumberland Dickenson Dinwiddie Essex Fairfax Fauquier Floyd Fluvanna Franklin Frederick Giles Gloucester Goochland Grayson Greene Greensville Halifax Hanover Henrico Henry Highland Isle Of Wight James City King and Queen King George King William Lancaster Lee Loudoun Louisa Lunenburg Madison Mathews Mecklenburg Middlesex Montgomery Nelson New Kent Northampton Northumberland Nottoway Orange Page Patrick Pittsylvania Powhatan Prince Edward Prince George Prince William Pulaski Rappahannock Richmond Roanoke Rockbridge Rockingham Russell Scott Shenandoah Smyth Southampton Spotsylvania Stafford Surry Sussex Tazewell Warren Washington Westmoreland Wise Wythe York Listsby city Alexandria Bristol Buena Vista Charlottesville Chesapeake Colonial Heights Covington Danville Emporia Fairfax Falls Church Franklin Fredericksburg Galax Hampton Harrisonburg Hopewell Lexington Lynchburg Manassas Manassas Park Martinsville Newport News Norfolk Norton Petersburg Poquoson (no listings) Portsmouth Radford Richmond Roanoke Salem Staunton Suffolk Virginia Beach Waynesboro Williamsburg Winchester Other lists Bridges National Historic Landmarks Keeper of the Register History of the National Register of Historic Places Property types Historic district Contributing property	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"historic district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_district_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Roanoke, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanoke,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Norfolk and Western Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_and_Western_Railway"},{"link_name":"Neoclassical Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture"},{"link_name":"Art Deco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Deco_architecture"},{"link_name":"Moderne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moderne_architecture"}],"text":"Historic district in Virginia, United StatesUnited States historic placeNorfolk and Western Railway Company Historic District is a national historic district located in Roanoke, Virginia. It encompasses three contributing buildings constructed by the Norfolk and Western Railway (N&W). They are the Neoclassical Revival style General Office Building–South (1896, 1903); the Art Deco period General Office Building–North (1931); and the Moderne style Passenger Station (1905, 1949).","title":"Norfolk and Western Railway Company Historic District"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"hyphen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyphen_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VAnom-4"},{"link_name":"skywalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyway"},{"link_name":"New York City's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Chrysler Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysler_Building"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VAnom-4"},{"link_name":"Hotel Roanoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel_Roanoke"},{"link_name":"industrial designer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_design"},{"link_name":"Raymond Loewy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Loewy"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VAnom-4"},{"link_name":"Norfolk Southern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_Southern_Railway"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norfolk_and_Western_Railway_Company_Historic_District&action=edit"},{"link_name":"O. Winston Link Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O._Winston_Link_Museum"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-register-2"}],"text":"The eastern wing of the General Office Building–South was constructed in 1896 on the site of the prior N&W headquarters building that had been destroyed in a fire in January of the same year.[3] The western wing – a duplicate of the eastern – was erected in 1903 and connected to the first via a hyphen.[4] These structures were followed in 1931 by the construction of General Office Building–North, located next to the GOB–South and connected to it by a skywalk. GOB–North's Art Deco architecture utilizes similar design elements to New York City's Chrysler Building.[4] The Passenger Station is located just east of GOB–South and downhill from the Hotel Roanoke (which was also constructed and owned by N&W). Built in 1905 and designed initially in the Neoclassical Revival style, the station saw a 1949 renovation in the Moderne style by industrial designer Raymond Loewy, and has been called \"perhaps [his] finest architectural work\".[4]In 1992 N&W's successor Norfolk Southern moved into a new office building in Downtown Roanoke and donated the former offices to a nonprofit foundation.[5] The two wings comprising GOB–South were converted to upscale apartments in 2002,[5] while GOB–North is the home of the Roanoke Higher Education Center.[6] The Passenger Station was converted into offices when passenger service ended in the city in 1971, and was vacant from 1992 until being purchased by the Center in the Square foundation in 2000.[7] As of 2023[update] it houses the city's visitor center, the Historical Society of Western Virginia, and the O. Winston Link Museum.[8]The three buildings were collectively listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roanoke_station_1909_postcard.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roanoke_station_1950s_postcard.jpg"},{"link_name":"Raymond Loewy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Loewy"}],"text":"The Passenger Station as it appeared in 1909\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Passenger Station in the 1950s, after the Raymond Loewy renovation","title":"Gallery"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"Virginia Landmarks Register\" (PDF). Virginia Department of Historic Resources. Retrieved August 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dhr.virginia.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/RegisterMasterList.pdf","url_text":"\"Virginia Landmarks Register\""}]},{"reference":"Barnes, Raymond (1968). A History of the City of Roanoke. Commonwealth Press, Inc. p. 284.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Douglas J. Harnesberger and Nancy Kraus (July 1998). \"National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Norfolk and Western Railway Company Historic District\" (PDF). Virginia Department of Historic Resources.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dhr.virginia.gov/VLR_to_transfer/PDFNoms/128-5432_N&W_Railroad_HD_1999_Final_Nomination.pdf","url_text":"\"National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Norfolk and Western Railway Company Historic District\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Norfolk_and_Western_Railway_Company_Historic_District&params=37_16_23_N_79_56_31_W_type:landmark_region:US-VA","external_links_name":"37°16′23″N 79°56′31″W / 37.27306°N 79.94194°W / 37.27306; -79.94194"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Norfolk_and_Western_Railway_Company_Historic_District&params=37_16_23_N_79_56_31_W_type:landmark_region:US-VA","external_links_name":"37°16′23″N 79°56′31″W / 37.27306°N 79.94194°W / 37.27306; -79.94194"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/99000076","external_links_name":"99000076"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norfolk_and_Western_Railway_Company_Historic_District&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","external_links_name":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"Link":"https://www.dhr.virginia.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/RegisterMasterList.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Virginia Landmarks Register\""},{"Link":"https://www.dhr.virginia.gov/VLR_to_transfer/PDFNoms/128-5432_N&W_Railroad_HD_1999_Final_Nomination.pdf","external_links_name":"\"National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Norfolk and Western Railway Company Historic District\""},{"Link":"http://www.dhr.virginia.gov/registers/Cities/Roanoke/NWRailwayHD_photographs.htm","external_links_name":"Accompanying two photos"},{"Link":"http://www.dhr.virginia.gov/registers/Cities/Roanoke/Roanoke_20101007.pdf","external_links_name":"Accompanying map"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120927043047/http://www.dhr.virginia.gov/registers/Cities/Roanoke/Roanoke_20101007.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grassroot_Institute	Grassroot Institute of Hawaii	["1 Issues","1.1 The Jones Act","1.2 Honolulu rail project","1.3 Hawaiian sovereignty","2 References","3 External links"]	Public policy think tank Grassroot InstituteEstablishedFebruary 12, 2001FounderRichard RowlandTax ID no. 99-0354937Legal status501(c)(3) nonprofit organizationServicesMultifaceted efforts to shed light on government operations and spending; public education regarding the movement to create a sovereign Hawaiian nation and/or other governmental entity; research into the effect of the 1920 Jones Act on the state of Hawaii.President/Chief Executive OfficerW. Keli'i AkinaChairmanRichard O. RowlandBudget Revenue: $463,184Expenses: $470,188(FYE December 2015)Websitewww.grassrootinstitute.org The Grassroot Institute of Hawaii is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit public policy think tank based in Honolulu, Hawaii. The organization's stated mission is to "educate people about the values of individual liberty, economic freedom, and accountable government." It promotes free market values and produces research on subjects like the Jones Act and pension issues. The current Chief Executive Officer is Dr. Keli'i Akina. The Institute was formed on February 12, 2001 by Richard Rowland. The organization is a member of the State Policy Network, a conservative and libertarian network of state-based think tanks. Issues The Grassroot Institute has published commentary on a variety of political issues, from a legal minimum wage to Hawaiian sovereignty. The Grassroot Institute conducts research and analysis of various issues from a free market perspective. Academic works are inspired by the writings of scholars such as Frederic Bastiat, Murray Rothbard, Milton Friedman, F.A. Hayek, and Adam Smith. Generally, the institute opposes tax increases, such as Hawaii's General Excise Tax. The Jones Act The Grassroot Institute of Hawaii supports reform of the Jones Act that would address its disproportionate shipbuilding and cargo shipping restrictions effect on Hawaii. Honolulu rail project The Grassroot Institute of Hawaii has been a vocal critic of the Honolulu Authority for Rapid Transportation's rail project in Honolulu. The Institute hasn't made any public comments on whether the rail should stop at Middle Street, which is a popular belief among opponents. The only official position of the Institute is that HART be subject to an independent audit for fraud, waste and abuse. In 2017, the Institute launched the campaign to audit the rail, which eventually gained momentum and resulted in a financial and management audit by Hawaii state auditor Les Kondo in 2018. Hawaiian sovereignty The Grassroot Institute joined with other groups to file suit against the State of Hawaii's efforts to form and gain federal recognition of a race-based, sovereign nation. The lawsuit, filed in 2015, seeks to block state-funded race-based elections in Hawaii. References Hawaii portalLibertarianism portalConservatism portal ^ a b The Grassroot Institute of Hawaii, Inc." Hawaii Department of Commerce & Consumer Affairs. State of Hawaii. Accessed December 8, 2015. ^ a b c d Form 990: Return of Organization Exempt from Income Tax". Grassroot Institute of Hawaii. Guidestar. December 31, 2014. Accessed December 1, 2016. ^ "Grassroot Institute of Hawai Inc" (PDF). Foundation Center. 10 November 2016. Retrieved 16 February 2017. ^ "Supreme Court justice blocks Native Hawaiian vote count". Chicago Tribune. Associated Press. November 27, 2015. Retrieved 21 December 2015. ^ "About Us". Grassroot Institute of Hawaii. Archived from the original on 20 October 2018. Retrieved 11 January 2019. ^ Sterling Burnett, H. (July 31, 2015). "Study Suggest 'Regressive' Gas Tax Hike for Hawaiians". Heartland Institute. Retrieved 21 December 2015. ^ "Jones Act". Grassroot Institute of Hawaii. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 21 December 2015. ^ Hawaii, Grassroot Institute of (2019-01-11). "First part of HART audit is bad; will rest be worse?". Grassroot Institute of Hawaii. Retrieved 2019-01-11. ^ "State Auditor Says Rail Agency Is Interfering With His Work". Honolulu Civil Beat. 2018-06-01. Retrieved 2019-01-11. ^ Blair, Chad (August 13, 2015). "Lawsuit Says Hawaiians-Only Election Is 'Racially Exclusive'". Honolulu Civil Beat. Retrieved 21 December 2015. ^ Essoyan, Susan (August 13, 2015). "Federal lawsuit filed to block Native Hawaiian election". Honolulu Star-Advertiser. Retrieved 21 December 2015. ^ Daysog, Rick (February 1, 2016). "Na'i Aupuni kicks off amid heated talks". Hawaii News Now. Retrieved 7 September 2020. External links Official website Organizational Profile Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine – National Center for Charitable Statistics (Urban Institute) Source Watch (Center for Media and Democracy)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"think tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Think_tank"},{"link_name":"Honolulu, Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu,_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"economic freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_freedom"},{"link_name":"accountable government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accountable_government"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-corp-1"},{"link_name":"State Policy Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Policy_Network"},{"link_name":"think tanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Think_tank"}],"text":"The Grassroot Institute of Hawaii is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit public policy think tank based in Honolulu, Hawaii.[4] The organization's stated mission is to \"educate people about the values of individual liberty, economic freedom, and accountable government.\"[5] It promotes free market values and produces research on subjects like the Jones Act and pension issues. The current Chief Executive Officer is Dr. Keli'i Akina. The Institute was formed on February 12, 2001[1] by Richard Rowland. The organization is a member of the State Policy Network, a conservative and libertarian network of state-based think tanks.","title":"Grassroot Institute of Hawaii"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frederic Bastiat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_Bastiat"},{"link_name":"Murray Rothbard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Rothbard"},{"link_name":"Milton Friedman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman"},{"link_name":"F.A. Hayek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.A._Hayek"},{"link_name":"Adam Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith"},{"link_name":"General Excise Tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii#Taxation"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The Grassroot Institute has published commentary on a variety of political issues, from a legal minimum wage to Hawaiian sovereignty. The Grassroot Institute conducts research and analysis of various issues from a free market perspective. Academic works are inspired by the writings of scholars such as Frederic Bastiat, Murray Rothbard, Milton Friedman, F.A. Hayek, and Adam Smith. Generally, the institute opposes tax increases, such as Hawaii's General Excise Tax.[6]","title":"Issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jones Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchant_Marine_Act_of_1920"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"The Jones Act","text":"The Grassroot Institute of Hawaii supports reform of the Jones Act that would address its disproportionate shipbuilding and cargo shipping restrictions effect on Hawaii.[7]","title":"Issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Honolulu rail project","text":"The Grassroot Institute of Hawaii has been a vocal critic of the Honolulu Authority for Rapid Transportation's rail project in Honolulu. The Institute hasn't made any public comments on whether the rail should stop at Middle Street, which is a popular belief among opponents. The only official position of the Institute is that HART be subject to an independent audit for fraud, waste and abuse.[8]In 2017, the Institute launched the campaign to audit the rail, which eventually gained momentum and resulted in a financial and management audit by Hawaii state auditor Les Kondo in 2018.[9]","title":"Issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Hawaiian sovereignty","text":"The Grassroot Institute joined with other groups to file suit against the State of Hawaii's efforts to form and gain federal recognition of a race-based, sovereign nation. The lawsuit, filed in 2015, seeks to block state-funded race-based elections in Hawaii.[10][11][12]","title":"Issues"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Grassroot Institute of Hawai Inc\" (PDF). Foundation Center. 10 November 2016. Retrieved 16 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://990s.foundationcenter.org/990_pdf_archive/990/990354937/990354937_201512_990.pdf?_ga=1.98517535.1400465774.1487149181","url_text":"\"Grassroot Institute of Hawai Inc\""}]},{"reference":"\"Supreme Court justice blocks Native Hawaiian vote count\". Chicago Tribune. Associated Press. November 27, 2015. Retrieved 21 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/ct-native-hawaiian-vote-count-20151127-story.html","url_text":"\"Supreme Court justice blocks Native Hawaiian vote count\""}]},{"reference":"\"About Us\". Grassroot Institute of Hawaii. Archived from the original on 20 October 2018. Retrieved 11 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181020103424/http://new.grassrootinstitute.org/about/","url_text":"\"About Us\""},{"url":"http://new.grassrootinstitute.org/about/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sterling Burnett, H. (July 31, 2015). \"Study Suggest 'Regressive' Gas Tax Hike for Hawaiians\". Heartland Institute. Retrieved 21 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.heartland.org/newspaper-article/2015/07/31/study-suggest-regressive-gas-tax-hike-hawaiians","url_text":"\"Study Suggest 'Regressive' Gas Tax Hike for Hawaiians\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heartland_Institute","url_text":"Heartland Institute"}]},{"reference":"\"Jones Act\". Grassroot Institute of Hawaii. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 21 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151222220048/http://new.grassrootinstitute.org/innitiatives/jones/","url_text":"\"Jones Act\""},{"url":"http://new.grassrootinstitute.org/innitiatives/jones/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hawaii, Grassroot Institute of (2019-01-11). \"First part of HART audit is bad; will rest be worse?\". Grassroot Institute of Hawaii. Retrieved 2019-01-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.grassrootinstitute.org/2019/01/first-part-of-hart-audit-is-bad-will-rest-be-worse/","url_text":"\"First part of HART audit is bad; will rest be worse?\""}]},{"reference":"\"State Auditor Says Rail Agency Is Interfering With His Work\". Honolulu Civil Beat. 2018-06-01. Retrieved 2019-01-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.civilbeat.org/2018/05/state-auditor-says-rail-agency-is-interfering-with-his-work/","url_text":"\"State Auditor Says Rail Agency Is Interfering With His Work\""}]},{"reference":"Blair, Chad (August 13, 2015). \"Lawsuit Says Hawaiians-Only Election Is 'Racially Exclusive'\". Honolulu Civil Beat. Retrieved 21 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.civilbeat.com/2015/08/lawsuit-says-hawaiians-only-election-is-racially-exclusive/","url_text":"\"Lawsuit Says Hawaiians-Only Election Is 'Racially Exclusive'\""}]},{"reference":"Essoyan, Susan (August 13, 2015). \"Federal lawsuit filed to block Native Hawaiian election\". Honolulu Star-Advertiser. Retrieved 21 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.staradvertiser.com/hawaii-news/federal-lawsuit-filed-to-block-native-hawaiian-election-2/","url_text":"\"Federal lawsuit filed to block Native Hawaiian election\""}]},{"reference":"Daysog, Rick (February 1, 2016). \"Na'i Aupuni kicks off amid heated talks\". Hawaii News Now. Retrieved 7 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/story/31104257/nai-aupuni-kicks-off-amid-heated-talks/","url_text":"\"Na'i Aupuni kicks off amid heated talks\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.grassrootinstitute.org/","external_links_name":"www.grassrootinstitute.org"},{"Link":"https://hbe.ehawaii.gov/documents/business.html?fileNumber=121532D2","external_links_name":"The Grassroot Institute of Hawaii, Inc."},{"Link":"http://www.guidestar.org/profile/99-0354937","external_links_name":"Form 990: Return of Organization Exempt from Income Tax"},{"Link":"http://990s.foundationcenter.org/990_pdf_archive/990/990354937/990354937_201512_990.pdf?_ga=1.98517535.1400465774.1487149181","external_links_name":"\"Grassroot Institute of Hawai Inc\""},{"Link":"http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/ct-native-hawaiian-vote-count-20151127-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Supreme Court justice blocks Native Hawaiian vote count\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181020103424/http://new.grassrootinstitute.org/about/","external_links_name":"\"About Us\""},{"Link":"http://new.grassrootinstitute.org/about/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://news.heartland.org/newspaper-article/2015/07/31/study-suggest-regressive-gas-tax-hike-hawaiians","external_links_name":"\"Study Suggest 'Regressive' Gas Tax Hike for Hawaiians\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151222220048/http://new.grassrootinstitute.org/innitiatives/jones/","external_links_name":"\"Jones Act\""},{"Link":"http://new.grassrootinstitute.org/innitiatives/jones/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.grassrootinstitute.org/2019/01/first-part-of-hart-audit-is-bad-will-rest-be-worse/","external_links_name":"\"First part of HART audit is bad; will rest be worse?\""},{"Link":"http://www.civilbeat.org/2018/05/state-auditor-says-rail-agency-is-interfering-with-his-work/","external_links_name":"\"State Auditor Says Rail Agency Is Interfering With His Work\""},{"Link":"http://www.civilbeat.com/2015/08/lawsuit-says-hawaiians-only-election-is-racially-exclusive/","external_links_name":"\"Lawsuit Says Hawaiians-Only Election Is 'Racially Exclusive'\""},{"Link":"http://www.staradvertiser.com/hawaii-news/federal-lawsuit-filed-to-block-native-hawaiian-election-2/","external_links_name":"\"Federal lawsuit filed to block Native Hawaiian election\""},{"Link":"https://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/story/31104257/nai-aupuni-kicks-off-amid-heated-talks/","external_links_name":"\"Na'i Aupuni kicks off amid heated talks\""},{"Link":"http://www.grassrootinstitute.org/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://nccsweb.urban.org/communityplatform/nccs/organization/profile/id/990354937/popup/1","external_links_name":"Organizational Profile"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031529/http://nccsweb.urban.org/communityplatform/nccs/organization/profile/id/990354937/popup/1","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Grassroot_Institute_of_Hawaii","external_links_name":"Source Watch"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Armstrong_(photographer)	David Armstrong (photographer)	["1 Personal life","2 Career","3 Exhibitions","4 Publications","4.1 Publications by Armstrong","4.2 Publications with others","5 References"]	American photographer David Bradley Armstrong (May 24, 1954 – October 26, 2014) was an American photographer based in New York. Armstrong first exhibited his work in 1977 and had one-person shows in New York City, Boston, Berlin, Paris, Rome, Zurich, Düsseldorf, Lisbon, Munich, and Amsterdam. His work was included in numerous group museum exhibitions including Visions from America: Photographs from The Whitney Museum of American Art, 1940-2001 in 2003, Emotions and Relations at the Hamburger Kunsthalle in 1998, and the 1995 Whitney Biennial. Personal life Armstrong was born in 1954, in Arlington, Massachusetts, one of four sons of Robert and Irma Armstrong. He graduated from the Satya Community School, an alternative high school in Lincoln, Massachusetts, where he met Nan Goldin at the age of 14. David openly identified as gay. On October 26, 2014, at the age of 60, he died in Los Angeles, California due to liver cancer. Career Armstrong entered into the School of the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston as a painting major, but soon switched to photography after studying alongside Goldin, with whom he shared an apartment. He attended the School of the Museum of Fine Arts and Cooper Union from 1974 to 1978, and he earned a B.F.A from Tufts University in 1988 and Judy Ann Goldman Fine Art in Boston. During the late 1970s, Armstrong became associated with the "Boston School" of photography, which included artists such as Nan Goldin, Mark Morrisroe and Jack Pierson. Their aesthetic was based on intimate snapshot portraits in saturated color. Armstrong first received critical attention for his intimate portraits of men, either lovers or friends, in sharp focus. In the nineties, he began to photograph cityscapes and landscapes in soft focus to contrast with the resolution of his portraits. Street lights, electric signs and cars are reduced to a sensual mottled blur, complementing the vividness and tactility of his portraits. In 1981, Armstrong created a series of black-and-white portraits which he showed at PS1's New York/New Wave exhibition. In 1996, Elisabeth Sussman, curator of photographs at the Whitney Museum, enlisted Armstrong's help in composing Goldin's first retrospective. She gained such respect for Armstrong’s eye, she acquired a few of his pieces for the Whitney permanent collection and he was subsequently featured in the Whitney 1994 biennial. Armstrong’s work has also appeared in publications such as Vogue Paris, L'Uomo Vogue, Arena Homme +, GQ, Self Service, Another Man and Japanese Vogue and he has worked on the advertising campaigns of companies such as Zegna, René Lezard, Kenneth Cole, Burberry, Puma, and Barbara Bui. He once shot editorials for Wonderland, Vogue Hommes and Purple. Although his primary subjects include portraits of young boys and men, Armstrong also released a book of land and cityscapes in 2002, entitled All Day, Every Day. Exhibitions A Double Life, Matthew Marks Gallery, New York City, 1993 Landscapes, Matthew Marks Gallery, New York City, 1995 The Silver Cord, Matthew Marks Gallery, New York City, 1997 Emotions and Relations, Hamburger Kunsthalle Hamburg, Germany, 1998 Gallerie Barbara Farber/Rob Jurka Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 1998 Ugo Ferranti Rome, Italy, 1998 New Photographs, Matthew Marks Gallery, New York City, 1999 Scalo New York, New York City, 1999 Galerie Fricke, Berlin, 1999 Judy Goldman Fine Art, Boston, 1999 Bang Street Gallery, Provincetown, Massachusetts, 1999 Joao Graça, Lisbon, 2000 Open Studio, Toronto, 2000 Photography in Boston: 1955 – 1985, DeCordova Museum and Sculpture Park, Lincoln, Massachusetts, 2000 (catalogue ISBN 0262122294) New Editions, Marlborough Graphics, New York City, 2000 Faces, Bang Street Gallery, Provincetown, Massachusetts, 2000 Cityscapes and Landscapes, Galerie M+R Fricke, Düsseldorf, 2001 Bang Street Gallery, Provincetown, Massachusetts, 2001 CITY: Prints and Photographs from the 30s through Today, Brooke Alexander, New York City, 2001 Places and People, L.A. Galerie Lothar Albrecht, Frankfurt, 2001 Building Dwelling Thinking, Judy Ann Goldman Fine Art, Boston, 2001 Tenth Anniversary Exhibition, 100 Drawings and Photographs, Matthew Marks Gallery, New York City, 2001 (catalogue ISBN 1-880146-34-7) City Light, Matthew Marks Gallery, New York City, 2002 David Armstrong: All Day Every Day, Scalo Galerie, Zurich, Switzerland, 2002 Visions from America. Photographs from the Whitney Museum of American Art, 1940-2001, Whitney Museum of American Art, New York City, 2002 (catalogue ISBN 978-3791327877) Recent Acquisitions, Dallas Museum of Art, Texas, 2002 David Armstrong: portraits and other works, early and recent, Galerie M + R Fricke, Düsseldorf, 2003 Flesh Tones: 100 Years of the Nude, Robert Mann Gallery, New York City, 2003 Your Picture on My Wall, Matthew Marks Gallery, New York City, 2004 Likeness: Portraits of Artists by Other Artists, CCA Wattis Institute for Contemporary Arts, San Francisco, 2004 Indigestible Correctness II, Kenny Schachter Gallery, New York City, 2004 Model Boy, Judy Ann Goldman Fine Art, Boston, 2006 Some Tribes, Christophe Guye Galerie, Zurich, Switzerland, 2006 True Romance - Allegorien der Liebe von der Renaissance bis heute, Kunsthalle Wien (Halle 1, Halle 2 im MQ), Vienna, 2007 Publications Publications by Armstrong Polariods. 2013. ISBN 1907071415. David Armstrong: All Day Every Day. 2002. ISBN 390824756X. The Silver Cord. 1997. ISBN 3931141489. Publications with others Night and Day. By Armstrong, Rene Richard and Jack Pierson. 2012 ISBN 1907071288. David Armstrong: 615 Jefferson Avenue. By Armstrong, Nick Vogelson, Anton Aparin and Boyd Holbrook. 2011. ISBN 8862081782. A Double Life. By Armstrong and Nan Goldin. 1994 ISBN 1881616215. Faces of Hope:AIDS and Addiction in America.By Armstrong and Rory Kennedy. 2001ISBN 978-0923183271. References ^ David Armstrong Matthew Marks Gallery, New York/Los Angeles. ^ Whitney Biennial, (New York: Whitney Museum of American Art, 1995) ^ a b c Paul Vitello (October 31, 2014), David Armstrong, Photographer of Subcultures, Dies at 60 The New York Times. ^ a b c d Jane Harris, "Home-Work: Photographer David Armstrong Talks About His Latest Monograph, 615 Jefferson Avenue", 19 December 2011. Accessed 15 December 2017. ^ Vitello, Paul (November 1, 2014). "David Armstrong, Photographer of Subcultures, Dies at 60". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 27, 2022. ^ a b c "Jed Root, Inc". Archived from the original on April 23, 2012. Retrieved April 12, 2012. ^ David Armstrong, "The Silver Cord", (New York: Scalo, 1997) ^ a b Van Meter, William (April 12, 2012). "A Portraitist's Eye Gazes on Fashion". The New York Times. Retrieved January 19, 2017. ^ "Exhibition - Nan Goldin and David Armstrong - Matthew Marks Gallery". Matthewmarks.com. Retrieved December 15, 2017. ^ "Exhibition - David Armstrong - Matthew Marks Gallery". Matthewmarks.com. Retrieved December 15, 2017. ^ "Exhibition - David Armstrong - Matthew Marks Gallery". Matthewmarks.com. Retrieved December 15, 2017. ^ "Exhibition - David Armstrong - Matthew Marks Gallery". Matthewmarks.com. Retrieved December 15, 2017. ^ a b Fricke, Marion und Roswitha. "Galerie M + R Fricke - Internationale Kunst der Gegenwart Berlin". Galeriefricke.de. Retrieved December 15, 2017. ^ "City: Prints and Photographs from the 30's through Today". Baeditions.com. Archived from the original on August 9, 2016. Retrieved December 15, 2017. ^ "Exhibition - David Armstrong - Matthew Marks Gallery". Matthewmarks.com. Retrieved December 15, 2017. ^ Johnson, Ken (March 21, 2003). "ART IN REVIEW; 'Flesh Tones' -- '100 Years of the Nude'". The New York Times. Retrieved December 15, 2017. ^ "Exhibition - David Armstrong - Matthew Marks Gallery". Matthewmarks.com. Retrieved December 15, 2017. ^ "Likeness: Portraits of Artists by Other Artists - CCA Wattis Institute for Contemporary Arts". archive.wattis.org. Retrieved December 15, 2017. ^ Cotter, Holland (April 23, 2004). "ART IN REVIEW; 'Indigestible Correctness'". The New York Times. Retrieved December 15, 2017. ^ "Some Tribes". Christopheguye.com. Retrieved December 15, 2017. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF 2 WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Germany Israel United States Artists Photographers' Identities RKD Artists Städel ULAN Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"Hamburger Kunsthalle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburger_Kunsthalle"},{"link_name":"Whitney Biennial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitney_Biennial"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"David Bradley Armstrong (May 24, 1954 – October 26, 2014) was an American photographer based in New York.Armstrong first exhibited his work in 1977 and had one-person shows in New York City, Boston, Berlin, Paris, Rome, Zurich, Düsseldorf, Lisbon, Munich, and Amsterdam. His work was included in numerous group museum exhibitions including Visions from America: Photographs from The Whitney Museum of American Art, 1940-2001 in 2003, Emotions and Relations at the Hamburger Kunsthalle in 1998, and the 1995 Whitney Biennial.[1][2]","title":"David Armstrong (photographer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arlington, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paul_Vitello_2014-3"},{"link_name":"Nan Goldin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nan_Goldin"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-huffingtonpost.com-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paul_Vitello_2014-3"}],"text":"Armstrong was born in 1954, in Arlington, Massachusetts, one of four sons of Robert and Irma Armstrong.[3] He graduated from the Satya Community School, an alternative high school in Lincoln, Massachusetts, where he met Nan Goldin at the age of 14.[4] David openly identified as gay.[5] On October 26, 2014, at the age of 60, he died in Los Angeles, California due to liver cancer.[3]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"School of the Museum of Fine Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_the_Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Boston"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paul_Vitello_2014-3"},{"link_name":"Cooper Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooper_Union"},{"link_name":"Tufts University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufts_University"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JedRoot-6"},{"link_name":"Mark Morrisroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Morrisroe"},{"link_name":"Jack Pierson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Pierson"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-huffingtonpost.com-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-huffingtonpost.com-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"soft focus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_focus"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JedRoot-6"},{"link_name":"PS1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MoMA_PS1"},{"link_name":"Elisabeth Sussman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_Sussman"},{"link_name":"Whitney Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitney_Museum"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes.com-8"},{"link_name":"Vogue Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogue_Paris"},{"link_name":"L'Uomo Vogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men%27s_Vogue"},{"link_name":"Arena Homme +","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arena_Homme_%2B"},{"link_name":"GQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GQ"},{"link_name":"Another Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Another_Magazine"},{"link_name":"Japanese Vogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Zegna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zegna"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Cole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Cole_Productions"},{"link_name":"Burberry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burberry"},{"link_name":"Puma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puma_SE"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JedRoot-6"},{"link_name":"Purple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes.com-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-huffingtonpost.com-4"}],"text":"Armstrong entered into the School of the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston as a painting major, but soon switched to photography after studying alongside Goldin, with whom he shared an apartment.[3] He attended the School of the Museum of Fine Arts and Cooper Union from 1974 to 1978, and he earned a B.F.A from Tufts University in 1988 and Judy Ann Goldman Fine Art in Boston.[6]During the late 1970s, Armstrong became associated with the \"Boston School\" of photography, which included artists such as Nan Goldin, Mark Morrisroe and Jack Pierson.[4] Their aesthetic was based on intimate snapshot portraits in saturated color.[4]Armstrong first received critical attention for his intimate portraits of men, either lovers or friends, in sharp focus.[7] In the nineties, he began to photograph cityscapes and landscapes in soft focus to contrast with the resolution of his portraits. Street lights, electric signs and cars are reduced to a sensual mottled blur, complementing the vividness and tactility of his portraits.[6]In 1981, Armstrong created a series of black-and-white portraits which he showed at PS1's New York/New Wave exhibition. In 1996, Elisabeth Sussman, curator of photographs at the Whitney Museum, enlisted Armstrong's help in composing Goldin's first retrospective. She gained such respect for Armstrong’s eye, she acquired a few of his pieces for the Whitney permanent collection and he was subsequently featured in the Whitney 1994 biennial.[8]Armstrong’s work has also appeared in publications such as Vogue Paris, L'Uomo Vogue, Arena Homme +, GQ, Self Service, Another Man and Japanese Vogue and he has worked on the advertising campaigns of companies such as Zegna, René Lezard, Kenneth Cole, Burberry, Puma, and Barbara Bui.[6] He once shot editorials for Wonderland, Vogue Hommes and Purple.[8]Although his primary subjects include portraits of young boys and men, Armstrong also released a book of land and cityscapes in 2002, entitled All Day, Every Day.[4]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Matthew Marks Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Marks_Gallery"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0262122294","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0262122294"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-880146-34-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-880146-34-7"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3791327877","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3791327877"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-13"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"A Double Life, Matthew Marks Gallery, New York City, 1993[9]\nLandscapes, Matthew Marks Gallery, New York City, 1995[10]\nThe Silver Cord, Matthew Marks Gallery, New York City, 1997[11]\nEmotions and Relations, Hamburger Kunsthalle Hamburg, Germany, 1998\nGallerie Barbara Farber/Rob Jurka Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 1998\nUgo Ferranti Rome, Italy, 1998\nNew Photographs, Matthew Marks Gallery, New York City, 1999[12]\nScalo New York, New York City, 1999\nGalerie Fricke, Berlin, 1999\nJudy Goldman Fine Art, Boston, 1999\nBang Street Gallery, Provincetown, Massachusetts, 1999\nJoao Graça, Lisbon, 2000\nOpen Studio, Toronto, 2000\nPhotography in Boston: 1955 – 1985, DeCordova Museum and Sculpture Park, Lincoln, Massachusetts, 2000 (catalogue ISBN 0262122294)\nNew Editions, Marlborough Graphics, New York City, 2000\nFaces, Bang Street Gallery, Provincetown, Massachusetts, 2000\nCityscapes and Landscapes, Galerie M+R Fricke, Düsseldorf, 2001[13]\nBang Street Gallery, Provincetown, Massachusetts, 2001\nCITY: Prints and Photographs from the 30s through Today, Brooke Alexander, New York City, 2001[14]\nPlaces and People, L.A. Galerie Lothar Albrecht, Frankfurt, 2001\nBuilding Dwelling Thinking, Judy Ann Goldman Fine Art, Boston, 2001\nTenth Anniversary Exhibition, 100 Drawings and Photographs, Matthew Marks Gallery, New York City, 2001 (catalogue ISBN 1-880146-34-7)\nCity Light, Matthew Marks Gallery, New York City, 2002[15]\nDavid Armstrong: All Day Every Day, Scalo Galerie, Zurich, Switzerland, 2002\nVisions from America. Photographs from the Whitney Museum of American Art, 1940-2001, Whitney Museum of American Art, New York City, 2002 (catalogue ISBN 978-3791327877)\nRecent Acquisitions, Dallas Museum of Art, Texas, 2002\nDavid Armstrong: portraits and other works, early and recent, Galerie M + R Fricke, Düsseldorf, 2003[13]\nFlesh Tones: 100 Years of the Nude, Robert Mann Gallery, New York City, 2003[16]\nYour Picture on My Wall, Matthew Marks Gallery, New York City, 2004[17]\nLikeness: Portraits of Artists by Other Artists, CCA Wattis Institute for Contemporary Arts, San Francisco, 2004[18]\nIndigestible Correctness II, Kenny Schachter Gallery, New York City, 2004[19]\nModel Boy, Judy Ann Goldman Fine Art, Boston, 2006\nSome Tribes, Christophe Guye Galerie, Zurich, Switzerland, 2006[20]\nTrue Romance - Allegorien der Liebe von der Renaissance bis heute, Kunsthalle Wien (Halle 1, Halle 2 im MQ), Vienna, 2007","title":"Exhibitions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1907071415","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1907071415"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"390824756X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/390824756X"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3931141489","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3931141489"}],"sub_title":"Publications by Armstrong","text":"Polariods. 2013. ISBN 1907071415.\nDavid Armstrong: All Day Every Day. 2002. ISBN 390824756X.\nThe Silver Cord. 1997. ISBN 3931141489.","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1907071288","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1907071288"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"8862081782","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8862081782"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1881616215","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1881616215"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0923183271","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0923183271"}],"sub_title":"Publications with others","text":"Night and Day. By Armstrong, Rene Richard and Jack Pierson. 2012 ISBN 1907071288.\nDavid Armstrong: 615 Jefferson Avenue. By Armstrong, Nick Vogelson, Anton Aparin and Boyd Holbrook. 2011. ISBN 8862081782.\nA Double Life. By Armstrong and Nan Goldin. 1994 ISBN 1881616215.\nFaces of Hope:AIDS and Addiction in America.By Armstrong and Rory Kennedy. 2001ISBN 978-0923183271.","title":"Publications"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Vitello, Paul (November 1, 2014). \"David Armstrong, Photographer of Subcultures, Dies at 60\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/01/fashion/news/david-armstrong-photographer-of-subcultures-dies-at-60.html","url_text":"\"David Armstrong, Photographer of Subcultures, Dies at 60\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"Jed Root, Inc\". Archived from the original on April 23, 2012. Retrieved April 12, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120423095449/http://www.jedroot.com/photogr/da/armstrong-bio.php","url_text":"\"Jed Root, Inc\""},{"url":"http://www.jedroot.com/photogr/da/armstrong-bio.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Van Meter, William (April 12, 2012). \"A Portraitist's Eye Gazes on Fashion\". The New York Times. Retrieved January 19, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/01/fashion/interview-with-david-armstrong-photographer.html?pagewanted=all","url_text":"\"A Portraitist's Eye Gazes on Fashion\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Exhibition - Nan Goldin and David Armstrong - Matthew Marks Gallery\". Matthewmarks.com. Retrieved December 15, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.matthewmarks.com/new-york/exhibitions/1993-12-08_nan-goldin-and-david-armstrong/","url_text":"\"Exhibition - Nan Goldin and David Armstrong - Matthew Marks Gallery\""}]},{"reference":"\"Exhibition - David Armstrong - Matthew Marks Gallery\". Matthewmarks.com. Retrieved December 15, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.matthewmarks.com/new-york/exhibitions/1995-03-16_david-armstrong/","url_text":"\"Exhibition - David Armstrong - Matthew Marks Gallery\""}]},{"reference":"\"Exhibition - David Armstrong - Matthew Marks Gallery\". Matthewmarks.com. Retrieved December 15, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.matthewmarks.com/new-york/exhibitions/1997-04-03_david-armstrong/","url_text":"\"Exhibition - David Armstrong - Matthew Marks Gallery\""}]},{"reference":"\"Exhibition - David Armstrong - Matthew Marks Gallery\". Matthewmarks.com. Retrieved December 15, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.matthewmarks.com/new-york/exhibitions/1999-09-24_david-armstrong/","url_text":"\"Exhibition - David Armstrong - Matthew Marks Gallery\""}]},{"reference":"Fricke, Marion und Roswitha. \"Galerie M + R Fricke - Internationale Kunst der Gegenwart Berlin\". Galeriefricke.de. Retrieved December 15, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.galeriefricke.de/news/duesseldorf.htm","url_text":"\"Galerie M + R Fricke - Internationale Kunst der Gegenwart Berlin\""}]},{"reference":"\"City: Prints and Photographs from the 30's through Today\". Baeditions.com. Archived from the original on August 9, 2016. Retrieved December 15, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160809073413/http://baeditions.com/installation-views/city-installation.htm","url_text":"\"City: Prints and Photographs from the 30's through Today\""},{"url":"http://www.baeditions.com/installation-views/city-installation.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Exhibition - David Armstrong - Matthew Marks Gallery\". Matthewmarks.com. Retrieved December 15, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.matthewmarks.com/new-york/exhibitions/2002-01-12_david-armstrong/","url_text":"\"Exhibition - David Armstrong - Matthew Marks Gallery\""}]},{"reference":"Johnson, Ken (March 21, 2003). \"ART IN REVIEW; 'Flesh Tones' -- '100 Years of the Nude'\". The New York Times. Retrieved December 15, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/21/arts/art-in-review-flesh-tones-100-years-of-the-nude.html","url_text":"\"ART IN REVIEW; 'Flesh Tones' -- '100 Years of the Nude'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Exhibition - David Armstrong - Matthew Marks Gallery\". Matthewmarks.com. Retrieved December 15, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.matthewmarks.com/new-york/exhibitions/2004-01-16_david-armstrong/","url_text":"\"Exhibition - David Armstrong - Matthew Marks Gallery\""}]},{"reference":"\"Likeness: Portraits of Artists by Other Artists - CCA Wattis Institute for Contemporary Arts\". archive.wattis.org. Retrieved December 15, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.wattis.org/exhibitions/likeness-portraits-artists-other-artists","url_text":"\"Likeness: Portraits of Artists by Other Artists - CCA Wattis Institute for Contemporary Arts\""}]},{"reference":"Cotter, Holland (April 23, 2004). \"ART IN REVIEW; 'Indigestible Correctness'\". The New York Times. Retrieved December 15, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2004/04/23/arts/art-in-review-indigestible-correctness.html","url_text":"\"ART IN REVIEW; 'Indigestible Correctness'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Some Tribes\". Christopheguye.com. Retrieved December 15, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://christopheguye.com/exhibitions/some-tribes/introduction","url_text":"\"Some Tribes\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.matthewmarks.com/new-york/artists/david-armstrong","external_links_name":"David Armstrong"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/01/fashion/news/david-armstrong-photographer-of-subcultures-dies-at-60.html","external_links_name":"David Armstrong, Photographer of Subcultures, Dies at 60"},{"Link":"https://www.huffingtonpost.com/jane-harris/homework-photographer-dav_b_1142479.html","external_links_name":"Home-Work: Photographer David Armstrong Talks About His Latest Monograph, 615 Jefferson Avenue"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/01/fashion/news/david-armstrong-photographer-of-subcultures-dies-at-60.html","external_links_name":"\"David Armstrong, Photographer of Subcultures, Dies at 60\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120423095449/http://www.jedroot.com/photogr/da/armstrong-bio.php","external_links_name":"\"Jed Root, Inc\""},{"Link":"http://www.jedroot.com/photogr/da/armstrong-bio.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/01/fashion/interview-with-david-armstrong-photographer.html?pagewanted=all","external_links_name":"\"A Portraitist's Eye Gazes on Fashion\""},{"Link":"http://www.matthewmarks.com/new-york/exhibitions/1993-12-08_nan-goldin-and-david-armstrong/","external_links_name":"\"Exhibition - Nan Goldin and David Armstrong - Matthew Marks Gallery\""},{"Link":"http://www.matthewmarks.com/new-york/exhibitions/1995-03-16_david-armstrong/","external_links_name":"\"Exhibition - David Armstrong - Matthew Marks Gallery\""},{"Link":"http://www.matthewmarks.com/new-york/exhibitions/1997-04-03_david-armstrong/","external_links_name":"\"Exhibition - David Armstrong - Matthew Marks Gallery\""},{"Link":"http://www.matthewmarks.com/new-york/exhibitions/1999-09-24_david-armstrong/","external_links_name":"\"Exhibition - David Armstrong - Matthew Marks Gallery\""},{"Link":"http://www.galeriefricke.de/news/duesseldorf.htm","external_links_name":"\"Galerie M + R Fricke - Internationale Kunst der Gegenwart Berlin\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160809073413/http://baeditions.com/installation-views/city-installation.htm","external_links_name":"\"City: Prints and Photographs from the 30's through Today\""},{"Link":"http://www.baeditions.com/installation-views/city-installation.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.matthewmarks.com/new-york/exhibitions/2002-01-12_david-armstrong/","external_links_name":"\"Exhibition - David Armstrong - Matthew Marks Gallery\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/21/arts/art-in-review-flesh-tones-100-years-of-the-nude.html","external_links_name":"\"ART IN REVIEW; 'Flesh Tones' -- '100 Years of the Nude'\""},{"Link":"http://www.matthewmarks.com/new-york/exhibitions/2004-01-16_david-armstrong/","external_links_name":"\"Exhibition - David Armstrong - Matthew Marks Gallery\""},{"Link":"http://archive.wattis.org/exhibitions/likeness-portraits-artists-other-artists","external_links_name":"\"Likeness: Portraits of Artists by Other Artists - CCA Wattis Institute for Contemporary Arts\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2004/04/23/arts/art-in-review-indigestible-correctness.html","external_links_name":"\"ART IN REVIEW; 'Indigestible Correctness'\""},{"Link":"https://christopheguye.com/exhibitions/some-tribes/introduction","external_links_name":"\"Some Tribes\""},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/270724/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000114872844","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/63499319","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/5105950","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxCy6WpYB8y8VgbdgCG73","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4966418","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13610095b","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13610095b","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/119205068","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007257850505171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr90009937","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://pic.nypl.org/constituents/18211","external_links_name":"Photographers' Identities"},{"Link":"https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/393854","external_links_name":"RKD Artists"},{"Link":"https://sammlung.staedelmuseum.de/en/person/armstrong-david","external_links_name":"Städel"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500114759","external_links_name":"ULAN"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/055808220","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebedev	Lebedev	["1 Geographical distribution","2 People","3 Fictional characters","4 See also","5 References"]	Lebedev (Russian: Ле́бедев), or Lebedeva (feminine; Ле́бедева) is a common Russian family name derived from the word лебедь (lebed, meaning "swan"). Geographical distribution As of 2014, 83.5% of all known bearers of the surname Lebedev were residents of Russia (1:1,150), 5.5% of Ukraine (1:5,476), 2.8% of Belarus (1:2,295), 2.5% of Uzbekistan (1:8,343) and 2.4% of Kazakhstan (1:4,862). In Russia, the frequency of the surname was higher than national average (1:1,150) in the following federal subjects: 1. Kostroma Oblast (1:157) 2. Ivanovo Oblast (1:289) 3. Tver Oblast (1:291) 4. Yaroslavl Oblast (1:379) 5. Jewish Autonomous Oblast (1:476) 6. Nizhny Novgorod Oblast (1:516) 7. Mari El (1:521) 8. Vologda Oblast (1:563) 9. Vladimir Oblast (1:619) 10. Leningrad Oblast (1:677) 11. Novgorod Oblast (1:685) 12. Amur Oblast (1:739) 13. Udmurtia (1:761) 14. Saint Petersburg (1:773) 15. Pskov Oblast (1:838) 16. Moscow Oblast (1:861) 17. Volgograd Oblast (1:900) 18. Murmansk Oblast (1:925) 19. Chukotka Autonomous Okrug (1:934) 20. Belgorod Oblast (1:976) 21. Kirov Oblast (1:983) 22. Kaliningrad Oblast (1:998) 23. Voronezh Oblast (1:1,010) 24. Irkutsk Oblast (1:1,018) 25. Smolensk Oblast (1:1,027) 26. Khabarovsk Krai (1:1,033) 27. Magadan Oblast (1:1,099) 28. Arkhangelsk Oblast (1:1,117) 29. Sakhalin Oblast (1:1,120) 30. Kemerovo Oblast (1:1,146) People Alexander Lebedev (born 1959), Russian businessman and politician Aleksandr Lebedev (biochemist), Russian biochemist Alexander Pavlovich Lebedev (1918–1943), Soviet army officer and Hero of the Soviet Union Alexey Lebedev (1924–1993), Russian tubist and composer Aleksey Vladimirovich Lebedev (born 1973), Russian scriptwriter and director. Main scriptwriter of the Kikoriki series. Alina Lebedeva (born 1985), attacked Prince Charles of the United Kingdom in 2001 Andrey Lebedev (footballer) (born 1963), Soviet and Russian footballer Andrey Lebedzew (born 1991), Belarusian footballer Artemy Lebedev (born 1975), Russian graphic designer and founder of Art. Lebedev Studio Arthur Lebedev (born 1936), Russian neurophysiologist Denis Lebedev (born 1979), Russian boxer Dmitri Lebedev (businessman) (born 1968), CEO of Rossiya Bank Dmitry Lebedev (general) (1872–1935), Russian Estonian military commander, general Dzmitry Lebedzew (born 1986), Belarusian footballer Evgeny Lebedev (born 1980), newspaper publisher Evgeny Lebedev (1917–1997), Russian actor Gerasim Lebedev (1749–1817), Russian Indologist Gennady Lebedev (1957–2004), Russian economist, businessman and politician Ivan Lebedeff (1894–1953), Russian-American film actor Ivan Lebedev (a.k.a. Jean Lébédeff), (1884–1972), Russian-French painter and printmaker (article in French Wikipedia) Ivan Lebedev (born 1959), Russian – American artist and photographer Klavdy Lebedev (1852–1916), Russian painter Konstantin Lebedev (1910–1949), Soviet soldier and Hero of the Soviet Union Natalya Lebedeva (born 1949), Russian athlete Nikolai Alexandrovich Lebedev (1914–1942), Soviet army officer and Hero of the Soviet Union Nikolai Andreevich Lebedev (1919–1982), mathematician Pavel Lebedev (born 1982), Russian pairs figure skater Platon Lebedev (born 1956), Russian businessman Pyotr Lebedev (1866–1912), Russian physicist Sergey Lebedev (disambiguation) – several people Tatyana Lebedeva (born 1976), Russian athlete Valentin Lebedev (born 1942), Russian cosmonaut and double Hero of the Soviet Union Vasily Lebedev-Kumach (1898–1949), Russian poet Vladimir Lebedev (artist) (1891–1967), Russian painter and graphic artist Vyacheslav Ivanovich Lebedev (1930–2010), Russian mathematician, known for the Lebedev quadrature method Yelena Lebedeva (born 1977), Uzbekistani canoeist Yevgeniy Lebedev (born 1981), Russian sprint athlete Yevgeni Lebedev (1917–1997), Russian actor, People's Artist of the USSR Yuri Lebedev (born 1951), Russian former ice hockey player Fictional characters Juan Ivanovich Lebedev, fictional character from Deus Ex Lukian Timofyevich Lebedev, fictional character from Dostoevsky's novel The Idiot N. A. Lebedev, fictional character from S.T.A.L.K.E.R.: Clear Sky game See also The Lebedev Physical Institute and the Lebedev Institute of Precision Mechanics and Computer Engineering which are named after Pyotr and Sergei, respectively. Pyotr Lebedev (research vessel) References ^ Lebedev surname distribution Surname listThis page lists people with the surname Lebedev. If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name(s) to the link.	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Lebedev"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"},{"link_name":"Uzbekistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan"},{"link_name":"Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"federal subjects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_subjects_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lebedev2014-1"},{"link_name":"Kostroma Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kostroma_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Ivanovo Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivanovo_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Tver Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tver_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Yaroslavl Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaroslavl_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Jewish Autonomous Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Nizhny Novgorod Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Mari El","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_El"},{"link_name":"Vologda Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vologda_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Leningrad Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leningrad_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Novgorod Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novgorod_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Amur Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amur_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Udmurtia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udmurtia"},{"link_name":"Saint Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg"},{"link_name":"Pskov Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pskov_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Moscow Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Volgograd Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volgograd_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Murmansk Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murmansk_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Chukotka Autonomous Okrug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chukotka_Autonomous_Okrug"},{"link_name":"Belgorod Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgorod_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Kirov Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirov_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Kaliningrad Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Voronezh Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voronezh_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Irkutsk Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irkutsk_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Smolensk Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smolensk_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Khabarovsk Krai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khabarovsk_Krai"},{"link_name":"Magadan Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magadan_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Arkhangelsk Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkhangelsk_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Sakhalin Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakhalin_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Kemerovo Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemerovo_Oblast"}],"text":"As of 2014, 83.5% of all known bearers of the surname Lebedev were residents of Russia (1:1,150), 5.5% of Ukraine (1:5,476), 2.8% of Belarus (1:2,295), 2.5% of Uzbekistan (1:8,343) and 2.4% of Kazakhstan (1:4,862).In Russia, the frequency of the surname was higher than national average (1:1,150) in the following federal subjects:[1]1. Kostroma Oblast (1:157)\n2. Ivanovo Oblast (1:289)\n3. Tver Oblast (1:291)\n4. Yaroslavl Oblast (1:379)\n5. Jewish Autonomous Oblast (1:476)\n6. Nizhny Novgorod Oblast (1:516)\n7. Mari El (1:521)\n8. Vologda Oblast (1:563)\n9. Vladimir Oblast (1:619)\n10. Leningrad Oblast (1:677)\n11. Novgorod Oblast (1:685)\n12. Amur Oblast (1:739)\n13. Udmurtia (1:761)\n14. Saint Petersburg (1:773)\n15. Pskov Oblast (1:838)\n16. Moscow Oblast (1:861)\n17. Volgograd Oblast (1:900)\n18. Murmansk Oblast (1:925)\n19. Chukotka Autonomous Okrug (1:934)\n20. Belgorod Oblast (1:976)\n21. Kirov Oblast (1:983)\n22. Kaliningrad Oblast (1:998)\n23. Voronezh Oblast (1:1,010)\n24. Irkutsk Oblast (1:1,018)\n25. Smolensk Oblast (1:1,027)\n26. Khabarovsk Krai (1:1,033)\n27. Magadan Oblast (1:1,099)\n28. Arkhangelsk Oblast (1:1,117)\n29. Sakhalin Oblast (1:1,120)\n30. Kemerovo Oblast (1:1,146)","title":"Geographical distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alexander Lebedev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Lebedev"},{"link_name":"Aleksandr Lebedev (biochemist)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Lebedev_(biochemist)"},{"link_name":"Alexander Pavlovich Lebedev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Pavlovich_Lebedev&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hero of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Alexey Lebedev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexey_Lebedev&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Aleksey Vladimirovich Lebedev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksey_Vladimirovich_Lebedev"},{"link_name":"Kikoriki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kikoriki"},{"link_name":"Alina Lebedeva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alina_Lebedeva"},{"link_name":"Andrey Lebedev (footballer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrey_Lebedev_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Andrey Lebedzew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrey_Lebedzew"},{"link_name":"Artemy Lebedev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemy_Lebedev"},{"link_name":"Art. Lebedev Studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art._Lebedev_Studio"},{"link_name":"Arthur Lebedev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Lebedev&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Denis Lebedev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Lebedev"},{"link_name":"Dmitri Lebedev (businessman)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitri_Lebedev_(businessman)"},{"link_name":"Dmitry Lebedev (general)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dmitry_Lebedev_(general)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dzmitry Lebedzew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzmitry_Lebedzew"},{"link_name":"Evgeny Lebedev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evgeny_Lebedev"},{"link_name":"Gerasim Lebedev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerasim_Lebedev"},{"link_name":"Gennady Lebedev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gennady_Lebedev"},{"link_name":"Ivan Lebedeff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Lebedeff"},{"link_name":"Jean Lébédeff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_L%C3%A9b%C3%A9deff"},{"link_name":"Ivan Lebedev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Lebedev"},{"link_name":"Klavdy Lebedev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klavdy_Lebedev"},{"link_name":"Konstantin Lebedev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konstantin_Lebedev&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Natalya Lebedeva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalya_Lebedeva"},{"link_name":"Nikolai Alexandrovich Lebedev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nikolai_Alexandrovich_Lebedev&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nikolai Andreevich Lebedev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Andreevich_Lebedev"},{"link_name":"Pavel Lebedev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_Lebedev"},{"link_name":"Platon Lebedev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon_Lebedev"},{"link_name":"Pyotr Lebedev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Lebedev"},{"link_name":"Sergey Lebedev (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Lebedev_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Tatyana Lebedeva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatyana_Lebedeva"},{"link_name":"Valentin Lebedev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentin_Lebedev"},{"link_name":"Vasily Lebedev-Kumach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_Lebedev-Kumach"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Lebedev (artist)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lebedev_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Vyacheslav Ivanovich Lebedev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyacheslav_Ivanovich_Lebedev"},{"link_name":"Lebedev quadrature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebedev_quadrature"},{"link_name":"Yelena Lebedeva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yelena_Lebedeva"},{"link_name":"Yevgeniy Lebedev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yevgeniy_Lebedev"},{"link_name":"Yevgeni Lebedev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yevgeni_Lebedev"},{"link_name":"People's Artist of the USSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Artist_of_the_USSR"},{"link_name":"Yuri Lebedev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Lebedev_(ice_hockey)"}],"text":"Alexander Lebedev (born 1959), Russian businessman and politician\nAleksandr Lebedev (biochemist), Russian biochemist\nAlexander Pavlovich Lebedev (1918–1943), Soviet army officer and Hero of the Soviet Union\nAlexey Lebedev (1924–1993), Russian tubist and composer\nAleksey Vladimirovich Lebedev (born 1973), Russian scriptwriter and director. Main scriptwriter of the Kikoriki series.Alina Lebedeva (born 1985), attacked Prince Charles of the United Kingdom in 2001\nAndrey Lebedev (footballer) (born 1963), Soviet and Russian footballer\nAndrey Lebedzew (born 1991), Belarusian footballer\nArtemy Lebedev (born 1975), Russian graphic designer and founder of Art. Lebedev Studio\nArthur Lebedev (born 1936), Russian neurophysiologist\nDenis Lebedev (born 1979), Russian boxer\nDmitri Lebedev (businessman) (born 1968), CEO of Rossiya Bank\nDmitry Lebedev (general) (1872–1935), Russian Estonian military commander, general\nDzmitry Lebedzew (born 1986), Belarusian footballer\nEvgeny Lebedev (born 1980), newspaper publisher\nEvgeny Lebedev (1917–1997), Russian actor\nGerasim Lebedev (1749–1817), Russian Indologist\nGennady Lebedev (1957–2004), Russian economist, businessman and politician\nIvan Lebedeff (1894–1953), Russian-American film actor\nIvan Lebedev (a.k.a. Jean Lébédeff), (1884–1972), Russian-French painter and printmaker (article in French Wikipedia)\nIvan Lebedev (born 1959), Russian – American artist and photographer\nKlavdy Lebedev (1852–1916), Russian painter\nKonstantin Lebedev (1910–1949), Soviet soldier and Hero of the Soviet Union\nNatalya Lebedeva (born 1949), Russian athlete\nNikolai Alexandrovich Lebedev (1914–1942), Soviet army officer and Hero of the Soviet Union\nNikolai Andreevich Lebedev (1919–1982), mathematician\nPavel Lebedev (born 1982), Russian pairs figure skater\nPlaton Lebedev (born 1956), Russian businessman\nPyotr Lebedev (1866–1912), Russian physicist\nSergey Lebedev (disambiguation) – several people\nTatyana Lebedeva (born 1976), Russian athlete\nValentin Lebedev (born 1942), Russian cosmonaut and double Hero of the Soviet Union\nVasily Lebedev-Kumach (1898–1949), Russian poet\nVladimir Lebedev (artist) (1891–1967), Russian painter and graphic artist\nVyacheslav Ivanovich Lebedev (1930–2010), Russian mathematician, known for the Lebedev quadrature method\nYelena Lebedeva (born 1977), Uzbekistani canoeist\nYevgeniy Lebedev (born 1981), Russian sprint athlete\nYevgeni Lebedev (1917–1997), Russian actor, People's Artist of the USSR\nYuri Lebedev (born 1951), Russian former ice hockey player","title":"People"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Deus Ex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deus_Ex_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"The Idiot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Idiot"},{"link_name":"S.T.A.L.K.E.R.: Clear Sky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.T.A.L.K.E.R.:_Clear_Sky"}],"text":"Juan Ivanovich Lebedev, fictional character from Deus Ex\nLukian Timofyevich Lebedev, fictional character from Dostoevsky's novel The Idiot\nN. A. Lebedev, fictional character from S.T.A.L.K.E.R.: Clear Sky game","title":"Fictional characters"}]	[]	[{"title":"Lebedev Physical Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebedev_Physical_Institute"},{"title":"Lebedev Institute of Precision Mechanics and Computer Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebedev_Institute_of_Precision_Mechanics_and_Computer_Engineering"},{"title":"Pyotr Lebedev (research vessel)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Lebedev_(research_vessel)"}]	[]	[{"Link":"http://forebears.co.uk/surnames/lebedev#surnames","external_links_name":"Lebedev surname distribution"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Lebedev&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_cm_M%C3%B6rser_16	21 cm Mörser 16	["1 History","2 Combat service","3 Gallery","4 See also","4.1 Weapons of comparable role, performance and era","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"]	German heavy howitzer 21 cm Mörser 16 21 cm Mörser 16 in Dresden Bundeswehr Military History Museum.TypeHowitzerPlace of originGerman EmpireService historyIn service1916–50Used byGerman EmpireSwedenNazi GermanyFinlandWarsWorld War I, World War IIProduction historyDesignerKruppDesigned1915ManufacturerKruppProduced1916–1918SpecificationsMass6,680 kg (14,730 lb)Barrel length2.67 m (8 ft 9 in) L/14.5Shellseparate-loading, cased chargeCaliber211 mm (8.3 in)Breechhorizontal sliding-wedgeRecoilHydro-pneumaticCarriageBox trailElevation-6° to +70°Traverse4°Rate of fire1–2 rpmMuzzle velocity393 m/s (1,290 ft/s)Maximum firing range11,100 m (12,100 yd)FillingTNT The 21 cm Mörser 16 (21 cm Mrs 16), or 21 cm Lange Mörser M 16/L14.5, was a heavy howitzer used by Germany in World War I and World War II (although classified as a mortar (Mörser) by the German military). History It was based on the earlier 21 cm Mörser 10 but had a longer barrel, a gun shield and other refinements. Originally, it broke down into two loads for transport but the Germans rebuilt surviving guns during the 1930s with rubber-rimmed steel wheels to allow for motor traction in one piece with a limber under the trail and generally removed the gun shield. Combat service In German service, it used two shells, the 21 cm Gr 18 (HE) that weighed 113 kg (249 lb) and the 21 cm Gr 18 Be concrete-piercing shell of 121.4 kg (268 lb) with a filler of 11.61 kg (25.6 lb) of TNT. They remained in first-line use with the Germans until replaced by the 21 cm Mörser 18 by about 1940. Afterwards, they were used for training, although some equipped units in secondary theaters. Sweden bought a dozen weapons in 1918 from the Germans and they remained in service until 1950. Finland bought four of these from Sweden during the Winter War, although they did not participate in the war because the Finns lacked vehicles strong enough to tow their great weight to the front. This had been rectified before the Continuation War and the Finns equipped the 10th Separate Super-Heavy Artillery Battery with them for the duration of the war. The Swedes had their own concrete-piercing shells, called 210 tkrv 51/65-ps R-/33 by the Finnish army, weighing 120.75 kg (266.2 lb), which had dispersion problems as the Finns found out. The weapons were put into reserve after the war and remained there until the late 1960s before being discarded. Gallery Moving into action, Ham, March 1918. A 21 cm Mörser carriage being transported. A 21 cm Mörser barrel being transported. See also Weapons of comparable role, performance and era 220 mm TR mle 1915/1916 – French equivalent BL 8-inch howitzer Mk VI – VIII – British equivalent firing slightly lighter shell References This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (August 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) ^ Engelmann, Joachim (1991). German heavy mortars. West Chester, PA: Schiffer. ISBN 088740-322-0. Further reading Terry Gander; Peter Chamberlain (1979). Weapons of the Third Reich: An Encyclopedic Survey of all Small Arms, Artillery and Special Weapons of the German Land Forces, 1939–1945. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-15090-3. Engelmann, Joachim (1991). German heavy mortars. West Chester, PA: Schiffer. ISBN 088740-322-0. Hogg, Ian (2000). Twentieth-century Artillery. New York: Barnes & Noble Books. ISBN 0-7607-1994-2. Jäger, Herbert (2001). German Artillery of World War One. Marlborough: Crowood Press. ISBN 1-86126-403-8. Scheibert, Horst; Engelmann, Joachim (1974). Deutsche Artillerie 1934–1945: Eine Dokumentation in Text, Skizzen und Bildern: Ausrüstung, Gliederung, Ausbildung, Führung, Einsatz (in German). Limburg/Lahn, Germany: C. A. Starke. OCLC 256799792. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to 21 cm Mörser 16. Video clips on YouTube 21 cm Mörser 10/16 on Landships the Mörser 16 on Jägerplatoon List and pictures of World War I surviving 21cm Morsers 16 vteGerman artillery of World War IInfantry and mountain guns 5.7 cm Maxim-Nordenfelt 6 cm S-Bts K L/21 7.5 cm GebirgsKanone 13 7.5 cm Gebirgskanone L/13 C/80 Ehrhardt 7.5 cm Model 1904 7.62 cm Infanteriegeschütz L/16.5 7.7 cm Infanteriegeschütz L/20 7.7 cm Infanteriegeschütz L/27 10.5 cm Gebirgshaubitze L/12 Mortars Granatenwerfer 16 7.58 cm leMW 9.15 cm leichtes Minenwerfer System Lanz 17 cm mMW 24 cm schwere FlügelMinenWerfer Albrecht 24 cm schwere Flügelminenwerfer IKO 24 cm schwerer LadungsWerfer Ehrhardt 25 cm sMW Albrecht mortar Field, medium and heavy guns 5.3 cm Fahrpanzer Krupp 7.5 cm Model 1903 7.7 cm FK 16 7.7 cm FK 96 7.7 cm FK 96 n.A. 7.7 cm KiH 8 cm Kanone C/73 8 cm Kanone C/80 9 cm Kanone C/73 9 cm Kanone C/79 10.5 cm FH 98/09 10.5 cm leFH 16 10 cm K 04 10 cm K 14 10 cm K 17 12 cm Kanone C/80 13.5 cm K 09 15 cm Kanone 16 15 cm L/40 Feldkanone i.R. 15 cm Ring Kanone C/72 15 cm Ring Kanone C/92 15 cm Ring Kanone L/30 15 cm sFH 02 15 cm sFH 13 15 cm sFH 93 17 cm SK L/40 i.R.L. Superheavy and siege artillery 21 cm Haubitze M1891 21 cm Mörser 10 21 cm Mörser 16 21 cm Mörser 99 21 cm Paris Gun 21 cm Versuchmörser 06 28 cm Haubitze L/12 28 cm Haubitze L/14 i.R. 38 cm Langer Max 42 cm Big Bertha 42 cm Gamma howitzer Railroad artillery 15 cm SK "Nathan" 17 cm SK L/40 "Samuel" 21 cm SK "Peter Adalbert" 24 cm SK L/30 "Theodor Otto" 24 cm SK L/40 "Theodor Karl" 28 cm K L/40 "Kurfürst" 28 cm SK L/40 "Bruno" 38 cm SK L/45 "Max" Anti-aircraft artillery 3.7 cm Maxim Flak M14 3.7 cm SockelFlak L/14.5 7.62 cm FlaK L/30 7.7 cm FlaK L/35 7.7 cm Leichte Kraftwagengeschütze M1914 8.8 cm Flak 16 Flaming onion Anti-tank guns 3.7 cm TAK 1918 MG 18 TuF Tank guns 5.7 cm Maxim-Nordenfelt vteGerman artillery of World War IITank guns 2 cm KwK 30 3.7 cm KwK 36 3,7 cm KwK 34(t) 3.7 cm KwK 38(t) 5 cm KwK 38 5 cm KwK 39 7.5 cm KwK 37 7.5 cm KwK 40 7.5 cm KwK 42 8.8 cm KwK 36 8.8 cm KwK 43 12.8 cm KwK 44 Anti-tank guns 2.8 cm sPzB 41 3.7 cm Pak 36 4.2 cm Pak 41 4.7 cm Pak 38(t) 4.7 cm Pak 181(f) 5 cm Pak 38 7.5 cm Pak 97/38 7.5 cm Pak 39 7.5 cm Pak 40 7.5 cm Pak 41 7.5 cm Pak 42 7.62 cm Pak 36(r) 8 cm PAW 600 8.8 cm Pak 43 10 cm PAW 1000 12.8 cm Pak 44 Infantry and mountain guns 7.5 cm leIG 18 7.5 cm IG 37 7.5 cm IG 42 7.5 cm GebH 34 7.5 cm GebG 36 10.5 cm GebH 40 15 cm sIG 33 Recoilless guns 7.5 cm LG 40 10.5 cm LG 40 10.5 cm LG 42 Mortars 5 cm leGrW 36 8 cm GrW 34 kz 8 cm GrW 42 Reihenwerfer Heavy mortars 10 cm NbW 35 10 cm NbW 40 12 cm GrW 42 20 cm leLdgW 21 cm GrW 69 38 cm schwerer Ladungswerfer Rocket artillery 7.3 cm Föhn-Gerät 7.3 cm Propagandawerfer 41 8 cm Raketen-Vielfachwerfer 8.8 cm Raketenwerfer 43 15 cm Do-Gerät 15 cm NbW 41 21 cm NbW 42 28/32 cm NbW 41 30 cm NbW 42 30 cm Raketenwerfer 56 Wurfrahmen 40 Field, medium and heavy guns 7.5 cm FK 16 nA 7.5 cm FK 18 7.5 cm FK 38 7.5 cm FK 7M85 10 cm K 17 10 cm sK 18 10.5 cm leFH 16 10.5 cm leFH 18 10.5 cm leFH 18M 10.5 cm leFH 18/40 10.5 cm sK 18/40 15 cm sFH 13 15 cm sFH 18 15 cm sFH 36 15 cm K 16 15 cm K 18 15 cm K 39 15 cm SK C/28 17 cm K 18 21 cm Mrs 16 21 cm Mrs 18 Superheavy and siege artillery 21 cm K 38 21 cm K 39 24 cm H 39 24 cm K (t) 24 cm Kanone L/46 24 cm K 3 28 cm H L/12 35.5 cm Haubitze M1 42 cm Gamma Mörser Karl-Gerät 80 cm K (E) Gustav Railroad artillery 15 cm K (E) 17 cm K (E) 20.3 cm K (E) 21 cm K 12 (E) 24 cm Th K (E) 24 cm ThBr K (E) 28 cm kzBr K (E) 28 cm lgBr K (E) 28 cm sBr K (E) 28 cm Br NK (E) 28 cm K 5 (E) 38 cm Siegfried K (E) 80 cm K (E) Gustav Naval artillery 8.8 cm SK L/45 naval gun 8.8 cm SK C/30 naval gun 8.8 cm SK C/32 naval gun 8.8 cm SK C/35 naval gun 10.5 cm SK C/32 naval gun 12.7 cm SK C/34 naval gun 15 cm SK L/45 15 cm SK C/25 15 cm SK C/28 15 cm TbtsK C/36 naval gun 20.3 cm SK C/34 naval gun 28 cm SK L/40 gun 28 cm SK C/28 naval gun 28 cm SK C/34 naval gun 38 cm SK C/34 naval gun 40.6 cm SK C/34 gun Anti-aircraft guns 2 cm Flak 30/38/Flakvierling 2 cm Gebirgsflak 38 3 cm MK 303 Flak 3.7 cm Flak 18/36/37 3.7 cm SK C/30 3.7 cm Flak M42 3.7 cm Flak 43 5 cm Flak 41 8.8 cm Flak 18/36/37/41 10.5 cm Flak 38 12.8 cm Flak 40 Demolition charges Stielgranate 41 Stielgranate 42	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"howitzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howitzer"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"mortar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Engelmann-1"}],"text":"The 21 cm Mörser 16 (21 cm Mrs 16), or 21 cm Lange Mörser M 16/L14.5, was a heavy howitzer used by Germany in World War I and World War II (although classified as a mortar (Mörser) by the German military).[1]","title":"21 cm Mörser 16"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"21 cm Mörser 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_cm_M%C3%B6rser_10"},{"link_name":"barrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_barrel"},{"link_name":"gun shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_shield"},{"link_name":"limber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbers_and_caissons"}],"text":"It was based on the earlier 21 cm Mörser 10 but had a longer barrel, a gun shield and other refinements. Originally, it broke down into two loads for transport but the Germans rebuilt surviving guns during the 1930s with rubber-rimmed steel wheels to allow for motor traction in one piece with a limber under the trail and generally removed the gun shield.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explosive_material"},{"link_name":"TNT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinitrotoluene"},{"link_name":"21 cm Mörser 18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_cm_M%C3%B6rser_18"},{"link_name":"Winter War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_War"},{"link_name":"Continuation War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuation_War"}],"text":"In German service, it used two shells, the 21 cm Gr 18 (HE) that weighed 113 kg (249 lb) and the 21 cm Gr 18 Be concrete-piercing shell of 121.4 kg (268 lb) with a filler of 11.61 kg (25.6 lb) of TNT.They remained in first-line use with the Germans until replaced by the 21 cm Mörser 18 by about 1940. Afterwards, they were used for training, although some equipped units in secondary theaters.Sweden bought a dozen weapons in 1918 from the Germans and they remained in service until 1950. Finland bought four of these from Sweden during the Winter War, although they did not participate in the war because the Finns lacked vehicles strong enough to tow their great weight to the front. This had been rectified before the Continuation War and the Finns equipped the 10th Separate Super-Heavy Artillery Battery with them for the duration of the war. The Swedes had their own concrete-piercing shells, called 210 tkrv 51/65-ps R-/33 by the Finnish army, weighing 120.75 kg (266.2 lb), which had dispersion problems as the Finns found out. The weapons were put into reserve after the war and remained there until the late 1960s before being discarded.","title":"Combat service"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:21cmMorser16HamMarch1918.jpeg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carriage_003_24220847470_o1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Barrel_003_24220847470_o2.jpg"}],"text":"Moving into action, Ham, March 1918.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA 21 cm Mörser carriage being transported.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA 21 cm Mörser barrel being transported.","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-385-15090-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-15090-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"088740-322-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/088740-322-0"},{"link_name":"Twentieth-century Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/isbn_9780760719947"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7607-1994-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7607-1994-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-86126-403-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86126-403-8"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"256799792","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/256799792"}],"text":"Terry Gander; Peter Chamberlain (1979). Weapons of the Third Reich: An Encyclopedic Survey of all Small Arms, Artillery and Special Weapons of the German Land Forces, 1939–1945. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-15090-3.\nEngelmann, Joachim (1991). German heavy mortars. West Chester, PA: Schiffer. ISBN 088740-322-0.\nHogg, Ian (2000). Twentieth-century Artillery. New York: Barnes & Noble Books. ISBN 0-7607-1994-2.\nJäger, Herbert (2001). German Artillery of World War One. Marlborough: Crowood Press. ISBN 1-86126-403-8.\nScheibert, Horst; Engelmann, Joachim (1974). Deutsche Artillerie 1934–1945: Eine Dokumentation in Text, Skizzen und Bildern: Ausrüstung, Gliederung, Ausbildung, Führung, Einsatz [German Artillery 1934–1945 Documentation in Text, Sketches and Pictures Equipment, Structure, Training, Leadership, Deployment] (in German). Limburg/Lahn, Germany: C. A. Starke. OCLC 256799792.","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	[]	[{"reference":"Engelmann, Joachim (1991). German heavy mortars. West Chester, PA: Schiffer. ISBN 088740-322-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/088740-322-0","url_text":"088740-322-0"}]},{"reference":"Terry Gander; Peter Chamberlain (1979). Weapons of the Third Reich: An Encyclopedic Survey of all Small Arms, Artillery and Special Weapons of the German Land Forces, 1939–1945. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-15090-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-15090-3","url_text":"0-385-15090-3"}]},{"reference":"Engelmann, Joachim (1991). German heavy mortars. West Chester, PA: Schiffer. ISBN 088740-322-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/088740-322-0","url_text":"088740-322-0"}]},{"reference":"Hogg, Ian (2000). Twentieth-century Artillery. New York: Barnes & Noble Books. ISBN 0-7607-1994-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780760719947","url_text":"Twentieth-century Artillery"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7607-1994-2","url_text":"0-7607-1994-2"}]},{"reference":"Jäger, Herbert (2001). German Artillery of World War One. Marlborough: Crowood Press. ISBN 1-86126-403-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86126-403-8","url_text":"1-86126-403-8"}]},{"reference":"Scheibert, Horst; Engelmann, Joachim (1974). Deutsche Artillerie 1934–1945: Eine Dokumentation in Text, Skizzen und Bildern: Ausrüstung, Gliederung, Ausbildung, Führung, Einsatz [German Artillery 1934–1945 Documentation in Text, Sketches and Pictures Equipment, Structure, Training, Leadership, Deployment] (in German). Limburg/Lahn, Germany: C. A. Starke. OCLC 256799792.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/256799792","url_text":"256799792"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780760719947","external_links_name":"Twentieth-century Artillery"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/256799792","external_links_name":"256799792"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s3uZB1CL4Mw","external_links_name":"Video clips on YouTube"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071022205317/http://landships.freeservers.com/21cm_howitzer.htm","external_links_name":"21 cm Mörser 10/16 on Landships"},{"Link":"http://www.jaegerplatoon.net/ARTILLERY7.htm","external_links_name":"the Mörser 16 on Jägerplatoon"},{"Link":"http://www.passioncompassion1418.com/Canons/english_CanonsIndex_Nation.html","external_links_name":"List and pictures of World War I surviving 21cm Morsers 16"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sima_Fu	Sima Fu	["1 Life","2 See also","3 References"]	Jin dynasty Prince of Anping (180–272) Sima Fu司馬孚Prince of Anping (安平王)Tenure266–272Born180Wen County, HenanDied272 (aged 92)SpouseLady LiIssueDetailSima YongSima WangSima FuSima Yi (Zishi)Sima HuangSima Gui (Ziquan)Sima Gui (Zizhang)Sima HengSima JingNamesFamily name: Sima (司馬)Given name: Fu (孚)Courtesy name: Shuda (叔達)Posthumous namePrince Xian (獻王)HouseHouse of SimaFatherSima Fang In this Chinese name, the family name is Sima. Sima Fu (pronunciationⓘ) (180– 3 April 272), courtesy name Shuda, was an imperial prince and statesman of the Jin dynasty of China. He previously served as an official in the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period before his grandnephew, Sima Yan (Emperor Wu), usurped the Wei throne in 266 and established the Jin dynasty. Sima Guang, author of Zizhi Tongjian, claimed to be his descendant. Life Sima Fu was the third among the eight sons of Sima Fang, who served as the Intendant of the Capital (京兆尹) during the reign of Emperor Ling towards the end of the Eastern Han dynasty (c. 184–220). He was known for being well read, highly competent as an official, and generous towards those in need. He was also a close friend of Cao Zhi. Sima Fu's second brother, Sima Yi, rose to power in the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period (220–280) and became the regent and de facto ruler of Wei after seizing power in a coup d'état in 249. After Sima Yi's death, his sons Sima Shi and Sima Zhao consecutively succeeded him as the regent and de facto ruler of Wei. During his service under the Wei regime, Sima Fu held relatively high offices: Prefect of the Masters of Writing (尚書令) during the reign of Cao Rui; and Grand Commandant (太尉) and Grand Tutor (太傅) during the reigns of Cao Fang, Cao Mao and Cao Huan. He also served as a military commander in some battles against Wei's rival states, Shu Han and Eastern Wu. In 266, Sima Zhao's son Sima Yan forced the last Wei emperor Cao Huan to abdicate the throne in his favour, thereby ending the Wei regime. Sima Yan established the Jin dynasty and became its first emperor. Sima Fu was known for his loyalty to the Wei regime, even after it was replaced by the Jin dynasty. In June 260, when the Wei emperor Cao Mao was assassinated during a failed coup to seize back power from Sima Zhao, Sima Fu was one of the few Wei officials who wept at Cao Mao's funeral. In February 266, after Sima Yan established the Jin dynasty and became the emperor, he granted titles of nobility to his relatives, including his granduncle Sima Fu, whom he enfeoffed as the Prince of Anping. In response to his ennoblement, Sima Fu said, "I am, and always have been, a subject of Wei." He also held the position of taizai (太宰; "Grand Chancellor") in the Jin government from 17 February 266 until his death in April 272 at the age of 92. He was survived by at least nine sons and 14 grandsons. See also Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms References Citations ^ a b c de Crespigny (2007), p. 746. ^ According to Sima Yan's biography in Book of Jin, Sima Fu died on the renchen day of the 2nd month of the 8th year of the Taishi era of his reign. This corresponds to 3 Apr 272 on the Julian calendar. (壬辰，太宰、安平王孚薨。) Jin Shu, vol.03 ^ According to Sima Yan's biography in Book of Jin, Sima Fu was made Grand Chancellor on the yihai day of the 12th month of the 1st year of the Taishi era of his reign. This corresponds to 17 Feb 266 in the Julian calendar; this day was also 8 days after Sima Fu was made Prince of Anping, which took place on the dingmao day of the same month, and 9 days after Sima Yan crowned himself emperor, which took place on the bingyin day of the same month. (乙亥，以安平王孚为太宰...) Jin Shu, vol.03 ^ Jin Shu, volume 37 Bibliography Chen, Shou (3rd century). Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi). de Crespigny, Rafe (2007). A biographical dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD). Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-15605-0. Fang, Xuanling (ed.) (648). Book of Jin (Jin Shu). Pei, Songzhi (5th century). Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi zhu). Sima, Guang (1084). Zizhi Tongjian. vteProminent people of Cao WeiEmperors Cao Cao(posthumously) Cao Pi Cao Rui Cao Fang Cao Mao Cao Huan Empresses Empress Dowager Bian Lady Zhen Empress Wende Empress Mingdao Empress Mingyuan Empress Huai Empress Zhang Empress Wang Empress Bian (Cao Mao's wife) Empress Bian (Cao Huan's wife) Princes and male royal figures Cao Biao Cao Gan Cao Gong Cao Gun Cao Hui Cao Jian Cao Ju (Prince of Pengcheng) Cao Jun (Prince of Chenliu) Cao Li Cao Lin (Prince of Donghai) Cao Lin (Prince of Pei) Cao Mao Cao Rui Cao Xie Cao Xun Cao Yan Cao Yong Cao Yu Cao Zhang Cao Zhi Princess and female royal figures Duquess Cao Cao Hua Cao Xian Princess Dongxiang Princess Jinxiang Princess Anyang Princess Changle Princess Qinghe Lady Yu Princess Linfen Regents Cao Shuang Sima Yi Sima Shi Sima Zhao Sima Yan Civil officers Bao Xun Bi Gui Cang Ci Chang Lin Chen Jiao Chen Qun Cui Lin Deng Yang Dong Zhao Du Ji Du Xi Fu Jia Fu Xuan Fu Xun Gao Rou Gaotang Long Guan Ning Han Ji He Kui He Qia He Yan Hu Zhi Hua Xin Huan Fan Huan Jie Jia Chong Jia Xu Jiang Ji Li Dian Li Feng Li Sheng Liang Xi Liu Shao Liu Ye Liu Yi Lu Yu Pang Yu Pei Qian Pei Xiu Sima Fu Sima Zhi Su Ze Wang Chen Wang Guan Wang Lang Wang Jing Wang Su Wang Xiang Wang Ye Wei Ji Wei Zhen Wu Zhi Xiahou He Xiahou Hui Xiahou Wei Xiahou Xuan Xin Pi Xing Yong Xu Miao Xu Shu Xu Xuan Xun Xu Xun Yi Yang Fu Yang Jun Yu Huan Zhang Hua Zhang Ji (Derong) Zhang Ji (Jingzhong) Zheng Hun Zhong Yao Zhong Yu Military officers Cao Hong Cao Ren Cao Xiu Cao Zhang Cao Zhen Chen Tai Deng Ai Du Yu Fei Yao Gongsun Yuan Guanqiu Jian Guo Huai Hao Zhao Huang Quan Jia Kui Liu Jing Lü Qian Man Chong Meng Da Niu Jin Pang De Qian Hong Qian Zhao Qin Lang Sima Wang Sima Zhou Sun Li Tang Zi Tian Xu Tian Yu Wang Chang Wang Hun Wang Ji Wang Jun Wang Ling Wang Shuang Wang Zhong Wei Guan Wen Ping Wen Qin Wen Yang Wei Guan Xiahou Ba Xiahou Dun Xiahou Mao Xiahou Shang Xu Chu Xu Huang Xu Zhi Yang Hu Yang Qiu Yin Li Yu Jin Yue Jin Zang Ba Zhang He Zhang Liao Zhang Te Zhao Yan Zhong Hui Zhou Tai Zhu Ling Zhuge Dan Zhuge Xu Other notable women Cai Yan Cuishi Guo Huai Pang E Wang Yi Wang Yuanji Xiahou Hui Xin Xianying Yang Huiyu Xiahou Lingnü Zhang Chunhua Zhang Changpu Princess Changshan Yang Yan Wei Huacun Xun Cai Xu Yi Other notable figures Budugen Du Kui Guan Lu Huangfu Mi Huchuquan Liu Bao Kebineng Liu Hui Ma Jun Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove Wang Bi Xun Can Pei Xiu Zhou Xuan Zhu Jianping	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_name"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_surname"},{"link_name":"Sima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sima_(Chinese_surname)"},{"link_name":"pronunciation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dd/Sima_Fu.ogg/Sima_Fu.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sima_Fu.ogg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"courtesy name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtesy_name"},{"link_name":"Jin dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Crespigny2007746-1"},{"link_name":"Cao Wei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cao_Wei"},{"link_name":"Three Kingdoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Kingdoms"},{"link_name":"Sima Yan (Emperor Wu)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Jin"},{"link_name":"Sima Guang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sima_Guang"},{"link_name":"Zizhi Tongjian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zizhi_Tongjian"}],"text":"In this Chinese name, the family name is Sima.Sima Fu (pronunciationⓘ) (180– 3 April 272[2]), courtesy name Shuda, was an imperial prince and statesman of the Jin dynasty of China.[1] He previously served as an official in the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period before his grandnephew, Sima Yan (Emperor Wu), usurped the Wei throne in 266 and established the Jin dynasty. Sima Guang, author of Zizhi Tongjian, claimed to be his descendant.","title":"Sima Fu"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sima Fang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sima_Fang"},{"link_name":"Emperor Ling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Ling_of_Han"},{"link_name":"end of the Eastern Han dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_of_the_Han_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Cao Zhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cao_Zhi"},{"link_name":"Sima Yi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sima_Yi"},{"link_name":"Cao Wei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cao_Wei"},{"link_name":"Three Kingdoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Kingdoms"},{"link_name":"a coup d'état in 249","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incident_at_Gaoping_Tombs"},{"link_name":"Sima Shi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sima_Shi"},{"link_name":"Sima Zhao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sima_Zhao"},{"link_name":"Cao Rui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cao_Rui"},{"link_name":"Cao Fang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cao_Fang"},{"link_name":"Cao Mao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cao_Mao"},{"link_name":"Cao Huan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cao_Huan"},{"link_name":"Shu Han","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shu_Han"},{"link_name":"Eastern Wu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Wu"},{"link_name":"Sima Yan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Jin"},{"link_name":"Cao Huan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cao_Huan"},{"link_name":"Jin dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(265%E2%80%93420)"},{"link_name":"Cao Mao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cao_Mao"},{"link_name":"a failed coup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_of_Cao_Mao"},{"link_name":"Chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_(China)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Sima Fu was the third among the eight sons of Sima Fang, who served as the Intendant of the Capital (京兆尹) during the reign of Emperor Ling towards the end of the Eastern Han dynasty (c. 184–220). He was known for being well read, highly competent as an official, and generous towards those in need. He was also a close friend of Cao Zhi.Sima Fu's second brother, Sima Yi, rose to power in the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period (220–280) and became the regent and de facto ruler of Wei after seizing power in a coup d'état in 249. After Sima Yi's death, his sons Sima Shi and Sima Zhao consecutively succeeded him as the regent and de facto ruler of Wei. During his service under the Wei regime, Sima Fu held relatively high offices: Prefect of the Masters of Writing (尚書令) during the reign of Cao Rui; and Grand Commandant (太尉) and Grand Tutor (太傅) during the reigns of Cao Fang, Cao Mao and Cao Huan. He also served as a military commander in some battles against Wei's rival states, Shu Han and Eastern Wu. In 266, Sima Zhao's son Sima Yan forced the last Wei emperor Cao Huan to abdicate the throne in his favour, thereby ending the Wei regime. Sima Yan established the Jin dynasty and became its first emperor.Sima Fu was known for his loyalty to the Wei regime, even after it was replaced by the Jin dynasty. In June 260, when the Wei emperor Cao Mao was assassinated during a failed coup to seize back power from Sima Zhao, Sima Fu was one of the few Wei officials who wept at Cao Mao's funeral. In February 266, after Sima Yan established the Jin dynasty and became the emperor, he granted titles of nobility to his relatives, including his granduncle Sima Fu, whom he enfeoffed as the Prince of Anping. In response to his ennoblement, Sima Fu said, \"I am, and always have been, a subject of Wei.\" He also held the position of taizai (太宰; \"Grand Chancellor\") in the Jin government from 17 February 266[3] until his death in April 272 at the age of 92. He was survived by at least nine sons and 14 grandsons.[4]","title":"Life"}]	[]	[{"title":"Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_people_of_the_Three_Kingdoms"}]	[{"reference":"de Crespigny, Rafe (2007). A biographical dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD). Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-15605-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafe_de_Crespigny","url_text":"de Crespigny, Rafe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15605-0","url_text":"978-90-04-15605-0"}]}]	[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Potter_Ritchie	Walter Potter Ritchie	["1 Early life","2 First World War","3 Later life","4 Medals and legacy","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links"]	Recipient of the Victoria Cross Walter Potter RitchieWalter Potter Ritchie (depicted on a cigarette card)Born27 March 1892Glasgow, Lanarkshire, ScotlandDied17 March 1965 (aged 72)Edinburgh, Midlothian, ScotlandAllegiance United KingdomService/branch British ArmyRankSergeantUnitThe Seaforth HighlandersBattles/warsFirst World WarAwardsVictoria CrossCroix de Guerre Walter Potter Ritchie VC (27 March 1892 – 17 March 1965) was a Scottish recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. The award was made for his actions during the Battle of the Somme in the First World War. Early life Walter Potter Ritchie was born in Glasgow on 27 March 1892, one of six children of Walter Ritchie, an ironworker, and his wife Helen née Murphy. He was educated at a school in the Cowcaddens area of Glasgow. After completing his schooling he became a blacksmith's apprentice but soon enlisted in the British Army, joining the 8th Cameronians despite being underage. He was later transferred to the 2nd Battalion of The Seaforth Highlanders as a drummer. First World War On the outbreak of the First World War, Ritchie was sent with his unit to France, as part of the 4th Division, British Expeditionary Force. He fought in the Battle of Mons in August 1914 and then in the First Battle of the Aisne the following month. He was wounded in October 1914 near Armentières. The Seaforth Highlanders later moved to the Somme sector, stationed near Mailly-Maillet. On 1 July 1916, the opening day of the Battle of the Somme, the 4th Division was tasked with capturing the ground to the north of Beaumont Hamel. Its advance was preceded by an artillery barrage and once it ceased, the troops of the division moved forward in a series of waves. Ritchie's battalion was part of the second wave. The advance faltered due to heavy machine gun fire and due to the extent of casualties among the officers, some of the British soldiers began falling back. Ritchie, seeing this, climbed to the parapet of a trench and sounded his bugle, which he carried with him, contrary to orders. The bugle call rallied the British soldiers and helped restore order and reverse the withdrawal. After the battle, there were only around 80 survivors from his battalion. For his actions on 1 July, Ritchie was recommended for the Victoria Cross (VC). The VC, instituted in 1856, was the highest award for valour that could be bestowed on a soldier of the British Empire. The citation, published in the London Gazette read: No. 68 Dmr. Walter Ritchie, Sea Highrs. For most conspicuous bravery and resource, when on his own initiative, he stood on the parapet of an enemy trench, and, under heavy machine-gun fire and bomb attacks, repeatedly sounded the "Charge" thereby rallying many men of various units who, having lost their leaders were wavering and beginning to retire. This action showed the highest type of courage and personal initiative. Throughout the day Drummer Ritchie carried messages over fire-swept ground, showing the greatest devotion to duty.— London Gazette, 8 September 1916 Ritchie was presented with his VC by King George V on 25 November 1916 in a ceremony at Buckingham Palace. After the VC investiture, he went to Glasgow for a period of leave but declined to talk to friends about his experiences during the VC action. He later received the French Croix de Guerre, which was presented to him by Lieutenant General Sir Aylmer Hunter-Weston in December 1916. Returning to active duty with the Seaforth Highlanders on the Western Front, his battalion would go on to be involved in several engagements for the remainder of the war, including actions around Arras and the Battle of Passchendaele in 1917 and the Battle of the Lys and the fighting along the Hindenburg Line the following year. By the end of the war, he had been wounded a total of five times, as well as being gassed twice. Later life Remaining in the British Army after the war, Ritchie was transferred to the 1st Battalion of the Seaforth Highlanders. By this time he was married to Mary née McLagan and the couple went on to have two children. He was soon promoted to sergeant and served as the battalion's drum-major. During the Armistice Day commemorations of 1921, he was part of the VC honour guard for The Unknown Warrior at Westminster Abbey. He retired from the British Army in 1929 but then remained involved with the military life by working as a recruitment officer in Glasgow. He later worked in the education system. During the Second World War, Ritchie rejoined the British Army and served with the Royal Army Ordnance Corps on the Home Front until his discharge in 1941, on account of his health. Ritchie died on 17 March 1965 in Edinburgh and his remains cremated. Medals and legacy As well as the VC and Croix de Guerre, Ritchie was entitled to the 1914 Star with Mons Clasp, British War Medal and Victory Medal for his First World War service. He also held the 1939-45 Star and War Medal 1939-45 for his service during the Second World War, and was a recipient of coronation medals for two sovereigns, George VI and Elizabeth II, and the George V Silver Jubilee Medal. The medals are no longer in the possession of the family, having been first sold in 1970 and presently owned by an Australian collector. On 1 July 2022, 106 years to the day after Ritchie's heroism earned him the Victoria Cross, it was announced that his medals were to be offered at auction by Spink in London. The bugle on which he rallied his comrades during the Battle of the Somme is held at the Queen's Own Highlanders Museum at Inverness. On 1 July 2016, a hundred years to the day of Ritchie's VC action, a centenary paving stone outside the People's Palace in Glasgow was unveiled in his memory. Fifty members of his family were present at the ceremony. Notes ^ a b c d e f g h i j Gliddon 2011, pp. 46–48. ^ a b c d e f g "Walter P Ritchie". The Comprehensive Guide to the Victoria & George Cross. Retrieved 23 February 2020. ^ Ashcroft 2007, pp. 8–10. ^ "No. 29740". The London Gazette (Supplement). 9 September 1916. p. 8871. ^ "Glasgow V.C. Decorated by the King" (PDF). Daily Record. 28 November 1916. Retrieved 7 March 2020. ^ "2nd Battalion, Seaforth Highlanders during the Great War". The Wartime Memories Project. Retrieved 7 March 2020. ^ Correspondent, Jack Blackburn, History. "Bugler's medal in Somme VC sale". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 1 July 2022.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ "Glasgow unveils two Victoria Cross centenary paving stones to city soldiers". Glasgow City Council. 1 July 2016. Retrieved 7 March 2020. References Ashcroft, Michael (2007) . Victoria Cross Heroes. London, United Kingdom: Headline Review. ISBN 978-0-7553-1633-5. Gliddon, Gerald (2011) . Somme 1916. VCs of the First World War. Stroud, Gloucestershire, United Kingdom: The History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-6303-2. External links Location of grave and VC medal (Edinburgh) vteRoyal Regiment of ScotlandBattalionsCurrent RHF (2 SCOTS) BW (3 SCOTS) HLDRS (4 SCOTS) 52 LOWLAND (6 SCOTS) 51 HIGHLAND (7 SCOTS) Former RSB (1 SCOTS) ASH (5 SCOTS) Predecessors1st generation Royal Scots (1633–2006) 42nd Regiment of Foot ( 1661–1881) Royal Scots Fusiliers (1678–1959) King's Own Scottish Borderers (1689–2006) 73rd (Perthshire) Regiment of Foot (1756–1881) 71st (Highland) Regiment of Foot (1758–1881) 91st (Argyllshire Highlanders) Regiment of Foot (1759–1881) 74th (Highland) Regiment of Foot (1787–1881) 75th (Stirlingshire) Regiment of Foot (1787–1881) 72nd Regiment, Duke of Albany's Own Highlanders (1788–1881) Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders (1793–1961) 78th (Highlanders) Regiment of Foot (1793–1881) 92nd (Gordon Highlanders) Regiment of Foot (1794–1881) 93rd (Sutherland Highlanders) Regiment of Foot (1799–1881) 2nd generation Highland Light Infantry (1881–1959) Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment) (1881–2006) Seaforth Highlanders (1881–1961) Gordon Highlanders (1881–1994) Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders (1881–2006) 3rd generation Royal Highland Fusiliers (1959–2006) Queen's Own Highlanders (Seaforth and Camerons) (1961–1994) Highlanders (Seaforth, Gordons and Camerons) (1994–2006) Victoria Cross Joseph Prosser Henry Howey Robson William Angus Robert Dunsire Henry Reynolds Hugh McIver Roland Elcock David Stuart McGregor David Ferguson Hunter Charles Thomas Kennedy George Rodgers George Wilson William Herbert Anderson Frank Gerald Blaker Walter Lorrain Brodie William Edwards John Brown Hamilton Alexander Hore-Ruthven John Shaul James Youll Turnbull Gustavus Hamilton Blenkinsopp Coulson Daniel Laidlaw John Kendrick Skinner William Henry Grimbaldeston Louis McGuffie Bill Speakman Francis Edward Henry Farquharson John Simpson Alexander Thompson James Davis Edward Spence William Gardner Walter Cook Duncan Millar Samuel McGaw Thomas Edwards John Ripley David Finlay Charles Melvin Lewis Pugh Evans Andrew Cathcart Bogle Joseph Petrus Hendrik Crowe Herbert Taylor Macpherson Joseph Jee Valentine Munbee McMaster Stewart McPherson Henry Ward James Hollowell Aylmer Spicer Cameron George Sellar John MacKenzie Sidney William Ware Walter Potter Ritchie Thomas Steele Donald MacKintosh Alexander Edwards Robert McBeath John Meikle Angus Falconer Douglas-Hamilton James Dalgleish Pollock Ross Tollerton Thomas Beach Richard Wadeson Patrick Green Cornelius Coughlan George White William Henry Dick-Cunyngham Edward Lawson George Findlater Matthew Meiklejohn William Robertson Ernest Towse John Frederick MacKay William Eagleson Gordon David Reginald Younger William Kenny James Anson Otho Brooke George Imlach McIntosh Allan Ebenezer Ker George Allan Mitchell John Dunlay William George Drummond Stewart Peter Grant David MacKay James Munro John Paton William McBean John Aidan Liddell Reginald Graham Arthur Henderson John Crawford Buchan David Lowe MacIntyre William Davidson Bissett Lorne MacLaine Campbell John "Jock" Anderson Kenneth Muir See also Scots Guards Royal Scots Dragoon Guards Scottish Division Highland Brigade Lowland Brigade Scottish regiment Military history of Scotland Cameronians (Scottish Rifles)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"VC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Cross"},{"link_name":"Scottish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Victoria Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Cross"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Somme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"}],"text":"Walter Potter Ritchie VC (27 March 1892 – 17 March 1965) was a Scottish recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. The award was made for his actions during the Battle of the Somme in the First World War.","title":"Walter Potter Ritchie"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow"},{"link_name":"née","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names"},{"link_name":"Cowcaddens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowcaddens"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"8th Cameronians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameronians_(Scottish_Rifles)"},{"link_name":"The Seaforth Highlanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Seaforth_Highlanders"},{"link_name":"drummer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drummer_(military)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGliddon201146%E2%80%9348-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vconline-2"}],"text":"Walter Potter Ritchie was born in Glasgow on 27 March 1892, one of six children of Walter Ritchie, an ironworker, and his wife Helen née Murphy. He was educated at a school in the Cowcaddens area of Glasgow. After completing his schooling he became a blacksmith's apprentice but soon enlisted in the British Army, joining the 8th Cameronians despite being underage. He was later transferred to the 2nd Battalion of The Seaforth Highlanders as a drummer.[1][2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"4th Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Division_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"British Expeditionary Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Expeditionary_Force_(World_War_I)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Mons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mons"},{"link_name":"First Battle of the Aisne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Aisne"},{"link_name":"Armentières","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenti%C3%A8res"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGliddon201146%E2%80%9348-1"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Somme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGliddon201146%E2%80%9348-1"},{"link_name":"Victoria Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Cross"},{"link_name":"British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshcroft20078%E2%80%9310-3"},{"link_name":"London Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Gazette"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"King George V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_George_V"},{"link_name":"Buckingham Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckingham_Palace"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGliddon201146%E2%80%9348-1"},{"link_name":"Croix de Guerre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croix_de_Guerre"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_General"},{"link_name":"Aylmer Hunter-Weston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aylmer_Hunter-Weston"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vconline-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGliddon201146%E2%80%9348-1"},{"link_name":"Battle of Passchendaele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Lys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Lys_(1918)"},{"link_name":"fighting along the Hindenburg Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Days_Offensive#Battles_of_the_Hindenburg_Line"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wartime-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vconline-2"}],"text":"On the outbreak of the First World War, Ritchie was sent with his unit to France, as part of the 4th Division, British Expeditionary Force. He fought in the Battle of Mons in August 1914 and then in the First Battle of the Aisne the following month. He was wounded in October 1914 near Armentières. The Seaforth Highlanders later moved to the Somme sector, stationed near Mailly-Maillet.[1]On 1 July 1916, the opening day of the Battle of the Somme, the 4th Division was tasked with capturing the ground to the north of Beaumont Hamel. Its advance was preceded by an artillery barrage and once it ceased, the troops of the division moved forward in a series of waves. Ritchie's battalion was part of the second wave. The advance faltered due to heavy machine gun fire and due to the extent of casualties among the officers, some of the British soldiers began falling back. Ritchie, seeing this, climbed to the parapet of a trench and sounded his bugle, which he carried with him, contrary to orders. The bugle call rallied the British soldiers and helped restore order and reverse the withdrawal. After the battle, there were only around 80 survivors from his battalion.[1]For his actions on 1 July, Ritchie was recommended for the Victoria Cross (VC). The VC, instituted in 1856, was the highest award for valour that could be bestowed on a soldier of the British Empire.[3] The citation, published in the London Gazette read:No. 68 Dmr. Walter Ritchie, Sea Highrs. For most conspicuous bravery and resource, when on his own initiative, he stood on the parapet of an enemy trench, and, under heavy machine-gun fire and bomb attacks, repeatedly sounded the \"Charge\" thereby rallying many men of various units who, having lost their leaders were wavering and beginning to retire. This action showed the highest type of courage and personal initiative. Throughout the day Drummer Ritchie carried messages over fire-swept ground, showing the greatest devotion to duty.— London Gazette, 8 September 1916[4]Ritchie was presented with his VC by King George V on 25 November 1916 in a ceremony at Buckingham Palace.[5] After the VC investiture, he went to Glasgow for a period of leave but declined to talk to friends about his experiences during the VC action.[1] He later received the French Croix de Guerre, which was presented to him by Lieutenant General Sir Aylmer Hunter-Weston in December 1916.[2]Returning to active duty with the Seaforth Highlanders on the Western Front,[1] his battalion would go on to be involved in several engagements for the remainder of the war, including actions around Arras and the Battle of Passchendaele in 1917 and the Battle of the Lys and the fighting along the Hindenburg Line the following year.[6] By the end of the war, he had been wounded a total of five times, as well as being gassed twice.[2]","title":"First World War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGliddon201146%E2%80%9348-1"},{"link_name":"née","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vconline-2"},{"link_name":"sergeant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergeant"},{"link_name":"drum-major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum-major"},{"link_name":"Armistice Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armistice_Day"},{"link_name":"The Unknown Warrior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Unknown_Warrior"},{"link_name":"Westminster Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Abbey"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGliddon201146%E2%80%9348-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vconline-2"},{"link_name":"Royal Army Ordnance Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Army_Ordnance_Corps"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vconline-2"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGliddon201146%E2%80%9348-1"}],"text":"Remaining in the British Army after the war, Ritchie was transferred to the 1st Battalion of the Seaforth Highlanders.[1] By this time he was married to Mary née McLagan and the couple went on to have two children.[2] He was soon promoted to sergeant and served as the battalion's drum-major. During the Armistice Day commemorations of 1921, he was part of the VC honour guard for The Unknown Warrior at Westminster Abbey. He retired from the British Army in 1929 but then remained involved with the military life by working as a recruitment officer in Glasgow.[1] He later worked in the education system.[2]During the Second World War, Ritchie rejoined the British Army and served with the Royal Army Ordnance Corps on the Home Front until his discharge in 1941, on account of his health.[2] Ritchie died on 17 March 1965 in Edinburgh and his remains cremated.[1]","title":"Later life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1914 Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1914_Star"},{"link_name":"British War Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_War_Medal"},{"link_name":"Victory Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victory_Medal_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"George VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_VI"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"George V Silver Jubilee Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_V_Silver_Jubilee_Medal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGliddon201146%E2%80%9348-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vconline-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Inverness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverness"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGliddon201146%E2%80%9348-1"},{"link_name":"People's Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Palace,_Glasgow"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"As well as the VC and Croix de Guerre, Ritchie was entitled to the 1914 Star with Mons Clasp, British War Medal and Victory Medal for his First World War service. He also held the 1939-45 Star and War Medal 1939-45 for his service during the Second World War, and was a recipient of coronation medals for two sovereigns, George VI and Elizabeth II, and the George V Silver Jubilee Medal. The medals are no longer in the possession of the family, having been first sold in 1970 and presently owned by an Australian collector.[1][2] On 1 July 2022, 106 years to the day after Ritchie's heroism earned him the Victoria Cross, it was announced that his medals were to be offered at auction by Spink in London. [7]The bugle on which he rallied his comrades during the Battle of the Somme is held at the Queen's Own Highlanders Museum at Inverness.[1] On 1 July 2016, a hundred years to the day of Ritchie's VC action, a centenary paving stone outside the People's Palace in Glasgow was unveiled in his memory. Fifty members of his family were present at the ceremony.[8]","title":"Medals and legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGliddon201146%E2%80%9348_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGliddon201146%E2%80%9348_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGliddon201146%E2%80%9348_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGliddon201146%E2%80%9348_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGliddon201146%E2%80%9348_1-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGliddon201146%E2%80%9348_1-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGliddon201146%E2%80%9348_1-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGliddon201146%E2%80%9348_1-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGliddon201146%E2%80%9348_1-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGliddon201146%E2%80%9348_1-9"},{"link_name":"Gliddon 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGliddon2011"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-vconline_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-vconline_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-vconline_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-vconline_2-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-vconline_2-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-vconline_2-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-vconline_2-6"},{"link_name":"\"Walter P Ritchie\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//vconline.org.uk/walter-p-ritchie-vc/4588041427"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshcroft20078%E2%80%9310_3-0"},{"link_name":"Ashcroft 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAshcroft2007"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"No. 29740\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/29740/supplement/8871"},{"link_name":"The London Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Glasgow V.C. Decorated by the King\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//0a880d36-fa5c-41e3-afa1-2654e3f02948.filesusr.com/ugd/afb017_7a5dc098791449b5a685cd8241f2c35c.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-wartime_6-0"},{"link_name":"\"2nd Battalion, Seaforth Highlanders during the Great War\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.wartimememoriesproject.com/greatwar/allied/battalion.php?pid=6998"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"Bugler's medal in Somme VC sale\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thetimes.co.uk/article/buglers-medal-in-somme-vc-sale-nh6txc8fk"},{"link_name":"The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0140-0460","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0140-0460"},{"link_name":"cite news","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_news"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"Glasgow unveils two Victoria Cross centenary paving stones to city soldiers\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.glasgow.gov.uk/article/19732/Glasgow-unveils-two-Victoria-Cross-centenary-paving-stones-to-city-soldiers"}],"text":"^ a b c d e f g h i j Gliddon 2011, pp. 46–48.\n\n^ a b c d e f g \"Walter P Ritchie\". The Comprehensive Guide to the Victoria & George Cross. Retrieved 23 February 2020.\n\n^ Ashcroft 2007, pp. 8–10.\n\n^ \"No. 29740\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 9 September 1916. p. 8871.\n\n^ \"Glasgow V.C. Decorated by the King\" (PDF). Daily Record. 28 November 1916. Retrieved 7 March 2020.\n\n^ \"2nd Battalion, Seaforth Highlanders during the Great War\". The Wartime Memories Project. Retrieved 7 March 2020.\n\n^ Correspondent, Jack Blackburn, History. \"Bugler's medal in Somme VC sale\". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 1 July 2022.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)\n\n^ \"Glasgow unveils two Victoria Cross centenary paving stones to city soldiers\". Glasgow City Council. 1 July 2016. Retrieved 7 March 2020.","title":"Notes"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Walter P Ritchie\". The Comprehensive Guide to the Victoria & George Cross. Retrieved 23 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://vconline.org.uk/walter-p-ritchie-vc/4588041427","url_text":"\"Walter P Ritchie\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 29740\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 9 September 1916. p. 8871.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/29740/supplement/8871","url_text":"\"No. 29740\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Glasgow V.C. Decorated by the King\" (PDF). Daily Record. 28 November 1916. Retrieved 7 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://0a880d36-fa5c-41e3-afa1-2654e3f02948.filesusr.com/ugd/afb017_7a5dc098791449b5a685cd8241f2c35c.pdf","url_text":"\"Glasgow V.C. Decorated by the King\""}]},{"reference":"\"2nd Battalion, Seaforth Highlanders during the Great War\". The Wartime Memories Project. Retrieved 7 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wartimememoriesproject.com/greatwar/allied/battalion.php?pid=6998","url_text":"\"2nd Battalion, Seaforth Highlanders during the Great War\""}]},{"reference":"Correspondent, Jack Blackburn, History. \"Bugler's medal in Somme VC sale\". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 1 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/buglers-medal-in-somme-vc-sale-nh6txc8fk","url_text":"\"Bugler's medal in Somme VC sale\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times","url_text":"The Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0140-0460","url_text":"0140-0460"}]},{"reference":"\"Glasgow unveils two Victoria Cross centenary paving stones to city soldiers\". Glasgow City Council. 1 July 2016. Retrieved 7 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.glasgow.gov.uk/article/19732/Glasgow-unveils-two-Victoria-Cross-centenary-paving-stones-to-city-soldiers","url_text":"\"Glasgow unveils two Victoria Cross centenary paving stones to city soldiers\""}]},{"reference":"Ashcroft, Michael (2007) [2006]. Victoria Cross Heroes. London, United Kingdom: Headline Review. ISBN 978-0-7553-1633-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7553-1633-5","url_text":"978-0-7553-1633-5"}]},{"reference":"Gliddon, Gerald (2011) [1991]. Somme 1916. VCs of the First World War. Stroud, Gloucestershire, United Kingdom: The History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-6303-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VCs_of_the_First_World_War","url_text":"VCs of the First World War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-6303-2","url_text":"978-0-7524-6303-2"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://vconline.org.uk/walter-p-ritchie-vc/4588041427","external_links_name":"\"Walter P Ritchie\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/29740/supplement/8871","external_links_name":"\"No. 29740\""},{"Link":"https://0a880d36-fa5c-41e3-afa1-2654e3f02948.filesusr.com/ugd/afb017_7a5dc098791449b5a685cd8241f2c35c.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Glasgow V.C. Decorated by the King\""},{"Link":"http://www.wartimememoriesproject.com/greatwar/allied/battalion.php?pid=6998","external_links_name":"\"2nd Battalion, Seaforth Highlanders during the Great War\""},{"Link":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/buglers-medal-in-somme-vc-sale-nh6txc8fk","external_links_name":"\"Bugler's medal in Somme VC sale\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0140-0460","external_links_name":"0140-0460"},{"Link":"https://www.glasgow.gov.uk/article/19732/Glasgow-unveils-two-Victoria-Cross-centenary-paving-stones-to-city-soldiers","external_links_name":"\"Glasgow unveils two Victoria Cross centenary paving stones to city soldiers\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041225165403/http://www.homeusers.prestel.co.uk/stewart/edinburg.htm","external_links_name":"Location of grave and VC medal"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Anderson_Tapes	The Anderson Tapes	["1 Plot","2 Cast","2.1 Cast notes","3 Production","4 Box office and critical response","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	1971 film by Sidney Lumet The Anderson Tapesoriginal film posterDirected bySidney LumetScreenplay byFrank PiersonBased onThe Anderson Tapesby Lawrence SandersProduced byRobert M. WeitmanStarring Sean Connery Dyan Cannon Martin Balsam Alan King CinematographyArthur J. OrnitzEdited byJoanne BurkeMusic byQuincy JonesProductioncompanyRobert M. Weitman ProductionsDistributed byColumbia PicturesRelease date June 17, 1971 (1971-06-17) Running time99 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget$3 millionBox office$5 million (US/Canada) The Anderson Tapes is a 1971 American crime film directed by Sidney Lumet and starring Sean Connery and featuring Dyan Cannon, Martin Balsam and Alan King. The screenplay was written by Frank Pierson, based upon a best-selling 1970 novel of the same name by Lawrence Sanders. The film is scored by Quincy Jones and marks the feature film debut of Christopher Walken. It was the first major film to focus on the pervasiveness of electronic surveillance, from security cameras in public places to hidden recording devices. Plot Safe-cracker John "Duke" Anderson (Sean Connery) is released after ten years in prison. He immediately renews his relationship with his old girlfriend, Ingrid Everleigh (Dyan Cannon). While Anderson was away in prison, Ingrid has been "kept" by a wealthy man named Werner (Richard Shull), who put her up in an upper-class apartment block in Manhattan. Anderson determines rapidly to burgle the entire building in a single sweep – filling a furniture van with the proceeds. He gains financing from a nostalgic Mafia boss, Pat Angelo (Alan King), and gathers his four-man crew. Included in this crime team is an ancient ex-con drunk, "Pop" (Stan Gottlieb), who was released from prison the same day as Anderson, and "The Kid" played by Christopher Walken. Unwittingly, Anderson is under pervasive surveillance almost the entire operation, from the earliest planning to the execution. This includes a private detective hired by Werner to eavesdrop on his mistress Ingrid; the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs, checking on a released drug dealer; the FBI, investigating Black activists and the interstate smuggling of antiques; and the IRS, which is after the mob boss who is financing the operation. The various surveilling Federal, state, and municipal agencies all have different missions (and targets), so none is able to "connect the dots" and anticipate the robbery. Anderson taps crooked antique dealer Tommy Haskins (Martin Balsam) to go through the apartment building, identifying valuables, and assess the potential loot. He brings in Edward Spencer (Dick Anthony Williams) to drive the getaway truck. "The Kid" will take care of burglar alarms and telephones. He tells "Pops", who calls to ask if he can move in with Anderson, to stand by for a "job". The Mafia foists the thuggish Rocco "Socks" Parelli (Val Avery), a psychopath who has become a liability to the mob, onto the crime team. As part of the deal, Anderson must kill him in the course of the robbery. Anderson sees the operation as complicated enough already, but goes along reluctantly. The operation proceeds over a Labor Day weekend. Disguised as a Mayflower moving and storage crew, the crooks cut telephone and alarm wires and move up through the building, gathering the residents as they go and robbing each apartment. "Pops" plays concierge while the real one is bound and gagged in the cellar. Jerry Bingham (Scott Jacoby), the son of two of the residents, is a paraplegic and asthmatic who is left behind in his air-conditioned room. Using his amateur radio equipment, he calls up other radio amateurs, based in other states, who contact the police. The alarm is thus raised, but only after resolving which side (callers or emergency services) should take the phone bill. As the oblivious criminals work, the police array enormous forces outside to prevent their escape and send a team in via a neighboring rooftop. In the shootout that follows, Anderson kills "Socks", but is himself shot by the police. The other robbers are killed, injured or captured. "Pop" gives himself up while covering for the others by putting all the blame on "Socks". Having never adapted to life on the outside, he looks forward to going back to prison. In the course of searching the building, the police discover some audio listening equipment left behind by the private detective who was hired to check up on Ingrid. They track it to find Anderson in critical condition (after having tried to escape). To avoid embarrassment over the failure to discover the robbery despite having Anderson on tape in several surveillance operations, and since many of the recordings were illegal, each of the agencies orders its tapes to be erased. Cast Sean Connery as Duke Anderson Dyan Cannon as Ingrid Martin Balsam as Haskins Ralph Meeker as Delaney Alan King as Pat Angelo Dick Anthony Williams as Spencer Val Avery as "Socks" Parelli Garrett Morris as Officer Everson Stan Gottlieb as Pop Christopher Walken as The Kid Conrad Bain as Dr. Rubicoff Margaret Hamilton as Miss Kaler Anthony Holland as Psychologist Scott Jacoby as Jerry Bingham Judith Lowry as Mrs. Hathaway Meg Myles as Mrs. Longene (as Meg Miles) Norman Rose as Longene Max Showalter as Bingham Janet Ward as Mrs. Bingham Paul Benjamin as Jimmy Richard Shull as Werner Cast notes This was the first major motion picture for Christopher Walken, as well as the last on-screen film appearance by Margaret Hamilton. Sean Connery, Martin Balsam, and director Sidney Lumet were to work together again on Murder on the Orient Express. Connery had previously worked with the director on The Hill, and they would reunite the following year on The Offence, and again many years later for Family Business. Balsam and Lumet had worked together previously on 12 Angry Men. Two characters from the novel on which the film was based were merged for the film: "Ingrid Macht" and "Agnes Everleigh" became "Ingrid Everleigh". Sean Connery's performance as the likeable criminal Duke Anderson was instrumental in his breakout from being typecast as James Bond. It also restored him to the ranks of top male actors in the United States. Production The Anderson Tapes was filmed on location in New York City on Fifth Avenue at the Convent of the Sacred Heart (the luxury apartment building), Rikers Island Prison, the Port Authority Bus Terminal, Luxor Health Club and on the Lower East Side. Interiors scenes were filmed at Hi Brown Studio and ABC-Pathé Studio, both in New York City. The production was on a tight budget, and filming was completed from mid-August to October 16, 1970. The film was the first for producer Robert M. Weitman as an independent producer. Columbia Pictures was not happy with the concept for the ending of the film, in which Connery escaped to be pursued by police helicopters, fearing that it would hurt sales to television, which generally required that bad deeds do not go unpunished. The Anderson Tapes made its U.S. network television premiere on September 11, 1972, as an installment of NBC Monday Night at the Movies. Box office and critical response The film generated $5 million in U.S. and Canada rentals. Roger Greenspun of The New York Times called The Anderson Tapes "well done and entertaining". He noted Lumet's direction by writing "The quality of professionalism appears in rather lovely manifestations to raise a by no means perfect film to a level of intelligent efficiency that is not so very far beneath the reach of art". Roger Ebert enjoyed the film but called Lumet's emphasis on electronic surveillance a "serious structural flaw". Andrew Sarris of The Village Voice wrote that there was only "eleven good minutes in it", calling the rest of the film "confused and uncertain". See also The Conversation, a 1974 film List of American films of 1971 List of films featuring home invasions List of films featuring surveillance References ^ "All-time Film Rental Champs". Variety. January 7, 1976. p. 48. ^ a b c d e Soares, Emily. "The Anderson Tapes (1971) \| Articles". TCM.com. ^ https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0066767/characters/nm0415016?ref_=ttfc_fc_cl_t19 ^ a b c "The Anderson Tapes (1971) \| Notes". TCM.com. ^ Allman, Richard (2005). New York: The Movie Lover's Guide. New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 0-7679-1634-4. ^ Jay, Robert (November 29, 2009). "Nielsen Top Ten, September 11th - September 17th, 1972". Television Obscurities. Retrieved August 24, 2018. ^ Greenspun, Roger (June 18, 1971). "The Screen; 'The Anderson Tapes' Stars Connery". The New York Times. ^ Ebert, Roger (June 30, 1971). "Anderson Tapes movie review & film summary (1971)". RogerEbert.com. ^ Sarris, Andrew (July 22, 1971). "films in focus". The Village Voice. p. 55 – via Google News Archive. External links The Anderson Tapes at IMDb The Anderson Tapes at Rotten Tomatoes The Anderson Tapes at the TCM Movie Database The Anderson Tapes at AllMovie The Anderson Tapes at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films The Anderson Tapes at Box Office Mojo vteFilms directed by Sidney Lumet Filmography Awards and nominations Feature films 12 Angry Men (1957) Stage Struck (1958) That Kind of Woman (1959) The Fugitive Kind (1960) A View from the Bridge (1962) Long Day's Journey into Night (1962) The Pawnbroker (1964) Fail Safe (1964) The Hill (1965) The Group (1966) The Deadly Affair (1966) Bye Bye Braverman (1968) The Sea Gull (1968) The Appointment (1969) King: A Filmed Record... Montgomery to Memphis (1970) Last of the Mobile Hot Shots (1970) The Anderson Tapes (1971) Child's Play (1972) The Offence (1973) Serpico (1973) Lovin' Molly (1974) Murder on the Orient Express (1974) Dog Day Afternoon (1975) Network (1976) Equus (1977) The Wiz (1978) Just Tell Me What You Want (1980) Prince of the City (1981) Deathtrap (1982) The Verdict (1982) Daniel (1983) Garbo Talks (1984) Power (1986) The Morning After (1986) Running on Empty (1988) Family Business (1989) Q & A (1990) A Stranger Among Us (1992) Guilty as Sin (1993) Night Falls on Manhattan (1996) Critical Care (1997) Gloria (1999) Find Me Guilty (2006) Before the Devil Knows You're Dead (2007) Television Beyond This Place (1957) Hans Brinker and the Silver Skates (1958) All the King's Men (1958) The Dybbuk (1960) The Iceman Cometh (1960) Sacco-Vanzetti Story (1960) 100 Centre Street (2001–02) Strip Search (2004)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"crime film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_film"},{"link_name":"Sidney Lumet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Lumet"},{"link_name":"Sean Connery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Connery"},{"link_name":"Dyan Cannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyan_Cannon"},{"link_name":"Martin Balsam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Balsam"},{"link_name":"Alan King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_King"},{"link_name":"Frank Pierson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Pierson"},{"link_name":"Lawrence Sanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Sanders"},{"link_name":"Quincy Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quincy_Jones"},{"link_name":"Christopher Walken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Walken"},{"link_name":"surveillance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveillance"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tcmart-2"}],"text":"The Anderson Tapes is a 1971 American crime film directed by Sidney Lumet and starring Sean Connery and featuring Dyan Cannon, Martin Balsam and Alan King. The screenplay was written by Frank Pierson, based upon a best-selling 1970 novel of the same name by Lawrence Sanders. The film is scored by Quincy Jones and marks the feature film debut of Christopher Walken.It was the first major film to focus on the pervasiveness of electronic surveillance, from security cameras in public places to hidden recording devices.[2]","title":"The Anderson Tapes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sean Connery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Connery"},{"link_name":"Dyan Cannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyan_Cannon"},{"link_name":"Richard Shull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_B._Shull"},{"link_name":"upper-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper-class"},{"link_name":"Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan"},{"link_name":"Mafia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafia"},{"link_name":"Alan King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_King"},{"link_name":"Stan Gottlieb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stan_Gottlieb&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Christopher Walken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Walken"},{"link_name":"Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Narcotics_and_Dangerous_Drugs"},{"link_name":"FBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation"},{"link_name":"IRS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service"},{"link_name":"Martin Balsam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Balsam"},{"link_name":"Dick Anthony Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Anthony_Williams"},{"link_name":"Val Avery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val_Avery"},{"link_name":"psychopath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychopath"},{"link_name":"Labor Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_Day"},{"link_name":"Mayflower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayflower_Transit"},{"link_name":"concierge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concierge"},{"link_name":"Scott Jacoby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Jacoby_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"amateur radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_radio"}],"text":"Safe-cracker John \"Duke\" Anderson (Sean Connery) is released after ten years in prison. He immediately renews his relationship with his old girlfriend, Ingrid Everleigh (Dyan Cannon). While Anderson was away in prison, Ingrid has been \"kept\" by a wealthy man named Werner (Richard Shull), who put her up in an upper-class apartment block in Manhattan. Anderson determines rapidly to burgle the entire building in a single sweep – filling a furniture van with the proceeds. He gains financing from a nostalgic Mafia boss, Pat Angelo (Alan King), and gathers his four-man crew. Included in this crime team is an ancient ex-con drunk, \"Pop\" (Stan Gottlieb), who was released from prison the same day as Anderson, and \"The Kid\" played by Christopher Walken.Unwittingly, Anderson is under pervasive surveillance almost the entire operation, from the earliest planning to the execution. This includes a private detective hired by Werner to eavesdrop on his mistress Ingrid; the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs, checking on a released drug dealer; the FBI, investigating Black activists and the interstate smuggling of antiques; and the IRS, which is after the mob boss who is financing the operation. The various surveilling Federal, state, and municipal agencies all have different missions (and targets), so none is able to \"connect the dots\" and anticipate the robbery.Anderson taps crooked antique dealer Tommy Haskins (Martin Balsam) to go through the apartment building, identifying valuables, and assess the potential loot. He brings in Edward Spencer (Dick Anthony Williams) to drive the getaway truck. \"The Kid\" will take care of burglar alarms and telephones. He tells \"Pops\", who calls to ask if he can move in with Anderson, to stand by for a \"job\". The Mafia foists the thuggish Rocco \"Socks\" Parelli (Val Avery), a psychopath who has become a liability to the mob, onto the crime team. As part of the deal, Anderson must kill him in the course of the robbery. Anderson sees the operation as complicated enough already, but goes along reluctantly.The operation proceeds over a Labor Day weekend. Disguised as a Mayflower moving and storage crew, the crooks cut telephone and alarm wires and move up through the building, gathering the residents as they go and robbing each apartment. \"Pops\" plays concierge while the real one is bound and gagged in the cellar.Jerry Bingham (Scott Jacoby),[3] the son of two of the residents, is a paraplegic and asthmatic who is left behind in his air-conditioned room. Using his amateur radio equipment, he calls up other radio amateurs, based in other states, who contact the police. The alarm is thus raised, but only after resolving which side (callers or emergency services) should take the phone bill.As the oblivious criminals work, the police array enormous forces outside to prevent their escape and send a team in via a neighboring rooftop.In the shootout that follows, Anderson kills \"Socks\", but is himself shot by the police. The other robbers are killed, injured or captured. \"Pop\" gives himself up while covering for the others by putting all the blame on \"Socks\". Having never adapted to life on the outside, he looks forward to going back to prison.In the course of searching the building, the police discover some audio listening equipment left behind by the private detective who was hired to check up on Ingrid. They track it to find Anderson in critical condition (after having tried to escape). To avoid embarrassment over the failure to discover the robbery despite having Anderson on tape in several surveillance operations, and since many of the recordings were illegal, each of the agencies orders its tapes to be erased.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sean Connery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Connery"},{"link_name":"Dyan Cannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyan_Cannon"},{"link_name":"Martin Balsam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Balsam"},{"link_name":"Ralph Meeker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Meeker"},{"link_name":"Alan King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_King"},{"link_name":"Dick Anthony Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Anthony_Williams"},{"link_name":"Val Avery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val_Avery"},{"link_name":"Garrett Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garrett_Morris"},{"link_name":"Christopher Walken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Walken"},{"link_name":"Conrad Bain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_Bain"},{"link_name":"Margaret Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Hamilton_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Anthony Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Holland_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Scott Jacoby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Jacoby_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Judith Lowry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_Lowry"},{"link_name":"Meg Myles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meg_Myles"},{"link_name":"Norman Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Rose"},{"link_name":"Max Showalter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Showalter"},{"link_name":"Paul Benjamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Benjamin"},{"link_name":"Richard Shull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Shull"}],"text":"Sean Connery as Duke Anderson\nDyan Cannon as Ingrid\nMartin Balsam as Haskins\nRalph Meeker as Delaney\nAlan King as Pat Angelo\nDick Anthony Williams as Spencer\nVal Avery as \"Socks\" Parelli\nGarrett Morris as Officer Everson\nStan Gottlieb as Pop\nChristopher Walken as The Kid\nConrad Bain as Dr. Rubicoff\nMargaret Hamilton as Miss Kaler\nAnthony Holland as Psychologist\nScott Jacoby as Jerry Bingham\nJudith Lowry as Mrs. Hathaway\nMeg Myles as Mrs. Longene (as Meg Miles)\nNorman Rose as Longene\nMax Showalter as Bingham\nJanet Ward as Mrs. Bingham\nPaul Benjamin as Jimmy\nRichard Shull as Werner","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tcmart-2"},{"link_name":"Murder on the Orient Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_on_the_Orient_Express_(1974_film)"},{"link_name":"The Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hill_(1965_film)"},{"link_name":"The Offence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Offence"},{"link_name":"Family Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Business_(1989_film)"},{"link_name":"12 Angry Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12_Angry_Men_(1957_film)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tcmnotes-4"},{"link_name":"James Bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bond"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tcmart-2"}],"sub_title":"Cast notes","text":"This was the first major motion picture for Christopher Walken, as well as the last on-screen film appearance by Margaret Hamilton.[2]\nSean Connery, Martin Balsam, and director Sidney Lumet were to work together again on Murder on the Orient Express. Connery had previously worked with the director on The Hill, and they would reunite the following year on The Offence, and again many years later for Family Business. Balsam and Lumet had worked together previously on 12 Angry Men.\nTwo characters from the novel on which the film was based were merged for the film: \"Ingrid Macht\" and \"Agnes Everleigh\" became \"Ingrid Everleigh\".[4]\nSean Connery's performance as the likeable criminal Duke Anderson was instrumental in his breakout from being typecast as James Bond. It also restored him to the ranks of top male actors in the United States.[2]","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fifth Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Avenue"},{"link_name":"Convent of the Sacred Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convent_of_the_Sacred_Heart_(New_York_City)"},{"link_name":"Rikers Island Prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikers_Island"},{"link_name":"Port Authority Bus Terminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Authority_Bus_Terminal"},{"link_name":"Lower East Side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_East_Side"},{"link_name":"Hi Brown Studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Studios"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tcmnotes-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tcmart-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tcmnotes-4"},{"link_name":"Columbia Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Pictures"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tcmart-2"},{"link_name":"NBC Monday Night at the Movies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_Monday_Night_at_the_Movies"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The Anderson Tapes was filmed on location in New York City on Fifth Avenue at the Convent of the Sacred Heart (the luxury apartment building), Rikers Island Prison, the Port Authority Bus Terminal, Luxor Health Club and on the Lower East Side. Interiors scenes were filmed at Hi Brown Studio[5] and ABC-Pathé Studio, both in New York City.[4] The production was on a tight budget, and filming was completed from mid-August to October 16, 1970.[2] The film was the first for producer Robert M. Weitman as an independent producer.[4]Columbia Pictures was not happy with the concept for the ending of the film, in which Connery escaped to be pursued by police helicopters, fearing that it would hurt sales to television, which generally required that bad deeds do not go unpunished.[2]The Anderson Tapes made its U.S. network television premiere on September 11, 1972, as an installment of NBC Monday Night at the Movies.[6]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Andrew Sarris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Sarris"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The film generated $5 million in U.S. and Canada rentals.Roger Greenspun of The New York Times called The Anderson Tapes \"well done and entertaining\". He noted Lumet's direction by writing \"The quality of professionalism appears in rather lovely manifestations to raise a by no means perfect film to a level of intelligent efficiency that is not so very far beneath the reach of art\".[7] Roger Ebert enjoyed the film but called Lumet's emphasis on electronic surveillance a \"serious structural flaw\".[8] Andrew Sarris of The Village Voice wrote that there was only \"eleven good minutes in it\", calling the rest of the film \"confused and uncertain\".[9]","title":"Box office and critical response"}]	[]	[{"title":"The Conversation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Conversation"},{"title":"List of American films of 1971","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_films_of_1971"},{"title":"List of films featuring home invasions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_home_invasions"},{"title":"List of films featuring surveillance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_surveillance"}]	[{"reference":"\"All-time Film Rental Champs\". Variety. January 7, 1976. p. 48.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"Soares, Emily. \"The Anderson Tapes (1971) \| Articles\". TCM.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/3791/the-anderson-tapes#articles-reviews?articleId=235283","url_text":"\"The Anderson Tapes (1971) \| Articles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCM.com","url_text":"TCM.com"}]},{"reference":"\"The Anderson Tapes (1971) \| Notes\". TCM.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/3791/the-anderson-tapes#notes","url_text":"\"The Anderson Tapes (1971) \| Notes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCM.com","url_text":"TCM.com"}]},{"reference":"Allman, Richard (2005). New York: The Movie Lover's Guide. New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 0-7679-1634-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wDpSaPkSt-8C&q=%22The%20Anderson%20Tapes%22","url_text":"New York: The Movie Lover's Guide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7679-1634-4","url_text":"0-7679-1634-4"}]},{"reference":"Jay, Robert (November 29, 2009). \"Nielsen Top Ten, September 11th - September 17th, 1972\". Television Obscurities. Retrieved August 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tvobscurities.com/2009/11/nielsen-top-ten-september-11th-september-17th-1972/","url_text":"\"Nielsen Top Ten, September 11th - September 17th, 1972\""}]},{"reference":"Greenspun, Roger (June 18, 1971). \"The Screen; 'The Anderson Tapes' Stars Connery\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1971/06/18/archives/the-screenthe-anderson-tapes-stars-connery.html","url_text":"\"The Screen; 'The Anderson Tapes' Stars Connery\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Ebert, Roger (June 30, 1971). \"Anderson Tapes movie review & film summary (1971)\". RogerEbert.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/anderson-tapes-1971","url_text":"\"Anderson Tapes movie review & film summary (1971)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RogerEbert.com","url_text":"RogerEbert.com"}]},{"reference":"Sarris, Andrew (July 22, 1971). \"films in focus\". The Village Voice. p. 55 – via Google News Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=U8lHAAAAIBAJ&sjid=7YsDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6547,1488546","url_text":"\"films in focus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Village_Voice","url_text":"The Village Voice"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_News_Archive","url_text":"Google News Archive"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/3791/the-anderson-tapes#articles-reviews?articleId=235283","external_links_name":"\"The Anderson Tapes (1971) \| Articles\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0066767/characters/nm0415016?ref_=ttfc_fc_cl_t19","external_links_name":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0066767/characters/nm0415016?ref_=ttfc_fc_cl_t19"},{"Link":"https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/3791/the-anderson-tapes#notes","external_links_name":"\"The Anderson Tapes (1971) \| Notes\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wDpSaPkSt-8C&q=%22The%20Anderson%20Tapes%22","external_links_name":"New York: The Movie Lover's Guide"},{"Link":"https://www.tvobscurities.com/2009/11/nielsen-top-ten-september-11th-september-17th-1972/","external_links_name":"\"Nielsen Top Ten, September 11th - September 17th, 1972\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1971/06/18/archives/the-screenthe-anderson-tapes-stars-connery.html","external_links_name":"\"The Screen; 'The Anderson Tapes' Stars Connery\""},{"Link":"https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/anderson-tapes-1971","external_links_name":"\"Anderson Tapes movie review & film summary (1971)\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=U8lHAAAAIBAJ&sjid=7YsDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6547,1488546","external_links_name":"\"films in focus\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0066767/","external_links_name":"The Anderson Tapes"},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/anderson_tapes","external_links_name":"The Anderson Tapes"},{"Link":"https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/3791/enwp","external_links_name":"The Anderson Tapes"},{"Link":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v2225","external_links_name":"The Anderson Tapes"},{"Link":"https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/54027","external_links_name":"The Anderson Tapes"},{"Link":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=andersontapes.htm","external_links_name":"The Anderson Tapes"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amla%C3%ADb_Ua_Donnub%C3%A1in	Amlaíb Ua Donnubáin	["1 1200","2 Earlier context","3 References"]	King of Uí Chairpre Áebda This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (August 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Amlaíb Ua Donnubáin (or Olaf/Auliffe O'Donovan) (died 1201) is the last member of the O'Donovan family to be styled king of Uí Chairpre Áebda (Cairbre Eva) in the Irish annals, and in fact the very last known king of this people. He is the chief victim mentioned by name of a major joint military expedition led by the Anglo-Norman William de Burgh and the three sons of the King of Thomond, Domnall Mór Ua Briain (died 1194), namely Muirchertach, Conchobar Ruad, and Donnchad Cairprech, into Desmond. The Annals of Inisfallen report the events as follows: AI1201.12: A mighty hosting this year in Desmumu by William and other foreigners, together with the royalty of all Mumu, i.e. including Muirchertach Ua Briain, Conchobar Ruad, and Donnchad Cairprech, and many others, and their plundering parties were sent against Múscraige Mittaine, and they committed great depredations. They proceeded thence to Cenn Eich, spent a week there, and made great raids and burned corn crops in every place they came to. Furthermore, Amlaíb Ua Donnubáin, king of Uí Chairpri, was slain by them, and one of their companies, including Jocelyn's son and many others, was also slain. After that they turned back, having made peace with the opposing forces, and the legate and the other bishops came to make the peace, and hostages and a great levy of cows were given to them (the foreigners). William was in Corcach for the greater part of the winter after his army had preceded him, but he himself departed later on. Mac Carthaigh's Book reports them slightly differently: MCB1201.2: A great hosting by William de Burgo and by Muircheartach, Conchobhar Ruadh, and Donnchadh Cairbreach,—three sons of Domhnall Mór Ó Briain—together with the Galls of Cork and Munster. They were a week at Ceann Eich, and they killed Amhlaoibh Ó Donnabháin, king of Uí Chairbre Éabha, and some of the Galls were killed, including Mac Coisdealbha. The legate and the bishops of Munster came and made peace between Síol Briain and Clann Charthaigh and Ó Mathghamhna and William de Burgo. William allowed Síol Briain to go home, and he himself remained in Cork for most of the winter. In any case, this was effectively the end of the over two century long feud between the O'Donovans and the O'Brien dynasty, resulting from the eponymous Donnubán mac Cathail's capture in 976 of Mathgamain mac Cennétig, elder brother of the famous Brian Bóruma. This had originated in competition between the Uí Chairpre and the rising Dál gCais over both territory in what is now northeastern County Limerick and northwestern County Tipperary, as well as the trade brought to the region by the Norse of Limerick City. Notably Amlaíb was presumably slain near Cenn Eich, the modern Castletown-Kinneigh, which is in West County Cork near Ballineen and Enniskean, very near to the later home of the family in Carbery, that region most likely deriving its name, in a complicated manner, from the people of his family. In any case, as the first O'Donovan noted there, he is the one most sensibly given the principal credit for establishing the family outside the ancient domains of the Uí Chairpre Áebda. But because of the generally poor and confused state of the O'Donovan pedigrees nothing else is known of his life for certain, nor even his precise relation to the later lords in Carbery. Crom Ua Donnubáin, common ancestor of the later families in Carbery, and the next noted in the region after Amlaíb, would appear to have been a nephew or at least near relation. 1200 Olaf is in all likelihood the leader of the Uí Chairpri-led alliance in 1200 against Domnall Mór na Curra Mac Carthaig, King of Desmond, reported in the Annals of Inisfallen: AI1200.9: Domnall Mac Carthaig brought a hosting into Uí Chairpri, and the Cairprig, Múscraige, Cenél Aeda, Bárraid Ruada, and Bárraid Óca assembled . Domnall turned upon them, and he, the best king of his time, was slain there with many others. Domnall Mór na Curra was a powerful king and it is obviously notable that he appears to have been badly defeated here by the Uí Chairpri and their supporters, both Gaels and the Norman de Barrys. However, there was clearly some confusion following the conflict because here the king of Desmond is reported slain, while according to another entry he actually died in 1206. Earlier context AI1177.3: Great warfare this year between Tuadmumu and Desmumu, and from Luimnech to Corcach and from Clár Doire Mór to Cnoc Brénainn was laid waste, both church and lay property. And the Uí Meic Caille and the Uí Liatháin came into the west of Ireland, and the Eóganacht Locha Léin came as far as Férdruim in Uí Echach, the Ciarraige Luachra into Tuadmumu, and the Uí Chonaill and Uí Chairpri as far as Eóganacht Locha Léin. MCB1177.2: A great war broke out between Domhnall Mór Ó Briain and Diarmaid Mór Mac Carthaigh, and they laid waste from Limerick to Cork, and from Clár Doire Mhóir and Waterford to Cnoc Bréanainn, both church and lay property. The Uí Mac Caille fled southwards across the Lee into Uí Eachach, the Eóghanacht Locha Léin fled to Féardhruim in Uí Eachach, the Ciarraighe Luahra into Thomond, the Uí Chairbre, the Uí Chonaill, and the Uí Dhonnabháin into Eóghanacht Locha Léin, and to around Mangarta. References Mac Airt, Seán (ed. & tr.). The Annals of Inisfallen (MS. Rawlinson B. 503). Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. 1951. O'Donovan, John (ed. & tr.), Annála Ríoghachta Éireann. Annals of the Kingdom of Ireland by the Four Masters, from the Earliest Period to the Year 1616. 7 vols. Dublin: Royal Irish Academy. 1848-51. 2nd edition, 1856. Volume III (pp. 126–7, notes), Volume IV (pp. 832–4, notes), Volume VI (Appendix, Pedigree of O'Donovan, pp. 2430–83). Ó hInnse, Séamus (ed. & tr.) and Florence MacCarthy, Mac Carthaigh's Book, or Miscellaneous Irish Annals (A.D. 1114-1437). Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. 1947. Ó Murchadha, Diarmuid, Family Names of County Cork. Cork: The Collins Press. 2nd edition, 1996.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"O'Donovan family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Donovan_family"},{"link_name":"Uí Chairpre Áebda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C3%AD_Chairpre_%C3%81ebda"},{"link_name":"William de Burgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_de_Burgh"},{"link_name":"King of Thomond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Thomond"},{"link_name":"Domnall Mór Ua Briain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domnall_M%C3%B3r_Ua_Briain"},{"link_name":"Desmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Desmond"},{"link_name":"Annals of Inisfallen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annals_of_Inisfallen"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100004/index.html"},{"link_name":"Mac Carthaigh's Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_Carthaigh%27s_Book"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100013/index.html"},{"link_name":"O'Brien dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Brien_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Donnubán mac Cathail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donnub%C3%A1n_mac_Cathail"},{"link_name":"Mathgamain mac Cennétig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathgamain_mac_Cenn%C3%A9tig"},{"link_name":"Brian Bóruma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_B%C3%B3ruma"},{"link_name":"Dál gCais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A1l_gCais"},{"link_name":"County Limerick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Limerick"},{"link_name":"County Tipperary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Tipperary"},{"link_name":"Norse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norsemen"},{"link_name":"Limerick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limerick"},{"link_name":"Castletown-Kinneigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castletown-Kinneigh"},{"link_name":"County Cork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Cork"},{"link_name":"Ballineen and Enniskean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballineen_and_Enniskean"},{"link_name":"Carbery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbery_(barony)"},{"link_name":"Crom Ua Donnubáin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crom_Ua_Donnub%C3%A1in"}],"text":"Amlaíb Ua Donnubáin (or Olaf/Auliffe O'Donovan) (died 1201) is the last member of the O'Donovan family to be styled king of Uí Chairpre Áebda (Cairbre Eva) in the Irish annals, and in fact the very last known king of this people.He is the chief victim mentioned by name of a major joint military expedition led by the Anglo-Norman William de Burgh and the three sons of the King of Thomond, Domnall Mór Ua Briain (died 1194), namely Muirchertach, Conchobar Ruad, and Donnchad Cairprech, into Desmond. The Annals of Inisfallen report the events as follows:[1]AI1201.12: A mighty hosting this year in Desmumu by William and other foreigners, together with the royalty of all Mumu, i.e. including Muirchertach Ua Briain, Conchobar Ruad, and Donnchad Cairprech, and many others, and their plundering parties were sent against Múscraige Mittaine, and they committed great depredations. They proceeded thence to Cenn Eich, spent a week there, and made great raids and burned corn crops in every place they came to. Furthermore, Amlaíb Ua Donnubáin, king of Uí Chairpri, was slain by them, and one of their companies, including Jocelyn's son and many others, was also slain. After that they turned back, having made peace with the opposing forces, and the legate and the other bishops came to make the peace, and hostages and a great levy of cows were given to them (the foreigners). William was in Corcach for the greater part of the winter after his army had preceded him, but he himself departed later on.Mac Carthaigh's Book reports them slightly differently:[2]MCB1201.2: A great hosting by William de Burgo and by Muircheartach, Conchobhar Ruadh, and Donnchadh Cairbreach,—three sons of Domhnall Mór Ó Briain—together with the Galls of Cork and Munster. They were a week at Ceann Eich, and they killed Amhlaoibh Ó Donnabháin, king of Uí Chairbre Éabha, and some of the Galls were killed, including Mac Coisdealbha. The legate and the bishops of Munster came and made peace between Síol Briain and Clann Charthaigh and Ó Mathghamhna and William de Burgo. William allowed Síol Briain to go home, and he himself remained in Cork for most of the winter.In any case, this was effectively the end of the over two century long feud between the O'Donovans and the O'Brien dynasty, resulting from the eponymous Donnubán mac Cathail's capture in 976 of Mathgamain mac Cennétig, elder brother of the famous Brian Bóruma. This had originated in competition between the Uí Chairpre and the rising Dál gCais over both territory in what is now northeastern County Limerick and northwestern County Tipperary, as well as the trade brought to the region by the Norse of Limerick City.Notably Amlaíb was presumably slain near Cenn Eich, the modern Castletown-Kinneigh, which is in West County Cork near Ballineen and Enniskean, very near to the later home of the family in Carbery, that region most likely deriving its name, in a complicated manner, from the people of his family. In any case, as the first O'Donovan noted there, he is the one most sensibly given the principal credit for establishing the family outside the ancient domains of the Uí Chairpre Áebda. But because of the generally poor and confused state of the O'Donovan pedigrees nothing else is known of his life for certain, nor even his precise relation to the later lords in Carbery. Crom Ua Donnubáin, common ancestor of the later families in Carbery, and the next noted in the region after Amlaíb, would appear to have been a nephew or at least near relation.","title":"Amlaíb Ua Donnubáin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Domnall Mór na Curra Mac Carthaig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Domnall_M%C3%B3r_na_Curra_Mac_Carthaig&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"King of Desmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Desmond"},{"link_name":"de Barrys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Barry"}],"text":"Olaf is in all likelihood the leader of the Uí Chairpri-led alliance in 1200 against Domnall Mór na Curra Mac Carthaig, King of Desmond, reported in the Annals of Inisfallen:AI1200.9: Domnall Mac Carthaig brought a hosting into Uí Chairpri, and the Cairprig, Múscraige, Cenél Aeda, Bárraid Ruada, and Bárraid Óca assembled [against him]. Domnall turned upon them, and he, the best king of his time, was slain there with many others.Domnall Mór na Curra was a powerful king and it is obviously notable that he appears to have been badly defeated here by the Uí Chairpri and their supporters, both Gaels and the Norman de Barrys. However, there was clearly some confusion following the conflict because here the king of Desmond is reported slain, while according to another entry he actually died in 1206.","title":"1200"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"AI1177.3: Great warfare this year between Tuadmumu and Desmumu, and from Luimnech to Corcach and from Clár Doire Mór to Cnoc Brénainn was laid waste, both church and lay property. And the Uí Meic Caille and the Uí Liatháin came into the west of Ireland, and the Eóganacht Locha Léin came as far as Férdruim in Uí Echach, the Ciarraige Luachra into Tuadmumu, and the Uí Chonaill and Uí Chairpri as far as Eóganacht Locha Léin.MCB1177.2: A great war broke out between Domhnall Mór Ó Briain and Diarmaid Mór Mac Carthaigh, and they laid waste from Limerick to Cork, and from Clár Doire Mhóir and Waterford to Cnoc Bréanainn, both church and lay property. The Uí Mac Caille fled southwards across the Lee into Uí Eachach, the Eóghanacht Locha Léin fled to Féardhruim in Uí Eachach, the Ciarraighe Luahra into Thomond, the Uí Chairbre, the Uí Chonaill, and the Uí Dhonnabháin into Eóghanacht Locha Léin, and to [the country] around Mangarta.","title":"Earlier context"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100004/index.html","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100013/index.html","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Vr0_AAAAcAAJ","external_links_name":"Volume III"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/annalarioghachta04ocle","external_links_name":"Volume IV"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=p6XRAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Volume VI"},{"Link":"http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100013/index.html","external_links_name":"Miscellaneous Irish Annals (A.D. 1114-1437)"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackett_(crater)	Blackett (crater)	["1 Satellite craters","2 References"]	Coordinates: 37°30′S 116°06′W / 37.5°S 116.1°W / -37.5; -116.1Lunar impact craterFeature on the moonBlackettLRO WAC imageCoordinates37°30′S 116°06′W / 37.5°S 116.1°W / -37.5; -116.1Diameter141 kmDepthUnknownColongitude119° at sunriseEponymPatrick M. S. Blackett Oblique Lunar Orbiter 5 image, facing west Another Lunar Orbiter 5 image, facing west Blackett is a lunar impact crater that lies on the far side of the Moon, behind the southwest limb. It lies beyond the southeast outer ring of the immense Mare Orientale basin. The formation of that major feature has left Blackett deeply marked with ridge features trending from the northwest. Much of the crater has been shaped by the ejecta from Mare Orientale, particularly along the western half of the crater. Overall this crater is heavily eroded, with several craters overlaying the southern rim, and smaller formations overlaying the western and northwestern rim. The interior floor has been roughened by ejecta, leaving only parts of the southwest interior in their previous relatively level and featureless condition. The crater Stetson lies on the southwest rim. Satellite craters By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Blackett. Blackett Latitude Longitude Diameter N 39.9° S 116.2° W 23 km References Andersson, L. E.; Whitaker, E. A. (1982). NASA Catalogue of Lunar Nomenclature. NASA RP-1097. Blue, Jennifer (July 25, 2007). "Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature". USGS. Retrieved 2007-08-05. Bussey, B.; Spudis, P. (2004). The Clementine Atlas of the Moon. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-81528-4. Cocks, Elijah E.; Cocks, Josiah C. (1995). Who's Who on the Moon: A Biographical Dictionary of Lunar Nomenclature. Tudor Publishers. ISBN 978-0-936389-27-1. McDowell, Jonathan (July 15, 2007). "Lunar Nomenclature". Jonathan's Space Report. Retrieved 2007-10-24. Menzel, D. H.; Minnaert, M.; Levin, B.; Dollfus, A.; Bell, B. (1971). "Report on Lunar Nomenclature by the Working Group of Commission 17 of the IAU". Space Science Reviews. 12 (2): 136–186. Bibcode:1971SSRv...12..136M. doi:10.1007/BF00171763. S2CID 122125855. Moore, Patrick (2001). On the Moon. Sterling Publishing Co. ISBN 978-0-304-35469-6. Price, Fred W. (1988). The Moon Observer's Handbook. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-33500-3. Rükl, Antonín (1990). Atlas of the Moon. Kalmbach Books. ISBN 978-0-913135-17-4. Webb, Rev. T. W. (1962). Celestial Objects for Common Telescopes (6th revised ed.). Dover. ISBN 978-0-486-20917-3. Whitaker, Ewen A. (1999). Mapping and Naming the Moon. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62248-6. Wlasuk, Peter T. (2000). Observing the Moon. Springer. ISBN 978-1-85233-193-1. vteCraters on the Moon: A–BA Abbe Abbot Abel Abenezra Abetti Abul Wafa Abulfeda Acosta Adams Aepinus Agatharchides Agrippa Airy Aitken Akis Alan Al-Bakri Albategnius Albert Al-Biruni Alden Alder Aldrin Alekhin Alexander Alfraganus Alhazen Aliacensis Al-Khwarizmi Almanon Al-Marrakushi Aloha Alpetragius Alphonsus Alter Ameghino Amici Ammonius Amontons Amundsen Anaxagoras Anaximander Anaximenes Anděl Anders Anderson Andersson Andronov Ango Angström Ann Annegrit Ansgarius Antoniadi Anuchin Anville Apianus Apollo Apollonius Appleton Arago Aratus Archimedes Archytas Argelander Ariadaeus Aristarchus Aristillus Aristoteles Armiński Armstrong Arnold Arrhenius Artamonov Artemʹev Artemis Artsimovich Aryabhata Arzachel Asada Asclepi Ashbrook Aston Atlas Atwood Autolycus Auwers Auzout Avery Avicenna Avogadro Azophi B Baade Babakin Babbage Babcock Back Backlund Baco Baillaud Bailly Baily Balandin Balboa Baldet Ball Balmer Banachiewicz Bancroft Banting Barbier Barkla Barnard Barocius Barringer Barrow Bartels Bawa Bayer Beals Beaumont Becquerel Bečvář Beer Behaim Beijerinck Beketov Béla Belʹkovich Bell Bellinsgauzen Bellot Belopolʹskiy Belyaev Benedict Bergman Bergstrand Berkner Berlage Bernoulli Berosus Berzelius Bessarion Bessel Bettinus Bhabha Bianchini Biela Bilharz Billy Bingham Biot Birkeland Birkhoff Birmingham Birt Bjerknes Black Blackett Blagg Blancanus Blanchard Blanchinus Blazhko Bliss Bobillier Bobone Bode Boethius Boguslawsky Bohnenberger Bohr Bok Boltzmann Bolyai Bombelli Bondarenko Bonpland Boole Borda Borel Boris Borman Born Borya Bosch Boscovich Bose Boss Bouguer Boussingault Bowditch Bowen Boyle Brackett Bragg Brashear Braude Brayley Bredikhin Breislak Brenner Brewster Brianchon Bridgman Briggs Brisbane Bronk Brouwer Brown Bruce Brunner Buch Buffon Buisson Bullialdus Bunsen Burckhardt Bürg Burnham Büsching Butlerov Buys-Ballot Byrd Byrgius	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blackett_crater_5021_med.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lunar Orbiter 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blackett_crater_5022_h1_h2.jpg"},{"link_name":"lunar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_craters"},{"link_name":"impact crater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_crater"},{"link_name":"far side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_side_(Moon)"},{"link_name":"Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon"},{"link_name":"Mare Orientale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_Orientale"},{"link_name":"ejecta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejecta"},{"link_name":"Stetson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stetson_(crater)"}],"text":"Lunar impact craterFeature on the moonOblique Lunar Orbiter 5 image, facing westAnother Lunar Orbiter 5 image, facing westBlackett is a lunar impact crater that lies on the far side of the Moon, behind the southwest limb. It lies beyond the southeast outer ring of the immense Mare Orientale basin. The formation of that major feature has left Blackett deeply marked with ridge features trending from the northwest. Much of the crater has been shaped by the ejecta from Mare Orientale, particularly along the western half of the crater.Overall this crater is heavily eroded, with several craters overlaying the southern rim, and smaller formations overlaying the western and northwestern rim. The interior floor has been roughened by ejecta, leaving only parts of the southwest interior in their previous relatively level and featureless condition.The crater Stetson lies on the southwest rim.","title":"Blackett (crater)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Blackett.","title":"Satellite craters"}]	[{"image_text":"Oblique Lunar Orbiter 5 image, facing west","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Blackett_crater_5021_med.jpg/240px-Blackett_crater_5021_med.jpg"},{"image_text":"Another Lunar Orbiter 5 image, facing west","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Blackett_crater_5022_h1_h2.jpg/240px-Blackett_crater_5022_h1_h2.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Andersson, L. E.; Whitaker, E. A. (1982). NASA Catalogue of Lunar Nomenclature. NASA RP-1097.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewen_Whitaker","url_text":"Whitaker, E. A."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA","url_text":"NASA"}]},{"reference":"Blue, Jennifer (July 25, 2007). \"Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature\". USGS. Retrieved 2007-08-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/","url_text":"\"Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"USGS"}]},{"reference":"Bussey, B.; Spudis, P. (2004). The Clementine Atlas of the Moon. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-81528-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Bussey","url_text":"Bussey, B."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Spudis","url_text":"Spudis, P."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81528-4","url_text":"978-0-521-81528-4"}]},{"reference":"Cocks, Elijah E.; Cocks, Josiah C. (1995). Who's Who on the Moon: A Biographical Dictionary of Lunar Nomenclature. Tudor Publishers. ISBN 978-0-936389-27-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780936389271","url_text":"Who's Who on the Moon: A Biographical Dictionary of Lunar Nomenclature"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-936389-27-1","url_text":"978-0-936389-27-1"}]},{"reference":"McDowell, Jonathan (July 15, 2007). \"Lunar Nomenclature\". Jonathan's Space Report. Retrieved 2007-10-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://host.planet4589.org/astro/lunar/","url_text":"\"Lunar Nomenclature\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan%27s_Space_Report","url_text":"Jonathan's Space Report"}]},{"reference":"Menzel, D. H.; Minnaert, M.; Levin, B.; Dollfus, A.; Bell, B. (1971). \"Report on Lunar Nomenclature by the Working Group of Commission 17 of the IAU\". Space Science Reviews. 12 (2): 136–186. Bibcode:1971SSRv...12..136M. doi:10.1007/BF00171763. S2CID 122125855.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1971SSRv...12..136M","url_text":"1971SSRv...12..136M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00171763","url_text":"10.1007/BF00171763"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:122125855","url_text":"122125855"}]},{"reference":"Moore, Patrick (2001). On the Moon. Sterling Publishing Co. ISBN 978-0-304-35469-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Moore","url_text":"Moore, Patrick"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/patrickmooreonmo00patr","url_text":"On the Moon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterling_Publishing_Co.","url_text":"Sterling Publishing Co."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-304-35469-6","url_text":"978-0-304-35469-6"}]},{"reference":"Price, Fred W. (1988). The Moon Observer's Handbook. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-33500-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-33500-3","url_text":"978-0-521-33500-3"}]},{"reference":"Rükl, Antonín (1990). Atlas of the Moon. Kalmbach Books. ISBN 978-0-913135-17-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_R%C3%BCkl","url_text":"Rükl, Antonín"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmbach_Books","url_text":"Kalmbach Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-913135-17-4","url_text":"978-0-913135-17-4"}]},{"reference":"Webb, Rev. T. W. (1962). Celestial Objects for Common Telescopes (6th revised ed.). Dover. ISBN 978-0-486-20917-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_William_Webb","url_text":"Webb, Rev. T. W."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/celestialobjects00webb","url_text":"Celestial Objects for Common Telescopes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-20917-3","url_text":"978-0-486-20917-3"}]},{"reference":"Whitaker, Ewen A. (1999). Mapping and Naming the Moon. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62248-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewen_Whitaker","url_text":"Whitaker, Ewen A."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62248-6","url_text":"978-0-521-62248-6"}]},{"reference":"Wlasuk, Peter T. (2000). Observing the Moon. Springer. ISBN 978-1-85233-193-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85233-193-1","url_text":"978-1-85233-193-1"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Blackett_(crater)&params=37.5_S_116.1_W_globe:moon_type:landmark","external_links_name":"37°30′S 116°06′W / 37.5°S 116.1°W / -37.5; -116.1"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Blackett_(crater)&params=37.5_S_116.1_W_globe:moon_type:landmark","external_links_name":"37°30′S 116°06′W / 37.5°S 116.1°W / -37.5; -116.1"},{"Link":"https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/","external_links_name":"\"Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780936389271","external_links_name":"Who's Who on the Moon: A Biographical Dictionary of Lunar Nomenclature"},{"Link":"http://host.planet4589.org/astro/lunar/","external_links_name":"\"Lunar Nomenclature\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1971SSRv...12..136M","external_links_name":"1971SSRv...12..136M"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00171763","external_links_name":"10.1007/BF00171763"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:122125855","external_links_name":"122125855"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/patrickmooreonmo00patr","external_links_name":"On the Moon"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/celestialobjects00webb","external_links_name":"Celestial Objects for Common Telescopes"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969%E2%80%9370_Stoke_City_F.C._season	1969–70 Stoke City F.C. season	["1 Season review","1.1 League","1.2 FA Cup","1.3 League Cup","2 Final league table","3 Results","3.1 Legend","3.2 Football League First Division","3.3 FA Cup","3.4 League Cup","3.5 Friendlies","4 Squad statistics","5 References"]	Stoke City 1969–70 football seasonStoke City1969–70 seasonChairmanAlbert HenshallManagerTony WaddingtonStadiumVictoria GroundFootball League First Division9th (45 Points)FA CupFourth RoundLeague CupSecond RoundTop goalscorerLeague: Harry Burrows & John Ritchie (14)All: John Ritchie (16)Highest home attendance38,740 vs Manchester United (28 February 1970)Lowest home attendance11,804 vs West Bromwich Albion (15 April 1970)Average home league attendance24,165 Home colours ← 1968–691970–71 → The 1969–70 season was Stoke City's 63rd season in the Football League and the 39th in the First Division. Stoke seemingly had an abundance of talent emerging as the 1960s gave way for the 1970s and Waddington addressed the past two seasons lack of goals by bringing back John Ritchie from Sheffield Wednesday and Jimmy Greenhoff from Birmingham City. It was a promising season with Stoke finishing in 9th position with 45 points. Season review League After two poor seasons, Tony Waddington recognised the goalscoring shortcomings and won over some of the worried supporters by bringing in former Leeds United forward Jimmy Greenhoff for a club record £100,000 and also brought back John Ritchie from Sheffield Wednesday. There was certainly a feeling around Stoke, with the infusion of forward talent that the club was putting together a side that could cause a few raised eyebrows in the First Division and whilst Alex Elder and Tony Allen were early season selections in defence they were soon drifting from the spotlight allowing local defenders Jackie Marsh and Mike Pejic to break into the team. With Gordon Banks in goals and the ever improving centre back pairing of 'hard men' Alan Bloor and Denis Smith, Stoke's back line looked solid. In midfield Irish winger Terry Conroy had now settled in England and was beginning to show his skill and pace on the wide positions. The improvements were there for all to see and the directors were keen to bring the best to the Victoria Ground and in September 1969 they achieved their aim. Brazilian star Pelé came over with his team Santos to play Stoke in a friendly, Pelé starring in a 3–2 win for the South Americans. Early on in the 1969–70 season after winning six and drawing five for their first 15 matches, Stoke suffered a 6–2 reverse at Everton when John Farmer, making his only appearance of the season, was carried off due to injury and defender Denis Smith had to go in goal. They quickly put that defeat behind them and lost only once of the next ten matches. But an absence of victories between 17 January and 28 March saw the team slip down into mid-table and finished up in 9th spot, their highest league finish for 22 years. FA Cup Stoke advanced past Oxford United 3–2 in a replay following a goalless draw at the Manor Ground before being knocked at Watford. League Cup There was no progress in this seasons league cup, as Stoke lost 2–0 at home to Burnley. Final league table Pos Teamvte Pld W D L GF GA GAv Pts Qualification or relegation 7 Newcastle United 42 17 13 12 57 35 1.629 47 Qualification for the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup first round 8 Manchester United 42 14 17 11 66 61 1.082 45 Qualification for the Watney Cup 9 Stoke City 42 15 15 12 56 52 1.077 45 10 Manchester City 42 16 11 15 55 48 1.146 43 Qualification for the Cup Winners' Cup first round 11 Tottenham Hotspur 42 17 9 16 54 55 0.982 43 Source: World FootballRules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Goal average; 3) Goals scoredNotes: ^ Derby County and Manchester United qualified for the Watney Cup as the two teams with the most goals that hadn't already qualified for a European competition. ^ Manchester City qualified for the Cup Winners' Cup first round as the 1969–70 European Cup Winners' Cup winners. Results Stoke's score comes first Legend Win Draw Loss Football League First Division Main article: 1969–70 Football League Match Date Opponent Venue Result Attendance Scorers 1 9 August 1969 Wolverhampton Wanderers A 1–3 33,260 Burrows 2 12 August 1969 Nottingham Forest A 0–0 22,470 3 16 August 1969 West Ham United H 2–1 23,362 Dobing, Ritchie 4 20 August 1969 Nottingham Forest H 1–1 20,029 Burrows 5 23 August 1969 Derby County A 0–0 36,170 6 27 August 1969 Coventry City H 2–0 25,507 Conroy, Greenhoff 7 30 August 1969 Southampton H 2–1 22,037 Burrows, Dobing 8 6 September 1969 Crystal Palace A 1–3 26,745 Ritchie 9 13 September 1969 Sunderland H 4–2 16,939 Ritchie (2), Greenhoff, Herd 10 17 September 1969 West Bromwich Albion A 3–1 24,869 Ritchie, Greenhoff, Smith 11 20 September 1969 Liverpool A 1–3 45,745 Burrows (pen) 12 27 September 1969 Manchester City H 2–0 29,739 Ritchie, Greenhoff 13 4 October 1969 Leeds United A 1–2 35,860 Greenhoff 14 6 October 1969 West Ham United A 3–3 26,860 Burrows, Smith (2) 15 11 October 1969 Arsenal H 0–0 25,801 16 18 October 1969 Everton A 2–6 48,684 Burrows, Dobing 17 25 October 1969 Tottenham Hotspur H 1–1 19,550 Herd 18 1 November 1969 Manchester United A 1–1 54,061 Burrows 19 8 November 1969 Burnley H 2–1 18,434 Greenhoff, Eastham 20 15 November 1969 Sheffield Wednesday A 2–0 16,444 Greenhoff, Ritchie 21 22 November 1969 Ipswich Town H 3–3 19,285 Ritchie, Burrows (2) (1 pen) 22 6 December 1969 Newcastle United H 0–1 17,767 23 13 December 1969 Sunderland A 3–0 15,205 Dobing, Burrows (2), (1 pen) 24 20 December 1969 Crystal Palace H 1–0 12,426 Greenhoff 25 26 December 1969 Derby County H 1–0 37,456 Burrows (pen) 26 27 December 1969 Southampton A 0–0 23,215 27 10 January 1970 Liverpool H 0–2 30,038 28 17 January 1970 Manchester City A 1–0 31,565 Conroy 29 31 January 1970 Leeds United H 1–1 36,506 Dobing 30 7 February 1970 Arsenal A 0–0 26,363 31 14 February 1970 Wolverhampton Wanderers H 1–1 28,862 Pejic 32 21 February 1970 Tottenham Hotspur A 0–1 29,972 33 28 February 1970 Manchester United H 2–2 38,740 Burrows, Smith 34 7 March 1970 Ipswich Town A 1–1 16,139 Burrows 35 17 March 1970 Chelsea A 0–1 28,996 36 20 March 1970 Newcastle United A 1–3 28,460 Ritchie 37 27 March 1970 Burnley A 1–1 16,127 Stevenson 38 28 March 1970 Sheffield Wednesday H 2–1 16,632 Ritchie (2) (1 pen) 39 30 March 1970 Everton H 0–1 33,083 40 4 April 1970 Coventry City A 3–0 27,754 Ritchie (2), Dobing 41 13 April 1970 Chelsea H 1–2 22,707 Stevenson 42 15 April 1970 West Bromwich Albion H 3–2 11,804 Ritchie, Greenhoff, Bernard FA Cup Main article: 1969–70 FA Cup Round Date Opponent Venue Result Attendance Scorers R3 4 January 1970 Oxford United A 0–0 15,686 R3 Replay 7 January 1970 Oxford United H 3–2 17,204 Stevenson, Ritchie (2) R4 24 January 1970 Watford A 0–1 23,354 League Cup Main article: 1969–70 Football League Cup Round Date Opponent Venue Result Attendance Scorers R2 3 September 1969 Burnley H 0–2 19,296 Friendlies Match Opponent Venue Result 1 Asante Kotoko H 3–2 2 Glentoran A 2–0 3 Ards A 1–2 4 Oldham Athletic A 1–0 5 Norwich City A 1–2 6 Port Vale H 2–3 7 Bangor City A 7–2 8 Dallas Tornado H 6–1 9 DOS Utrecht A 3–2 10 PSV Eindhoven A 1–3 11 Santos H 2–3 Squad statistics Pos. Name League FA Cup League Cup Total Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals GK Gordon Banks 38 0 3 0 1 0 42 0 GK Harry Dowd 3 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 GK John Farmer 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 DF Tony Allen 8 0 0 0 1 0 9 0 DF Alan Bloor 36 0 3 0 0 0 39 0 DF Alex Elder 8(1) 0 0 0 1 0 9(1) 0 DF Wyndham Evans 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 DF Jackie Marsh 36 0 3 0 1 0 40 0 DF Mike Pejic 32 1 3 0 0 0 35 1 DF Eric Skeels 34(1) 0 0(1) 0 1 0 35(2) 0 DF Denis Smith 40 4 3 0 1 0 44 4 MF Mike Bernard 9(2) 1 0 0 0 0 9(2) 1 MF Terry Conroy 27(4) 2 2 0 0 0 29(4) 2 MF George Eastham 31(3) 1 2 0 1 0 34(3) 1 MF John Mahoney 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 MF Willie Stevenson 18(2) 2 3 1 0 0 21(2) 3 FW Harry Burrows 31(3) 14 3 0 1 0 35(3) 14 FW Peter Dobing 40 6 3 0 1 0 44 6 FW Jimmy Greenhoff 33 9 3 0 1 0 37 9 FW David Herd 4(5) 2 0 0 0 0 4(5) 2 FW John Ritchie 31(1) 14 2 2 1 0 34(1) 16 References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Matthews, Tony (1994). The Encyclopaedia of Stoke City. Lion Press. ISBN 0-9524151-0-0. vteStoke City F.C. seasons 1880–81 1881–82 1882–83 1883–84 1884–85 1885–86 1886–87 1887–88 1888–89 1889–90 001890–91 1891–92 1892–93 1893–94 1894–95 1895–96 1896–97 1897–98 1898–99 1899–1900 1900–01 1901–02 1902–03 1903–04 1904–05 1905–06 1906–07 1907–08 1908–09 1909–10 1910–11 1911–12 1912–13 1913–14 1914–15 1915–16 1916–17 1917–18 1918–19 1919–20 1920–21 1921–22 1922–23 1923–24 1924–25 1925–26 1926–27 1927–28 1928–29 1929–30 1930–31 1931–32 1932–33 1933–34 1934–35 1935–36 1936–37 1937–38 1938–39 1939–40 1940–41 1941–42 1942–43 1943–44 1944–45 1945–46 1946–47 1947–48 1948–49 1949–50 1950–51 1951–52 1952–53 1953–54 1954–55 1955–56 1956–57 1957–58 1958–59 1959–60 1960–61 1961–62 1962–63 1963–64 1964–65 1965–66 1966–67 1967–68 1968–69 1969–70 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 001990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–2000 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 2024–25 2025–26 2026–27 2027–28 2028–29 2029–30 vte1969–70 in English football « 1968–69 1970–71 » National teams Alf Ramsey Home Championship 1970 FIFA World Cup (qualification) League competitionsLevels 1–4 Football League (First Division, Second Division, Third Division, Fourth Division) Levels 5–6 Isthmian League (level 5 only) Northern Premier League (level 5 only) Southern League (Premier, One) Levels 7–9 Athenian League (Premier, One, Two) Cheshire County League (level 7 only) Eastern Counties League (level 7 only) Hellenic League (Premier, One) Kent League (level 7 only) Lancashire Combination (level 7 only) Midland Football Combination (level 7 only) Midland League (level 7 only) Northern League (level 7 only) South Midlands League (Premier, One) Spartan League (level 7 only) Sussex County League (One, Two) United Counties League (One, Two) West Midlands (Regional) League (level 7 only) Western League (level 7 only) Yorkshire League (One, Two) Cup competitionsFA cups FA Cup (Qualifying rounds, Final) Charity Shield FA Trophy (Final) FA Amateur Cup Football League cups League Cup (Final) European competitions European Cup Inter-Cities Fairs Cup European Cup Winners' Cup Anglo-Italian Cup Club seasonsFirst Division Arsenal Burnley Chelsea Coventry City Crystal Palace Derby County Everton Ipswich Town Leeds United Liverpool Manchester City Manchester United Newcastle United Nottingham Forest Southampton Stoke City Sunderland Tottenham Hotspur West Bromwich Albion West Ham United Wolverhampton Wanderers Second Division Aston Villa Birmingham City Blackburn Rovers Blackpool Bolton Wanderers Bristol City Cardiff City Carlisle United Charlton Athletic Huddersfield Town Hull City Leicester City Middlesbrough Millwall Norwich City Oxford United Portsmouth Preston North End Queens Park Rangers Sheffield Wednesday Sheffield United Swindon Town Watford Third Division Barnsley Barrow Bournemouth and Boscombe Athletic Bradford City Brighton & Hove Albion Bristol Rovers Bury Doncaster Rovers Fulham Gillingham Halifax Town Leyton Orient Luton Town Mansfield Town Plymouth Argyle Reading Rochdale Rotherham United Shrewsbury Town Southport Stockport County Torquay United Tranmere Rovers Walsall Fourth Division Aldershot Bradford Park Avenue Brentford Chester Chesterfield Colchester United Crewe Alexandra Darlington Exeter City Grimsby Town Hartlepool United Lincoln City Newport County Northampton Town Notts County Oldham Athletic Peterborough United Port Vale Scunthorpe United Southend United Swansea Town Workington Wrexham York City	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1969–70 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969%E2%80%9370_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Stoke City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"the Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Football_League"},{"link_name":"First Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_First_Division"},{"link_name":"John Ritchie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ritchie_(footballer,_born_1941)"},{"link_name":"Sheffield Wednesday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_Wednesday_F.C."},{"link_name":"Jimmy Greenhoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Greenhoff"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Encyclopaedia_of_Stoke_City-1"}],"text":"Stoke City 1969–70 football seasonThe 1969–70 season was Stoke City's 63rd season in the Football League and the 39th in the First Division.Stoke seemingly had an abundance of talent emerging as the 1960s gave way for the 1970s and Waddington addressed the past two seasons lack of goals by bringing back John Ritchie from Sheffield Wednesday and Jimmy Greenhoff from Birmingham City. It was a promising season with Stoke finishing in 9th position with 45 points.[1]","title":"1969–70 Stoke City F.C. season"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Season review"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tony Waddington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Waddington"},{"link_name":"Leeds United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_United_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"Jimmy Greenhoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Greenhoff"},{"link_name":"John Ritchie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ritchie_(footballer,_born_1941)"},{"link_name":"Sheffield Wednesday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_Wednesday_F.C."},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Encyclopaedia_of_Stoke_City-1"},{"link_name":"Alex Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Elder"},{"link_name":"Tony Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Allen_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Jackie Marsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Marsh_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Mike Pejic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Pejic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Encyclopaedia_of_Stoke_City-1"},{"link_name":"Gordon Banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Banks"},{"link_name":"Alan Bloor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Bloor"},{"link_name":"Denis Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Smith_(footballer,_born_1947)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Encyclopaedia_of_Stoke_City-1"},{"link_name":"Terry Conroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Conroy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Encyclopaedia_of_Stoke_City-1"},{"link_name":"Victoria Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Ground"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Encyclopaedia_of_Stoke_City-1"},{"link_name":"Pelé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pel%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Santos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santos_FC"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Encyclopaedia_of_Stoke_City-1"},{"link_name":"Everton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everton_F.C."},{"link_name":"John Farmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Farmer_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Denis Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Smith_(footballer,_born_1947)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Encyclopaedia_of_Stoke_City-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Encyclopaedia_of_Stoke_City-1"}],"sub_title":"League","text":"After two poor seasons, Tony Waddington recognised the goalscoring shortcomings and won over some of the worried supporters by bringing in former Leeds United forward Jimmy Greenhoff for a club record £100,000 and also brought back John Ritchie from Sheffield Wednesday.[1] There was certainly a feeling around Stoke, with the infusion of forward talent that the club was putting together a side that could cause a few raised eyebrows in the First Division and whilst Alex Elder and Tony Allen were early season selections in defence they were soon drifting from the spotlight allowing local defenders Jackie Marsh and Mike Pejic to break into the team.[1]With Gordon Banks in goals and the ever improving centre back pairing of 'hard men' Alan Bloor and Denis Smith, Stoke's back line looked solid.[1] In midfield Irish winger Terry Conroy had now settled in England and was beginning to show his skill and pace on the wide positions.[1] The improvements were there for all to see and the directors were keen to bring the best to the Victoria Ground and in September 1969 they achieved their aim.[1] Brazilian star Pelé came over with his team Santos to play Stoke in a friendly, Pelé starring in a 3–2 win for the South Americans.[1]Early on in the 1969–70 season after winning six and drawing five for their first 15 matches, Stoke suffered a 6–2 reverse at Everton when John Farmer, making his only appearance of the season, was carried off due to injury and defender Denis Smith had to go in goal.[1] They quickly put that defeat behind them and lost only once of the next ten matches. But an absence of victories between 17 January and 28 March saw the team slip down into mid-table and finished up in 9th spot, their highest league finish for 22 years.[1]","title":"Season review"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oxford United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Manor Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manor_Ground,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Watford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watford_F.C."},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Encyclopaedia_of_Stoke_City-1"}],"sub_title":"FA Cup","text":"Stoke advanced past Oxford United 3–2 in a replay following a goalless draw at the Manor Ground before being knocked at Watford.[1]","title":"Season review"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Burnley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnley_F.C."},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Encyclopaedia_of_Stoke_City-1"}],"sub_title":"League Cup","text":"There was no progress in this seasons league cup, as Stoke lost 2–0 at home to Burnley.[1]","title":"Season review"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World Football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldfootball.net/schedule/eng-premier-league-1969-1970-spieltag/42/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_note_res_WAC0.76024793030706_2-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_note_res_MCI0.76024793030706_3-0"},{"link_name":"1969–70 European Cup Winners' Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969%E2%80%9370_European_Cup_Winners%27_Cup"}],"text":"Source: World FootballRules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Goal average; 3) Goals scoredNotes:^ Derby County and Manchester United qualified for the Watney Cup as the two teams with the most goals that hadn't already qualified for a European competition.\n\n^ Manchester City qualified for the Cup Winners' Cup first round as the 1969–70 European Cup Winners' Cup winners.","title":"Final league table"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Stoke's score comes first","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Legend","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Football League First Division","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"FA Cup","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"League Cup","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Friendlies","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Squad statistics"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Matthews, Tony (1994). The Encyclopaedia of Stoke City. Lion Press. ISBN 0-9524151-0-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9524151-0-0","url_text":"0-9524151-0-0"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.worldfootball.net/schedule/eng-premier-league-1969-1970-spieltag/42/","external_links_name":"World Football"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Society_of_Massachusetts	Colonial Society of Massachusetts	["1 Publications","2 Other activities","3 Membership","4 Awards","5 References","6 Further reading"]	Colonial Society of Massachusetts87 Mt. Vernon Street (photo 2013)Formation1892Legal statusFoundationPurposeStudy of the history of MassachusettsHeadquarters87 Mount Vernon StreetBoston, MassachusettsAffiliationsNew England Regional Fellowship ConsortiumWebsiteOfficial website The Colonial Society of Massachusetts is a US non-profit educational foundation, founded in 1892, and established for the study of the history of Massachusetts. The period of study is from its settlement through the early nineteenth century. It is a member of the New England Regional Fellowship Consortium. Its headquarters, located at 87 Mount Vernon Street on Boston's Beacon Hill, are closed to the public. Some of its meetings were held at the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Publications The society publishes documents regarding the early history of Massachusetts, however, the society does not maintain a library or manuscript collection. A guide to some of the Colonial Society's publication collections for the period of 1710 through 1939 is maintained by the Massachusetts Historical Society. The topics can vary from the Pilgrim Fathers, to the pirate Captain Thomas Pound. In partnership with the University of Massachusetts Boston, it sponsors The New England Quarterly. Other activities The Colonial Society of Massachusetts is involved in a number of other activities such as convening scholarly conferences. Its education efforts include encouraging the study of colonial Massachusetts in schools, conducting workshops for teachers, and promoting the sharing of research amongst graduate students. It does not assist with genealogical queries. Membership Initially, only descendants of Massachusetts Bay or Plymouth colonists were able to join the society. Beginning in 1950, membership became open to anyone with interests in colonial Massachusetts. Notable members include: Thomas R. Adams, Charles W. Akers, Charles Evans, John Grinold, Philip F. Gura, John Elbridge Hudson, Leonard Woods Labaree, Franklin Pierce Rice, and Walter Muir Whitehill. Awards The society's Whitehill Prize in Early American History honors Whitehill, the society's editor from 1946 to 1978. References ^ Daedalus: proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Vol. 48 (Digitized Apr 7, 2006 ed.). The Academy. 1913. p. 779. ^ "Colonial Society of Massachusetts Collection 1710-1939 Guide to the Collection". masshist.org. Archived from the original on 2010-06-20. Retrieved 2009-10-18. ^ Morison, Samuel Eliot; Colonial Society of Massachusetts (1951). The Pilgrim Fathers: their significance in history. Plimoth Plantation. ^ Edmonds, John Henry; Colonial Society of Massachusetts (1918). Captain Thomas Pound (Digitized Jan 9, 2008 ed.). J. Wilson and son. p. 24. ^ "About Us". colonialsociety.org. Archived from the original on 2009-03-16. Retrieved 2009-10-18. Further reading Publications of the Colonial Society of Massachusetts, Boston, 1895{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) vteNew England historical societiesConnecticut Connecticut Museum of Culture and History Danbury Museum and Historical Society New Haven Museum and Historical Society Polish American Historical Association Stonington Historical Society Watertown Historical Society Maine Maine Historical Society Pejepscot Historical Society South Portland Historical Society MassachusettsBoston Association for Computers and the Humanities Boston Landmarks Commission The Bostonian Society Chinese Historical Society of New England Colonial Society of Massachusetts Historic New England Massachusetts Historical Society Prince Society South End Historical Society The Trustees of Reservations World History Association Cambridge American Society for Legal History Medieval Academy of America Salem Essex Institute Essex Heritage Essex National Heritage Commission Salem Athenaeum Others American Antiquarian Society Beverly Historical Society Cape Cod Modern House Trust Company of Military Historians Dedham Historical Society and Museum Duxbury Rural and Historical Society Fitchburg Historical Society Harvard Historical Society Ipswich Historical Society Lexington Historical Society Maria Mitchell Association Old Colony Historical Society Plymouth Antiquarian Society Quincy Historical Society Waterfront Historic Area League Swift River Historical Society New Hampshire New Hampshire Historical Society Rhode IslandNewport Newport Historical Society Newport Restoration Foundation Preservation Society of Newport County Providence Providence Athenaeum Providence Preservation Society Rhode Island Historical Society Others Block Island Historical Society Steamship Historical Society of America Vermont Historical Society of Windham County Preservation Trust of Vermont Stowe Historical Society Vermont Historical Society Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic 2 Australia Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"US","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"non-profit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-profit_organization"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"New England Regional Fellowship Consortium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_England_Regional_Fellowship_Consortium&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mount Vernon Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Vernon_Street_Historic_District"},{"link_name":"Boston's Beacon Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beacon_Hill,_Boston#Mount_Vernon_Street"},{"link_name":"American Academy of Arts and Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheAcademy-1"}],"text":"The Colonial Society of Massachusetts is a US non-profit educational foundation, founded in 1892, and established for the study of the history of Massachusetts. The period of study is from its settlement through the early nineteenth century. It is a member of the New England Regional Fellowship Consortium. Its headquarters, located at 87 Mount Vernon Street on Boston's Beacon Hill, are closed to the public. Some of its meetings were held at the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.[1]","title":"Colonial Society of Massachusetts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Massachusetts Historical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Historical_Society"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-masshistorg-2"},{"link_name":"Pilgrim Fathers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilgrim_Fathers"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Thomas Pound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pound"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-captainthomaspound-4"},{"link_name":"University of Massachusetts Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Boston"},{"link_name":"The New England Quarterly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_England_Quarterly"}],"text":"The society publishes documents regarding the early history of Massachusetts, however, the society does not maintain a library or manuscript collection. A guide to some of the Colonial Society's publication collections for the period of 1710 through 1939 is maintained by the Massachusetts Historical Society.[2] The topics can vary from the Pilgrim Fathers,[3] to the pirate Captain Thomas Pound.[4]In partnership with the University of Massachusetts Boston, it sponsors The New England Quarterly.","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Colonial Society of Massachusetts is involved in a number of other activities such as convening scholarly conferences. Its education efforts include encouraging the study of colonial Massachusetts in schools, conducting workshops for teachers, and promoting the sharing of research amongst graduate students. It does not assist with genealogical queries.","title":"Other activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Massachusetts Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony"},{"link_name":"Plymouth colonists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth_colony"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aboutus-5"},{"link_name":"colonial Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#Colonial_period"},{"link_name":"Thomas R. Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_R._Adams"},{"link_name":"Charles W. Akers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_W._Akers"},{"link_name":"Charles Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Evans_(librarian)"},{"link_name":"John Grinold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Grinold"},{"link_name":"Philip F. Gura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_F._Gura"},{"link_name":"John Elbridge Hudson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Elbridge_Hudson"},{"link_name":"Leonard Woods Labaree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Woods_Labaree"},{"link_name":"Franklin Pierce Rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Pierce_Rice"},{"link_name":"Walter Muir Whitehill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Muir_Whitehill"}],"text":"Initially, only descendants of Massachusetts Bay or Plymouth colonists were able to join the society.[5] Beginning in 1950, membership became open to anyone with interests in colonial Massachusetts. Notable members include: Thomas R. Adams, Charles W. Akers, Charles Evans, John Grinold, Philip F. Gura, John Elbridge Hudson, Leonard Woods Labaree, Franklin Pierce Rice, and Walter Muir Whitehill.","title":"Membership"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The society's Whitehill Prize in Early American History honors Whitehill, the society's editor from 1946 to 1978.","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Publications of the Colonial Society of Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000530735"},{"link_name":"citation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:New_England_historical_societies"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:New_England_historical_societies"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_England_historical_societies"},{"link_name":"Connecticut Museum of Culture and History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_Museum_of_Culture_and_History"},{"link_name":"Danbury Museum and Historical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danbury_Museum_and_Historical_Society"},{"link_name":"New Haven Museum and Historical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Haven_Museum_and_Historical_Society"},{"link_name":"Polish American Historical Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_American_Historical_Association"},{"link_name":"Stonington Historical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonington_Historical_Society"},{"link_name":"Watertown Historical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watertown_Historical_Society"},{"link_name":"Maine Historical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine_Historical_Society"},{"link_name":"Pejepscot Historical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pejepscot_Historical_Society"},{"link_name":"South Portland Historical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Portland_Historical_Society"},{"link_name":"Association for Computers and the Humanities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Computers_and_the_Humanities"},{"link_name":"Boston Landmarks Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Landmarks_Commission"},{"link_name":"The Bostonian Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bostonian_Society"},{"link_name":"Chinese Historical Society of New England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Historical_Society_of_New_England"},{"link_name":"Colonial Society of Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Historic New England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_New_England"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts Historical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Historical_Society"},{"link_name":"Prince Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Society"},{"link_name":"South End Historical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_End_Historical_Society"},{"link_name":"The Trustees of Reservations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Trustees_of_Reservations"},{"link_name":"World History Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_History_Association"},{"link_name":"American Society for Legal History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_for_Legal_History"},{"link_name":"Medieval Academy of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_Academy_of_America"},{"link_name":"Essex Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex_Institute"},{"link_name":"Essex Heritage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex_Heritage"},{"link_name":"Essex National Heritage Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex_National_Heritage_Commission"},{"link_name":"Salem Athenaeum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salem_Athenaeum"},{"link_name":"American Antiquarian Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society"},{"link_name":"Beverly Historical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly_Historical_Society"},{"link_name":"Cape Cod Modern House Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Cod_Modern_House_Trust"},{"link_name":"Company of Military Historians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_of_Military_Historians"},{"link_name":"Dedham Historical Society and Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedham_Historical_Society_and_Museum"},{"link_name":"Duxbury Rural and Historical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duxbury_Rural_and_Historical_Society"},{"link_name":"Fitchburg Historical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitchburg_Historical_Society"},{"link_name":"Harvard Historical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Still_River_Baptist_Church#Harvard_Historical_Society"},{"link_name":"Ipswich Historical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipswich_Historical_Society"},{"link_name":"Lexington Historical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexington_Historical_Society"},{"link_name":"Maria Mitchell Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Mitchell_Association"},{"link_name":"Old Colony Historical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Colony_Historical_Society"},{"link_name":"Plymouth Antiquarian Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth_Antiquarian_Society"},{"link_name":"Quincy Historical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quincy_Historical_Society"},{"link_name":"Waterfront Historic Area League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterfront_Historic_Area_League"},{"link_name":"Swift River Historical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitaker-Clary_House#Swift_River_Historical_Society"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire Historical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire_Historical_Society"},{"link_name":"Newport Historical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_Historical_Society"},{"link_name":"Newport Restoration Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_Restoration_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Preservation Society of Newport County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preservation_Society_of_Newport_County"},{"link_name":"Providence Athenaeum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providence_Athenaeum"},{"link_name":"Providence Preservation Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providence_Preservation_Society"},{"link_name":"Rhode Island Historical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island_Historical_Society"},{"link_name":"Block Island Historical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_Island_Historical_Society"},{"link_name":"Steamship Historical Society of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamship_Historical_Society_of_America"},{"link_name":"Historical Society of Windham County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_Society_of_Windham_County"},{"link_name":"Preservation Trust of Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preservation_Trust_of_Vermont"},{"link_name":"Stowe Historical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stowe_Historical_Society"},{"link_name":"Vermont Historical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont_Historical_Society"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5148376#identifiers"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000108057376"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/127498444"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12045655d"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12045655d"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/1023725-2"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007301306605171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n81068049"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kn20090922004&CON_LNG=ENG"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2009524897&CON_LNG=ENG"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36195783"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/028668596"}],"text":"Publications of the Colonial Society of Massachusetts, Boston, 1895{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)vteNew England historical societiesConnecticut\nConnecticut Museum of Culture and History\nDanbury Museum and Historical Society\nNew Haven Museum and Historical Society\nPolish American Historical Association\nStonington Historical Society\nWatertown Historical Society\nMaine\nMaine Historical Society\nPejepscot Historical Society\nSouth Portland Historical Society\nMassachusettsBoston\nAssociation for Computers and the Humanities\nBoston Landmarks Commission\nThe Bostonian Society\nChinese Historical Society of New England\nColonial Society of Massachusetts\nHistoric New England\nMassachusetts Historical Society\nPrince Society\nSouth End Historical Society\nThe Trustees of Reservations\nWorld History Association\nCambridge\nAmerican Society for Legal History\nMedieval Academy of America\nSalem\nEssex Institute\nEssex Heritage\nEssex National Heritage Commission\nSalem Athenaeum\nOthers\nAmerican Antiquarian Society\nBeverly Historical Society\nCape Cod Modern House Trust\nCompany of Military Historians\nDedham Historical Society and Museum\nDuxbury Rural and Historical Society\nFitchburg Historical Society\nHarvard Historical Society\nIpswich Historical Society\nLexington Historical Society\nMaria Mitchell Association\nOld Colony Historical Society\nPlymouth Antiquarian Society\nQuincy Historical Society\nWaterfront Historic Area League\nSwift River Historical Society\nNew Hampshire\nNew Hampshire Historical Society\nRhode IslandNewport\nNewport Historical Society\nNewport Restoration Foundation\nPreservation Society of Newport County\nProvidence\nProvidence Athenaeum\nProvidence Preservation Society\nRhode Island Historical Society\nOthers\nBlock Island Historical Society\nSteamship Historical Society of America\nVermont\nHistorical Society of Windham County\nPreservation Trust of Vermont\nStowe Historical Society\nVermont Historical SocietyAuthority control databases International\nISNI\nVIAF\nNational\nFrance\nBnF data\nGermany\nIsrael\nUnited States\nCzech Republic\n2\nAustralia\nOther\nIdRef","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Daedalus: proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Vol. 48 (Digitized Apr 7, 2006 ed.). The Academy. 1913. p. 779.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9Q0DAAAAIAAJ&q=Colonial+Society+of+Massachusetts&pg=RA3-PA779","url_text":"Daedalus: proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences"}]},{"reference":"\"Colonial Society of Massachusetts Collection 1710-1939 Guide to the Collection\". masshist.org. Archived from the original on 2010-06-20. Retrieved 2009-10-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100620144828/http://masshist.org/findingaids/doc.cfm?fa=fa0033","url_text":"\"Colonial Society of Massachusetts Collection 1710-1939 Guide to the Collection\""},{"url":"http://www.masshist.org/findingaids/doc.cfm?fa=fa0033","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Morison, Samuel Eliot; Colonial Society of Massachusetts (1951). The Pilgrim Fathers: their significance in history. Plimoth Plantation.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SKwhGQAACAAJ&q=%22Colonial+Society+of+Massachusetts%22+%22pilgrim+fathers%22","url_text":"The Pilgrim Fathers: their significance in history"}]},{"reference":"Edmonds, John Henry; Colonial Society of Massachusetts (1918). Captain Thomas Pound (Digitized Jan 9, 2008 ed.). J. Wilson and son. p. 24.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=u80TAAAAYAAJ&q=Colonial+Society+of+Massachusetts+pirate&pg=PA24","url_text":"Captain Thomas Pound"}]},{"reference":"\"About Us\". colonialsociety.org. Archived from the original on 2009-03-16. Retrieved 2009-10-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090316092139/http://colonialsociety.org/about.html","url_text":"\"About Us\""},{"url":"http://www.colonialsociety.org/about.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Publications of the Colonial Society of Massachusetts, Boston, 1895","urls":[{"url":"http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000530735","url_text":"Publications of the Colonial Society of Massachusetts"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.colonialsociety.org/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9Q0DAAAAIAAJ&q=Colonial+Society+of+Massachusetts&pg=RA3-PA779","external_links_name":"Daedalus: proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100620144828/http://masshist.org/findingaids/doc.cfm?fa=fa0033","external_links_name":"\"Colonial Society of Massachusetts Collection 1710-1939 Guide to the Collection\""},{"Link":"http://www.masshist.org/findingaids/doc.cfm?fa=fa0033","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SKwhGQAACAAJ&q=%22Colonial+Society+of+Massachusetts%22+%22pilgrim+fathers%22","external_links_name":"The Pilgrim Fathers: their significance in history"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=u80TAAAAYAAJ&q=Colonial+Society+of+Massachusetts+pirate&pg=PA24","external_links_name":"Captain Thomas Pound"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090316092139/http://colonialsociety.org/about.html","external_links_name":"\"About Us\""},{"Link":"http://www.colonialsociety.org/about.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000530735","external_links_name":"Publications of the Colonial Society of Massachusetts"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000108057376","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/127498444","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12045655d","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12045655d","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1023725-2","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007301306605171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81068049","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kn20090922004&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2009524897&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36195783","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/028668596","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1873_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_Kentucky	1872–73 United States Senate elections	["1 Results summary","2 Change in composition","2.1 Before the elections","2.2 Result of the elections","2.3 Beginning of the next Congress","3 Race summaries","3.1 Special elections during the 42nd Congress","3.2 Races leading to the 43rd Congress","3.3 Elections during the 43rd Congress","3.4 Early election","4 Alabama","5 Arkansas","6 California","6.1 California (regular, class 3)","6.2 California (special)","6.3 California (early)","7 Connecticut","8 Florida","9 Georgia","10 Illinois","11 Indiana","12 Iowa","13 Kansas","14 Kentucky","14.1 Kentucky (regular)","14.2 Kentucky (special)","15 Louisiana","15.1 Louisiana (special)","15.2 Louisiana (regular)","16 Maryland","17 Massachusetts (special)","18 Missouri","19 Nevada","20 New Hampshire","21 New York","22 North Carolina","22.1 North Carolina (regular)","22.2 North Carolina (late)","23 Ohio","24 Oregon","25 Pennsylvania","26 South Carolina","27 Vermont","28 Wisconsin","29 See also","30 Notes","31 References","32 Sources"]	1872–73 United States Senate elections ← 1870 & 1871 Dates vary by state(And other dates for special elections) 1874 & 1875 → 24 of the 74 seats in the United States Senate (with special elections)38 seats needed for a majority Majority party Minority party Leader Henry B. Anthony Party Republican Democratic Leader since March 4, 1863 Leader's seat Rhode Island Last election 58 seats 9 seats Seats before 56 17 Seats won 18 5 Seats after 54 19 Seat change 2 2 Seats up 20 3 Third party Party Liberal Republican Last election 0 seats Seats before 1 Seats won 0 Seats after 0 Seat change 1 Seats up 1 Results of the elections: Democratic gain Democratic hold Republican gain Republican hold Liberal Republican gain Legislature Failed to Elect Majority Party before election Republican Elected Majority Party Republican The 1872–73 United States Senate elections were held on various dates in various states, coinciding with President Ulysses S. Grant's re-election. As these U.S. Senate elections were prior to the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, senators were chosen by state legislatures. Senators were elected over a wide range of time throughout 1872 and 1873, and a seat may have been filled months late or remained vacant due to legislative deadlock. In these elections, terms were up for the senators in Class 3. The Republican Party, while still retaining a commanding majority, lost two seats. By the beginning of the Congress, however, they would lose three more: two as defections to the Liberal Republican Party, and one a resignation of Henry Wilson to become U.S. Vice President. This remains the last election in which Republicans held a 2/3 majority in the Senate. Results summary Senate party division, 43rd Congress (1873–1875) Majority party: Republican (50–51) Minority party: Democratic (19–20) Other parties: Liberal Republican (3–2) Vacant: (2–1) Total seats: 74 Change in composition Before the elections After the January 30, 1872 special election in North Carolina. D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D8 D9 D10 D11 D12 D13 D14 D15Ran D16Unknown D17Unknown R48Unknown R49Unknown R50Unknown R51Retired R52Retired R53Retired R54Retired R55Retired R56Resigned LR1Retired R47Ran R46Ran R45Ran R44Ran R43Ran R42Ran R41Ran R40Ran R39Ran R38Ran Majority → R28 R29 R30 R31 R32 R33 R34 R35 R36 R37Ran R27 R26 R25 R24 R23 R22 R21 R20 R19 R18 R8 R9 R10 R11 R12 R13 R14 R15 R16 R17 R7 R6 R5 R4 R3 R2 R1 Result of the elections D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D8 D9 D10 D11 D12 D13 D14 D15Hold D16Hold D17Hold R48Hold R49Hold R50Hold R51Hold R52Hold R53Gain LR1Re-elected, new party V1R Loss D19Gain D18Gain R47Hold R46Hold R45Hold R44Hold R43Re-elected R42Re-elected R41Re-elected R40Re-elected R39Re-elected R38Re-elected Majority → R37Re-elected R28 R29 R30 R31 R32 R33 R34 R35 R36 R27 R26 R25 R24 R23 R22 R21 R20 R19 R18 R8 R9 R10 R11 R12 R13 R14 R15 R16 R17 R7 R6 R5 R4 R3 R2 R1 Beginning of the next Congress D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D8 D9 D10 D11 D12 D13 D14 D15 D16 D17 R48 R49 R50 LR1 LR2Changed LR3Changed V1 V2Resigned D19 D18 R47 R46 R45 R44 R43 R42 R41 R40 R39 R38 Majority → R37 R28 R29 R30 R31 R32 R33 R34 R35 R36 R27 R26 R25 R24 R23 R22 R21 R20 R19 R18 R8 R9 R10 R11 R12 R13 R14 R15 R16 R17 R7 R6 R5 R4 R3 R2 R1 Key: D# Democratic LR# Liberal Republican R# Republican V# Vacant Race summaries Special elections during the 42nd Congress In these elections, the winners were seated during 1872 or in 1873 before March 4; ordered by election date. State Incumbent Results Candidates Senator Party Electoral history North Carolina(Class 2) Vacant Legislature had failed to elect.New member elected January 30, 1872.Democratic gain. ▌Y Matt W. Ransom (Democratic) Kentucky(Class 3) Willis B. Machen Democratic 1872 (Appointed) Interim appointee elected January 21, 1873.Winner was not elected to the next term, see below. ▌Y Willis B. Machen (Democratic) 104 votes ▌Tarvin Baker (Republican) 18 votes Louisiana(Class 3) William P. Kellogg Republican 1868 Incumbent resigned November 1, 1872 to become Governor of Louisiana.Legislature failed to elect and the seat remained vacant for the remainder of the term.The seat also remained vacant until January 12, 1876, due to a Senate dispute, see below.Republican loss. ▌P. B. S. Pinchback (Republican) ▌John Ray (Unknown) Races leading to the 43rd Congress In these regular elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning March 4, 1873; ordered by state. All of the elections involved the Class 3 seats. State Incumbent Results Candidates Senator Party Electoral history Alabama George E. Spencer Republican 1868 (Readmission) Incumbent re-elected in 1872. ▌Y George E. Spencer (Republican) Arkansas Benjamin F. Rice Republican 1868 (Readmission) Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election.New senator elected in 1872 or 1873.Republican hold. ▌Y Stephen W. Dorsey (Republican) California Cornelius Cole Republican 1866 or 1867 Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election.New senator elected in 1872 or 1873.Republican hold. ▌Y Aaron A. Sargent (Republican) Connecticut Orris S. Ferry Republican 1866 Incumbent re-elected May 15, 1872 in a different party.Liberal Republican gain. ▌Y Orris S. Ferry (Liberal Republican) 51.55% ▌Joseph R. Hawley (Republican) 48.45% Florida Thomas W. Osborn Republican 1868 (Readmission) Incumbent retired.New senator elected in 1872 or 1873.Republican hold. ▌Y Simon B. Conover (Republican) Georgia Joshua Hill Republican 1867 (Elected but not seated)1871 (Admitted) Incumbent retired.New senator elected in 1873.Democratic gain. ▌Y John Brown Gordon (Democratic) Illinois Lyman Trumbull Liberal Republican 185518611867 Incumbent lost re-election.New senator elected January 20, 1873.Republican gain. ▌Y Richard J. Oglesby (Republican) 54.53% ▌Lyman Trumbull (Liberal Republican) 42.47% Indiana Oliver P. Morton Republican 1867 Incumbent re-elected in 1873. ▌Y Oliver P. Morton (Republican) Iowa James Harlan Republican 18551857 (Election invalidated)1857 (special)18601865 (Resigned)1866 Incumbent lost renomination.New senator elected January 17, 1872.Republican hold. ▌Y William B. Allison (Republican) ▌Joseph C. Knapp (Democratic) Kansas Samuel C. Pomeroy Republican 18611867 Incumbent lost re-election.New senator elected in 1873.Republican hold. ▌Y John Ingalls (Republican) Kentucky Willis B. Machen Democratic 1872 (Appointed) Unknown if incumbent interim appointee retired or lost re-election.New senator elected in 1872.Democratic hold.Winner was not elected to finish the current term, see above. ▌Y Thomas C. McCreery (Democratic) ▌John Marshall Harlan (Republican) Louisiana William P. Kellogg Republican 1868 Incumbent resigned November 1, 1872 to become Governor of Louisiana.Legislature failed to elect and the seat remained vacant until January 12, 1876, due to a Senate dispute. ▌P. B. S. Pinchback (Republican) ▌William L. McMillen (Republican) Maryland George Vickers Democratic 1868 (special) Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election.New senator elected in 1872 or in 1873.Democratic hold. ▌Y George R. Dennis (Democratic) Missouri Francis Blair Democratic 1871 (special) Incumbent lost re-election.New senator elected in 1872 or 1873.Democratic hold. ▌Y Lewis V. Bogy (Democratic) Nevada James W. Nye Republican 18651867 Incumbent retired.New senator elected in 1873.Republican hold. ▌Y John P. Jones (Republican) New Hampshire James W. Patterson Republican 1866 or 1867 Incumbent lost renomination.New senator elected in 1872.Republican hold. ▌Y Bainbridge Wadleigh (Republican) New York Roscoe Conkling Republican 1867 Incumbent re-elected January 21, 1873. ▌Y Roscoe Conkling (Republican) ▌Charles A. Wheaton (Democratic) ▌William M. Evarts (Republican) ▌Henry R. Selden (Liberal Republican) North Carolina John Pool Republican 1868 (Readmission) Incumbent retired.New senator elected in 1872.Democratic gain. ▌Y Augustus Merrimon (Democratic) Ohio John Sherman Republican 1861 (special)1866 Incumbent re-elected in 1872. ▌Y John Sherman (Republican) Oregon Henry W. Corbett Republican 1866 or 1867 Incumbent retired.New senator elected in 1872.Republican hold. ▌Y John H. Mitchell (Republican) Pennsylvania Simon Cameron Republican 1867 Incumbent re-elected January 21, 1873. ▌Y Simon Cameron (Republican) 57.14% ▌William A. Wallace (Democratic) 37.59% ▌Thomas Marshall (Liberal Republican) 0.75% ▌Hendrick Wright (Democratic) 0.75% South Carolina Frederick A. Sawyer Republican 1868 Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election.New senator elected in 1872 or 1873.Republican hold. ▌Y John J. Patterson (Republican) Vermont Justin S. Morrill Republican 1866 Incumbent re-elected in 1872. ▌Y Justin S. Morrill (Republican) Wisconsin Timothy O. Howe Republican 18611866 Incumbent re-elected in 1872. ▌Y Timothy O. Howe (Republican) Elections during the 43rd Congress In this election, the winner was elected in 1873 after March 4. State Incumbent Results Candidates Senator Party Electoral history Massachusetts(Class 2) Henry Wilson Republican 1855 (special)185918651871 Incumbent resigned to become U.S. Vice President.New senator elected March 12, 1873.Republican hold. ▌Y George S. Boutwell (Republican) 152 votes ▌Henry L. Dawes (Republican) 115 votes ▌George B. Loring (Republican) 2 votes ▌John K. Tarbox (Democratic) 2 votes ▌William Whiting (Democratic) 2 votes ▌C. G. Greene (Unknown) 2 votes California(Class 1) Eugene Casserly Democratic 1868 Incumbent resigned.New senator elected December 23, 1873.Democratic hold. ▌Y John S. Hager (Democratic) ▌"Cole" (Republican) ▌"Goodwin" (Unknown) ▌"Swift" (Unknown) ▌"Lewis" (Unknown) ▌"Edgerton" (Unknown) Early election State Incumbent Results Candidates Senator Party Electoral history California(Class 1) Eugene Casserly Democratic 1868 Incumbent resigned November 29, 1873.New senator elected early December 20, 1873.Anti-Monopoly gain. ▌Y Newton Booth (Anti-Monopoly) 60 votes Alabama See also: List of United States senators from Alabama and 1872 United States House of Representatives elections in Alabama This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2021) Arkansas See also: List of United States senators from Arkansas and 1872 United States House of Representatives elections in Arkansas This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2021) California See also: List of United States senators from California and 1872 United States Senate election in California California (regular, class 3) This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2021) California (special) This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2021) California (early) This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2021) Connecticut See also: List of United States senators from Connecticut and 1873 United States House of Representatives elections in Connecticut This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2021) Florida See also: List of United States senators from Florida and 1872 United States House of Representatives election in Florida This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2021) Georgia See also: List of United States senators from Georgia and 1872 United States House of Representatives elections in Georgia This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2021) Illinois See also: List of United States senators from Illinois and 1872 United States House of Representatives elections in Illinois This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2021) Indiana See also: List of United States senators from Indiana and 1872 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2021) Iowa See also: List of United States senators from Iowa and 1872 United States House of Representatives elections in Iowa This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2021) Kansas See also: List of United States senators from Kansas and 1872 United States House of Representatives election in Kansas This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2021) Kentucky See also: List of United States senators from Kentucky and 1872 United States House of Representatives elections in Kentucky Kentucky (regular) This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2021) Kentucky (special) This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2021) Louisiana See also: List of United States senators from Louisiana and 1872 United States House of Representatives elections in Louisiana Louisiana (special) This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2021) Louisiana (regular) This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2021) Maryland See also: List of United States senators from Maryland This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (November 2022) 1872 United States Senate election in Maryland ← 1868 January 18, 1872 1878 → 80 members of the Maryland General Assembly Candidate George R. Dennis Lewis Henry Steiner Party Democratic Republican Legislative vote 81 11 Percentage 87.10% 11.83% George R. Dennis was elected by a margin of 75.27%, or 70 votes, for the Class 3 seat. Massachusetts (special) Main article: 1873 United States Senate special election in Massachusetts See also: List of United States senators from Massachusetts This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2021) Missouri See also: List of United States senators from Missouri and 1872 United States House of Representatives elections in Missouri This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2021) Nevada See also: List of United States senators from Nevada and 1872 United States House of Representatives election in Nevada This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2021) New Hampshire See also: List of United States senators from New Hampshire and 1873 United States House of Representatives elections in New Hampshire This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2021) New York Main article: 1873 United States Senate election in New York See also: List of United States senators from New York and 1872 United States House of Representatives elections in New York The New York election was held January 21, 1873. Republican Roscoe Conkling had been elected in January 1867 to this seat, and his term would expire on March 3, 1873. At the State election in November 1871, 21 Republicans and 11 Democrats were elected for a two-year term (1872–1873) in the State Senate. In 1872, a faction of the Republican Party opposed the re-election of President Ulysses S. Grant and the Radical Republicans who supported him, and under the name Liberal Republican Party nominated a joint ticket with the Democratic Party. At the State election in November 1872, 91 Republicans, 35 Democrats and 2 Independents were elected for the session of 1873 to the Assembly. The 96th New York State Legislature met from January 7 to May 30, 1873, at Albany, New York. The caucus of Republican State legislators met on January 8, State Senator William B. Woodin, of Auburn (25th D.), presided. 18 state senators and 88 assemblymen were present. They re-nominated Conkling unanimously. The caucus of the Democratic State legislators nominated Ex-First Judge of Dutchess County Charles Wheaton. Roscoe Conkling was the choice of both the Assembly and the State Senate, and was declared elected. House Republican Democratic Republican Liberal Republican State Senate (32 members) Roscoe Conkling 20 Charles A. Wheaton 5 William M. Evarts 1 Henry R. Selden 1 State Assembly (128 members) Roscoe Conkling 92 Charles A. Wheaton 26 Note: The vote for Ex-U.S. Attorney General William M. Evarts was cast by Norman M. Allen (32nd district), the vote for Ex-Judge of the New York Court of Appeals Henry R. Selden by Gabriel T. Harrower (27th district). Allen, Harrower and Abiah W. Palmer (11th district) were the three Liberal Republicans in the State Senate. North Carolina See also: List of United States senators from North Carolina and 1872 United States House of Representatives elections in North Carolina North Carolina (regular) North Carolina (late) This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2021) Ohio See also: List of United States senators from Ohio and 1872 United States House of Representatives elections in Ohio This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2021) Oregon See also: List of United States senators from Oregon and 1872 United States House of Representatives election in Oregon This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2021) Pennsylvania Main article: 1873 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania See also: List of United States senators from Pennsylvania and 1872 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania The Pennsylvania General Assembly, consisting of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives and the Pennsylvania State Senate, voted on January 21, 1873. Incumbent Republican Simon Cameron, who was elected in 1867, won re-election. State Legislature Results Party Candidate Votes % Republican Simon Cameron (Incumbent) 76 57.14 Democratic William A. Wallace 50 37.59 Liberal Republican Thomas Marshall 1 0.75 Democratic Hendrick Wright 1 0.75 N/A Not voting 5 3.76 Totals 133 100.00% South Carolina See also: List of United States senators from South Carolina and 1872 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2021) Vermont See also: List of United States senators from Vermont and 1872 United States House of Representatives elections in Vermont This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2021) Wisconsin See also: List of United States senators from Wisconsin and 1872 United States House of Representatives elections in Wisconsin This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2021) See also 1872 United States elections 1872–73 United States House of Representatives elections 1872 United States presidential election 42nd United States Congress 43rd United States Congress Notes ^ as Republican Conference Chair ^ Possibly Cornelius Cole ^ Although the votes were cast on January 21, both Houses met in a joint session on January 22 to compare nominations, and declare the result. ^ Charles A. Wheaton (1834-1886), lawyer, of Poughkeepsie, First Judge of the Dutchess County Court 1863-67 References ^ "17th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Direct Election of U.S. Senators (1913)". National Archives and Records Administration. February 8, 2022. ^ Kleber, John E. (October 17, 2014). The Kentucky Encyclopedia. University Press of Kentucky. p. 598. ISBN 9780813159010. ^ a b Taft, pp. 483–512. ^ "LA - Louisiana". www.senate.gov. ^ "CT US Senate". OurCampaigns.com. May 25, 2016. Retrieved October 31, 2019., citing The Journal of the House of Representatives of Connecticut 1872. ^ "Our Campaigns - IL US Senate Race - Jan 20, 1873". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved October 31, 2019. ^ Clark, p. 167. ^ Kleber, John E. (October 17, 2014). The Kentucky Encyclopedia. University Press of Kentucky. p. 595. ISBN 9780813159010. ^ a b "Election of Ex-Secretary Boutwell as United States Senator". The New York Times. March 13, 1873. p. 1. Retrieved February 17, 2020. ^ "UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT. RECENT DECISIONS / CURIOUS LAWSUIT. SENATOR HAGAR, OF CALIFORNIA". The New York Times. December 26, 1873. p. 1. Retrieved February 17, 2020. ^ "THE CALIFORNIA SENATORSHIP". The New York Times. December 17, 1873. p. 1. Retrieved February 17, 2020. ^ a b "THE CALIFORNIAN SENATORSHIP ELECTION OF BOOTH". The New York Times. December 21, 1873. p. 1. Retrieved February 17, 2020. ^ "Our Campaigns - MD US Senate Race - Jan 18, 1872". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved November 5, 2022. ^ a b "U.S. Senate Election - 21 January 1873" (PDF). Wilkes University. Retrieved December 22, 2013. Sources Party Division in the Senate, 1789-Present, via Senate.gov Byrd, Robert C. (October 1, 1993). Wolff, Wendy (ed.). The Senate, 1789-1989: Historical Statistics, 1789-1992. United States Senate Historical Office (volume 4 Bicentennial ed.). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. ISBN 9780160632563. Clark, Dan Elbert (1913). "History of Senatorial Elections in Iowa". Iowa City, Iowa. Taft, George S.; Furber, George P.; Buck, George M.; Webb, Charles A.; Pierce, Herbert R. (1913). "Compilation of Senate Election Cases from 1789 to 1913". U.S. Senate Committee on Privileges and Elections. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Members of the 43rd United States Congress ALBANY.; Unanimous Nomination of Roscoe Conkling for U.S. Senator in NYT on January 9, 1873 ALBANY.; Nomination of Roscoe Conkling as United States Senator in NYT on January 22, 1873 The Life and Letters of Roscoe Conkling: Orator, Statesman and Advocate by Alfred R. Conkling (page 449) Pennsylvania Election Statistics: 1682-2006 from the Wilkes University Election Statistics Project vte(1871 ←) 1872 United States elections (→ 1873)President 1872 United States presidential election U.S. Senate Alabama Alabama (Specials) California Connecticut Kentucky New Hampshire North Carolina North Carolina (Special) Ohio Oregon Vermont Wisconsin U.S. House Alabama Arkansas California Connecticut 1st sp Delaware Florida Georgia Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Territory Nebraska Nevada New Jersey New York North Carolina Ohio 1st sp Oregon Pennsylvania 13th sp Rhode Island South Carolina Tennessee Texas District of Columbia Vermont Virginia West Virginia Wisconsin State governors Alabama Arkansas Connecticut Florida Georgia Illinois Indiana Kansas Louisiana Maine Massachusetts Michigan Missouri Nebraska New Hampshire North Carolina Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Tennessee Vermont West Virginia Mayors Boston, MA Manchester, NH States Alabama Arkansas California Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New York North Carolina Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Tennessee Texas Vermont Virginia Washington, D.C. West Virginia Wisconsin vte(1872 ←) 1873 United States elections (→ 1874)U.S. Senate California California (Special) Illinois Indiana Kansas Kentucky (Special) Massachusetts (Special) Nevada New York Pennsylvania U.S. House Connecticut Massachusetts 3rd sp Michigan 5th sp Oregon At-large sp New Hampshire State governors Connecticut Iowa Maine Massachusetts Minnesota Mississippi New Hampshire Ohio Rhode Island Texas Virginia Wisconsin State legislatures Iowa Senate New Jersey Senate Mayors Boston, MA Chicago, IL Manchester, NH States California Connecticut Georgia Illinois Indiana Kansas Kentucky Massachusetts Minnesota Mississippi Nevada New Hampshire New York Pennsylvania Virginia vteUnited States Senate elections1788–1913(elected by statelegislatures) 1788–89 1790–91 1792–93 1794–95 1796–97 1798–99 1800–01 1802–03 1804–05 1806–07 1808–09 1810–11 1812–13 1814–15 1816–17 1818–19 1820–21 1822–23 1824–25 1826–27 1828–29 1830–31 1832–33 1834–35 1836–37 1838–39 1840–41 1842–43 1844–45 1846–47 1848–49 1850–51 1852–53 1854–55 1856–57 1858–59 1860–61 1862–63 1864–65 1866–67 1868–69 1870–71 1872–73 1874–75 1876–77 1878–79 1880–81 1882–83 1884–85 1886–87 1888–89 1890–91 1892–93 1894–95 1896–97 1898–99 1900–01 1902–03 1904–05 1906–07 1908–09 1910–11 1912–13 1914–present(popular election)Regularsandeven-yearspecials 1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 2026 2028 Odd-yearspecials 1921 1923 1925 1931 1933 1937 1941 1947 1949 1957 1959 1961 1974–75 1983 1991 1993 2013 2017 List of all specials Elections by state Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Special elections Election disputes Results by state List of US elections House elections Presidential elections Gubernatorial elections vteReconstruction eraParticipantsFederal government Presidents Abraham Lincoln Andrew Johnson Ulysses S. Grant Rutherford B. Hayes Congress 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 Radical Republicans Moderate Republicans Conservative Republicans African-American senators African-American representatives Reconstruction Amendments United States Congressional Joint Committee on Reconstruction United States House Select Committee on Reconstruction Federal judiciary Taney Court Chase Court Waite Court Federal bureaucracy Edwin Stanton Freedmen's Bureau Justice Department State governments Southern United States Confederate States of America Others African Americans Free people of color Freedman Politicians Carpetbaggers Ku Klux Klan Scalawag Redeemers White League Red Shirts Democratic Party Bourbon Democrat Horatio Seymour Samuel J. Tilden Republican Party Stalwarts Charles Sumner Thaddeus Stevens Lyman Trumbull Benjamin Wade John Bingham James Mitchell Ashley Freedman's Savings Bank Women during the Reconstruction era ElectionsPresidential 1864 DNC National Union Convention Radical Democracy Party 1868 DNC RNC 1872 DNC RNC Liberal Republican Party Straight-Out Democratic Party Victoria Woodhull 1876 DNC RNC Greenback Convention Prohibition Convention Electoral Commission Compromise of 1877 U.S. Senate 1864–65 1866–67 1868–69 1870–71 1872–73 1874–75 1876–77 U.S. House 1864–65 1866–67 1868–69 1870–71 1872–73 1874–75 1876–77 Gubernatorial 1863 AL CA CT KY MA MN NH OH PA VA VT WI WV 1864 CT IL IN LA MD MA MI MO NH VT WV 1865 CT FL LA MA MN NJ OH SC VT WI 1866 CT DE MA ME MI NC OR PA TX VT WV 1867 CA CT MA MD ME MN OH VT WI 1868 AL CT FL IL IN LA MA ME MI MO NC NJ SC VT WV 1869 CT IA MA ME MN MS OH PA RI VA VT WI 1870 AL CT DE MA ME MI MO OR RI SC VT WV 1871 CA CT IA KY MA MD ME MN NJ OH RI WI 1872 AL CT FL IL IN LA MA ME MI MO NC PA RI SC VT WV 1873 CT IA MA ME MN MS OH TX VA WI 1874 AL CT DE KS MA ME MI MO NJ NV OR SC VT 1875 CA CT IA KY MA MD ME MN OH OH WI 1876 AL CO CT Apr. CT Nov. FL IL IN KS LA MA ME MI MO NC RI SC VT WV U.S. elections 1864 1866 1868 1870 1872 1874 1876 Key eventsPrelude American Indian Wars Slavery in the United States A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792) The Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Women (1838) Woman in the Nineteenth Century (1839) Seneca Falls Convention (1848) National Women's Rights Convention (1850) American Civil War Confiscation Act of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1862 District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act (1862) Militia Act of 1862 1863 Emancipation Proclamation General Order No. 143 Lincoln's presidential Reconstruction Ten percent plan National Bank Act Women's Loyal National League New York City draft riots 1863 State of the Union Address 1864 Wade–Davis Bill 1864 elections 1864 State of the Union Address 1865 13th Amendment Second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln Address Black Codes Special Field Orders No. 15 Freedmen's Bureau Freedmen's Bureau bills Confederates surrender at Appomattox Assassination of Abraham Lincoln Shaw University New Departure 1865 State of the Union Address Founding of the Ku Klux Klan 1866 Civil Rights Act of 1866 Memphis massacre of 1866 New Orleans Massacre of 1866 Swing Around the Circle Southern Homestead Act of 1866 Fort Smith Conference and Cherokee Reconstruction Treaty of 1866 Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty of Washington of 1866 Tennessee readmitted to Union Petition for Universal Freedom National Labor Union Ex parte Garland Ex parte Milligan Slave Kidnapping Act of 1866 1866 elections 1867 Tenure of Office Act Command of Army Act Indian Peace Commission Knights of the White Camelia Pulaski riot Reconstruction Acts Reconstruction military districts Constitutional conventions of 1867 Habeas Corpus Act of 1867 Peonage Act of 1867 First impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson 1867 State of the Union Address 1868 14th Amendment Second impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson Impeachment of Andrew Johnson Timeline Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson Impeachment managers investigation Articles of impeachment Arkansas readmitted to Union Florida readmitted to Union North Carolina readmitted to Union South Carolina readmitted to Union Louisiana readmitted to Union Alabama readmitted to Union Opelousas massacre Fourth Reconstruction Act Georgia v. Stanton 1868 elections 1868 State of the Union Address 1869 National Woman Suffrage Association American Woman Suffrage Association Alabama Claims Annexation of Santo Domingo Board of Indian Commissioners Public Credit Act of 1869 Black Friday (1869) Ex parte McCardle First transcontinental railroad 1869 State of the Union Address 1870 15th Amendment Enforcement Act of 1870 Justice Department Naturalization Act of 1870 Kirk–Holden war Shoffner Act 1870 elections 1870 State of the Union Address 1871 Ku Klux Klan hearings Second Enforcement Act Ku Klux Klan Act Alcorn State University Meridian race riot of 1871 Treaty of Washington New York custom house ring Civil service commission United States expedition to Korea 1871 State of the Union Address 1872 General Mining Act of 1872 Crédit Mobilier scandal Modoc War Star Route scandal Salary Grab Act Amnesty Act 1872 elections 1872 State of the Union Address 1873 Panic of 1873 Colfax massacre Timber Culture Act Slaughter-House Cases Virginius Affair Coinage Act of 1873 Long Depression Comstock laws 1873 State of the Union Address 1874 Brooks–Baxter War Battle of Liberty Place Coushatta massacre Red River War Timber Culture Act White League Election Massacre of 1874 Vicksburg massacre Black Hills Gold Rush Sanborn incident Anti-Moiety Acts 1874 elections 1874 State of the Union Address 1875 United States v. Cruikshank Civil Rights Act of 1875 Red Shirts Mississippi Plan Clifton Riot of 1875 Yazoo City Riot of 1875 Specie Payment Resumption Act Whiskey Ring Wheeler Compromise Delano affair Pratt & Boyd 1875 State of the Union Address 1876 Hamburg massacre South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876 Ellenton massacre Great Sioux War of 1876 Battle of the Little Bighorn United States v. Reese Trader post scandal Centennial Exposition Cattellism Safe burglary conspiracy 1876 elections 1876 State of the Union Address 1877 Electoral Commission Compromise of 1877 Nez Perce War Desert Land Act Great Railroad Strike of 1877 Aftermath Posse Comitatus Act (1878) Civil Rights Cases (1883) United States v. Harris (1883) Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) Williams v. Mississippi (1898) Wilmington insurrection of 1898 Giles v. Harris (1903) Disenfranchisement AspectsHistoriography Bibliography of the Reconstruction era James Shepherd Pike The Prostrate State (1874) James Bryce The American Commonwealth (1888) Claude G. Bowers The Tragic Era (1929) Columbia University John Burgess Walter Lynwood Fleming Dunning School William Archibald Dunning Charles A. Beard Howard K. Beale W. E. B. Du Bois Black Reconstruction in America (1935) C. Vann Woodward Joel Williamson William R. Brock The American Crisis (1963) John Hope Franklin From Slavery to Freedom (1947) After Slavery (1965) Leon Litwack Been in the Storm So Long (1979) Eric Foner Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877 (1988) Kenneth M. Stampp Steven Hahn A Nation Under Our Feet (2003) The Second Founding: How the Civil War and Reconstruction Remade the Constitution (2019) Memory Winslow Homer A Visit from the Old Mistress (1876) Thomas Dixon Jr. The Leopard's Spots (1902) The Clansman: A Historical Romance of the Ku Klux Klan (1905) D. W. Griffith The Birth of a Nation (1915) United Daughters of the Confederacy Gone with the Wind (1939) David W. Blight Race and Reunion (2001) Legacy Women's suffrage in the United States Labor history of the United States Gilded Age Jim Crow era Civil rights movement American frontier Other topics African American founding fathers of the United States Forty acres and a mule Habeas corpus History of the United States (1865–1917) Paramilitary Race (human categorization) Reconstruction Treaties Suffrage Technological and industrial history of the United States White supremacy Whitecapping Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ulysses S. Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant"},{"link_name":"re-election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"U.S. Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"Seventeenth Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventeenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"state legislatures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"legislative deadlock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gridlock_(politics)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Class 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classes_of_United_States_senators"},{"link_name":"Republican Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Liberal Republican Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Henry Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Wilson"},{"link_name":"U.S. Vice President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Vice_President"}],"text":"The 1872–73 United States Senate elections were held on various dates in various states, coinciding with President Ulysses S. Grant's re-election. As these U.S. Senate elections were prior to the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, senators were chosen by state legislatures. Senators were elected over a wide range of time throughout 1872 and 1873, and a seat may have been filled months late or remained vacant due to legislative deadlock.[1] In these elections, terms were up for the senators in Class 3.The Republican Party, while still retaining a commanding majority, lost two seats. By the beginning of the Congress, however, they would lose three more: two as defections to the Liberal Republican Party, and one a resignation of Henry Wilson to become U.S. Vice President. This remains the last election in which Republicans held a 2/3 majority in the Senate.","title":"1872–73 United States Senate elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"43rd Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/43rd_United_States_Congress"}],"text":"Senate party division, 43rd Congress (1873–1875)Majority party: Republican (50–51)\nMinority party: Democratic (19–20)\nOther parties: Liberal Republican (3–2)\nVacant: (2–1)\nTotal seats: 74","title":"Results summary"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Change in composition"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Before the elections","text":"After the January 30, 1872 special election in North Carolina.","title":"Change in composition"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Result of the elections","title":"Change in composition"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Beginning of the next Congress","title":"Change in composition"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Race summaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Special elections during the 42nd Congress","text":"In these elections, the winners were seated during 1872 or in 1873 before March 4; ordered by election date.","title":"Race summaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Races leading to the 43rd Congress","text":"In these regular elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning March 4, 1873; ordered by state.All of the elections involved the Class 3 seats.","title":"Race summaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections during the 43rd Congress","text":"In this election, the winner was elected in 1873 after March 4.","title":"Race summaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Early election","title":"Race summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Alabama"},{"link_name":"1872 United States House of Representatives elections in Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Alabama"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Alabama and 1872 United States House of Representatives elections in Alabama","title":"Alabama"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"1872 United States House of Representatives elections in Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Arkansas"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Arkansas and 1872 United States House of Representatives elections in Arkansas","title":"Arkansas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_California"},{"link_name":"1872 United States Senate election in California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_Senate_election_in_California"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from California and 1872 United States Senate election in California","title":"California"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"California (regular, class 3)","title":"California"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"California (special)","title":"California"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"California (early)","title":"California"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"1873 United States House of Representatives elections in Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1873_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Connecticut"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Connecticut and 1873 United States House of Representatives elections in Connecticut","title":"Connecticut"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Florida"},{"link_name":"1872 United States House of Representatives election in Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Florida"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Florida and 1872 United States House of Representatives election in Florida","title":"Florida"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Georgia"},{"link_name":"1872 United States House of Representatives elections in Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Georgia"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Georgia and 1872 United States House of Representatives elections in Georgia","title":"Georgia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Illinois"},{"link_name":"1872 United States House of Representatives elections in Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Illinois"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Illinois and 1872 United States House of Representatives elections in Illinois","title":"Illinois"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Indiana"},{"link_name":"1872 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Indiana"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Indiana and 1872 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana","title":"Indiana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Iowa"},{"link_name":"1872 United States House of Representatives elections in Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Iowa"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Iowa and 1872 United States House of Representatives elections in Iowa","title":"Iowa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Kansas"},{"link_name":"1872 United States House of Representatives election in Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Kansas"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Kansas and 1872 United States House of Representatives election in Kansas","title":"Kansas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"1872 United States House of Representatives elections in Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Kentucky"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Kentucky and 1872 United States House of Representatives elections in Kentucky","title":"Kentucky"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Kentucky (regular)","title":"Kentucky"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Kentucky (special)","title":"Kentucky"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"1872 United States House of Representatives elections in Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Louisiana"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Louisiana and 1872 United States House of Representatives elections in Louisiana","title":"Louisiana"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Louisiana (special)","title":"Louisiana"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Louisiana (regular)","title":"Louisiana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Maryland"},{"link_name":"George R. Dennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_R._Dennis"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from MarylandGeorge R. Dennis was elected by a margin of 75.27%, or 70 votes, for the Class 3 seat.[13]","title":"Maryland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Massachusetts"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Massachusetts","title":"Massachusetts (special)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Missouri"},{"link_name":"1872 United States House of Representatives elections in Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Missouri"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Missouri and 1872 United States House of Representatives elections in Missouri","title":"Missouri"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Nevada"},{"link_name":"1872 United States House of Representatives election in Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Nevada"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Nevada and 1872 United States House of Representatives election in Nevada","title":"Nevada"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"1873 United States House of Representatives elections in New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1873_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_New_Hampshire"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from New Hampshire and 1873 United States House of Representatives elections in New Hampshire","title":"New Hampshire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_York"},{"link_name":"1872 United States House of Representatives elections in New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_New_York"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Roscoe Conkling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscoe_Conkling"},{"link_name":"State election in November 1871","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1871_New_York_state_election"},{"link_name":"Ulysses S. Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant"},{"link_name":"Radical Republicans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_Republicans"},{"link_name":"Liberal Republican Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"State election in November 1872","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_New_York_state_election"},{"link_name":"96th New York State Legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/96th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"Albany, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Republican_Party"},{"link_name":"William B. Woodin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_B._Woodin"},{"link_name":"Auburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auburn,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Democratic_Party"},{"link_name":"Dutchess County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutchess_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Charles Wheaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Wheaton"},{"link_name":"U.S. Attorney General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Attorney_General"},{"link_name":"William M. Evarts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_M._Evarts"},{"link_name":"Norman M. Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_M._Allen"},{"link_name":"New York Court of Appeals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Court_of_Appeals"},{"link_name":"Henry R. Selden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_R._Selden"},{"link_name":"Gabriel T. Harrower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_T._Harrower"},{"link_name":"Abiah W. Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abiah_W._Palmer"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from New York and 1872 United States House of Representatives elections in New YorkThe New York election was held January 21, 1873.[c] Republican Roscoe Conkling had been elected in January 1867 to this seat, and his term would expire on March 3, 1873.At the State election in November 1871, 21 Republicans and 11 Democrats were elected for a two-year term (1872–1873) in the State Senate. In 1872, a faction of the Republican Party opposed the re-election of President Ulysses S. Grant and the Radical Republicans who supported him, and under the name Liberal Republican Party nominated a joint ticket with the Democratic Party. At the State election in November 1872, 91 Republicans, 35 Democrats and 2 Independents were elected for the session of 1873 to the Assembly. The 96th New York State Legislature met from January 7 to May 30, 1873, at Albany, New York.The caucus of Republican State legislators met on January 8, State Senator William B. Woodin, of Auburn (25th D.), presided. 18 state senators and 88 assemblymen were present. They re-nominated Conkling unanimously. The caucus of the Democratic State legislators nominated Ex-First Judge of Dutchess County Charles Wheaton.Roscoe Conkling was the choice of both the Assembly and the State Senate, and was declared elected.Note: The vote for Ex-U.S. Attorney General William M. Evarts was cast by Norman M. Allen (32nd district), the vote for Ex-Judge of the New York Court of Appeals Henry R. Selden by Gabriel T. Harrower (27th district). Allen, Harrower and Abiah W. Palmer (11th district) were the three Liberal Republicans in the State Senate.","title":"New York"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"1872 United States House of Representatives elections in North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_North_Carolina"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from North Carolina and 1872 United States House of Representatives elections in North Carolina","title":"North Carolina"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"North Carolina (regular)","title":"North Carolina"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"North Carolina (late)","title":"North Carolina"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Ohio"},{"link_name":"1872 United States House of Representatives elections in Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Ohio"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Ohio and 1872 United States House of Representatives elections in Ohio","title":"Ohio"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Oregon"},{"link_name":"1872 United States House of Representatives election in Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Oregon"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Oregon and 1872 United States House of Representatives election in Oregon","title":"Oregon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"1872 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania State Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_Senate"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Simon Cameron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Cameron"},{"link_name":"elected in 1867","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1867_United_States_Senate_election_in_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-results-18"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Pennsylvania and 1872 United States House of Representatives elections in PennsylvaniaThe Pennsylvania General Assembly, consisting of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives and the Pennsylvania State Senate, voted on January 21, 1873. Incumbent Republican Simon Cameron, who was elected in 1867, won re-election.[14]","title":"Pennsylvania"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"1872 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_South_Carolina"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from South Carolina and 1872 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina","title":"South Carolina"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Vermont"},{"link_name":"1872 United States House of Representatives elections in Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Vermont"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Vermont and 1872 United States House of Representatives elections in Vermont","title":"Vermont"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"1872 United States House of Representatives elections in Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Wisconsin"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Wisconsin and 1872 United States House of Representatives elections in Wisconsin","title":"Wisconsin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Republican Conference Chair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Senate_Republican_Conference"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"Cornelius Cole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_Cole"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"Charles A. Wheaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_A._Wheaton"},{"link_name":"Poughkeepsie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poughkeepsie,_New_York"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"^ as Republican Conference Chair\n\n^ Possibly Cornelius Cole\n\n^ Although the votes were cast on January 21, both Houses met in a joint session on January 22 to compare nominations, and declare the result.[citation needed]\n\n^ Charles A. Wheaton (1834-1886), lawyer, of Poughkeepsie, First Judge of the Dutchess County Court 1863-67[citation needed]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Party Division in the Senate, 1789-Present","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.senate.gov/pagelayout/history/one_item_and_teasers/partydiv.htm"},{"link_name":"Byrd, Robert C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Byrd"},{"link_name":"The Senate, 1789-1989: Historical Statistics, 1789-1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=PeHByMYxVm8C"},{"link_name":"United States Senate Historical Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Historical_Office"},{"link_name":"U.S. Government Printing Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Government_Printing_Office"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780160632563","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780160632563"},{"link_name":"\"History of Senatorial Elections in Iowa\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=jXJDAAAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"Iowa City, Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_City,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Taft, George S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_S._Taft"},{"link_name":"Buck, George M.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Senate_Committee_on_Privileges_and_Elections"},{"link_name":"\"Compilation of Senate Election Cases from 1789 to 1913\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=XrItAAAAYAAJ"},{"link_name":"U.S. Senate Committee on Privileges and Elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Senate_Committee_on_Privileges_and_Elections"},{"link_name":"U.S. Government Printing Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Government_Printing_Office"},{"link_name":"Members of the 43rd United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20100106015050/http://www.gpoaccess.gov/serialset/cdocuments/hd108-222/43rd.pdf"},{"link_name":"ALBANY.; Unanimous Nomination of Roscoe Conkling for U.S. Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1873/01/09/79027716.pdf"},{"link_name":"ALBANY.; Nomination of Roscoe Conkling as United States Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1873/01/22/79030547.pdf"},{"link_name":"The Life and Letters of Roscoe Conkling: Orator, Statesman and Advocate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Ij-_DGVQquMC&pg=PA449"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania Election Statistics: 1682-2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//staffweb.wilkes.edu/harold.cox"},{"link_name":"Wilkes University Election Statistics Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilkes_University_Election_Statistics_Project"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:1872_United_States_elections"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:1872_United_States_elections"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1872_United_States_elections"},{"link_name":"1871 ←","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1871_United_States_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1872 United States elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_elections"},{"link_name":"→ 1873","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1873_United_States_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1872 United States presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"U.S. Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_Senate_election_in_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Alabama (Specials)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_Senate_special_elections_in_Alabama"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_Senate_election_in_California"},{"link_name":"Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_Senate_election_in_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_Senate_election_in_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_Senate_election_in_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_Senate_election_in_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"North Carolina (Special)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_Senate_election_in_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_Senate_election_in_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_Senate_election_in_Vermont"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_Senate_election_in_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"U.S. House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872%E2%80%9373_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections"},{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California"},{"link_name":"Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"1st sp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_Connecticut%27s_1st_congressional_district_special_election"},{"link_name":"Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Delaware"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Florida"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Maine"},{"link_name":"Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Montana Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Montana_Territory"},{"link_name":"Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Nevada"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_New_York"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Ohio"},{"link_name":"1st sp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_Ohio%27s_1st_congressional_district_special_election"},{"link_name":"Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"13th sp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_Pennsylvania%27s_13th_congressional_district_special_election"},{"link_name":"Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"District of Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_the_District_of_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Vermont"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"State governors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1872_United_States_gubernatorial_elections"},{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_Alabama_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_Arkansas_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_Florida_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_Georgia_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_Illinois_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_Indiana_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_Kansas_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_Louisiana_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_Maine_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_Michigan_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_Missouri_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_Nebraska_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_New_Hampshire_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_North_Carolina_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_Pennsylvania_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_Rhode_Island_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_South_Carolina_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_Tennessee_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_Vermont_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_West_Virginia_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Mayors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_elections"},{"link_name":"Boston, MA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_Boston_mayoral_election"},{"link_name":"Manchester, NH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_Manchester,_New_Hampshire,_mayoral_election"},{"link_name":"States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1872_elections_in_the_United_States_by_state"},{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1872_Alabama_elections"},{"link_name":"Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1872_Arkansas_elections"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1872_California_elections"},{"link_name":"Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1872_Connecticut_elections"},{"link_name":"Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1872_Delaware_elections"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1872_Florida_elections"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1872_Georgia_(U.S._state)_elections"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1872_Illinois_elections"},{"link_name":"Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1872_Indiana_elections"},{"link_name":"Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1872_Iowa_elections"},{"link_name":"Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1872_Kansas_elections"},{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1872_Kentucky_elections"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1872_Louisiana_elections"},{"link_name":"Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1872_Maine_elections"},{"link_name":"Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1872_Maryland_elections"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1872_Massachusetts_elections"},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1872_Michigan_elections"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1872_Minnesota_elections"},{"link_name":"Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1872_Mississippi_elections"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1872_Missouri_elections"},{"link_name":"Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1872_Montana_elections"},{"link_name":"Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1872_Nebraska_elections"},{"link_name":"Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1872_Nevada_elections"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1872_New_Hampshire_elections"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1872_New_Jersey_elections"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1872_New_York_(state)_elections"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1872_North_Carolina_elections"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1872_Ohio_elections"},{"link_name":"Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1872_Oregon_elections"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1872_Pennsylvania_elections"},{"link_name":"Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1872_Rhode_Island_elections"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1872_South_Carolina_elections"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1872_Tennessee_elections"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1872_Texas_elections"},{"link_name":"Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1872_Vermont_elections"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1872_Virginia_elections"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1872_elections_in_Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1872_West_Virginia_elections"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1872_Wisconsin_elections"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:1873_United_States_elections"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:1873_United_States_elections"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1873_United_States_elections"},{"link_name":"1872 ←","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_elections"},{"link_name":"1873 United States elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1873_elections_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"→ 1874","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1874_United_States_elections"},{"link_name":"U.S. Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1873_United_States_Senate_election_in_California"},{"link_name":"California (Special)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1873_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_California"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1873_United_States_Senate_election_in_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1873_United_States_Senate_election_in_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1873_United_States_Senate_election_in_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Kentucky (Special)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1873_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts (Special)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1873_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1873_United_States_Senate_election_in_Nevada"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1873_United_States_Senate_election_in_New_York"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1873_United_States_Senate_election_in_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"U.S. House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872%E2%80%9373_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections"},{"link_name":"Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1873_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"3rd sp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1873_Massachusetts%27s_3rd_congressional_district_special_election"},{"link_name":"5th sp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1873_Michigan%27s_5th_congressional_district_special_election"},{"link_name":"At-large sp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1873_Oregon%27s_at-large_congressional_district_special_election"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1873_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"State governors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1873_United_States_gubernatorial_elections"},{"link_name":"Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1873_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1873_Iowa_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1873_Maine_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1873_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1873_Minnesota_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1873_Mississippi_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1873_New_Hampshire_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1873_Ohio_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1873_Rhode_Island_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1873_Texas_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1873_Virginia_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1873_Wisconsin_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"State legislatures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1873_state_legislature_elections_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Iowa Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1873_Iowa_Senate_election"},{"link_name":"New Jersey Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1873_New_Jersey_Senate_election"},{"link_name":"Mayors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1873_United_States_mayoral_elections"},{"link_name":"Boston, MA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1873_Boston_mayoral_election"},{"link_name":"Chicago, IL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1873_Chicago_mayoral_election"},{"link_name":"Manchester, NH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1873_Manchester,_New_Hampshire,_mayoral_election"},{"link_name":"States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1873_elections_in_the_United_States_by_state"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1873_California_elections"},{"link_name":"Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1873_Connecticut_elections"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1873_Georgia_(U.S._state)_elections"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1873_Illinois_elections"},{"link_name":"Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1873_Indiana_elections"},{"link_name":"Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1873_Kansas_elections"},{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1873_Kentucky_elections"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1873_Massachusetts_elections"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1873_Minnesota_elections"},{"link_name":"Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1873_Mississippi_elections"},{"link_name":"Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1873_Nevada_elections"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1873_New_Hampshire_elections"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1873_New_York_(state)_elections"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1873_Pennsylvania_elections"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1873_Virginia_elections"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"United States Senate elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1788–1913","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_(1788%E2%80%931913)"},{"link_name":"elected by statelegislatures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_1:_Composition_and_election_of_senators"},{"link_name":"1788–89","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1790–91","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1790%E2%80%9391_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1792–93","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1792%E2%80%9393_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1794–95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1794%E2%80%9395_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1796–97","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1796%E2%80%9397_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1798–99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1798%E2%80%9399_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1800–01","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1800%E2%80%9301_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1802–03","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1802%E2%80%9303_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1804–05","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1804%E2%80%9305_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1806–07","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1806%E2%80%9307_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1808–09","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1808%E2%80%9309_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1810–11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1810%E2%80%9311_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1812–13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1812%E2%80%9313_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1814–15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1814%E2%80%9315_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1816–17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1816%E2%80%9317_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1818–19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1818%E2%80%9319_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1820–21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820%E2%80%9321_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1822–23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1822%E2%80%9323_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1824–25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1824%E2%80%9325_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1826–27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1826%E2%80%9327_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1828–29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1828%E2%80%9329_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1830–31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1830%E2%80%9331_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1832–33","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1832%E2%80%9333_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1834–35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1834%E2%80%9335_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1836–37","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1836%E2%80%9337_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1838–39","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1838%E2%80%9339_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1840–41","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1840%E2%80%9341_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1842–43","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1842%E2%80%9343_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1844–45","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1844%E2%80%9345_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1846–47","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1846%E2%80%9347_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1848–49","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1848%E2%80%9349_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1850–51","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1850%E2%80%9351_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1852–53","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1852%E2%80%9353_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1854–55","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1854%E2%80%9355_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1856–57","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1856%E2%80%9357_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1858–59","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1858%E2%80%9359_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1860–61","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860%E2%80%9361_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1862–63","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1862%E2%80%9363_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1864–65","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1864%E2%80%9365_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1866–67","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1866%E2%80%9367_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1868–69","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1868%E2%80%9369_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1870–71","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870%E2%80%9371_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1872–73","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"1874–75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1874%E2%80%9375_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1876–77","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1876%E2%80%9377_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1878–79","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1878%E2%80%9379_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1880–81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1880%E2%80%9381_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1882–83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1882%E2%80%9383_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1884–85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1884%E2%80%9385_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1886–87","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1886%E2%80%9387_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1888–89","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1888%E2%80%9389_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1890–91","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1890%E2%80%9391_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1892–93","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1892%E2%80%9393_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1894–95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1894%E2%80%9395_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1896–97","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1896%E2%80%9397_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1898–99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1898%E2%80%9399_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1900–01","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900%E2%80%9301_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1902–03","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1902%E2%80%9303_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1904–05","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904%E2%80%9305_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1906–07","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1906%E2%80%9307_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1908–09","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1908%E2%80%9309_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1910–11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1910%E2%80%9311_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1912–13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912%E2%80%9313_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1914–present","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_(1914%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"popular election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventeenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"1914","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1914_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1916","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1916_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1918","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1918_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1920","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1922","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1922_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1924","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1926","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1926_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1928","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1930","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1930_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1932","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1934","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1934_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1936","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1938","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1938_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1940","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1942","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1942_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1944","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1946","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1948","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1950","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1952","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1954","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1956","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1958","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1962","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1966","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1970","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1974","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1976","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1978","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1980","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1982","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1990","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"2024","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"2026","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"2028","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2028_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1921","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1921_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"1923","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1923_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1925","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1925_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"1931","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1931_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_Vermont"},{"link_name":"1933","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1933_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"1937","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1937_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"1941","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1941_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1947","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"1949","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_New_York"},{"link_name":"1957","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1959","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959_United_States_Senate_elections_in_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"1961","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1961_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"1974–75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974%E2%80%9375_United_States_Senate_elections_in_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_Washington"},{"link_name":"1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_Alabama"},{"link_name":"List of all specials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_elections_to_the_United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_Arizona&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_Arkansas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_California"},{"link_name":"Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_Connecticut&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_Delaware"},{"link_name":"District of Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_elections_in_the_District_of_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_Florida&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_Georgia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_Hawaii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_Idaho&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_Illinois&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_elections_in_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_Iowa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_Kansas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_Kentucky&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_Louisiana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_Maine&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_Maryland&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_Massachusetts&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_Michigan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_Minnesota&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_Mississippi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_Missouri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_Montana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_Nebraska&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_Nevada&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_New_Hampshire&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_New_Jersey&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_New_Mexico&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_New_York&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_North_Carolina&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"North Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_North_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_Oklahoma&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_Oregon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_Rhode_Island&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_elections_in_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"South Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_South_Dakota&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_Tennessee&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_Texas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_Utah&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_Vermont&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_Virginia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_Washington_(state)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_West_Virginia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_Wisconsin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wyoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Special elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_elections_to_the_United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"Election disputes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senate_election_disputes"},{"link_name":"Results by state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senate_election_results_by_state"},{"link_name":"List of US elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_elections_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"House elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections"},{"link_name":"Presidential elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:United_States_presidential_elections"},{"link_name":"Gubernatorial elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:United_States_gubernatorial_elections"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Reconstruction_Era"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Reconstruction_Era"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Reconstruction_Era"},{"link_name":"Reconstruction era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction_era"},{"link_name":"Abraham Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"Andrew Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Ulysses S. Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant"},{"link_name":"Rutherford B. Hayes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes"},{"link_name":"38","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/38th_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"39","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/39th_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/40th_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"41","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/41st_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"42","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/42nd_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"43","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/43rd_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"44","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/44th_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"45","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/45th_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"Radical Republicans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_Republicans"},{"link_name":"Moderate Republicans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moderate_Republicans_(Reconstruction_era)"},{"link_name":"Conservative Republicans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Republicans_(Reconstruction_era)"},{"link_name":"African-American senators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_senators"},{"link_name":"African-American representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_representatives#Reconstruction_and_early_post-Reconstruction_era,_1870%E2%80%931887"},{"link_name":"Reconstruction Amendments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments"},{"link_name":"United States Congressional Joint Committee on Reconstruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congressional_Joint_Committee_on_Reconstruction"},{"link_name":"United States House Select Committee on Reconstruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Select_Committee_on_Reconstruction"},{"link_name":"Taney Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taney_Court"},{"link_name":"Chase Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chase_Court"},{"link_name":"Waite Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waite_Court"},{"link_name":"Edwin Stanton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Stanton"},{"link_name":"Freedmen's Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau"},{"link_name":"Justice Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice"},{"link_name":"Southern United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_United_States"},{"link_name":"Confederate States of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"African Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americans"},{"link_name":"Free people of color","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_people_of_color"},{"link_name":"Freedman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedman"},{"link_name":"Politicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:African-American_politicians_during_the_Reconstruction_Era"},{"link_name":"Carpetbaggers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpetbagger"},{"link_name":"Ku Klux Klan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan"},{"link_name":"Scalawag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalawag"},{"link_name":"Redeemers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redeemers"},{"link_name":"White League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_League"},{"link_name":"Red Shirts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Shirts_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Bourbon Democrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourbon_Democrat"},{"link_name":"Horatio Seymour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Seymour"},{"link_name":"Samuel J. Tilden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden"},{"link_name":"Republican Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Stalwarts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalwarts_(politics)"},{"link_name":"Charles Sumner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sumner"},{"link_name":"Thaddeus Stevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens"},{"link_name":"Lyman Trumbull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyman_Trumbull"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Wade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Wade"},{"link_name":"John Bingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bingham"},{"link_name":"James Mitchell Ashley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Mitchell_Ashley"},{"link_name":"Freedman's Savings Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedman%27s_Savings_Bank"},{"link_name":"Women during the Reconstruction era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_during_the_Reconstruction_era"},{"link_name":"1864","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"DNC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1864_Democratic_National_Convention"},{"link_name":"National Union Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1864_National_Union_National_Convention"},{"link_name":"Radical Democracy Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_Democracy_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"1868","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1868_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"DNC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1868_Democratic_National_Convention"},{"link_name":"RNC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1868_Republican_National_Convention"},{"link_name":"1872","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"DNC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_Democratic_National_Convention"},{"link_name":"RNC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_Republican_National_Convention"},{"link_name":"Liberal Republican Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Straight-Out Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight-Out_Democratic_Party"},{"link_name":"Victoria Woodhull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Woodhull"},{"link_name":"1876","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"DNC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1876_Democratic_National_Convention"},{"link_name":"RNC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1876_Republican_National_Convention"},{"link_name":"Greenback Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1876_Greenback_National_Convention"},{"link_name":"Prohibition Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1876_Prohibition_National_Convention"},{"link_name":"Electoral Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_Commission_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Compromise of 1877","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compromise_of_1877"},{"link_name":"1864–65","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1864%E2%80%9365_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1866–67","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1866%E2%80%9367_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1868–69","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1868%E2%80%9369_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1870–71","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870%E2%80%9371_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1872–73","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"1874–75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1874%E2%80%9375_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1876–77","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1876%E2%80%9377_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1864–65","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1864%E2%80%9365_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections"},{"link_name":"1866–67","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1866%E2%80%9367_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections"},{"link_name":"1868–69","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1868%E2%80%9369_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections"},{"link_name":"1870–71","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870%E2%80%9371_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections"},{"link_name":"1872–73","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872%E2%80%9373_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections"},{"link_name":"1874–75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1874%E2%80%9375_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections"},{"link_name":"1876–77","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1876%E2%80%9377_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections"},{"link_name":"AL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1863_Alabama_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"CA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1863_California_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"CT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1863_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"KY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1863_Kentucky_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"MA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1863_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"MN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1863_Minnesota_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"NH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1863_New_Hampshire_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"OH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1863_Ohio_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"PA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1863_Pennsylvania_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"VA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1863_Virginia_gubernatorial_elections"},{"link_name":"VT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1863_Vermont_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"WI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1863_Wisconsin_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"WV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1863_West_Virginia_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"CT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1864_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"IL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1864_Illinois_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"IN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1864_Indiana_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"LA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1864_Louisiana_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"MD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1864_Maryland_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"MA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1864_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"MI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1864_Michigan_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"MO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1864_Missouri_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"NH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1864_New_Hampshire_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"VT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1864_Vermont_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"WV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1864_West_Virginia_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"CT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1865_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"FL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1865_Florida_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"LA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1865_Louisiana_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"MA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1865_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"MN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1865_Minnesota_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"NJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1865_New_Jersey_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"OH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1865_Ohio_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"SC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1865_South_Carolina_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"VT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1865_Vermont_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"WI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1865_Wisconsin_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"CT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1866_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"DE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1866_Delaware_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"MA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1866_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"ME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1866_Maine_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"MI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1866_Michigan_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"NC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1866_North_Carolina_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"OR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1866_Oregon_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"PA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1866_Pennsylvania_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"TX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1866_Texas_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"VT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1866_Vermont_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"WV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1866_West_Virginia_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"CA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1867_California_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"CT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1867_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"MA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1867_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"MD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1867_Maryland_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"ME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1867_Maine_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"MN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1867_Minnesota_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"OH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1867_Ohio_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"VT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1867_Vermont_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"WI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1867_Wisconsin_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"AL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1868_Alabama_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"CT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1868_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"FL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1868_Florida_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"IL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1868_Illinois_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"IN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1868_Indiana_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"LA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1868_Louisiana_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"MA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1868_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"ME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1868_Maine_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"MI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1868_Michigan_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"MO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1868_Missouri_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"NC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1868_North_Carolina_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"NJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1868_New_Jersey_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"SC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1868_South_Carolina_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"VT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1868_Vermont_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"WV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1868_West_Virginia_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"CT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"IA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869_Iowa_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"MA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"ME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869_Maine_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"MN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869_Minnesota_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"MS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869_Mississippi_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"OH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869_Ohio_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"PA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869_Pennsylvania_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"RI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869_Rhode_Island_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"VA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869_Virginia_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"VT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869_Vermont_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"WI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869_Wisconsin_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"AL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870_Alabama_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"CT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"DE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870_Delaware_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"MA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"ME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870_Maine_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"MI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870_Michigan_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"MO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870_Missouri_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"OR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870_Oregon_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"RI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870_Rhode_Island_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"SC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870_South_Carolina_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"VT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870_Vermont_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"WV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870_West_Virginia_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"CA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1871_California_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"CT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1871_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"IA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1871_Iowa_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"KY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1871_Kentucky_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"MA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1871_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"MD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1871_Maryland_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"ME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1871_Maine_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"MN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1871_Minnesota_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"NJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1871_New_Jersey_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"OH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1871_Ohio_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"RI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1871_Rhode_Island_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"WI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1871_Wisconsin_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"AL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_Alabama_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"CT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"FL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_Florida_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"IL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_Illinois_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"IN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_Indiana_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"LA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_Louisiana_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"MA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"ME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_Maine_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"MI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_Michigan_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"MO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_Missouri_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"NC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_North_Carolina_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"PA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_Pennsylvania_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"RI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_Rhode_Island_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"SC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_South_Carolina_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"VT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_Vermont_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"WV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_West_Virginia_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"CT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1873_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"IA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1873_Iowa_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"MA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1873_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"ME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1873_Maine_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"MN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1873_Minnesota_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"MS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1873_Mississippi_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"OH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1873_Ohio_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"TX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1873_Texas_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"VA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1873_Virginia_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"WI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1873_Wisconsin_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"AL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1874_Alabama_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"CT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1874_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"DE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1874_Delaware_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"KS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1874_Kansas_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"MA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1874_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"ME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1874_Maine_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"MI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1874_Michigan_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"MO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1874_Missouri_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"NJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1874_New_Jersey_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"NV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1874_Nevada_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"OR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1874_Oregon_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"SC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1874_South_Carolina_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"VT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1874_Vermont_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"CA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1875_California_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"CT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1875_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"IA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1875_Iowa_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"KY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1875_Kentucky_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"MA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1875_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"MD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1875_Maryland_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"ME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1875_Maine_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"MN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1875_Minnesota_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"OH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1875_Ohio_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"OH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1875_Pennsylvania_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"WI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1875_Wisconsin_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"AL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1876_Alabama_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"CO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1876_Colorado_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"CT Apr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_1876_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"CT Nov.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_1876_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"FL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1876_Florida_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"IL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1876_Illinois_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"IN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1876_Indiana_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"KS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1876_Kansas_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"LA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1876_Louisiana_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"MA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1876_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"ME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1876_Maine_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"MI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1876_Michigan_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"MO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1876_Missouri_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"NC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1876_North_Carolina_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"RI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1876_Rhode_Island_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"SC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1876_South_Carolina_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"VT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1876_Vermont_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"WV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1876_West_Virginia_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"1864","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1864_United_States_elections"},{"link_name":"1866","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1866_United_States_elections"},{"link_name":"1868","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1868_United_States_elections"},{"link_name":"1870","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870_United_States_elections"},{"link_name":"1872","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_elections"},{"link_name":"1874","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1874_United_States_elections"},{"link_name":"1876","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1876_United_States_elections"},{"link_name":"American Indian Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Indian_Wars"},{"link_name":"Slavery in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"A Vindication of the Rights of Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman"},{"link_name":"The Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Equality_of_the_Sexes_and_the_Condition_of_Women&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Woman in the Nineteenth Century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woman_in_the_Nineteenth_Century"},{"link_name":"Seneca Falls Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneca_Falls_Convention"},{"link_name":"National Women's Rights Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Women%27s_Rights_Convention"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Confiscation Act of 1861","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confiscation_Act_of_1861"},{"link_name":"Confiscation Act of 1862","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confiscation_Act_of_1862"},{"link_name":"District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Compensated_Emancipation_Act"},{"link_name":"Militia Act of 1862","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militia_Act_of_1862"},{"link_name":"Emancipation Proclamation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation"},{"link_name":"General Order No. 143","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Order_No._143"},{"link_name":"Lincoln's presidential Reconstruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction_era#Lincoln's_presidential_Reconstruction"},{"link_name":"Ten percent plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten_percent_plan"},{"link_name":"National Bank Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Bank_Act"},{"link_name":"Women's Loyal National League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Loyal_National_League"},{"link_name":"New York City draft riots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_draft_riots"},{"link_name":"1863 State of the Union Address","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1863_State_of_the_Union_Address"},{"link_name":"Wade–Davis Bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Davis_Bill"},{"link_name":"1864 elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1864_United_States_elections"},{"link_name":"1864 State of the Union Address","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1864_State_of_the_Union_Address"},{"link_name":"13th Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"Second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Abraham_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"Address","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln%27s_second_inaugural_address"},{"link_name":"Black Codes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Codes_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Special Field Orders No. 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Field_Orders_No._15"},{"link_name":"Freedmen's Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau"},{"link_name":"Freedmen's Bureau bills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau_bills"},{"link_name":"Confederates surrender at Appomattox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Appomattox_Court_House"},{"link_name":"Assassination of Abraham Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"Shaw University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaw_University"},{"link_name":"New Departure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Departure_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"1865 State of the Union Address","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1865_State_of_the_Union_Address"},{"link_name":"Founding of the Ku Klux Klan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan"},{"link_name":"Civil Rights Act of 1866","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1866"},{"link_name":"Memphis massacre of 1866","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_massacre_of_1866"},{"link_name":"New Orleans Massacre of 1866","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans_Massacre_of_1866"},{"link_name":"Swing Around the Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing_Around_the_Circle"},{"link_name":"Southern Homestead Act of 1866","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Homestead_Act_of_1866"},{"link_name":"Fort Smith Conference and Cherokee Reconstruction Treaty of 1866","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Smith_Conference_and_Cherokee_Reconstruction_Treaty_of_1866"},{"link_name":"Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty of Washington of 1866","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_Organic_Act#Treaty_of_Washington_(1866)"},{"link_name":"Petition for Universal Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Petition_for_Universal_Freedom&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"National Labor Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Union"},{"link_name":"Ex parte Garland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex_parte_Garland"},{"link_name":"Ex parte Milligan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex_parte_Milligan"},{"link_name":"Slave Kidnapping Act of 1866","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave_Kidnapping_Act_of_1866"},{"link_name":"1866 elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1866_United_States_elections"},{"link_name":"Tenure of Office Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenure_of_Office_Act_(1867)"},{"link_name":"Command of Army Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_of_Army_Act"},{"link_name":"Indian Peace Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine_Lodge_Treaty#Indian_Peace_Commission"},{"link_name":"Knights of the White Camelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_of_the_White_Camelia"},{"link_name":"Pulaski riot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulaski_riot"},{"link_name":"Reconstruction Acts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction_Acts"},{"link_name":"Reconstruction military districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction_military_districts"},{"link_name":"Constitutional conventions of 1867","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_conventions_of_1867&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Habeas Corpus Act of 1867","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habeas_Corpus_Act_of_1867"},{"link_name":"Peonage Act of 1867","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peonage_Act_of_1867"},{"link_name":"First impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_impeachment_inquiry_into_Andrew_Johnson"},{"link_name":"1867 State of the Union Address","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1867_State_of_the_Union_Address"},{"link_name":"14th Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"Second impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_impeachment_inquiry_into_Andrew_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Impeachment of Andrew Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Timeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impeachment_trial_of_Andrew_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Impeachment managers investigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1868_impeachment_managers_investigation"},{"link_name":"Articles of impeachment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articles_of_impeachment_adopted_against_Andrew_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Opelousas massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opelousas_massacre"},{"link_name":"Fourth Reconstruction Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction_Acts"},{"link_name":"Georgia v. Stanton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_v._Stanton"},{"link_name":"1868 elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1868_United_States_elections"},{"link_name":"1868 State of the Union Address","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1868_State_of_the_Union_Address&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"National Woman Suffrage Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Woman_Suffrage_Association"},{"link_name":"American Woman Suffrage Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Woman_Suffrage_Association"},{"link_name":"Alabama Claims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama_Claims"},{"link_name":"Annexation of Santo Domingo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annexation_of_Santo_Domingo"},{"link_name":"Board of Indian Commissioners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_Indian_Commissioners"},{"link_name":"Public Credit Act of 1869","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Credit_Act_of_1869"},{"link_name":"Black Friday (1869)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_(1869)"},{"link_name":"Ex parte McCardle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex_parte_McCardle"},{"link_name":"First transcontinental railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_transcontinental_railroad"},{"link_name":"1869 State of the Union Address","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1869_State_of_the_Union_Address&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"15th Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"Enforcement Act of 1870","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enforcement_Act_of_1870"},{"link_name":"Justice Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice"},{"link_name":"Naturalization Act of 1870","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1870"},{"link_name":"Kirk–Holden war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirk%E2%80%93Holden_war"},{"link_name":"Shoffner Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoffner_Act"},{"link_name":"1870 elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870_United_States_elections"},{"link_name":"1870 State of the Union Address","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1870_State_of_the_Union_Address&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ku Klux Klan hearings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ku_Klux_Klan_hearings&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Second Enforcement Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Enforcement_Act"},{"link_name":"Ku Klux Klan Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan_Act"},{"link_name":"Alcorn State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcorn_State_University"},{"link_name":"Meridian race riot of 1871","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meridian_race_riot_of_1871"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Washington_(1871)"},{"link_name":"New York custom house ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandals_of_the_Ulysses_S._Grant_administration#New_York_custom_house_ring"},{"link_name":"Civil service commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_service_commission"},{"link_name":"United States expedition to Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_expedition_to_Korea"},{"link_name":"1871 State of the Union Address","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1871_State_of_the_Union_Address&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"General Mining Act of 1872","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Mining_Act_of_1872"},{"link_name":"Crédit Mobilier scandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%A9dit_Mobilier_scandal"},{"link_name":"Modoc War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modoc_War"},{"link_name":"Star Route scandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Route_scandal"},{"link_name":"Salary Grab Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salary_Grab_Act"},{"link_name":"Amnesty Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_Act"},{"link_name":"1872 elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_elections"},{"link_name":"1872 State of the Union Address","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_State_of_the_Union_Address"},{"link_name":"Panic of 1873","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_of_1873"},{"link_name":"Colfax massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colfax_massacre"},{"link_name":"Timber Culture Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timber_Culture_Act"},{"link_name":"Slaughter-House Cases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaughter-House_Cases"},{"link_name":"Virginius Affair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginius_Affair"},{"link_name":"Coinage Act of 1873","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coinage_Act_of_1873"},{"link_name":"Long Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Depression"},{"link_name":"Comstock laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comstock_laws"},{"link_name":"1873 State of the Union Address","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1873_State_of_the_Union_Address&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Brooks–Baxter War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooks%E2%80%93Baxter_War"},{"link_name":"Battle of Liberty Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Liberty_Place"},{"link_name":"Coushatta massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coushatta_massacre"},{"link_name":"Red River War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_River_War"},{"link_name":"Timber Culture Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timber_Culture_Act"},{"link_name":"White League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_League"},{"link_name":"Election Massacre of 1874","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election_Massacre_of_1874"},{"link_name":"Vicksburg massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicksburg_massacre"},{"link_name":"Black Hills Gold Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hills_Gold_Rush"},{"link_name":"Sanborn incident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanborn_incident"},{"link_name":"Anti-Moiety Acts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Moiety_Acts"},{"link_name":"1874 elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1874_United_States_elections"},{"link_name":"1874 State of the Union Address","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1874_State_of_the_Union_Address&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"United States v. Cruikshank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v._Cruikshank"},{"link_name":"Civil Rights Act of 1875","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1875"},{"link_name":"Red Shirts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Shirts_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Mississippi Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Plan"},{"link_name":"Clifton Riot of 1875","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clifton_Riot_of_1875&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yazoo City Riot of 1875","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yazoo_City_Riot_of_1875&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Specie Payment Resumption Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specie_Payment_Resumption_Act"},{"link_name":"Whiskey Ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whiskey_Ring"},{"link_name":"Wheeler Compromise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheeler_Compromise"},{"link_name":"Delano affair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandals_of_the_Ulysses_S._Grant_administration#Department_of_Interior"},{"link_name":"Pratt & Boyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratt_%26_Boyd"},{"link_name":"1875 State of the Union Address","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1875_State_of_the_Union_Address"},{"link_name":"Hamburg massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_massacre"},{"link_name":"South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina_civil_disturbances_of_1876"},{"link_name":"Ellenton massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellenton_massacre"},{"link_name":"Great Sioux War of 1876","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Sioux_War_of_1876"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Little Bighorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Little_Bighorn"},{"link_name":"United States v. Reese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v._Reese"},{"link_name":"Trader post scandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trader_post_scandal"},{"link_name":"Centennial Exposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centennial_Exposition"},{"link_name":"Cattellism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandals_of_the_Ulysses_S._Grant_administration#Cattellism"},{"link_name":"Safe burglary conspiracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safe_burglary_conspiracy"},{"link_name":"1876 elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1876_United_States_elections"},{"link_name":"1876 State of the Union Address","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1876_State_of_the_Union_Address"},{"link_name":"Electoral Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_Commission_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Compromise of 1877","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compromise_of_1877"},{"link_name":"Nez Perce War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nez_Perce_War"},{"link_name":"Desert Land Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert_Land_Act"},{"link_name":"Great Railroad Strike of 1877","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Railroad_Strike_of_1877"},{"link_name":"Posse Comitatus Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posse_Comitatus_Act"},{"link_name":"Civil Rights Cases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Cases"},{"link_name":"United States v. Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v._Harris"},{"link_name":"Plessy v. Ferguson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson"},{"link_name":"Williams v. Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_v._Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Wilmington insurrection of 1898","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmington_insurrection_of_1898"},{"link_name":"Giles v. Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giles_v._Harris"},{"link_name":"Disenfranchisement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disfranchisement_after_the_Reconstruction_era"},{"link_name":"Bibliography of the Reconstruction era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_Reconstruction_era"},{"link_name":"James Shepherd Pike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Shepherd_Pike"},{"link_name":"The Prostrate State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Prostrate_State:_South_Carolina_under_Negro_Government&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"James Bryce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bryce,_1st_Viscount_Bryce"},{"link_name":"The American Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_American_Commonwealth"},{"link_name":"Claude G. Bowers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_G._Bowers"},{"link_name":"The Tragic Era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Tragic_Era&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Columbia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University"},{"link_name":"John Burgess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Burgess_(political_scientist)"},{"link_name":"Walter Lynwood Fleming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Lynwood_Fleming"},{"link_name":"Dunning School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunning_School"},{"link_name":"William Archibald Dunning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Archibald_Dunning"},{"link_name":"Charles A. Beard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_A._Beard"},{"link_name":"Howard K. Beale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_K._Beale"},{"link_name":"W. E. B. Du Bois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois"},{"link_name":"Black Reconstruction in America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Reconstruction_in_America"},{"link_name":"C. Vann Woodward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._Vann_Woodward"},{"link_name":"Joel Williamson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joel_Williamson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"William R. Brock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_R._Brock&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The American Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_American_Crisis"},{"link_name":"John Hope Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hope_Franklin"},{"link_name":"From Slavery to Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=From_Slavery_to_Freedom&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"After Slavery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=After_Slavery&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Leon Litwack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Litwack"},{"link_name":"Been in the Storm So Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Been_in_the_Storm_So_Long"},{"link_name":"Eric Foner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Foner"},{"link_name":"Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction:_America%27s_Unfinished_Revolution,_1863%E2%80%931877"},{"link_name":"Kenneth M. Stampp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_M._Stampp"},{"link_name":"Steven Hahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Hahn"},{"link_name":"A Nation Under Our Feet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Nation_Under_Our_Feet"},{"link_name":"The Second Founding: How the Civil War and Reconstruction Remade the Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Second_Founding"},{"link_name":"Winslow Homer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winslow_Homer"},{"link_name":"A Visit from the Old Mistress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Visit_from_the_Old_Mistress"},{"link_name":"Thomas Dixon Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Dixon_Jr."},{"link_name":"The Leopard's Spots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Leopard%27s_Spots"},{"link_name":"The Clansman: A Historical Romance of the Ku Klux Klan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Clansman:_A_Historical_Romance_of_the_Ku_Klux_Klan"},{"link_name":"D. W. Griffith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._W._Griffith"},{"link_name":"The Birth of a Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Birth_of_a_Nation"},{"link_name":"United Daughters of the Confederacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Daughters_of_the_Confederacy"},{"link_name":"Gone with the Wind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gone_with_the_Wind_(film)"},{"link_name":"David W. Blight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_W._Blight"},{"link_name":"Race and Reunion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_Reunion"},{"link_name":"Women's suffrage in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Labor history of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Gilded Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilded_Age"},{"link_name":"Jim Crow era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws"},{"link_name":"Civil rights movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rights_movement"},{"link_name":"American frontier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_frontier"},{"link_name":"African American founding fathers of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_founding_fathers_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Forty acres and a mule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forty_acres_and_a_mule"},{"link_name":"Habeas corpus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habeas_corpus"},{"link_name":"History of the United States (1865–1917)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)"},{"link_name":"Paramilitary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramilitary"},{"link_name":"Race (human categorization)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)"},{"link_name":"Reconstruction Treaties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction_Treaties"},{"link_name":"Suffrage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffrage"},{"link_name":"Technological and industrial history of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"White supremacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_supremacy"},{"link_name":"Whitecapping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitecapping"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Reconstruction_Era"}],"text":"Party Division in the Senate, 1789-Present, via Senate.gov\nByrd, Robert C. (October 1, 1993). Wolff, Wendy (ed.). The Senate, 1789-1989: Historical Statistics, 1789-1992. United States Senate Historical Office (volume 4 Bicentennial ed.). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. ISBN 9780160632563.\nClark, Dan Elbert (1913). \"History of Senatorial Elections in Iowa\". Iowa City, Iowa.\nTaft, George S.; Furber, George P.; Buck, George M.; Webb, Charles A.; Pierce, Herbert R. (1913). \"Compilation of Senate Election Cases from 1789 to 1913\". U.S. Senate Committee on Privileges and Elections. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.\nMembers of the 43rd United States Congress\nALBANY.; Unanimous Nomination of Roscoe Conkling for U.S. Senator in NYT on January 9, 1873\nALBANY.; Nomination of Roscoe Conkling as United States Senator in NYT on January 22, 1873\nThe Life and Letters of Roscoe Conkling: Orator, Statesman and Advocate by Alfred R. Conkling (page 449) [gives wrong date for governor's inauguration \"January 6\", the inauguration happens invariably on January 1; and adds non-existent middle initial \"G.\"]\nPennsylvania Election Statistics: 1682-2006 from the Wilkes University Election Statistics Projectvte(1871 ←) 1872 United States elections (→ 1873)President\n1872 United States presidential election\nU.S. Senate\nAlabama\nAlabama (Specials)\nCalifornia\nConnecticut\nKentucky\nNew Hampshire\nNorth Carolina\nNorth Carolina (Special)\nOhio\nOregon\nVermont\nWisconsin\nU.S. House\nAlabama\nArkansas\nCalifornia\nConnecticut\n1st sp\nDelaware\nFlorida\nGeorgia\nIllinois\nIndiana\nIowa\nKansas\nKentucky\nLouisiana\nMaine\nMaryland\nMassachusetts\nMichigan\nMinnesota\nMississippi\nMissouri\nMontana Territory\nNebraska\nNevada\nNew Jersey\nNew York\nNorth Carolina\nOhio\n1st sp\nOregon\nPennsylvania\n13th sp\nRhode Island\nSouth Carolina\nTennessee\nTexas\nDistrict of Columbia\nVermont\nVirginia\nWest Virginia\nWisconsin\nState governors\nAlabama\nArkansas\nConnecticut\nFlorida\nGeorgia\nIllinois\nIndiana\nKansas\nLouisiana\nMaine\nMassachusetts\nMichigan\nMissouri\nNebraska\nNew Hampshire\nNorth Carolina\nPennsylvania\nRhode Island\nSouth Carolina\nTennessee\nVermont\nWest Virginia\nMayors\nBoston, MA\nManchester, NH\nStates\nAlabama\nArkansas\nCalifornia\nConnecticut\nDelaware\nFlorida\nGeorgia\nIllinois\nIndiana\nIowa\nKansas\nKentucky\nLouisiana\nMaine\nMaryland\nMassachusetts\nMichigan\nMinnesota\nMississippi\nMissouri\nMontana\nNebraska\nNevada\nNew Hampshire\nNew Jersey\nNew York\nNorth Carolina\nOhio\nOregon\nPennsylvania\nRhode Island\nSouth Carolina\nTennessee\nTexas\nVermont\nVirginia\nWashington, D.C.\nWest Virginia\nWisconsinvte(1872 ←) 1873 United States elections (→ 1874)U.S. Senate\nCalifornia\nCalifornia (Special)\nIllinois\nIndiana\nKansas\nKentucky (Special)\nMassachusetts (Special)\nNevada\nNew York\nPennsylvania\nU.S. House\nConnecticut\nMassachusetts\n3rd sp\nMichigan\n5th sp\nOregon\nAt-large sp\nNew Hampshire\nState governors\nConnecticut\nIowa\nMaine\nMassachusetts\nMinnesota\nMississippi\nNew Hampshire\nOhio\nRhode Island\nTexas\nVirginia\nWisconsin\nState legislatures\nIowa Senate\nNew Jersey Senate\nMayors\nBoston, MA\nChicago, IL\nManchester, NH\nStates\nCalifornia\nConnecticut\nGeorgia\nIllinois\nIndiana\nKansas\nKentucky\nMassachusetts\nMinnesota\nMississippi\nNevada\nNew Hampshire\nNew York\nPennsylvania\nVirginiavteUnited States Senate elections1788–1913(elected by statelegislatures)\n1788–89\n1790–91\n1792–93\n1794–95\n1796–97\n1798–99\n1800–01\n1802–03\n1804–05\n1806–07\n1808–09\n1810–11\n1812–13\n1814–15\n1816–17\n1818–19\n1820–21\n1822–23\n1824–25\n1826–27\n1828–29\n1830–31\n1832–33\n1834–35\n1836–37\n1838–39\n1840–41\n1842–43\n1844–45\n1846–47\n1848–49\n1850–51\n1852–53\n1854–55\n1856–57\n1858–59\n1860–61\n1862–63\n1864–65\n1866–67\n1868–69\n1870–71\n1872–73\n1874–75\n1876–77\n1878–79\n1880–81\n1882–83\n1884–85\n1886–87\n1888–89\n1890–91\n1892–93\n1894–95\n1896–97\n1898–99\n1900–01\n1902–03\n1904–05\n1906–07\n1908–09\n1910–11\n1912–13\n1914–present(popular election)Regularsandeven-yearspecials\n1914\n1916\n1918\n1920\n1922\n1924\n1926\n1928\n1930\n1932\n1934\n1936\n1938\n1940\n1942\n1944\n1946\n1948\n1950\n1952\n1954\n1956\n1958\n1960\n1962\n1964\n1966\n1968\n1970\n1972\n1974\n1976\n1978\n1980\n1982\n1984\n1986\n1988\n1990\n1992\n1994\n1996\n1998\n2000\n2002\n2004\n2006\n2008\n2010\n2012\n2014\n2016\n2018\n2020\n2022\n2024\n2026\n2028\nOdd-yearspecials\n1921\n1923\n1925\n1931\n1933\n1937\n1941\n1947\n1949\n1957\n1959\n1961\n1974–75\n1983\n1991\n1993\n2013\n2017\nList of all specials\nElections by state\nAlabama\nAlaska\nArizona\nArkansas\nCalifornia\nColorado\nConnecticut\nDelaware\nDistrict of Columbia\nFlorida\nGeorgia\nHawaii\nIdaho\nIllinois\nIndiana\nIowa\nKansas\nKentucky\nLouisiana\nMaine\nMaryland\nMassachusetts\nMichigan\nMinnesota\nMississippi\nMissouri\nMontana\nNebraska\nNevada\nNew Hampshire\nNew Jersey\nNew Mexico\nNew York\nNorth Carolina\nNorth Dakota\nOhio\nOklahoma\nOregon\nPennsylvania\nRhode Island\nSouth Carolina\nSouth Dakota\nTennessee\nTexas\nUtah\nVermont\nVirginia\nWashington\nWest Virginia\nWisconsin\nWyoming\n\nSpecial elections\nElection disputes\nResults by state\nList of US elections\nHouse elections\nPresidential elections\nGubernatorial electionsvteReconstruction eraParticipantsFederal government\nPresidents\nAbraham Lincoln\nAndrew Johnson\nUlysses S. Grant\nRutherford B. Hayes\n\nCongress\n38\n39\n40\n41\n42\n43\n44\n45\nRadical Republicans\nModerate Republicans\nConservative Republicans\nAfrican-American senators\nAfrican-American representatives\nReconstruction Amendments\nUnited States Congressional Joint Committee on Reconstruction\nUnited States House Select Committee on Reconstruction\n\nFederal judiciary\nTaney Court\nChase Court\nWaite Court\n\nFederal bureaucracy\nEdwin Stanton\nFreedmen's Bureau\nJustice Department\nState governments\nSouthern United States\nConfederate States of America\nOthers\nAfrican Americans\nFree people of color\nFreedman\nPoliticians\nCarpetbaggers\nKu Klux Klan\nScalawag\nRedeemers\nWhite League\nRed Shirts\nDemocratic Party\nBourbon Democrat\nHoratio Seymour\nSamuel J. Tilden\nRepublican Party\nStalwarts\nCharles Sumner\nThaddeus Stevens\nLyman Trumbull\nBenjamin Wade\nJohn Bingham\nJames Mitchell Ashley\nFreedman's Savings Bank\nWomen during the Reconstruction era\nElectionsPresidential\n1864\nDNC\nNational Union Convention\nRadical Democracy Party\n1868\nDNC\nRNC\n1872\nDNC\nRNC\nLiberal Republican Party\nStraight-Out Democratic Party\nVictoria Woodhull\n1876\nDNC\nRNC\nGreenback Convention\nProhibition Convention\nElectoral Commission\nCompromise of 1877\nU.S. Senate\n1864–65\n1866–67\n1868–69\n1870–71\n1872–73\n1874–75\n1876–77\nU.S. House\n1864–65\n1866–67\n1868–69\n1870–71\n1872–73\n1874–75\n1876–77\nGubernatorial\n1863\nAL\nCA\nCT\nKY\nMA\nMN\nNH\nOH\nPA\nVA\nVT\nWI\nWV\n\n1864\nCT\nIL\nIN\nLA\nMD\nMA\nMI\nMO\nNH\nVT\nWV\n\n1865\nCT\nFL\nLA\nMA\nMN\nNJ\nOH\nSC\nVT\nWI\n\n1866\nCT\nDE\nMA\nME\nMI\nNC\nOR\nPA\nTX\nVT\nWV\n\n1867\nCA\nCT\nMA\nMD\nME\nMN\nOH\nVT\nWI\n\n1868\nAL\nCT\nFL\nIL\nIN\nLA\nMA\nME\nMI\nMO\nNC\nNJ\nSC\nVT\nWV\n\n1869\nCT\nIA\nMA\nME\nMN\nMS\nOH\nPA\nRI\nVA\nVT\nWI\n\n1870\nAL\nCT\nDE\nMA\nME\nMI\nMO\nOR\nRI\nSC\nVT\nWV\n\n1871\nCA\nCT\nIA\nKY\nMA\nMD\nME\nMN\nNJ\nOH\nRI\nWI\n\n1872\nAL\nCT\nFL\nIL\nIN\nLA\nMA\nME\nMI\nMO\nNC\nPA\nRI\nSC\nVT\nWV\n\n1873\nCT\nIA\nMA\nME\nMN\nMS\nOH\nTX\nVA\nWI\n\n1874\nAL\nCT\nDE\nKS\nMA\nME\nMI\nMO\nNJ\nNV\nOR\nSC\nVT\n\n1875\nCA\nCT\nIA\nKY\nMA\nMD\nME\nMN\nOH\nOH\nWI\n\n1876\nAL\nCO\nCT Apr.\nCT Nov.\nFL\nIL\nIN\nKS\nLA\nMA\nME\nMI\nMO\nNC\nRI\nSC\nVT\nWV\nU.S. elections\n1864\n1866\n1868\n1870\n1872\n1874\n1876\nKey eventsPrelude\nAmerican Indian Wars\nSlavery in the United States\nA Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792)\nThe Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Women (1838)\nWoman in the Nineteenth Century (1839)\nSeneca Falls Convention (1848)\nNational Women's Rights Convention (1850)\nAmerican Civil War\nConfiscation Act of 1861\nConfiscation Act of 1862\nDistrict of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act (1862)\nMilitia Act of 1862\n1863\nEmancipation Proclamation\nGeneral Order No. 143\nLincoln's presidential Reconstruction\nTen percent plan\nNational Bank Act\nWomen's Loyal National League\nNew York City draft riots\n1863 State of the Union Address\n1864\nWade–Davis Bill\n1864 elections\n1864 State of the Union Address\n1865\n13th Amendment\nSecond inauguration of Abraham Lincoln\nAddress\nBlack Codes\nSpecial Field Orders No. 15 \nFreedmen's Bureau\nFreedmen's Bureau bills\nConfederates surrender at Appomattox\nAssassination of Abraham Lincoln\nShaw University\nNew Departure\n1865 State of the Union Address\nFounding of the Ku Klux Klan\n1866\nCivil Rights Act of 1866\nMemphis massacre of 1866\nNew Orleans Massacre of 1866\nSwing Around the Circle\nSouthern Homestead Act of 1866\nFort Smith Conference and Cherokee Reconstruction Treaty of 1866\nChoctaw and Chickasaw Treaty of Washington of 1866\nTennessee readmitted to Union\nPetition for Universal Freedom\nNational Labor Union\nEx parte Garland\nEx parte Milligan\nSlave Kidnapping Act of 1866\n1866 elections\n1867\nTenure of Office Act\nCommand of Army Act\nIndian Peace Commission\nKnights of the White Camelia\nPulaski riot\nReconstruction Acts\nReconstruction military districts\nConstitutional conventions of 1867\nHabeas Corpus Act of 1867\nPeonage Act of 1867\nFirst impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson\n1867 State of the Union Address\n1868\n14th Amendment\nSecond impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson\nImpeachment of Andrew Johnson\nTimeline\nImpeachment trial of Andrew Johnson\nImpeachment managers investigation\nArticles of impeachment\nArkansas readmitted to Union\nFlorida readmitted to Union\nNorth Carolina readmitted to Union\nSouth Carolina readmitted to Union\nLouisiana readmitted to Union\nAlabama readmitted to Union\nOpelousas massacre\nFourth Reconstruction Act\nGeorgia v. Stanton\n1868 elections\n1868 State of the Union Address\n1869\nNational Woman Suffrage Association\nAmerican Woman Suffrage Association\nAlabama Claims\nAnnexation of Santo Domingo\nBoard of Indian Commissioners\nPublic Credit Act of 1869\nBlack Friday (1869)\nEx parte McCardle\nFirst transcontinental railroad\n1869 State of the Union Address\n1870\n15th Amendment\nEnforcement Act of 1870\nJustice Department\nNaturalization Act of 1870\nKirk–Holden war\nShoffner Act\n1870 elections\n1870 State of the Union Address\n1871\nKu Klux Klan hearings\nSecond Enforcement Act\nKu Klux Klan Act\nAlcorn State University\nMeridian race riot of 1871\nTreaty of Washington\nNew York custom house ring\nCivil service commission\nUnited States expedition to Korea\n1871 State of the Union Address\n1872\nGeneral Mining Act of 1872\nCrédit Mobilier scandal\nModoc War\nStar Route scandal\nSalary Grab Act\nAmnesty Act\n1872 elections\n1872 State of the Union Address\n1873\nPanic of 1873\nColfax massacre\nTimber Culture Act\nSlaughter-House Cases\nVirginius Affair\nCoinage Act of 1873\nLong Depression\nComstock laws\n1873 State of the Union Address\n1874\nBrooks–Baxter War\nBattle of Liberty Place\nCoushatta massacre\nRed River War\nTimber Culture Act\nWhite League\nElection Massacre of 1874\nVicksburg massacre\nBlack Hills Gold Rush\nSanborn incident\nAnti-Moiety Acts\n1874 elections\n1874 State of the Union Address\n1875\nUnited States v. Cruikshank\nCivil Rights Act of 1875\nRed Shirts\nMississippi Plan\nClifton Riot of 1875\nYazoo City Riot of 1875\nSpecie Payment Resumption Act\nWhiskey Ring\nWheeler Compromise\nDelano affair\nPratt & Boyd\n1875 State of the Union Address\n1876\nHamburg massacre\nSouth Carolina civil disturbances of 1876\nEllenton massacre\nGreat Sioux War of 1876\nBattle of the Little Bighorn\nUnited States v. Reese\nTrader post scandal\nCentennial Exposition\nCattellism\nSafe burglary conspiracy\n1876 elections\n1876 State of the Union Address\n1877\nElectoral Commission\nCompromise of 1877\nNez Perce War\nDesert Land Act\nGreat Railroad Strike of 1877\nAftermath\nPosse Comitatus Act (1878)\nCivil Rights Cases (1883)\nUnited States v. Harris (1883)\nPlessy v. Ferguson (1896)\nWilliams v. Mississippi (1898)\nWilmington insurrection of 1898\nGiles v. Harris (1903)\nDisenfranchisement\nAspectsHistoriography\nBibliography of the Reconstruction era\nJames Shepherd Pike\nThe Prostrate State (1874)\nJames Bryce\nThe American Commonwealth (1888)\nClaude G. Bowers\nThe Tragic Era (1929)\nColumbia University\nJohn Burgess\nWalter Lynwood Fleming\nDunning School\nWilliam Archibald Dunning\nCharles A. Beard\nHoward K. Beale\nW. E. B. Du Bois\nBlack Reconstruction in America (1935)\nC. Vann Woodward\nJoel Williamson\nWilliam R. Brock\nThe American Crisis (1963)\nJohn Hope Franklin\nFrom Slavery to Freedom (1947)\nAfter Slavery (1965)\nLeon Litwack\nBeen in the Storm So Long (1979)\nEric Foner\nReconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877 (1988)\nKenneth M. Stampp\nSteven Hahn\nA Nation Under Our Feet (2003)\nThe Second Founding: How the Civil War and Reconstruction Remade the Constitution (2019)\nMemory\nWinslow Homer\nA Visit from the Old Mistress (1876)\nThomas Dixon Jr.\nThe Leopard's Spots (1902)\nThe Clansman: A Historical Romance of the Ku Klux Klan (1905)\nD. W. Griffith\nThe Birth of a Nation (1915)\nUnited Daughters of the Confederacy\nGone with the Wind (1939)\nDavid W. Blight\nRace and Reunion (2001)\nLegacy\nWomen's suffrage in the United States\nLabor history of the United States\nGilded Age\nJim Crow era\nCivil rights movement\nAmerican frontier\nOther topics\nAfrican American founding fathers of the United States\nForty acres and a mule\nHabeas corpus\nHistory of the United States (1865–1917)\nParamilitary\nRace (human categorization)\nReconstruction Treaties\nSuffrage\nTechnological and industrial history of the United States\nWhite supremacy\nWhitecapping\n\nCategory","title":"Sources"}]	[]	[{"title":"1872 United States elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_elections"},{"title":"1872–73 United States House of Representatives elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872%E2%80%9373_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections"},{"title":"1872 United States presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_presidential_election"},{"title":"42nd United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/42nd_United_States_Congress"},{"title":"43rd United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/43rd_United_States_Congress"}]	[{"reference":"\"17th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Direct Election of U.S. Senators (1913)\". National Archives and Records Administration. February 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/17th-amendment","url_text":"\"17th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Direct Election of U.S. Senators (1913)\""}]},{"reference":"Kleber, John E. (October 17, 2014). The Kentucky Encyclopedia. University Press of Kentucky. p. 598. ISBN 9780813159010.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CcceBgAAQBAJ&q=Machen&pg=PR15","url_text":"The Kentucky Encyclopedia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813159010","url_text":"9780813159010"}]},{"reference":"\"LA - Louisiana\". www.senate.gov.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.senate.gov/states/LA/timeline.shtml","url_text":"\"LA - Louisiana\""}]},{"reference":"\"CT US Senate\". OurCampaigns.com. May 25, 2016. Retrieved October 31, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=355381","url_text":"\"CT US Senate\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our Campaigns - IL US Senate Race - Jan 20, 1873\". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved October 31, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=22273","url_text":"\"Our Campaigns - IL US Senate Race - Jan 20, 1873\""}]},{"reference":"Kleber, John E. (October 17, 2014). The Kentucky Encyclopedia. University Press of Kentucky. p. 595. ISBN 9780813159010.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CcceBgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1","url_text":"The Kentucky Encyclopedia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813159010","url_text":"9780813159010"}]},{"reference":"\"Election of Ex-Secretary Boutwell as United States Senator\". The New York Times. March 13, 1873. p. 1. Retrieved February 17, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://nyti.ms/2HuXv4Z","url_text":"\"Election of Ex-Secretary Boutwell as United States Senator\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT. RECENT DECISIONS / CURIOUS LAWSUIT. SENATOR HAGAR, OF CALIFORNIA\". The New York Times. December 26, 1873. p. 1. Retrieved February 17, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://nyti.ms/37wdMBn","url_text":"\"UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT. RECENT DECISIONS / CURIOUS LAWSUIT. SENATOR HAGAR, OF CALIFORNIA\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"THE CALIFORNIA SENATORSHIP\". The New York Times. December 17, 1873. p. 1. Retrieved February 17, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://nyti.ms/2u9OM5e","url_text":"\"THE CALIFORNIA SENATORSHIP\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"THE CALIFORNIAN SENATORSHIP ELECTION OF BOOTH\". The New York Times. December 21, 1873. p. 1. Retrieved February 17, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://nyti.ms/38B4yVL","url_text":"\"THE CALIFORNIAN SENATORSHIP ELECTION OF BOOTH\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Our Campaigns - MD US Senate Race - Jan 18, 1872\". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved November 5, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=114844","url_text":"\"Our Campaigns - MD US Senate Race - Jan 18, 1872\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Senate Election - 21 January 1873\" (PDF). Wilkes University. Retrieved December 22, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://staffweb.wilkes.edu/harold.cox/sen/PaSen1873.pdf","url_text":"\"U.S. Senate Election - 21 January 1873\""}]},{"reference":"Byrd, Robert C. (October 1, 1993). Wolff, Wendy (ed.). The Senate, 1789-1989: Historical Statistics, 1789-1992. United States Senate Historical Office (volume 4 Bicentennial ed.). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. ISBN 9780160632563.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Byrd","url_text":"Byrd, Robert C."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PeHByMYxVm8C","url_text":"The Senate, 1789-1989: Historical Statistics, 1789-1992"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Historical_Office","url_text":"United States Senate Historical Office"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Government_Printing_Office","url_text":"U.S. Government Printing Office"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780160632563","url_text":"9780160632563"}]},{"reference":"Clark, Dan Elbert (1913). \"History of Senatorial Elections in Iowa\". Iowa City, Iowa.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jXJDAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"\"History of Senatorial Elections in Iowa\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_City,_Iowa","url_text":"Iowa City, Iowa"}]},{"reference":"Taft, George S.; Furber, George P.; Buck, George M.; Webb, Charles A.; Pierce, Herbert R. (1913). \"Compilation of Senate Election Cases from 1789 to 1913\". U.S. Senate Committee on Privileges and Elections. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_S._Taft","url_text":"Taft, George S."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Senate_Committee_on_Privileges_and_Elections","url_text":"Buck, George M."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XrItAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"\"Compilation of Senate Election Cases from 1789 to 1913\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Senate_Committee_on_Privileges_and_Elections","url_text":"U.S. Senate Committee on Privileges and Elections"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Government_Printing_Office","url_text":"U.S. Government Printing Office"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1872%E2%80%9373_United_States_Senate_elections&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1872%E2%80%9373_United_States_Senate_elections&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1872%E2%80%9373_United_States_Senate_elections&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1872%E2%80%9373_United_States_Senate_elections&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1872%E2%80%9373_United_States_Senate_elections&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1872%E2%80%9373_United_States_Senate_elections&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1872%E2%80%9373_United_States_Senate_elections&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1872%E2%80%9373_United_States_Senate_elections&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1872%E2%80%9373_United_States_Senate_elections&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1872%E2%80%9373_United_States_Senate_elections&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1872%E2%80%9373_United_States_Senate_elections&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1872%E2%80%9373_United_States_Senate_elections&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1872%E2%80%9373_United_States_Senate_elections&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1872%E2%80%9373_United_States_Senate_elections&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1872%E2%80%9373_United_States_Senate_elections&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1872%E2%80%9373_United_States_Senate_elections&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1872%E2%80%9373_United_States_Senate_elections&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1872%E2%80%9373_United_States_Senate_elections&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1872%E2%80%9373_United_States_Senate_elections&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1872%E2%80%9373_United_States_Senate_elections&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1872%E2%80%9373_United_States_Senate_elections&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1872%E2%80%9373_United_States_Senate_elections&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1872%E2%80%9373_United_States_Senate_elections&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1872%E2%80%9373_United_States_Senate_elections&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1872%E2%80%9373_United_States_Senate_elections&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1872%E2%80%9373_United_States_Senate_elections&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1872%E2%80%9373_United_States_Senate_elections&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/17th-amendment","external_links_name":"\"17th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Direct Election of U.S. Senators (1913)\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CcceBgAAQBAJ&q=Machen&pg=PR15","external_links_name":"The Kentucky Encyclopedia"},{"Link":"http://www.senate.gov/states/LA/timeline.shtml","external_links_name":"\"LA - Louisiana\""},{"Link":"https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=355381","external_links_name":"\"CT US Senate\""},{"Link":"https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=22273","external_links_name":"\"Our Campaigns - IL US Senate Race - Jan 20, 1873\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CcceBgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1","external_links_name":"The Kentucky Encyclopedia"},{"Link":"https://nyti.ms/2HuXv4Z","external_links_name":"\"Election of Ex-Secretary Boutwell as United States Senator\""},{"Link":"https://nyti.ms/37wdMBn","external_links_name":"\"UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT. RECENT DECISIONS / CURIOUS LAWSUIT. SENATOR HAGAR, OF CALIFORNIA\""},{"Link":"https://nyti.ms/2u9OM5e","external_links_name":"\"THE CALIFORNIA SENATORSHIP\""},{"Link":"https://nyti.ms/38B4yVL","external_links_name":"\"THE CALIFORNIAN SENATORSHIP ELECTION OF BOOTH\""},{"Link":"https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=114844","external_links_name":"\"Our Campaigns - MD US Senate Race - Jan 18, 1872\""},{"Link":"http://staffweb.wilkes.edu/harold.cox/sen/PaSen1873.pdf","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Senate Election - 21 January 1873\""},{"Link":"https://www.senate.gov/pagelayout/history/one_item_and_teasers/partydiv.htm","external_links_name":"Party Division in the Senate, 1789-Present"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PeHByMYxVm8C","external_links_name":"The Senate, 1789-1989: Historical Statistics, 1789-1992"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jXJDAAAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"\"History of Senatorial Elections in Iowa\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XrItAAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"\"Compilation of Senate Election Cases from 1789 to 1913\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100106015050/http://www.gpoaccess.gov/serialset/cdocuments/hd108-222/43rd.pdf","external_links_name":"Members of the 43rd United States Congress"},{"Link":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1873/01/09/79027716.pdf","external_links_name":"ALBANY.; Unanimous Nomination of Roscoe Conkling for U.S. Senator"},{"Link":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1873/01/22/79030547.pdf","external_links_name":"ALBANY.; Nomination of Roscoe Conkling as United States Senator"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Ij-_DGVQquMC&pg=PA449","external_links_name":"The Life and Letters of Roscoe Conkling: Orator, Statesman and Advocate"},{"Link":"http://staffweb.wilkes.edu/harold.cox","external_links_name":"Pennsylvania Election Statistics: 1682-2006"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flachmine_17	Flachmine 17	["1 Specifications","2 References"]	This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Flachmine 17" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Flachmine 17 was a German anti-tank landmine mass-produced during the First World War. Production of the mine began in 1916 after the appearance of British and French tanks, and over three million had been produced by the end of the war. The mine consisted of a simple wooden box containing a main charge with four spring percussion detonators at the top which would trigger when driven over by a heavy vehicle such as a tank. It was also possible to wire the mine for manual remote detonation. Specifications Weight: 12 lbs (4.6 kg) Explosive content: 18 standard 200 g blocks of demolition explosive Length: 10 cm Width: 80 cm Height: 3 cm Operating pressure: 12,000mps References ^ a b c d e Higgins, David R. (20 January 2013). Mark IV vs A7V: Villers-Bretonneux 1918. Illustrated by Dennis, Peter; Palmer, Ian. Osprey Publishing. p. 36. ISBN 9781780960050. This article relating to landmines is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"anti-tank landmine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-tank_landmine"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_heavy_tanks_of_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"French tanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_tanks_of_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"The Flachmine 17 was a German anti-tank landmine mass-produced during the First World War. Production of the mine began in 1916 after the appearance of British and French tanks, and over three million had been produced by the end of the war. The mine consisted of a simple wooden box containing a main charge with four spring percussion detonators at the top which would trigger when driven over by a heavy vehicle such as a tank.[1] It was also possible to wire the mine for manual remote detonation.","title":"Flachmine 17"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"Weight: 12 lbs (4.6 kg)\nExplosive content: 18 standard 200 g blocks of demolition explosive[1]\nLength: 10 cm[1]\nWidth: 80 cm[1]\nHeight: 3 cm[1]\nOperating pressure: 12,000mps","title":"Specifications"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Higgins, David R. (20 January 2013). Mark IV vs A7V: Villers-Bretonneux 1918. Illustrated by Dennis, Peter; Palmer, Ian. Osprey Publishing. p. 36. ISBN 9781780960050.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781780960050","url_text":"9781780960050"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Flachmine+17%22","external_links_name":"\"Flachmine 17\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Flachmine+17%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Flachmine+17%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Flachmine+17%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Flachmine+17%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Flachmine+17%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flachmine_17&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beans_and_Fatback	Beans and Fatback	["1 Reception","2 Track listing","3 Personnel","4 Production","5 References"]	This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Beans and Fatback" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2013) 1973 studio album by Link WrayBeans and FatbackStudio album by Link WrayReleased1973Recorded1971Studioby Ray Vernon at Wray's Shack Three Track, Accokeek, Maryland, mixed by Simon Heyworth at The Manor StudioLength47:40LabelVirgin V2006ProducerSteve VerrocaLink Wray chronology Be What You Want To(1972) Beans and Fatback(1973) Rockin' & Handclappin'(1973) Beans and Fatback is a 1973 album by American guitarist Link Wray. It was recorded in 1971 by Link's brother Vernon "Ray Vernon" Wray at Wray's Shack Three Track studio, an old chicken shack on Wray's farm in Accokeek, Maryland during the Link Wray/Mordicai Jones sessions. It was mixed by Simon Heyworth at The Manor Studio, Oxfordshire, England. The music is similar to other of Wray's period recordings with distinctive "shack" sound and the same Americana blend of blues, country, gospel, and folk rock, but it is a slightly looser and harder-rocking set than Link Wray. The two CD compilation Wray's Three Track Shack (Acadia/Evangeline Recorded Works Ltd./Universal Music, 2005) includes Beans And Fatback along with other "shack" recordings of 1971 (Link Wray and Mordicai Jones), but the track "Take My Hand (Precious Lord)" was replaced without credit by "Backwoods Preacher Man" (a cover song of Tony Joe White) from The Link Wray Rumble album (Polydor, 1974). Steve Verroca had, allegedly, stolen the demo tapes of Beans and Fatback and sold them to Virgin Records. Link Wray recorded the Stuck in Gear album for Virgin (catalogue number V2050) so they withdrew Beans and Fatback. Reception Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusic Allmusic gave a positive retrospective review of the album. They contended that Beans and Fatback lacks the deep emotional resonance of Link Wray, but "goes a lot farther toward fusing the rowdy howl of Wray's early instrumental hits with the back-to-the-land flavor of his more personal 1971 set." Track listing All songs written by Link Wray and Steve Verroca, except where noted. "Beans and Fatback" - 1:36 "I'm So Glad, I'm So Proud" - 6:21 "Shawnee Tribe" - 3:27 "Hobo Man" - 3:53 "Georgia Pines" (Traditional) - 3:57 "Alabama Electric Circus" - 3:59 "Water Boy" - 6:12 "From Tulsa to North Carolina" - 4:30 "Right or Wrong (You Lose)" - 2:58 "In the Pines" (Traditional; arranged by Link Wray and Steve Verroca) - 7:09 "Take My Hand (Precious Lord)" (Traditional) - 3:38 Personnel Link Wray - electric guitar, acoustic guitar, dobro, 12-string guitar, bass guitar, steel guitar, lead vocals Doug Wray - rhythm guitar, background vocals Bill "Juke Box" Hodges - piano, organ, background vocals Mordicai Jones (a.k.a. Bobby Howard) - piano, mandolin Steve Verroca - drums, percussion, background vocals Production Producer: Steve Verroca Recording engineer: Ray Vernon Mixing engineer: Simon Heyworth Photography: unknown Art design: unknown References ^ a b Allmusic review vteLink WrayStudio albums Link Wray (1971) Mordicai Jones (1971) Be What You Want To (1972) Beans and Fatback (1973) Shadowman (1997) Songs "Rumble" Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Link Wray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link_Wray"},{"link_name":"Accokeek, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accokeek,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Link Wray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link_Wray_(album)"},{"link_name":"Mordicai Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mordicai_Jones"},{"link_name":"The Manor Studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Manor_Studio"},{"link_name":"Oxfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Americana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americana_(music)"},{"link_name":"blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues"},{"link_name":"country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"},{"link_name":"gospel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_music"},{"link_name":"folk rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_rock"},{"link_name":"Link Wray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link_Wray_(album)"},{"link_name":"Link Wray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link_Wray_(album)"},{"link_name":"Mordicai Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mordicai_Jones"},{"link_name":"cover song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover_song"},{"link_name":"Tony Joe White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Joe_White"}],"text":"1973 studio album by Link WrayBeans and Fatback is a 1973 album by American guitarist Link Wray. It was recorded in 1971 by Link's brother Vernon \"Ray Vernon\" Wray at Wray's Shack Three Track studio, an old chicken shack on Wray's farm in Accokeek, Maryland during the Link Wray/Mordicai Jones sessions. It was mixed by Simon Heyworth at The Manor Studio, Oxfordshire, England. The music is similar to other of Wray's period recordings with distinctive \"shack\" sound and the same Americana blend of blues, country, gospel, and folk rock, but it is a slightly looser and harder-rocking set than Link Wray.The two CD compilation Wray's Three Track Shack (Acadia/Evangeline Recorded Works Ltd./Universal Music, 2005) includes Beans And Fatback along with other \"shack\" recordings of 1971 (Link Wray and Mordicai Jones), but the track \"Take My Hand (Precious Lord)\" was replaced without credit by \"Backwoods Preacher Man\" (a cover song of Tony Joe White) from The Link Wray Rumble album (Polydor, 1974).Steve Verroca had, allegedly, stolen the demo tapes of Beans and Fatback and sold them to Virgin Records. Link Wray recorded the Stuck in Gear album for Virgin (catalogue number V2050) so they withdrew Beans and Fatback.","title":"Beans and Fatback"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Allmusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic"},{"link_name":"Link Wray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link_Wray_(album)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-1"}],"text":"Allmusic gave a positive retrospective review of the album. They contended that Beans and Fatback lacks the deep emotional resonance of Link Wray, but \"goes a lot farther toward fusing the rowdy howl of Wray's early instrumental hits with the back-to-the-land flavor of his more personal 1971 set.\"[1]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Link Wray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link_Wray"},{"link_name":"Shawnee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawnee"},{"link_name":"Hobo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobo"},{"link_name":"Georgia Pines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Pines"},{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama"},{"link_name":"Tulsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulsa"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"In the Pines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Pines"},{"link_name":"Take My Hand (Precious Lord)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take_My_Hand,_Precious_Lord"}],"text":"All songs written by Link Wray and Steve Verroca, except where noted.\"Beans and Fatback\" - 1:36\n\"I'm So Glad, I'm So Proud\" - 6:21\n\"Shawnee Tribe\" - 3:27\n\"Hobo Man\" - 3:53\n\"Georgia Pines\" (Traditional) - 3:57\n\"Alabama Electric Circus\" - 3:59\n\"Water Boy\" - 6:12\n\"From Tulsa to North Carolina\" - 4:30\n\"Right or Wrong (You Lose)\" - 2:58\n\"In the Pines\" (Traditional; arranged by Link Wray and Steve Verroca) - 7:09\n\"Take My Hand (Precious Lord)\" (Traditional) - 3:38","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Link Wray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link_Wray"},{"link_name":"electric guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_guitar"},{"link_name":"acoustic guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_guitar"},{"link_name":"dobro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobro"},{"link_name":"12-string guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12-string_guitar"},{"link_name":"bass guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_guitar"},{"link_name":"steel guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_guitar"},{"link_name":"lead vocals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_vocal"},{"link_name":"rhythm guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_guitar"},{"link_name":"background vocals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backing_vocal"},{"link_name":"piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano"},{"link_name":"organ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_organ"},{"link_name":"mandolin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandolin"},{"link_name":"drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_kit"},{"link_name":"percussion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussion"}],"text":"Link Wray - electric guitar, acoustic guitar, dobro, 12-string guitar, bass guitar, steel guitar, lead vocals\nDoug Wray - rhythm guitar, background vocals\nBill \"Juke Box\" Hodges - piano, organ, background vocals\nMordicai Jones (a.k.a. Bobby Howard) - piano, mandolin\nSteve Verroca - drums, percussion, background vocals","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Producer: Steve Verroca\nRecording engineer: Ray Vernon\nMixing engineer: Simon Heyworth\nPhotography: unknown\nArt design: unknown","title":"Production"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beans_and_Fatback&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Beans+and+Fatback%22","external_links_name":"\"Beans and Fatback\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Beans+and+Fatback%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Beans+and+Fatback%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Beans+and+Fatback%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Beans+and+Fatback%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Beans+and+Fatback%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r52908","external_links_name":"Allmusic review"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/0e0bab3c-25f1-3fae-b23e-0b92d25a7c3b","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lola_8	Lola 8	["1 Specifications","2 References"]	This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Lola 8" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Lola 8Lola 8ADeveloperIvo Lola Ribar InstituteTypeHome ComputerRelease date1985; 39 years ago (1985)Operating systemBASICCPUIntel 8085Memory6 KB; 16 KB (Lola 8A)Removable storageCassette tapeDisplayComposite and RF video outGraphics320x200 (Lola 8A)SoundAY-3-8912 (Lola 8A)Lola 8 is a computer developed by Ivo Lola Ribar Institute of SR Serbia in 1982 and announced for release in 1985. As the manufacturer's focus was CNC equipment, Lola 8 was built out of components they used for CNC machines. Originally likely designed as the industrial controller, the computer initially had a keyboard completely orthogonally laid out rectangular key caps. This was possibly done as a result of using standard CNC keyboard components that need to minimize the entry of environmental dirt into the system. Later designs (model "8A") used standard keyboard arrangement and were available in a number of schools as educational computers. Specifications CPU: Intel 8085 ROM: 16 KB containing BASIC, 24 KB on Lola 8A RAM: 6 KB, 16KB on Lola 8A Storage: cassette tape Graphics: 320x200 on Lola 8A Sound: AY-3-8912 on Lola 8A I/O ports: cassette tape interface, composite and RF video out, audio and expansion connector References ^ "Istraživačko-razvojni institut Lola d.o.o. - Lola institut". www.li.rs. Retrieved 2023-03-23. ^ Jovančević, Ljubomir (2017-05-21). "Hronika srpskog industrijskog groblja". Dnevni list Danas (in Serbian). Retrieved 2023-03-23. ^ Protic, Jelica & Ristanovic, Dejan. (2011). Building Computers in Serbia: The First Half of the Digital Century. Comput. Sci. Inf. Syst.. 8. 549-571. 10.2298/CSIS110505021P. ^ a b c d e "Yugoslav home computers of the 80's" (PDF). ^ Ago, Photo-Masterin #computers • 5 Years (2018-06-12). "Computers and their development and popularization in the SFRY of former Yugoslavia and slightly wider". Steemit. Retrieved 2023-03-23.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) vteComputer systems from Serbia1980‑2000 TIM-100 TIM-001 TIM-011 TIM-030 TIM-600 ATLAS-TIM AT 32 Galaksija Galaksija Plus Hobby ZR-84 ET-188 Pecom 32 Pecom 64 Lira 512 Lira AT Lira 386 Lola 8 PA512 LPA512 Vuk 1960‑1979 CER Computers CER-10 CER-11 CER-12 CER-20 CER-22 CER-200 CER-202 CER-203 HRS-100 Theoretical NAR 1 NAR 2 See also Full lists from Serbia former Yugoslavia World and history of computing in: Serbia former Yugoslavia World This computer hardware article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"computer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer"},{"link_name":"Ivo Lola Ribar Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivo_Lola_Ribar_Institute"},{"link_name":"SR Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SR_Serbia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"CNC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNC"},{"link_name":"educational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education"}],"text":"Lola 8 is a computer developed by Ivo Lola Ribar Institute of SR Serbia in 1982 and announced for release in 1985.[1][2][3][4][5] As the manufacturer's focus was CNC equipment, Lola 8 was built out of components they used for CNC machines.Originally likely designed as the industrial controller, the computer initially had a keyboard completely orthogonally laid out rectangular key caps. This was possibly done as a result of using standard CNC keyboard components that need to minimize the entry of environmental dirt into the system. Later designs (model \"8A\") used standard keyboard arrangement and were available in a number of schools as educational computers.","title":"Lola 8"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CPU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU"},{"link_name":"Intel 8085","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8085"},{"link_name":"ROM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read-only_memory"},{"link_name":"KB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilobyte"},{"link_name":"BASIC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASIC"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"RAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_memory"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"cassette tape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassette_tape"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"AY-3-8912","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AY-3-8912"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"I/O ports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I/O_port"}],"text":"CPU: Intel 8085\nROM: 16 KB containing BASIC, 24 KB on Lola 8A [4]\nRAM: 6 KB, 16KB on Lola 8A [4]\nStorage: cassette tape\nGraphics: 320x200 on Lola 8A[4]\nSound: AY-3-8912 on Lola 8A[4]\nI/O ports: cassette tape interface, composite and RF video out, audio and expansion connector","title":"Specifications"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Istraživačko-razvojni institut Lola d.o.o. - Lola institut\". www.li.rs. Retrieved 2023-03-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.li.rs/","url_text":"\"Istraživačko-razvojni institut Lola d.o.o. - Lola institut\""}]},{"reference":"Jovančević, Ljubomir (2017-05-21). \"Hronika srpskog industrijskog groblja\". Dnevni list Danas (in Serbian). Retrieved 2023-03-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.danas.rs/vesti/drustvo/hronika-srpskog-industrijskog-groblja/","url_text":"\"Hronika srpskog industrijskog groblja\""}]},{"reference":"\"Yugoslav home computers of the 80's\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://2k14.balccon.org/media/slides/Yugoslav%20Home%20Computers.pdf","url_text":"\"Yugoslav home computers of the 80's\""}]},{"reference":"Ago, Photo-Masterin #computers • 5 Years (2018-06-12). \"Computers and their development and popularization in the SFRY of former Yugoslavia and slightly wider\". Steemit. Retrieved 2023-03-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://steemit.com/computers/@photo-master/computers-and-their-development-and-popularization-in-the-sfry-of-former-yugoslavia-and-slightly-wider","url_text":"\"Computers and their development and popularization in the SFRY of former Yugoslavia and slightly wider\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Lola+8%22","external_links_name":"\"Lola 8\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Lola+8%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Lola+8%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Lola+8%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Lola+8%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Lola+8%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.li.rs/","external_links_name":"\"Istraživačko-razvojni institut Lola d.o.o. - Lola institut\""},{"Link":"https://www.danas.rs/vesti/drustvo/hronika-srpskog-industrijskog-groblja/","external_links_name":"\"Hronika srpskog industrijskog groblja\""},{"Link":"https://2k14.balccon.org/media/slides/Yugoslav%20Home%20Computers.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Yugoslav home computers of the 80's\""},{"Link":"https://steemit.com/computers/@photo-master/computers-and-their-development-and-popularization-in-the-sfry-of-former-yugoslavia-and-slightly-wider","external_links_name":"\"Computers and their development and popularization in the SFRY of former Yugoslavia and slightly wider\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lola_8&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_writer	Sports journalism	["1 Early history","2 20th century","3 Digital age","4 Socio-political significance","5 Future of sports journalism","6 In Europe","7 Sports stars in the press box","8 Investigative journalism and sport","9 Sports books","10 Organizations","11 Fanzines and blogs","12 Smartphones","13 Female reporting","14 See also","15 References","16 Further reading","17 External links"]	Form of journalism that reports on sporting topics and competitions This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Sports journalism" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (December 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Sports photographers at a game at Croke Park, Ireland Journalism News Writing style Ethics code of ethics Culture Objectivity News values Attribution Defamation Sensationalism Editorial independence Journalism school Index of journalism articles Areas Arts Business Data Entertainment Environment Fashion Medicine Music Politics Science Sports Technology Traffic War Weather World Genres Adversarial Advocacy Interventionism Analytic Blogging Broadcast Churnalism Citizen Civic Collaborative Comics-based Community Data Database Digital/Online Explanatory Fact-checking Gonzo Immersion Interpretive Investigative Multimedia Narrative New Journalism Non-profit Opinion Peace Photojournalism Press release Sensor Underground Video Visual Watchdog Social impact Fake news Fourth Estate Fifth Estate Freedom of the press Infotainment Media bias Pink-slime journalism Public relations Propaganda model Yellow journalism News media Newspapers Newspaper of record Magazines TV and radio Internet News agencies Alternative media Roles Journalists (reporters) Columnist Blogger Editor Copy editor Meteorologist News presenter Photographer Pundit / commentator Journalism portal Category: Journalismvte Sports journalism is a form of writing that reports on matters pertaining to sporting topics and competitions. Sports journalism has its roots in coverage of horse racing and boxing in the early 1800s, mainly targeted towards elites, and into the 1900s transitioned into an integral part of the news business with newspapers having dedicated sports sections. The increased popularity of sports amongst the middle and lower class led to the more coverage of sports content in publications. The appetite for sports resulted in sports-only media such as Sports Illustrated and ESPN. There are many different forms of sports journalism, ranging from play-by-play and game recaps to analysis and investigative journalism on important developments in the sport. Technology and the internet age has massively changed the sports journalism space as it is struggling with the same problems that the broader category of print journalism is struggling with, mainly not being able to cover costs due to falling subscriptions. New forms of internet blogging and tweeting in the current millennium have pushed the boundaries of sports journalism. Early history Modern sports journalism found its roots as content started to appear in newspapers in the early 1800s. At the start, the sports sporadically covered were horse racing and boxing. The focus of the coverage would be less on the event itself and more on the greater social context. Horse races between the North and South and boxing bouts between US and England garnered much interest from the social elite. In the early nineteenth century, popular British sportswriter Pierce Egan coined the term "the Sweet Science" as an epithet for prizefighting — or more fully "the Sweet Science of Bruising" as a description of England's bare-knuckle fight scene. During the 1820s and 1830s, the primary demographic target for newspapers was the social elite as newspaper was too expensive for the common man. Approaching the 20th century, several important changes occurred that lead to the increased saturation of sports journalism in the mainstream. The first was the advent of the penny press which allowed for cheaper and more tabloid style of newspaper production. Newspapers also began using advertising to pay for their production costs instead of relying on circulation. 20th century Sports journalists rely on photographs of key action shots of games (such as this photo of an ice hockey goal being scored) to bring visual imagery to their audience while reporting on sports stories. The 1920s has been called the "Golden Age of American Sports". Baseball became the national pastime, college football became popular, and radio and newspaper coverage increased. The New York Herald was the first newspapers to publishing consistent sports coverage. The New York World in 1883 was the first newspaper to have a full times sports department. The following period from 1880 to 1920 saw a massive increase in sports coverage in publications. A study showed that in 1880 only 0.4 percent of space in the newspaper was dedicated to sports. By the 1920s, that proportion had risen to 20 percent. During this time, newspapers focused mainly on play by play coverage and game recaps of the sport events. Local publications started hiring beat reporters who were tasked with following all developments pertaining to the team. This included traveling with the team and interviewing the players. Teams also started constructing dedicated sections called press box in the stadiums for the press to sit and record notes on the game. As technology introduced new developments like the radio, television and the internet, the focus of sports coverage shifted from the play by play to statistical analysis of the game and background pieces on the players. This was also coupled with a massive increase in sports amongst the general public. The increased popularity of football, basketball and hockey meant more content to publish and more interested readers to publish to. This led to the creation of journals like Sports Illustrated, first published in 1954, was one of the first publications to solely focus on sports. Sports Illustrated was the brainchild of Henry Lucre who felt that the established publishers at the time were not taking advantage of the public's massive appetite for sports. With weekly issues, Sports Illustrated was able to produce more classic journalistic pieces as the writers had more time to research and conduct longer interview sit downs with players and coaches. Digital age Since the start of the new millennium, circulation and advertising numbers of print newspapers having been falling rapidly. This has led to widespread cost cutting and layoffs across the industry. There are 29 percent fewer journalists in the workforce now when compared to the number of journalist in 1980. These developments have significantly affected sports journalism as established publications like Sports Illustrated and ESPN have had to cut content, increase prices and reduce the number of publications which leads to more people unsubscribing from the content. The fall in print sports journalism can be tied to the rise of internet and digital sports journalism. Digital sports journalism serves as both a complement and a competitor of newspaper sports journalism. Digital sports journalism began in the mid 1990s with ESPN creating the first website in 1995. At first digital sports journalism covered broad topics in scope, but as time went on and the internet became more widespread, bloggers and location and team specific websites started taking over the market. A majority of these smaller websites did not charge a subscription fee as it was funded on advertising. This lower cost to the consumer as well as increased access to variety of very specific content led to the shift away from print and towards digital. However, the growth seen in the digital space which has increased advertising revenue has not balanced out the losses from print journalism. The importance of click count has gone up as these sites are being funded by online advertisers. This has led to many shorter journalistic pieces offering controversial opinions in order to generate the most clicks. Sportswriters regularly face more deadline pressure than other reporters because sporting events tend to occur late in the day and closer to the deadlines many organizations must observe. Yet they are expected to use the same tools as news journalists, and to uphold the same professional and ethical standards. They must take care not to show bias for any team. Twitter and other social media platforms became sports information providers. Twitter became a platform for sports in 2009 during the NBA playoffs. By the end of April, tweeting by television sports analysts, announcers, and journalists was the new trend in sports. Socio-political significance Further information on social and political effects of sports journalism: Mediatization (media) Sports stories occasionally transcend the games themselves and take on socio-political significance: Jackie Robinson breaking the color barrier in baseball is an example of this. Modern controversies regarding the hyper-compensation of top athletes, the use of anabolic steroids and other, banned performance-enhancing drugs, and the cost to local and national governments to build sports venues and related infrastructure, especially for Olympic Games, also demonstrates how sports can intrude on to the news pages. Recently, the issue of Colin Kaepernick's protest of injustice shown to people of color by the police by kneeling during the performance of the national anthem before his football games has created diverse and varied coverage. His actions have taken his discussion from the sports field and into the national scope as major political pundits and even the Presidents commenting on the ethics of his actions. Kaepernick cites that his position as a quarterback in the National Football League gives him a unique opportunity to carry out his message. Kaepernick's actions have inspired a wave of athletes using their position to take on social issues ranging from abortion to college athletes getting monetary compensation. Sports journalism plays a significant role in how these views are conveyed to the public. The author creates a story from the raw quotes provided by the athlete and this is published to thousands of viewers. Inherent in the publication will be the biases of the author and this will be passed on to the reader (cite). As sports moves more and more into the political discussion space, sports journalist will have increasingly more power over the public sentiment of the hottest issues at the moment. Future of sports journalism There has been a major shift within sports in the last decade as more sports teams are switching to using analytics. A large reason for this shift is due to many articles being published about the increased benefit of using analytics to make strategic decisions in a game. As there is data collected about every instance in every sport, sports data analysis has increased. Sports publications are now hiring people with extensive background in statistics and mathematics in order to publish articles detailing the analysis these teams are conducting. New metrics have been created to study the quality of player performance. The metrics have also been used to compile rankings of players and teams. Blog sites like FiveThirtyEight began to sprout as full-time sport analytic sites that took available data and constructed analytic heavy articles pertaining to sports. ESPN has implemented a segment in their shows called ‘Sports Science’ where stars of every sport come in to test how advanced analytics affect field performance. There has been much pushback by many over the use of analytics in sports. Many established coaches are quick to bash analytics as narrow and ignorant of the big picture. In Europe The tradition of sports reporting attracting some of the finest writers in journalism can be traced to the coverage of sport in Victorian England, where several modern sports – such as association football, cricket, athletics and rugby – were first organized and codified into something resembling what we would recognize today. Andrew Warwick has suggested that The Boat Race provided the first mass spectator event for journalistic coverage. The Race, an annual rowing event between the University of Cambridge and University of Oxford, has been held annually from 1856. Cricket, possibly because of its esteemed place in society, has regularly attracted the most elegant of writers. The Manchester Guardian, in the first half of the 20th century, employed Neville Cardus as its cricket correspondent as well as its music critic. Cardus was later knighted for his services to journalism. One of his successors, John Arlott, who became a worldwide favorite because of his radio commentaries on the BBC, was also known for his poetry. The first London Olympic Games in 1908 attracted such widespread public interest that many newspapers assigned their very best-known writers to the event. The Daily Mail even had Sir Arthur Conan Doyle at the White City Stadium to cover the finish of the Marathon. Such was the drama of that race, in which Dorando Pietri collapsed within sight of the finishing line when leading, that Conan Doyle led a public subscription campaign to see the gallant Italian, having been denied the gold medal through his disqualification, awarded a special silver cup, which was presented by Queen Alexandra. And the public imagination was so well caught by the event that annual races in Boston, Massachusetts, and London, and at future Olympics, were henceforward staged over exactly the same, 26-mile, 385-yard distance used for the 1908 Olympic Marathon, and the official length of the event worldwide to this day. The London race, called the Polytechnic Marathon and originally staged over the 1908 Olympic route from outside the royal residence at Windsor Castle to White City, was first sponsored by the Sporting Life, which in those Edwardian times was a daily newspaper which sought to cover all sporting events, rather than just a betting paper for horse racing and greyhounds that it became in the years after the Second World War. The rise of the radio made sports journalism more focused on the live coverage of the sporting events. The first sports reporter in Great Britain, and one of the first sports reporters in the World, was an English writer Edgar Wallace, who made a report on The Derby on June 6, 1923 for the British Broadcasting Company. In France, L'Auto, the predecessor of L'Equipe, had already played an equally influential part in the sporting fabric of society when it announced in 1903 that it would stage an annual bicycle race around the country. The Tour de France was born, and sports journalism's role in its foundation is still reflected today in the leading rider wearing a yellow jersey - the color of the paper on which L'Auto was published (in Italy, the Giro d'Italia established a similar tradition, with the leading rider wearing a jersey the same pink color as the sponsoring newspaper, La Gazzetta). Sports stars in the press box After the Second World War, the sports sections of British national daily and Sunday newspapers continued to expand, to the point where many papers now have separate standalone sports sections; some Sunday tabloids even have sections, additional to the sports pages, devoted solely to the previous day's football reports. In some respects, this has replaced the earlier practice of many regional newspapers which - until overtaken by the pace of modern electronic media - would produce special results editions rushed out on Saturday evenings. Some newspapers, such as The Sunday Times, with 1924 Olympic 100 meters champion Harold Abrahams, or the London Evening News using former England cricket captain Sir Leonard Hutton, began to adopt the policy of hiring former sports stars to pen columns, which were often ghost written. Some such ghosted columns, however, did little to further the reputation of sports journalism, which is increasingly becoming the subject of academic scrutiny of its standards. Many "ghosted" columns were often run by independent sports agencies, based in Fleet Street or in the provinces, who had signed up the sports star to a contract and then syndicated their material among various titles. These agencies included Pardons, or the Cricket Reporting Agency, which routinely provided the editors of the Wisden cricket almanac, and Hayters. Sportswriting in Britain has attracted some of the finest journalistic talents. The Daily Mirror's Peter Wilson, Hugh McIlvanney, first at The Observer and lately at the Sunday Times, Ian Wooldridge of the Daily Mail and soccer writer Brian Glanville, best known at the Sunday Times, and columnist Patrick Collins, of the Mail on Sunday, five times the winner of the Sports Writer of the Year Award. Many became household names in the late 20th century through their trenchant reporting of events, spurring popularity: the Massacre at the Munich Olympics in 1972; Muhammad Ali's fight career, including his 1974 title bout against George Foreman; the Heysel Stadium disaster; and the career highs and lows of the likes of Tiger Woods, George Best, David Beckham, Lester Piggott and other high-profile stars. McIlvanney and Wooldridge, who died in March 2007, aged 75, both enjoyed careers that saw them frequently work in television. During his career, Wooldridge became so famous that, like the sports stars he reported upon, he hired the services of IMG, the agency founded by the American businessman, Mark McCormack, to manage his affairs. Glanville wrote several books, including novels, as well as scripting the memorable official film to the 1966 World Cup staged in England. Investigative journalism and sport Since the 1990s, the growing importance of sport, its impact as a global business and the huge amounts of money involved in the staging of events such as the Olympic Games and football World Cups, has also attracted the attention of investigative journalists. The sensitive nature of the relationships between sports journalists and the subjects of their reporting, as well as declining budgets experienced by most Fleet Street newspapers, has meant that such long-term projects have often emanated from television documentary makers. Tom Bower, with his 2003 sports book of the year Broken Dreams, which analyzed British football, followed in the tradition established a decade earlier by Andrew Jennings and Vyv Simson with their controversial investigation of corruption within the International Olympic Committee. Jennings and Simson's The Lords of the Rings in many ways predicted the scandals that were to emerge around the staging of the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City; Jennings would follow-up with two further books on the Olympics and one on FIFA, the world football body. Likewise, award-winning writers Duncan Mackay, of The Guardian, and Steven Downes unravelled many scandals involving doping, fixed races and bribery in international athletics in their 1996 book, Running Scared, which offered an account of the threats by a senior track official that led to the suicide of their sports journalist colleague, Cliff Temple. But the writing of such exposes - referred to as "spitting in the soup" by Paul Kimmage, the former Tour de France professional cyclist, now an award-winning writer for the Sunday Times – often requires the view of an outsider who is not compromised by the need of day-to-day dealings with sportsmen and officials, as required by "beat" correspondents. The stakes can be high when upsetting sport's powers: in 2007, England's FA opted to switch its multimillion-pound contract for UK coverage rights of the FA Cup and England international matches from the BBC to rival broadcasters ITV. One of the reasons cited was that the BBC had been too critical of the performances of the England football team. Sports books Increasingly, sports journalists have turned to long-form writing, producing popular books on a range of sporting topics, including biographies, history and investigations. Dan Topolski was the first recipient of the William Hill Sports Book of the Year award in 1989, which has continued to reward authors for their excellence in sports literature. Organizations Most countries have their own national association of sports journalists. Many sports also have their own clubs and associations for specified journalists. These organizations attempt to maintain the standard of press provision at sports venues, to oversee fair accreditation procedures and to celebrate high standards of sports journalism. The International Sports Press Association, AIPS, was founded in 1924 during the Olympic Games in Paris, at the headquarters of the Sporting Club de France, by Frantz Reichel, the press chief of the Paris Games, and the Belgian Victor Boin. AIPS operates through a system of continental sub-associations and national associations, and liaises closely with some of the world's biggest sports federations, including the International Olympic Committee, football's world governing body FIFA, and the IAAF, the international track and field body. The first statutes of AIPS mentioned these objectives: to enhance the cooperation between its member associations in defending sport and the professional interest of their members. to strengthen the friendship, solidarity and common interests between sports journalists of all countries. to assure the best possible working conditions for the members. For horse racing the Horserace Writers and Photographers’ Association was founded in 1927, was revived in 1967, and represents the interests of racing journalists in every branch of the media. Press room at the Philips Stadion, home of PSV Eindhoven, prior to a press conference In Britain, the Sports Journalists' Association was founded in 1948. It stages two awards events, an annual Sports Awards ceremony which recognizes outstanding performances by British sportsmen and women during the previous year, and the British Sports Journalism Awards, the industry's "Oscars", sponsored by UK Sport and presented each March. Founded as the Sports Writers' Association, following a merger with the Professional Sports Photographers' Association in 2002, the organization changed its title to the more inclusive SJA. The SJA represents the British sports media on the British Olympic Association's press advisory committee and acts as a consultant to organizers of major events who need guidance on media requirements as well as seeking to represent its members' interests in a range of activities. In March 2008, Martin Samuel, then the chief football correspondent of The Times, was named British Sportswriter of the Year, the first time any journalist had won the award three years in succession. At the same awards, Jeff Stelling, of Sky Sports, was named Sports Broadcaster of the Year for the third time, a prize determined by a ballot of SJA members. Stelling won the vote again the following year, when the Sunday Times's Paul Kimmage won the interviewer of the year prize for a fifth time. In the United States, the Indianapolis-based National Sports Journalism Center monitors trends and strategy within the sports media industry. The center is also home to the Associated Press Sports Editors. In more recent years, sports journalism has turned its attention to online news and press release media and provided services to Associated Press and other major news syndication services. Fanzines and blogs Through the 1970s and 1980s, a rise in "citizen journalism" in Europe was witnessed in the rapid growth in popularity of soccer "fanzines" - cheaply printed magazines written by fans for fans that bypassed often stilted official club match programs and traditional media. Many continue today and thrive. Some authors, such as Jim Munro, have been adopted by their clubs. Once an editor of the West Ham United fanzine Fortune's Always Dreaming, Munro was hired by the club to write for its matchday magazine and is now sports editor of The Sun Online. Other titles, such as the irreverent monthly soccer magazine When Saturday Comes, have effectively gone mainstream. The advent of the Internet has seen much of this fan-generated energy directed into sports blogs. Ranging from team-centric blogs to those that cover the sports media itself, Bleacher Report, Deadspin.com, ProFootballTalk.com, BaseballEssential.com, Tireball Sports, AOL Fanhouse, Masshole Sports, the blogs in the Yardbarker Network, and others have garnered massive followings. There are now platforms that act as 'Blog hosts', which allow both amateur and professional sports writers to host their content without the need for a custom website. These include Medium, and Muckrack, which are free platforms to use, which in turn do not pay the contributors. This can lead to a lack of quality as there is no editorial element, however their reach is large. There are also editorially managed sites that do pay their contributors in a similar fashion to traditional publishers. I.e. a price per word or per article. Examples of these are Athlon Sports and The Sporting Blog. Other sports blogs such as Fansided and SB Nation suggest a combination of traffic and results based incentives with regards to recompense for contributions. More recently, investment vehicles like Rocket Sports Internet have emerged that provide capital for sports journalists and news creators to run their own businesses and leverage the increasing number of ways that creators can more easily generate revenue streams outside of the conventional organisational structures. Early successes include BenchWarmers, Empire of the Kop and caughtoffside. Smartphones Facebook is a key social media app on smartphones that contributes to the rise of sports journalism and media. The rise of smartphones have recently taken off and altered the way sports media has been presented. Smartphones have had a big influence on how the public perceives sports entertainment and content. Sports media is often accessible on various applications on the smartphone. These apps include ESPN, Bleacher Report, Global Sports Media, House of Highlights, and YouTube. The rise of mobile streaming has led to approximately 65% of sports followers streaming sports on a mobile device. Smartphones also allow for 24 hour access to sports news via social media apps such as Instagram, Twitter, or Facebook. They are a very fast and convenient way to access sports news on the go no matter where you are. The applications on smartphones that contain information about sports news and events are generally free. Fans ability to access sports on their smartphones allows them to personally engage (i.e. fantasy sports) and/or absorb sports information. Smartphones have truly increased the spread of sports news, typically in the form of videos, highlights, scores, and articles. Applications on smartphones, especially Twitter and ESPN, tend to be the platforms where sports breaking news first emerge. Overall, smartphones provide readily available sports news that can be accessed during the course of a sports fan's everyday life. Female reporting Women have not always been in the sports reporting field. Women such as Jane Chastain and Lesley Visser are considered pioneers in women's sportscasting. Chastain was the first woman to work for a large network (CBS) and the first woman to do play-by-play in the '60s. Lesley Visser was a sportswriter for The Boston Globe before she joined CBS in 1984 as a part-time reporter. She is the only sportscaster in history, male or female, to have worked on the Final Four, NBA Finals, World Series, Monday Night Football, the Super Bowl, the Olympics, and the US Open broadcasts. She has been voted the No. 1 Female Sportscaster of all time. There has been an ongoing debate as to whether or not female reporters should be allowed in the locker rooms after games. If they are denied access, this gives male reporters a competitive advantage in the field, as they can interview players in the locker room after games. If locker room access is denied to all reporters - male and female - because of this controversy, male journalists would likely resent female reporters for having their access taken away. It wasn't until 1978 that female sports journalists were allowed to enter locker rooms for interviews. Sports Illustrated reporter, Melissa Ludtke, sued the New York Yankees for not allowing her to interview players in the locker room during the 1977 World Series. A federal judge ruled that this ban was in violation of the Equal Protection Clause in the 14th Amendment. Some female reporters include Adeline Daley (whom some consider the "Jackie Robinson of female sportswriters"), Anita Martini, Mary Garber, Lesley Visser, Marjorie Herrera Lewis, Sally Jenkins, and Holly Rowe. See also Baseball Writers' Association of America (US) Broadcasting of sports events Cricket Writers' Club Football Writers Association of America (US; college) Football Writers' Association (England) Ice Hockey Journalists UK Journalism List of American journalism awards § Sports journalism List of sports journalism awards List of Sports Writers National Collegiate Baseball Writers Association (US) National Sports Journalism Center (US) National Sportscasters and Sportswriters Association (US) Pro Basketball Writers Association (US) Pro Football Writers Association (US) Professional Hockey Writers' Association (US) Scottish Football Writers' Association Sports commentator United States Basketball Writers Association (US; college) References ^ a b c d e f g h i Motiz, Brian (December 2014). Rooting for the story: Institutional sports journalism in the digital age (Thesis). Syracuse University. ^ The Bittersweet Science: Fifteen Writers in the Gym, in the Corner, and at Ringside. University of Chicago Press. 2017. p. 3. ^ a b Summer, Jim (January 1, 2004). "Sports in the 1920s:The Golden age of Sports". ncpedia.org. NCpedia (State Library of North Carolina). Retrieved September 2, 2021. ^ a b Schlesinger, Arthur (1933). "The rise of the city". History of America Life. OCLC 476454. ^ a b "Sports Illustrated, The Magazine That Popularized Sports". historylessons.net. 13 August 2014. Retrieved 2019-11-11. ^ a b McNay, John (2008). "Breaking the Copper Collar: Press Freedom, Professionalization and the History of Montana Journalism". American Journalism. 25: 99–123. doi:10.1080/08821127.2008.10678094. S2CID 158624630. ^ Miller, James (2011). Those Guys Have all the Fun. Goodreads. ^ Ashraf, Syed Irfan (September 2013). "Doing the Censors' Work for Them". British Journalism Review. 24 (3): 12–15. doi:10.1177/0956474813504871c. ISSN 0956-4748. S2CID 147286515. ^ Wasserstein, Felipe (2017-04-12). "Sports Journalism in the Age of Social Media". The Circular. Retrieved 2021-02-26. ^ a b Cruz, Christopher M. (2017-03-22). "Kaepernick and Media Coverage". Medium. Retrieved 2019-11-13. ^ Schultz, Brian (September 2007). "Sports journalists who blog cling to traditional values". Newspaper Research Journal. 28 (4): 62–76. doi:10.1177/073953290702800406. S2CID 151100599 – via SAGE. ^ "Global Club Soccer Rankings". FiveThirtyEight. 2017-08-22. Retrieved 2019-11-13. ^ a b "The Future of Sports Journalism in a Technologically Driven World". www.sporttechie.com. Retrieved 2019-11-13. ^ Warwick, Andrew (2003). Masters of Theory: Cambridge and the Rise of Mathematical Physics. University of Chicago Press. p. 213. ISBN 0-226-87374-9. ^ McCaskill, Steve. "Sports Fans More Likely To Consume Smartphone Content But Pay-TV Still Popular". Forbes. Retrieved 2021-10-09. ^ "Smart Phones Have Significant Impact on Sports Fans' Behavior". UF College of Journalism and Communications. Retrieved 2021-10-09. ^ "Article - Women in Sportscasting: A Brief History, by Lou Schwartz". American Sportscasters Association. Retrieved 2020-04-14. ^ Mead, Doug. "Twelve Women Who Pioneered the Era of Female Sports Broadcasters". Bleacher Report. Retrieved 2020-04-14. ^ "Working in Sports Journalism as a Woman". www.workinsports.com. 14 November 2016. Retrieved 2020-04-14. ^ Kipen, David (2004-07-27). "Fact: The Golden State is the epicenter of baseball, a mother lode of sun-ripened talent". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2014-05-20. Further reading Steen, R., Sports Journalism: A Multimedia Primer, Routledge, 2007, ISBN 978-0-415-39424-6 Wilstein, Steve, AP Sports Writing Handbook, McGraw-Hill, 2001, ISBN 978-0-07-137218-3, ISBN 0-07-137218-0 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sports journalism. Course Module Overview on Sports Journalism at the Open School of Journalism List of Sports magazines The Sports Reviews vteSportTypes Individual Team Military sports Parasports Women Professional Semi-professional Amateur Science Exercise Biomechanics Practice Periodization Physiology Strength training Doping Medicine Athletic training Chriopractic Injury Physicians Psychology Nutrition Bodybuilding supplements Sports drink Pedagogy Physical education Physical activity Rating system Sociology Organizations Clubs Governing bodies Leagues Season Postseason School Teams International Business Agents Broadcasting Economics Industry Marketing Sponsorship Trade Communication General managers Journalism Magazines Podcasts Radio Promoters Culture Betting Cheerleaders Entertainment Fan History Memorabilia Naming Nicknames Numbering Olympic culture Philosophy Rivalries Sports mascots Sportsmanship Violence Equipment Artificial turf Balls Caving Exercise Flying disc Sportswear Politics Sports law Ministries National sport Regulation Sport by region Africa Australia Asia Europe North America Oceania South America Sports portal Category Outline vteJournalismRoles Journalists (reporters) Columnist Blogger Editor Copy editor Meteorologist News presenter Photographer Pundit / commentatorProfession News Writing style Ethics code of ethics Culture Objectivity News values Attribution Defamation Sensationalism Editorial independence Journalism schoolAreas Arts Business Data Entertainment Environment Fashion Medicine Music Politics Science Sports Technology Traffic War Weather WorldGenres Adversarial Advocacy Interventionism Analytic Blogging Broadcast Churnalism Citizen Civic Collaborative Comics-based Community Data Database Digital/Online Explanatory Fact-checking Gonzo Immersion Interpretive Investigative Multimedia Narrative New Journalism Non-profit Opinion Peace Photojournalism Press release Sensor Underground Video Visual WatchdogSocial impact Fake news Fourth Estate Fifth Estate Freedom of the press Infotainment Media bias Pink-slime journalism Public relations Propaganda model Yellow journalismNews media Newspapers Newspaper of record Magazines TV and radio Internet News agencies Alternative mediaList of journalism articles – Outline Authority control databases: National Spain Germany Israel United States Czech Republic	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Photographers_at_Croke_Park.jpg"},{"link_name":"Croke Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croke_Park"},{"link_name":"writing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writing"},{"link_name":"sporting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport"},{"link_name":"competitions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition"},{"link_name":"newspapers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaper"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Sports Illustrated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Illustrated"},{"link_name":"ESPN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN"},{"link_name":"subscriptions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subscription"},{"link_name":"blogging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogging"},{"link_name":"tweeting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweeting"}],"text":"Sports photographers at a game at Croke Park, IrelandSports journalism is a form of writing that reports on matters pertaining to sporting topics and competitions. Sports journalism has its roots in coverage of horse racing and boxing in the early 1800s, mainly targeted towards elites, and into the 1900s transitioned into an integral part of the news business with newspapers having dedicated sports sections.[1] The increased popularity of sports amongst the middle and lower class led to the more coverage of sports content in publications. The appetite for sports resulted in sports-only media such as Sports Illustrated and ESPN. There are many different forms of sports journalism, ranging from play-by-play and game recaps to analysis and investigative journalism on important developments in the sport. Technology and the internet age has massively changed the sports journalism space as it is struggling with the same problems that the broader category of print journalism is struggling with, mainly not being able to cover costs due to falling subscriptions. New forms of internet blogging and tweeting in the current millennium have pushed the boundaries of sports journalism.","title":"Sports journalism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Pierce Egan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierce_Egan"},{"link_name":"prizefighting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prizefighting"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"mainstream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainstream_media"},{"link_name":"penny press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penny_press"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Modern sports journalism found its roots as content started to appear in newspapers in the early 1800s.[1] At the start, the sports sporadically covered were horse racing and boxing. The focus of the coverage would be less on the event itself and more on the greater social context. Horse races between the North and South and boxing bouts between US and England garnered much interest from the social elite. In the early nineteenth century, popular British sportswriter Pierce Egan coined the term \"the Sweet Science\" as an epithet for prizefighting — or more fully \"the Sweet Science of Bruising\" as a description of England's bare-knuckle fight scene.[2] During the 1820s and 1830s, the primary demographic target for newspapers was the social elite as newspaper was too expensive for the common man.[1] Approaching the 20th century, several important changes occurred that lead to the increased saturation of sports journalism in the mainstream. The first was the advent of the penny press which allowed for cheaper and more tabloid style of newspaper production. Newspapers also began using advertising to pay for their production costs instead of relying on circulation.[citation needed]","title":"Early history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pittsburgh_Penguins,_Washington_Capitals,_Bryan_Rust_(33744033514).jpg"},{"link_name":"photographs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_photography"},{"link_name":"ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"goal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goal_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-summergoldenage-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-summergoldenage-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-4"},{"link_name":"press box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press_box"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-4"},{"link_name":"Sports Illustrated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Illustrated"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"}],"text":"Sports journalists rely on photographs of key action shots of games (such as this photo of an ice hockey goal being scored) to bring visual imagery to their audience while reporting on sports stories.The 1920s has been called the \"Golden Age of American Sports\".[3] Baseball became the national pastime, college football became popular, and radio and newspaper coverage increased.[3] The New York Herald was the first newspapers to publishing consistent sports coverage.[1] The New York World in 1883 was the first newspaper to have a full times sports department. The following period from 1880 to 1920 saw a massive increase in sports coverage in publications. A study showed that in 1880 only 0.4 percent of space in the newspaper was dedicated to sports. By the 1920s, that proportion had risen to 20 percent.[4] During this time, newspapers focused mainly on play by play coverage and game recaps of the sport events. Local publications started hiring beat reporters who were tasked with following all developments pertaining to the team. This included traveling with the team and interviewing the players. Teams also started constructing dedicated sections called press box in the stadiums for the press to sit and record notes on the game.As technology introduced new developments like the radio, television and the internet, the focus of sports coverage shifted from the play by play to statistical analysis of the game and background pieces on the players. This was also coupled with a massive increase in sports amongst the general public. The increased popularity of football, basketball and hockey meant more content to publish and more interested readers to publish to.[4] This led to the creation of journals like Sports Illustrated, first published in 1954, was one of the first publications to solely focus on sports. Sports Illustrated was the brainchild of Henry Lucre who felt that the established publishers at the time were not taking advantage of the public's massive appetite for sports.[5] With weekly issues, Sports Illustrated was able to produce more classic journalistic pieces as the writers had more time to research and conduct longer interview sit downs with players and coaches.[5]","title":"20th century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Since the start of the new millennium, circulation and advertising numbers of print newspapers having been falling rapidly. This has led to widespread cost cutting and layoffs across the industry. There are 29 percent fewer journalists in the workforce now when compared to the number of journalist in 1980. These developments have significantly affected sports journalism as established publications like Sports Illustrated and ESPN have had to cut content, increase prices and reduce the number of publications which leads to more people unsubscribing from the content.[6] The fall in print sports journalism can be tied to the rise of internet and digital sports journalism. Digital sports journalism serves as both a complement and a competitor of newspaper sports journalism. Digital sports journalism began in the mid 1990s with ESPN creating the first website in 1995.[7] At first digital sports journalism covered broad topics in scope, but as time went on and the internet became more widespread, bloggers and location and team specific websites started taking over the market.[1] A majority of these smaller websites did not charge a subscription fee as it was funded on advertising. This lower cost to the consumer as well as increased access to variety of very specific content led to the shift away from print and towards digital. However, the growth seen in the digital space which has increased advertising revenue has not balanced out the losses from print journalism.[8] The importance of click count has gone up as these sites are being funded by online advertisers. This has led to many shorter journalistic pieces offering controversial opinions in order to generate the most clicks.[1] Sportswriters regularly face more deadline pressure than other reporters because sporting events tend to occur late in the day and closer to the deadlines many organizations must observe. Yet they are expected to use the same tools as news journalists, and to uphold the same professional and ethical standards. They must take care not to show bias for any team. Twitter and other social media platforms became sports information providers. Twitter became a platform for sports in 2009 during the NBA playoffs. By the end of April, tweeting by television sports analysts, announcers, and journalists was the new trend in sports.[9]","title":"Digital age"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mediatization (media)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediatization_(media)"},{"link_name":"Jackie Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Robinson"},{"link_name":"color barrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_color_line"},{"link_name":"anabolic steroids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabolic_steroids"},{"link_name":"performance-enhancing drugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance-enhancing_drugs"},{"link_name":"Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games"},{"link_name":"Colin Kaepernick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Kaepernick"},{"link_name":"national anthem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_anthem"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-10"},{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-10"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"Further information on social and political effects of sports journalism: Mediatization (media)Sports stories occasionally transcend the games themselves and take on socio-political significance: Jackie Robinson breaking the color barrier in baseball is an example of this. Modern controversies regarding the hyper-compensation of top athletes, the use of anabolic steroids and other, banned performance-enhancing drugs, and the cost to local and national governments to build sports venues and related infrastructure, especially for Olympic Games, also demonstrates how sports can intrude on to the news pages.\nRecently, the issue of Colin Kaepernick's protest of injustice shown to people of color by the police by kneeling during the performance of the national anthem before his football games has created diverse and varied coverage. His actions have taken his discussion from the sports field and into the national scope as major political pundits and even the Presidents commenting on the ethics of his actions.[10] Kaepernick cites that his position as a quarterback in the National Football League gives him a unique opportunity to carry out his message.[10] Kaepernick's actions have inspired a wave of athletes using their position to take on social issues ranging from abortion to college athletes getting monetary compensation. Sports journalism plays a significant role in how these views are conveyed to the public. The author creates a story from the raw quotes provided by the athlete and this is published to thousands of viewers. Inherent in the publication will be the biases of the author and this will be passed on to the reader (cite). As sports moves more and more into the political discussion space, sports journalist will have increasingly more power over the public sentiment of the hottest issues at the moment.[6][1]","title":"Socio-political significance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"analytics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytics"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-11"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics"},{"link_name":"mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"FiveThirtyEight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FiveThirtyEight"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-13"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"There has been a major shift within sports in the last decade as more sports teams are switching to using analytics. A large reason for this shift is due to many articles being published about the increased benefit of using analytics to make strategic decisions in a game.[11][1] As there is data collected about every instance in every sport, sports data analysis has increased. Sports publications are now hiring people with extensive background in statistics and mathematics in order to publish articles detailing the analysis these teams are conducting. New metrics have been created to study the quality of player performance.[12] The metrics have also been used to compile rankings of players and teams. Blog sites like FiveThirtyEight began to sprout as full-time sport analytic sites that took available data and constructed analytic heavy articles pertaining to sports. ESPN has implemented a segment in their shows called ‘Sports Science’ where stars of every sport come in to test how advanced analytics affect field performance.[13] There has been much pushback by many over the use of analytics in sports. Many established coaches are quick to bash analytics as narrow and ignorant of the big picture.[13][1]","title":"Future of sports journalism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket"},{"link_name":"athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_of_athletics"},{"link_name":"rugby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_football"},{"link_name":"The Boat Race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boat_Race"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"rowing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_(sport)"},{"link_name":"University of Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"University of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket"},{"link_name":"Manchester Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Guardian"},{"link_name":"Neville Cardus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Cardus"},{"link_name":"John Arlott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Arlott"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"London Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1908_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Daily Mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Mail"},{"link_name":"Arthur Conan Doyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle"},{"link_name":"White City Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_City_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathon"},{"link_name":"Dorando Pietri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorando_Pietri"},{"link_name":"Queen Alexandra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Alexandra"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"1908 Olympic Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1908_Olympic_Marathon"},{"link_name":"Polytechnic Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytechnic_Marathon"},{"link_name":"Windsor Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_Castle"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"Edgar Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Wallace"},{"link_name":"The Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsom_Derby"},{"link_name":"British Broadcasting Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"L'Auto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Auto"},{"link_name":"Tour de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"Giro d'Italia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giro_d%27Italia"}],"text":"The tradition of sports reporting attracting some of the finest writers in journalism can be traced to the coverage of sport in Victorian England, where several modern sports – such as association football, cricket, athletics and rugby – were first organized and codified into something resembling what we would recognize today.Andrew Warwick has suggested that The Boat Race provided the first mass spectator event for journalistic coverage.[14] The Race, an annual rowing event between the University of Cambridge and University of Oxford, has been held annually from 1856.Cricket, possibly because of its esteemed place in society, has regularly attracted the most elegant of writers. The Manchester Guardian, in the first half of the 20th century, employed Neville Cardus as its cricket correspondent as well as its music critic. Cardus was later knighted for his services to journalism. One of his successors, John Arlott, who became a worldwide favorite because of his radio commentaries on the BBC, was also known for his poetry.The first London Olympic Games in 1908 attracted such widespread public interest that many newspapers assigned their very best-known writers to the event. The Daily Mail even had Sir Arthur Conan Doyle at the White City Stadium to cover the finish of the Marathon.Such was the drama of that race, in which Dorando Pietri collapsed within sight of the finishing line when leading, that Conan Doyle led a public subscription campaign to see the gallant Italian, having been denied the gold medal through his disqualification, awarded a special silver cup, which was presented by Queen Alexandra. And the public imagination was so well caught by the event that annual races in Boston, Massachusetts, and London, and at future Olympics, were henceforward staged over exactly the same, 26-mile, 385-yard distance used for the 1908 Olympic Marathon, and the official length of the event worldwide to this day.The London race, called the Polytechnic Marathon and originally staged over the 1908 Olympic route from outside the royal residence at Windsor Castle to White City, was first sponsored by the Sporting Life, which in those Edwardian times was a daily newspaper which sought to cover all sporting events, rather than just a betting paper for horse racing and greyhounds that it became in the years after the Second World War.The rise of the radio made sports journalism more focused on the live coverage of the sporting events. The first sports reporter in Great Britain, and one of the first sports reporters in the World, was an English writer Edgar Wallace, who made a report on The Derby on June 6, 1923 for the British Broadcasting Company.In France, L'Auto, the predecessor of L'Equipe, had already played an equally influential part in the sporting fabric of society when it announced in 1903 that it would stage an annual bicycle race around the country. The Tour de France was born, and sports journalism's role in its foundation is still reflected today in the leading rider wearing a yellow jersey - the color of the paper on which L'Auto was published (in Italy, the Giro d'Italia established a similar tradition, with the leading rider wearing a jersey the same pink color as the sponsoring newspaper, La Gazzetta).","title":"In Europe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Sunday Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_Times_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Harold Abrahams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Abrahams"},{"link_name":"Leonard Hutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Hutton"},{"link_name":"Cricket Reporting Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket_Reporting_Agency"},{"link_name":"Wisden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisden_Cricketers%27_Almanack"},{"link_name":"Hayters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reg_Hayter"},{"link_name":"Hugh McIlvanney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_McIlvanney"},{"link_name":"Ian Wooldridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Wooldridge"},{"link_name":"Brian Glanville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Glanville"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Massacre at the Munich Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich_massacre"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali"},{"link_name":"George Foreman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Foreman"},{"link_name":"Heysel Stadium disaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heysel_Stadium_Disaster"},{"link_name":"Tiger Woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_Woods"},{"link_name":"George Best","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Best"},{"link_name":"David Beckham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Beckham"},{"link_name":"Lester Piggott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_Piggott"},{"link_name":"IMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMG_(company)"},{"link_name":"Mark McCormack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_McCormack"}],"text":"After the Second World War, the sports sections of British national daily and Sunday newspapers continued to expand, to the point where many papers now have separate standalone sports sections; some Sunday tabloids even have sections, additional to the sports pages, devoted solely to the previous day's football reports. In some respects, this has replaced the earlier practice of many regional newspapers which - until overtaken by the pace of modern electronic media - would produce special results editions rushed out on Saturday evenings.Some newspapers, such as The Sunday Times, with 1924 Olympic 100 meters champion Harold Abrahams, or the London Evening News using former England cricket captain Sir Leonard Hutton, began to adopt the policy of hiring former sports stars to pen columns, which were often ghost written. Some such ghosted columns, however, did little to further the reputation of sports journalism, which is increasingly becoming the subject of academic scrutiny of its standards.Many \"ghosted\" columns were often run by independent sports agencies, based in Fleet Street or in the provinces, who had signed up the sports star to a contract and then syndicated their material among various titles. These agencies included Pardons, or the Cricket Reporting Agency, which routinely provided the editors of the Wisden cricket almanac, and Hayters.Sportswriting in Britain has attracted some of the finest journalistic talents. The Daily Mirror's Peter Wilson, Hugh McIlvanney, first at The Observer and lately at the Sunday Times, Ian Wooldridge of the Daily Mail and soccer writer Brian Glanville, best known at the Sunday Times, and columnist Patrick Collins, of the Mail on Sunday, five times the winner of the Sports Writer of the Year Award.Many became household names in the late 20th century through their trenchant reporting of events, spurring popularity:[citation needed] the Massacre at the Munich Olympics in 1972; Muhammad Ali's fight career, including his 1974 title bout against George Foreman; the Heysel Stadium disaster; and the career highs and lows of the likes of Tiger Woods, George Best, David Beckham, Lester Piggott and other high-profile stars.McIlvanney and Wooldridge, who died in March 2007, aged 75, both enjoyed careers that saw them frequently work in television. During his career, Wooldridge became so famous that, like the sports stars he reported upon, he hired the services of IMG, the agency founded by the American businessman, Mark McCormack, to manage his affairs. Glanville wrote several books, including novels, as well as scripting the memorable official film to the 1966 World Cup staged in England.","title":"Sports stars in the press box"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tom Bower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Bower"},{"link_name":"Andrew Jennings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jennings"},{"link_name":"Vyv Simson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vyv_Simson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2002 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"FIFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA"},{"link_name":"Duncan Mackay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duncan_Mackay_(journalist)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Steven Downes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Downes"},{"link_name":"Cliff Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliff_Temple"},{"link_name":"Paul Kimmage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kimmage"},{"link_name":"FA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"England football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/rugbyunion/international/england/2323773/Exclusive-the-England-players-revolt.html"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Since the 1990s, the growing importance of sport, its impact as a global business and the huge amounts of money involved in the staging of events such as the Olympic Games and football World Cups, has also attracted the attention of investigative journalists. The sensitive nature of the relationships between sports journalists and the subjects of their reporting, as well as declining budgets experienced by most Fleet Street newspapers, has meant that such long-term projects have often emanated from television documentary makers.Tom Bower, with his 2003 sports book of the year Broken Dreams, which analyzed British football, followed in the tradition established a decade earlier by Andrew Jennings and Vyv Simson with their controversial investigation of corruption within the International Olympic Committee. Jennings and Simson's The Lords of the Rings in many ways predicted the scandals that were to emerge around the staging of the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City; Jennings would follow-up with two further books on the Olympics and one on FIFA, the world football body.Likewise, award-winning writers Duncan Mackay, of The Guardian, and Steven Downes unravelled many scandals involving doping, fixed races and bribery in international athletics in their 1996 book, Running Scared, which offered an account of the threats by a senior track official that led to the suicide of their sports journalist colleague, Cliff Temple.But the writing of such exposes - referred to as \"spitting in the soup\" by Paul Kimmage, the former Tour de France professional cyclist, now an award-winning writer for the Sunday Times – often requires the view of an outsider who is not compromised by the need of day-to-day dealings with sportsmen and officials, as required by \"beat\" correspondents.The stakes can be high when upsetting sport's powers: in 2007, England's FA opted to switch its multimillion-pound contract for UK coverage rights of the FA Cup and England international matches from the BBC to rival broadcasters ITV. One of the reasons cited was that the BBC had been too critical of the performances of the England football team.[citation needed]","title":"Investigative journalism and sport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"long-form writing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-form_journalism"},{"link_name":"Dan Topolski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Topolski"},{"link_name":"William Hill Sports Book of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hill_Sports_Book_of_the_Year"}],"text":"Increasingly, sports journalists have turned to long-form writing, producing popular books on a range of sporting topics, including biographies, history and investigations. Dan Topolski was the first recipient of the William Hill Sports Book of the Year award in 1989, which has continued to reward authors for their excellence in sports literature.","title":"Sports books"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"association of sports journalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Journalists%27_Association"},{"link_name":"International Olympic Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee"},{"link_name":"IAAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAAF"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Press_room_at_the_Philips_Stadion.jpg"},{"link_name":"PSV Eindhoven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSV_Eindhoven"},{"link_name":"British Olympic Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Olympic_Association"},{"link_name":"Martin Samuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Samuel"},{"link_name":"Jeff Stelling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Stelling"},{"link_name":"National Sports Journalism Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Sports_Journalism_Center"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"}],"text":"Most countries have their own national association of sports journalists. Many sports also have their own clubs and associations for specified journalists. These organizations attempt to maintain the standard of press provision at sports venues, to oversee fair accreditation procedures and to celebrate high standards of sports journalism.The International Sports Press Association, AIPS, was founded in 1924 during the Olympic Games in Paris, at the headquarters of the Sporting Club de France, by Frantz Reichel, the press chief of the Paris Games, and the Belgian Victor Boin. AIPS operates through a system of continental sub-associations and national associations, and liaises closely with some of the world's biggest sports federations, including the International Olympic Committee, football's world governing body FIFA, and the IAAF, the international track and field body. The first statutes of AIPS mentioned these objectives:to enhance the cooperation between its member associations in defending sport and the professional interest of their members.\nto strengthen the friendship, solidarity and common interests between sports journalists of all countries.\nto assure the best possible working conditions for the members.For horse racing the Horserace Writers and Photographers’ Association was founded in 1927, was revived in 1967, and represents the interests of racing journalists in every branch of the media.Press room at the Philips Stadion, home of PSV Eindhoven, prior to a press conferenceIn Britain, the Sports Journalists' Association was founded in 1948. It stages two awards events, an annual Sports Awards ceremony which recognizes outstanding performances by British sportsmen and women during the previous year, and the British Sports Journalism Awards, the industry's \"Oscars\", sponsored by UK Sport and presented each March. Founded as the Sports Writers' Association, following a merger with the Professional Sports Photographers' Association in 2002, the organization changed its title to the more inclusive SJA. The SJA represents the British sports media on the British Olympic Association's press advisory committee and acts as a consultant to organizers of major events who need guidance on media requirements as well as seeking to represent its members' interests in a range of activities. In March 2008, Martin Samuel, then the chief football correspondent of The Times, was named British Sportswriter of the Year, the first time any journalist had won the award three years in succession. At the same awards, Jeff Stelling, of Sky Sports, was named Sports Broadcaster of the Year for the third time, a prize determined by a ballot of SJA members. Stelling won the vote again the following year, when the Sunday Times's Paul Kimmage won the interviewer of the year prize for a fifth time.In the United States, the Indianapolis-based National Sports Journalism Center monitors trends and strategy within the sports media industry. The center is also home to the Associated Press Sports Editors.In more recent years,[when?] sports journalism has turned its attention to online news and press release media and provided services to Associated Press and other major news syndication services.","title":"Organizations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jim Munro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Munro_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"West Ham United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Ham_United"},{"link_name":"The Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Bleacher Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleacher_Report"},{"link_name":"Deadspin.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadspin.com"},{"link_name":"Yardbarker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yardbarker"},{"link_name":"Medium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_(website)"}],"text":"Through the 1970s and 1980s, a rise in \"citizen journalism\" in Europe was witnessed in the rapid growth in popularity of soccer \"fanzines\" - cheaply printed magazines written by fans for fans that bypassed often stilted official club match programs and traditional media. Many continue today and thrive.Some authors, such as Jim Munro, have been adopted by their clubs. Once an editor of the West Ham United fanzine Fortune's Always Dreaming, Munro was hired by the club to write for its matchday magazine and is now sports editor of The Sun Online. Other titles, such as the irreverent monthly soccer magazine When Saturday Comes, have effectively gone mainstream.The advent of the Internet has seen much of this fan-generated energy directed into sports blogs. Ranging from team-centric blogs to those that cover the sports media itself, Bleacher Report, Deadspin.com, ProFootballTalk.com, BaseballEssential.com, Tireball Sports, AOL Fanhouse, Masshole Sports, the blogs in the Yardbarker Network, and others have garnered massive followings.There are now platforms that act as 'Blog hosts', which allow both amateur and professional sports writers to host their content without the need for a custom website.\nThese include Medium, and Muckrack, which are free platforms to use, which in turn do not pay the contributors. This can lead to a lack of quality as there is no editorial element, however their reach is large.There are also editorially managed sites that do pay their contributors in a similar fashion to traditional publishers. I.e. a price per word or per article. Examples of these are Athlon Sports and The Sporting Blog.Other sports blogs such as Fansided and SB Nation suggest a combination of traffic and results based incentives with regards to recompense for contributions.More recently, investment vehicles like Rocket Sports Internet have emerged that provide capital for sports journalists and news creators to run their own businesses and leverage the increasing number of ways that creators can more easily generate revenue streams outside of the conventional organisational structures. Early successes include BenchWarmers, Empire of the Kop and caughtoffside.","title":"Fanzines and blogs"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Facebook_Picture.jpg"},{"link_name":"Facebook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Facebook is a key social media app on smartphones that contributes to the rise of sports journalism and media.The rise of smartphones have recently taken off and altered the way sports media has been presented. Smartphones have had a big influence on how the public perceives sports entertainment and content. Sports media is often accessible on various applications on the smartphone. These apps include ESPN, Bleacher Report, Global Sports Media, House of Highlights, and YouTube. The rise of mobile streaming has led to approximately 65% of sports followers streaming sports on a mobile device.[15] Smartphones also allow for 24 hour access to sports news via social media apps such as Instagram, Twitter, or Facebook. They are a very fast and convenient way to access sports news on the go no matter where you are. The applications on smartphones that contain information about sports news and events are generally free. Fans ability to access sports on their smartphones allows them to personally engage (i.e. fantasy sports) and/or absorb sports information.[16] Smartphones have truly increased the spread of sports news, typically in the form of videos, highlights, scores, and articles. Applications on smartphones, especially Twitter and ESPN, tend to be the platforms where sports breaking news first emerge. Overall, smartphones provide readily available sports news that can be accessed during the course of a sports fan's everyday life.","title":"Smartphones"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jane Chastain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Chastain"},{"link_name":"Lesley Visser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesley_Visser"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"The Boston Globe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Adeline Daley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adeline_Daley"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Anita Martini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anita_Martini"},{"link_name":"Mary Garber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Garber"},{"link_name":"Lesley Visser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesley_Visser"},{"link_name":"Marjorie Herrera Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marjorie_Herrera_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Sally Jenkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sally_Jenkins"},{"link_name":"Holly Rowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holly_Rowe"}],"text":"Women have not always been in the sports reporting field. Women such as Jane Chastain and Lesley Visser are considered pioneers in women's sportscasting. Chastain was the first woman to work for a large network (CBS) and the first woman to do play-by-play in the '60s.[17]Lesley Visser was a sportswriter for The Boston Globe before she joined CBS in 1984 as a part-time reporter. She is the only sportscaster in history, male or female, to have worked on the Final Four, NBA Finals, World Series, Monday Night Football, the Super Bowl, the Olympics, and the US Open broadcasts. She has been voted the No. 1 Female Sportscaster of all time.[18]There has been an ongoing debate as to whether or not female reporters should be allowed in the locker rooms after games. If they are denied access, this gives male reporters a competitive advantage in the field, as they can interview players in the locker room after games. If locker room access is denied to all reporters - male and female - because of this controversy, male journalists would likely resent female reporters for having their access taken away.It wasn't until 1978 that female sports journalists were allowed to enter locker rooms for interviews. Sports Illustrated reporter, Melissa Ludtke, sued the New York Yankees for not allowing her to interview players in the locker room during the 1977 World Series. A federal judge ruled that this ban was in violation of the Equal Protection Clause in the 14th Amendment.[19]Some female reporters include Adeline Daley (whom some consider the \"Jackie Robinson of female sportswriters\"[20]), Anita Martini, Mary Garber, Lesley Visser, Marjorie Herrera Lewis, Sally Jenkins, and Holly Rowe.","title":"Female reporting"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-415-39424-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-39424-6"},{"link_name":"AP Sports Writing Handbook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_Sports_Writing_Handbook"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-07-137218-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-137218-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-07-137218-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-137218-0"}],"text":"Steen, R., Sports Journalism: A Multimedia Primer, Routledge, 2007, ISBN 978-0-415-39424-6\nWilstein, Steve, AP Sports Writing Handbook, McGraw-Hill, 2001, ISBN 978-0-07-137218-3, ISBN 0-07-137218-0","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Sports photographers at a game at Croke Park, Ireland","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Photographers_at_Croke_Park.jpg/220px-Photographers_at_Croke_Park.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sports journalists rely on photographs of key action shots of games (such as this photo of an ice hockey goal being scored) to bring visual imagery to their audience while reporting on sports stories.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Pittsburgh_Penguins%2C_Washington_Capitals%2C_Bryan_Rust_%2833744033514%29.jpg/220px-Pittsburgh_Penguins%2C_Washington_Capitals%2C_Bryan_Rust_%2833744033514%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Press room at the Philips Stadion, home of PSV Eindhoven, prior to a press conference","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Press_room_at_the_Philips_Stadion.jpg/220px-Press_room_at_the_Philips_Stadion.jpg"},{"image_text":"Facebook is a key social media app on smartphones that contributes to the rise of sports journalism and media.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Facebook_Picture.jpg/220px-Facebook_Picture.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Baseball Writers' Association of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_Writers%27_Association_of_America"},{"title":"Broadcasting of sports events","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_of_sports_events"},{"title":"Cricket Writers' Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket_Writers%27_Club"},{"title":"Football Writers Association of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Writers_Association_of_America"},{"title":"Football Writers' Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Writers%27_Association"},{"title":"Ice Hockey Journalists UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Hockey_Journalists_UK"},{"title":"Journalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalism"},{"title":"List of American journalism awards § Sports journalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_journalism_awards#Sports_journalism"},{"title":"List of sports journalism awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sports_journalism_awards"},{"title":"List of Sports Writers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sports_writers"},{"title":"National Collegiate Baseball Writers Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Collegiate_Baseball_Writers_Association"},{"title":"National Sports Journalism Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Sports_Journalism_Center"},{"title":"National Sportscasters and Sportswriters Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Sportscasters_and_Sportswriters_Association"},{"title":"Pro Basketball Writers Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_Basketball_Writers_Association"},{"title":"Pro Football Writers Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_Football_Writers_Association"},{"title":"Professional Hockey Writers' Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_Hockey_Writers%27_Association"},{"title":"Scottish Football Writers' Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Football_Writers%27_Association"},{"title":"Sports commentator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_commentator"},{"title":"United States Basketball Writers Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Basketball_Writers_Association"}]	[{"reference":"Motiz, Brian (December 2014). Rooting for the story: Institutional sports journalism in the digital age (Thesis). Syracuse University.","urls":[{"url":"https://surface.syr.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1171&context=etd","url_text":"Rooting for the story: Institutional sports journalism in the digital age"}]},{"reference":"The Bittersweet Science: Fifteen Writers in the Gym, in the Corner, and at Ringside. University of Chicago Press. 2017. p. 3.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Summer, Jim (January 1, 2004). \"Sports in the 1920s:The Golden age of Sports\". ncpedia.org. NCpedia (State Library of North Carolina). Retrieved September 2, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncpedia.org/sports/golden-age-sports","url_text":"\"Sports in the 1920s:The Golden age of Sports\""}]},{"reference":"Schlesinger, Arthur (1933). \"The rise of the city\". History of America Life. OCLC 476454.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/476454","url_text":"476454"}]},{"reference":"\"Sports Illustrated, The Magazine That Popularized Sports\". historylessons.net. 13 August 2014. Retrieved 2019-11-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://historylessons.net/sports-illustrated-the-magazine-that-popularized-sports","url_text":"\"Sports Illustrated, The Magazine That Popularized Sports\""}]},{"reference":"McNay, John (2008). \"Breaking the Copper Collar: Press Freedom, Professionalization and the History of Montana Journalism\". American Journalism. 25: 99–123. doi:10.1080/08821127.2008.10678094. S2CID 158624630.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08821127.2008.10678094","url_text":"10.1080/08821127.2008.10678094"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158624630","url_text":"158624630"}]},{"reference":"Miller, James (2011). Those Guys Have all the Fun. Goodreads.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ashraf, Syed Irfan (September 2013). \"Doing the Censors' Work for Them\". British Journalism Review. 24 (3): 12–15. doi:10.1177/0956474813504871c. ISSN 0956-4748. S2CID 147286515.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0956474813504871c","url_text":"10.1177/0956474813504871c"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0956-4748","url_text":"0956-4748"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147286515","url_text":"147286515"}]},{"reference":"Wasserstein, Felipe (2017-04-12). \"Sports Journalism in the Age of Social Media\". The Circular. Retrieved 2021-02-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://thecircular.org/sports-journalism-age-social-media/","url_text":"\"Sports Journalism in the Age of Social Media\""}]},{"reference":"Cruz, Christopher M. (2017-03-22). \"Kaepernick and Media Coverage\". Medium. Retrieved 2019-11-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://arcdigital.media/kaepernick-and-media-coverage-8ef099f1c7c5","url_text":"\"Kaepernick and Media Coverage\""}]},{"reference":"Schultz, Brian (September 2007). \"Sports journalists who blog cling to traditional values\". Newspaper Research Journal. 28 (4): 62–76. doi:10.1177/073953290702800406. S2CID 151100599 – via SAGE.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F073953290702800406","url_text":"10.1177/073953290702800406"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151100599","url_text":"151100599"}]},{"reference":"\"Global Club Soccer Rankings\". FiveThirtyEight. 2017-08-22. Retrieved 2019-11-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/global-club-soccer-rankings/","url_text":"\"Global Club Soccer Rankings\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Future of Sports Journalism in a Technologically Driven World\". www.sporttechie.com. Retrieved 2019-11-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sporttechie.com/the-future-of-sports-journalism-in-a-technologically-driven-world/","url_text":"\"The Future of Sports Journalism in a Technologically Driven World\""}]},{"reference":"Warwick, Andrew (2003). Masters of Theory: Cambridge and the Rise of Mathematical Physics. University of Chicago Press. p. 213. ISBN 0-226-87374-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/mastersoftheoryc0000warw/page/213","url_text":"Masters of Theory: Cambridge and the Rise of Mathematical Physics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press","url_text":"University of Chicago Press"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/mastersoftheoryc0000warw/page/213","url_text":"213"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-87374-9","url_text":"0-226-87374-9"}]},{"reference":"McCaskill, Steve. \"Sports Fans More Likely To Consume Smartphone Content But Pay-TV Still Popular\". Forbes. Retrieved 2021-10-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/stevemccaskill/2019/11/13/sports-fans-mostly-consume--content-on-smartphones-but-pay-tv-still-popular/","url_text":"\"Sports Fans More Likely To Consume Smartphone Content But Pay-TV Still Popular\""}]},{"reference":"\"Smart Phones Have Significant Impact on Sports Fans' Behavior\". UF College of Journalism and Communications. Retrieved 2021-10-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jou.ufl.edu/insights/smart-phones-have-significant-impact-on-sports-fans-behavior/","url_text":"\"Smart Phones Have Significant Impact on Sports Fans' Behavior\""}]},{"reference":"\"Article - Women in Sportscasting: A Brief History, by Lou Schwartz\". American Sportscasters Association. Retrieved 2020-04-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.americansportscastersonline.com/womeninsportscasting.html","url_text":"\"Article - Women in Sportscasting: A Brief History, by Lou Schwartz\""}]},{"reference":"Mead, Doug. \"Twelve Women Who Pioneered the Era of Female Sports Broadcasters\". Bleacher Report. Retrieved 2020-04-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://bleacherreport.com/articles/440556-twelve-women-who-pioneered-the-era-of-female-sports-broadcasters","url_text":"\"Twelve Women Who Pioneered the Era of Female Sports Broadcasters\""}]},{"reference":"\"Working in Sports Journalism as a Woman\". www.workinsports.com. 14 November 2016. Retrieved 2020-04-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.workinsports.com/blog/working-in-sports-journalism-as-a-woman/","url_text":"\"Working in Sports Journalism as a Woman\""}]},{"reference":"Kipen, David (2004-07-27). \"Fact: The Golden State is the epicenter of baseball, a mother lode of sun-ripened talent\". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2014-05-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/Fact-The-Golden-State-is-the-epicenter-of-2705387.php","url_text":"\"Fact: The Golden State is the epicenter of baseball, a mother lode of sun-ripened talent\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Sports+journalism%22","external_links_name":"\"Sports journalism\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Sports+journalism%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Sports+journalism%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Sports+journalism%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Sports+journalism%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Sports+journalism%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sports_journalism&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve it"},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/rugbyunion/international/england/2323773/Exclusive-the-England-players-revolt.html","external_links_name":"England football team"},{"Link":"https://surface.syr.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1171&context=etd","external_links_name":"Rooting for the story: Institutional sports journalism in the digital age"},{"Link":"https://www.ncpedia.org/sports/golden-age-sports","external_links_name":"\"Sports in the 1920s:The Golden age of Sports\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/476454","external_links_name":"476454"},{"Link":"https://historylessons.net/sports-illustrated-the-magazine-that-popularized-sports","external_links_name":"\"Sports Illustrated, The Magazine That Popularized Sports\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08821127.2008.10678094","external_links_name":"10.1080/08821127.2008.10678094"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158624630","external_links_name":"158624630"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0956474813504871c","external_links_name":"10.1177/0956474813504871c"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0956-4748","external_links_name":"0956-4748"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147286515","external_links_name":"147286515"},{"Link":"http://thecircular.org/sports-journalism-age-social-media/","external_links_name":"\"Sports Journalism in the Age of Social Media\""},{"Link":"https://arcdigital.media/kaepernick-and-media-coverage-8ef099f1c7c5","external_links_name":"\"Kaepernick and Media Coverage\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F073953290702800406","external_links_name":"10.1177/073953290702800406"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151100599","external_links_name":"151100599"},{"Link":"https://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/global-club-soccer-rankings/","external_links_name":"\"Global Club Soccer Rankings\""},{"Link":"https://www.sporttechie.com/the-future-of-sports-journalism-in-a-technologically-driven-world/","external_links_name":"\"The Future of Sports Journalism in a Technologically Driven World\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/mastersoftheoryc0000warw/page/213","external_links_name":"Masters of Theory: Cambridge and the Rise of Mathematical Physics"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/mastersoftheoryc0000warw/page/213","external_links_name":"213"},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/stevemccaskill/2019/11/13/sports-fans-mostly-consume--content-on-smartphones-but-pay-tv-still-popular/","external_links_name":"\"Sports Fans More Likely To Consume Smartphone Content But Pay-TV Still Popular\""},{"Link":"https://www.jou.ufl.edu/insights/smart-phones-have-significant-impact-on-sports-fans-behavior/","external_links_name":"\"Smart Phones Have Significant Impact on Sports Fans' Behavior\""},{"Link":"http://www.americansportscastersonline.com/womeninsportscasting.html","external_links_name":"\"Article - Women in Sportscasting: A Brief History, by Lou Schwartz\""},{"Link":"https://bleacherreport.com/articles/440556-twelve-women-who-pioneered-the-era-of-female-sports-broadcasters","external_links_name":"\"Twelve Women Who Pioneered the Era of Female Sports Broadcasters\""},{"Link":"https://www.workinsports.com/blog/working-in-sports-journalism-as-a-woman/","external_links_name":"\"Working in Sports Journalism as a Woman\""},{"Link":"http://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/Fact-The-Golden-State-is-the-epicenter-of-2705387.php","external_links_name":"\"Fact: The Golden State is the epicenter of baseball, a mother lode of sun-ripened talent\""},{"Link":"http://www.openschoolofjournalism.com/distance-education-program/courses/sports-journalism-jd140","external_links_name":"Course Module Overview on Sports Journalism"},{"Link":"https://thesportsreviews.com/","external_links_name":"The Sports Reviews"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX532576","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4182475-1","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007529690005171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85126946","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph118336&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyiv_city_census_(1919)	1919 Kiev city census	["1 Census-taking process","2 Results","2.1 Population size","2.2 National composition","2.3 Educational status","3 Aftermath","4 References","5 See also"]	1919 city-census of Kiev, Ukraine 1919 Kiev city census ← 1917 1941 1920 → General informationRegionKiev, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist RepublicAuthorityKiev Provincial Statistical BureauResultsTotal population544,368Most populous city districtLvivskaLeast populous city districtPushcha-Vodytsia The 1919 Kiev city census (Ukrainian: Перепис населення м. Київа 1919 р., romanized: Perepys naselennia m. Kyiva 1919 r.; Russian: Перепись населения г. Киева 1919 г., romanized: Perepis' naseleniya g. Kieva 1919 g.) was the first census conducted in the city of Kiev following the Bolshevik occupation of the city in February 1919, taking place on March 16, 1919. The census covered the size, age, ethnic demography, and educational status of the city's population. The final report was published by D.l. Volion, head of the Kiev Provincial Statistical Bureau, in 1920. Census-taking process As the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic was officially established on 10 March 1919, 6 days prior to the taking of the census, the authority responsible for carrying it out, the Kiev Provincial Statistical Bureau, was under its administration. The main statisticians assigned to the carrying out and processing of the census were I. S. Bisk and V. S. Dvynianinov, who had also previously worked on the Kiev city census of 1917 during the rule of the Ukrainian People's Republic. There were some procedural issues with the registration of nationality, due to city-census enumerators being allowed to refuse to register people as Ukrainian. Despite this, the census showed an increase in the number of self-declared Ukrainians in Kiev from the 1917 census, as well as a decline in the number of self-declared Russians. Results Population size Population by district of Kiev according to the 1919 censusThe total population of the city of Kiev in 1919 was found to be made up of 544,368 people. The chart below lists the population of each district of the city. District Population Lvivska 36,085 Starokyivska 35,986 Fundukliivska 33,266 Troitska 33,002 Okraino-Lybidska 32,726 Tarasivska 32,434 Halytska 31,874 Podilska 31,683 Dvortsova 30,964 Hostyno-Dvirna 30,877 Ploska 29,614 Solomianska 26,558 Demiivka 24,974 Shuliavka 22,219 Hlybochytsia 21,120 Lukianivska 19,040 Pechersk 18,050 Kurenivka-Priorka 15,466 Slobidky 15,417 Syrets-Dachna 8,365 Zvirynets 6,510 Sviatoshyno 5,139 Pushcha-Vodytsia 2,999 National composition Largest nationality by district of Kiev according to the 1919 census Russian Jewish UkrainianThe most numerous ethnic groups in the city were found to be Russians, Ukrainians, and Jews. The percentage of those identifying as Ukrainians within Kiev in 1919 increased from 12% to 24% when compared to the results of the 1917 census, while the percentage identifying as Russians fell from 50% to 42%. Nationality Male Female Total Percentage Russians 102,624 129,524 232,148 42.6% Ukrainians 62,583 66,081 128,664 23.6% Jews 55,675 58,849 114,524 21.0% Poles 16,698 20,130 36,828 6.8% Malorussians 3,971 4,288 8,259 1.5% Other 11,540 8,688 20,228 3.7% Unknown 2,169 1,549 3,718 0.7% Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. Educational status Literacy by district of Kiev according to the 1919 censusThe average literacy of the population of Kiev was found to be 76.5%, 85.4% for males and 68.6% for females. Around 20% of the population was bilingually literate, being able to read the write multiple languages. Ethnically Jewish males had the highest literacy rate of any demographic, at over 90%. The district with the highest literacy was Starokyivska at 85.9%, while Slobidky had the lowest at 59.2%. District Literacy rate Starokyivska 85.9% Fundukliivska 85.3% Lvivska 84.7% Tarasivska 83.9% Dvortsova 83.1% Pechersk 80.8% Troitska 80.0% Halytska 78.9% Lukianivska 76.9% Hostyno-Dvirna 76.0% Shuliavka 74.0% Podilska 72.9% Sviatoshyno 72.1% Okraino-Lybidska 71.0% Syrets-Dachna 69.6% Solomianska 68.7% Demiivka 67.8% Zvirynets 65.9% Kurenivka 65.5% Pushcha-Vodytsia 63.6% Ploska 62.8% Hlybochytsia 62.4% Priorka 59.7% Slobidky 59.2% Aftermath The census took place only 1 year before the All-Russian Agricultural Census of 1920 , which covered the entire territory of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, excluding some regions in which active combat was taking place. No census of solely the city of Kiev has taken place since the taking of the census of 1919, making it the final one. References ^ a b c d e Перепись г. Киева 16 марта 1919 г. (in Russian). Kiev: Kiev Provincial Statistical Bureau. 1920. p. 3. Retrieved 2 November 2022 – via State Public Historical Library of Russia. Отметить заслуги персонально тех или иных лип невозможно, ибо их слишком много, в различных положениях и отношениях, прошло через работы Вюро в голы гражданской войны, но неизменно руководивший технической стороной работ редактор деморафической секции В. С. Двинянинов занимает в успехе дела особое место. Над планом разработки больше всего думали И. С. Биск, В. С. Двинянинов и др. Подготовка материала к печати, как и редакция второй половины предлагаемого издания, лежала на помощ-нике Зав. Губ. Стат. Бюро И. С. Биске. ^ Tytskyi, Serhii Ivanovych (15 December 2016). Kulikov, Petro Musiiovych (ed.). "Вплив індустріально-бюрократичної трансформації в Україні на еволюції соціально-класової структури населення міста Києва наприкінці ХІХ – на початку ХХ ст" . Economic Thought (in Ukrainian). 2 (2): 149–151 – via Kyiv National University of Construction and Architecture. На підставі київського перепису 1917 р. І.С. Біск структурував 467.591 мешканця міста наступним чином: 30123 хазяїв, 2747 рантьє, 34577 службовців в промисловості, торгівлі, натранспорті, державних, громадських і політичних організаціях, 113.806 робітників, 26238 бюрократів у церкві, суді, органах управління, 19542 осіб найманої і самодіяльної інтелігенції, 218.656 утриманців, 21902 інших і невизначених. ^ a b Velychenko, Stephen (23 October 2017). Borysenko, Myroslav; Vodotyka, Tetiana (eds.). "Ukrainians and Cities 1861-1917. Not So Rural and Not So Russified" (PDF). City: History, Culture, Society. 1 (2): 49–64. doi:10.15407/mics2017.02.049. In Kyiv in 1919 Bolshevik city-census enumerators could still refuse to register Ukrainians as Ukrainians. Apparently some were not intimated by Bolshevik rule. One irate resident complained that after he explicitly stated that he was Ukrainian, the enumerator had said: "Okay. It's all the same. Ukrainian – that means Russian. Here there is no difference." He then entered Russian as nationality on his form, and the person concerned would not have known had he not by chance seen the completed form. Enumerators also rewrote all forms written in Ukrainian into Russian. But, by that year, there seem to have been others like the above resident who were prepared to stand-up and declare themselves. Consequently, the published results recorded an increase in the number of declared Ukrainians from 12% in 1917 to 24% and a decline in declared Russians (50% to 42%). ^ a b Makaryk, Irene Rima; Tkacz, Virlana (2010). Modernism in Kyiv: Kiev/Kyïv/Kiev/Kijów: Jubilant Experimentation. University of Toronto Press. p. 74. ISBN 978-1-4426-4098-6 – via Google Books. ^ Velychenko, Stephen (2019-11-04). Propaganda in Revolutionary Ukraine: Leaflets, Pamphlets, and Cartoons, 1917–1922. University of Toronto Press. p. 40. ISBN 978-1-4875-3070-9 – via Google Books. A 1919 Kyiv city census indicated that 20 per cent of the 544,369 counted could read and write in two languages and that 46 per cent could read and write in one language. ^ Estraikh, Gennady (4 February 1999). Soviet Yiddish: Language-Planning and Linguistic Development. Oxford University Press. p. 139. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198184799.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-818479-9. in Kiev the 1919 census revealed that over 90 per cent of males and over 80 per cent of females, comprising the city's 114,500 Jews, were literate. ^ Mogilner, Marina (March 2019). "ARA relief campaign in the Volga region, Jewish anthropometric statistics, and the scientific promise of integration". Science in Context. 32 (1). Cambridge University Press (published 24 May 2019): 5–24. doi:10.1017/S0269889719000012. ISSN 0269-8897. PMID 31124772. S2CID 163167348. See also 1874 Kiev city census Demographics of Kyiv	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian"},{"link_name":"Kiev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyiv"},{"link_name":"Bolshevik occupation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(January_1919)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"The 1919 Kiev city census (Ukrainian: Перепис населення м. Київа 1919 р., romanized: Perepys naselennia m. Kyiva 1919 r.; Russian: Перепись населения г. Киева 1919 г., romanized: Perepis' naseleniya g. Kieva 1919 g.) was the first census conducted in the city of Kiev following the Bolshevik occupation of the city in February 1919, taking place on March 16, 1919. The census covered the size, age, ethnic demography, and educational status of the city's population. The final report was published by D.l. Volion, head of the Kiev Provincial Statistical Bureau, in 1920.[1]","title":"1919 Kiev city census"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian People's Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"}],"text":"As the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic was officially established on 10 March 1919, 6 days prior to the taking of the census, the authority responsible for carrying it out, the Kiev Provincial Statistical Bureau, was under its administration. The main statisticians assigned to the carrying out and processing of the census were I. S. Bisk and V. S. Dvynianinov, who had also previously worked on the Kiev city census of 1917 during the rule of the Ukrainian People's Republic.[2][1] There were some procedural issues with the registration of nationality, due to city-census enumerators being allowed to refuse to register people as Ukrainian. Despite this, the census showed an increase in the number of self-declared Ukrainians in Kiev from the 1917 census, as well as a decline in the number of self-declared Russians.[3][4]","title":"Census-taking process"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Population1919kyiv.PNG"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"sub_title":"Population size","text":"Population by district of Kiev according to the 1919 censusThe total population of the city of Kiev in 1919 was found to be made up of 544,368 people. The chart below lists the population of each district of the city.[1]","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kyiv1919ethnic.PNG"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"}],"sub_title":"National composition","text":"Largest nationality by district of Kiev according to the 1919 census Russian Jewish UkrainianThe most numerous ethnic groups in the city were found to be Russians, Ukrainians, and Jews.[1] The percentage of those identifying as Ukrainians within Kiev in 1919 increased from 12% to 24% when compared to the results of the 1917 census, while the percentage identifying as Russians fell from 50% to 42%.[3][4]","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Literacy1919kyiv.PNG"},{"link_name":"Starokyivska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Starokyivska&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"uk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%97%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Educational status","text":"Literacy by district of Kiev according to the 1919 censusThe average literacy of the population of Kiev was found to be 76.5%, 85.4% for males and 68.6% for females. Around 20% of the population was bilingually literate, being able to read the write multiple languages. Ethnically Jewish males had the highest literacy rate of any demographic, at over 90%. The district with the highest literacy was Starokyivska [uk] at 85.9%, while Slobidky had the lowest at 59.2%.[1][5][6]","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"All-Russian Agricultural Census of 1920","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=All-Russian_Agricultural_Census_of_1920&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C_1920_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The census took place only 1 year before the All-Russian Agricultural Census of 1920 [ru], which covered the entire territory of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, excluding some regions in which active combat was taking place.[7] No census of solely the city of Kiev has taken place since the taking of the census of 1919, making it the final one.","title":"Aftermath"}]	[{"image_text":"Population by district of Kiev according to the 1919 census","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Population1919kyiv.PNG/220px-Population1919kyiv.PNG"},{"image_text":"Largest nationality by district of Kiev according to the 1919 census Russian Jewish Ukrainian","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Kyiv1919ethnic.PNG/220px-Kyiv1919ethnic.PNG"},{"image_text":"Literacy by district of Kiev according to the 1919 census","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Literacy1919kyiv.PNG/220px-Literacy1919kyiv.PNG"}]	[{"title":"1874 Kiev city census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1874_Kiev_city_census&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"uk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%97%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81_(1874)"},{"title":"Demographics of Kyiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Kyiv"}]	[{"reference":"Перепись г. Киева 16 марта 1919 г. [Census of Kiev on March 16, 1919] (in Russian). Kiev: Kiev Provincial Statistical Bureau. 1920. p. 3. Retrieved 2 November 2022 – via State Public Historical Library of Russia. Отметить заслуги персонально тех или иных лип невозможно, ибо их слишком много, в различных положениях и отношениях, прошло через работы Вюро в голы гражданской войны, но неизменно руководивший технической стороной работ редактор деморафической секции В. С. Двинянинов занимает в успехе дела особое место. Над планом разработки больше всего думали И. С. Биск, В. С. Двинянинов и др. Подготовка материала к печати, как и редакция второй половины предлагаемого издания, лежала на помощ-нике Зав. Губ. Стат. Бюро И. С. Биске.","urls":[{"url":"http://elib.shpl.ru/ru/nodes/8745-perepis-g-kieva-16-marta-1919-g-ch-1-naselenie-kiev-1920","url_text":"Перепись г. Киева 16 марта 1919 г."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Public_Historical_Library_of_Russia","url_text":"State Public Historical Library of Russia"}]},{"reference":"Tytskyi, Serhii Ivanovych (15 December 2016). Kulikov, Petro Musiiovych (ed.). \"Вплив індустріально-бюрократичної трансформації в Україні на еволюції соціально-класової структури населення міста Києва наприкінці ХІХ – на початку ХХ ст\" [The influence of industrial and bureaucratic transformation in Ukraine on the evolution of the social-class structure of the population of the city of Kyiv at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries.]. Economic Thought (in Ukrainian). 2 (2): 149–151 – via Kyiv National University of Construction and Architecture. На підставі київського перепису 1917 р. І.С. Біск структурував 467.591 мешканця міста наступним чином: 30123 хазяїв, 2747 рантьє, 34577 службовців в промисловості, торгівлі, натранспорті, державних, громадських і політичних організаціях, 113.806 робітників, 26238 бюрократів у церкві, суді, органах управління, 19542 осіб найманої і самодіяльної інтелігенції, 218.656 утриманців, 21902 інших і невизначених.","urls":[{"url":"https://repositary.knuba.edu.ua//handle/987654321/6602?locale-attribute=en","url_text":"\"Вплив індустріально-бюрократичної трансформації в Україні на еволюції соціально-класової структури населення міста Києва наприкінці ХІХ – на початку ХХ ст\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyiv_National_University_of_Construction_and_Architecture","url_text":"Kyiv National University of Construction and Architecture"}]},{"reference":"Velychenko, Stephen (23 October 2017). Borysenko, Myroslav; Vodotyka, Tetiana (eds.). \"Ukrainians and Cities 1861-1917. Not So Rural and Not So Russified\" (PDF). City: History, Culture, Society. 1 (2): 49–64. doi:10.15407/mics2017.02.049. In Kyiv in 1919 Bolshevik city-census enumerators could still refuse to register Ukrainians as Ukrainians. Apparently some were not intimated by Bolshevik rule. One irate resident complained that after he explicitly stated that he was Ukrainian, the enumerator had said: \"Okay. It's all the same. Ukrainian – that means Russian. Here there is no difference.\" He then entered Russian as nationality on his form, and the person concerned would not have known had he not by chance seen the completed form. Enumerators also rewrote all forms written in Ukrainian into Russian. But, by that year, there seem to have been others like the above resident who were prepared to stand-up and declare themselves. Consequently, the published results recorded an increase in the number of declared Ukrainians from 12% in 1917 to 24% and a decline in declared Russians (50% to 42%).","urls":[{"url":"http://mics.org.ua/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/7.pdf","url_text":"\"Ukrainians and Cities 1861-1917. Not So Rural and Not So Russified\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.15407%2Fmics2017.02.049","url_text":"10.15407/mics2017.02.049"}]},{"reference":"Makaryk, Irene Rima; Tkacz, Virlana (2010). Modernism in Kyiv: Kiev/Kyïv/Kiev/Kijów: Jubilant Experimentation. University of Toronto Press. p. 74. ISBN 978-1-4426-4098-6 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PWknXDfsY6cC&pg=PA74","url_text":"Modernism in Kyiv: Kiev/Kyïv/Kiev/Kijów: Jubilant Experimentation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press","url_text":"University of Toronto Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-4098-6","url_text":"978-1-4426-4098-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books","url_text":"Google Books"}]},{"reference":"Velychenko, Stephen (2019-11-04). Propaganda in Revolutionary Ukraine: Leaflets, Pamphlets, and Cartoons, 1917–1922. University of Toronto Press. p. 40. ISBN 978-1-4875-3070-9 – via Google Books. A 1919 Kyiv city census indicated that 20 per cent of the 544,369 counted could read and write in two languages and that 46 per cent could read and write in one language.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-N2_DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA40","url_text":"Propaganda in Revolutionary Ukraine: Leaflets, Pamphlets, and Cartoons, 1917–1922"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4875-3070-9","url_text":"978-1-4875-3070-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books","url_text":"Google Books"}]},{"reference":"Estraikh, Gennady (4 February 1999). Soviet Yiddish: Language-Planning and Linguistic Development. Oxford University Press. p. 139. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198184799.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-818479-9. in Kiev the 1919 census revealed that over 90 per cent of males and over 80 per cent of females, comprising the city's 114,500 Jews, were literate.","urls":[{"url":"https://academic.oup.com/book/10811","url_text":"Soviet Yiddish: Language-Planning and Linguistic Development"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780198184799.001.0001","url_text":"10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198184799.001.0001"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-818479-9","url_text":"978-0-19-818479-9"}]},{"reference":"Mogilner, Marina (March 2019). \"ARA relief campaign in the Volga region, Jewish anthropometric statistics, and the scientific promise of integration\". Science in Context. 32 (1). Cambridge University Press (published 24 May 2019): 5–24. doi:10.1017/S0269889719000012. ISSN 0269-8897. PMID 31124772. S2CID 163167348.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/science-in-context/article/abs/ara-relief-campaign-in-the-volga-region-jewish-anthropometric-statistics-and-the-scientific-promise-of-integration/EAF851CAF6AFE200A71FE09B94B6C3A0","url_text":"\"ARA relief campaign in the Volga region, Jewish anthropometric statistics, and the scientific promise of integration\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0269889719000012","url_text":"10.1017/S0269889719000012"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0269-8897","url_text":"0269-8897"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31124772","url_text":"31124772"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163167348","url_text":"163167348"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://elib.shpl.ru/ru/nodes/8745-perepis-g-kieva-16-marta-1919-g-ch-1-naselenie-kiev-1920","external_links_name":"Перепись г. Киева 16 марта 1919 г."},{"Link":"https://repositary.knuba.edu.ua//handle/987654321/6602?locale-attribute=en","external_links_name":"\"Вплив індустріально-бюрократичної трансформації в Україні на еволюції соціально-класової структури населення міста Києва наприкінці ХІХ – на початку ХХ ст\""},{"Link":"http://mics.org.ua/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/7.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Ukrainians and Cities 1861-1917. Not So Rural and Not So Russified\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.15407%2Fmics2017.02.049","external_links_name":"10.15407/mics2017.02.049"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PWknXDfsY6cC&pg=PA74","external_links_name":"Modernism in Kyiv: Kiev/Kyïv/Kiev/Kijów: Jubilant Experimentation"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-N2_DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA40","external_links_name":"Propaganda in Revolutionary Ukraine: Leaflets, Pamphlets, and Cartoons, 1917–1922"},{"Link":"https://academic.oup.com/book/10811","external_links_name":"Soviet Yiddish: Language-Planning and Linguistic Development"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780198184799.001.0001","external_links_name":"10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198184799.001.0001"},{"Link":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/science-in-context/article/abs/ara-relief-campaign-in-the-volga-region-jewish-anthropometric-statistics-and-the-scientific-promise-of-integration/EAF851CAF6AFE200A71FE09B94B6C3A0","external_links_name":"\"ARA relief campaign in the Volga region, Jewish anthropometric statistics, and the scientific promise of integration\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0269889719000012","external_links_name":"10.1017/S0269889719000012"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0269-8897","external_links_name":"0269-8897"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31124772","external_links_name":"31124772"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163167348","external_links_name":"163167348"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fu_Haifeng	Fu Haifeng	["1 Sport career","2 Achievements","2.1 Olympic Games","2.2 BWF World Championships","2.3 World Cup","2.4 Asian Championships","2.5 BWF Superseries (16 titles, 14 runners-up)","2.6 BWF Grand Prix (8 titles, 8 runners-up)","3 Family","4 References","5 External links"]	Chinese badminton player (born 1983) Badminton playerFu Haifeng傅海峰Personal informationCountryChinaBorn (1983-08-23) 23 August 1983 (age 40)Jieyang, Guangdong, ChinaHeight1.81 m (5 ft 11 in)Weight70 kg (154 lb; 11 st 0 lb)HandednessLeftMen's doublesHighest ranking1 (with Cai Yun 7 September 2006) 2 (with Zhang Nan 29 September 2016) Medal record Men's badminton Representing China Olympic Games 2012 London Men's doubles 2016 Rio de Janeiro Men's doubles 2008 Beijing Men's doubles World Championships 2006 Madrid Men's doubles 2009 Hyderabad Men's doubles 2010 Paris Men's doubles 2011 London Men's doubles 2003 Birmingham Men's doubles 2013 Guangzhou Men's doubles World Cup 2005 Yiyang Men's doubles 2006 Yiyang Men's doubles Sudirman Cup 2005 Beijing Mixed team 2007 Glasgow Mixed team 2009 Guangzhou Mixed team 2011 Qingdao Mixed team 2013 Kuala Lumpur Mixed team 2015 Dongguan Mixed team 2003 Eindhoven Mixed team 2017 Gold Coast Mixed team Thomas Cup 2004 Jakarta Men's team 2006 Tokyo Men's team 2008 Jakarta Men's team 2010 Kuala Lumpur Men's team 2012 Wuhan Men's team 2014 New Delhi Men's team Asian Games 2006 Doha Men's team 2010 Guangzhou Men's team 2014 Incheon Men's team Asian Championships 2011 Chengdu Men's doubles 2016 Wuhan Men's doubles BWF profile In this Chinese name, the family name is Fu (傅). Fu HaifengTraditional Chinese傅海峰Simplified Chinese傅海峰TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinFù HǎifēngYue: CantoneseYale RomanizationFu6 Hoi2 Fung1 Fu Haifeng (born 23 August 1983) is a Chinese former badminton player. He is regarded as one of the greatest men's doubles players of all time. Sport career Combining Fu Haifeng's impressive power with his regular partner Cai Yun's impressive speed, Cai and Fu have been one of the world's leading men's doubles teams since 2004. They have won numerous top tier events on the world circuit including the venerable All England Open Championships in 2005 and 2009 and the BWF World Championships in 2006, 2009, 2010 and 2011. Cai and Fu have helped China win five consecutive Thomas Cup (Men's Team World Badminton Championships) (2004, 2006, 2008, 2010, and 2012) and four consecutive Sudirman Cup (World Team Championships) (2005, 2007, 2009 and 2011). Cai and Fu also competed together in the Olympic games 3 times, including the 2004, the 2008 Olympic Games and the 2012 Olympic Games. They were eliminated in the quarterfinals in 2004 in Athens, and in 2008 in Beijing were silver medalists, losing a close final to Indonesia's Markis Kido and Hendra Setiawan. At the 2010 BWF World Championships in Paris, they—being the fifth seed—beat the third seed Danish pair Mathias Boe and Carsten Mogensen 21–11, 21–18 in the quarterfinals. In the semifinals, they defeated the second seed Indonesian Olympic Champions Markis Kido and Hendra Setiawan 21–16, 21–13. In the finals, they overcame the first seed and Malaysian world no. 1 Koo Kien Keat and Tan Boon Heong 18–21, 21–18, 21–14 to win the world title for the 3rd time. They are the first Men's Doubles pair to achieve this feat. Cai and Fu went on to win the China Masters Super Series. Being the fifth seed, they first defeated their second seed compatriots Xu Chen and Guo Zhendong 21–11, 21–16 in the quarterfinals. In the semifinals, they made a great comeback against the third seed South Korean rival Lee Yong-dae and Jung Jae-sung 20–22, 21–13, 21–17. Cai and Fu then clinched their second China Masters title by defeating the fourth seed South Korean pair Yoo Yeon-seong and Ko Sung-hyun in 2 sets 21–14, 21–19. Cai and Fu won their third title in a row by winning the Yonex Japan Open Super Series. They, being the fifth seed, beat the young Korean Pair Cho Gun-woo and Kwon Yi-goo 21–14, 16–21, 21–12 in the quarterfinals. In the semifinals, they defeated their promising compatriots Zhang Nan and Chai Biao 21–17, 21–16. In the finals, they made a great comeback again against the first seed and Malaysian world no. 1 Koo Kien Keat and Tan Boon Heong 18–21, 21–14, 21–12 to win their first Japan Open title. At the 2012 Summer Olympics, they defeated Denmark's Mathias Boe and Carsten Mogensen in the final to win the gold medal. Having had 1 Olympic gold medal and 4 World Championship titles, as well as many other titles, Cai and Fu are one of the most successful men's doubles pair in badminton history. An ancillary badminton achievement of Fu is that while competing in the 2005 Sudirman Cup, one of his smashes was clocked at 332 km/h (206 mph), the fastest propulsion of a shuttle on record. Fu also fired a 303 km/h smash during game 3 of the 2010 BWF World Championships men's doubles final, which was confirmed by the commentator Gillian Clark as the fastest of the tournament. The fastest smash by Fu during the 2011 Sudirman Cup final was clocked at 291 km/h. In 2014, Fu played with mixed doubles champion Zhang Nan in the All England Super Series. They lost to the Indonesian pair Muhammad Ahsan and Hendra Setiawan in the quarter finals 21-23 20–22. Later on it, they took revenge at Denmark Open Super Series, and became the champion after beating top seed Korean pair Lee Yong-dae and Yoo Yeon-seong in 2 straight sets in the final. In 2015, his partnership with Zhang Nan was stable after reaching several Super Series Finals such as Singapore Open, Indonesia Open, Japan Open, All England as runners-up. In 2016, they won the Singapore Open Super Series after beating the top seed from Korea Lee/Yoo in 2 straight sets at semi final. Their performance later in several Super Series was not so climatic. They were seeded 4th in the Olympic Games in Rio, as Fu claimed his second gold medal in men's doubles category after beating Malaysian's pair Tan/Goh in 3 sets. He ends his career having reached 3 consecutive finals in the Olympic Games with two different partners, winning gold twice. Achievements Olympic Games Men's doubles Year Venue Partner Opponent Score Result 2008 Beijing University of Technology Gymnasium, Beijing, China Cai Yun Markis Kido Hendra Setiawan 21–12, 11–21, 16–21 Silver 2012 Wembley Arena, London, Great Britain Cai Yun Mathias Boe Carsten Mogensen 21–16, 21–15 Gold 2016 Riocentro - Pavilion 4, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Zhang Nan Goh V Shem Tan Wee Kiong 16–21, 21–11, 23–21 Gold BWF World Championships Men's doubles Year Venue Partner Opponent Score Result 2003 National Indoor Arena, Birmingham, United Kingdom Cai Yun Sigit Budiarto Candra Wijaya 15–6, 10–15, 9–15 Bronze 2006 Palacio de Deportes de la Comunidad, Madrid, Spain Cai Yun Robert Blair Anthony Clark 21–9, 21–13 Gold 2009 Gachibowli Indoor Stadium, Hyderabad, India Cai Yun Jung Jae-sung Lee Yong-dae 21–18, 16–21, 28–26 Gold 2010 Stade Pierre de Coubertin, Paris, France Cai Yun Koo Kien Keat Tan Boon Heong 18–21, 21–18, 21–14 Gold 2011 Wembley Arena, London, England Cai Yun Ko Sung-hyun Yoo Yeon-seong 24–22, 21–16 Gold 2013 Tianhe Sports Center, Guangzhou, China Cai Yun Mohammad Ahsan Hendra Setiawan 19–21, 17–21 Bronze World Cup Men's doubles Year Venue Partner Opponent Score Result 2005 Olympic Park, Yiyang, China Cai Yun Sigit Budiarto Candra Wijaya 21–11, 21–18 Gold 2006 Olympic Park, Yiyang, China Cai Yun Lin Woon Fui Mohd Fairuzizuan Mohd Tazari 15–21, 21–13, 17–21 Bronze Asian Championships Men's doubles Year Venue Partner Opponent Score Result 2011 Sichuan Gymnasium, Chengdu, China Cai Yun Hirokatsu Hashimoto Noriyasu Hirata 21–12, 21–15 Gold 2016 Wuhan Sports Center Gymnasium, Wuhan, China Zhang Nan Li Junhui Liu Yuchen 21–23, 19–21 Bronze BWF Superseries (16 titles, 14 runners-up) The BWF Superseries, which was launched on 14 December 2006 and implemented in 2007, was a series of elite badminton tournaments, sanctioned by the Badminton World Federation (BWF). BWF Superseries levels were Superseries and Superseries Premier. A season of Superseries consisted of twelve tournaments around the world that had been introduced since 2011. Successful players were invited to the Superseries Finals, which were held at the end of each year. Men's doubles Year Tournament Partner Opponent Score Result 2007 All England Open Cai Yun Koo Kien Keat Tan Boon Heong 15–21, 18–21 Runner-up 2007 Singapore Open Cai Yun Choong Tan Fook Lee Wan Wah 16–21, 24–22, 21–18 Winner 2007 Indonesia Open Cai Yun Mohd Zakry Abdul Latif Mohd Fairuzizuan Mohd Tazari 21–17, 22–20 Winner 2007 China Masters Cai Yun Markis Kido Hendra Setiawan 21–15, 21–16 Winner 2007 French Open Cai Yun Choong Tan Fook Lee Wan Wah 21–14, 21–19 Winner 2008 Korea Open Cai Yun Luluk Hadiyanto Alvent Yulianto 21–7, 20–22, 21–17 Winner 2008 Denmark Open Shen Ye Markis Kido Hendra Setiawan 15–21, 12–21 Runner-up 2009 All England Open Cai Yun Han Sang-hoon Hwang Ji-man 21–17, 21–15 Winner 2009 Indonesia Open Cai Yun Jung Jae-sung Lee Yong-dae 15–21, 18–21 Runner-up 2009 China Masters Cai Yun Guo Zhendong Xu Chen Walkover Runner-up 2010 Korea Open Cai Yun Jung Jae-sung Lee Yong-dae 11–21, 21–14, 18–21 Runner-up 2010 China Masters Cai Yun Ko Sung-hyun Yoo Yeon-seong 21–14, 21–19 Winner 2010 Japan Open Cai Yun Koo Kien Keat Tan Boon Heong 18–21, 21–14, 21–12 Winner 2011 Singapore Open Cai Yun Hendra Aprida Gunawan Alvent Yulianto 21–17, 21–13 Winner 2011 Indonesia Open Cai Yun Chai Biao Guo Zhendong 21–13, 21–12 Winner 2011 China Masters Cai Yun Jung Jae-sung Lee Yong-dae 17–21, 10–21 Runner-up 2011 Japan Open Cai Yun Mohammad Ahsan Bona Septano 21–13, 23–21 Winner 2011 Denmark Open Cai Yun Jung Jae-sung Lee Yong-dae 16–21, 17–21 Runner-up 2011 French Open Cai Yun Jung Jae-sung Lee Yong-dae 21–14, 15–21, 11–21 Runner-up 2011 Hong Kong Open Cai Yun Jung Jae-sung Lee Yong-dae 14–21, 24–22, 21–19 Winner 2012 Korea Open Cai Yun Jung Jae-sung Lee Yong-dae 18–21, 21–17, 21–19 Winner 2012 All England Open Cai Yun Jung Jae-sung Lee Yong-dae 23–21, 9–21, 14–21 Runner-up 2012 Hong Kong Open Cai Yun Koo Kien Keat Tan Boon Heong 21–16, 21–17 Winner 2014 Denmark Open Zhang Nan Lee Yong-dae Yoo Yeon-seong 21–13, 25–23 Winner 2015 All England Open Zhang Nan Mathias Boe Carsten Mogensen 17–21, 20–22 Runner-up 2015 Indonesia Open Zhang Nan Ko Sung-hyun Shin Baek-cheol 16–21, 21–16, 19–21 Runner-up 2015 Singapore Open Zhang Nan Angga Pratama Ricky Karanda Suwardi 15–21, 21–11, 14–21 Runner-up 2015 Japan Open Zhang Nan Lee Yong-dae Yoo Yeon-seong 19–21, 27–29 Runner-up 2016 Singapore Open Zhang Nan Takeshi Kamura Keigo Sonoda 21–11, 22–20 Winner 2017 Malaysia Open Zheng Siwei Marcus Fernaldi Gideon Kevin Sanjaya Sukamuljo 14–21, 21–14, 12–21 Runner-up BWF Superseries Finals tournament BWF Superseries Premier tournament BWF Superseries tournament BWF Grand Prix (8 titles, 8 runners-up) The BWF Grand Prix had two levels, the Grand Prix and Grand Prix Gold. It was a series of badminton tournaments sanctioned by the Badminton World Federation (BWF) and played between 2007 and 2017. The World Badminton Grand Prix was sanctioned by the International Badminton Federation from 1983 to 2006. Men's doubles Year Tournament Partner Opponent Score Result 2003 Malaysia Open Cai Yun Kim Dong-moon Lee Dong-soo 15–17, 11–15 Runner-up 2003 German Open Cai Yun Eng Hian Flandy Limpele 15–9, 8–15, 4–15 Runner-up 2004 Swiss Open Cai Yun Luluk Hadiyanto Alvent Yulianto 15–9, 17–14 Winner 2004 Japan Open Cai Yun Ha Tae-kwon Kim Dong-moon 7–15, 15–6, 6–15 Runner-up 2004 Indonesia Open Cai Yun Luluk Hadiyanto Alvent Yulianto 8–15, 11–15 Runner-up 2005 German Open Cai Yun Jens Eriksen Martin Lundgaard Hansen 6–15, 15–3, 15–10 Winner 2005 All England Open Cai Yun Lars Paaske Jonas Rasmussen 15–10, 15–6 Winner 2005 Malaysia Open Cai Yun Sigit Budiarto Candra Wijaya 11–15, 14–17 Runner-up 2005 Hong Kong Open Cai Yun Jens Eriksen Martin Lundgaard Hansen 15–13, 15–9 Winner 2006 China Masters Cai Yun Jens Eriksen Martin Lundgaard Hansen 17–21, 17–21 Runner-up 2006 Chinese Taipei Open Cai Yun Jung Jae-sung Lee Yong-dae 21–14, 21–18 Winner 2006 Macau Open Cai Yun Guo Zhendong Zheng Bo 21–12, 9–21, 21–19 Winner 2006 China Open Cai Yun Markis Kido Hendra Setiawan 16–21, 16–21 Runner-up 2008 Thailand Open Cai Yun Guo Zhendong Xie Zhongbo 21–17, retired Winner 2014 Swiss Open Zhang Nan Chai Biao Hong Wei 20–22, 14–21 Runner-up 2015 Chinese Taipei Open Zhang Nan Marcus Fernaldi Gideon Kevin Sanjaya Sukamuljo 21–13, 21–8 Winner BWF Grand Prix Gold tournament BWF & IBF Grand Prix tournament Family Fu's grandfather was from Liancheng, Fujian. Once his grandfather migrated to Indonesia, because of the anti-Chinese riots in 1960s there, his family moved back to China and settled in Jieyang, Guangdong. References ^ "Historical 1994-2008 top-25 world ranking data". ^ Chinese Fu clocks fastest smash at Sudirman Cup ^ "BWF Launches Super Series". Badminton Australia. 15 December 2006. Archived from the original on 6 October 2007. ^ "Yonex All England Elevated To BWF Premier Super Series Event". IBadmintonstore. Archived from the original on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 29 September 2013. External links Fu Haifeng at BWF.tournamentsoftware.com Fu Haifeng at BWFbadminton.com Fu Haifeng's Blog (in Chinese) Fu Haifeng at Beijing 2008 Olympic Games at the Wayback Machine (archived 16 August 2008) Fu Haifeng at the Chinese Olympic Committee (also available in Chinese) Fu Haifeng at Olympics.comFu Haifeng at OlympicChannel.com (archived)Fu Haifeng at Olympic.org (archived) Fu Haifeng at Olympedia vteOlympic badminton men's doubles championsDemonstration 1972: Ade Chandra & Christian Hadinata (INA) Exhibition 1988: Li Yongbo & Tian Bingyi (CHN) Official 1992: Kim Moon-soo & Park Joo-bong (KOR) 1996: Rexy Mainaky & Ricky Subagja (INA) 2000: Tony Gunawan & Candra Wijaya (INA) 2004: Ha Tae-kwon & Kim Dong-moon (KOR) 2008: Markis Kido & Hendra Setiawan (INA) 2012: Cai Yun & Fu Haifeng (CHN) 2016: Fu Haifeng & Zhang Nan (CHN) 2020: Lee Yang & Wang Chi-lin (TPE) vteWorld badminton men's doubles champions 1977: Tjun Tjun & Johan Wahjudi (INA) 1978 (WBF): Hou Jiachang & Yu Yaodong (CHN) 1979 (WBF): Sun Zhian & Yao Ximing (CHN) 1980: Ade Chandra & Christian Hadinata (INA) 1983: Steen Fladberg & Jesper Helledie (DEN) 1985: Kim Moon-soo & Park Joo-bong (KOR) 1987: Li Yongbo & Tian Bingyi (CHN) 1989: Li Yongbo & Tian Bingyi (CHN) 1991: Kim Moon-soo & Park Joo-bong (KOR) 1993: Rudy Gunawan & Ricky Subagja (INA) 1995: Rexy Mainaky & Ricky Subagja (INA) 1997: Sigit Budiarto & Candra Wijaya (INA) 1999: Ha Tae-kwon & Kim Dong-moon (KOR) 2001: Tony Gunawan & Halim Haryanto (INA) 2003: Lars Paaske & Jonas Rasmussen (DEN) 2005: Howard Bach & Tony Gunawan (USA) 2006: Cai Yun & Fu Haifeng (CHN) 2007: Markis Kido & Hendra Setiawan (INA) 2009: Cai Yun & Fu Haifeng (CHN) 2010: Cai Yun & Fu Haifeng (CHN) 2011: Cai Yun & Fu Haifeng (CHN) 2013: Mohammad Ahsan & Hendra Setiawan (INA) 2014: Ko Sung-hyun & Shin Baek-cheol (KOR) 2015: Mohammad Ahsan & Hendra Setiawan (INA) 2017: Liu Cheng & Zhang Nan (CHN) 2018: Li Junhui & Liu Yuchen (CHN) 2019: Mohammad Ahsan & Hendra Setiawan (INA) 2021: Takuro Hoki & Yugo Kobayashi (JPN) 2022: Aaron Chia & Soh Wooi Yik (MAS) 2023: Kang Min-hyuk & Seo Seung-jae (KOR) vteThomas Cup badminton men's team champions 1949: Chan Kon Leong, Law Teik Hock, Lim Kee Fong, Ong Poh Lim, Ooi Teik Hock, Teoh Seng Khoon, Wong Peng Soon, Yeoh Teck Chye (MAL) 1952: Chan Kon Leong, Ismail Marjan, Ong Poh Lim, Ooi Teik Hock, Abdullah Piruz, Wong Peng Soon (MAL) 1955: Eddy Choong, Lim Kee Fong, Ong Poh Lim, Ooi Teik Hock, Tan Jin Eong, Wong Peng Soon (MAL) 1958: Lie Po Djian, Njoo Kiem Bie, Olich Solichin, Ferry Sonneville, Tan Joe Hok, Tan King Gwan, Eddy Yusuf (INA) 1961: Lie Po Djian, Njoo Kiem Bie, Ferry Sonneville, Tan Joe Hok, Tan King Gwan, Eddy Yusuf (INA) 1964: Ang Tjin Siang, Tutang Djamaludin, Ferry Sonneville, Tan Joe Hok, Tan King Gwan, Abdul Patah Unang (INA) 1967: Omar Manaf, Billy Ng, Ng Boon Bee, Tan Aik Huang, Tan Yee Khan, Teh Kew San, Yew Cheng Hoe (MAS) 1970: Darmadi, Indra Gunawan, Rudy Hartono, Indratno, Minjarti, Muljadi (INA) 1973: Ade Chandra, Indra Gunawan, Christian Hadinata, Rudy Hartono, Muljadi, Amril Nurman, Tjun Tjun (INA) 1976: Ade Chandra, Christian Hadinata, Rudy Hartono, Liem Swie King, Amril Nurman, Iie Sumirat, Tjun Tjun, Johan Wahjudi (INA) 1979: Christian Hadinata, Rudy Hartono, Liem Swie King, Lius Pongoh, Iie Sumirat, Tjun Tjun, Johan Wahjudi (INA) 1982: Chen Changjie, Chen Tianlong, Chen Yue, Han Jian, Lin Jiangli, Luan Jin, Sun Zhian, Yao Ximing (CHN) 1984: Hastomo Arbi, Christian Hadinata, Hadiyanto, Rudy Heryanto, Hariamanto Kartono, Eddy Kurniawan, Liem Swie King, Icuk Sugiarto, Hadibowo Susanto (INA) 1986: Ding Qiqing, Han Jian, Li Yongbo, Tian Bingyi, Xiong Guobao, Yang Yang, Zhang Qiang, Zhou Jincan (CHN) 1988: Chen Hongyong, Chen Kang, Li Yongbo, Tian Bingyi, Xiong Guobao, Yang Yang, Zhang Qingwu, Zhao Jianhua, Zhou Jincan (CHN) 1990: Chen Hongyong, Chen Kang, Li Yongbo, Tian Bingyi, Wu Wenkai, Xiong Guobao, Yang Yang, Zhao Jianhua, Zheng Yumin (CHN) 1992: Cheah Soon Kit, Foo Kok Keong, Kwan Yoke Meng, Jalani Sidek, Rahman Sidek, Rashid Sidek, Razif Sidek, Soo Beng Kiang, Wong Ewee Mun (MAS) 1994: Hariyanto Arbi, Rudy Gunawan, Eddy Hartono, Rexy Mainaky, Ricky Subagja, Bambang Suprianto, Joko Suprianto, Hermawan Susanto, Ardy Wiranata (INA) 1996: Hariyanto Arbi, Antonius Ariantho, Alan Budikusuma, Rudy Gunawan, Denny Kantono, Rexy Mainaky, Ricky Subagja, Bambang Suprianto, Joko Suprianto, Ardy Wiranata (INA) 1998: Hariyanto Arbi, Sigit Budiarto, Tony Gunawan, Hendrawan, Marleve Mainaky, Rexy Mainaky, Ricky Subagja, Joko Suprianto, Candra Wijaya, Indra Wijaya (INA) 2000: Hariyanto Arbi, Antonius Ariantho, Sigit Budiarto, Tony Gunawan, Hendrawan, Taufik Hidayat, Marleve Mainaky, Rexy Mainaky, Ricky Subagja, Candra Wijaya (INA) 2002: Rony Agustinus, Sigit Budiarto, Halim Haryanto, Hendrawan, Taufik Hidayat, Tri Kusharjanto, Marleve Mainaky, Budi Santoso, Bambang Suprianto, Candra Wijaya (INA) 2004: Bao Chunlai, Cai Yun, Chen Hong, Chen Qiqiu, Chen Yu, Fu Haifeng, Lin Dan, Sang Yang, Xia Xuanze, Zheng Bo (CHN) 2006: Bao Chunlai, Cai Yun, Chen Hong, Chen Jin, Fu Haifeng, Guo Zhendong, Lin Dan, Xia Xuanze, Xie Zhongbo, Zheng Bo (CHN) 2008: Bao Chunlai, Cai Yun, Chen Jin, Chen Yu, Fu Haifeng, Guo Zhendong, He Hanbin, Lin Dan, Shen Ye, Xie Zhongbo (CHN) 2010: Bao Chunlai, Cai Yun, Chai Biao, Chen Jin, Chen Long, Fu Haifeng, Guo Zhendong, Lin Dan, Xu Chen, Zhang Nan (CHN) 2012: Cai Yun, Chai Biao, Chen Jin, Chen Long, Du Pengyu, Fu Haifeng, Guo Zhendong, Hong Wei, Lin Dan, Shen Ye (CHN) 2014: Hiroyuki Endo, Hirokatsu Hashimoto, Kenichi Hayakawa, Noriyasu Hirata, Takeshi Kamura, Kento Momota, Sho Sasaki, Keigo Sonoda, Kenichi Tago, Takuma Ueda (JPN) 2016: Kim Astrup, Viktor Axelsen, Mathias Boe, Mathias Christiansen, Mads Conrad-Petersen, Emil Holst, Jan Ø. Jørgensen, Mads Pieler Kolding, Anders Skaarup Rasmussen, Hans-Kristian Vittinghus (DEN) 2018: Chen Long, Li Junhui, Lin Dan, Liu Cheng, Liu Yuchen, Qiao Bin, Shi Yuqi, Wang Yilyu, Zhang Nan, Zheng Siwei (CHN) 2020: Mohammad Ahsan, Fajar Alfian, Muhammad Rian Ardianto, Leo Rolly Carnando, Jonatan Christie, Chico Aura Dwi Wardoyo, Marcus Fernaldi Gideon, Anthony Sinisuka Ginting, Daniel Marthin, Shesar Hiren Rhustavito, Hendra Setiawan, Kevin Sanjaya Sukamuljo (INA) 2022: Arjun M. R., Krishna Prasad Garaga, Dhruv Kapila, Srikanth Kidambi, Vishnuvardhan Goud Panjala, Prannoy H. S., Priyanshu Rajawat, Satwiksairaj Rankireddy, Lakshya Sen, Chirag Shetty (IND) 2024: He Jiting, Li Shifeng, Liang Weikeng, Liu Yuchen, Lu Guangzu, Ou Xuanyi, Ren Xiangyu, Shi Yuqi, Wang Chang, Weng Hongyang (CHN) vteSudirman Cup badminton mixed team champions 1989: Verawaty Fadjrin, Rudy Gunawan, Eddy Hartono, Eddy Kurniawan, Yanti Kusmiati, Sarwendah Kusumawardhani, Aryono Miranat, Icuk Sugiarto, Susi Susanti, Minarti Timur (INA) 1991: Ahn Jae-chang, Bang Soo-hyun, Chung Myung-hee, Chung So-young, Hwang Hye-young, Kim Hak-kyun, Kim Moon-soo, Lee Gwang-jin, Lee Heung-soon, Lee Sang-bok, Park Joo-bong (KOR) 1993: Bang Soo-hyun, Chung So-young, Gil Young-ah, Kim Hak-kyun, Kim Moon-soo, Lee Heung-soon, Park Joo-bong, Park Sung-woo, Shon Jin-hwan (KOR) 1995: Chen Xingdong, Dong Jiong, Ge Fei, Gu Jun, Huang Zhanzhong, Jiang Xin, Liu Jianjun, Sun Jun, Wang Xiaoyuan, Ye Zhaoying (CHN) 1997: Chen Xingdong, Dong Jiong, Ge Cheng, Ge Fei, Gong Zhichao, Gu Jun, Lin Liwen, Liu Yong, Qin Yiyuan, Tang Yongshu, Tao Xiaoqiang, Sun Jun, Ye Zhaoying, Zhang Wei (CHN) 1999: Dai Yun, Dong Jiong, Ge Fei, Gong Zhichao, Gu Jun, Huang Nanyan, Liu Yong, Sun Jun, Yang Wei, Yu Jinhao, Zhang Jun, Zhang Ning, Zhang Wei (CHN) 2001: Chen Hong, Gao Ling, Gong Zhichao, Huang Nanyan, Huang Sui, Ji Xinpeng, Liu Yong, Yang Wei, Zhang Jun, Zhang Wei, Zhou Mi (CHN) 2003: Jun Jae-youn, Kim Dong-moon, Kim Kyeung-ran, Kim Yong-hyun, Lee Dong-soo, Lee Hyo-jung, Lee Hyun-il, Lee Kyung-won, Park Sung-hwan, Ra Kyung-min, Yim Kyung-jin, Yoo Yong-sung (KOR) 2005: Bao Chunlai, Cai Yun, Chen Qiqiu, Fu Haifeng, Gao Ling, Huang Sui, Lin Dan, Xie Xingfang, Yang Wei, Zhang Jiewen, Zhang Jun, Zhang Ning, Zhao Tingting (CHN) 2007: Cai Yun, Fu Haifeng, Gao Ling, Lin Dan, Wei Yili, Xie Xingfang, Yang Wei, Zhang Ning, Zhang Yawen, Zhao Tingting, Zheng Bo (CHN) 2009: Cai Yun, Du Jing, Fu Haifeng, He Hanbin, Lin Dan, Ma Jin, Pan Pan, Wang Lin, Wang Yihan, Yu Yang, Zhang Yawen, Zheng Bo (CHN) 2011: Cai Yun, Fu Haifeng, Lin Dan, Ma Jin, Tian Qing, Wang Shixian, Wang Xiaoli, Wang Xin, Xu Chen, Yu Yang, Zhao Yunlei (CHN) 2013: Cai Yun, Chen Long, Fu Haifeng, Li Xuerui, Liu Xiaolong, Ma Jin, Qiu Zihan, Wang Xiaoli, Wang Yihan, Xu Chen, Yu Yang, Zhang Nan, Zhao Yunlei (CHN) 2015: Cai Yun, Chai Biao, Chen Long, Fu Haifeng, Hong Wei, Li Xuerui, Lin Dan, Liu Cheng, Ma Jin, Tang Yuanting, Wang Yihan, Xu Chen, Yu Yang, Zhang Nan, Zhao Yunlei (CHN) 2017: Chae Yoo-jung, Chang Ye-na, Choi Sol-gyu, Jeon Hyeok-jin, Jung Kyung-eun, Kim Duk-young, Kim Ha-na, Kim Won-ho, Lee Jang-mi, Lee So-hee, Park Kyung-hoon, Seo Seung-jae, Son Wan-ho, Sung Ji-hyun (KOR) 2019: Chen Long, Chen Qingchen, Chen Yufei, Du Yue, Han Chengkai, Huang Dongping, Huang Yaqiong, Jia Yifan, Li Junhui, Li Yinhui, Liu Yuchen, Shi Yuqi, Wang Yilyu, Zheng Siwei, Zhou Haodong (CHN) 2021: Chen Qingchen, Chen Yufei, Du Yue, Feng Yanzhe, He Bingjiao, He Jiting, Huang Dongping, Jia Yifan, Li Wenmei, Liu Cheng, Lu Guangzu, Shi Yuqi, Tan Qiang, Wang Yilyu, Zheng Yu, Zhou Haodong (CHN) 2023: Chen Qingchen, Chen Yufei, Feng Yanzhe, He Bingjiao, Huang Dongping, Huang Yaqiong, Jia Yifan, Li Shifeng, Liang Weikeng, Liu Yuchen, Ou Xuanyi, Shi Yuqi, Wang Chang, Zhang Shuxian, Zheng Siwei, Zheng Yu (CHN) vteWorld Cup badminton men's doubles champions 1979: Ade Chandra & Christian Hadinata (INA) 1980: Ade Chandra & Christian Hadinata (INA) 1983: Kim Moon-soo & Park Joo-bong (KOR) 1984: Hariamanto Kartono & Liem Swie King (INA) 1985: Hariamanto Kartono & Liem Swie King (INA) 1986: Bobby Ertanto & Liem Swie King (INA) 1987: Kim Moon-soo & Park Joo-bong (KOR) 1988: Li Yongbo & Tian Bingyi (CHN) 1989: Kim Moon-soo & Park Joo-bong (KOR) 1990: Jalani Sidek & Razif Sidek (MAS) 1991: Jalani Sidek & Razif Sidek (MAS) 1992: Cheah Soon Kit & Soo Beng Kiang (MAS) 1993: Rexy Mainaky & Ricky Subagja (INA) 1994: Cheah Soon Kit & Soo Beng Kiang (MAS) 1995: Rexy Mainaky & Ricky Subagja (INA) 1996: Antonius Ariantho & Denny Kantono (INA) 1997: Rexy Mainaky & Ricky Subagja (INA) 2005: Cai Yun & Fu Haifeng (CHN) 2006: Markis Kido & Hendra Setiawan (INA) vteAll England Open badminton men's doubles champions 1899: Stewart Marsden Massey & D. Oakes (ENG) 1900: Herbert Mellersh & F. S. Collier (ENG) 1901: Herbert Mellersh & F. S. Collier (ENG) 1902: Herbert Mellersh & F. S. Collier (ENG) 1903: Stewart Marsden Massey & Edward Huson (ENG) 1904: Albert Prebble & Henry Norman Marrett (ENG) 1905: C. T. J. Barnes & Stewart Marsden Massey (ENG) 1906: Henry Norman Marrett & George Thomas (ENG) 1907: Albert Prebble & Norman Wood (ENG) 1908: Henry Norman Marrett & George Thomas (ENG) 1909: Frank Chesterton & Albert Prebble (ENG) 1910: Henry Norman Marrett & George Thomas (ENG) 1911: Percy Fitton & Edward Hawthorn (ENG) 1912: Henry Norman Marrett & George Thomas (ENG) 1913: Frank Chesterton & George Thomas (ENG) 1914: Frank Chesterton & George Thomas (ENG) 1920: Archibald Frank Engelbach & Raoul du Roveray (ENG) 1921: George Thomas & Frank Hodge (ENG) 1922: Frank Devlin (IRE) & Guy A. Sautter (ENG) 1923: Frank Devlin & Gordon 'Curly' Mack (IRE) 1924: George Thomas & Frank Hodge (ENG) 1925: Arthur Kenneth Jones & Herbert Uber (ENG) 1926: Frank Devlin & Gordon 'Curly' Mack (IRE) 1927: Frank Devlin & Gordon 'Curly' Mack (IRE) 1928: George Thomas & Frank Hodge (ENG) 1929: Frank Devlin & Gordon 'Curly' Mack (IRE) 1930: Frank Devlin & Gordon 'Curly' Mack (IRE) 1931: Frank Devlin & Gordon 'Curly' Mack (IRE) 1932: Donald C. Hume & Raymond M. White (ENG) 1933: Donald C. Hume & Raymond M. White (ENG) 1934: Donald C. Hume & Raymond M. White (ENG) 1935: Donald C. Hume & Raymond M. White (ENG) 1936: Leslie Nichols & Ralph Nichols (ENG) 1937: Leslie Nichols & Ralph Nichols (ENG) 1938: Leslie Nichols & Ralph Nichols (ENG) 1939: Thomas Boyle & James Rankin (IRE) 1947: Poul Holm & Tage Madsen (DEN) 1948: Preben Dabelsteen & Børge Frederiksen (DEN) 1949: Ooi Teik Hock & Teoh Seng Khoon (MAL) 1950: Preben Dabelsteen & Jørn Skaarup (DEN) 1951: David E. L. Choong & Eddy Choong (MAL) 1952: David E. L. Choong & Eddy Choong (MAL) 1953: David E. L. Choong & Eddy Choong (MAL) 1954: Ong Poh Lim & Ooi Teik Hock (MAL) 1955: Jørgen Hammergaard Hansen & Finn Kobberø (DEN) 1956: Jørgen Hammergaard Hansen & Finn Kobberø (DEN) 1957: Joseph Cameron Alston (USA) & Heah Hock Aun (MAL) 1958: Erland Kops & Poul-Erik Nielsen (DEN) 1959: Lim Say Hup & Teh Kew San (MAL) 1960: Finn Kobberø & Poul-Erik Nielsen (DEN) 1961: Jørgen Hammergaard Hansen & Finn Kobberø (DEN) 1962: Jørgen Hammergaard Hansen & Finn Kobberø (DEN) 1963: Jørgen Hammergaard Hansen & Finn Kobberø (DEN) 1964: Jørgen Hammergaard Hansen & Finn Kobberø (DEN) 1965: Ng Boon Bee & Tan Yee Khan (MAS) 1966: Ng Boon Bee & Tan Yee Khan (MAS) 1967: Henning Borch & Erland Kops (DEN) 1968: Henning Borch & Erland Kops (DEN) 1969: Henning Borch & Erland Kops (DEN) 1970: Tom Bacher & Poul Petersen (DEN) 1971: Punch Gunalan & Ng Boon Bee (MAS) 1972: Ade Chandra & Christian Hadinata (INA) 1973: Ade Chandra & Christian Hadinata (INA) 1974: Tjun Tjun & Johan Wahjudi (INA) 1975: Tjun Tjun & Johan Wahjudi (INA) 1976: Bengt Fröman & Thomas Kihlström (SWE) 1977: Tjun Tjun & Johan Wahjudi (INA) 1978: Tjun Tjun & Johan Wahjudi (INA) 1979: Tjun Tjun & Johan Wahjudi (INA) 1980: Tjun Tjun & Johan Wahjudi (INA) 1981: Rudy Heryanto & Hariamanto Kartono (INA) 1982: Jalani Sidek & Razif Sidek (MAS) 1983: Stefan Karlsson & Thomas Kihlström (SWE) 1984: Rudy Heryanto & Hariamanto Kartono (INA) 1985: Kim Moon-soo & Park Joo-bong (KOR) 1986: Kim Moon-soo & Park Joo-bong (KOR) 1987: Li Yongbo & Tian Bingyi (CHN) 1988: Li Yongbo & Tian Bingyi (CHN) 1989: Lee Sang-bok & Park Joo-bong (KOR) 1990: Kim Moon-soo & Park Joo-bong (KOR) 1991: Li Yongbo & Tian Bingyi (CHN) 1992: Rudy Gunawan & Eddy Hartono (INA) 1993: Jon Holst-Christensen & Thomas Lund (DEN) 1994: Rudy Gunawan & Bambang Suprianto (INA) 1995: Rexy Mainaky & Ricky Subagja (INA) 1996: Rexy Mainaky & Ricky Subagja (INA) 1997: Ha Tae-kwon & Kang Kyung-jin (KOR) 1998: Lee Dong-soo & Yoo Yong-sung (KOR) 1999: Tony Gunawan & Candra Wijaya (INA) 2000: Ha Tae-kwon & Kim Dong-moon (KOR) 2001: Tony Gunawan & Halim Haryanto (INA) 2002: Ha Tae-kwon & Kim Dong-moon (KOR) 2003: Sigit Budiarto & Candra Wijaya (INA) 2004: Jens Eriksen & Martin Lundgaard Hansen (DEN) 2005: Cai Yun & Fu Haifeng (CHN) 2006: Jens Eriksen & Martin Lundgaard Hansen (DEN) 2007: Koo Kien Keat & Tan Boon Heong (MAS) 2008: Jung Jae-sung & Lee Yong-dae (KOR) 2009: Cai Yun & Fu Haifeng (CHN) 2010: Lars Paaske & Jonas Rasmussen (DEN) 2011: Mathias Boe & Carsten Mogensen (DEN) 2012: Jung Jae-sung & Lee Yong-dae (KOR) 2013: Liu Xiaolong & Qiu Zihan (CHN) 2014: Mohammad Ahsan & Hendra Setiawan (INA) 2015: Mathias Boe & Carsten Mogensen (DEN) 2016: Vladimir Ivanov & Ivan Sozonov (RUS) 2017: Marcus Fernaldi Gideon & Kevin Sanjaya Sukamuljo (INA) 2018: Marcus Fernaldi Gideon & Kevin Sanjaya Sukamuljo (INA) 2019: Mohammad Ahsan & Hendra Setiawan (INA) 2020: Hiroyuki Endo & Yuta Watanabe (JPN) 2021: Hiroyuki Endo & Yuta Watanabe (JPN) 2022: Muhammad Shohibul Fikri & Bagas Maulana (INA) 2023: Fajar Alfian & Muhammad Rian Ardianto (INA) 2024: Fajar Alfian & Muhammad Rian Ardianto (INA) vteAsian Games badminton men's team champions 1962: Tutang Djamaluddin, Liem Tjeng Kiang, Ferry Sonneville, Tan Joe Hok, Abdul Patah Unang (INA) 1966: Narong Bhornchima, Chavalert Chumkum, Raphi Kanchanaraphi, Channarong Ratanaseangsuang, Sangob Rattanusorn, Tuly Ulao, Charoen Wattanasin (THA) 1970: Indra Gunawan, Rudy Hartono, Indratno, Mintarja, Muljadi (INA) 1974: Chen Tianxiang, Chen Xinhui, Fang Kaixiang, Hou Jiachang, Tang Xianhu, Yu Yaodong (CHN) 1978: Ade Chandra, Christian Hadinata, Rudy Heryanto, Liem Swie King, Iie Sumirat (INA) 1982: Chen Changjie, Han Jian, Lin Jiangli, Luan Jin, Sun Zhian, Yao Ximing (CHN) 1986: Choi Byung-hak, Kim Chang-kook, Kim Joong-soo, Kim Moon-soo, Lee Deuk-choon, Park Joo-bong, Park Sung-bae, Sung Han-kook (KOR) 1990: Huang Zhanzhong, Li Yongbo, Tian Bingyi, Wu Wenkai, Xiong Guobao, Yang Yang, Zhao Jianhua, Zheng Yumin (CHN) 1994: Hariyanto Arbi, Rudy Gunawan, Rexy Mainaky, Ricky Subagja, Bambang Suprianto, Joko Suprianto, Hermawan Susanto, Ardy Wiranata (INA) 1998: Tony Gunawan, Hendrawan, Taufik Hidayat, Tri Kusharjanto, Rexy Mainaky, Budi Santoso, Ricky Subagja, Candra Wijaya (INA) 2002: Ha Tae-kwon, Jang Young-soo, Kim Dong-moon, Lee Dong-soo, Lee Hyun-il, Lee Jae-jin, Park Tae-sang, Shon Seung-mo, Yim Bang-eun, Yoo Yong-sung (KOR) 2006: Bao Chunlai, Cai Yun, Chen Jin, Fu Haifeng, Guo Zhendong, Lin Dan, Xie Zhongbo, Zheng Bo (CHN) 2010: Bao Chunlai, Cai Yun, Chen Jin, Chen Long, Fu Haifeng, Guo Zhendong, He Hanbin, Lin Dan, Xu Chen, Zhang Nan (CHN) 2014: Jeon Hyeok-jin, Kim Gi-jung, Kim Sa-rang, Ko Sung-hyun, Lee Dong-keun, Lee Hyun-il, Lee Yong-dae, Shin Baek-cheol, Son Wan-ho, Yoo Yeon-seong (KOR) 2018: Chen Long, Li Junhui, Lin Dan, Liu Cheng, Liu Yuchen, Qiao Bin, Shi Yuqi, Wang Yilyu, Zhang Nan, Zheng Siwei (CHN) 2022: Feng Yanzhe, Li Shifeng, Liang Weikeng, Liu Yuchen, Lu Guangzu, Ou Xuanyi, Shi Yuqi, Wang Chang, Weng Hongyang, Zheng Siwei (CHN) vteAsian badminton men's doubles champions 1962: Ng Boon Bee & Tan Yee Khan (MAL) 1965: Narong Bhornchima & Chavalert Chumkum (THA) 1969: Punch Gunalan & Ng Boon Bee (MAS) 1971: Indra Gunawan & Nara Sudjana (INA) 1976: Ade Chandra & Tjun Tjun (INA) 1983: He Shangquan & Jiang Guoliang (CHN) 1985: Kim Moon-soo & Park Joo-bong (KOR) 1991: Kim Moon-soo & Park Joo-bong (KOR) 1992: Jalani Sidek & Razif Sidek (MAS) 1994: Chen Hongyong & Chen Kang (CHN) 1995: Cheah Soon Kit & Yap Kim Hock (MAS) 1996: Ade Sutrisna & Candra Wijaya (INA) 1997: Antonius Ariantho & Denny Kantono (INA) 1998: Ha Tae-kwon & Kang Kyung-jin (KOR) 1999: Ha Tae-kwon & Kim Dong-moon (KOR) 2000: Tony Gunawan & Rexy Mainaky (INA) 2001: Tri Kusharjanto & Bambang Suprianto (INA) 2002: Ha Tae-kwon & Kim Dong-moon (KOR) 2003: Lee Dong-soo & Yoo Yong-sung (KOR) 2004: Sigit Budiarto & Tri Kusharjanto (INA) 2005: Markis Kido & Hendra Setiawan (INA) 2006: Choong Tan Fook & Lee Wan Wah (MAS) 2007: Choong Tan Fook & Lee Wan Wah (MAS) 2008: Jung Jae-sung & Lee Yong-dae (KOR) 2009: Markis Kido & Hendra Setiawan (INA) 2010: Cho Gun-woo & Yoo Yeon-seong (KOR) 2011: Cai Yun & Fu Haifeng (CHN) 2012: Kim Gi-jung & Kim Sa-rang (KOR) 2013: Ko Sung-hyun & Lee Yong-dae (KOR) 2014: Shin Baek-cheol & Yoo Yeon-seong (KOR) 2015: Lee Yong-dae & Yoo Yeon-seong (KOR) 2016: Lee Yong-dae & Yoo Yeon-seong (KOR) 2017: Li Junhui & Liu Yuchen (CHN) 2018: Li Junhui & Liu Yuchen (CHN) 2019: Hiroyuki Endo & Yuta Watanabe (JPN) 2022: Pramudya Kusumawardana & Yeremia Rambitan (INA) 2023: Satwiksairaj Rankireddy & Chirag Shetty (IND) 2024: Liang Weikeng & Wang Chang (CHN) vteBWF Player of the YearEddy ChoongPlayer of the Year(1998–2007) 1998: Peter Gade 1999: Camilla Martin 2000: Candra Wijaya 2001: Gao Ling 2002: Kim Dong-moon 2003: Kim Dong-moon & Ra Kyung-min 2004: Taufik Hidayat 2005: Taufik Hidayat 2006: Lin Dan 2007: Lin Dan Male Playerof the Year(2008–present) 2008: Lin Dan 2009: Lee Chong Wei 2010: Lee Chong Wei 2011: Lee Chong Wei 2012: Cai Yun & Fu Haifeng 2013: Lee Chong Wei 2014: Chen Long 2015: Chen Long 2016: Lee Chong Wei 2017: Marcus Fernaldi Gideon & Kevin Sanjaya Sukamuljo 2018: Marcus Fernaldi Gideon & Kevin Sanjaya Sukamuljo 2019: Kento Momota 2020–21: Viktor Axelsen 2022: Viktor Axelsen 2023: Seo Seung-jae Female Playerof the Year(2008–present) 2008: Zhou Mi 2009: Wang Yihan 2010: Wang Xin 2011: Wang Xiaoli & Yu Yang 2012: Wang Yihan 2013: Li Xuerui 2014: Zhao Yunlei 2015: Carolina Marín 2016: Misaki Matsutomo & Ayaka Takahashi 2017: Chen Qingchen 2018: Huang Yaqiong 2019: Huang Yaqiong 2020–21: Tai Tzu-ying 2022: Akane Yamaguchi 2023: An Se-young vteMembers of the Badminton Hall of FameMen's players Cai Yun David E. L. Choong Eddy Choong Frank Devlin David Guthrie Freeman Morten Frost Fu Haifeng Ha Tae-kwon Christian Hadinata Jørgen Hammergaard Hansen Rudy Hartono Hou Jiachang Kim Dong-moon Kim Moon-soo Finn Kobberø Erland Kops Lee Chong Wei Li Yongbo Liem Swie King Lin Dan Thomas Lund Rexy Mainaky Ng Boon Bee Ralph Nichols Ong Poh Lim Park Joo-bong Ricky Subagja Tan Yee Khan Tang Xianhu Sir George Thomas, 7th Baronet Tian Bingyi Tjun Tjun Johan Wahjudi Charoen Wattanasin Wong Peng Soon Zhang Jun Women's players Tonny Ahm Bang Soo-hyun Margaret Varner Bloss Chen Yuniang Chung Myung-hee Chung So-young Gao Ling Ge Fei Gil Young-ah Gillian Gilks Gong Zhichao Gu Jun Han Aiping Judy Devlin Huang Sui Lene Køppen Ethel Thomson Larcombe Li Lingwei Meriel Lucas Liliyana Natsir Nora Perry Ra Kyung-min Ulla Strand Susi Susanti Kirsten Thorndahl Margaret Tragett Betty Uber Susan Whetnall Ye Zhaoying Hiroe Yuki Zhang Ning Zhao Yunlei Contributors S. S. C. Dolby Lü Shengrong John McCallum Stellan Mohlin Craig Reedie Herbert Scheele Dick Sudirman	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_name"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_surname"},{"link_name":"Fu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fu_(surname)"},{"link_name":"badminton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badminton"}],"text":"Badminton playerIn this Chinese name, the family name is Fu (傅).Fu Haifeng (born 23 August 1983) is a Chinese former badminton player. He is regarded as one of the greatest men's doubles players of all time.","title":"Fu Haifeng"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cai Yun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cai_Yun"},{"link_name":"All England Open Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_England_Open_Badminton_Championships"},{"link_name":"BWF World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBF_World_Championships"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_national_badminton_team"},{"link_name":"Thomas Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cup"},{"link_name":"2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Thomas_%26_Uber_Cup"},{"link_name":"2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Thomas_%26_Uber_Cup"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Thomas_%26_Uber_Cup"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Thomas_%26_Uber_Cup"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Thomas_%26_Uber_Cup"},{"link_name":"Sudirman Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudirman_Cup"},{"link_name":"2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Sudirman_Cup"},{"link_name":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Sudirman_Cup"},{"link_name":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Sudirman_Cup"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Sudirman_Cup"},{"link_name":"2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Olympic_Games"},{"link_name":"2008 Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Olympic_Games"},{"link_name":"2012 Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Olympic_Games"},{"link_name":"2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badminton_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badminton_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"Markis Kido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markis_Kido"},{"link_name":"Hendra Setiawan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendra_Setiawan"},{"link_name":"2010 BWF World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_BWF_World_Championships"},{"link_name":"Mathias Boe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathias_Boe"},{"link_name":"Carsten Mogensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carsten_Mogensen"},{"link_name":"Markis Kido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markis_Kido"},{"link_name":"Hendra Setiawan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendra_Setiawan"},{"link_name":"Koo Kien Keat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koo_Kien_Keat"},{"link_name":"Tan Boon Heong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan_Boon_Heong"},{"link_name":"China Masters Super Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Masters"},{"link_name":"Xu Chen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xu_Chen"},{"link_name":"Guo Zhendong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guo_Zhendong"},{"link_name":"Lee Yong-dae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Yong-dae"},{"link_name":"Jung Jae-sung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jung_Jae-sung"},{"link_name":"Yoo Yeon-seong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoo_Yeon-seong"},{"link_name":"Ko Sung-hyun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko_Sung-hyun"},{"link_name":"Cho Gun-woo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho_Gun-woo"},{"link_name":"Kwon Yi-goo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwon_Yi-goo"},{"link_name":"Zhang Nan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Nan_(badminton)"},{"link_name":"Chai Biao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chai_Biao"},{"link_name":"Koo Kien Keat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koo_Kien_Keat"},{"link_name":"Tan Boon Heong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan_Boon_Heong"},{"link_name":"2012 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badminton_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"2005 Sudirman Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Sudirman_Cup"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"2010 BWF World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_BWF_World_Championships"},{"link_name":"Gillian Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillian_Clark_(badminton)"},{"link_name":"2011 Sudirman Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Sudirman_Cup"}],"text":"Combining Fu Haifeng's impressive power with his regular partner Cai Yun's impressive speed, Cai and Fu have been one of the world's leading men's doubles teams since 2004. They have won numerous top tier events on the world circuit including the venerable All England Open Championships in 2005 and 2009 and the BWF World Championships in 2006, 2009, 2010 and 2011. Cai and Fu have helped China win five consecutive Thomas Cup (Men's Team World Badminton Championships) (2004, 2006, 2008, 2010, and 2012) and four consecutive Sudirman Cup (World Team Championships) (2005, 2007, 2009 and 2011). Cai and Fu also competed together in the Olympic games 3 times, including the 2004, the 2008 Olympic Games and the 2012 Olympic Games. They were eliminated in the quarterfinals in 2004 in Athens, and in 2008 in Beijing were silver medalists, losing a close final to Indonesia's Markis Kido and Hendra Setiawan.At the 2010 BWF World Championships in Paris, they—being the fifth seed—beat the third seed Danish pair Mathias Boe and Carsten Mogensen 21–11, 21–18 in the quarterfinals. In the semifinals, they defeated the second seed Indonesian Olympic Champions Markis Kido and Hendra Setiawan 21–16, 21–13. In the finals, they overcame the first seed and Malaysian world no. 1 Koo Kien Keat and Tan Boon Heong 18–21, 21–18, 21–14 to win the world title for the 3rd time. They are the first Men's Doubles pair to achieve this feat.Cai and Fu went on to win the China Masters Super Series. Being the fifth seed, they first defeated their second seed compatriots Xu Chen and Guo Zhendong 21–11, 21–16 in the quarterfinals. In the semifinals, they made a great comeback against the third seed South Korean rival Lee Yong-dae and Jung Jae-sung 20–22, 21–13, 21–17. Cai and Fu then clinched their second China Masters title by defeating the fourth seed South Korean pair Yoo Yeon-seong and Ko Sung-hyun in 2 sets 21–14, 21–19. Cai and Fu won their third title in a row by winning the Yonex Japan Open Super Series. They, being the fifth seed, beat the young Korean Pair Cho Gun-woo and Kwon Yi-goo 21–14, 16–21, 21–12 in the quarterfinals. In the semifinals, they defeated their promising compatriots Zhang Nan and Chai Biao 21–17, 21–16. In the finals, they made a great comeback again against the first seed and Malaysian world no. 1 Koo Kien Keat and Tan Boon Heong 18–21, 21–14, 21–12 to win their first Japan Open title.At the 2012 Summer Olympics, they defeated Denmark's Mathias Boe and Carsten Mogensen in the final to win the gold medal.Having had 1 Olympic gold medal and 4 World Championship titles, as well as many other titles, Cai and Fu are one of the most successful men's doubles pair in badminton history.An ancillary badminton achievement of Fu is that while competing in the 2005 Sudirman Cup, one of his smashes was clocked at 332 km/h (206 mph), the fastest propulsion of a shuttle on record.[2] Fu also fired a 303 km/h smash during game 3 of the 2010 BWF World Championships men's doubles final, which was confirmed by the commentator Gillian Clark as the fastest of the tournament. The fastest smash by Fu during the 2011 Sudirman Cup final was clocked at 291 km/h.In 2014, Fu played with mixed doubles champion Zhang Nan in the All England Super Series. They lost to the Indonesian pair Muhammad Ahsan and Hendra Setiawan in the quarter finals 21-23 20–22. Later on it, they took revenge at Denmark Open Super Series, and became the champion after beating top seed Korean pair Lee Yong-dae and Yoo Yeon-seong in 2 straight sets in the final.In 2015, his partnership with Zhang Nan was stable after reaching several Super Series Finals such as Singapore Open, Indonesia Open, Japan Open, All England as runners-up.In 2016, they won the Singapore Open Super Series after beating the top seed from Korea Lee/Yoo in 2 straight sets at semi final. Their performance later in several Super Series was not so climatic. They were seeded 4th in the Olympic Games in Rio, as Fu claimed his second gold medal in men's doubles category after beating Malaysian's pair Tan/Goh in 3 sets. He ends his career having reached 3 consecutive finals in the Olympic Games with two different partners, winning gold twice.","title":"Sport career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Olympic Games","text":"Men's doubles","title":"Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"BWF World Championships","text":"Men's doubles","title":"Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"World Cup","text":"Men's doubles","title":"Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Asian Championships","text":"Men's doubles","title":"Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Badminton World Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badminton_World_Federation"},{"link_name":"Superseries and Superseries Premier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BWF_Superseries"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"BWF Superseries Finals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BWF_Superseries_Finals"},{"link_name":"BWF Superseries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BWF_Superseries"},{"link_name":"BWF Superseries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BWF_Superseries"}],"sub_title":"BWF Superseries (16 titles, 14 runners-up)","text":"The BWF Superseries, which was launched on 14 December 2006 and implemented in 2007,[3] was a series of elite badminton tournaments, sanctioned by the Badminton World Federation (BWF). BWF Superseries levels were Superseries and Superseries Premier. A season of Superseries consisted of twelve tournaments around the world that had been introduced since 2011.[4] Successful players were invited to the Superseries Finals, which were held at the end of each year.Men's doublesBWF Superseries Finals tournament\n BWF Superseries Premier tournament\n BWF Superseries tournament","title":"Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grand Prix and Grand Prix Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BWF_Grand_Prix_and_Grand_Prix_Gold"},{"link_name":"Badminton World Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badminton_World_Federation"},{"link_name":"BWF Grand Prix Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BWF_Grand_Prix_Gold_and_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"BWF & IBF Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BWF_Grand_Prix_Gold_and_Grand_Prix"}],"sub_title":"BWF Grand Prix (8 titles, 8 runners-up)","text":"The BWF Grand Prix had two levels, the Grand Prix and Grand Prix Gold. It was a series of badminton tournaments sanctioned by the Badminton World Federation (BWF) and played between 2007 and 2017. The World Badminton Grand Prix was sanctioned by the International Badminton Federation from 1983 to 2006.Men's doublesBWF Grand Prix Gold tournament\n BWF & IBF Grand Prix tournament","title":"Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liancheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liancheng_County"},{"link_name":"Fujian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujian"},{"link_name":"anti-Chinese riots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrimination_against_Chinese_Indonesians"},{"link_name":"Jieyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jieyang"},{"link_name":"Guangdong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangdong"}],"text":"Fu's grandfather was from Liancheng, Fujian. Once his grandfather migrated to Indonesia, because of the anti-Chinese riots in 1960s there, his family moved back to China and settled in Jieyang, Guangdong.","title":"Family"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Historical 1994-2008 top-25 world ranking data\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.badmintoncentral.com/forums/index.php?threads/historical-1994-2008-top-25-world-ranking-data.182203/","url_text":"\"Historical 1994-2008 top-25 world ranking data\""}]},{"reference":"\"BWF Launches Super Series\". Badminton Australia. 15 December 2006. Archived from the original on 6 October 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071006123828/http://www.badminton.org.au/index.php?id=22&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=136&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=2&cHash=26fb36d8a5","url_text":"\"BWF Launches Super Series\""},{"url":"http://www.badminton.org.au/index.php?id=22&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=136&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=2&cHash=26fb36d8a5","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Yonex All England Elevated To BWF Premier Super Series Event\". IBadmintonstore. Archived from the original on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 29 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131002005757/http://www.ibadmintonstore.com/iBADMINTONstore-News/Yonex-All-England-Elevated-To-BWF-Premier-Super-Se.aspx","url_text":"\"Yonex All England Elevated To BWF Premier Super Series Event\""},{"url":"http://www.ibadmintonstore.com/iBADMINTONstore-News/Yonex-All-England-Elevated-To-BWF-Premier-Super-Se.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://bwf.tournamentsoftware.com/player-profile/37FEDFA4-FD16-4BC4-A466-0B73401C11A4","external_links_name":"BWF profile"},{"Link":"https://www.badmintoncentral.com/forums/index.php?threads/historical-1994-2008-top-25-world-ranking-data.182203/","external_links_name":"\"Historical 1994-2008 top-25 world ranking data\""},{"Link":"http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200505/14/eng20050514_184991.html","external_links_name":"Chinese Fu clocks fastest smash at Sudirman Cup"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071006123828/http://www.badminton.org.au/index.php?id=22&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=136&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=2&cHash=26fb36d8a5","external_links_name":"\"BWF Launches Super Series\""},{"Link":"http://www.badminton.org.au/index.php?id=22&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=136&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=2&cHash=26fb36d8a5","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131002005757/http://www.ibadmintonstore.com/iBADMINTONstore-News/Yonex-All-England-Elevated-To-BWF-Premier-Super-Se.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Yonex All England Elevated To BWF Premier Super Series Event\""},{"Link":"http://www.ibadmintonstore.com/iBADMINTONstore-News/Yonex-All-England-Elevated-To-BWF-Premier-Super-Se.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://bwf.tournamentsoftware.com/player-profile/37FEDFA4-FD16-4BC4-A466-0B73401C11A4","external_links_name":"Fu Haifeng"},{"Link":"https://bwfbadminton.com/player/51729/fu-haifeng","external_links_name":"Fu Haifeng"},{"Link":"http://blog.sina.com.cn/u/1256942471","external_links_name":"Fu Haifeng's Blog"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080816015028/http://results.beijing2008.cn/WRM/ENG/BIO/Athlete/1/237141.shtml","external_links_name":"Fu Haifeng at Beijing 2008 Olympic Games"},{"Link":"http://data.star.sports.cn/person_en.php?id=1148","external_links_name":"Fu Haifeng"},{"Link":"http://data.star.sports.cn/person.php?id=1148","external_links_name":"in Chinese"},{"Link":"https://olympics.com/en/athletes/haifeng-fu","external_links_name":"Fu Haifeng"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210414112949/https://www.olympicchannel.com/en/athletes/detail/haifeng-fu/","external_links_name":"Fu Haifeng"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170327072259/https://www.olympic.org/haifeng-fu","external_links_name":"Fu Haifeng"},{"Link":"https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/105879","external_links_name":"Fu Haifeng"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Greenberg_(Snapple)	Arnold Greenberg (Snapple)	["1 Early years","2 Career","3 Death","4 References"]	American businessman Arnold GreenbergBornArnold Shepard GreenbergSeptember 2, 1932Brooklyn, New York, USADiedOctober 26, 2012 (aged 80)New York City, New York, USAKnown forCo-founder of SnappleSpousesMarilyn ParmetRoberta BudoffChildrenSusan Greenberg MinsterRobin Greenberg NijankinMichael Greenberg Arnold Shepard Greenberg (September 2, 1932 – October 26, 2012) was an American businessman who co-founded Snapple, a brand of tea and juice drinks, in the 1970s with Leonard Marsh, his former high school classmate, and Hyman Golden, who was Marsh's brother-in-law. Greenberg later became the vice president and chief operating officer of the Snapple Corporation and retired after the 1994 acquisition of the brand to Quaker Oats. Early years Greenberg was born to a Jewish family in 1932 in Brooklyn, New York, and raised in the Brownsville neighborhood. He attended Samuel J. Tilden High School in East Flatbush. His father owned a store in Manhattan's East Village located on First Avenue near St. Mark's Place. The store sold mainstays of the city's traditional Jewish cuisine, including pickles, herring and lox. Arnold Greenberg was running the day-to-day operations of his father's store by the 1950s. Career Greenberg changed the business into a health food store in the 1960s as the neighborhood transitioned from largely Jewish into a hippie enclave. In 1972, he partnered with two friends, brothers-in-law Leonard Marsh and Hyman Golden, a classmate from Samuel J. Tilden High School, to launch a new business, Unadulterated Food Products, which would later become known Snapple. Death Greenberg died from a long battle with cancer in New York City on October 26, 2012, at the age of 80. He was survived by his second wife, Roberta Budoff; two daughters from his first marriage to his late first wife, Susan Minster and Robin Nijankin; his brother, Herbert; three stepchildren; and fourteen grandchildren. He was predeceased by his first wife, Marilyn Parmet, who died in 1993, and their son, Michael Greenberg. A resident of Delray Beach, Florida, Greenberg also kept homes in Southampton, New York and Manhattan. References ^ Kiger, Patrick (2012-11-01). "Arnold Greenberg: 5 Snappy Facts about Snapple's Co-Founder". AARP blog. Retrieved 2012-11-18. ^ a b c d Fox, Margalit (2012-10-30). "Arnold Greenberg, a Founder of Snapple, Dies at 80". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-11-18. ^ New York Times: "Ads by Snapple Deride Rumors" September 2, 1993 \| "We are three Jewish boys from New York accused of supporting the Ku Klux Klan -- something I despise," Mr. Marsh said. "I can't handle it any more. I support people going against the Ku Klux Klan"	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Snapple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snapple"},{"link_name":"Leonard Marsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Marsh_(businessman)"},{"link_name":"Hyman Golden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyman_Golden"},{"link_name":"brother-in-law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brother-in-law"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aarp-1"},{"link_name":"chief operating officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_operating_officer"},{"link_name":"Quaker Oats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaker_Oats"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes-2"}],"text":"Arnold Shepard Greenberg (September 2, 1932 – October 26, 2012) was an American businessman who co-founded Snapple, a brand of tea and juice drinks, in the 1970s with Leonard Marsh, his former high school classmate, and Hyman Golden, who was Marsh's brother-in-law.[1] Greenberg later became the vice president and chief operating officer of the Snapple Corporation and retired after the 1994 acquisition of the brand to Quaker Oats.[2]","title":"Arnold Greenberg (Snapple)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Jews"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"Brownsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownsville,_Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"Samuel J. Tilden High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden_High_School"},{"link_name":"East Flatbush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Flatbush"},{"link_name":"East Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Village,_Manhattan"},{"link_name":"First Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Avenue_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"St. Mark's Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Mark%27s_Place"},{"link_name":"Jewish cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_cuisine"},{"link_name":"pickles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickled_cucumber"},{"link_name":"herring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herring"},{"link_name":"lox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lox"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes-2"}],"text":"Greenberg was born to a Jewish family[3] in 1932 in Brooklyn, New York, and raised in the Brownsville neighborhood. He attended Samuel J. Tilden High School in East Flatbush. His father owned a store in Manhattan's East Village located on First Avenue near St. Mark's Place. The store sold mainstays of the city's traditional Jewish cuisine, including pickles, herring and lox. Arnold Greenberg was running the day-to-day operations of his father's store by the 1950s.[2]","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"health food store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_food_store"},{"link_name":"hippie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippie"},{"link_name":"Leonard Marsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Marsh_(businessman)"},{"link_name":"Hyman Golden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyman_Golden"},{"link_name":"Samuel J. Tilden High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden_High_School"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes-2"}],"text":"Greenberg changed the business into a health food store in the 1960s as the neighborhood transitioned from largely Jewish into a hippie enclave. In 1972, he partnered with two friends, brothers-in-law Leonard Marsh and Hyman Golden, a classmate from Samuel J. Tilden High School, to launch a new business, Unadulterated Food Products, which would later become known Snapple.[2]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Delray Beach, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delray_Beach,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Southampton, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes-2"}],"text":"Greenberg died from a long battle with cancer in New York City on October 26, 2012, at the age of 80. He was survived by his second wife, Roberta Budoff; two daughters from his first marriage to his late first wife, Susan Minster and Robin Nijankin; his brother, Herbert; three stepchildren; and fourteen grandchildren. He was predeceased by his first wife, Marilyn Parmet, who died in 1993, and their son, Michael Greenberg. A resident of Delray Beach, Florida, Greenberg also kept homes in Southampton, New York and Manhattan.[2]","title":"Death"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Kiger, Patrick (2012-11-01). \"Arnold Greenberg: 5 Snappy Facts about Snapple's Co-Founder\". AARP blog. Retrieved 2012-11-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://blog.aarp.org/2012/11/01/arnold-greenberg-5-snappy-facts-about-snapples-co-founder/","url_text":"\"Arnold Greenberg: 5 Snappy Facts about Snapple's Co-Founder\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AARP","url_text":"AARP"}]},{"reference":"Fox, Margalit (2012-10-30). \"Arnold Greenberg, a Founder of Snapple, Dies at 80\". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-11-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/31/business/arnold-greenberg-a-founder-of-snapple-dies-at-80.html","url_text":"\"Arnold Greenberg, a Founder of Snapple, Dies at 80\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://blog.aarp.org/2012/11/01/arnold-greenberg-5-snappy-facts-about-snapples-co-founder/","external_links_name":"\"Arnold Greenberg: 5 Snappy Facts about Snapple's Co-Founder\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/31/business/arnold-greenberg-a-founder-of-snapple-dies-at-80.html","external_links_name":"\"Arnold Greenberg, a Founder of Snapple, Dies at 80\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1993/09/02/business/ads-by-snapple-deride-rumors.html","external_links_name":"New York Times: \"Ads by Snapple Deride Rumors\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Monte_Carlo_Rally	2017 Monte Carlo Rally	["1 Report","2 Entry list","3 Classification","3.1 Event standings","3.2 Special stages","3.3 Power Stage","3.4 Championship standings after the rally","4 References","5 External links"]	2017 Monte Carlo Rally85ème Rallye Automobile Monte-CarloRound 1 of the 2017 World Rally ChampionshipNext event →Host country MonacoRally base Gap, Hautes-AlpesDates run19 – 22 January 2017Stages17 (382.65 km; 237.77 miles)Stage surfaceTarmac and snowStatisticsCrews73 at start, 54 at finishOverall resultsOverall winner Sébastien Ogier Julien Ingrassia M-Sport World Rally Team The 2017 Monte Carlo Rally (formally known as the 85ème Rallye Automobile Monte-Carlo) is a motor racing event for rally cars that was held over four days between 19 and 22 January 2017. It marks the eighty-fifth running of the Monte Carlo Rally, and is the first round of the 2017 World Rally Championship, WRC-2 and WRC-3 seasons. The rally was the first round in which 2017-specification World Rally Cars compete, and will see the return of Toyota and Citroën to the championship, with the Toyota Yaris WRC and Citroën C3 WRC respectively. Report Hayden Paddon withdrew from the rally after a fatal accident involving a spectator on the opening stage. Paddon lost control after hitting a patch of black ice, which spun him into an embankment and rolled the car. The spectator was hit after Paddon initially lost control. The stage was stopped while medical attention was sought and the car retrieved, but the spectator could not be revived. Although Paddon was eligible to re-enter the rally under Rally-2 regulations, the team chose to withdraw his car from the event. Entry list Notable entrants No. Entrant Class Driver Co-driver Car Tyre 1 M-Sport World Rally Team WRC Sébastien Ogier Julien Ingrassia Ford Fiesta WRC M 2 M-Sport World Rally Team WRC Ott Tänak Martin Järveoja Ford Fiesta WRC M 3 M-Sport World Rally Team WRC Elfyn Evans Daniel Barritt Ford Fiesta WRC D 4 Hyundai Motorsport WRC Hayden Paddon John Kennard Hyundai i20 Coupe WRC M 5 Hyundai Motorsport WRC Thierry Neuville Nicolas Gilsoul Hyundai i20 Coupe WRC M 6 Hyundai Motorsport WRC Dani Sordo Marc Martí Hyundai i20 Coupe WRC M 7 Citroën Total Abu Dhabi WRT WRC Kris Meeke Paul Nagle Citroën C3 WRC M 8 Citroën Total Abu Dhabi WRT WRC Stéphane Lefebvre Gabin Moreau Citroën C3 WRC M 10 Toyota Gazoo Racing WRT WRC Jari-Matti Latvala Miikka Anttila Toyota Yaris WRC M 11 Toyota Gazoo Racing WRT WRC Juho Hänninen Kaj Lindström Toyota Yaris WRC M 14 Citroën Total Abu Dhabi WRT WRC Craig Breen Scott Martin Citroën DS3 WRC M 20 J-Motorsport WRC Jourdan Serderidis Frédéric Miclotte Citroën DS3 WRC M 31 Škoda Motorsport WRC-2 Andreas Mikkelsen Anders Jæger Škoda Fabia R5 M 32 Škoda Motorsport WRC-2 Jan Kopecký Pavel Dresler Škoda Fabia R5 M 33 Motorsport Italia SRL WRC-2 Max Rendina Emanuele Inglesi Škoda Fabia R5 P 34 BRR Baumschlager Rally & Rally Team WRC-2 Armin Kremer Pirmin Winklhofer Škoda Fabia R5 D 35 D-Max Racing WRC-2 Quentin Gilbert Renaud Jamoul Ford Fiesta R5 M 36 CHL Sport Auto WRC-2 Yoann Bonato Benjamin Boulloud Citroën DS3 R5 M 38 J-Motorsport WRC-2 Emil Bergkvist Joakim Sjöberg Citroën DS3 R5 M 39 M-Sport World Rally Team WRC-2 Eric Camilli Benjamin Veillas Ford Fiesta R5 M 40 Gemini Clinic Rally Team WRC-2 Bryan Bouffier Denis Giraudet Ford Fiesta R5 M 41 BRC WRC-2 Giandomenico Basso Simone Scattolin Ford Fiesta R5 M 42 D-Max Racing WRC-2 Andrea Crugnola Michele Ferrara Ford Fiesta R5 D 43 Sébastien Loeb Racing WRC-2 Quentin Giordano Thomas Roux Peugeot 208 T16 M 61 Renault Sport Racing Team WRC-3 Cédric Althaus Jessica Bayard Renault Clio RS R3T M 63 Renault Sport Racing Team WRC-3 Charles Martin Mathieu Duval Renault Clio RS R3T M 65 Renault Sport Racing Team WRC-3 Surhayen Pernia Penate Rogelio Renault Clio RS R3T M 67 Renault Sport Racing Team WRC-3 Luca Panzani Federico Grilli Renault Clio RS R3T M 69 Vieffecorse WRC-3 Enrico Brazzoli Maurizio Barone Peugeot 208 R2 D 71 CHL Sport Auto WRC-3 Raphael Astier Frédéric Vauclare Peugeot 208 R2 M Source: Key Icon Class WRC WRC entries eligible toscore manufacturer points WRC Major entry ineligible toscore manufacturer points WRC Registered to score points in WRC Trophy WRC-2 Registered to take part inWRC-2 championship WRC-3 Registered to take part inWRC-3 championship Classification Event standings Pos. No. Driver Co-driver Team Car Class Time Difference Points Overall classification 1 1 Sébastien Ogier Julien Ingrassia M-Sport World Rally Team Ford Fiesta WRC WRC 4:00:03.6 25 2 10 Jari-Matti Latvala Miikka Anttila Toyota Gazoo Racing WRT Toyota Yaris WRC WRC 4:02:18.6 +2:15.0 18 3 2 Ott Tänak Martin Järveoja M-Sport World Rally Team Ford Fiesta WRC WRC 4:03:01.4 +2:57.8 15 4 6 Dani Sordo Marc Martí Hyundai Motorsport Hyundai i20 Coupe WRC WRC 4:03:39.4 +3:35.8 13 5 14 Craig Breen Scott Martin Citroën Total Abu Dhabi WRT Citroën DS3 WRC WRC 4:03:51.4 +3:47.8 10 6 3 Elfyn Evans Daniel Barritt M-Sport World Rally Team Ford Fiesta WRC WRC 4:06:48.6 +6:45.0 10 7 31 Andreas Mikkelsen Anders Jæger Škoda Motorsport Škoda Fabia R5 WRC-2 4:09:36.3 +9:32.7 6 8 32 Jan Kopecký Pavel Dresler Škoda Motorsport Škoda Fabia R5 WRC-2 4:13:01.7 +12:32.7 4 9 8 Stéphane Lefebvre Gabin Moreau Citroën Total Abu Dhabi WRT Citroën C3 WRC WRC 4:14:47.4 +14:43.8 6 10 40 Bryan Bouffier Denis Giraudet Gemini Clinic Rally Team Ford Fiesta R5 WRC-2 4:16:13.0 +16:09.4 1 15 5 Thierry Neuville Nicolas Gilsoul Hyundai Motorsport Hyundai i20 Coupe WRC WRC 4:30:56.1 +30:52.5 5 16 11 Juho Hänninen Kaj Lindström Toyota Gazoo Racing WRT Toyota Yaris WRC WRC 4:32:20.4 +32:16.8 3 WRC-2 standings 1 (7.) 31 Andreas Mikkelsen Anders Jæger Škoda Motorsport Škoda Fabia R5 WRC-2 4:09:36.3 25 2 (8.) 32 Jan Kopecký Pavel Dresler Škoda Motorsport Škoda Fabia R5 WRC-2 4:13:01.7 +3:25.4 18 3 (10.) 40 Bryan Bouffier Denis Giraudet Gemini Clinic Rally Team Ford Fiesta R5 WRC-2 4:16:13.0 +6:36.7 15 4 (12.) 39 Eric Camilli Benjamin Veillas M-Sport World Rally Team Ford Fiesta R5 WRC-2 4:19:32.1 +9:55.8 12 5 (13.) 35 Quentin Gilbert Renaud Jamoul D-Max Racing Ford Fiesta R5 WRC-2 4:21:13.1 +11:36.8 10 6 (17.) 38 Emil Bergkvist Joakim Sjöberg J-Motorsport Citroën DS3 R5 WRC-2 4:36:48.1 +27:11.8 8 7 (18.) 42 Andrea Crugnola Michele Ferrara D-Max Racing Ford Fiesta R5 WRC-2 4:39:47.1 +30:10.8 6 WRC-3 standings 1 (19.) 71 Raphael Astier Frédéric Vauclare CHL Sport Auto Peugeot 208 R2 WRC-3 4:39:55.8 25 2 (21.) 67 Luca Panzani Federico Grilli Renault Sport Racing Team Renault Clio RS R3T WRC-3 4:49:18.3 +9:22.5 18 3 (23.) 63 Charles Martin Mathieu Duval Renault Sport Racing Team Renault Clio RS R3T WRC-3 4:49:55.8 +10:00.0 15 4 (25.) 65 Surhayen Pernia Penate Rogelio Renault Sport Racing Team Renault Clio RS R3T WRC-3 4:51:45.4 +11:49.6 12 Source: Special stages Day Stage Name Length Winner Car Time Rally Leader Leg 1 (19 Jan) SS1 Entrevaux - Val de Chalvagne - Ubraye 21.25 km Stage cancelled SS2 Bayons - Breziers 1 25.49 km Thierry Neuville Hyundai i20 Coupe WRC 15:01.1 Thierry Neuville Leg 2 (20 Jan) SS3 Agnieres en Devoluy - Le Motty 1 24.63 km Ott Tänak Ford Fiesta WRC 19:17.8 SS4 Aspres les Corps - Chaillol 1 38.94 km Thierry Neuville Hyundai i20 Coupe WRC 25:41.9 SS5 St-Leger-les-Mélèzes – La-Bâtie-Neuve 1 17.82 km Thierry Neuville Hyundai i20 Coupe WRC 11:22.2 SS6 Agnières-en-Dévoluy - Le Motty 2 24.63 km Thierry Neuville Hyundai i20 Coupe WRC 18:09.6 SS7 Aspres-lès-Corps - Chaillol 2 38.94 km Sébastien Ogier Ford Fiesta WRC 24:17.8 SS8 Saint-Léger-les-Mélèzes - La Bâtie-Neuve 2 17.82 km Sébastien Ogier Ford Fiesta WRC 11:05.4 Leg 3 (21 Jan) SS9 Lardier et Valenca - Oze 1 31.17 km Thierry Neuville Hyundai i20 Coupe WRC 24:02.9 SS10 La Batie Monsaleon - Faye 1 16.78 km Elfyn Evans Ford Fiesta WRC 9:15.2 SS11 Lardier et Valenca - Oze 2 31.17 km Sébastien Ogier Ford Fiesta WRC 22:53.0 SS12 La Batie Monsaleon - Faye 2 16.78 km Elfyn Evans Ford Fiesta WRC 8:56.7 SS13 Bayons - Breziers 2 25.49 km Elfyn Evans Ford Fiesta WRC 14:27.5 Sébastien Ogier Leg 4 (22 Jan) SS14 Luceram - Col St Roch 1 5.50 km Dani Sordo Hyundai i20 Coupe WRC 3:35.7 SS15 La Bollene Vesubie - Peira Cava 1 21.36 km Stéphane Lefebvre Citroën C3 WRC 13:51.1 SS16 Luceram - Col St Roch 2 5.50 km Stage cancelled SS17 La Bollene Vesubie - Peira Cava 2 21.36 km Thierry Neuville Hyundai i20 Coupe WRC 14:14.4 Sébastien Ogier Power Stage The Power Stage was a 21.36 km (13.48 mi) stage at the end of the rally. Pos. Driver Co-driver Car Time Diff. Pts. 1 Thierry Neuville Nicolas Gilsoul Hyundai i20 Coupe WRC 14:14.4 0.0 5 2 Stéphane Lefebvre Gabin Moreau Citroën C3 WRC 14:44.5 +30.1 4 3 Juho Hänninen Kaj Lindström Toyota Yaris WRC 15:09.4 +55.0 3 4 Elfyn Evans Daniel Barritt Ford Fiesta WRC 15:28.1 +1:13.7 2 5 Dani Sordo Marc Martí Hyundai i20 Coupe WRC 15:57.2 +1:42.8 1 Championship standings after the rally Drivers' Championship standings Pos. Driver Points 1 Sébastien Ogier 25 2 Jari-Matti Latvala 18 3 Ott Tänak 15 4 Dani Sordo 13 5 Craig Breen 10 Manufacturers' Championship standings Pos. Manufacturer Points 1 M-Sport World Rally Team 40 2 Toyota Gazoo Racing WRT 24 3 Hyundai Motorsport 20 4 Citroën Total Abu Dhabi WRT 10 References ^ "FIA Announces World Motorsport Council Decisions". FIA.com. Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile. 30 November 2016. Retrieved 1 December 2016. ^ "WRC cars to become more aggressive in 2017". speedcafe.com. 11 July 2015. Retrieved 7 March 2016. ^ "Toyota GAZOO Racing Outlines 2016 Motorsports Activities". Toyota. 4 February 2015. Retrieved 17 April 2016. ^ "Citroën commits to WRC future". WRC.com. WRC Promoter GmbH. 19 November 2015. Retrieved 7 March 2016. ^ "Spectator who fell in Hayden Paddon crash in the Monte Carlo rally dies". 20 January 2017. ^ "2017 Commited ". acm.mc. Automobile Club Montecarlo. 19 January 2017. Archived from the original on 21 January 2017. Retrieved 19 January 2017. ^ "Matton on Monte tactics". wrc.com. WRC Promoter GmbH. 16 January 2017. Archived from the original on 17 January 2017. Retrieved 17 January 2017. Craig Breen drives a 2016-specification DS 3 WRC and while he can score driver points, he is not eligible for points in the manufacturers' championship. ^ "World Rally Championship - Results Monte Carlo - wrc.com". www.wrc.com. Archived from the original on 2018-04-08. Retrieved 2017-01-22. External links Official website The official website of the World Rally Championship vte2017 World Rally Championship« 20162018 »Categories within the World Rally Championship FIA World Rally Championship for Drivers FIA World Rally Championship for Manufacturers FIA WRC2 Championship FIA WRC3 Championship FIA Junior WRC Championship vteTeams and drivers that are eligible to score manufacturer pointsM-Sport World Rally Team(Ford Fiesta WRC)Hyundai Motorsport(Hyundai i20 Coupe WRC) Citroën Total Abu Dhabi WRT(Citroën C3 WRC)Toyota Gazoo Racing WRT(Toyota Yaris WRC) 1. Sébastien Ogier 2. Ott Tänak 3. Elfyn Evans 4. Hayden Paddon 5. Thierry Neuville 6. Dani Sordo 6. Andreas Mikkelsen 7. Kris Meeke 8. Craig Breen 9. Stéphane Lefebvre ... Andreas Mikkelsen ... Khalid Al Qassimi 10. Jari-Matti Latvala 11. Juho Hänninen 12. Esapekka Lappi Schedule of events Monte-Carlo Sweden México France Argentina Portugal Italy Poland Finland Germany Spain Great Britain Australia vteMonte Carlo Rally 1949 1950 1951 ... 1959 ... 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"motor racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorsport"},{"link_name":"rally cars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rallying"},{"link_name":"Monte Carlo Rally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Carlo_Rally"},{"link_name":"2017 World Rally Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_World_Rally_Championship"},{"link_name":"WRC-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_World_Rally_Championship-2"},{"link_name":"WRC-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_World_Rally_Championship-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-November_calendar-1"},{"link_name":"World Rally Cars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Rally_Car"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-technical_regulations-2"},{"link_name":"Toyota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota"},{"link_name":"Citroën","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn"},{"link_name":"Toyota Yaris WRC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Yaris_WRC"},{"link_name":"Citroën C3 WRC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C3_WRC"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GAZOO-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ds3_out-4"}],"text":"The 2017 Monte Carlo Rally (formally known as the 85ème Rallye Automobile Monte-Carlo) is a motor racing event for rally cars that was held over four days between 19 and 22 January 2017. It marks the eighty-fifth running of the Monte Carlo Rally, and is the first round of the 2017 World Rally Championship, WRC-2 and WRC-3 seasons.[1]The rally was the first round in which 2017-specification World Rally Cars compete,[2] and will see the return of Toyota and Citroën to the championship, with the Toyota Yaris WRC and Citroën C3 WRC respectively.[3][4]","title":"2017 Monte Carlo Rally"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hayden Paddon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayden_Paddon"},{"link_name":"black ice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_ice"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Hayden Paddon withdrew from the rally after a fatal accident involving a spectator on the opening stage. Paddon lost control after hitting a patch of black ice, which spun him into an embankment and rolled the car. The spectator was hit after Paddon initially lost control. The stage was stopped while medical attention was sought and the car retrieved, but the spectator could not be revived. Although Paddon was eligible to re-enter the rally under Rally-2 regulations, the team chose to withdraw his car from the event.[5]","title":"Report"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Entry list"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Event standings","title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Special stages","title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Power Stage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Rally_Championship#Power_Stage"}],"sub_title":"Power Stage","text":"The Power Stage was a 21.36 km (13.48 mi) stage at the end of the rally.","title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Sébastien Ogier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Ogier"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Jari-Matti Latvala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jari-Matti_Latvala"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia"},{"link_name":"Ott Tänak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ott_T%C3%A4nak"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Dani Sordo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dani_Sordo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Craig Breen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Breen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"M-Sport World Rally Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-Sport_World_Rally_Team"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Toyota Gazoo Racing WRT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Gazoo_Racing_WRT"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"Hyundai Motorsport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyundai_Motorsport"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Citroën Total Abu Dhabi WRT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_World_Rally_Team"}],"sub_title":"Championship standings after the rally","text":"Drivers' Championship standings\n\n\n\nPos.\n\nDriver\n\nPoints\n\n\n1\n\n Sébastien Ogier\n\n25\n\n\n2\n\n Jari-Matti Latvala\n\n18\n\n\n3\n\n Ott Tänak\n\n15\n\n\n4\n\n Dani Sordo\n\n13\n\n\n5\n\n Craig Breen\n\n10\n\n\n\nManufacturers' Championship standings\n\n\n\nPos.\n\nManufacturer\n\nPoints\n\n\n1\n\n M-Sport World Rally Team\n\n40\n\n\n2\n\n Toyota Gazoo Racing WRT\n\n24\n\n\n3\n\n Hyundai Motorsport\n\n20\n\n\n4\n\n Citroën Total Abu Dhabi WRT\n\n10","title":"Classification"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"FIA Announces World Motorsport Council Decisions\". FIA.com. Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile. 30 November 2016. Retrieved 1 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fia.com/news/fia-announces-world-motor-sport-council-decisions-4","url_text":"\"FIA Announces World Motorsport Council Decisions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Internationale_de_l%27Automobile","url_text":"Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile"}]},{"reference":"\"WRC cars to become more aggressive in 2017\". speedcafe.com. 11 July 2015. Retrieved 7 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.speedcafe.com/2015/07/11/wrc-cars-to-become-more-aggressive-in-2017/","url_text":"\"WRC cars to become more aggressive in 2017\""}]},{"reference":"\"Toyota GAZOO Racing Outlines 2016 Motorsports Activities\". Toyota. 4 February 2015. Retrieved 17 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://newsroom.toyota.co.jp/en/detail/11057630","url_text":"\"Toyota GAZOO Racing Outlines 2016 Motorsports Activities\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota","url_text":"Toyota"}]},{"reference":"\"Citroën commits to WRC future\". WRC.com. WRC Promoter GmbH. 19 November 2015. Retrieved 7 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wrc.com/en/wrc/news/november/citroens-2017-plans/page/3009--12-12-.html","url_text":"\"Citroën commits to WRC future\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Rally_Championship","url_text":"WRC Promoter GmbH"}]},{"reference":"\"Spectator who fell in Hayden Paddon crash in the Monte Carlo rally dies\". 20 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/motorsport/88601634/spectator-who-fell-in-hayden-paddon-crash-in-the-monte-carlo-rally-dies","url_text":"\"Spectator who fell in Hayden Paddon crash in the Monte Carlo rally dies\""}]},{"reference":"\"2017 Commited [sic]\". acm.mc. Automobile Club Montecarlo. 19 January 2017. Archived from the original on 21 January 2017. Retrieved 19 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170121091112/http://acm.mc/en/edition/rallye-monte-carlo-edition-2017/2017-commited/","url_text":"\"2017 Commited [sic]\""},{"url":"http://acm.mc/en/edition/rallye-monte-carlo-edition-2017/2017-commited/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Matton on Monte tactics\". wrc.com. WRC Promoter GmbH. 16 January 2017. Archived from the original on 17 January 2017. Retrieved 17 January 2017. Craig Breen drives a 2016-specification DS 3 WRC and while he can score driver points, he is not eligible for points in the manufacturers' championship.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170117155544/http://www.wrc.com/en/wrc/news/january-2017/matton-tactics/page/4209--12-12-.html","url_text":"\"Matton on Monte tactics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Rally_Championship","url_text":"WRC Promoter GmbH"},{"url":"http://www.wrc.com/en/wrc/news/january-2017/matton-tactics/page/4209--12-12-.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"World Rally Championship - Results Monte Carlo - wrc.com\". www.wrc.com. Archived from the original on 2018-04-08. Retrieved 2017-01-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180408215353/http://www.wrc.com/en/wrc/results/monte-carlo/stage-times/page/318-226---.html","url_text":"\"World Rally Championship - Results Monte Carlo - wrc.com\""},{"url":"http://www.wrc.com/en/wrc/results/monte-carlo/stage-times/page/318-226---.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.fia.com/news/fia-announces-world-motor-sport-council-decisions-4","external_links_name":"\"FIA Announces World Motorsport Council Decisions\""},{"Link":"http://www.speedcafe.com/2015/07/11/wrc-cars-to-become-more-aggressive-in-2017/","external_links_name":"\"WRC cars to become more aggressive in 2017\""},{"Link":"http://newsroom.toyota.co.jp/en/detail/11057630","external_links_name":"\"Toyota GAZOO Racing Outlines 2016 Motorsports Activities\""},{"Link":"http://www.wrc.com/en/wrc/news/november/citroens-2017-plans/page/3009--12-12-.html","external_links_name":"\"Citroën commits to WRC future\""},{"Link":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/motorsport/88601634/spectator-who-fell-in-hayden-paddon-crash-in-the-monte-carlo-rally-dies","external_links_name":"\"Spectator who fell in Hayden Paddon crash in the Monte Carlo rally dies\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170121091112/http://acm.mc/en/edition/rallye-monte-carlo-edition-2017/2017-commited/","external_links_name":"\"2017 Commited [sic]\""},{"Link":"http://acm.mc/en/edition/rallye-monte-carlo-edition-2017/2017-commited/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170117155544/http://www.wrc.com/en/wrc/news/january-2017/matton-tactics/page/4209--12-12-.html","external_links_name":"\"Matton on Monte tactics\""},{"Link":"http://www.wrc.com/en/wrc/news/january-2017/matton-tactics/page/4209--12-12-.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180408215353/http://www.wrc.com/en/wrc/results/monte-carlo/stage-times/page/318-226---.html","external_links_name":"\"World Rally Championship - Results Monte Carlo - wrc.com\""},{"Link":"http://www.wrc.com/en/wrc/results/monte-carlo/stage-times/page/318-226---.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://acm.mc/en/rallye-monte-carlo/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.wrc.com/","external_links_name":"The official website of the World Rally Championship"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Zhitomirsky	Jacob Zhitomirsky	["1 Biography","2 References"]	Russian doctor and secret agent Jacob (Yakov) Zhitomirsky (Russian: Яков Абрамович Житомирский; party alias Otsov (Отцов); Okhrana aliases Andre and Daudet) was a prominent Bolshevik best known for being a secret agent of the Okhrana. Biography He was recruited by Okhrana in 1902, while studying at the University of Berlin. Zhitomirsky was active in Berlin RSPLP group, reporting its activities to the Russian police, until 1907 when Bolsheviks were expelled from Berlin by German authorities and Zhitomirsky moved to Paris. He attended 5th RSDLP Congress in London. In 1908 he was given twenty 500-ruble notes by the people involved in the 1907 Tiflis bank robbery. Unable to exchange notes, he passed this money to the vice-director of the Russian Department of Police Vissarionov, during his visit to Paris. During World War I he served as a doctor with the Russian Expeditionary Force in France and reported about revolutionary propaganda among the Russian troops. References V.K. Agafonov. Zagranichnaia okhranka. E. Shcherbakova. Agenturnaia Rabota Politicheskoi Politsii Rossiiskoi Imperii : Sbornik Dokumentov : 1880-1917 . Moscow, St. Petersburg: AIRO-XXI, Dmitrii Bulanin, 2006. ISBN 5-91022-024-1. This Russian biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Bolshevik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolshevik"},{"link_name":"Okhrana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okhrana"}],"text":"Jacob (Yakov) Zhitomirsky (Russian: Яков Абрамович Житомирский; party alias Otsov (Отцов); Okhrana aliases Andre and Daudet) was a prominent Bolshevik best known for being a secret agent of the Okhrana.","title":"Jacob Zhitomirsky"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Okhrana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okhrana"},{"link_name":"University of Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Berlin"},{"link_name":"5th RSDLP Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party"},{"link_name":"1907 Tiflis bank robbery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1907_Tiflis_bank_robbery"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Russian Expeditionary Force in France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Expeditionary_Force_in_France"}],"text":"He was recruited by Okhrana in 1902, while studying at the University of Berlin. Zhitomirsky was active in Berlin RSPLP group, reporting its activities to the Russian police, until 1907 when Bolsheviks were expelled from Berlin by German authorities and Zhitomirsky moved to Paris.He attended 5th RSDLP Congress in London.In 1908 he was given twenty 500-ruble notes by the people involved in the 1907 Tiflis bank robbery. Unable to exchange notes, he passed this money to the vice-director of the Russian Department of Police Vissarionov, during his visit to Paris.During World War I he served as a doctor with the Russian Expeditionary Force in France and reported about revolutionary propaganda among the Russian troops.","title":"Biography"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacob_Zhitomirsky&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Asian_Junior_Athletics_Championships	2018 Asian Junior Athletics Championships	["1 Medal table","2 Medal summary","2.1 Men","2.2 Women","3 References","4 External links"]	International athletics championship event18th Asian Junior Athletics ChampionshipsDates7–10 JuneHost cityGifu, JapanVenueGifu Nagaragawa StadiumLevelJunior (under-20)Events44Participation437 athletes from 35 nationsRecords set6 championship records← 2016 Ho Chi Minh City 2023 Yecheon → The 2018 Asian Junior Athletics Championships was the 18th edition of the international athletics competition for Asian under-20 athletes, organised by the Asian Athletics Association and the Japan Association of Athletics Federations. Athletes born between 1999 and 2002 competed in 44 events, divided evenly between the sexes. The competition took place over four days from 7–10 June at Gifu Nagaragawa Stadium in Gifu, Japan. Medal table * Host nation (Host nation)RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal1 Japan*141512412 China1185243 India5210174 Chinese Taipei453125 Sri Lanka34296 Qatar33067 Iran11358 Indonesia11029 Iraq1012 Vietnam101211 South Korea031412 Kazakhstan012313 Thailand011214 Malaysia002215 Hong Kong0011Totals (15 entries)444444132 Medal summary Men Event Gold Silver Bronze 100 metres Lalu Muhammad Zohri Indonesia 10.27 Daisuke Miyamoto Japan 10.35 Muhammad Ismail Malaysia 10.46 200 metres Wei Tai-sheng Chinese Taipei 21.05 Shin Min-kyu South Korea 21.06 Justin Junpei Tsukamoto Japan 21.09 PB 400 metres Aruna Dharshana Sri Lanka 45.79 CR NJR Pasindu Kodikara Sri Lanka 46.96 Syuji Mori Japan 47.08 800 metres Anu Kumar India 1:54.11 Abdolrahim Dorzadeh Iran 1:54.23 Fuki Torii Japan 1:54.55 1500 metres Saife Saifeldin Qatar 3:49.30 Reito Hanzawa Japan 3:49.66 Hussein Lafta Iraq 3:49.75 5000 metres Ajeet Kumar India 14:15.24 PB Ren Tazawa Japan 14:17.26 Amir Zamanpour Iran 14:25.25 PB 10,000 metres Suolang Cairen China 30:01.51 PB Yuhi Nakaya Japan 30:04.24 Kartik Kumar India 30:05.30 PB 110 m hurdles Lu Hao-hua Chinese Taipei 13.61 PB Rikuto Higuchi Japan 13.71 David Yefremov Kazakhstan 13.81 400 m hurdles Yusuke Shirao Japan 50.52 Bassem Hemeida Qatar 50.55 Mehdi Pirjahan Iran 51.18 PB 3000 m steeplechase Saife Saifeldin Qatar 8:51.97 Takumi Yoshida Japan 8:52.79 Nguyễn Trung Cường Vietnam 8:59.32 PB 10,000 m walk Gong Hao China 42:47.98 Sho Sakazaki Japan 42:53.56 Kim Min-gyu South Korea 43:06.89 4 × 100 m relay Yuki TakagiDaisuke MiyamotoSatoru FukushimaJustin Junpei Tsukamoto Japan 39.65 Lin Yu-tangWei Tai-shengLu Hao-huaYeh Shou-po Chinese Taipei 39.72 Prajwal RaviAkash KumarNithin BalakumarGurindervir Singh India 40.75 4 × 400 m relay Pabasara NikuPasindu KodikaraRavishka IndrajithAruna Dharshana Sri Lanka 3:08.70 Potchara PetchkaewThipthanet SriphaYanakorn MunrotPhitchaya Sunthonthuam Thailand 3:09.20 Luqmanual Khairul AkmalMuhammad SuhaimiSafwan SaifuddinAbdul Roslan Malaysia 3:09.60 High jump Kyohei Tomori Japan 2.16 m PB Nuh Anuh Qatar 2.14 m Zhang Hao China 2.12 m Pole vault Syunto Ozaki Japan 5.20 m PB Idan Richsan Indonesia 5.15 m Kasinpob Chomchanad Thailand 5.00 m Long jump Yugo Sakai Japan 7.61 m Zhou Keqi China 7.54 m M Sreeshankar India 7.47 m Triple jump Kamalraj Kanagaraj India 15.75 m Yu Gyumin South Korea 15.56 m PB Shunsuke Izumiya Japan 15.47 m Shot put Moaaz Ibrahim Qatar 18.57 m PB Yeo Jin-seong South Korea 18.25 m Ashish Bhalothia India 18.22 m PB Discus throw Hossein Rasouli Iran 62.29 m CR Mohamed Ibrahim Moaaz Qatar 61.50 m Kosei Yamashita Japan 56.51 m Hammer throw Ashish Jakhar India 76.86 m PB Damneet Singh India 74.08 m PB Masanobu Hattori Japan 69.34 m Javelin throw Liu Zhekai China 70.53 m Masafumi Azechi Japan 68.76 m Kentaro Nakamura Japan 65.36 m Decathlon Wang Chen-yu Chinese Taipei 7200 pts PB Wang Yu-shiang Chinese Taipei 6704 pts PB Rin Haraguchi Japan 6693 pts Women Event Gold Silver Bronze 100 metres Feng Lulu China 11.68 Amasha De Silva Sri Lanka 11.71 PB Mei Kodama Japan 11.98 200 metres Tao Yanan China 24.01 Amasha De Silva Sri Lanka 24.47 PB Jisna Mathew India 24.48 400 metres Jisna Mathew India 53.26 PB Dilshi Kumarasinghe Sri Lanka 54.03 PB Yang Jui-hsuan Chinese Taipei 54.74 800 metres Ayaka Kawata Japan 2:04.14 Ayano Shiomi Japan 2:04.50 Dilshi Kumarasinghe Sri Lanka 2:04.53 PB NJR 1500 metres Ririka Hironaka Japan 4:17.62 PB Tomomi Takamatsu Japan 4:21.65 Durga Deore India 4:24.56 3000 metres Nozomi Tanaka Japan 9:04.36 CR Yuna Wada Japan 9:14.13 Liu Fang China 9:35.69 5000 metres Mikuni Yada Japan 16:31.65 Niu Lihua China 16:55.54 Poonam Sonune India 17:03.75 100 m hurdles Yuiri Yoshida Japan 13.45 CR PB Lin Yuwei China 13.55 PB Lin Hsiao-hui Chinese Taipei 13.61 PB 400 m hurdles Kasumi Yoshida Japan 58.43 Yang Jui-hsuan Chinese Taipei 58.89 PB Natsumi Murakami Japan 58.92 3000 m steeplechase Parami Wasanthi Maristela Sri Lanka 10:21.54 PB NJR Tian Wanhua China 10:28.24 Yuka Nosue Japan 10:38.30 10,000 m walk Ma Li China 45:20.59 CR Nanako Fuhii Japan 45:24.35 PB Li Wenxiu China 47:38.46 4 × 100 m relay Lin YuweiZhu CuiweiTao YananFeng Lulu China 45.06 Yuiri YoshidaMiku YamadaYuri OkumuraMei Kodama Japan 45.95 Leung Wing HeiWu Yi LamLeung Kwan YiChan Pui Kei Hong Kong 47.00 4 × 400 m relay Ayano ShiomiKasumi YoshidaNatsumi MurakamiAyaka Kawata Japan 3:38.20 CR Subha VenkatesanRachnaNidhi SinghJisna Mathew India 3:41.11 Ishara AdittyaSachini DivyanjaliAmasha De SilvaDilshi Kumarasinghe Sri Lanka 3:45.16 High jump Maryam Abdulelah Iraq 1.80 m Tsai Ching-jung Chinese Taipei 1.78 m Abhinaya Shetty India 1.75 m PB Pole vault Wu Zuocheng China 4.00 m Anastasya Ermakova Kazakhstan 3.60 m Wu Chia-ju Chinese Taipei 3.60 m Long jump Ayaka Kora Japan 6.44 m PB Zhong Jiawei China 6.44 m Mirei Yoshioka Japan 5.92 m Triple jump Thi Ngoc Ha Vu Vietnam 13.22 m Pan Youqi China 13.21 m Priyadarshini Suresh India 13.09 m PB Shot put Zhang Linru China 16.05 m Honoka Oyama Japan 15.54 m PB Guo Pei-yu Chinese Taipei 14.76 m Discus throw Yang Huanhuan China 51.53 m Yin Yuanyuan China 51.17 m Arpandeep Bajwa India 46.57 m Hammer throw Zhou Mengyuan China 64.81 m Li Jiangyan China 61.44 m PB Reyhaneh Arani Iran 55.46 m PB Javelin throw Li Hui-jun Chinese Taipei 55.36 m Sae Takemoto Japan 54.16 m Dai Qianqian China 53.29 m Heptathlon Karin Odama Japan 5133 pts Chen Cai-juan Chinese Taipei 4925 pts Diana Geints Kazakhstan 4804 pts PB References ^ "18th Asian Junior Athletics Championships" (PDF). www.jaaf.or.jp/. Japan Association of Athletics Federations. Retrieved 8 June 2018. External links Official website vteChampionships of the Asian Athletics Association Outdoor Championships (records) Indoor Championships (records) Junior Championships Youth Championships Cross Country Championships Marathon Championships Race Walking Championships Outdoor 1973 1975 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1998 2000 2002 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023 2025 Indoor 2004 Results 2006 Results 2008 Results 2010 Results 2012 Results 2014 Results 2016 Results 2018 Results 2023 Results 2024 Results U20 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1997 1999 2001 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2023 2024 U18 2015 2017 2019 2022 2023 2025 Cross Country 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2004 2005 2007 2009 2012 2014 2016 2018 2023 See also: Athletics at the Asian Games vte2018 in the sport of athletics « 2017 2019 » World World Indoor Championships World U20 Championships World Masters Championships Continental Cup Athletics World Cup World Half Marathon Championships World Mountain Running Championships Long Distance IAU World Championships Trail 100 km Skyrunning World Championships Tower Running World Championships World Race Walking Team Championships Youth Olympics RegionalChampionships Asian Indoor African Balkan Outdoor Indoor CARIFTA Games European European Small States European Para Athletics Ibero-American NACAC West Asian Games Asian Games Asian Para Games African Youth Games Central American and Caribbean Games Commonwealth Games Mediterranean Games Micronesian Games Gymnasiade Cross country African Arab Asian Balkan European NACAC Oceania Pan American Other Asian Race Walking Oceania Race Walking South American Half Marathon South American Marathon South American Mile European Mountain Running European Throwing Cup Pan American Combined Events Age group Arab U20 Asian U20 European U18 Mediterranean U23 South American U23 South American U18 Southeast Asian U18 SeasonalWorld Marathon Majors Berlin Boston Chicago London New York Tokyo Diamond League Doha Shanghai Stockholm Rome Oslo Rabat Eugene Lausanne Monaco London Birmingham Paris Zürich Brussels World Indoor Tour Road Race Label Events IAAF Challenges World Challenge Combined Events Race Walking Hammer Throw WMRA World Cup NationalIndoor Belgian British Czech Dutch French German Italian Polish Russian Spanish Swedish Ukrainian United States Outdoor Australian Belgian British Canadian Chinese Czech Dutch Estonian Finnish French German Hungarian Icelandic Italian Jamaican Japanese Lithuanian Norwegian Polish Portuguese Russian Spanish Swedish Ukrainian United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Asian Junior Athletics Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Junior_Athletics_Championships"},{"link_name":"athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_(sport)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia"},{"link_name":"Asian Athletics Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Athletics_Association"},{"link_name":"Japan Association of Athletics Federations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Association_of_Athletics_Federations"},{"link_name":"Gifu Nagaragawa Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifu_Nagaragawa_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Gifu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifu"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The 2018 Asian Junior Athletics Championships was the 18th edition of the international athletics competition for Asian under-20 athletes, organised by the Asian Athletics Association and the Japan Association of Athletics Federations. Athletes born between 1999 and 2002 competed in 44 events, divided evenly between the sexes. The competition took place over four days from 7–10 June at Gifu Nagaragawa Stadium in Gifu, Japan.[1]","title":"2018 Asian Junior Athletics Championships"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"* Host nation (Host nation)","title":"Medal table"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Medal summary"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Men","title":"Medal summary"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Women","title":"Medal summary"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"18th Asian Junior Athletics Championships\" (PDF). www.jaaf.or.jp/. Japan Association of Athletics Federations. Retrieved 8 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jaaf.or.jp/pdf/ajac/18/Asian_Junior_Championships_GIFU_Team_Manual_2018.pdf","url_text":"\"18th Asian Junior Athletics Championships\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Association_of_Athletics_Federations","url_text":"Japan Association of Athletics Federations"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.jaaf.or.jp/pdf/ajac/18/Asian_Junior_Championships_GIFU_Team_Manual_2018.pdf","external_links_name":"\"18th Asian Junior Athletics Championships\""},{"Link":"http://www.jaaf.or.jp/ajac/18/en/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stars_and_the_Sea	Stars and the Sea	["1 Production","2 Track listing","3 Personnel","4 References"]	2008 studio album by Boy Kill BoyStars and the SeaStudio album by Boy Kill BoyReleased31 March 2008Recorded2007StudioSunset Sound, Hillside ManorGenreAlternative rock, indie popLength43:01LabelVertigoProducerDave SardyBoy Kill Boy chronology Civilian(2006) Stars and the Sea(2008) Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingDrowned in Sound6/10GigwiseThe Irish TimesThe Press Stars and the Sea is the second and final album by Boy Kill Boy. It was released on 31 March 2008. It was recorded in three recording studios in Cornwall, Brighton, and Los Angeles. The track, "Loud and Clear", was made available for a free download from the band's website. Much deliberation was made over the name of the album. In the December 2007 edition of Uncut, the magazine claimed that it would be a self-titled album, also HMV had the title listed as Loud and Clear, although MTV2UK and Amazon had both named it Stars and the Sea. It was finally announced in early November 2007 that it would be called this. It charted at number 98 on 6 April 2008. The relatively poor sales of the record and subsequent label issues have been claimed to be behind the split of the band later in 2008. Production Recording took place at Sunset Sound and Hillside Manor, with producer Dave Sardy. Ryan Castle served as the main engineer, with Cameron Barton as secondary engineer at Hillside Manor, and Clifton Allen as secondary engineer at Sunset Sound. Andy Brohard did Pro Tools editing and additional engineering, while Greg Gordon did additional editing. Sardy mixed the recordings, before the album was mastered by Stephen Marcussen at Marcussen Mastering. Track listing All songs and lyrics by Chris Peck. All arrangements by Boy Kill Boy. "Promises" – 3:30 "No Conversation" – 3:59 "Be Somebody" – 3:26 "Loud + Clear" – 3:39 "Paris" – 3:52 "A-OK" – 4:13 "Ready to Go" – 4:12 "Rosie's on Fire" – 3:33 "Kidda – Kidda" – 4:40 "Pen 'n Ink" – 3:18 "Two Souls" – 4:38 Personnel Personnel per booklet. Boy Kill Boy Chris Peck – vocals, guitar Shaz Mahmood – drums Kevin Chase – bass Peter Carr – keyboards Production and design Dave Sardy – producer, mixing Ryan Castle – engineer Andy Brohard – Pro Tools editing, additional engineer Cameron Barton – second engineer Clifton Allen – second engineer Greg Gordon – additional editing Stephen Marcussen – mastering Intro – design Victoria Smith – band photography References ^ Gourlay, Dom (26 March 2008). "Album Review: Boy Kill Boy - Stars And The Sea / Releases". Drowned in Sound. Archived from the original on 4 September 2021. Retrieved 3 September 2021. ^ Shaw, Natalie (28 March 2008). "Boy Kill Boy - 'Stars And The Sea' (Vertigo)". Gigwise. Archived from the original on 27 May 2011. Retrieved 3 September 2021. ^ Dubhain, Daragh O (28 March 2008). "Rock/Pop". The Irish Times. Retrieved 3 September 2021. ^ Carroll, Steve (11 April 2008). "Boy Kill Boy, Stars And The Sea (Mercury)". The Press. Retrieved 3 September 2021. ^ a b c Stars and the Sea (booklet). Boy Kill Boy. Vertigo Records. 2008. 1748292.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) This 2000s indie pop album-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boy Kill Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boy_Kill_Boy"},{"link_name":"Uncut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncut_magazine"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"2008 studio album by Boy Kill BoyStars and the Sea is the second and final album by Boy Kill Boy. It was released on 31 March 2008. It was recorded in three recording studios in Cornwall, Brighton, and Los Angeles. The track, \"Loud and Clear\", was made available for a free download from the band's website.Much deliberation was made over the name of the album. In the December 2007 edition of Uncut, the magazine claimed that it would be a self-titled album, also HMV had the title listed as Loud and Clear, although MTV2UK and Amazon had both named it Stars and the Sea. It was finally announced in early November 2007 that it would be called this.It charted at number 98 on 6 April 2008. The relatively poor sales of the record and subsequent label issues have been claimed to be behind the split of the band later in 2008.[citation needed]","title":"Stars and the Sea"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sunset Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunset_Sound"},{"link_name":"Dave Sardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Sardy"},{"link_name":"Pro Tools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_Tools"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SATSbooklet-5"}],"text":"Recording took place at Sunset Sound and Hillside Manor, with producer Dave Sardy. Ryan Castle served as the main engineer, with Cameron Barton as secondary engineer at Hillside Manor, and Clifton Allen as secondary engineer at Sunset Sound. Andy Brohard did Pro Tools editing and additional engineering, while Greg Gordon did additional editing. Sardy mixed the recordings, before the album was mastered by Stephen Marcussen at Marcussen Mastering.[5]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SATSbooklet-5"},{"link_name":"Promises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promises_(Boy_Kill_Boy_song)"},{"link_name":"No Conversation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Conversation"}],"text":"All songs and lyrics by Chris Peck. All arrangements by Boy Kill Boy.[5]\"Promises\" – 3:30\n\"No Conversation\" – 3:59\n\"Be Somebody\" – 3:26\n\"Loud + Clear\" – 3:39\n\"Paris\" – 3:52\n\"A-OK\" – 4:13\n\"Ready to Go\" – 4:12\n\"Rosie's on Fire\" – 3:33\n\"Kidda – Kidda\" – 4:40\n\"Pen 'n Ink\" – 3:18\n\"Two Souls\" – 4:38","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SATSbooklet-5"},{"link_name":"Dave Sardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Sardy"},{"link_name":"Pro Tools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_Tools"}],"text":"Personnel per booklet.[5]Boy Kill Boy\n\nChris Peck – vocals, guitar\nShaz Mahmood – drums\nKevin Chase – bass\nPeter Carr – keyboards\n\n\nProduction and design\n\nDave Sardy – producer, mixing\nRyan Castle – engineer\nAndy Brohard – Pro Tools editing, additional engineer\nCameron Barton – second engineer\nClifton Allen – second engineer\nGreg Gordon – additional editing\nStephen Marcussen – mastering\nIntro – design\nVictoria Smith – band photography","title":"Personnel"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Gourlay, Dom (26 March 2008). \"Album Review: Boy Kill Boy - Stars And The Sea / Releases\". Drowned in Sound. Archived from the original on 4 September 2021. Retrieved 3 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210904174120/https://drownedinsound.com/releases/12969/reviews/3064275-","url_text":"\"Album Review: Boy Kill Boy - Stars And The Sea / Releases\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drowned_in_Sound","url_text":"Drowned in Sound"},{"url":"https://drownedinsound.com/releases/12969/reviews/3064275-","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Shaw, Natalie (28 March 2008). \"Boy Kill Boy - 'Stars And The Sea' (Vertigo)\". Gigwise. Archived from the original on 27 May 2011. Retrieved 3 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110527141116/http://www.gigwise.com/article.php?contentid=41868","url_text":"\"Boy Kill Boy - 'Stars And The Sea' (Vertigo)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigwise","url_text":"Gigwise"},{"url":"http://www.gigwise.com/article.php?contentid=41868","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Dubhain, Daragh O (28 March 2008). \"Rock/Pop\". The Irish Times. Retrieved 3 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/rock-pop-1.907789","url_text":"\"Rock/Pop\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Irish_Times","url_text":"The Irish Times"}]},{"reference":"Carroll, Steve (11 April 2008). \"Boy Kill Boy, Stars And The Sea (Mercury)\". The Press. Retrieved 3 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/2189654.boy-kill-boy-stars-and-the-sea-mercury/","url_text":"\"Boy Kill Boy, Stars And The Sea (Mercury)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Press_(York)","url_text":"The Press"}]},{"reference":"Stars and the Sea (booklet). Boy Kill Boy. Vertigo Records. 2008. 1748292.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertigo_Records","url_text":"Vertigo Records"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210904174120/https://drownedinsound.com/releases/12969/reviews/3064275-","external_links_name":"\"Album Review: Boy Kill Boy - Stars And The Sea / Releases\""},{"Link":"https://drownedinsound.com/releases/12969/reviews/3064275-","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110527141116/http://www.gigwise.com/article.php?contentid=41868","external_links_name":"\"Boy Kill Boy - 'Stars And The Sea' (Vertigo)\""},{"Link":"http://www.gigwise.com/article.php?contentid=41868","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/rock-pop-1.907789","external_links_name":"\"Rock/Pop\""},{"Link":"https://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/2189654.boy-kill-boy-stars-and-the-sea-mercury/","external_links_name":"\"Boy Kill Boy, Stars And The Sea (Mercury)\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stars_and_the_Sea&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Pleeth	William Pleeth	["1 Biography","1.1 Early years","1.2 Early career","1.3 War and marriage","1.4 Chamber music","1.5 Teacher","1.6 Last years","2 Media","3 Sources","4 References"]	British cellist and teacher William Pleeth OBE (12 January 1916 – 6 April 1999) was a well-known British cellist and an eminent teacher, who became widely known as the teacher of Jacqueline du Pré. William PleethOBEBorn12 January 1916London, EnglandDied6 April 1999OccupationsCellist and eminent teacherInstrumentsCelloYears active1933–1989Musical artist Biography Early years William Pleeth was born in London. His parents were Jewish immigrants from Warsaw, Poland. Many generations of his family had been professional musicians. He started to learn the cello at six and his talent was quickly noticed. At nine he became a pupil of Herbert Walenn at the London Cello School. At thirteen Pleeth won a two-year scholarship to study with Julius Klengel at the Conservatory in Leipzig. He was the youngest person ever to receive this scholarship at the time. Pleeth much appreciated Klengel. He said: He was a wonderful teacher because he allowed you to be yourself. He hated it if someone copied him. He wanted us to develop our own musicality – and we did, and we're all different after all. Emanuel Feuermann and Gregor Piatigorsky were both Klengel pupils and they were totally different in their style of playing. Klengel himself was a very simple, unsophisticated man whose integrity was unquestionable. He was always honest and I loved him for it. When he was fifteen years old, he had learned all the Cello Suites of Bach, all Caprices by Piatti and 32 cello concertos. At fifteen he played a piece for four cellos by Klengel with Emanuel Feuermann, Fritz Schertel and Julius Klengel in Leipzig. In the same year, 1931, he gave his first public performance of Dvořák's Cello Concerto at the Conservatory in Leipzig. The same year he also made his debut as soloist with the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra with Haydn's Cello Concerto in D major. Early career In 1933 he played in many BBC broadcasts and made his debut at the Aeolian Hall in London with the Dvořák Concerto as a soloist of the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra conducted by Leslie Heward. From this moment his career took off. In 1940, Pleeth performed the Schumann Cello Concerto with the BBC Symphony Orchestra conducted by Sir Adrian Boult. From 1936 to 1941 he was a member of the Blech String Quartet. War and marriage During the Second World War, Pleeth served five years in the British Army. In 1942, he married the pianist Alice Margaret Good (1906–2000), previously the wife of Herbert Murrill. They performed together for more than forty years and made numerous recordings together. They had a son and a daughter. After the war Pleeth's solo career and his recitals with Good reached international status. During the war Pleeth served in the same regiment with the composer Edmund Rubbra, with whom he became lifelong friends. Rubbra wrote his Sonata for Cello and Piano for Pleeth and Good. He also wrote his "Soliloqui" for cello and orchestra for Pleeth. Among the other composers who wrote pieces for Pleeth were Benjamin Frankel, Gordon Jacob, Franz Reizenstein, Mátyás Seiber and Bernard Stevens. Chamber music In 1952 Pleeth formed the original Allegri String Quartet with violinists Eli Goren and James Barton and violist Patrick Ireland. For him, chamber music was the most satisfying form of music-making. He said: Chamber music has always been a passion with me, and I return to it more and more. Not only is the concert itself an exciting experience but it is the satisfaction of working out a piece of music with three other human beings for whom you have affection. In many ways, a solo career is, for me, unsatisfying. I don't care for the solitary travelling, and like even less the isolation of being confronted by a large orchestra and an 'eminent' conductor. He often performed Schubert's String Quintet and the sextets of Johannes Brahms with the Amadeus Quartet and other well-known quartets. Teacher Pleeth was a professor of cello at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama in London from 1948 to 1978. From 1977 he was a visiting professor at the Yehudi Menuhin School and the Royal College of Music. He was much loved by his students, the most famous of them being Jacqueline du Pré, who named him her "cello daddy". She described him as "an extraordinary teacher who knew exactly how to guide someone or to correct an error with kindness and understanding." Pleeth taught du Pré for seven years, first privately, later at the Guildhall School. Some of his hundreds of other students are Robert Cohen, Frans Helmerson, Felix Schmidt, Stephen Lansberry, Natasha Brofsky, Colin Carr, Anssi Karttunen, Andrew Shulman, Martin Rummel, Paul Watkins, Sophie Rolland and his own son Anthony Pleeth. He stopped performing in the early 1980s, but continued teaching until his death. His masterclasses were so appreciated that he had hundreds of students from all the continents. Last years In 1989, Pleeth was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire for his outstanding achievements. On 12 January 1996, his 80th birthday, a celebration concert was given for him by friends and students in the Wigmore Hall. The Brindisi String Quartet, Trevor Pinnock and Anthony Pleeth performed Haydn, Mozart and Schubert. All revenues were donated to the Jacqueline du Pré Multiple Sclerosis Research Fund. William Pleeth lived with Margaret Good in Finchley, North London. He died on 6 April 1999, aged 83, having fought leukemia for four years. He was survived by his wife, his son and daughter and three grandchildren. On 12 January 2000 the William Pleeth Memorial Concert was held at the St John's Church in London. His son Anthony, granddaughter Tatty Theo (both cellists) and his granddaughter Lucy Theo (violinist) performed, together with two of his pupils, Robert Cohen and Colin Carr. Media Pleeth captured some of his thoughts on cello playing in the book Cello, part of the Yehudi Menuhin Music Guides. It is based on conversations that Pleeth had with Nona Pyron. Menuhin wrote the introduction and Jacqueline du Pré the preface. The book was published in 1982. Pleeth was 80 when the eight DVDs A Life in Music were recorded in the Britten-Pears School in Snape Maltings in Suffolk. Selma Gokcen, who had studied with Pleeth, produced the recordings. On each DVD Pleeth gives lessons to young cellists. These recordings show his experience of a lifetime, attention to smallest detail and how music came alive in his guidance. Pleeth can be seen and heard on the DVDs that Christopher Nupen made about Jacqueline du Pré: Remembering Jacqueline du Pré, 1994 Jacqueline du Pré: in Portrait, 2004 Jacqueline du Pré: A Celebration, 2008 In the film Hilary and Jackie by Anand Tucker, 1998, based on the life of Jacqueline du Pré from the perspective of her brother and sister, the character of William Pleeth is played by Bill Paterson. Sources William Pleeth: A life in music. Eight cello masterclasses (DVD). William Pleeth (red. Nona Pyron), Cello. Yehudi Menuhin Music Guides, Macdonald, London, 1982. References ^ The Independent Portals: Classical music England Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Germany Israel Finland United States Japan Netherlands Poland Academics CiNii Artists MusicBrainz People Trove Other SNAC IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officer_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"cellist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellist"},{"link_name":"Jacqueline du Pré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacqueline_du_Pr%C3%A9"}],"text":"William Pleeth OBE (12 January 1916 – 6 April 1999) was a well-known British cellist and an eminent teacher, who became widely known as the teacher of Jacqueline du Pré.Musical artist","title":"William Pleeth"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw"},{"link_name":"Herbert Walenn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Walenn#Musical_family"},{"link_name":"Julius Klengel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Klengel"},{"link_name":"Conservatory in Leipzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn_College_of_Music_and_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Emanuel Feuermann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanuel_Feuermann"},{"link_name":"Gregor Piatigorsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Piatigorsky"},{"link_name":"Cello Suites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cello_Suites_(Bach)"},{"link_name":"Bach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach"},{"link_name":"Piatti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Alfredo_Piatti"},{"link_name":"cello concertos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concerto"},{"link_name":"Fritz Schertel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Schertel"},{"link_name":"Dvořák","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k"},{"link_name":"Cello Concerto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cello_Concerto_(Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k)"},{"link_name":"Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig_Gewandhaus_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Haydn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Haydn"}],"sub_title":"Early years","text":"William Pleeth was born in London. His parents were Jewish immigrants from Warsaw, Poland. Many generations of his family had been professional musicians. He started to learn the cello at six and his talent was quickly noticed. At nine he became a pupil of Herbert Walenn at the London Cello School.At thirteen Pleeth won a two-year scholarship to study with Julius Klengel at the Conservatory in Leipzig. He was the youngest person ever to receive this scholarship at the time. Pleeth much appreciated Klengel. He said:He was a wonderful teacher because he allowed you to be yourself. He hated it if someone copied him. He wanted us to develop our own musicality – and we did, and we're all different after all. Emanuel Feuermann and Gregor Piatigorsky were both Klengel pupils and they were totally different in their style of playing. Klengel himself was a very simple, unsophisticated man whose integrity was unquestionable. He was always honest and I loved him for it.When he was fifteen years old, he had learned all the Cello Suites of Bach, all Caprices by Piatti and 32 cello concertos. At fifteen he played a piece for four cellos by Klengel with Emanuel Feuermann, Fritz Schertel and Julius Klengel in Leipzig. In the same year, 1931, he gave his first public performance of Dvořák's Cello Concerto at the Conservatory in Leipzig. The same year he also made his debut as soloist with the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra with Haydn's Cello Concerto in D major.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"Aeolian Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeolian_Hall_(London)"},{"link_name":"City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Birmingham_Symphony_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Leslie Heward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Heward"},{"link_name":"Schumann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schumann"},{"link_name":"Cello Concerto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cello_Concerto_(Schumann)"},{"link_name":"BBC Symphony Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Symphony_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Sir Adrian Boult","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Boult"},{"link_name":"Blech String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blech_String_Quartet"}],"sub_title":"Early career","text":"In 1933 he played in many BBC broadcasts and made his debut at the Aeolian Hall in London with the Dvořák Concerto as a soloist of the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra conducted by Leslie Heward. From this moment his career took off.In 1940, Pleeth performed the Schumann Cello Concerto with the BBC Symphony Orchestra conducted by Sir Adrian Boult. From 1936 to 1941 he was a member of the Blech String Quartet.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"Herbert Murrill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Murrill"},{"link_name":"Edmund Rubbra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Rubbra"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Frankel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Frankel"},{"link_name":"Gordon Jacob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Jacob"},{"link_name":"Franz Reizenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Reizenstein"},{"link_name":"Mátyás Seiber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1ty%C3%A1s_Seiber"},{"link_name":"Bernard Stevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Stevens"}],"sub_title":"War and marriage","text":"During the Second World War, Pleeth served five years in the British Army. In 1942, he married the pianist Alice Margaret Good (1906–2000), previously the wife of Herbert Murrill. They performed together for more than forty years and made numerous recordings together. They had a son and a daughter. After the war Pleeth's solo career and his recitals with Good reached international status.During the war Pleeth served in the same regiment with the composer Edmund Rubbra, with whom he became lifelong friends. Rubbra wrote his Sonata for Cello and Piano for Pleeth and Good. He also wrote his \"Soliloqui\" for cello and orchestra for Pleeth. Among the other composers who wrote pieces for Pleeth were Benjamin Frankel, Gordon Jacob, Franz Reizenstein, Mátyás Seiber and Bernard Stevens.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Allegri String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegri_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Schubert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Schubert"},{"link_name":"String Quintet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_Quintet_(Schubert)"},{"link_name":"Johannes Brahms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms"},{"link_name":"Amadeus Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amadeus_Quartet"}],"sub_title":"Chamber music","text":"In 1952 Pleeth formed the original Allegri String Quartet with violinists Eli Goren and James Barton and violist Patrick Ireland. For him, chamber music was the most satisfying form of music-making. He said:Chamber music has always been a passion with me, and I return to it more and more. Not only is the concert itself an exciting experience but it is the satisfaction of working out a piece of music with three other human beings for whom you have affection. In many ways, a solo career is, for me, unsatisfying. I don't care for the solitary travelling, and like even less the isolation of being confronted by a large orchestra and an 'eminent' conductor.He often performed Schubert's String Quintet and the sextets of Johannes Brahms with the Amadeus Quartet and other well-known quartets.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guildhall School of Music and Drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guildhall_School_of_Music_and_Drama"},{"link_name":"Royal College of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_College_of_Music"},{"link_name":"Jacqueline du Pré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacqueline_du_Pr%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Robert Cohen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cohen_(cellist)"},{"link_name":"Frans Helmerson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans_Helmerson"},{"link_name":"Colin Carr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Carr"},{"link_name":"Anssi Karttunen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anssi_Karttunen"},{"link_name":"Andrew Shulman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Shulman"},{"link_name":"Martin Rummel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Rummel"},{"link_name":"Paul Watkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Watkins_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Sophie Rolland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sophie_Rolland&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Anthony Pleeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Pleeth"},{"link_name":"masterclasses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masterclass"}],"sub_title":"Teacher","text":"Pleeth was a professor of cello at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama in London from 1948 to 1978. From 1977 he was a visiting professor at the Yehudi Menuhin School and the Royal College of Music. He was much loved by his students, the most famous of them being Jacqueline du Pré, who named him her \"cello daddy\". She described him as \"an extraordinary teacher who knew exactly how to guide someone or to correct an error with kindness and understanding.\" Pleeth taught du Pré for seven years, first privately, later at the Guildhall School. Some of his hundreds of other students are Robert Cohen, Frans Helmerson, Felix Schmidt, Stephen Lansberry, Natasha Brofsky, Colin Carr, Anssi Karttunen, Andrew Shulman, Martin Rummel, Paul Watkins, Sophie Rolland and his own son Anthony Pleeth.He stopped performing in the early 1980s, but continued teaching until his death. His masterclasses were so appreciated that he had hundreds of students from all the continents.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Order of the British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Wigmore Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigmore_Hall"},{"link_name":"Brindisi String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brindisi_String_Quartet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trevor Pinnock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor_Pinnock"},{"link_name":"Haydn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Haydn"},{"link_name":"Mozart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart"},{"link_name":"Schubert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Schubert"},{"link_name":"Finchley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finchley"},{"link_name":"leukemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukemia"}],"sub_title":"Last years","text":"In 1989, Pleeth was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire for his outstanding achievements.[1] On 12 January 1996, his 80th birthday, a celebration concert was given for him by friends and students in the Wigmore Hall. The Brindisi String Quartet, Trevor Pinnock and Anthony Pleeth performed Haydn, Mozart and Schubert. All revenues were donated to the Jacqueline du Pré Multiple Sclerosis Research Fund.William Pleeth lived with Margaret Good in Finchley, North London. He died on 6 April 1999, aged 83, having fought leukemia for four years. He was survived by his wife, his son and daughter and three grandchildren.On 12 January 2000 the William Pleeth Memorial Concert was held at the St John's Church in London. His son Anthony, granddaughter Tatty Theo (both cellists) and his granddaughter Lucy Theo (violinist) performed, together with two of his pupils, Robert Cohen and Colin Carr.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yehudi Menuhin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yehudi_Menuhin"},{"link_name":"Britten-Pears School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britten-Pears_School_for_Advanced_Musical_Studies"},{"link_name":"Christopher Nupen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Nupen"},{"link_name":"Hilary and Jackie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary_and_Jackie"},{"link_name":"Anand Tucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anand_Tucker"},{"link_name":"Bill Paterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Paterson_(actor)"}],"text":"Pleeth captured some of his thoughts on cello playing in the book Cello, part of the Yehudi Menuhin Music Guides. It is based on conversations that Pleeth had with Nona Pyron. Menuhin wrote the introduction and Jacqueline du Pré the preface. The book was published in 1982.\nPleeth was 80 when the eight DVDs A Life in Music were recorded in the Britten-Pears School in Snape Maltings in Suffolk. Selma Gokcen, who had studied with Pleeth, produced the recordings. On each DVD Pleeth gives lessons to young cellists. These recordings show his experience of a lifetime, attention to smallest detail and how music came alive in his guidance.\nPleeth can be seen and heard on the DVDs that Christopher Nupen made about Jacqueline du Pré:\nRemembering Jacqueline du Pré, 1994\nJacqueline du Pré: in Portrait, 2004\nJacqueline du Pré: A Celebration, 2008\nIn the film Hilary and Jackie by Anand Tucker, 1998, based on the life of Jacqueline du Pré from the perspective of her brother and sister, the character of William Pleeth is played by Bill Paterson.","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"William Pleeth: A life in music. Eight cello masterclasses (DVD).\nWilliam Pleeth (red. Nona Pyron), Cello. Yehudi Menuhin Music Guides, Macdonald, London, 1982.","title":"Sources"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-william-pleeth-1085615.html","external_links_name":"The Independent"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1458032/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000081412656","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/61733877","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJv8KvQbyvHhpX7cyTqWjC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1576320","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13925590x","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13925590x","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/134486145","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007436431605171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000208368","external_links_name":"Finland"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83139634","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01149537","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069448256","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810613450405606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA08556023?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/30af5adf-71cc-4b02-8b88-6ed9b9b4bdb3","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1295539","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6z423fq","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/112391990","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hai_San_Secret_Society	Hai San Secret Society	["1 History","2 Larut Wars","3 See also","4 Notes","5 External links"]	19th-century organization based in Penang Criminal organization Hai San Society海山公司The Captain China and his fighting men at Klang, June 1874.Founded1799; 225 years ago (1799)Founding locationPenang Island, East India Company.Years active1820–1890TerritoryMalaya and SingaporeEthnicityHakka ChineseActivitiesBribery, conspiracy, extortion and mercenaryRivalsGhee Hin Society The Hai San Society (Chinese: 海山; pinyin: Hǎi Shān; Jyutping: Hoi2 Saan1; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Hái-san; Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Hói-sân), which had its origins in Southern China, was a Penang-based Chinese secret society established around 1820 and in 1825 led by Low, Ah Chong and Hoh Akow (also spelt Ho Ah Kow or Hok Ah Keow), its titular head. At that time the society's headquarters was located at Beach Street (Ujong Passir). History Secret societies existed well before the establishment of the Hai San Society and their existence in Penang can be traced back to the founding of Penang (1799). Thomas John Newbold (1807–1850), an officer in the 23 Regiment, Madras Light Infantry, in Malacca (1832–1835) noted: The secret fraternities in which they (the Chinese settlers) enroll themselves for mutual protection and support, prove powerful engines for political combinations, as the Dutch have repeatedly experienced during their long administration in Java and in the Malay States. In China itself, these societies are deemed so dangerous to the Government as to be interdicted under penalty of death. At Pinang in 1799, they set the administration in defiance and strong measures were necessary to reduce them to obedience. Even in the present-day, the ends of justice are frequently defeated both at Pinang, Malacca, and Singapore: by bribery, false swearing, and sometimes by open violence, owing to combinations of these fraternities, formed for the purpose of screening guilty members from detection and punishment. In European Settlements, they are under the general control of an officer, or headman styled "Capitan", who receives a salary from the Government and is responsible in some measure, for the orderly conduct of his countrymen, whose representative and official organ he is. Their interior affairs, disputes, and private interests are arranged by the heads of their respective "Kongsis" or fraternities. Bolton et al. suggest that the Hai San society started out mostly Cantonese and pro-Ghee Hin but by around 1854 had absorbed the Wah Sang society and become almost exclusively Hakka and anti-Ghee Hin. They made use of, among other things: an 1829 account by I. Pattullo, then Superintendent of Police and later Government Secretary Notes on the Chinese of Penang, Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia, Singapore VIII (1854 and expanded in 1879) by J. D. Vaughan a Superintendent of Police at Penang, a Police Magistrate and Assistant Resident at Singapore and a Grandmaster of the Freemasons (1878 and 1879) Rule 11 (Appendix II) in the Rules of the Kian Tek (Toh Peh Kong) society dated 30 December 1844 Larut Wars The Hai San society figure prominently in the Larut Wars of 1862-1873 and by that time was headed by Chung Keng Quee or Chung Ah Kwee. At Larut, miners who were members of the Hai San society fought with miners who were members of the Ghee Hin society over the tin-rich fields of Kelian Pauh and Kelian Baru. The two warring factions also clashed in Selangor. The Hai San society was allied with the Penang-based Tokong or Tua Peh Kong society, members of whom financed the mining of tin in the Larut area. The incessant warfare between the Hai San and Ghee Hin brought tin mine production to a standstill. The fighting between the two societies was brought to an end with the signing of a treaty between the two parties in 1874, known as The Pangkor Treaty of 1874. Many of the new settlers were sacrificed in the wars waged among the Ghee Hin and Hai San groups. Many of these long lost tribes still hold grudges against one another. See also Ghee Hin Kongsi Secret society Notes ^ a b c d Encyclopædia Britannica ^ a b Triad Societies: Western Accounts of the History, Sociology and Linguistics of Chinese Secret Societies By Kingsley Bolton, Gustaaf Schlegel, Herbert Allen Giles, Christopher Hutton, J. S. M. Ward, Mervyn Llewelyn Wynne, W. P. Morgan, William Stanton, W. G. Stirling; Contributor Kingsley Bolton, Chris Hutton; Published by Taylor & Francis, 2000; ISBN 0-415-24397-1, ISBN 978-0-415-24397-1 ^ Straits Settlements Factory Records Vol 101 (1825) Page 1476-1480 and 1604 ^ Political and Statistical Account of the British Settlements in the Straits of Malacca, Viz: Pinang, Malacca, and Singapore By Thomas John Newbold, Published by J. Murray, 1839, Pages 13-14 External links Encyclopædia Britannica - Hai San "Chinese Secret Societies" by Frederick Boyle, published in Harper's New Monthly Magazine Volume 83, Issue 489. Hakka secret society in Malaya - Hai San Political and Statistical Account of the British Settlements in the Straits of Malacca, Viz: Pinang, Malacca, and Singapore By Thomas John Newbold, Published by J. Murray, 1839	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Jyutping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jyutping"},{"link_name":"Pe̍h-ōe-jī","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB"},{"link_name":"Pha̍k-fa-sṳ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pha%CC%8Dk-fa-s%E1%B9%B3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB-1"},{"link_name":"Penang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penang"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-0:-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Criminal organizationThe Hai San Society (Chinese: 海山; pinyin: Hǎi Shān; Jyutping: Hoi2 Saan1; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Hái-san; Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Hói-sân), which had its origins in Southern China,[1] was a Penang-based Chinese secret society established around 1820 and in 1825 led by Low, Ah Chong[2] and Hoh Akow (also spelt Ho Ah Kow or Hok Ah Keow), its titular head. At that time the society's headquarters was located at Beach Street (Ujong Passir).[3]","title":"Hai San Secret Society"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas John Newbold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_John_Newbold"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Ghee Hin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghee_Hin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-0:-2"}],"text":"Secret societies existed well before the establishment of the Hai San Society and their existence in Penang can be traced back to the founding of Penang (1799). Thomas John Newbold (1807–1850), an officer in the 23 Regiment, Madras Light Infantry, in Malacca (1832–1835) noted:The secret fraternities in which they (the Chinese settlers) enroll themselves for mutual protection and support, prove powerful engines for political combinations, as the Dutch have repeatedly experienced during their long administration in Java and in the Malay States. In China itself, these societies are deemed so dangerous to the Government as to be interdicted under penalty of death.\nAt Pinang in 1799, they set the administration in defiance and strong measures were necessary to reduce them to obedience. Even in the present-day, the ends of justice are frequently defeated both at Pinang, Malacca, and Singapore: by bribery, false swearing, and sometimes by open violence, owing to combinations of these fraternities, formed for the purpose of screening guilty members from detection and punishment.\nIn European Settlements, they are under the general control of an officer, or headman styled \"Capitan\", who receives a salary from the Government and is responsible in some measure, for the orderly conduct of his countrymen, whose representative and official organ he is. Their interior affairs, disputes, and private interests are arranged by the heads of their respective \"Kongsis\" or fraternities.[4]Bolton et al. suggest that the Hai San society started out mostly Cantonese and pro-Ghee Hin but by around 1854 had absorbed the Wah Sang society and become almost exclusively Hakka and anti-Ghee Hin.[2] They made use of, among other things:an 1829 account by I. Pattullo, then Superintendent of Police and later Government Secretary\nNotes on the Chinese of Penang, Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia, Singapore VIII (1854 and expanded in 1879) by J. D. Vaughan a Superintendent of Police at Penang, a Police Magistrate and Assistant Resident at Singapore and a Grandmaster of the Freemasons (1878 and 1879)\nRule 11 (Appendix II) in the Rules of the Kian Tek (Toh Peh Kong) society dated 30 December 1844","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Larut Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larut_War"},{"link_name":"Chung Keng Quee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chung_Keng_Quee"},{"link_name":"Larut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiping,_Perak"},{"link_name":"Selangor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selangor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB-1"},{"link_name":"Pangkor Treaty of 1874","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangkor_Treaty_of_1874"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB-1"}],"text":"The Hai San society figure prominently in the Larut Wars of 1862-1873 and by that time was headed by Chung Keng Quee or Chung Ah Kwee. At Larut, miners who were members of the Hai San society fought with miners who were members of the Ghee Hin society over the tin-rich fields of Kelian Pauh and Kelian Baru. The two warring factions also clashed in Selangor.[1]The Hai San society was allied with the Penang-based Tokong or Tua Peh Kong society, members of whom financed the mining of tin in the Larut area.[1]The incessant warfare between the Hai San and Ghee Hin brought tin mine production to a standstill. The fighting between the two societies was brought to an end with the signing of a treaty between the two parties in 1874, known as The Pangkor Treaty of 1874.[1]Many of the new settlers were sacrificed in the wars waged among the Ghee Hin and Hai San groups. Many of these long lost tribes still hold grudges against one another.","title":"Larut Wars"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EB_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EB_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EB_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EB_1-3"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-0:_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-0:_2-1"},{"link_name":"Gustaaf Schlegel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustaaf_Schlegel"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-415-24397-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-24397-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-415-24397-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-24397-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"}],"text":"^ a b c d Encyclopædia Britannica\n\n^ a b Triad Societies: Western Accounts of the History, Sociology and Linguistics of Chinese Secret Societies By Kingsley Bolton, Gustaaf Schlegel, Herbert Allen Giles, Christopher Hutton, J. S. M. Ward, Mervyn Llewelyn Wynne, W. P. Morgan, William Stanton, W. G. Stirling; Contributor Kingsley Bolton, Chris Hutton; Published by Taylor & Francis, 2000; ISBN 0-415-24397-1, ISBN 978-0-415-24397-1\n\n^ Straits Settlements Factory Records Vol 101 (1825) Page 1476-1480 and 1604\n\n^ Political and Statistical Account of the British Settlements in the Straits of Malacca, Viz: Pinang, Malacca, and Singapore By Thomas John Newbold, Published by J. Murray, 1839, Pages 13-14","title":"Notes"}]	[]	[{"title":"Ghee Hin Kongsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghee_Hin_Kongsi"},{"title":"Secret society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_society"}]	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/251720/Hai-San;","external_links_name":"Encyclopædia Britannica - Hai San"},{"Link":"http://www.asiawind.com/pub/forum/fhakka/mhonarc/msg00532.html","external_links_name":"Hakka secret society in Malaya - Hai San"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KkwPAAAAMAAJ&q=Thomas+John+Newbold","external_links_name":"Political and Statistical Account of the British Settlements in the Straits of Malacca, Viz: Pinang, Malacca, and Singapore By Thomas John Newbold, Published by J. Murray, 1839"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/71st_Jaeger_Brigade_(Ukraine)	71st Jaeger Brigade (Ukraine)	["1 History","2 Structure","3 Honours","4 Notes"]	71st Jaeger Brigade(2022–present) Ukrainian: 71-ша окрема єгерська бригада (71 ОЄБр)71st Jaeger Brigade shoulder sleeve patch featuring a SimarglActive2022 – presentCountry Ukraine(2022–present)BranchUkrainian Air Assault ForcesRoleAir AssaultSizeBrigadeMotto(s)"IMMITIS" (Latin for "Merciless")EngagementsRusso-Ukrainian War 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Southern Ukraine offensive Battle of Mykolaiv Battle of Bakhmut Battle of the Svatove–Kreminna line Decorations For Courage and BraveryMilitary unit The 71st Jaeger Brigade (Ukrainian: 71-ша окрема єгерська бригада, romanized: 71-sha okrema yeherska bryhada) or 71 OYeBr (71 ОЄБр) is a Jaeger infantry brigade of the Ukrainian Air Assault Forces, formed in 2022 in response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine. The inscription "IMMITIS" on the badge of the brigade means "merciless". History The 71st Jaeger Brigade was created soon after the launch of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, which escalated the Russo-Ukrainian War on 24 February 2022. The word "Jaeger" is German for "hunters", implying forest troops, and the units are neither light nor heavy. Raised as a unit of the Reserve Corps, in April 2022 units of the new brigade left the Reserve and took part in hostilities in the Kharkiv Oblast under the Air Assault Forces. From June 2022, they also appeared in the Donbas. Units of the 71st Brigade were seen in the initial stages of the Ukrainian offensive in the Kharkiv region in September 2022. Between 5 and 8 September, its fighters crossed the Donets River and led an offensive on Balakliia, coming from the direction of Husarivka. In October 2022, soldiers of the brigade were honoured by the commanding officer of the Ukrainian Air Assault Forces, Major-General Maksym Myrhorodsky, his message stating that at that time they were performing combat missions in the Donetsk region. In the same month, the Brigade was reported as taking part in defensive battles near Bakhmut, and according to the Austrian analyst Tom Cooper in a successful counterattack on the outskirts of that city in December. As of December 2022, the Ukrainian armed forces had three such Jaeger brigades, each with around 2,000 fighters, the 61st, 68th, and 71st Jaeger Brigades. During the 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive, the brigade was involved in combat on the Zaporizhzhia direction. Structure Brigade Headquarters and HQ Company Special forces company of the OUN — Immitis Reconnaissance company 1st Special Operations Battalion (Airmobile) 2nd Special Operations Battalion (Airmobile) 3rd Special Operations Battalion (Airmobile) 4th Special Operations Battalion (Airmobile) Brigade Field Artillery Regiment Regimental HQ and TAG Battery Recon, FDC and Observer Battery Field Artillery Battalions (Self Propelled) (2x), each battalion organized into: Battalion HQ and HQ Battery 1st field gun artillery battery 2nd field gun artillery battery 3rd field gun artillery battery Field Artillery Battalion (Towed Field Gun)) Field Artillery Battalion (MLRS) Anti-tank artillery battalion (Towed) Air Defense Missile Artillery battalion Mortar battery Anti-tank guided missile battery Combat engineer company Automotive company CBRN protection company Field signals company Medical company Brigade Band Honours On 6 December 2022, by a decree of the President of Ukraine, Volodymyr Zelenskyi, the 71st Jaeger Brigade was awarded the "For Bravery and Courage" award. Notes ^ "Two Ukrainian air assault brigades get new insignias". Ukrainska Pravda. 24 September 2023. Retrieved 24 September 2023. ^ "Мінометники 71-ої окремої єгерської бригади ДШВ розгромили ДРГ ворога \| Єгері ДШВ розбили ДРГ противника в районі Бахмута Російські окупанти в районі Бахмута задіяли диверсійно-розвідувальну групу для виявлення системи... \| By 71 окрема єгерська бригада Десантно-штурмових військ ЗС України \| Facebook". www.facebook.com. Retrieved 8 April 2023. ^ Jawin, Paul (28 January 2023). "Kreminna area, Luhansk region. 71st Jager brigade destroys Russian positions, truck and manpower. Self-propelled howitzer AHS Krab works. https://t.co/Sh20xEBOSE" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 30 January 2023. Retrieved 23 February 2023 – via Twitter. ^ a b David Axe, The Ukrainian Army's Jaeger Brigades Are Its Middleweight Forest Troops, Forbes, 26 December 2022, accessed 5 February 2023 ^ "Ти художник — і на війні?" Франківець Василь Стефанишин про службу в ЗСУ і стереотипи, suspilne.media, 8 June 2022 (in Ukrainian) ^ "Ми окопувалися під обстрілами". Тернопільський історик та політолог розповів про війну, suspilne.media, 9 October 2022 (in Ukrainian) ^ Український наступ. Що сталося на Слобожанщині?, lb.ua, 14 September 2022 (in Ukrainian) ^ Командувач ДШВ ЗС України вручив відзнаки Миколаївським десантникам, dshv.mil.gov.ua, 15 October 2022 (in Ukrainian) ^ Із 35-ти вижили двоє. Йдуть уперед по трупах своїх солдат. Десантники про наступ росіян на Бахмут, nta.ua, 20 October 2022 (in Ukrainian) ^ Чи може Росія розпочати нове масштабне вторгнення: оцінка Тома Купера, texty.org.ua, 20 December 2022 (in Ukrainian) ^ "За день Зеленський відвідав військових 11 бригад у Донецькій і Запорізькій областях: хто став Героєм України" (in Ukrainian). novynarnia.com. 5 September 2023. ^ УКАЗ ПРЕЗИДЕНТА УКРАЇНИ №837/2022 Про відзначення почесною відзнакою "За мужність та відвагу", President of Ukraine, 6 December 2022, accessed 6 February 2023 (in Ukrainian)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian"},{"link_name":"Jaeger infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4ger_(infantry)"},{"link_name":"brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigade"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian Air Assault Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Air_Assault_Forces"}],"text":"Military unitThe 71st Jaeger Brigade (Ukrainian: 71-ша окрема єгерська бригада, romanized: 71-sha okrema yeherska bryhada) or 71 OYeBr (71 ОЄБр) is a Jaeger infantry brigade of the Ukrainian Air Assault Forces, formed in 2022 in response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine.The inscription \"IMMITIS\" on the badge of the brigade means \"merciless\".","title":"71st Jaeger Brigade (Ukraine)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Russo-Ukrainian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Axe-4"},{"link_name":"Kharkiv Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharkiv_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Donbas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donbas"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Donets River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donets"},{"link_name":"an offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Balakliia"},{"link_name":"Balakliia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balakliia"},{"link_name":"Husarivka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husarivka,_Balakliia_urban_hromada"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Donetsk region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donetsk_region"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Bakhmut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakhmut"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Jaeger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4ger_(infantry)"},{"link_name":"61st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/61st_Mechanized_Brigade_(Ukraine)"},{"link_name":"68th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/68th_Jaeger_Brigade_(Ukraine)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Axe-4"},{"link_name":"2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Ukrainian_counteroffensive"},{"link_name":"Zaporizhzhia direction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaporizhzhia_Oblast"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The 71st Jaeger Brigade was created soon after the launch of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, which escalated the Russo-Ukrainian War on 24 February 2022.\nThe word \"Jaeger\" is German for \"hunters\", implying forest troops, and the units are neither light nor heavy.[4]Raised as a unit of the Reserve Corps, in April 2022 units of the new brigade left the Reserve and took part in hostilities in the Kharkiv Oblast under the Air Assault Forces. From June 2022, they also appeared in the Donbas.[5][6]Units of the 71st Brigade were seen in the initial stages of the Ukrainian offensive in the Kharkiv region in September 2022. Between 5 and 8 September, its fighters crossed the Donets River and led an offensive on Balakliia, coming from the direction of Husarivka.[7] In October 2022, soldiers of the brigade were honoured by the commanding officer of the Ukrainian Air Assault Forces, Major-General Maksym Myrhorodsky, his message stating that at that time they were performing combat missions in the Donetsk region.[8] In the same month, the Brigade was reported as taking part in defensive battles near Bakhmut,[9] and according to the Austrian analyst Tom Cooper in a successful counterattack on the outskirts of that city in December.[10]As of December 2022, the Ukrainian armed forces had three such Jaeger brigades, each with around 2,000 fighters, the 61st, 68th, and 71st Jaeger Brigades.[4]During the 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive, the brigade was involved in combat on the Zaporizhzhia direction.[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Special forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_forces"},{"link_name":"OUN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_of_Ukrainian_Nationalists"},{"link_name":"Anti-tank artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-tank_artillery"},{"link_name":"Anti-tank guided missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-tank_guided_missile"},{"link_name":"CBRN protection company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBRN_defense"}],"text":"Brigade Headquarters and HQ Company\nSpecial forces company of the OUN — Immitis\nReconnaissance company\n1st Special Operations Battalion (Airmobile)\n2nd Special Operations Battalion (Airmobile)\n3rd Special Operations Battalion (Airmobile)\n4th Special Operations Battalion (Airmobile)\nBrigade Field Artillery Regiment\nRegimental HQ and TAG Battery\nRecon, FDC and Observer Battery\nField Artillery Battalions (Self Propelled) (2x), each battalion organized into:\nBattalion HQ and HQ Battery\n1st field gun artillery battery\n2nd field gun artillery battery\n3rd field gun artillery battery\nField Artillery Battalion (Towed Field Gun))\nField Artillery Battalion (MLRS)\nAnti-tank artillery battalion (Towed)\nAir Defense Missile Artillery battalion\nMortar battery\nAnti-tank guided missile battery\nCombat engineer company\nAutomotive company\nCBRN protection company\nField signals company\nMedical company\nBrigade Band","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Volodymyr Zelenskyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"On 6 December 2022, by a decree of the President of Ukraine, Volodymyr Zelenskyi, the 71st Jaeger Brigade was awarded the \"For Bravery and Courage\" award.[12]","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Simargl7421199_1-0"},{"link_name":"\"Two Ukrainian air assault brigades get new insignias\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2023/09/24/7421199/"},{"link_name":"Ukrainska Pravda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainska_Pravda"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Мінометники 71-ої окремої єгерської бригади ДШВ розгромили ДРГ ворога \| Єгері ДШВ розбили ДРГ противника в районі Бахмута Російські окупанти в районі Бахмута задіяли диверсійно-розвідувальну групу для виявлення системи... \| By 71 окрема єгерська бригада Десантно-штурмових військ ЗС України \| Facebook\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.facebook.com/71brigade/videos/%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8-71-%D0%BE%D1%97-%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%97-%D1%94%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97-%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8-%D0%B4%D1%88%D0%B2-%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8-%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B3-%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0/530361182362492/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Kreminna area, Luhansk region. 71st Jager brigade destroys Russian positions, truck and manpower. Self-propelled howitzer AHS Krab works. https://t.co/Sh20xEBOSE\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//x.com/PaulJawin/status/1619262313944711168"},{"link_name":"Tweet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20230130085927/https://twitter.com/PaulJawin/status/1619262313944711168"},{"link_name":"Twitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Axe_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Axe_4-1"},{"link_name":"The Ukrainian Army's Jaeger Brigades Are Its Middleweight Forest Troops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.forbes.com/sites/davidaxe/2022/12/26/the-ukrainian-armys-jaeger-brigades-are-its-middleweight-forest-fighters/?sh=6242b5e26c5b"},{"link_name":"Forbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Ти художник — і на війні?\" Франківець Василь Стефанишин про службу в ЗСУ і стереотипи","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//suspilne.media/247694-ti-hudoznik-i-na-vijni-frankivec-vasil-stefanisin-pro-sluzbu-v-zsu-i-stereotipi/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Ми окопувалися під обстрілами\". Тернопільський історик та політолог розповів про війну","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//suspilne.media/291296-mi-okopuvalisa-pid-obstrilami-ternopilskij-istorik-ta-politolog-rozpoviv-pro-vijnu/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Український наступ. Що сталося на Слобожанщині?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//lb.ua/society/2022/09/14/529296_ukrainskiy_nastup_shcho_stalosya.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Командувач ДШВ ЗС України вручив відзнаки Миколаївським десантникам","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dshv.mil.gov.ua/komanduvach-dshv-zs-ukrayiny-uchyv-vidznaky-mykolayivskym-desantnykam/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"Із 35-ти вижили двоє. Йдуть уперед по трупах своїх солдат. Десантники про наступ росіян на Бахмут","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nta.ua/iz-35-oh-vyzhyly-dvoye-idut-vpered-po-trupah-svoyih-soldat-desantnyky-pro-nastup-rosiyan-na-bahmut/and"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Чи може Росія розпочати нове масштабне вторгнення: оцінка Тома Купера","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//texty.org.ua/fragments/108519/chy-mozhe-rosiya-rozpochaty-nove-shyrokomasshtabne-vtorhnennya-ocinka-toma-kupera/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"За день Зеленський відвідав військових 11 бригад у Донецькій і Запорізькій областях: хто став Героєм України\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//novynarnia.com/2023/09/04/za-den-zelenskyj-vidvidav-vijskovyh-11-brygad-u-doneczkij-i-zaporizkij-oblastyah-hto-stav-geroyem-ukrayiny/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"УКАЗ ПРЕЗИДЕНТА УКРАЇНИ №837/2022 Про відзначення почесною відзнакою \"За мужність та відвагу\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.president.gov.ua/documents/8372022-45157"}],"text":"^ \"Two Ukrainian air assault brigades get new insignias\". Ukrainska Pravda. 24 September 2023. Retrieved 24 September 2023.\n\n^ \"Мінометники 71-ої окремої єгерської бригади ДШВ розгромили ДРГ ворога \| Єгері ДШВ розбили ДРГ противника в районі Бахмута Російські окупанти в районі Бахмута задіяли диверсійно-розвідувальну групу для виявлення системи... \| By 71 окрема єгерська бригада Десантно-штурмових військ ЗС України \| Facebook\". www.facebook.com. Retrieved 8 April 2023.\n\n^ Jawin, Paul [@PaulJawin] (28 January 2023). \"Kreminna area, Luhansk region. 71st Jager brigade destroys Russian positions, truck and manpower. Self-propelled howitzer AHS Krab works. https://t.co/Sh20xEBOSE\" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 30 January 2023. Retrieved 23 February 2023 – via Twitter.\n\n^ a b David Axe, The Ukrainian Army's Jaeger Brigades Are Its Middleweight Forest Troops, Forbes, 26 December 2022, accessed 5 February 2023\n\n^ \"Ти художник — і на війні?\" Франківець Василь Стефанишин про службу в ЗСУ і стереотипи, suspilne.media, 8 June 2022 (in Ukrainian)\n\n^ \"Ми окопувалися під обстрілами\". Тернопільський історик та політолог розповів про війну, suspilne.media, 9 October 2022 (in Ukrainian)\n\n^ Український наступ. Що сталося на Слобожанщині?, lb.ua, 14 September 2022 (in Ukrainian)\n\n^ Командувач ДШВ ЗС України вручив відзнаки Миколаївським десантникам, dshv.mil.gov.ua, 15 October 2022 (in Ukrainian)\n\n^ Із 35-ти вижили двоє. Йдуть уперед по трупах своїх солдат. Десантники про наступ росіян на Бахмут, nta.ua, 20 October 2022 (in Ukrainian)\n\n^ Чи може Росія розпочати нове масштабне вторгнення: оцінка Тома Купера, texty.org.ua, 20 December 2022 (in Ukrainian)\n\n^ \"За день Зеленський відвідав військових 11 бригад у Донецькій і Запорізькій областях: хто став Героєм України\" (in Ukrainian). novynarnia.com. 5 September 2023.\n\n^ УКАЗ ПРЕЗИДЕНТА УКРАЇНИ №837/2022 Про відзначення почесною відзнакою \"За мужність та відвагу\", President of Ukraine, 6 December 2022, accessed 6 February 2023 (in Ukrainian)","title":"Notes"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Two Ukrainian air assault brigades get new insignias\". Ukrainska Pravda. 24 September 2023. Retrieved 24 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2023/09/24/7421199/","url_text":"\"Two Ukrainian air assault brigades get new insignias\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainska_Pravda","url_text":"Ukrainska Pravda"}]},{"reference":"\"Мінометники 71-ої окремої єгерської бригади ДШВ розгромили ДРГ ворога \| Єгері ДШВ розбили ДРГ противника в районі Бахмута Російські окупанти в районі Бахмута задіяли диверсійно-розвідувальну групу для виявлення системи... \| By 71 окрема єгерська бригада Десантно-штурмових військ ЗС України \| Facebook\". www.facebook.com. Retrieved 8 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/71brigade/videos/%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8-71-%D0%BE%D1%97-%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%97-%D1%94%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97-%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8-%D0%B4%D1%88%D0%B2-%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8-%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B3-%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0/530361182362492/","url_text":"\"Мінометники 71-ої окремої єгерської бригади ДШВ розгромили ДРГ ворога \| Єгері ДШВ розбили ДРГ противника в районі Бахмута Російські окупанти в районі Бахмута задіяли диверсійно-розвідувальну групу для виявлення системи... \| By 71 окрема єгерська бригада Десантно-штурмових військ ЗС України \| Facebook\""}]},{"reference":"Jawin, Paul [@PaulJawin] (28 January 2023). \"Kreminna area, Luhansk region. 71st Jager brigade destroys Russian positions, truck and manpower. Self-propelled howitzer AHS Krab works. https://t.co/Sh20xEBOSE\" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 30 January 2023. Retrieved 23 February 2023 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/PaulJawin/status/1619262313944711168","url_text":"\"Kreminna area, Luhansk region. 71st Jager brigade destroys Russian positions, truck and manpower. Self-propelled howitzer AHS Krab works. https://t.co/Sh20xEBOSE\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230130085927/https://twitter.com/PaulJawin/status/1619262313944711168","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"За день Зеленський відвідав військових 11 бригад у Донецькій і Запорізькій областях: хто став Героєм України\" (in Ukrainian). novynarnia.com. 5 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://novynarnia.com/2023/09/04/za-den-zelenskyj-vidvidav-vijskovyh-11-brygad-u-doneczkij-i-zaporizkij-oblastyah-hto-stav-geroyem-ukrayiny/","url_text":"\"За день Зеленський відвідав військових 11 бригад у Донецькій і Запорізькій областях: хто став Героєм України\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2023/09/24/7421199/","external_links_name":"\"Two Ukrainian air assault brigades get new insignias\""},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/71brigade/videos/%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8-71-%D0%BE%D1%97-%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%97-%D1%94%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97-%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8-%D0%B4%D1%88%D0%B2-%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8-%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B3-%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0/530361182362492/","external_links_name":"\"Мінометники 71-ої окремої єгерської бригади ДШВ розгромили ДРГ ворога \| Єгері ДШВ розбили ДРГ противника в районі Бахмута Російські окупанти в районі Бахмута задіяли диверсійно-розвідувальну групу для виявлення системи... \| By 71 окрема єгерська бригада Десантно-штурмових військ ЗС України \| Facebook\""},{"Link":"https://x.com/PaulJawin/status/1619262313944711168","external_links_name":"\"Kreminna area, Luhansk region. 71st Jager brigade destroys Russian positions, truck and manpower. Self-propelled howitzer AHS Krab works. https://t.co/Sh20xEBOSE\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230130085927/https://twitter.com/PaulJawin/status/1619262313944711168","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidaxe/2022/12/26/the-ukrainian-armys-jaeger-brigades-are-its-middleweight-forest-fighters/?sh=6242b5e26c5b","external_links_name":"The Ukrainian Army's Jaeger Brigades Are Its Middleweight Forest Troops"},{"Link":"https://suspilne.media/247694-ti-hudoznik-i-na-vijni-frankivec-vasil-stefanisin-pro-sluzbu-v-zsu-i-stereotipi/","external_links_name":"\"Ти художник — і на війні?\" Франківець Василь Стефанишин про службу в ЗСУ і стереотипи"},{"Link":"https://suspilne.media/291296-mi-okopuvalisa-pid-obstrilami-ternopilskij-istorik-ta-politolog-rozpoviv-pro-vijnu/","external_links_name":"\"Ми окопувалися під обстрілами\". Тернопільський історик та політолог розповів про війну"},{"Link":"https://lb.ua/society/2022/09/14/529296_ukrainskiy_nastup_shcho_stalosya.html","external_links_name":"Український наступ. Що сталося на Слобожанщині?"},{"Link":"https://dshv.mil.gov.ua/komanduvach-dshv-zs-ukrayiny-uchyv-vidznaky-mykolayivskym-desantnykam/","external_links_name":"Командувач ДШВ ЗС України вручив відзнаки Миколаївським десантникам"},{"Link":"https://www.nta.ua/iz-35-oh-vyzhyly-dvoye-idut-vpered-po-trupah-svoyih-soldat-desantnyky-pro-nastup-rosiyan-na-bahmut/and","external_links_name":"Із 35-ти вижили двоє. Йдуть уперед по трупах своїх солдат. Десантники про наступ росіян на Бахмут"},{"Link":"https://texty.org.ua/fragments/108519/chy-mozhe-rosiya-rozpochaty-nove-shyrokomasshtabne-vtorhnennya-ocinka-toma-kupera/","external_links_name":"Чи може Росія розпочати нове масштабне вторгнення: оцінка Тома Купера"},{"Link":"https://novynarnia.com/2023/09/04/za-den-zelenskyj-vidvidav-vijskovyh-11-brygad-u-doneczkij-i-zaporizkij-oblastyah-hto-stav-geroyem-ukrayiny/","external_links_name":"\"За день Зеленський відвідав військових 11 бригад у Донецькій і Запорізькій областях: хто став Героєм України\""},{"Link":"https://www.president.gov.ua/documents/8372022-45157","external_links_name":"УКАЗ ПРЕЗИДЕНТА УКРАЇНИ №837/2022 Про відзначення почесною відзнакою \"За мужність та відвагу\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashir_Saadawi	Bashir Saadawi	["1 References"]	Bashir Saadawiبشير السعداويBashir Saadawi (center)Personal detailsBorn1884al-Khums, Ottoman TripolitaniaDiedJanuary 17, 1957(1957-01-17) (aged 72–73)Beirut, LebanonPolitical partyNational Congress PartyRelativesNouri Saadawi Bashir Saadawi (Arabic: بشير السعداوي, ALA-LC: Bashīr al-Saʻdāwī; 1884 – 17 January 1957) was a Libyan politician and the founder and leader of the unitarist National Congress Party. Bashir Saadawi was one of the major figures who contributed to independence of Libya. However, after King Idris I was crowned as King of Libya, all parties were disbanded and Saadawi was exiled to Beirut where he lived for the rest of his life, dying there on 17 January 1957. His body was returned to be buried in Libya in 1970. References ^ a b c الدكتور المفتي: السعداوى والمؤتمر بين التمجيد والنسيان طبعة 2005/ Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National United States This article about a Libyan politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"ALA-LC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALA-LC_romanization"},{"link_name":"Libyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya"},{"link_name":"politician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politician"},{"link_name":"unitarist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary_state"},{"link_name":"National Congress Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Congress_Party_(Libya)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ref-1"},{"link_name":"independence of Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_of_Libya"},{"link_name":"King Idris I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Idris_I"},{"link_name":"King of Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Libya"},{"link_name":"Beirut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ref-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ref-1"}],"text":"Bashir Saadawi (Arabic: بشير السعداوي, ALA-LC: Bashīr al-Saʻdāwī; 1884 – 17 January 1957) was a Libyan politician and the founder and leader of the unitarist National Congress Party.[1]Bashir Saadawi was one of the major figures who contributed to independence of Libya. However, after King Idris I was crowned as King of Libya, all parties were disbanded and Saadawi was exiled to Beirut where he lived for the rest of his life, dying there on 17 January 1957.[1]His body was returned to be buried in Libya in 1970.[1]","title":"Bashir Saadawi"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1993931/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/6267150943159926760004","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhRHfwFrqj8HFcdhjtVG3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2017201293","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bashir_Saadawi&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Realization_Stakes	Lawrence Realization Stakes	["1 History","2 Records","2.1 Records for distance","2.2 Most wins by a jockey","2.3 Most wins by a trainer","2.4 Most wins by an owner","3 Winners","4 See also","5 References"]	Horse race Lawrence Realization StakesDiscontinued stakes raceLocationBelmont ParkElmont, New York, United StatesInaugurated1889Race typeThoroughbred – Flat racingRace informationDistance9 furlongs (1+1⁄8 mi; 1.8 km)SurfaceDirtTrackleft-handedQualificationThree-year-olds The Lawrence Realization Stakes was an American horse race first run on the turf in 1889. The race, for three-year-old Thoroughbred colts, geldings and fillies, was last run in 2005. History Inaugurated at the Sheepshead Bay Race Track at Gravesend, New York, it was held there until 1913. At that time, the race was the richest stakes for three-year-olds in the United States. It was run as the Realization Stakes until 1899, when it was renamed to honor James G. K. Lawrence, president of the Coney Island Jockey Club (which owned the racetrack). Lawrence was also responsible for creating of the Futurity Stakes in 1888. The stakes were later run at Belmont Park on Long Island as a Grade II race on the dirt. The race continued to be run there (except for the Belmont Park redevelopment period from 1962 to 1968) until it was removed from the calendar in 2005 by the New York Racing Association (NYRA) as a cost-cutting measure. For 70 years, the Lawrence Realization was one of the most prestigious annual events in the American horse racing calendar. Only two horses contested the race in 1918, 1920, 1944, and 1946; however, due to the large number of entries in 1976 and 1985 it was run in two divisions. The race was contested over several distances: 1+5⁄8 miles (2.6 km) : 1889–1913, 1918–1969 1+1⁄2 miles (2.4 km) : 1916–1917, 1970–2004 1+1⁄8 miles (1.8 km) : 2005 Records On September 4, 1920, Man o' War won the 1+5⁄8-mile (2.6 km) Lawrence Realization by 100 lengths over the only other runner, Hoodwink. His time for the race was 2 min 40+4⁄5 s, which broke the world record for the distance by 1+3⁄5 seconds and was his fifth record-setting performance that year. The great Kelso tied the record in 1960. Records for distance At 1+1⁄2 miles (2.4 km) : 2:25.94 – Parade Ground (1998) At 1+5⁄8 miles (2.6 km) : 2:40.80 – Man o' War (1920) At 1+5⁄8 miles (2.6 km) : 2:40.80 – Kelso (1960) Most wins by a jockey 5 – Braulio Baeza (1961, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1972) 5 – Eddie Arcaro (1935, 1939, 1952, 1959, 1960) Most wins by a trainer 8 – "Sunny Jim" Fitzsimmons (1924, 1925, 1930, 1932, 1934, 1936, 1938, 1940) Most wins by an owner 6 – Belair Stud (1924, 1925, 1930, 1932, 1936, 1940) Winners Year Winner Jockey Trainer Owner Time 2005 Taming The Tiger Ramon Domínguez Robert P. Klesaris C D and G Stable et al. 1:49.72 2004 Gunning For Joe Bravo Timothy Walsh Mrs. Thomas J. Walsh 2:29.91 2003 Kicken Kris Javier Castellano Michael Matz Brushwood Stable 2:27.98 2002 Fisher Pond John Velazquez Todd A. Pletcher Eugene & Laura Melnyk 2:30.34 2001 Sharp Performance John Velazquez David Donk William Bloom 2:27.04 2000 Ciro José A. Santos Christophe Clement Jayeff B Stables 2:31.48 1999 Gritty Sandie Mike E. Smith James J. Toner Caesar P. Kimmel & Ron Nicholson 2:28.60 1998 Parade Ground Pat Day Neil J. Howard W. S. Farish & S. C. Hilbert 2:25.94 1997 Renewed Filiberto Leon Carlos F. Martin Murray Garren 2:27.21 1996 Da Dean Richard Migliore James Lawrence II Mrs. Stephen Clark 2:39.06 1995 Flitch Mike E. Smith William Badgett Jr. Loblolly Stable 2:34.40 1994 Personal Merit Jorge F. Chavez William W. Perry Daffodil Hill Farm 2:29.30 1993 Strolling Along Chris McCarron Shug McGaughey Ogden Phipps 2:32.70 1992 Timber Cat Robbie Davis Robert P. Lake Ping W. Tam 2:28.87 1991 Jaded Dancer Jean-Luc Samyn Patrick J. Kelly Live Oak Racing 2:32.00 1990 Baylis Lanfranco Dettori Luca Cumani Sheikh Mohammed 2:29.00 1989 Caltech René Douglas Eduardo Azpurua Jr. David S. Romanik 2:26.00 1988 Blew By Em Chris Antley Michael Daggett Joseph B. Singer 2:27.20 1987 Tertiary Zone Sandy Hawley Peter Cole Dan J. Agnew 2:30.00 1986 The Lone Ranger Chris McCarron Michael Sedlacek Rory Green Stable 2:37.40 1985 Danger's Hour Don MacBeth MacKenzie Miller Rokeby Stables 2:30.40 1985 Noisy When Hot José A. Santos Floreano Fernandez Brazil Stables 2:28.00 1984 Roving Ministrel Kenny Skinner Lawrence Kelly Craig F. Cullinan Jr. 2:28.40 1983 Moon Spirit Ángel Cordero Jr. Angel Penna Jr. Blanche Wise 2:26.40 1982 Ten Below Jimmy Miranda Pancho Martin Viola Summer 2:27.40 1981 Our Captain Willie Ángel Cordero Jr. Lou Rondinello Daniel M. Galbreath 2:27.40 1980 Rumbo Bill Shoemaker Thomas Bell Jr. Gayno-Bell Stable 2:26.00 1979 Golden Act Sandy Hawley Loren Rettele W. H. Oldknow & R. W. Phipps 2:27.20 1978 Mac Diarmida Jean Cruguet Flint S. Schulhofer Jerome M. Torsney 2:29.20 1977 Zihov Antonio Graell Joseph R. Nash Mrs. Joseph Nash 2:27.60 1976 Great Contractor Pat Day Roger Laurin Howard P. Wilson 2:31.60 1976 L'Heureux Donald Pierce Neil D. Drysdale Saron Stable (Corbin J. Robertson Jr.) 2:35.00 1975 Grab Bag Jean Cruguet Thomas J. Kelly John M. Schiff 2:26.80 1974 Prod Jorge Velásquez MacKenzie Miller Cragwood Stables 2:28.20 1973 Amen Eddie Belmonte Philip G. Johnson Dee-Bob Stable (D. Margolies, R. Kropp, J. Sheldon, D. Geller) 2:36.80 1972 Halo Braulio Baeza MacKenzie Miller Cragwood Stables 2:27.60 1971 Specious Eddie Maple Victor J. Nickerson Elmendorf Farm 2:42.20 1970 Kling Kling Jean Cruguet Thomas J. Kelly John M. Schiff 2:41.20 1969 Oil Power Jean Cruguet James P. Conway Elmendorf Farm 2:44.60 1968 Funny Fellow Braulio Baeza Edward A. Neloy Wheatley Stable 2:44.20 1967 Successor Braulio Baeza Edward A. Neloy Wheatley Stable 2:43.40 1966 Buckpasser Braulio Baeza Edward A. Neloy Ogden Phipps 2:45.00 1965 Munden Point Sam Boulmetis Sr. Ira Hanford Loren P. Guy 2:42.00 1964 Quadrangle Manuel Ycaza J. Elliott Burch Rokeby Stable 2:42.60 1963 Dean Carl Bobby Ussery Paul Bongarzone Paul Bongarzone 2:43.80 1962 Battle Joined Manuel Ycaza Woody Stephens Cain Hoy Stable 2:42.60 1961 Sherluck Braulio Baeza Harold Young Jacob Sher 2:44.40 1960 Kelso Eddie Arcaro Carl Hanford Bohemia Stable 2:40.80 1959 Middle Brother Eddie Arcaro E. Barry Ryan Mrs. E. Barry Ryan 2:43.20 1958 Martins Rullah Bill Shoemaker Eugene Jacobs George Lewis 2:43.40 1957 Promised Land Hedley Woodhouse Hirsch Jacobs Ethel D. Jacobs 2:44.40 1956 Riley Ted Atkinson John M. Gaver Sr. Greentree Stable 2:44.60 1955 Thinking Cap Paul J. Bailey Henry S. Clark Christiana Stable 2:43.40 1954 Fisherman Hedley Woodhouse Sylvester Veitch C. V. Whitney 2:42.00 1953 Platan Conn McCreary Harry Trotsek Hasty House Farm 2:43.40 1952 Mark-Ye-Well Eddie Arcaro Horace A. Jones Calumet Farm 2:42.60 1951 Counterpoint Dave Gorman Sylvester Veitch C. V. Whitney 2:42.60 1950 Bed O' Roses Nick Combest William C. Winfrey Alfred G. Vanderbilt II 2:44.20 1949 Ponder Steve Brooks Ben A. Jones Calumet Farm 2:42.60 1948 Ace Admiral Ted Atkinson James W. Smith Maine Chance Farm 2:42.80 1947 Cosmic Bomb Ovie Scurlock William J. Booth William G. Helis Sr. 2:43.60 1946 School Tie Ted Atkinson John M. Gaver Sr. Greentree Stable 2:43.60 1945 Pot O'Luck Douglas Dodson Benjamin A. Jones Calumet Farm 2:43.60 1944 By Jimminy George Woolf James W. Smith Alfred P. Parker 2:43.20 1943 Fairy Manhurst Johnny Longden Richard E. Handlen Foxcatcher Farm 2:43.00 1942 Alsab George Woolf Sarge Swenke Mrs. Albert Sabath 2:42.00 1941 Whirlaway Alfred Robertson Ben A. Jones Calumet Farm 2:44.20 1940 Fenelon James Stout James E. Fitzsimmons Belair Stud 2:44.80 1939 Hash Eddie Arcaro John M. Gaver Sr. Greentree Stable 2:42.60 1938 Magic Hour Johnny Longden James E. Fitzsimmons Ogden Phipps 2:45.00 1937 Unfailing Frank Kopel Max Hirsch Parker Corning 2:44.20 1936 Granville James Stout James E. Fitzsimmons Belair Stud 2:43.60 1935 Firethorn Eddie Arcaro Preston M. Burch Walter M. Jeffords Sr. 2:42.20 1934 Carry Over Tommy Malley James E. Fitzsimmons Wheatley Stable 2:44.00 1933 War Glory John Gilbert George Conway Glen Riddle Farm 2:44.60 1932 Faireno Tommy Malley James E. Fitzsimmons Belair Stud 2:43.60 1931 Twenty Grand Charley Kurtsinger James G. Rowe Jr. Greentree Stable 2:41.20 1930 Gallant Fox Earl Sande James E. Fitzsimmons Belair Stud 2:41.40 1929 The Nut Mack Garner Joe Notter Warm Stable 2:45.60 1928 Reigh Count Chick Lang Bert S. Michell Fannie Hertz 2:44.60 1927 Nimba Harold Thurber George M. Odom Marshall Field III 2:45.00 1926 Espino Laverne Fator William J. Speirs William Ziegler Jr. 2:42.60 1925 Marconi Kenneth Noe James E. Fitzsimmons L. T. Cooper 2:43.80 1924 Aga Khan John Maiben James E. Fitzsimmons Belair Stud 2:48.40 1923 Zev Earl Sande Sam Hildreth Rancocas Stable 2:44.60 1922 Kai Song Earl Sande Sam Hildreth Rancocas Stable 2:42.40 1921 Touch Me Not Frank Coltiletti James G. Rowe Sr. Greentree Stable 2:43.20 1920 Man o' War Clarence Kummer Louis Feustel Glen Riddle Farm 2:40.80 1919 Vexatious † Willie Knapp James G. Rowe Sr. Harry Payne Whitney 2:47.60 1918 Johren Frank Robinson James G. Rowe Sr. Harry Payne Whitney 2:55.20 1917 Omar Khayyam Merritt C. Buxton Richard F. Carmen Wilfrid Viau 2:33.40 1916 Star Hawk Herman Phillips Walter B. Jennings A. Kingsley Macomber 2:32.60 1911 - 1912 Race not held 1913 Rock View Tommy McTaggart Louis Feustel August Belmont Jr. 2:51.00 1912 No races held due to the Hart–Agnew Law. 1911 1910 Sweep Joe Notter James G. Rowe Sr. James R. Keene 2:53.00 1909 Fitz Herbert Vincent Powers Sam Hildreth Sam Hildreth 2:45.00 1908 Fair Play Eddie Dugan A. Jack Joyner August Belmont Jr. 2:46.20 1907 Dinna Ken George Mountain John W. Rogers Harry Payne Whitney 2:48.00 1906 Accountant Jack Martin Matthew M. Allen James B. Brady 2:48.00 1905 Sysonby Dave Nicol James G. Rowe Sr. James R. Keene 2:47.00 1904 Ort Wells Frank O'Neill Enoch Wishard John A. Drake 2:47.60 1903 Africander John Bullman Richard O. Miller Hampton Stable 2:45.20 1902 Major Daingerfield George Odom Matthew M. Allen Frederick C. McLewee & Co. 2:59.80 1901 The Parader Patrick A. McCue Thomas J. Healey Richard T. Wilson Jr. 2:49.80 1900 Prince of Melbourne Henry Spencer J. Kyle Frank D. Beard 2:59.80 1899 Ethelbert Henry Spencer A. Jack Joyner Perry Belmont 2:51.40 1898 Hamburg Tod Sloan Matthew Byrnes Marcus Daly 2:51.20 1897 The Friar Fred Littlefield R. Wyndham Walden Alfred & Dave Morris 2:48.40 1896 Requital Alonzo Clayton James G. Rowe Sr. Brookdale Farm Stable 2:49.40 1895 Bright Phoebus Lester Reiff H. H. Huron Del Monte Stable 2:51.40 1894 Dobbins Willie Simms Hardy Campbell Jr. Richard Croker 2:55.00 1893 Daily America Willie Simms John W. Rogers Brown & Rogers 2:50.60 1892 Tammany Edward Garrison Matthew Byrnes Marcus Daly 2:51.40 1891 Potomac Anthony Hamilton Hardy Campbell Jr. Michael F. Dwyer 2:51.00 1890 Tournament William Hayward Matthew M. Allen George Hearst 2:51.00 1889 Salvator Jim McLaughlin Matthew Byrnes James B. A. Haggin 2:51.00 * † In 1919, Over There finished first but was disqualified. See also Aqueduct Racetrack Belmont Park Man o' War References ^ Chicago Daily News Almanac and Yearbook vol. 47, p. 507. Chicago Daily News Co., 1931. ^ Lawrence Realization winners. Accessed February 4, 2011.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"horse race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_racing"},{"link_name":"Thoroughbred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoroughbred"}],"text":"The Lawrence Realization Stakes was an American horse race first run on the turf in 1889. The race, for three-year-old Thoroughbred colts, geldings and fillies, was last run in 2005.","title":"Lawrence Realization Stakes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sheepshead Bay Race Track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheepshead_Bay_Race_Track"},{"link_name":"Gravesend, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravesend,_Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"Coney Island Jockey Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coney_Island_Jockey_Club"},{"link_name":"Futurity Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belmont_Futurity_Stakes"},{"link_name":"Belmont Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belmont_Park"},{"link_name":"Long Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Grade II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graded_stakes_race"},{"link_name":"New York Racing Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Racing_Association"},{"link_name":"horse racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_racing"}],"text":"Inaugurated at the Sheepshead Bay Race Track at Gravesend, New York, it was held there until 1913. At that time, the race was the richest stakes for three-year-olds in the United States.It was run as the Realization Stakes until 1899, when it was renamed to honor James G. K. Lawrence, president of the Coney Island Jockey Club (which owned the racetrack). Lawrence was also responsible for creating of the Futurity Stakes in 1888.The stakes were later run at Belmont Park on Long Island[1] as a Grade II race on the dirt. The race continued to be run there (except for the Belmont Park redevelopment period from 1962 to 1968) until it was removed from the calendar in 2005 by the New York Racing Association (NYRA) as a cost-cutting measure. For 70 years, the Lawrence Realization was one of the most prestigious annual events in the American horse racing calendar.Only two horses contested the race in 1918, 1920, 1944, and 1946; however, due to the large number of entries in 1976 and 1985 it was run in two divisions.The race was contested over several distances:1+5⁄8 miles (2.6 km) : 1889–1913, 1918–1969\n1+1⁄2 miles (2.4 km) : 1916–1917, 1970–2004\n1+1⁄8 miles (1.8 km) : 2005","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Man o' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_o%27_War"},{"link_name":"Kelso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelso_(horse)"}],"text":"On September 4, 1920, Man o' War won the 1+5⁄8-mile (2.6 km) Lawrence Realization by 100 lengths over the only other runner, Hoodwink. His time for the race was 2 min 40+4⁄5 s, which broke the world record for the distance by 1+3⁄5 seconds and was his fifth record-setting performance that year. The great Kelso tied the record in 1960.","title":"Records"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Records for distance","text":"At 1+1⁄2 miles (2.4 km) : 2:25.94 – Parade Ground (1998)\nAt 1+5⁄8 miles (2.6 km) : 2:40.80 – Man o' War (1920)\nAt 1+5⁄8 miles (2.6 km) : 2:40.80 – Kelso (1960)","title":"Records"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Braulio Baeza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braulio_Baeza"},{"link_name":"Eddie Arcaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Arcaro"}],"sub_title":"Most wins by a jockey","text":"5 – Braulio Baeza (1961, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1972)\n5 – Eddie Arcaro (1935, 1939, 1952, 1959, 1960)","title":"Records"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Sunny Jim\" Fitzsimmons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_E._Fitzsimmons"}],"sub_title":"Most wins by a trainer","text":"8 – \"Sunny Jim\" Fitzsimmons (1924, 1925, 1930, 1932, 1934, 1936, 1938, 1940)","title":"Records"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belair Stud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belair_Stud"}],"sub_title":"Most wins by an owner","text":"6 – Belair Stud (1924, 1925, 1930, 1932, 1936, 1940)","title":"Records"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"* † In 1919, Over There finished first but was disqualified.[2]","title":"Winners"}]	[]	[{"title":"Aqueduct Racetrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqueduct_Racetrack"},{"title":"Belmont Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belmont_Park"},{"title":"Man o' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_o%27_War"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZVUwAAAAIAAJ&q=lawrence+realization+stakes+1899","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.tbheritage.com/TurfHallmarks/racecharts/USA/LawrenceR.html","external_links_name":"[2]"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafsa_Hatun	Hafsa Hatun	["1 Life","2 Charities","3 See also","4 References"]	Consort of Sultan Bayezid I This article is about the consort of Bayezid I. For the consort of Selim I and mother of Suleiman I, see Hafsa Sultan. Hafsa HatunBornSelçuk, Aydinid beylikDiedafter 1403Bursa, Ottoman EmpireSpouse Bayezid I (m. 1390; death 1403)HouseAydinid (by birth)Ottoman (by marriage)FatherFahreddin Isa BeyReligionSunni Islam Hafsa Hatun (Ottoman Turkish: حفصه خاتون, "young lioness", died after 1403) was a Turkish princess, and a consort of Bayezid I, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. Life Hafsa Hatun was the daughter of Isa Bey, the ruler of the Aydinids. She was married to Bayezid in 1390, upon his conquest of the Aydinids. She had not known children. Her father had surrendered without a fight, and a marriage was arranged between her and Bayezid. Thereafter, Isa was sent into exile in Iznik, shorn of his power, where he subsequently died. Her marriage strengthened the bonds between the two families. Charities Hafsa Hatun's public works are located within her father's territory and may have been built before she married Bayezid. She commissioned a fountain in Tire city and a Hermitage in Bademiye, and a mosque known as "Hafsa Hatun Mosque" between 1390 and 1392 from the money she received in her dowry. See also Ottoman dynasty Ottoman Empire References ^ a b Leslie P. Peirce (1993). The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire. Oxford University Press. pp. 40. ISBN 978-0-195-08677-5. ^ Uluçay, M. Çağatay (2011). Padişahların kadınları ve kızları. Ötüken. p. 25. ISBN 978-9-754-37840-5. ^ Vryonis, Speros; Langdon, John Springer (1993). To Hellenikon Studies in Honor of Speros Vryonis, Jr: Hellenic antiquity and Byzantium. Artistide D. Caratzas. p. 300. ISBN 978-0-892-41445-1. ^ Zahariádou, Elisábet A (1983). Emporio Kai Stauroforia: 'ē Benetokratoumenē Krētē Kai Ta Emirata Tou Mentese Kai Tou Aïdiniou (1300-1415). Hellenic Institute of Byzantine and Post-Byzantine Studies. p. 115. ^ The Valley of Civilizations, Büyük Menderes. Special Administrative Directorate of the Governorship of Aydın. 1990. ^ Charities of Hafsa Hatun ^ "Hafsa Hatun Mosque Built by Hafsa Hatun". Archived from the original on 2014-05-18. Retrieved 2014-09-03.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Selim I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selim_I"},{"link_name":"Suleiman I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent"},{"link_name":"Hafsa Sultan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafsa_Sultan"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language"},{"link_name":"Bayezid I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayezid_I"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"}],"text":"This article is about the consort of Bayezid I. For the consort of Selim I and mother of Suleiman I, see Hafsa Sultan.Hafsa Hatun (Ottoman Turkish: حفصه خاتون, \"young lioness\", died after 1403) was a Turkish princess, and a consort of Bayezid I, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.","title":"Hafsa Hatun"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Isa Bey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isa_Bey"},{"link_name":"Aydinids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aydinids"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leslie-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Hafsa Hatun was the daughter of Isa Bey, the ruler of the Aydinids. She was married to Bayezid in 1390, upon his conquest of the Aydinids. She had not known children.[1][2] Her father had surrendered without a fight, and a marriage was arranged between her and Bayezid. Thereafter, Isa was sent into exile in Iznik, shorn of his power, where he subsequently died.[3][4] Her marriage strengthened the bonds between the two families.[5]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leslie-1"},{"link_name":"Hermitage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermitage_(religious_retreat)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Hafsa Hatun's public works are located within her father's territory and may have been built before she married Bayezid.[1] She commissioned a fountain in Tire city and a Hermitage in Bademiye, and a mosque known as \"Hafsa Hatun Mosque\"[6] between 1390 and 1392 from the money she received in her dowry.[7]","title":"Charities"}]	[]	[{"title":"Ottoman dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_dynasty"},{"title":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"}]	[{"reference":"Leslie P. Peirce (1993). The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire. Oxford University Press. pp. 40. ISBN 978-0-195-08677-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/imperialharemwom00peir/page/40","url_text":"The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/imperialharemwom00peir/page/40","url_text":"40"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-195-08677-5","url_text":"978-0-195-08677-5"}]},{"reference":"Uluçay, M. Çağatay (2011). Padişahların kadınları ve kızları. Ötüken. p. 25. ISBN 978-9-754-37840-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-754-37840-5","url_text":"978-9-754-37840-5"}]},{"reference":"Vryonis, Speros; Langdon, John Springer (1993). To Hellenikon Studies in Honor of Speros Vryonis, Jr: Hellenic antiquity and Byzantium. Artistide D. Caratzas. p. 300. ISBN 978-0-892-41445-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-892-41445-1","url_text":"978-0-892-41445-1"}]},{"reference":"Zahariádou, Elisábet A (1983). Emporio Kai Stauroforia: 'ē Benetokratoumenē Krētē Kai Ta Emirata Tou Mentese Kai Tou Aïdiniou (1300-1415). Hellenic Institute of Byzantine and Post-Byzantine Studies. p. 115.","urls":[]},{"reference":"The Valley of Civilizations, Büyük Menderes. Special Administrative Directorate of the Governorship of Aydın. 1990.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Hafsa Hatun Mosque Built by Hafsa Hatun\". Archived from the original on 2014-05-18. Retrieved 2014-09-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140518081452/http://www.ipekyoluuzerindetire.com/tr/camiler-zaviyeler-medreseler/hafsa-hatun-camii/","url_text":"\"Hafsa Hatun Mosque Built by Hafsa Hatun\""},{"url":"http://www.ipekyoluuzerindetire.com/tr/camiler-zaviyeler-medreseler/hafsa-hatun-camii/","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/imperialharemwom00peir/page/40","external_links_name":"The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/imperialharemwom00peir/page/40","external_links_name":"40"},{"Link":"http://www.enfal.de/osmanlitarihihasircizade/005.htm#_Toc112381818","external_links_name":"Charities of Hafsa Hatun"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140518081452/http://www.ipekyoluuzerindetire.com/tr/camiler-zaviyeler-medreseler/hafsa-hatun-camii/","external_links_name":"\"Hafsa Hatun Mosque Built by Hafsa Hatun\""},{"Link":"http://www.ipekyoluuzerindetire.com/tr/camiler-zaviyeler-medreseler/hafsa-hatun-camii/","external_links_name":"the original"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Taylor_(neoplatonist)	Thomas Taylor (neoplatonist)	["1 Biography","2 Family","3 Influence","4 List of works","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links"]	English translator and Neoplatonist (1758–1835) Portrait of Thomas Taylor by Sir Thomas Lawrence, about 1812, from the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa. In the background the Acropolis of Athens is silhouetted against a fiery sky, and by Taylor's left hand is a copy of his translation of the works of Plato. Thomas Taylor (15 May 1758 – 1 November 1835) was an English translator and Neoplatonist, the first to translate into English the complete works of Aristotle and of Plato, as well as the Orphic fragments. Biography Thomas Taylor was born in the City of London on 15 May 1758, the son of a staymaker Joseph Taylor and his wife Mary (born Summers). He was educated at St. Paul's School, and devoted himself to the study of the classics and of mathematics. After first working as a clerk in Lubbock's Bank, he was appointed Assistant Secretary to the Society for the Encouragement of Art (precursor to the Royal Society of Arts), in which capacity he made many influential friends, who furnished the means for publishing his various translations, which besides Plato and Aristotle, include Proclus, Porphyry, Apuleius, Ocellus Lucanus and other Neoplatonists and Pythagoreans. His aim was the translation of all the untranslated writings of the ancient Greek philosophers. Taylor was an admirer of Hellenism, most especially in the philosophical framework furnished by Plato and the Neoplatonists Proclus and the "most divine" Iamblichus, whose works he translated into English. So enamoured was he of the ancients, that he and his wife talked to one another only in classical Greek. He was also an outspoken voice against corruption in the Christianity of his day, and what he viewed as its shallowness. Taylor was ridiculed and acquired many enemies, but in other quarters he was well received. Among his friends was the eccentric traveller and philosopher John "Walking" Stewart, whose gatherings Taylor was in the habit of attending. Family Taylor married his childhood sweetheart Mary Morton, daughter of John Morton, in 1777, and they had children George Burrow Taylor (born 1779), John Buller Taylor (1781), William Grainger Taylor (1783-1785), Mary Joseph Taylor (1789) and Thomas Taylor (1791). Their eldest daughter, Mary Meredith Taylor (1787–1861), was named after his generous patron William Meredith and married a haberdasher, Samuel Beverly Jones. His wife Mary died in 1809. He married again, and his second wife Susannah died in 1823. From his second marriage he had one son, Thomas Proclus Taylor (born 1816). Thomas Taylor died in Walworth. Influence The texts that he used had been edited since the 16th century, but were interrupted by lacunae; Taylor's understanding of the Platonists informed his suggested emendations. His translations were influential on William Blake, Percy Bysshe Shelley, and William Wordsworth. In American editions they were read by Ralph Waldo Emerson, Bronson Alcott, and G. R. S. Mead, secretary to Helena Blavatsky of the Theosophical Society. Taylor also published several original works on philosophy (in particular, the Neoplatonism of Proclus and Iamblichus) and mathematics. These works have been republished (some for the first time since Taylor's lifetime) by the Prometheus Trust. It appears that he and his wife were landlords at Walworth in the late 1770s to a family that included the 18-year-old Mary Wollstonecraft; it is not clear whether the future author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman actually knew the Taylors, as at that age she left home for a job as a lady's companion. Taylor responded to Wollstonecraft's 1792 magnum opus (as well as Thomas Paine's "Rights of Man") in his satirical essay, A Vindication of the Rights of Brutes. In it, Taylor attempted to demonstrate the absurdity of Wollstonecraft's arguments by arguing that if the argument for equality was sound when it applied to women, why not for animals too? Wollstonecraft's reasoning seemed to hold for “brutes” too; yet, Taylor argued, to hold that brutes had rights was manifestly absurd. Therefore, Taylor contended, Wollstonecraft's reasoning must be unsound; the same arguments were used in each case, and if unsound when applied to animals, they must also be unsound when applied to women. List of works 1780 The Elements of a New Method of Reasoning in Geometry, applied to the Rectification of the Circle 1782 Ocellus Lucanus on the Nature of the Universe (see 1831 for later edition) 1787 The Mystical Initiations or Hymns of Orpheus, with a preliminary Dissertation on the Life and Theology of Orpheus Concerning the Beautiful; or, a paraphrase translation from the Greek of Plotinus, Ennead I. Book VI. 1788-89 The Philosophical and Mathematical Commentaries of Proclus on the First Book of Euclid's Elements, and his Life by Marinus. With a preliminary Dissertation on the Platonic Doctrine of Ideas. To which are added A History of the Restoration of the Platonic Theology by the later Platonists, 2 vols. (see 1792 for second revised edition) 1790 A Dissertation on the Eleusinian and Bacchic Mysteries 1792 A Vindication of the Rights of Brutes The Phædrus of Plato: A Dialogue Concerning Beauty and Love An Essay on the Beautiful, from the Greek of Plotinus The Philosophical and Mathematical Commentaries of Proclus on the First Book of Euclid's Elements, and his Life by Marinus. With a preliminary Dissertation on the Platonic Doctrine of Ideas. To which are added A History of the Restoration of the Platonic Theology by the later Platonists, 2 vols. 1793 Sallust on the Gods and the World, and the Pythagoric Sentences of Demophilus, and Five Hymns by Proclus; to which are added Five Hymns by the translator. Two Orations of the Emperor Julian, one to the Sovereign Sun, and the other to the Mother of the Gods; with Notes and a copious Introduction Four Dialogues of Plato: The Cratylus, Phædo, Parmenides and Timæus. 1794 Pausanias's Description of Greece (see 1824 for second edition, enlarged) Five Books of Plotinus, viz. On Felicity; on the Nature and Origin of Evil; on Providence; on Nature, Contemplation, and the One; and on the Descent of the Soul. 1795 The Fable of Cupid and Psyche; to which are added a Poetical Paraphrase on the Speech of Diotima in the Banquet of Plato; Four Hymns, With an Introduction, in which the meaning of the Fable is unfolded. 1801 Aristotle's Metaphysics, to which is added a Dissertation on Nullities and Diverging Series 1803 Hedric's Greek Lexicon (Graecum Lexicon Manuale, primum a Benjamine Hederico) 1804 Four letters from Thomas Taylor, the Platonist, to Charles Taylor, Secretary of the Society of Arts, 1800-1804. An Answer to Dr. Gillies's Supplement to his New Analysis of Aristotle's Works The Dissertations of Maximus Tyrius, 2 vols. The Works of Plato, viz. His Fifty-Five Dialogues and Twelve Epistles, 5 vols. 1805 Miscellanies in Prose and Verse, containing the Triumph of the Wise Man over Fortune according to the doctrine of the Stoics and Platonists; the Creed of the Platonic Philosopher; a Panegyric on Sydenham (see 1820 for 2nd Edition, with additions) 1806 Collectanea; or Collections consisting of Miscellanies inserted in the European and Monthly Magazines. With an Appendix containing some Hymns never before printed. 1807 The Treatises of Aristotle on the Heavens (see also v.7 of The Works of Aristotle, 1812) 1809 The Elements of the true Arithmetic of Infinites. In which all the Propositions on the Arithmetic of Infinites invented by Dr. Wallis relative to the summation of fluxions are demonstrated to be false, and the nature of infinitesimals is unfolded. The History of Animals of Aristotle and his Treatise on Physiognomy (see also v.8 of The Works of Aristotle, 1812) The Arguments of the Emperor Julian against the Christians, to which are added Extracts from the other Works of Julian relative to the Christians. 1810 The Commentaries of Proclus on the Timæus of Plato (see 1820 for 2nd edition) 1811 The Rhetoric, Poetic and Nicomachean Ethics of Aristotle (see 1818 for 2nd edition) 1812 The Works of Aristotle, with copious Elucidations from the best of his Greek Commentators, 9 vols. A Dissertation on the Philosophy of Aristotle 1816 A Dissertation on the Eleusinian and Bacchic Mysteries (2nd Edition) Theoretic Arithmetic, in three books, containing the substance of all that has been written on this subject by Theo of Smyrna, Nicomachus, Iamblichus, and Boetius. The Six Books of Proclus, the Platonic Successor, on the Theology of Plato, 2 vols. 1817 Remarks on the Dæmon of Socrates (article) Use of Arches Known Among the Ancients (article) Select Works of Plotinus, and Extracts from the Treatise of Synesius on Providence. With an Introduction containing the substance of Porphyry's Life of Plotinus 1818 Collection of the Chaldean Oracles (articles) Orphic Fragments, hitherto inedited (article) Remarks on the Passage in Stobæus (article) On a Peculiar Signification of the words Demas and Soma (article) The Rhetoric, Poetic and Nicomachean Ethics of Aristotle (2nd Edition), 2 vols. Iamblichus' Life of Pythagoras, or Pythagoric Life, accompanied by fragments of the Ethical Writings of certain Pythagoreans in the Doric Dialect, and a Collection of Pythagoric Sentences from Stobæus and Others 1819 On the Philosophical Meaning of the words Bios, Kimena, Energema, and Sisthema (article) On the Antiquity of Alchymy (article) On the Coincidence between the Belts of the Planet Jupiter and the Fabulous Bonds of Jupiter the Demiurgus (article) 1820 Important Additions to the first Alcibiades, and Timæus of Plato (article) Important Discovery of the Original of many of the Sentences of Sextus Pythagoricus (article) Discovery of a Verse of Homer, and Error of Kiessling (article) Platonic Demonstration of the Immortality of the Soul (article) On the Theology of the Greeks (article) Miscellanies in Prose and Verse, containing the Triumph of the Wise Man over Fortune according to the doctrine of the Stoics and Platonists; the Creed of the Platonic Philosopher; a Panegyric on Sydenham (2nd Edition, with additions) The Commentaries of Proclus on the Timæus of Plato (2nd Edition), 2 vols. 1821 On the Mythology of the Greeks (article) Notice of Professor Cousin's edition of the two first books of Proclus on the Parmenides of Plato (article) Iamblichus on the Mysteries of the Egyptians, Chaldeans, and Assyrians 1822 Observations on Professor Cousin's edition of the Commentaries of Proclus on the first Alcibiades of Plato (article) Observations on that part of a work entitled Empedoclis et Parmenidis Fragmenta (article) The Metamorphosis, or Golden Ass, and Philosophical Works of Apuleius Political Fragments of Archytas, Charondas, Zaleucus, and other ancient Pythagoreans, preserved by Stobæus, and also Ethical Fragments of Hierocles, the celebrated commentator on the Pythagoric verses preserved by the same author. 1823 The Elements of a new Arithmetical Notation and of a new Arithmetic of Infinites Observations on the Creuzer's edition of the Commentary of Olympiodorus on the first Alcibiades of Plato (article) Observations on the Scholia of Hermeas on the Phædrus of Plato (article) Select Works of Porphyry, containing his Four Books on Abstinence from Animal Food; his Treatise on the Homeric Cave of the Nymphs, and his Auxiliaries to the perception of Intelligible Natures. With an Appendix explaining the Allegory of the Wanderings of Ulysses. 1824 Emendations of the text of Plato (article) Observations on the Excerpta from the Scholia of Proclus on the Cratylus of Plato (article) The Mystical Hymns of Orpheus, demonstrated to be the Invocations which were used in the Eleusinian Mysteries, with Considerable Emendations, Alterations, and Additions. The Description of Greece by Pausanias, 2nd edition with considerable augmentations, 3 vols. 1825 Classical Allusion (article) Notice of Professor Cousin's edition of the third, fourth and fifth books of Proclus on the Parmenides of Plato (article) Biblical Criticism (article) The Fragments that remain of the Lost Writings of Proclus 1829 Corruption of Demiurgus (article) Extracts from some of the Lost Works of Aristotle, Xenocrates, and Theophrastus (article) 1830 Arguments of Celsus, Porphyry, and the Emperor Julian, against the Christians 1831 Ocellus Lucanus on the Nature of the Universe. Taurus, the Platonic Philosopher, on the Eternity of the World; Julius Firmicus Maternus of the Thema Mundi, in which the positions of the stars at the commencement of the several mundane periods is (sic) given; Select Theorems on the Perpetuity of Time by Proclus 1833 Two Treatises of Proclus, the Platonic Successor, the former consisting of ten Doubts concerning Providence, and a Solution of those Doubts, and the latter containing a Development of the Nature of Evil. 1834 Translations from the Greek of the following treatises of Plotinus: On Suicide, to which is added an Extract from the Harl. MS. of the Scholia of Olympiodorus on the Phædo of Plato respecting Suicide. Two Books on Truly Existing Being, and Extracts from his Treatise on the manner in which the multitude of ideas subsists, and concerning the Good, with additional Notes from Porphyry and Proclus. Notes ^ Artwork Page: Thomas Taylor Lawrence's painting of Taylor is described ^ Greer, John Michael (2017). The Occult Book. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Sterling. p. 129. ISBN 978-1-4549-2577-4. ^ Singer, Peter (1990). Animal Liberation (Second ed.). New York: New York Review Book. p. 28. ISBN 978-0940322004. References W. E. A. Axon, Thomas Taylor, The Platonist (London, 1890) Gordon, Lyndall. Vindication: a life of Mary Wollstonecraft. London: Virago, 2005. ISBN 1-84408-141-9. Kathleen Raine, Thomas Taylor the Platonist; Selected Writings, 1969. 1944 essay in Shrine of Wisdom magazine. "Emerson on Thomas Taylor and the Platonists". No author. Full text here at the Wayback Machine (archived 21 June 2007) This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Cousin, John William (1910). A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature. London: J. M. Dent & Sons – via Wikisource. Rigg, James McMullen (1898). "Taylor, Thomas (1758-1835)" . In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 55. London: Smith, Elder & Co. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Taylor, Thomas" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 473. The Life of Thomas Taylor, essay by Manly P. Hall Todd, Janet. Mary Wollstonecraft: A Revolutionary Life. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2000. ISBN 0-231-12184-9. External links Wikisource has original works by or about:Thomas Taylor The Prometheus Trust: "Thomas Taylor, the English Platonist" The Writings of Thomas Taylor, Complete list and collection of works, biographies & bibliographies at universaltheosophy.com Works by Thomas Taylor at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Thomas Taylor at Internet Archive Works by Thomas Taylor at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain France BnF data Catalonia Germany Italy Israel United States Australia Greece Netherlands Poland Vatican People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other SNAC IdRef vtePlatonistsAncientAcademicsOld Plato Aristotle Eudoxus Philip of Opus Aristonymus Coriscus and Erastus of Scepsis Demetrius of Amphipolis Euaeon of Lampsacus Heraclides and Python of Aenus Hestiaeus of Perinthus Lastheneia of Mantinea Timolaus of Cyzicus Speusippus Axiothea of Phlius Heraclides Ponticus Menedemus of Pyrrha Xenocrates Crantor Polemon Crates of Athens SkepticsMiddle Arcesilaus Diocles of Cnidus Lacydes Telecles and Evander Hegesinus New Carneades Hagnon of Tarsus Metrodorus of Stratonicea Clitomachus Charmadas Aeschines of Neapolis Philo of Larissa Cicero Dio of Alexandria Middle Platonists Antiochus Eudorus of Alexandria Philo of Alexandria Plutarch Justin Martyr Gaius Albinus Alcinous Alexander Peloplaton Apuleius Atticus Maximus of Tyre Numenius of Apamea Ammonius Saccas Longinus Clement of Alexandria Origen Origen the Pagan Calcidius Neoplatonists Plotinus Students Amelius Porphyry Iamblichus Sopater Eustathius of Cappadocia Sosipatra Aedesius Dexippus Chrysanthius Theodorus of Asine Julian Salutius Maximus of Ephesus Eusebius of Myndus Priscus of Epirus Antoninus Hypatia Gaius Marius Victorinus Augustine Macrobius Boethius Academy Plutarch of Athens Asclepigenia Hierocles Syrianus Hermias Aedesia Proclus Marinus Isidore Ammonius Hermiae Asclepiodotus Hegias Zenodotus Agapius Damascius Simplicius Priscian John Philoponus Olympiodorus David the Invincible Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite Medieval John Scotus Eriugena Al-Farabi Anselm Peter Abelard Bernard Gilbert Thierry Henry of Ghent Bonaventure Theodoric of Freiberg Meister Eckhart Berthold of Moosburg Paul of Venice ModernRenaissanceFlorentine Academy Plethon Marsilio Ficino Cristoforo Landino Giovanni Pico della Mirandola Giordano Bruno Blaise PascalCambridge Ralph Cudworth Henry More Anne Conway Thomas Taylor Emanuel Swedenborg Ralph Waldo Emerson Josiah Royce Bernard Bolzano Aleksei LosevContemporaryAnalytic Gottlob Frege G. E. Moore Kurt Gödel Alonzo Church Roderick Chisholm Michael Dummett W. V. O. Quine David Kaplan Saul Kripke Alvin Plantinga Peter van Inwagen Nicholas Wolterstorff Crispin Wright Edward N. Zalta Continental Henri Bergson Edmund Husserl Roman Ingarden Leo Strauss	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thomas_Taylor_(painting_by_Thomas_Lawrence).png"},{"link_name":"Sir Thomas Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Lawrence"},{"link_name":"National Gallery of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Acropolis of Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acropolis_of_Athens"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Neoplatonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoplatonist"},{"link_name":"Aristotle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle"},{"link_name":"Plato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato"},{"link_name":"Orphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orphic"}],"text":"Portrait of Thomas Taylor by Sir Thomas Lawrence, about 1812, from the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa. In the background the Acropolis of Athens is silhouetted against a fiery sky, and by Taylor's left hand is a copy of his translation of the works of Plato.[1]Thomas Taylor (15 May 1758 – 1 November 1835) was an English translator and Neoplatonist, the first to translate into English the complete works of Aristotle and of Plato, as well as the Orphic fragments.","title":"Thomas Taylor (neoplatonist)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"staymaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsetmaker"},{"link_name":"St. Paul's School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Paul%27s_School_(London)"},{"link_name":"Lubbock's Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_John_Lubbock,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Royal Society of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"Plato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato"},{"link_name":"Aristotle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle"},{"link_name":"Proclus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proclus"},{"link_name":"Porphyry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)"},{"link_name":"Apuleius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apuleius"},{"link_name":"Ocellus Lucanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocellus_Lucanus"},{"link_name":"Neoplatonists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoplatonist"},{"link_name":"Pythagoreans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoreans"},{"link_name":"Hellenism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion"},{"link_name":"Proclus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proclus"},{"link_name":"Iamblichus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iamblichus_of_Chalcis"},{"link_name":"classical Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Greek"},{"link_name":"John \"Walking\" Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_%22Walking%22_Stewart"}],"text":"Thomas Taylor was born in the City of London on 15 May 1758, the son of a staymaker Joseph Taylor and his wife Mary (born Summers). He was educated at St. Paul's School, and devoted himself to the study of the classics and of mathematics. After first working as a clerk in Lubbock's Bank, he was appointed Assistant Secretary to the Society for the Encouragement of Art (precursor to the Royal Society of Arts), in which capacity he made many influential friends, who furnished the means for publishing his various translations, which besides Plato and Aristotle, include Proclus, Porphyry, Apuleius, Ocellus Lucanus and other Neoplatonists and Pythagoreans. His aim was the translation of all the untranslated writings of the ancient Greek philosophers.Taylor was an admirer of Hellenism, most especially in the philosophical framework furnished by Plato and the Neoplatonists Proclus and the \"most divine\" Iamblichus, whose works he translated into English. So enamoured was he of the ancients, that he and his wife talked to one another only in classical Greek.He was also an outspoken voice against corruption in the Christianity of his day, and what he viewed as its shallowness. Taylor was ridiculed and acquired many enemies, but in other quarters he was well received. Among his friends was the eccentric traveller and philosopher John \"Walking\" Stewart, whose gatherings Taylor was in the habit of attending.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Walworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walworth"}],"text":"Taylor married his childhood sweetheart[2] Mary Morton, daughter of John Morton, in 1777, and they had children George Burrow Taylor (born 1779), John Buller Taylor (1781), William Grainger Taylor (1783-1785), Mary Joseph Taylor (1789) and Thomas Taylor (1791). Their eldest daughter, Mary Meredith Taylor (1787–1861), was named after his generous patron William Meredith and married a haberdasher, Samuel Beverly Jones. His wife Mary died in 1809. He married again, and his second wife Susannah died in 1823. From his second marriage he had one son, Thomas Proclus Taylor (born 1816).Thomas Taylor died in Walworth.","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lacunae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacuna_(manuscripts)"},{"link_name":"William Blake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Blake"},{"link_name":"Percy Bysshe Shelley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley"},{"link_name":"William Wordsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wordsworth"},{"link_name":"Ralph Waldo Emerson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson"},{"link_name":"Bronson Alcott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronson_Alcott"},{"link_name":"G. R. S. Mead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._R._S._Mead"},{"link_name":"Helena Blavatsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_Blavatsky"},{"link_name":"Theosophical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theosophical_Society"},{"link_name":"Proclus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proclus"},{"link_name":"Iamblichus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iamblichus_of_Chalcis"},{"link_name":"Mary Wollstonecraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft"},{"link_name":"A Vindication of the Rights of Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman"},{"link_name":"lady's companion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady%27s_companion"},{"link_name":"magnum opus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masterpiece"},{"link_name":"Thomas Paine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Paine"},{"link_name":"Rights of Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rights_of_Man"},{"link_name":"animals too","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_rights"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The texts that he used had been edited since the 16th century, but were interrupted by lacunae; Taylor's understanding of the Platonists informed his suggested emendations. His translations were influential on William Blake, Percy Bysshe Shelley, and William Wordsworth. In American editions they were read by Ralph Waldo Emerson, Bronson Alcott, and G. R. S. Mead, secretary to Helena Blavatsky of the Theosophical Society.Taylor also published several original works on philosophy (in particular, the Neoplatonism of Proclus and Iamblichus) and mathematics. These works have been republished (some for the first time since Taylor's lifetime) by the Prometheus Trust.It appears that he and his wife were landlords at Walworth in the late 1770s to a family that included the 18-year-old Mary Wollstonecraft; it is not clear whether the future author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman actually knew the Taylors, as at that age she left home for a job as a lady's companion. Taylor responded to Wollstonecraft's 1792 magnum opus (as well as Thomas Paine's \"Rights of Man\") in his satirical essay, A Vindication of the Rights of Brutes. In it, Taylor attempted to demonstrate the absurdity of Wollstonecraft's arguments by arguing that if the argument for equality was sound when it applied to women, why not for animals too? Wollstonecraft's reasoning seemed to hold for “brutes” too; yet, Taylor argued, to hold that brutes had rights was manifestly absurd. Therefore, Taylor contended, Wollstonecraft's reasoning must be unsound; the same arguments were used in each case, and if unsound when applied to animals, they must also be unsound when applied to women.[3]","title":"Influence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A Dissertation on the Eleusinian and Bacchic Mysteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/EleusinianBacchicMysteriesADissertation"},{"link_name":"Iamblichus' Life of Pythagoras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/lifeofpythagoras00iamb"},{"link_name":"Four Books on Abstinence from Animal Food","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Abstinence_from_Eating_Animals"},{"link_name":"Treatise on the Homeric Cave of the Nymphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Cave_of_the_Nymphs_in_the_Odyssey"}],"text":"1780\nThe Elements of a New Method of Reasoning in Geometry, applied to the Rectification of the Circle\n1782\nOcellus Lucanus on the Nature of the Universe (see 1831 for later edition)\n1787\nThe Mystical Initiations or Hymns of Orpheus, with a preliminary Dissertation on the Life and Theology of Orpheus\nConcerning the Beautiful; or, a paraphrase translation from the Greek of Plotinus, Ennead I. Book VI.\n1788-89\nThe Philosophical and Mathematical Commentaries of Proclus on the First Book of Euclid's Elements, and his Life by Marinus. With a preliminary Dissertation on the Platonic Doctrine of Ideas. To which are added A History of the Restoration of the Platonic Theology by the later Platonists, 2 vols. (see 1792 for second revised edition)\n1790\nA Dissertation on the Eleusinian and Bacchic Mysteries\n1792\nA Vindication of the Rights of Brutes\nThe Phædrus of Plato: A Dialogue Concerning Beauty and Love\nAn Essay on the Beautiful, from the Greek of Plotinus\nThe Philosophical and Mathematical Commentaries of Proclus on the First Book of Euclid's Elements, and his Life by Marinus. With a preliminary Dissertation on the Platonic Doctrine of Ideas. To which are added A History of the Restoration of the Platonic Theology by the later Platonists, 2 vols.\n1793\nSallust on the Gods and the World, and the Pythagoric Sentences of Demophilus, and Five Hymns by Proclus; to which are added Five Hymns by the translator.\nTwo Orations of the Emperor Julian, one to the Sovereign Sun, and the other to the Mother of the Gods; with Notes and a copious Introduction\nFour Dialogues of Plato: The Cratylus, Phædo, Parmenides and Timæus.\n1794\nPausanias's Description of Greece (see 1824 for second edition, enlarged)\nFive Books of Plotinus, viz. On Felicity; on the Nature and Origin of Evil; on Providence; on Nature, Contemplation, and the One; and on the Descent of the Soul.\n1795\nThe Fable of Cupid and Psyche; to which are added a Poetical Paraphrase on the Speech of Diotima in the Banquet of Plato; Four Hymns, With an Introduction, in which the meaning of the Fable is unfolded.\n1801\nAristotle's Metaphysics, to which is added a Dissertation on Nullities and Diverging Series\n1803\nHedric's Greek Lexicon (Graecum Lexicon Manuale, primum a Benjamine Hederico)\n1804\nFour letters from Thomas Taylor, the Platonist, to Charles Taylor, Secretary of the Society of Arts, 1800-1804.\nAn Answer to Dr. Gillies's Supplement to his New Analysis of Aristotle's Works\nThe Dissertations of Maximus Tyrius, 2 vols.\nThe Works of Plato, viz. His Fifty-Five Dialogues and Twelve Epistles, 5 vols.\n1805\nMiscellanies in Prose and Verse, containing the Triumph of the Wise Man over Fortune according to the doctrine of the Stoics and Platonists; the Creed of the Platonic Philosopher; a Panegyric on Sydenham (see 1820 for 2nd Edition, with additions)\n1806\nCollectanea; or Collections consisting of Miscellanies inserted in the European and Monthly Magazines. With an Appendix containing some Hymns never before printed.\n1807\nThe Treatises of Aristotle on the Heavens (see also v.7 of The Works of Aristotle, 1812)\n1809\nThe Elements of the true Arithmetic of Infinites. In which all the Propositions on the Arithmetic of Infinites invented by Dr. Wallis relative to the summation of fluxions are demonstrated to be false, and the nature of infinitesimals is unfolded.\nThe History of Animals of Aristotle and his Treatise on Physiognomy (see also v.8 of The Works of Aristotle, 1812)\nThe Arguments of the Emperor Julian against the Christians, to which are added Extracts from the other Works of Julian relative to the Christians.\n1810\nThe Commentaries of Proclus on the Timæus of Plato (see 1820 for 2nd edition)\n1811\nThe Rhetoric, Poetic and Nicomachean Ethics of Aristotle (see 1818 for 2nd edition)\n1812\nThe Works of Aristotle, with copious Elucidations from the best of his Greek Commentators, 9 vols.\nA Dissertation on the Philosophy of Aristotle\n1816\nA Dissertation on the Eleusinian and Bacchic Mysteries (2nd Edition)\nTheoretic Arithmetic, in three books, containing the substance of all that has been written on this subject by Theo of Smyrna, Nicomachus, Iamblichus, and Boetius.\nThe Six Books of Proclus, the Platonic Successor, on the Theology of Plato, 2 vols.\n1817\nRemarks on the Dæmon of Socrates (article)\nUse of Arches Known Among the Ancients (article)\nSelect Works of Plotinus, and Extracts from the Treatise of Synesius on Providence. With an Introduction containing the substance of Porphyry's Life of Plotinus\n1818\nCollection of the Chaldean Oracles (articles)\nOrphic Fragments, hitherto inedited (article)\nRemarks on the Passage in Stobæus (article)\nOn a Peculiar Signification of the words Demas and Soma (article)\nThe Rhetoric, Poetic and Nicomachean Ethics of Aristotle (2nd Edition), 2 vols.\nIamblichus' Life of Pythagoras, or Pythagoric Life, accompanied by fragments of the Ethical Writings of certain Pythagoreans in the Doric Dialect, and a Collection of Pythagoric Sentences from Stobæus and Others\n1819\nOn the Philosophical Meaning of the words Bios, Kimena, Energema, and Sisthema (article)\nOn the Antiquity of Alchymy (article)\nOn the Coincidence between the Belts of the Planet Jupiter and the Fabulous Bonds of Jupiter the Demiurgus (article)\n1820\nImportant Additions to the first Alcibiades, and Timæus of Plato (article)\nImportant Discovery of the Original of many of the Sentences of Sextus Pythagoricus (article)\nDiscovery of a Verse of Homer, and Error of Kiessling (article)\nPlatonic Demonstration of the Immortality of the Soul (article)\nOn the Theology of the Greeks (article)\nMiscellanies in Prose and Verse, containing the Triumph of the Wise Man over Fortune according to the doctrine of the Stoics and Platonists; the Creed of the Platonic Philosopher; a Panegyric on Sydenham (2nd Edition, with additions)\nThe Commentaries of Proclus on the Timæus of Plato (2nd Edition), 2 vols.\n1821\nOn the Mythology of the Greeks (article)\nNotice of Professor Cousin's edition of the two first books of Proclus on the Parmenides of Plato (article)\nIamblichus on the Mysteries of the Egyptians, Chaldeans, and Assyrians\n1822\nObservations on Professor Cousin's edition of the Commentaries of Proclus on the first Alcibiades of Plato (article)\nObservations on that part of a work entitled Empedoclis et Parmenidis Fragmenta (article)\nThe Metamorphosis, or Golden Ass, and Philosophical Works of Apuleius\nPolitical Fragments of Archytas, Charondas, Zaleucus, and other ancient Pythagoreans, preserved by Stobæus, and also Ethical Fragments of Hierocles, the celebrated commentator on the Pythagoric verses preserved by the same author.\n1823\nThe Elements of a new Arithmetical Notation and of a new Arithmetic of Infinites\nObservations on the Creuzer's edition of the Commentary of Olympiodorus on the first Alcibiades of Plato (article)\nObservations on the Scholia of Hermeas on the Phædrus of Plato (article)\nSelect Works of Porphyry, containing his Four Books on Abstinence from Animal Food; his Treatise on the Homeric Cave of the Nymphs, and his Auxiliaries to the perception of Intelligible Natures. With an Appendix explaining the Allegory of the Wanderings of Ulysses.\n1824\nEmendations of the text of Plato (article)\nObservations on the Excerpta from the Scholia of Proclus on the Cratylus of Plato (article)\nThe Mystical Hymns of Orpheus, demonstrated to be the Invocations which were used in the Eleusinian Mysteries, with Considerable Emendations, Alterations, and Additions.\nThe Description of Greece by Pausanias, 2nd edition with considerable augmentations, 3 vols.\n1825\nClassical Allusion [to Democrates] (article)\nNotice of Professor Cousin's edition of the third, fourth and fifth books of Proclus on the Parmenides of Plato (article)\nBiblical Criticism (article)\nThe Fragments that remain of the Lost Writings of Proclus\n1829\nCorruption of Demiurgus (article)\nExtracts from some of the Lost Works of Aristotle, Xenocrates, and Theophrastus (article)\n1830\nArguments of Celsus, Porphyry, and the Emperor Julian, against the Christians\n1831\nOcellus Lucanus on the Nature of the Universe. Taurus, the Platonic Philosopher, on the Eternity of the World; Julius Firmicus Maternus of the Thema Mundi, in which the positions of the stars at the commencement of the several mundane periods is (sic) given; Select Theorems on the Perpetuity of Time by Proclus\n1833\nTwo Treatises of Proclus, the Platonic Successor, the former consisting of ten Doubts concerning Providence, and a Solution of those Doubts, and the latter containing a Development of the Nature of Evil.\n1834\nTranslations from the Greek of the following treatises of Plotinus: On Suicide, to which is added an Extract from the Harl. MS. of the Scholia of Olympiodorus on the Phædo of Plato respecting Suicide. Two Books on Truly Existing Being, and Extracts from his Treatise on the manner in which the multitude of ideas subsists, and concerning the Good, with additional Notes from Porphyry and Proclus.","title":"List of works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Artwork Page: Thomas Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150718021755/https://www.gallery.ca/en/see/collections/artwork.php?mkey=10389"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4549-2577-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4549-2577-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0940322004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0940322004"}],"text":"^ Artwork Page: Thomas Taylor Lawrence's painting of Taylor is described\n\n^ Greer, John Michael (2017). The Occult Book. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Sterling. p. 129. ISBN 978-1-4549-2577-4.\n\n^ Singer, Peter (1990). Animal Liberation (Second ed.). New York: New York Review Book. p. 28. ISBN 978-0940322004.","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Portrait of Thomas Taylor by Sir Thomas Lawrence, about 1812, from the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa. In the background the Acropolis of Athens is silhouetted against a fiery sky, and by Taylor's left hand is a copy of his translation of the works of Plato.[1]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Thomas_Taylor_%28painting_by_Thomas_Lawrence%29.png/220px-Thomas_Taylor_%28painting_by_Thomas_Lawrence%29.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"Greer, John Michael (2017). The Occult Book. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Sterling. p. 129. ISBN 978-1-4549-2577-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4549-2577-4","url_text":"978-1-4549-2577-4"}]},{"reference":"Singer, Peter (1990). Animal Liberation (Second ed.). New York: New York Review Book. p. 28. ISBN 978-0940322004.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0940322004","url_text":"978-0940322004"}]},{"reference":"Cousin, John William (1910). A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature. London: J. M. Dent & Sons – via Wikisource.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_William_Cousin","url_text":"Cousin, John William"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Short_Biographical_Dictionary_of_English_Literature","url_text":"A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource","url_text":"Wikisource"}]},{"reference":"Rigg, James McMullen (1898). \"Taylor, Thomas (1758-1835)\" . In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 55. London: Smith, Elder & Co.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Taylor,_Thomas_(1758-1835)","url_text":"\"Taylor, Thomas (1758-1835)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Lee","url_text":"Lee, Sidney"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of National Biography"}]},{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Taylor, Thomas\" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 473.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Taylor,_Thomas","url_text":"\"Taylor, Thomas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/EleusinianBacchicMysteriesADissertation","external_links_name":"A Dissertation on the Eleusinian and Bacchic Mysteries"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/lifeofpythagoras00iamb","external_links_name":"Iamblichus' Life of Pythagoras"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150718021755/https://www.gallery.ca/en/see/collections/artwork.php?mkey=10389","external_links_name":"Artwork Page: Thomas Taylor"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/thomastaylorplat00axonrich","external_links_name":"Thomas Taylor, The Platonist"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070621175054/http://www.btinternet.com/~southcote/SoW102.htm","external_links_name":"Full text here"},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Taylor,_Thomas_(1758-1835)","external_links_name":"\"Taylor, Thomas (1758-1835)\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Taylor,_Thomas","external_links_name":"\"Taylor, Thomas\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031111/http://www.hermes-press.com/taylor3a.htm","external_links_name":"The Life of Thomas Taylor"},{"Link":"http://www.prometheustrust.co.uk/html/thomas_taylor.html","external_links_name":"The Prometheus Trust: \"Thomas Taylor, the English Platonist\""},{"Link":"http://www.universaltheosophy.com/writings-taylor/","external_links_name":"The Writings of Thomas Taylor"},{"Link":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/3385","external_links_name":"Works by Thomas Taylor"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Taylor%2C%20Thomas%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Thomas%20Taylor%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Taylor%2C%20Thomas%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Thomas%20Taylor%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Taylor%2C%20T%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Thomas%20Taylor%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Taylor%2C%20Thomas%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Thomas%20Taylor%22%29%20OR%20%28%221758-1835%22%20AND%20Taylor%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29","external_links_name":"Works by or about Thomas Taylor"},{"Link":"https://librivox.org/author/14134","external_links_name":"Works by Thomas Taylor"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/35411/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000109221553","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/86699831","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjdb8JkPMphT9VRRCwHmd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/14066993","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1072660","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124773990","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124773990","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058518530706706","external_links_name":"Catalonia"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/117249262","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://opac.sbn.it/nome/UBOV645250","external_links_name":"Italy"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007279064605171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79054710","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35542046","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"https://data.nlg.gr/resource/authority/record78556","external_links_name":"Greece"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071340076","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810583920905606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/354107","external_links_name":"Vatican"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd117249262.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/990017","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6r866jb","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/101276486","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Moody	Henry Moody	["1 Family and background","2 Military service","2.1 First World War","2.2 Post-war career","3 Death","4 References"]	Coordinates: 51°17′44″N 0°37′21″W / 51.295555°N 0.622532°W / 51.295555; -0.622532British World War I flying ace Henry Michael MoodyBorn1898Welshampton, Shropshire, EnglandDied23 April 1931 (aged 32–33)Seahurst Park, Sussex, EnglandBuriedBrookwood Cemetery 51°17′44″N 0°37′21″W / 51.295555°N 0.622532°W / 51.295555; -0.622532AllegianceUnited KingdomService/branchBritish ArmyRoyal Air ForceYears of service1917–1931RankFlight LieutenantUnitNo. 45 Squadron RAFNo. 28 Squadron RAFBattles/warsWorld War I • Western Front • Italian FrontAwardsMilitary Cross Flight Lieutenant Henry Michael Moody MC was a British World War I flying ace credited with eight aerial victories. His sixth triumph was over German ace Alwin Thurm. He served in the Royal Air Force post-war, until killed in a flying accident in 1931. Family and background Henry Michael Moody was born in Welshampton, Shropshire, one of twin boys born to The Reverend Henry Moody, vicar of Welshampton and Rural Dean of Ellesmere, and his wife Evelyn. His twin brother Second Lieutenant Charles Angelo Moody served in No. 1 Squadron RFC, and was killed in Belgium on 21 August 1917, aged 18, and is buried at Tyne Cot. Military service First World War Henry Moody was commissioned as a temporary second lieutenant (on probation) in the Royal Flying Corps, was appointed a flying officer on 21 June 1917, and confirmed in his rank on 8 August. Moody was posted to No. 45 Squadron, operating in northern France, and flying the Sopwith Camel single seat fighter. He gained his first aerial victory on 4 September by driving down 'out of control' a Type C reconnaissance aircraft north-east of Comines. He repeated this feat on 11 September over Westroosebeke, then on 20 September shared in the shooting down in flames of a third Type C over Passchendaele with Second Lieutenants Emerson Smith and Raymond Brownell. On 13 November Moody drove down a Junkers J.I north-east of Comines, before his squadron was transferred to the Italian Front. There, on the morning of 31 December, he drove down an Albatros D.III over Pieve di Soligo, and 45 minutes later he and Brownell forced an Albatros D.V down near to Asolo, killing the pilot, German ace Alwin Thurm. On 11 January 1918 Moody destroyed an Albatros D.III over Corbelone, and on 30 January he destroyed another over Susegana for his eighth and final victory. On 10 April 1918 Moody was appointed temporary captain, and in September 1918 his award of the Military Cross was gazetted. His citation read: Temporary Second Lieutenant Henry Michael Moody, General List and Royal Flying Corps. "For conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty in leading patrols. He has destroyed four enemy aircraft and shot down three out of control. He has further carried out very successfully a number of low-flying patrols, photographic reconnaissances, and escorts, and has on all occasions shown a very fine spirit of dash and determination." Post-war career Moody remained in the Royal Air Force after the end of the war, and from 1 May 1919 was again appointed a temporary captain. On 1 August he was granted a permanent commission in the RAF with the rank of lieutenant. On 2 August 1922 he married Austin Robina "Bobbie" Horn, the youngest daughter of Mr. and Mrs. C. A. Horn, of Beaumont, Jersey, and Adelaide, South Australia, at St. Aubin's Church, Jersey. Moody was posted to No. 28 Squadron based in India on 30 August 1923, and on 1 January 1924 received promotion from flying officer to flight lieutenant. He eventually returned to England, transferred to the Home Establishment, and was posted to the Depot at RAF Uxbridge on 10 January 1927, then to the Electrical and Wireless School at RAF Flowerdown on 11 May. On 30 March 1931 Moody was transferred to headquarters of the Fighting Area at Uxbridge. Death On 23 April 1931 Moody was acting as pilot to Air Vice-Marshal Felton Vesey Holt, the Air Officer Commanding, Fighting Area, Air Defence of Great Britain. Moody, Holt, and Holt's ADC Lieutenant E. H. Bellairs had flown to RAF Tangmere in two de Havilland DH.60 Moth biplanes belonging to No. 24 (Communication) Squadron, based at RAF Northolt, on a tour of inspection. On leaving Tangmere, Bellairs took off first, followed by Moody and Holt. After six minutes, at an altitude of about 1,500-foot (460 m) the Siskins of No. 43 (Fighter) Squadron, were preparing to land, and saw Bellairs' aircraft. Mistaking him for their commander, and not seeing Moody's aircraft, they dived in salute, and the aircraft of Sergeant Charles George Wareham and Moody clipped wings. Moody's Moth went into a spin, which he corrected, but then went into a dive which he was too low to escape from. Holt attempted to escape using his parachute, but was too low for it to deploy fully, while Moody remained in the aircraft until it crashed in thick woods near Seahurst Park, Sussex. Moody and Holt were both killed instantly. Sergeant Wareham was uninjured and was able to land safely at Tangmere. An inquest returned a verdict of accidental death, and added that no blame attached to anyone in the squadron. Henry Michael Moody and his brother Charles Angelo Moody are both commemorated on the war memorial at the church of St Michael & All Angels in Welshampton. References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Henry Moody. ^ a b c "Henry Michael Moody". The Aerodrome. 2015. Retrieved 4 July 2015. ^ a b "Personals: Married". Flight. XIV (714): 498. 31 August 1922. Retrieved 4 July 2015. ^ a b "Welshampton War Memorial". Clwyd Family History Society. 30 October 2012. Retrieved 4 July 2015. ^ "No. 30181". The London Gazette (Supplement). 13 July 1917. p. 7050. ^ "No. 30221". The London Gazette (Supplement). 7 August 1917. p. 8091. ^ "No. 30673". The London Gazette. 7 May 1918. p. 5483. ^ "No. 30901". The London Gazette (Supplement). 13 September 1918. p. 10990. ^ "No. 31361". The London Gazette. 27 May 1919. p. 6513. ^ "No. 31486". The London Gazette. 1 August 1919. p. 9869. ^ "Royal Air Force: Appointments". Flight. XV (771): 613. 4 October 1923. Retrieved 4 July 2015. ^ "No. 32893". The London Gazette (Supplement). 28 December 1923. p. 9. ^ "Royal Air Force: Appointments". Flight. XIX (947): 91. 17 February 1927. Retrieved 4 July 2015. ^ "Royal Air Force: Appointments". Flight. XIX (26 May 1927): 339. 26 May 1927. Retrieved 4 July 2015. ^ "Royal Air Force: Appointments". Flight. XXIII (1163): 325. 10 April 1931. Retrieved 4 July 2015. ^ "Death of Air Vice-Marshal F. V. Holt". Flight. XXIII (1166): 389. 1 May 1931. Retrieved 4 July 2015. ^ "Aeroplanes Collide: Two Officers Killed: Air Vice-Marshal Holt a Victim". The Herald. Glasgow. 24 April 1931. p. 11. Retrieved 4 July 2015. ^ "Aircraft accident 23 April 1931: Tiger Moth K1838". Aviation Safety Net. 2015. Retrieved 4 July 2015. ^ "War Memorial: Welshampton, Shropshire, England". Lost Ancestors. 2014. Retrieved 4 July 2015.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Flight Lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_Lieutenant"},{"link_name":"MC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Cross"},{"link_name":"flying ace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_ace"},{"link_name":"Alwin Thurm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alwin_Thurm&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-theaerodrome-1"}],"text":"British World War I flying aceFlight Lieutenant Henry Michael Moody MC was a British World War I flying ace credited with eight aerial victories. His sixth triumph was over German ace Alwin Thurm. He served in the Royal Air Force post-war, until killed in a flying accident in 1931.[1]","title":"Henry Moody"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Welshampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welshampton"},{"link_name":"Shropshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shropshire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-theaerodrome-1"},{"link_name":"Rural Dean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_Dean"},{"link_name":"Ellesmere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellesmere_Rural"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FlightMarried-2"},{"link_name":"No. 1 Squadron RFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._1_Squadron_RFC"},{"link_name":"Tyne Cot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyne_Cot"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clwydfhs-3"}],"text":"Henry Michael Moody was born in Welshampton, Shropshire,[1] one of twin boys born to The Reverend Henry Moody, vicar of Welshampton and Rural Dean of Ellesmere, and his wife Evelyn.[2] His twin brother Second Lieutenant Charles Angelo Moody served in No. 1 Squadron RFC, and was killed in Belgium on 21 August 1917, aged 18, and is buried at Tyne Cot.[3]","title":"Family and background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Military service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"No. 45 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._45_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"Sopwith Camel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sopwith_Camel"},{"link_name":"Comines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comines-Warneton"},{"link_name":"Passchendaele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passendale"},{"link_name":"Emerson Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerson_Smith"},{"link_name":"Raymond Brownell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Brownell"},{"link_name":"Junkers J.I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junkers_J.I"},{"link_name":"Albatros D.III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albatros_D.III"},{"link_name":"Pieve di Soligo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieve_di_Soligo"},{"link_name":"Albatros D.V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albatros_D.V"},{"link_name":"Asolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asolo"},{"link_name":"Susegana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susegana"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-theaerodrome-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Military Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Cross"},{"link_name":"gazetted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazetted"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"First World War","text":"Henry Moody was commissioned as a temporary second lieutenant (on probation) in the Royal Flying Corps, was appointed a flying officer on 21 June 1917,[4] and confirmed in his rank on 8 August.[5]Moody was posted to No. 45 Squadron, operating in northern France, and flying the Sopwith Camel single seat fighter. He gained his first aerial victory on 4 September by driving down 'out of control' a Type C reconnaissance aircraft north-east of Comines. He repeated this feat on 11 September over Westroosebeke, then on 20 September shared in the shooting down in flames of a third Type C over Passchendaele with Second Lieutenants Emerson Smith and Raymond Brownell. On 13 November Moody drove down a Junkers J.I north-east of Comines, before his squadron was transferred to the Italian Front. There, on the morning of 31 December, he drove down an Albatros D.III over Pieve di Soligo, and 45 minutes later he and Brownell forced an Albatros D.V down near to Asolo, killing the pilot, German ace Alwin Thurm. On 11 January 1918 Moody destroyed an Albatros D.III over Corbelone, and on 30 January he destroyed another over Susegana for his eighth and final victory.[1]On 10 April 1918 Moody was appointed temporary captain,[6] and in September 1918 his award of the Military Cross was gazetted. His citation read:Temporary Second Lieutenant Henry Michael Moody, General List and Royal Flying Corps.\n\"For conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty in leading patrols. He has destroyed four enemy aircraft and shot down three out of control. He has further carried out very successfully a number of low-flying patrols, photographic reconnaissances, and escorts, and has on all occasions shown a very fine spirit of dash and determination.\"[7]","title":"Military service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey"},{"link_name":"Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide"},{"link_name":"St. Aubin's Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Aubin_on_the_Hill"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FlightMarried-2"},{"link_name":"No. 28 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._28_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"RAF Uxbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Uxbridge"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"RAF Flowerdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Flowerdown"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Post-war career","text":"Moody remained in the Royal Air Force after the end of the war, and from 1 May 1919 was again appointed a temporary captain.[8] On 1 August he was granted a permanent commission in the RAF with the rank of lieutenant.[9]On 2 August 1922 he married Austin Robina \"Bobbie\" Horn, the youngest daughter of Mr. and Mrs. C. A. Horn, of Beaumont, Jersey, and Adelaide, South Australia, at St. Aubin's Church, Jersey.[2]Moody was posted to No. 28 Squadron based in India on 30 August 1923,[10] and on 1 January 1924 received promotion from flying officer to flight lieutenant.[11] He eventually returned to England, transferred to the Home Establishment, and was posted to the Depot at RAF Uxbridge on 10 January 1927,[12] then to the Electrical and Wireless School at RAF Flowerdown on 11 May.[13] On 30 March 1931 Moody was transferred to headquarters of the Fighting Area at Uxbridge.[14]","title":"Military service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Felton Vesey Holt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felton_Vesey_Holt"},{"link_name":"Air Officer Commanding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Officer_Commanding"},{"link_name":"Air Defence of Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Defence_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"RAF Tangmere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Tangmere"},{"link_name":"de Havilland DH.60 Moth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Havilland_DH.60_Moth"},{"link_name":"No. 24 (Communication) Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._24_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"RAF Northolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Northolt"},{"link_name":"Siskins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armstrong_Whitworth_Siskin"},{"link_name":"No. 43 (Fighter) Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._43_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"war memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_memorial"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clwydfhs-3"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"On 23 April 1931 Moody was acting as pilot to Air Vice-Marshal Felton Vesey Holt, the Air Officer Commanding, Fighting Area, Air Defence of Great Britain. Moody, Holt, and Holt's ADC Lieutenant E. H. Bellairs had flown to RAF Tangmere in two de Havilland DH.60 Moth biplanes belonging to No. 24 (Communication) Squadron, based at RAF Northolt, on a tour of inspection. On leaving Tangmere, Bellairs took off first, followed by Moody and Holt. After six minutes, at an altitude of about 1,500-foot (460 m) the Siskins of No. 43 (Fighter) Squadron, were preparing to land, and saw Bellairs' aircraft. Mistaking him for their commander, and not seeing Moody's aircraft, they dived in salute, and the aircraft of Sergeant Charles George Wareham and Moody clipped wings. Moody's Moth went into a spin, which he corrected, but then went into a dive which he was too low to escape from. Holt attempted to escape using his parachute, but was too low for it to deploy fully, while Moody remained in the aircraft until it crashed in thick woods near Seahurst Park, Sussex. Moody and Holt were both killed instantly. Sergeant Wareham was uninjured and was able to land safely at Tangmere. An inquest returned a verdict of accidental death, and added that no blame attached to anyone in the squadron.[15][16][17]Henry Michael Moody and his brother Charles Angelo Moody are both commemorated on the war memorial at the church of St Michael & All Angels in Welshampton.[3][18]","title":"Death"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Henry Michael Moody\". The Aerodrome. 2015. Retrieved 4 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theaerodrome.com/aces/england/moody2.php","url_text":"\"Henry Michael Moody\""}]},{"reference":"\"Personals: Married\". Flight. XIV (714): 498. 31 August 1922. Retrieved 4 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1922/1922%20-%200498.html","url_text":"\"Personals: Married\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_International","url_text":"Flight"}]},{"reference":"\"Welshampton War Memorial\". Clwyd Family History Society. 30 October 2012. Retrieved 4 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.clwydfhs.org.uk/cofadeiladau/welshampton_wm.htm","url_text":"\"Welshampton War Memorial\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 30181\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 13 July 1917. p. 7050.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/30181/supplement/7050","url_text":"\"No. 30181\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 30221\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 7 August 1917. p. 8091.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/30221/supplement/8091","url_text":"\"No. 30221\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 30673\". The London Gazette. 7 May 1918. p. 5483.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/30673/page/5483","url_text":"\"No. 30673\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 30901\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 13 September 1918. p. 10990.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/30901/supplement/10990","url_text":"\"No. 30901\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 31361\". The London Gazette. 27 May 1919. p. 6513.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/31361/page/6513","url_text":"\"No. 31361\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 31486\". The London Gazette. 1 August 1919. p. 9869.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/31486/page/9869","url_text":"\"No. 31486\""}]},{"reference":"\"Royal Air Force: Appointments\". Flight. XV (771): 613. 4 October 1923. Retrieved 4 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1923/1923%20-%200613.html","url_text":"\"Royal Air Force: Appointments\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_International","url_text":"Flight"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 32893\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 28 December 1923. p. 9.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32893/supplement/9","url_text":"\"No. 32893\""}]},{"reference":"\"Royal Air Force: Appointments\". Flight. XIX (947): 91. 17 February 1927. Retrieved 4 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1927/1927%20-%200103.html","url_text":"\"Royal Air Force: Appointments\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_International","url_text":"Flight"}]},{"reference":"\"Royal Air Force: Appointments\". Flight. XIX (26 May 1927): 339. 26 May 1927. Retrieved 4 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1927/1927%20-%200377.html","url_text":"\"Royal Air Force: Appointments\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_International","url_text":"Flight"}]},{"reference":"\"Royal Air Force: Appointments\". Flight. XXIII (1163): 325. 10 April 1931. Retrieved 4 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1931/1931%20-%200349.html","url_text":"\"Royal Air Force: Appointments\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_International","url_text":"Flight"}]},{"reference":"\"Death of Air Vice-Marshal F. V. Holt\". Flight. XXIII (1166): 389. 1 May 1931. Retrieved 4 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1931/1931%20-%200421.html","url_text":"\"Death of Air Vice-Marshal F. V. Holt\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_International","url_text":"Flight"}]},{"reference":"\"Aeroplanes Collide: Two Officers Killed: Air Vice-Marshal Holt a Victim\". The Herald. Glasgow. 24 April 1931. p. 11. Retrieved 4 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=df09AAAAIBAJ&dq=air%20accident&pg=4033%2C8143816","url_text":"\"Aeroplanes Collide: Two Officers Killed: Air Vice-Marshal Holt a Victim\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Herald_(Glasgow)","url_text":"The Herald"}]},{"reference":"\"Aircraft accident 23 April 1931: Tiger Moth K1838\". Aviation Safety Net. 2015. Retrieved 4 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/wiki.php?id=172908","url_text":"\"Aircraft accident 23 April 1931: Tiger Moth K1838\""}]},{"reference":"\"War Memorial: Welshampton, Shropshire, England\". Lost Ancestors. 2014. Retrieved 4 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lostancestors.eu/memwar/W/Welshampton.htm","url_text":"\"War Memorial: Welshampton, Shropshire, England\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Henry_Moody&params=51.295555_N_0.622532_W_","external_links_name":"51°17′44″N 0°37′21″W / 51.295555°N 0.622532°W / 51.295555; -0.622532"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Henry_Moody&params=51.295555_N_0.622532_W_","external_links_name":"51°17′44″N 0°37′21″W / 51.295555°N 0.622532°W / 51.295555; -0.622532"},{"Link":"http://www.theaerodrome.com/aces/england/moody2.php","external_links_name":"\"Henry Michael Moody\""},{"Link":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1922/1922%20-%200498.html","external_links_name":"\"Personals: Married\""},{"Link":"http://www.clwydfhs.org.uk/cofadeiladau/welshampton_wm.htm","external_links_name":"\"Welshampton War Memorial\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/30181/supplement/7050","external_links_name":"\"No. 30181\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/30221/supplement/8091","external_links_name":"\"No. 30221\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/30673/page/5483","external_links_name":"\"No. 30673\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/30901/supplement/10990","external_links_name":"\"No. 30901\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/31361/page/6513","external_links_name":"\"No. 31361\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/31486/page/9869","external_links_name":"\"No. 31486\""},{"Link":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1923/1923%20-%200613.html","external_links_name":"\"Royal Air Force: Appointments\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32893/supplement/9","external_links_name":"\"No. 32893\""},{"Link":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1927/1927%20-%200103.html","external_links_name":"\"Royal Air Force: Appointments\""},{"Link":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1927/1927%20-%200377.html","external_links_name":"\"Royal Air Force: Appointments\""},{"Link":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1931/1931%20-%200349.html","external_links_name":"\"Royal Air Force: Appointments\""},{"Link":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1931/1931%20-%200421.html","external_links_name":"\"Death of Air Vice-Marshal F. V. Holt\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=df09AAAAIBAJ&dq=air%20accident&pg=4033%2C8143816","external_links_name":"\"Aeroplanes Collide: Two Officers Killed: Air Vice-Marshal Holt a Victim\""},{"Link":"http://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/wiki.php?id=172908","external_links_name":"\"Aircraft accident 23 April 1931: Tiger Moth K1838\""},{"Link":"http://www.lostancestors.eu/memwar/W/Welshampton.htm","external_links_name":"\"War Memorial: Welshampton, Shropshire, England\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cs%C3%B6k%C3%B6ly	Csököly	["1 History","2 External links","3 References"]	Coordinates: 46°17′58″N 17°33′39″E / 46.29949°N 17.56085°E / 46.29949; 17.56085Village in Southern Transdanubia, HungaryCsököly Čukuja (in Croatian)VillageCsököly's folk architecture Coat of armsCsökölyLocation of CsökölyCoordinates: 46°17′58″N 17°33′39″E / 46.29949°N 17.56085°E / 46.29949; 17.56085Country HungaryRegionSouthern TransdanubiaCountySomogyDistrictKaposvárRC DioceseKaposvárArea • Total29.84 km2 (11.52 sq mi)Population (2017) • Total1,047DemonymcsökölyiTime zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code7526Area code(+36) 82NUTS 3 codeHU232MPLászló Szászfalvi (KDNP)WebsiteCsököly Online Csököly (Croatian: Čukuja) is a village in Somogy county, Hungary. History According to László Szita the settlement was completely Hungarian in the 18th century. External links Street map (Hungarian) References ^ Csököly, KSH ^ László Szita : Somogy megyei nemzetiségek településtörténete a XVIII-XIX. században - Somogyi Almanach 52. (Kaposvár, 1993) vteTowns and villages of Kaposvár DistrictCity with county rights (1) Kaposvár (district seat) Towns (3) Igal Kadarkút Nagybajom Villages (74) Alsóbogát Baté Bodrog Bárdudvarnok Büssü Bőszénfa Cserénfa Csoma Csombárd Csököly Ecseny Edde Felsőmocsolád Fonó Gadács Gige Gálosfa Gölle Hajmás Hedrehely Hencse Hetes Juta Jákó Kaposfő Kaposgyarmat Kaposhomok Kaposkeresztúr Kaposmérő Kaposszerdahely Kaposújlak Kazsok Kercseliget Kisasszond Kisgyalán Kiskorpád Kőkút Magyaratád Magyaregres Mernye Mezőcsokonya Mike Mosdós Nagyberki Orci Osztopán Patalom Patca Polány Pálmajor Rinyakovácsi Ráksi Simonfa Somodor Somogyaszaló Somogyfajsz Somogygeszti Somogyjád Somogyszil Somogysárd Szabadi Szenna Szentbalázs Szentgáloskér Szilvásszentmárton Sántos Taszár Újvárfalva Visnye Várda Zimány Zselickisfalud Zselickislak Zselicszentpál vteSomogy CountyCity with county rights Kaposvár (county seat) Towns Balatonboglár Balatonföldvár Balatonlelle Barcs Csurgó Fonyód Igal Kadarkút Lengyeltóti Marcali Nagyatád Nagybajom Siófok Tab Zamárdi Large villages Balatonszárszó Berzence Villages Ádánd Alsóbogát Andocs Babócsa Bábonymegyer Bakháza Balatonberény Balatonendréd Balatonfenyves Balatonkeresztúr Balatonmáriafürdő Balatonőszöd Balatonszabadi Balatonszemes Balatonszentgyörgy Balatonújlak Bálványos Bárdudvarnok Baté Bedegkér Bélavár Beleg Bodrog Böhönye Bolhás Bolhó Bonnya Bőszénfa Büssü Buzsák Csákány Cserénfa Csömend Csököly Csokonyavisonta Csoma Csombárd Csurgónagymarton Darány Drávagárdony Drávatamási Ecseny Edde Felsőmocsolád Fiad Főnyed Fonó Gadács Gadány Gálosfa Gamás Gige Gölle Görgeteg Gyugy Gyékényes Hács Hajmás Háromfa Hedrehely Hencse Heresznye Hetes Hollád Homokszentgyörgy Hosszúvíz Iharos Iharosberény Inke Istvándi Jákó Juta Kálmáncsa Kánya Kapoly Kaposfő Kaposgyarmat Kaposhomok Kaposkeresztúr Kaposmérő Kaposszerdahely Kaposújlak Karád Kastélyosdombó Kaszó Kazsok Kelevíz Kercseliget Kereki Kéthely Kisasszond Kisbajom Kisberény Kisbárapáti Kisgyalán Kiskorpád Kőkút Komlósd Kőröshegy Kötcse Kutas Kára Lábod Lad Lakócsa Látrány Libickozma Lulla Magyaratád Magyaregres Mernye Mesztegnyő Mezőcsokonya Mike Miklósi Mosdós Nágocs Nagyberki Nagyberény Nagycsepely Nagykorpád Nagyszakácsi Nemesdéd Nemeskisfalud Nemesvid Nikla Nyim Orci Ordacsehi Öreglak Őrtilos Osztopán Ötvöskónyi Pálmajor Pamuk Patalom Patca Patosfa Péterhida Pogányszentpéter Polány Porrog Porrogszentkirály Porrogszentpál Potony Pusztakovácsi Pusztaszemes Ráksi Rinyabesenyő Rinyakovácsi Rinyaszentkirály Rinyaújlak Rinyaújnép Ságvár Sántos Sávoly Segesd Sérsekszőlős Simonfa Siójut Som Somodor Somogyacsa Somogyaracs Somogyaszaló Somogybabod Somogybükkösd Somogycsicsó Somogydöröcske Somogyegres Somogyfajsz Somogygeszti Somogyjád Somogymeggyes Somogysimonyi Somogyszentpál Somogyszil Somogyszob Somogysámson Somogysárd Somogytúr Somogyudvarhely Somogyvámos Somogyvár Somogyzsitfa Szabadi Szabás Szántód Szegerdő Szenna Szenta Szentbalázs Szentborbás Szentgáloskér Szenyér Szilvásszentmárton Szőkedencs Szólád Szőlősgyörök Szorosad Szulok Tapsony Tarany Táska Taszár Teleki Tengőd Tikos Törökkoppány Torvaj Tótújfalu Újvárfalva Várda Varászló Vése Visnye Visz Vízvár Vörs Zákány Zala Zics Zimány Zselickisfalud Zselickislak Zselicszentpál Other topics History Geography Government Economy Culture Tourism This Somogy county location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Croatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_language"},{"link_name":"Somogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somogy_County"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"}],"text":"Village in Southern Transdanubia, HungaryCsököly (Croatian: Čukuja) is a village in Somogy county, Hungary.","title":"Csököly"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"According to László Szita the settlement was completely Hungarian in the 18th century.[2]","title":"History"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cs%C3%B6k%C3%B6ly&params=46.29949_N_17.56085_E_region:HU_type:city","external_links_name":"46°17′58″N 17°33′39″E / 46.29949°N 17.56085°E / 46.29949; 17.56085"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cs%C3%B6k%C3%B6ly&params=46.29949_N_17.56085_E_region:HU_type:city","external_links_name":"46°17′58″N 17°33′39″E / 46.29949°N 17.56085°E / 46.29949; 17.56085"},{"Link":"http://www.csokoly.hu/","external_links_name":"Csököly Online"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071001180604/http://www.terkepcentrum.hu/index.asp?go=map&tid=24314","external_links_name":"Street map (Hungarian)"},{"Link":"http://www.ksh.hu/apps/hntr.telepules?p_lang=EN&p_id=24314","external_links_name":"Csököly, KSH"},{"Link":"https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/SOMM_SomAlm_052/?pg=10&layout=s&query=korp%C3%A1d","external_links_name":"László Szita : Somogy megyei nemzetiségek településtörténete a XVIII-XIX. században - Somogyi Almanach 52. (Kaposvár, 1993)"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cs%C3%B6k%C3%B6ly&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_League_(New_Zealand)	Northern League (New Zealand)	["1 History","1.1 The first four years (1965–1969)","1.2 Football Championship (2004–2021)","1.3 National League (2021–)","2 Current Northern League structure","3 Sponsors","3.1 Current","4 Current clubs","5 Past champions","6 Performance by club","7 Notable players","8 Top scorers","9 Records","9.1 MVP Winners","10 References","11 External links"]	Football leagueNorthern LeagueFounded1965Country New ZealandConfederationOFC (Oceania)Number of teams12Level on pyramid2Feeder toNational LeagueRelegation toNRFL ChampionshipCurrent championsAuckland City (3rd title) (2023)Most championshipsBay OlympicTakapuna AFCCentral United (4 titles)TV partnersFIFA+ (select games)WebsiteNorthern Region FootballCurrent: 2024 Northern League The Northern League is an amateur New Zealand association football competition. It is a top-tier competition during the winter season, and sits at step two overall. The Northern League includes football clubs located in the northern part of the North Island from the Northland, Auckland, Waikato and Bay of Plenty regions. The competition was known as the NRFL Premier until 2021, when New Zealand's football league system was restructured. Clubs compete each season to qualify for the New Zealand National League. History See also: Association football in New Zealand The first four years (1965–1969) In the years 1965–1969, before the launch of a National Soccer League, the Northern League was the highest level competition available to the clubs in the northern region. When the National Soccer League was created in 1970, the Northern League became one of its feeder leagues. In 1997 and 1998, when the National Soccer League operated as an invitation-only summer league, the Northern League again became the highest level club competition available to the clubs from the northern provinces. Football Championship (2004–2021) With the demise of the club-based National Soccer League in 2004, the Northern League, now known as Lotto Sport Italia NRFL Men's Premier, became part of the highest level of football league competition in New Zealand for the third time in its history. The league runs between the New Zealand autumn and winter months (April to September), while the New Zealand Football Championship runs between the New Zealand spring and summer months (October to March). National League (2021–) Auckland City dominance Season Champions Runners-up 2021 Auckland City Auckland United 2022 Auckland City Birkenhead United 2023 Auckland City Eastern Suburbs Oceania Double winners Quadruple winners In March 2021, New Zealand Football announced a change to the structure of both the premiership and the top regional leagues around the country. The four top regional leagues (NRFL Premier, Central Premier League, Mainland Premier League and the FootballSouth Premier League) would be formed into the Northern League, Central League, and the Southern League. These leagues would allow local clubs to qualify for the premiership season (now known as the National League Championship), with the top 4 teams from the Northern League, the top 3 teams from the Central League, and the top 2 teams from the Southern League making up the competition, alongside the Wellington Phoenix Reserve side. All teams that qualify plus the Phoenix Reserves, would then play a single round-robin competition between September and December. The first few season were dominated by Auckland City after replacing sister club Central United at the dissolution of the New Zealand Football Championship. Auckland City won the league three consecutive times in their first three seasons. In the 2023 season, Auckland City and Eastern Suburbs completed the season undefeated. This is the first time, since Eastern Suburbs did so in the inaugural 1965 season, and the first time two clubs have done so in the same season. Current Northern League structure Northern League (this page) NRFL Championship NRFL Northern Conference / NRFL Southern Conference NRF League One/ WaiBOP League One Community Leagues Sponsors The following list is of the official sponsors of the League, unless otherwise noted. Current Kia Motors 2010–2012, (marketing partner) Lotto Sport Italia 2008–2012, (primary sponsor) ASB Bank 2010–2012, (marketing partner) Prime (New Zealand) 2010–2012, (TV channel), (TV partner) FTN – Family Television Network 2010–2012, (TV channel), (TV partner) TVNZ 2010–2012,(TV channel), (official TV sponsor) Sky Network Television 2009–present, (TV channel), (TV partner – For national & international broadcasting) Current clubs AucklandHamilton WanderersMelville UnitedTauranga CityAuckland teams:Auckland CityAuckland UnitedBay OlympicBirkenhead UnitedEast Coast BaysEastern SuburbsManurewaWest Coast RangersWestern Springsclass=notpageimage\| Location of clubs in New Zealand for the 2024 Northern League season ACAUBOBUECESMRWCWSclass=notpageimage\| Location of clubs in Auckland Region for the 2024 Northern League season As of the 2024 season. Team Location Home ground 2023 season Auckland City Sandringham, Auckland Kiwitea Street 1st Auckland United Mount Roskill, Auckland Keith Hay Park 3rd Bay Olympic New Lynn, Auckland Olympic Park 10th Birkenhead United Beach Haven, Auckland Shepherds Park 8th East Coast Bays Northcross, Auckland Bay City Park 2nd in Championship (promoted) Eastern Suburbs Kohimarama, Auckland Madills Farm 2nd Hamilton Wanderers Chartwell, Hamilton Porritt Stadium 6th Manurewa Manurewa, Auckland Memorial Park 4th Melville United Melville, Hamilton Gower Park 9th Tauranga City Mount Maunganui, Tauranga Links Avenue 1st in Championship (promoted) West Coast Rangers Whenuapai, Auckland Fred Taylor Park 7th Western Springs Westmere, Auckland Seddon Fields 5th Past champions 1965 – Eastern Suburbs AFC 1966 – Eastern Suburbs AFC 1967 – Ponsonby AFC 1968 – Mount Wellington 1969 – Mount Wellington 1970 – Mt Albert 1971 – Takapuna City 1972 – Hamilton Wanderers 1973 – North Shore United 1974 – Eden 1975 – Manurewa 1976 – Hamilton Wanderers 1977 – Courier Rangers 1978 – Manurewa 1979 – Hamilton Wanderers 1980 – Takapuna City 1981 – East Coast Bays 1982 – Papatoetoe 1983 – University of Auckland 1984 – Hamilton Wanderers 1985 – Takapuna City 1986 – Mount Maunganui 1987 – AFC Waikato 1988 – Takapuna City 1989 – Mount Roskill 1990 – Mt Albert-Ponsonby 1991 – Papatoetoe 1992 – Oratia United 1993 – Ellerslie 1994 – Mount Maunganui 1995 – Melville United 1996 – Lynn-Avon United 1997 – Mount Wellington 1998 – Metro F.C. 1999 – Tauranga City 2000 – Tauranga City 2001 – North Shore United 2002 – Glenfield Rovers 2003 – Glenfield Rovers 2004 – Central United 2005 – Bay Olympic 2006 – Bay Olympic 2007 – Central United 2008 – Central United 2009 – Melville United 2010 – East Coast Bays 2011 – Bay Olympic 2012 – Bay Olympic 2013 – East Coast Bays 2014 – Glenfield Rovers 2015 – Eastern Suburbs AFC 2016 – Central United 2017 – Onehunga Sports 2018 – Onehunga Sports 2019 – North Shore United 2020 – season cancelled due to COVID-19 2021 – Auckland City 2022 – Auckland City 2023 – Auckland City Performance by club Club Location Titles Last title Takapuna City Takapuna 4 1988 Bay Olympic New Lynn 4 2011 Central United Auckland 4 2016 Hamilton Wanderers Hamilton 3 1984 Mount Wellington Auckland 3 1997 East Coast Bays North Shore 3 2013 Glenfield Rovers Glenfield 3 2014 Eastern Suburbs Kohimarama 3 2015 North Shore United North Shore 3 2019 Auckland City Sandringham 3 2023 Papatoetoe Papatoetoe 2 1991 Mount Maunganui Tauranga 2 1994 Tauranga City Tauranga 2 2000 Melville United Melville 2 2009 Notable players This list consists of past or present notable players that have either represented an international team, or made more than fifty appearances at a professional level in their careers. Chris Wood Danny Hay Jeremy Christie Cameron Howieson Te Atawhai Hudson-Wihongi Tim Payne Marco Rojas Ryan Thomas Ivan Vicelich Gareth Rowe Ross Nicholson Kayne Vincent Cole Tinkler Kris Bright Alex Greive Monty Patterson David Browne Tommy Semmy Faitalia Hamilton Micah Lea'alafa Jama Boss Mohamed Awad Alex Oikkonen Emiliano Tade Mario Bilen Silvio Rodić Sean Devine Marko Đorđević Albert Riera Víctor Espasandín Top scorers The following list is from the 2021 season onwards after New Zealand Football changed the football league system in New Zealand. From 2021, the Northern League has acted as a qualifier league to the National League. Season Top scorer(s) Club(s) Goals 2021 Alex Greive Birkenhead United 19 2022 Derek Tieku Hamilton Wanderers 17 2023 Ryan de Vries Derek Tieku Auckland CityHamilton Wanderers 19 Records The following records are from the 2021 season onwards after New Zealand Football changed the football league system in New Zealand. From 2021, the Northern League has acted as a qualifier league to the National League. The records are up to date as of the end of the 2023 season. Most wins in a season: 20 – Auckland City (2022) Fewest defeats in a season: 0 – Auckland City, Eastern Suburbs (both 2023) Most goals scored in a season: 68 – Auckland City (2022) Fewest goals conceded in a season: 9 – Auckland City (2023) Most points in a season: 61 – Auckland City (2022) Fewest points in a season: 8 – Waiheke United, North Shore United (both 2022) Highest goal difference: 55 – Auckland City (2023) Biggest home win: – Birkenhead United 9–0 Melville United (1 May 2021) Biggest away win: – Manukau United 0–7 Birkenhead United (1 April 2023) Highest scoring match: 9 goals Birkenhead United 9–0 Melville United (1 May 2021) Bay Olympic 2–7 Hamilton Wanderers (24 April 2021) Auckland United 6–3 Northern Rovers (17 July 2021) Biggest title-winning margin: – 11 points 2021, Auckland City (46 points) over Auckland United (35 points) 2022, Auckland City (61 points) over Birkenhead United (50 points) Smallest title-winning margin: – 4 points, 2023, Auckland City (60 points) over Eastern Suburbs (56 points) MVP Winners Season Winner(s) Club(s) 2021 Alex Greive Birkenhead United 2022 Derek Tieku Hamilton Wanderers 2023 Derek Tieku Hamilton Wanderers References ^ "New National League competition details confirmed". New Zealand Football. 26 February 2021. Archived from the original on 17 March 2021. Retrieved 17 March 2021. ^ "Football: Auckland City FC find way to survive New Zealand club football restructure". Newshub. Archived from the original on 21 March 2021. Retrieved 21 March 2021. ^ "Unbeaten Auckland City wrap up three-peat of Northern League titles". friendsoffootballnz.com. 2 September 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2024. ^ "Men's National League regional winners and Championship qualifiers confirmed". New Zealand Football. 2 September 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2024. ^ "Unbeaten Seasons". ultimatenzsoccer.com. Retrieved 31 January 2024. ^ "Northern Region Football – Home". ^ "2022 Northern League Top Scorers". New Zealand Football instagram. 4 September 2022. Retrieved 4 September 2022. ^ "Goal-filled final weekend in the South Central Series as Miramar Rangers (men) and Southern United (women) crowned winners". NZFootball.co.nz. Retrieved 26 January 2022. ^ "Congratulations to the winners of the MVP awards in the Northern, Central and Southern Leagues #NZNationalLeague". New Zealand Football Instagram. Retrieved 9 December 2022. ^ "National League MVPs and Golden Boot winners named". New Zealand Football. Retrieved 21 September 2023. External links National League website Auckland Football Federation Lotto NRFL Premier League Northern League Honours Board vteNorthern LeagueSeasons 1965→2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Clubs2024 clubs Auckland City Auckland United Bay Olympic Birkenhead United East Coast Bays Eastern Suburbs Hamilton Wanderers Manurewa Melville United Tauranga City West Coast Rangers Western Springs Former clubs Manukau United North Shore United Northern Rovers Takapuna Waiheke United From 2021 season onwards (following league restructure) vteNew Zealand National LeagueSeasons 2021 2022 2023 2024 Regional leaguesNorthern League Auckland City Auckland United Bay Olympic Birkenhead United East Coast Bays Eastern Suburbs Hamilton Wanderers Manurewa Melville United Tauranga City West Coast Rangers Western Springs Central League Island Bay United Miramar Rangers Napier City Rovers North Wellington Petone Stop Out Waterside Karori Wellington Olympic Wellington Phoenix Reserves Western Suburbs Southern League Cashmere Technical Christchurch United Coastal Spirit Dunedin City Royals FC Twenty 11 Ferrymead Bays Nelson Suburbs Nomads United Selwyn United University of Canterbury Championship teams Wellington Phoenix Reserves Related Chatham Cup Kate Sheppard Cup Charity Cup National Youth League New Zealand Football Championship National Soccer League vteNational Women's LeagueSeasons 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Regional leaguesNorthern League Auckland United Eastern Suburbs Ellerslie Fencibles United Hamilton Wanderers Hibiscus Coast West Coast Rangers Western Springs Central League Central Football Wellington Phoenix Reserves Southern League Canterbury United Pride Southern United Championship teams Canterbury United Pride Central Football Southern United Wellington Phoenix Reserves Related New Zealand National League Kate Sheppard Cup Chatham Cup Capital Football W-League Football Ferns vte Association football in New ZealandNew Zealand FootballNational teamsMen National team (All Whites) B Olympic (U-23) U-20 U-17 Women National team (Football Ferns) U-20 U-17 League systemMen (level 1) New Zealand National League New Zealand Football Championship (defunct) National Soccer League (defunct) Men (level 2) Central League Northern League Southern League Men (level 3) Capital Premier Central Federation League FootballSouth Premier League Mainland Premier League NRFL Championship Men (level 4) Canterbury Championship Capital Division 1 Donald Gray Memorial Cup Fletcher Cup Horizons Premiership Nelson Bays Premiership Division 1 NRFL Conference Northern Southern Pacific Premiership South Canterbury Division 1 Taranaki Premiership Marlborough Division 1 Eastern League 1 Men (level 5) Capital Division 2 NRF League One Southland Division 1 WaiBOP League One Taranaki Championship Manawatu Championship Whanganui Roly Taylor Championship Hawkes Bay Division 2 Nelson Bays Division 2 Marlborough Division 2 Mainland Division 1 South Canterbury Division 2 Otago Division 2 Men (level 6) Northland Division 1 NRF Championship Division 1 WaiBop Championship Manawatu Division 1 Eastern League 2 Taranaki Division 1 Hawkes Bay Division 3 Capital 3 Mainland Division 2 Otago Division 3 Southland Division 2 Unaffiliated West Coast Senior Football Women National Women's League Capital Football W-League NRFL Women's Premiership Women's South Island League NRFL Women's Championship Youth National Youth League Domestic cupsMen Chatham Cup Charity Cup White Ribbon Cup Women Kate Sheppard Cup Awards Jack Batty Memorial Cup Maia Jackman Trophy New Zealand Footballer of the Year New Zealand Football Golden Boot (2007–2021) New Zealand Football Golden Boot (2021–) Lists All-time Table Champions Clubs International footballers Foreign players Venues Women's association football in New Zealand League system Men's clubs Women's clubs Men's players Women's players Expatriate players Managers Referees Venues Seasons Records	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"amateur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur"},{"link_name":"association football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"North Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Island"},{"link_name":"Northland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northland_Region"},{"link_name":"Auckland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland_Region"},{"link_name":"Waikato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waikato"},{"link_name":"Bay of Plenty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Plenty"},{"link_name":"New Zealand National League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_National_League"}],"text":"Football leagueThe Northern League is an amateur New Zealand association football competition. It is a top-tier competition during the winter season, and sits at step two overall.The Northern League includes football clubs located in the northern part of the North Island from the Northland, Auckland, Waikato and Bay of Plenty regions. The competition was known as the NRFL Premier until 2021, when New Zealand's football league system was restructured. Clubs compete each season to qualify for the New Zealand National League.","title":"Northern League (New Zealand)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Association football in New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football_in_New_Zealand"}],"text":"See also: Association football in New Zealand","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Soccer League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_National_Soccer_League"},{"link_name":"National Soccer League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_National_Soccer_League"},{"link_name":"National Soccer League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_National_Soccer_League"}],"sub_title":"The first four years (1965–1969)","text":"In the years 1965–1969, before the launch of a National Soccer League, the Northern League was the highest level competition available to the clubs in the northern region. When the National Soccer League was created in 1970, the Northern League became one of its feeder leagues.In 1997 and 1998, when the National Soccer League operated as an invitation-only summer league, the Northern League again became the highest level club competition available to the clubs from the northern provinces.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Soccer League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_National_Soccer_League"},{"link_name":"Lotto Sport Italia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotto_Sport_Italia"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Football Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Football_Championship"}],"sub_title":"Football Championship (2004–2021)","text":"With the demise of the club-based National Soccer League in 2004, the Northern League, now known as Lotto Sport Italia NRFL Men's Premier, became part of the highest level of football league competition in New Zealand for the third time in its history. The league runs between the New Zealand autumn and winter months (April to September), while the New Zealand Football Championship runs between the New Zealand spring and summer months (October to March).","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Zealand Football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Football"},{"link_name":"NRFL Premier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NRFL_Premier"},{"link_name":"Central Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Mainland Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"FootballSouth Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FootballSouth_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Southern League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_League_(New_Zealand)"},{"link_name":"Wellington Phoenix Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington_Phoenix_FC_Reserves"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NLChampionship-1"},{"link_name":"Auckland City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland_City_FC"},{"link_name":"Central United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"2023 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_New_Zealand_National_League#2023_Northern_League"},{"link_name":"Eastern Suburbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Suburbs_AFC"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"National League (2021–)","text":"In March 2021, New Zealand Football announced a change to the structure of both the premiership and the top regional leagues around the country. The four top regional leagues (NRFL Premier, Central Premier League, Mainland Premier League and the FootballSouth Premier League) would be formed into the Northern League, Central League, and the Southern League. These leagues would allow local clubs to qualify for the premiership season (now known as the National League Championship), with the top 4 teams from the Northern League, the top 3 teams from the Central League, and the top 2 teams from the Southern League making up the competition, alongside the Wellington Phoenix Reserve side. All teams that qualify plus the Phoenix Reserves, would then play a single round-robin competition between September and December.[1]The first few season were dominated by Auckland City after replacing sister club Central United at the dissolution of the New Zealand Football Championship.[2] Auckland City won the league three consecutive times in their first three seasons. In the 2023 season, Auckland City and Eastern Suburbs completed the season undefeated.[3][4] This is the first time, since Eastern Suburbs did so in the inaugural 1965 season, and the first time two clubs have done so in the same season.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NRFL Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NRFL_Championship"},{"link_name":"NRFL Northern Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NRFL_Conference"},{"link_name":"NRFL Southern Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NRFL_Conference"},{"link_name":"NRF League One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NRF_League_One"},{"link_name":"WaiBOP League One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WaiBOP_League_One&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Northern League (this page)\nNRFL Championship\nNRFL Northern Conference / NRFL Southern Conference\nNRF League One/ WaiBOP League One\nCommunity Leagues","title":"Current Northern League structure"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The following list is of the official sponsors of the League, unless otherwise noted.","title":"Sponsors"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"Kia Motors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kia_Motors"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Lotto Sport Italia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotto_Sport_Italia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"ASB Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASB_Bank"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Prime (New Zealand)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_(New_Zealand)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"TVNZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TVNZ"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Sky Network Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_Network_Television"}],"sub_title":"Current","text":"Kia Motors 2010–2012, (marketing partner)\n Lotto Sport Italia 2008–2012, (primary sponsor)\n ASB Bank 2010–2012, (marketing partner)\n Prime (New Zealand) 2010–2012, (TV channel), (TV partner)\n FTN – Family Television Network 2010–2012, (TV channel), (TV partner)\n TVNZ 2010–2012,(TV channel), (official TV sponsor)\n Sky Network Television 2009–present, (TV channel), (TV partner – For national & international broadcasting)","title":"Sponsors"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_Zealand_(location_map).svg"},{"link_name":"Hamilton Wanderers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Wanderers_AFC"},{"link_name":"Melville United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melville_United_AFC"},{"link_name":"Tauranga City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tauranga_City_AFC"},{"link_name":"Auckland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland"},{"link_name":"Auckland City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland_City_FC"},{"link_name":"Auckland United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland_United_FC"},{"link_name":"Bay Olympic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_Olympic"},{"link_name":"Birkenhead United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birkenhead_United"},{"link_name":"East Coast Bays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Coast_Bays_AFC"},{"link_name":"Eastern Suburbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Suburbs_AFC"},{"link_name":"Manurewa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manurewa_AFC"},{"link_name":"West Coast Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Coast_Rangers"},{"link_name":"Western Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Springs_AFC"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage\|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_Zealand_(location_map).svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Auckland_Council_2019_Wards_Outlined_Blank.png"},{"link_name":"AC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland_City_FC"},{"link_name":"AU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland_United_FC"},{"link_name":"BO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_Olympic"},{"link_name":"BU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birkenhead_United_AFC"},{"link_name":"EC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Coast_Bays_AFC"},{"link_name":"ES","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Suburbs_AFC"},{"link_name":"MR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manurewa_AFC"},{"link_name":"WC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Coast_Rangers"},{"link_name":"WS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Springs_AFC"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage\|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Auckland_Council_2019_Wards_Outlined_Blank.png"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"AucklandHamilton WanderersMelville UnitedTauranga CityAuckland teams:Auckland CityAuckland UnitedBay OlympicBirkenhead UnitedEast Coast BaysEastern SuburbsManurewaWest Coast RangersWestern Springsclass=notpageimage\| Location of clubs in New Zealand for the 2024 Northern League seasonACAUBOBUECESMRWCWSclass=notpageimage\| Location of clubs in Auckland Region for the 2024 Northern League seasonAs of the 2024 season.[6]","title":"Current clubs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eastern Suburbs AFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Suburbs_AFC"},{"link_name":"Eastern Suburbs AFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Suburbs_AFC"},{"link_name":"Ponsonby AFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Albert-Ponsonby"},{"link_name":"Mount Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University-Mount_Wellington"},{"link_name":"Mount Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University-Mount_Wellington"},{"link_name":"Mt Albert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Albert-Ponsonby"},{"link_name":"Takapuna City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takapuna_(soccer)"},{"link_name":"Hamilton Wanderers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Wanderers"},{"link_name":"North Shore United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Shore_United"},{"link_name":"Eden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eden_(soccer)"},{"link_name":"Manurewa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manurewa_(soccer)"},{"link_name":"Hamilton Wanderers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Wanderers"},{"link_name":"Courier Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courier_Rangers"},{"link_name":"Manurewa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manurewa_(soccer)"},{"link_name":"Hamilton Wanderers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Wanderers"},{"link_name":"Takapuna City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takapuna_(soccer)"},{"link_name":"East Coast Bays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Coast_Bays_(soccer)"},{"link_name":"Papatoetoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papatoetoe_(soccer)"},{"link_name":"University of Auckland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University-Mount_Wellington"},{"link_name":"Hamilton Wanderers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Wanderers"},{"link_name":"Takapuna City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takapuna_(soccer)"},{"link_name":"Mount Maunganui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Maunganui_(soccer)"},{"link_name":"AFC Waikato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waikato_FC"},{"link_name":"Takapuna City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takapuna_(soccer)"},{"link_name":"Mount Roskill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roskill_(soccer)"},{"link_name":"Mt Albert-Ponsonby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Albert-Ponsonby"},{"link_name":"Papatoetoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papatoetoe_(soccer)"},{"link_name":"Oratia United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oratia_United"},{"link_name":"Ellerslie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellerslie_(soccer)"},{"link_name":"Mount Maunganui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Maunganui_(soccer)"},{"link_name":"Melville United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melville_United"},{"link_name":"Lynn-Avon United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynn-Avon_United"},{"link_name":"Mount Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University-Mount_Wellington"},{"link_name":"Metro F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_FC_(New_Zealand)"},{"link_name":"Tauranga City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tauranga_City_(soccer)"},{"link_name":"Tauranga City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tauranga_City_(soccer)"},{"link_name":"North Shore United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Shore_United"},{"link_name":"Glenfield Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenfield_Rovers"},{"link_name":"Glenfield Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenfield_Rovers"},{"link_name":"Central United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_United"},{"link_name":"Bay Olympic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_Olympic"},{"link_name":"Bay Olympic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_Olympic"},{"link_name":"Central United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_United"},{"link_name":"Central United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_United"},{"link_name":"Melville United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melville_United"},{"link_name":"East Coast Bays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Coast_Bays_(soccer)"},{"link_name":"Bay Olympic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_Olympic"},{"link_name":"Bay Olympic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_Olympic"},{"link_name":"East Coast Bays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Coast_Bays_(soccer)"},{"link_name":"Glenfield Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenfield_Rovers"},{"link_name":"Eastern Suburbs AFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Suburbs_AFC"},{"link_name":"Central United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_United"},{"link_name":"Onehunga Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onehunga_Sports"},{"link_name":"Onehunga Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onehunga_Sports"},{"link_name":"North Shore United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Shore_United"},{"link_name":"2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_New_Zealand_National_League#2021_Northern_League"},{"link_name":"Auckland City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland_City_FC"},{"link_name":"2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_New_Zealand_National_League#2022_Northern_League"},{"link_name":"Auckland City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland_City_FC"},{"link_name":"2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_New_Zealand_National_League#2023_Northern_League"},{"link_name":"Auckland City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland_City_FC"}],"text":"1965 – Eastern Suburbs AFC\n1966 – Eastern Suburbs AFC\n1967 – Ponsonby AFC\n1968 – Mount Wellington\n1969 – Mount Wellington\n1970 – Mt Albert\n1971 – Takapuna City\n1972 – Hamilton Wanderers\n1973 – North Shore United\n1974 – Eden\n1975 – Manurewa\n1976 – Hamilton Wanderers\n1977 – Courier Rangers\n1978 – Manurewa\n1979 – Hamilton Wanderers\n1980 – Takapuna City\n1981 – East Coast Bays\n1982 – Papatoetoe\n1983 – University of Auckland\n1984 – Hamilton Wanderers\n1985 – Takapuna City\n1986 – Mount Maunganui\n1987 – AFC Waikato\n1988 – Takapuna City\n1989 – Mount Roskill\n1990 – Mt Albert-Ponsonby\n1991 – Papatoetoe\n1992 – Oratia United\n1993 – Ellerslie\n1994 – Mount Maunganui\n1995 – Melville United\n1996 – Lynn-Avon United\n1997 – Mount Wellington\n1998 – Metro F.C.\n1999 – Tauranga City\n2000 – Tauranga City\n2001 – North Shore United\n2002 – Glenfield Rovers\n2003 – Glenfield Rovers\n2004 – Central United\n2005 – Bay Olympic\n2006 – Bay Olympic\n2007 – Central United\n2008 – Central United\n2009 – Melville United\n2010 – East Coast Bays\n2011 – Bay Olympic\n2012 – Bay Olympic\n2013 – East Coast Bays\n2014 – Glenfield Rovers\n2015 – Eastern Suburbs AFC\n2016 – Central United\n2017 – Onehunga Sports\n2018 – Onehunga Sports\n2019 – North Shore United\n2020 – season cancelled due to COVID-19\n2021 – Auckland City\n2022 – Auckland City\n2023 – Auckland City","title":"Past champions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Performance by club"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Chris Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Wood_(footballer,_born_1991)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Danny Hay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Hay"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Christie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Christie"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Cameron Howieson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron_Howieson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Te Atawhai Hudson-Wihongi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te_Atawhai_Hudson-Wihongi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Tim Payne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Payne_(footballer)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Marco Rojas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Rojas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Ryan Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Thomas_(footballer)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Ivan Vicelich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Vicelich"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Gareth Rowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth_Rowe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Ross Nicholson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Nicholson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Kayne Vincent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayne_Vincent"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Cole Tinkler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cole_Tinkler"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Kris Bright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kris_Bright"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Alex Greive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Greive"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Monty Patterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Patterson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"David Browne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Browne_(footballer)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"Tommy Semmy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Semmy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa"},{"link_name":"Faitalia Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faitalia_Hamilton-Pama"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Islands"},{"link_name":"Micah Lea'alafa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micah_Lea%27alafa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia"},{"link_name":"Jama Boss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jama_Boss"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia"},{"link_name":"Mohamed Awad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Awad_(Somali_footballer)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Alex Oikkonen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Oikkonen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Emiliano Tade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emiliano_Tade"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Mario Bilen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Bilen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Silvio Rodić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvio_Rodi%C4%87"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Sean Devine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Devine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Marko Đorđević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marko_%C4%90or%C4%91evi%C4%87_(footballer)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Albert Riera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Riera_(footballer,_born_1983)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Víctor Espasandín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Espasand%C3%ADn"}],"text":"This list consists of past or present notable players that have either represented an international team, or made more than fifty appearances at a professional level in their careers.Chris Wood\n Danny Hay\n Jeremy Christie\n Cameron Howieson\n Te Atawhai Hudson-Wihongi\n Tim Payne\n Marco Rojas\n Ryan Thomas\n Ivan Vicelich\n Gareth Rowe\n Ross Nicholson\n Kayne Vincent\n Cole Tinkler\n Kris Bright\n Alex Greive\n Monty Patterson\n David Browne\n Tommy Semmy\n Faitalia Hamilton\n Micah Lea'alafa\n Jama Boss\n Mohamed Awad\n Alex Oikkonen\n Emiliano Tade\n Mario Bilen\n Silvio Rodić\n Sean Devine\n Marko Đorđević\n Albert Riera\n Víctor Espasandín","title":"Notable players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2021 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_New_Zealand_National_League#2021_Northern_League"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Football"},{"link_name":"National League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_National_League"}],"text":"The following list is from the 2021 season onwards after New Zealand Football changed the football league system in New Zealand. From 2021, the Northern League has acted as a qualifier league to the National League.","title":"Top scorers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2021 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_New_Zealand_National_League#2021_Northern_League"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Football"},{"link_name":"National League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_National_League"},{"link_name":"2023 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_New_Zealand_National_League#2023_Northern_League"},{"link_name":"Auckland City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_New_Zealand_National_League#2022_Northern_League"},{"link_name":"Auckland City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Eastern Suburbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Suburbs_AFC"},{"link_name":"2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_New_Zealand_National_League#2023_Northern_League"},{"link_name":"Auckland City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_New_Zealand_National_League#2022_Northern_League"},{"link_name":"Auckland City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_New_Zealand_National_League#2023_Northern_League"},{"link_name":"Auckland City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_New_Zealand_National_League#2022_Northern_League"},{"link_name":"Waiheke United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waiheke_United_AFC"},{"link_name":"North Shore United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Shore_United_AFC"},{"link_name":"2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_New_Zealand_National_League#2022_Northern_League"},{"link_name":"Auckland City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_New_Zealand_National_League#2023_Northern_League"},{"link_name":"Birkenhead United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birkenhead_United_AFC"},{"link_name":"Melville United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melville_United_AFC"},{"link_name":"Manukau United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manukau_United_FC"},{"link_name":"Birkenhead United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birkenhead_United_AFC"},{"link_name":"Birkenhead United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birkenhead_United_AFC"},{"link_name":"Melville United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melville_United_AFC"},{"link_name":"Bay Olympic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_Olympic"},{"link_name":"Hamilton Wanderers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Wanderers_AFC"},{"link_name":"Auckland United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland_United_FC"},{"link_name":"Northern Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Rovers"},{"link_name":"2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_New_Zealand_National_League#2021_Northern_League"},{"link_name":"2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_New_Zealand_National_League#2022_Northern_League"},{"link_name":"2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_New_Zealand_National_League#2023_Southern_League"}],"text":"The following records are from the 2021 season onwards after New Zealand Football changed the football league system in New Zealand. From 2021, the Northern League has acted as a qualifier league to the National League. The records are up to date as of the end of the 2023 season.Most wins in a season: 20 – Auckland City (2022)\nFewest defeats in a season: 0 – Auckland City, Eastern Suburbs (both 2023)\nMost goals scored in a season: 68 – Auckland City (2022)\nFewest goals conceded in a season: 9 – Auckland City (2023)\nMost points in a season: 61 – Auckland City (2022)\nFewest points in a season: 8 – Waiheke United, North Shore United (both 2022)\nHighest goal difference: 55 – Auckland City (2023)\nBiggest home win: – Birkenhead United 9–0 Melville United (1 May 2021)\nBiggest away win: – Manukau United 0–7 Birkenhead United (1 April 2023)\nHighest scoring match: 9 goals\nBirkenhead United 9–0 Melville United (1 May 2021)\nBay Olympic 2–7 Hamilton Wanderers (24 April 2021)\nAuckland United 6–3 Northern Rovers (17 July 2021)\nBiggest title-winning margin: – 11 points\n2021, Auckland City (46 points) over Auckland United (35 points)\n2022, Auckland City (61 points) over Birkenhead United (50 points)\nSmallest title-winning margin: – 4 points, 2023, Auckland City (60 points) over Eastern Suburbs (56 points)","title":"Records"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"MVP Winners","title":"Records"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"New National League competition details confirmed\". New Zealand Football. 26 February 2021. Archived from the original on 17 March 2021. Retrieved 17 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210317013353/https://www.nzfootball.co.nz/newsarticle/100552","url_text":"\"New National League competition details confirmed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Football","url_text":"New Zealand Football"},{"url":"https://www.nzfootball.co.nz/newsarticle/100552","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Football: Auckland City FC find way to survive New Zealand club football restructure\". Newshub. Archived from the original on 21 March 2021. Retrieved 21 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/sport/2021/03/football-auckland-city-fc-find-way-to-survive-new-zealand-club-football-restructure.html","url_text":"\"Football: Auckland City FC find way to survive New Zealand club football restructure\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210321025532/https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/sport/2021/03/football-auckland-city-fc-find-way-to-survive-new-zealand-club-football-restructure.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Unbeaten Auckland City wrap up three-peat of Northern League titles\". friendsoffootballnz.com. 2 September 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.friendsoffootballnz.com/2023/09/02/unbeaten-auckland-city-wrap-up-three-peat-of-northern-league-titles/","url_text":"\"Unbeaten Auckland City wrap up three-peat of Northern League titles\""}]},{"reference":"\"Men's National League regional winners and Championship qualifiers confirmed\". New Zealand Football. 2 September 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nzfootball.co.nz/newsarticle/132405","url_text":"\"Men's National League regional winners and Championship qualifiers confirmed\""}]},{"reference":"\"Unbeaten Seasons\". ultimatenzsoccer.com. Retrieved 31 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ultimatenzsoccer.com/NZClubSoccer/unbeaten_seasons.htm","url_text":"\"Unbeaten Seasons\""}]},{"reference":"\"Northern Region Football – Home\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aucklandfootball.org.nz/lottonrfl/Results-Fixtures","url_text":"\"Northern Region Football – Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"2022 Northern League Top Scorers\". New Zealand Football instagram. 4 September 2022. Retrieved 4 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/CiEv0dXph2A/","url_text":"\"2022 Northern League Top Scorers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Football","url_text":"New Zealand Football"}]},{"reference":"\"Goal-filled final weekend in the South Central Series as Miramar Rangers (men) and Southern United (women) crowned winners\". NZFootball.co.nz. Retrieved 26 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nzfootball.co.nz/newsarticle/110526","url_text":"\"Goal-filled final weekend in the South Central Series as Miramar Rangers (men) and Southern United (women) crowned winners\""}]},{"reference":"\"Congratulations to the winners of the MVP awards in the Northern, Central and Southern Leagues #NZNationalLeague\". New Zealand Football Instagram. Retrieved 9 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/CluozRIJUbq/","url_text":"\"Congratulations to the winners of the MVP awards in the Northern, Central and Southern Leagues #NZNationalLeague\""}]},{"reference":"\"National League MVPs and Golden Boot winners named\". New Zealand Football. Retrieved 21 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nzfootball.co.nz/newsarticle/133201","url_text":"\"National League MVPs and Golden Boot winners named\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.nrf.org.nz/","external_links_name":"Northern Region Football"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210317013353/https://www.nzfootball.co.nz/newsarticle/100552","external_links_name":"\"New National League competition details confirmed\""},{"Link":"https://www.nzfootball.co.nz/newsarticle/100552","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/sport/2021/03/football-auckland-city-fc-find-way-to-survive-new-zealand-club-football-restructure.html","external_links_name":"\"Football: Auckland City FC find way to survive New Zealand club football restructure\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210321025532/https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/sport/2021/03/football-auckland-city-fc-find-way-to-survive-new-zealand-club-football-restructure.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.friendsoffootballnz.com/2023/09/02/unbeaten-auckland-city-wrap-up-three-peat-of-northern-league-titles/","external_links_name":"\"Unbeaten Auckland City wrap up three-peat of Northern League titles\""},{"Link":"https://www.nzfootball.co.nz/newsarticle/132405","external_links_name":"\"Men's National League regional winners and Championship qualifiers confirmed\""},{"Link":"https://www.ultimatenzsoccer.com/NZClubSoccer/unbeaten_seasons.htm","external_links_name":"\"Unbeaten Seasons\""},{"Link":"http://www.aucklandfootball.org.nz/lottonrfl/Results-Fixtures","external_links_name":"\"Northern Region Football – Home\""},{"Link":"https://www.instagram.com/p/CiEv0dXph2A/","external_links_name":"\"2022 Northern League Top Scorers\""},{"Link":"https://www.nzfootball.co.nz/newsarticle/110526","external_links_name":"\"Goal-filled final weekend in the South Central Series as Miramar Rangers (men) and Southern United (women) crowned winners\""},{"Link":"https://www.instagram.com/p/CluozRIJUbq/","external_links_name":"\"Congratulations to the winners of the MVP awards in the Northern, Central and Southern Leagues #NZNationalLeague\""},{"Link":"https://www.nzfootball.co.nz/newsarticle/133201","external_links_name":"\"National League MVPs and Golden Boot winners named\""},{"Link":"https://www.nzfootball.co.nz/COMPETITIONS/National-League","external_links_name":"National League website"},{"Link":"http://www.aucklandfootball.org.nz/","external_links_name":"Auckland Football Federation"},{"Link":"http://nrfl.co.nz/category/mens-premier/","external_links_name":"Lotto NRFL Premier League"},{"Link":"http://www.ultimatenzsoccer.com/NZClubSoccer/id363.htm","external_links_name":"Northern League Honours Board"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1072	List of Farm to Market Roads in Texas (1000–1099)	["1 FM 1000","2 FM 1001","3 FM 1002","4 FM 1003","5 FM 1004","6 FM 1005","7 FM 1006","7.1 FM 1006 (1948)","8 FM 1007","9 FM 1008","10 FM 1009","11 FM 1010","12 FM 1011","13 FM 1012","14 FM 1013","15 FM 1014","16 FM 1015","17 FM 1016","18 FM 1017","19 FM 1018","20 FM 1019","21 FM 1020","21.1 FM 1020 (1948)","22 FM 1021","23 RM 1022","24 FM 1023","25 RM 1024","26 FM 1025","27 FM 1026","28 FM 1027","29 FM 1028","30 FM 1029","31 FM 1030","32 FM 1031","33 FM 1032","34 FM 1033","35 FM 1034","36 FM 1035","37 FM 1036","38 FM 1037","39 FM 1038","40 FM 1039","41 FM 1040","41.1 FM 1040 (1948)","42 FM 1041","43 FM 1042","43.1 FM 1042 (1948)","44 FM 1043","45 FM 1044","45.1 FM 1044 (1948)","46 FM 1045","47 FM 1046","48 FM 1047","49 FM 1048","50 FM 1049","51 RM 1050","52 FM 1051","53 FM 1052","54 FM 1053","55 FM 1054","56 FM 1055","57 FM 1056","57.1 FM 1056 (1948)","58 FM 1057","59 FM 1058","60 FM 1059","61 FM 1060","62 RM 1061","63 FM 1062","64 FM 1063","64.1 FM 1063 (1948)","65 FM 1064","66 FM 1065","67 FM 1066","68 FM 1067","69 FM 1068","69.1 FM 1068 (1948)","69.2 FM 1068 (1951)","70 FM 1069","70.1 FM 1069 (1948)","71 FM 1070","72 FM 1071","73 FM 1072","74 FM 1073","74.1 FM 1073 (1948)","75 FM 1074","75.1 FM 1074 (1948)","76 FM 1075","77 FM 1076","78 RM 1077","78.1 FM 1077 (1948)","79 FM 1078","79.1 FM 1078 (1948)","79.2 FM 1078 (1951)","79.3 FM 1078 (1952)","80 FM 1079","81 FM 1080","82 FM 1081","82.1 FM 1081 (1948)","83 FM 1082","84 FM 1083","85 FM 1084","86 FM 1085","87 FM 1086","88 FM 1087","89 FM 1088","89.1 FM 1088 (1948)","90 FM 1089","90.1 FM 1089 (1948)","91 FM 1090","91.1 FM 1090 (1948)","92 FM 1091","92.1 FM 1091 (1948)","93 FM 1092","94 FM 1093","95 FM 1094","95.1 FM 1094 (1948)","96 FM 1095","97 FM 1096","97.1 FM 1096 (1948)","98 FM 1097","99 FM 1098","100 FM 1099","101 Notes","102 References"]	This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "List of Farm to Market Roads in Texas" 1000–1099 – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Texas Farm to Market Road and Ranch to Market Road markersHighway namesInterstatesInterstate Highway X (IH-X, I-X)US HighwaysU.S. Highway X (US X)StateState Highway X (SH X)Loops:Loop XSpurs:Spur XRecreational:Recreational Road X (RE X)Farm or Ranch to Market Roads:Farm to Market Road X (FM X)Ranch to Market Road X (RM X)Park Roads:Park Road X (PR X)System links Highways in Texas Interstate US State Toll Loops Spurs FM/RM Park Rec Farm to Market Roads in Texas are owned and maintained by the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT). FM 1000 Farm to Market Road 1000LocationTitus CountyLength5.984 mi (9.630 km)Existed1948–present KML file (edit • help) Template:Attached KML/Farm to Market Road 1000KML is not from Wikidata Farm to Market Road 1000 (FM 1000) is located in Titus County. FM 1000 begins at an intersection with SH 49, heading east on a two-lane undivided road. The road passes through areas of farms and woods with some homes, winding to the east. The highway makes a turn to the north and runs through more agricultural areas with some patches of woodland and residences. FM 1000 crosses a Union Pacific railroad line and enters the community of Cookville, heading northwest past a few homes and businesses, ending at US 67. FM 1000 was first designated onto its current alignment on November 23, 1948. On September 27, 2001, the route was proposed to extend west from SH 49 to an intersection with US 271. The proposed extension of FM 1000 was extended further west on February 28, 2008, to reflect a planned relocation of US 271. On March 28, 2013, the section from US 271 to FM 1735 was redesignated as FM 4000 and the section from FM 1735 to SH 49 was removed from the state highway system due to change in the project scope. FM 1001 Farm to Market Road 1001LocationTitus CountyLength8.834 mi (14.217 km)Existed1948–present Farm to Market Road 1001 (FM 1001) is located in Titus County. FM 1001 begins at an intersection with US 67/FM 2348 just east of Mount Pleasant. The highway travels in a northeast direction and crosses I-30 before entering Argo. After leaving Argo, FM 1001 turns east and ends at an intersection with FM 1993/County Road 3425. FM 1001 was designated on November 23, 1948, running from US 67 to Argo. The highway was extended to its current terminus at FM 1993 on October 29, 1953. FM 1002 Farm to Market Road 1002LocationUpshur CountyLength15.823 mi (25.465 km)Existed1948–present Farm to Market Road 1002 (FM 1002) is located in Upshur County. FM 1002 begins at an intersection with SH 155 north of Big Sandy. The highway intersects with SH 154 in Rhonesboro and ends at an intersection with FM 852 southeast of Winnsboro. FM 1002 was designated on November 23, 1948, running from SH 155 northeast to Sandy Grove. The highway was extended further north to SH 154 in Rhonesboro on November 20, 1951. FM 1002 was extended 1.8 miles (2.9 km) north of SH 154 on November 25, 1975. The last change came on April 25, 1978, when the highway was extended to FM 852. Junction list The entire route is in Upshur County. LocationmikmDestinationsNotes 0.00.0 SH 155 – Big Sandy, Gilmer 5.79.2 FM 1795 south – HawkinsSouth end of FM 1795 overlap 6.310.1 FM 1795 north – LatchNorth end of FM 1795 overlap 9.515.3 FM 49 east – Little MoundSouth end of FM 49 overlap 9.815.8 FM 49 west – Pine MillsNorth end of FM 49 overlap Rhonesboro12.119.5 SH 154 – Quitman, Gilmer 15.925.6 FM 852 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Concurrency terminus FM 1003 Farm to Market Road 1003LocationHardin CountyLength9.554 mi (15.376 km)Existed1948–present Farm to Market Road 1003 (FM 1003) is located in Hardin County. FM 1003 begins at an intersection with FM 770 near the Big Thicket National Preserve. The highway travels in a predominately northern direction before reaching Honey Island, where the road has a short overlap with FM 1293. After leaving Honey Island, FM 1003 runs in a northeast direction before ending at an intersection with US 69/US 287. FM 1003 was designated on November 23, 1948, running from US 69 to FM 770. The highway's description was changed on September 1, 1972, to show a break at FM 1293 in Honey Island. Junction list The entire route is in Hardin County. LocationmikmDestinationsNotes 0.00.0 FM 770 – Saratoga, Kountze Honey Island4.77.6 FM 1293 west – ThicketSouth end of FM 1293 overlap 4.97.9 FM 1293 east – KountzeNorth end of FM 1293 overlap 7.912.7 FM 943 west – Livingston 9.715.6 US 69 / US 287 – Wildwood, Kountze 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Concurrency terminus FM 1004 Farm to Market Road 1004LocationJasper and Newton countiesLength22.123 mi (35.604 km)Existed1948–present Farm to Market Road 1004 (FM 1004) is located in Jasper and Newton counties. FM 1004 begins at an intersection with US 96/SH 62 in Buna. The highway travels through rural areas of Jasper County. FM 1004 turns east at Jasper County Road 626 and has an overlap with US 96 near Call Junction. The highway enters Call just east of the Jasper–Newton county line. FM 1004 runs south of E.O. Siecke State Forest before ending at an intersection with SH 87. FM 1004 was designated on November 23, 1948, running from US 96 at Call Junction east to SH 87 at Front Creek. The highway was extended westward, southward and southeastward to US 96 in Buna on October 28, 1953. Most of this extension absorbed part of the cancelled FM 1407. Junction list CountyLocationmikmDestinationsNotes JasperBuna0.00.0 US 96 / SH 62 south to Bus. US 96 – Kirbyville, Evadale 15.524.9 US 96 south – BunaSouth end of US 96 overlap 15.825.4 US 96 north – KirbyvilleNorth end of US 96 overlap NewtonCall18.429.6 FM 1013 west – Kirbyville 22.235.7 FM 82 west – Kirbyville, E.O. Siecke State Forest 22.436.0 SH 87 – Newton, Orange 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Concurrency terminus FM 1005 Farm to Market Road 1005LocationJasper CountyLength10.457 mi (16.829 km)Existed1948–present Farm to Market Road 1005 (FM 1005) is located in Jasper County. FM 1005 begins at an intersection with FM 1013 northeast of Kirbyville. The highway travels through Magnolia Springs and intersects FM 252 northeast of town before ending at an intersection with US 96. FM 1005 was designated on November 23, 1948, running from US 96 in Kirbyville southward 2.9 miles (4.7 km) toward Call. The highway was extended to FM 1004 at Call on November 23, 1949. FM 1005 was extended to a road intersection 5 miles (8.0 km) northwest of Kirbyville on May 23, 1951. Later that year on November 20, the highway was extended to US 96 at Zion Hill, absorbing all of the cancelled FM 1006. FM 1006 was reassigned to a road in Orange County. The last change came on December 1, 1958, when the section of FM 1005 from Mount Union to Call was transferred to FM 1013. FM 1006 Farm to Market Road 1006LocationOrange CountyLength6.491 mi (10.446 km)ExistedDecember 17, 1952–present Farm to Market Road 1006 (FM 1006) is located in Orange County. FM 1006 begins at an intersection with SH 87 in southwestern Orange near Orange County Airport. The highway travels around the southern part of the town and turns north onto Bridge Street near the Sabine River (the Louisiana state line). FM 1006 travels north on Bridge Street before ending at an intersection with Bus. US 90. The current FM 1006 was designated on December 17, 1952, running from SH 87 to US 90, absorbing Spur 171 in the process. Junction list The entire route is in Orange, Orange County. mikmDestinationsNotes 0.00.0 SH 87 – Bridge City, Orange 3.65.8 FM 2177 north – West Orange 6.510.5 Bus. US 90 (Green Avenue) to I-10 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi FM 1006 (1948) Farm to Market Road 1006LocationJasper CountyExistedNovember 23, 1948–January 16, 1952 A previous route numbered FM 1006 was designated on November 23, 1948, running from US 96 to Magnolia Springs. This highway was cancelled on January 16, 1952, with the mileage being transferred to FM 1005. FM 1007 Farm to Market Road 1007LocationJasper CountyLength6.444 mi (10.371 km)Existed1948–present Farm to Market Road 1007 (FM 1007) is located in Jasper County. FM 1008 Farm to Market Road 1008LocationLiberty CountyLength17.25 mi (27.76 km)ExistedNovember 23, 1948–present Farm to Market Road 1008 (FM 1008) is located in Liberty County. It runs from SH 321 in Dayton via Kenefick to SH 321 north of Dayton. FM 1008 was designated on November 23, 1948, from SH 321 in Dayton to a point 8.2 miles (13.2 km) west. On January 25, 1950, the western terminus was relocated, absorbing a 0.3-mile (0.48 km) section of FM 686. On November 20, 1951, the road was extended northeast 5.1 miles (8.2 km) to Kenefick. On December 17, 1952, the road was extended northeast 0.8 miles (1.3 km) from Kenefick. On October 28, 1953, a 2.4-mile (3.9 km) section from 6 miles (9.7 km) west of Dayton to FM 686 was transferred to FM 686 and the road was extended west 6.6 miles (10.6 km) to a county road at Huffman and 1.1 miles (1.8 km) north from Kenefick. On September 29, 1954, the road was extended another 4.1 miles (6.6 km) north from Kenefick. On August 24, 1955, the road was extended north 5.5 miles (8.9 km) to FM 164. On October 3, 1955, the road was extended to SH 321, 13 miles (21 km) north of Dayton, replacing FM 164. On December 18, 1956, a 12.5-mile (20.1 km) section from Huffman to SH 321 in Dayton was transferred to FM 1960. FM 1009 Farm to Market Road 1009LocationLiberty and Jefferson countiesLength7.701 mi (12.394 km)Existed1948–present Farm to Market Road 1009 (FM 1009) is located in Liberty and Jefferson counties. FM 1010 Farm to Market Road 1010LocationLiberty CountyLength9.59 mi (15.43 km)Existed1948–present Farm to Market Road 1010 (FM 1010) is located in Liberty County. FM 1011 Farm to Market Road 1011LocationLiberty CountyLength7.134 mi (11.481 km)Existed1948–present Farm to Market Road 1011 (FM 1011) is located in Liberty County. FM 1012 Farm to Market Road 1012LocationNewton CountyLength11.022 mi (17.738 km)Existed1948–present Farm to Market Road 1012 (FM 1012) is located in Newton County. FM 1013 Farm to Market Road 1013LocationTyler, Jasper, and Newton countiesLength34.595 mi (55.675 km)Existed1948–present Farm to Market Road 1013 (FM 1013) is located in Tyler, Jasper and Newton counties. FM 1013 begins at an intersection with US 69/US 287 in the community of Hillister. The highway travels in a mostly eastern direction and intersects FM 92 in the town of Spurger. East of Spurger, FM 1013 crosses over the Neches River and intersects with FM 1005 before entering the town of Kirbyville. In Kirbyville, the highway intersects FM 252 and briefly turns southeast before turning back east at Main Street. FM 1013 intersects US 96 and turns south onto Elizabeth Avenue and leaves town at FM 82. The highway travels in a mostly southern direction before ending at an intersection with FM 1004 in Call. FM 1013 was designated on November 23, 1948, running from US 69 at Hillister to FM 92 at Spurger. The highway was extended to FM 1004 at Call on December 5, 1958, absorbing sections of FM 1005 and all of FM 2304. On April 30, 1962, the break at FM 92 was removed and FM 1013 was slightly rerouted through Spurger. Junction list CountyLocationmikmDestinationsNotes TylerHillister0.00.0 US 69 / US 287 – Woodville, Kountze Spurger13.321.4 FM 92 to US 190 – Silsbee Jasper22.936.9 FM 1005 north – Magnolia Springs Kirbyville30.549.1 FM 252 north (Herndon Street) 31.350.4 US 96 (Margaret Avenue) – Jasper, Buna 32.752.6 FM 82 NewtonCall34.655.7 FM 1004 to US 96 / SH 87 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi FM 1014 Farm to Market Road 1014LocationTyler CountyLength1.183 mi (1.904 km)Existed1948–present Farm to Market Road 1014 (FM 1014) is located in Tyler County. FM 1015 Farm to Market Road 1015LocationHidalgo CountyLength30.106 mi (48.451 km)Existed1948–present Farm to Market Road 1015 (FM 1015) is located in Hidalgo County. FM 1016 Farm to Market Road 1016LocationHidalgo CountyLength8.487 mi (13.659 km)Existed1948–present Farm to Market Road 1016 (FM 1016) is located in Hidalgo County. The highway is known locally as S. Conway Road in Mission and Military Highway in McAllen. FM 1016 begins at I-2/US 83 in Mission, with Conway Road continuing into the city as SH 107. The highway travels in a southern direction and turns southeast near the Madero neighborhood, with the highway running in close proximity to the Rio Grande. FM 1016 turns east at FM 494 and runs through less developed areas of the city. The highway crosses FM 396 and enters McAllen after the intersection with Shary Road. Between FM 396 and Spur 115, FM 1016 runs through a heavily industrialized area with many business parks. The highway travels through a mainly rural area before ending at an intersection with SH 336. FM 1016 was designated on November 23, 1948, running from US 83 in Mission to SH 336 south of McAllen as a redesignation of part of SH 107. A small section of the highway in McAllen was transferred to FM 1926 on June 10, 1952. Part of FM 1016 in Mission was transferred to SH 107 on May 21, 1979. The highway was relocated on January 26, 1983, between FM 494 and Spur 115. On December 18, 1986, FM 1016 was relocated west of Spur 115. On June 27, 1995, the entire route was redesignated Urban Road 1016 (UR 1016). The designation reverted to FM 1016 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018. The entire route is in Hidalgo County. LocationmikmDestinationsNotes Mission0.00.0 I-2 / US 83 (Expressway 83) / SH 107 north (Conway Avenue)I-2 exit 136 2.94.7 FM 494 south (Military Road) – La Lomita Mission 3.96.3 FM 396 (Anzalduas Highway) – Anzalduas International Bridge McAllen7.512.1 Spur 115 (S. 23rd Street) 8.513.7 SH 336 (S. 10th Street) 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi FM 1017 Farm to Market Road 1017LocationJim Hogg, Starr, and Hidalgo countiesLength76.088 mi (122.452 km)Existed1948–present Farm to Market Road 1017 (FM 1017) is located in Jim Hogg, Starr and Hidalgo counties. FM 1017 begins at an intersection with US 281/SH 186 in San Manuel-Linn. The highway travels in a slight northwest direction through the town and intersects FM 3250 just west of the town. FM 1017 travels through La Reforma before entering San Isidro, intersecting FM 2294. The highway continues to run through rural areas before entering La Gloria, beginning an overlap with FM 755. After leaving FM 755, FM 1017 travels in a westward direction before turning towards the north at FM 2686. The highway travels in a mostly northern direction before ending at an intersection with SH 285 in Hebbronville. FM 1017 was designated on November 23, 1948, running from US 281 to a point approximately 3 miles (4.8 km) to the west. The highway was extended further west and north to the Jim Hogg County line on November 30, 1949, replacing FM 1431 and FM 1429. running at total a distance of approximately 36.8 miles (59.2 km). FM 1017 was then extended to SH 285 near Hebbronville on November 20, 1951. On June 10, 1952, a section of FM 1017 was transferred to FM 755. There was a proposed extension of the highway to SH 359 on August 29, 1989, but this was cancelled as the court commissioner of Jim Hogg County did not accept the extension. Junction list CountyLocationmikmDestinationsNotes HidalgoSan Manuel-Linn0.00.0 Future I-69C / US 281 / SH 186 east – Falfurrias, Edinburg, RaymondvilleU.S. 281 is the future Interstate 69C 3.04.8 FM 3250 south 16.726.9 FM 681 south – McCook, Mission StarrSan Isidro24.138.8 FM 2294 south – Delmita La Gloria29.547.5 FM 755 north – FalfurriasSouth end of FM 755 overlap 29.948.1 FM 755 south – Rio Grande CityNorth end of FM 755 overlap 32.552.3 FM 2686 west to FM 649 Jim HoggHebbronville76.6123.3 SH 285 – Hebbronville, Falfurrias 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Concurrency terminus FM 1018 Farm to Market Road 1018LocationWillacy CountyLength12.867 mi (20.707 km)Existed1948–present Farm to Market Road 1018 (FM 1018) is located in Willacy County. FM 1019 Farm to Market Road 1019LocationDimmit CountyLength6.314 mi (10.161 km)Existed1948–present Farm to Market Road 1019 (FM 1019) is located in Dimmit County. FM 1020 Farm to Market Road 1020LocationKarnes CountyLength5.021 mi (8.081 km)ExistedMay 23, 1951–present Farm to Market Road 1020 (FM 1020) is located in Karnes County. FM 1020 (1948) Farm to Market Road 1020LocationEdwards CountyExistedNovember 23, 1948–April 18, 1949 A previous route numbered FM 1020 was designated on November 23, 1948, from SH 41 southwest 8.7 miles (14.0 km). FM 1020 was cancelled on April 18, 1949, and became a portion of FM 674 (now RM 674). FM 1021 Farm to Market Road 1021LocationMaverick CountyLength31.766 mi (51.122 km)Existed1948–present Farm to Market Road 1021 (FM 1021) is located in Maverick County. FM 1021 begins at Old Mines Road, an unpaved county road, in a rural area of Maverick County; Old Mines Road continues southeast, becoming Eagle Pass Road in Webb County, which then becomes FM 1472. The highway travels through rural areas with many farms and ranches before entering El Indio, intersecting FM 2644 in the town. FM 1021 continues to travel by rural farms and ranches until crossing the Rosita Creek, with the route becoming more suburban. The highway travels along the city limits of Rosita and Chula Vista, passing near the Kickapoo Traditional Tribe of Texas reservation. FM 1021 cross Loop 480 then runs along the southern border of Las Quintas Fronterizas. The highway enters Eagle Pass near the FM 3443 (Veterans Boulevard) intersection. FM 1021 travels in a northwest-southeast direction along El Indio Highway, passing near several residential and retail areas. The highway turns north onto Monroe Street near the Camino Real International Bridge, then intersects US 57 (Garrison Street), before ending at intersection with Spur 240 (Main Street). FM 1021 was designated on November 23, 1948, running from SH 85 (which later became US 277) near Eagle Pass to El Indio. The highway's beginning was moved to SH 76 (now US 57) on April 21, 1949. FM 1021 was extended 8.0 miles (12.9 km) south of El Indio on July 15, 1949. The highway was extended another approximately 2.7 miles (4.3 km) on January 27, 1950, and was extended another 3.0 miles (4.8 km) to its current terminus on July 11, 1968. Junction list The entire route is in Maverick County. LocationmikmDestinationsNotes 0.00.0Old Mines RoadState maintenance begins; roadway continues south as Old Mines Road El Indio13.221.2 FM 2644 east – Carrizo Springs Rosita24.138.8 FM 2030 west Chula Vista25.741.4 FM 2030 east Eagle Pass27.744.6 Loop 480Interchange 29.447.3 FM 3443 north (Veterans Boulevard) 30.448.9 FM 375 north (Bibb Street) / Brown Street 31.751.0 US 57 (Garrison Street) 31.951.3 Spur 240 (Main Street) 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi RM 1022 Ranch to Market Road 1022LocationUvalde CountyLength7.815 mi (12.577 km)ExistedNovember 23, 1948–present Ranch to Market Road 1022 (RM 1022) is located in Uvalde County. RM 1022 begins at a dead end near the former mining community of Dabney. The highway travels in an east direction, with the highway forking northeast of the town, with the other section of RM 1022 traveling to the main entrance of the Vulcan Materials Company. The highway turns north and runs parallel to a rail line until passing in between the White Company Lake and the Uvalde Rock Asphalt Company Lake. RM 1022 runs by several ranches and rock quarries before ending at an intersection with US 90. RM 1022 was designated on November 23, 1948, as Farm to Market Road 1022 (FM 1022), running from US 90 west of Uvalde to Blewett. The highway was extended to Dabney on November 20, 1951. On October 17, 1959, the road was redesignated as RM 1022. FM 1023 Farm to Market Road 1023LocationUvalde CountyLength11.7 mi (18.8 km)Existed1948–present Farm to Market Road 1023 (FM 1023) is located in Uvalde County. FM 1023 begins at intersection with FM 1049/County Road 301 south of Knippa. The highway is signed as north–south despite running in a southwest–northeast direction for most of its length. FM 1023 enters Uvalde near Garner Field, where it intersects with FM 1574. FM 1023 runs along Garner Field Road and has a short overlap with US 90 before running on 4th Street. The highway runs along 4th Street in eastern Uvalde before ending at an intersection with FM 2369. FM 1023 was designated on December 20, 1948, running from US 90 east of Uvalde to Garner Field. This section of highway was formerly a part of FM 187. FM 1023 was extended north from US 90 to FM 2369 on May 22, 1959. this section was rerouted later, with the old route becoming FM 3447 on January 26, 1983. On May 6, 1964, FM 1023 was extended north from Garner Field to US 90. On October 15, 1965, the section between US 90 and Garner Field was renumbered FM 1574. The highway was extended to County Road 302 on June 2, 1967. The last change came on July 11, 1968, when FM 1023 was extended to FM 1049. Junction list The entire route is in Uvalde County. LocationmikmDestinationsNotes 0.00.0 FM 1049 north / County Road 301 – Knippa Uvalde8.413.5 FM 1574 north (Ham Lane) 10.016.1 US 90 east (Main Street)South end of US 90 overlap 10.116.3 US 90 west (Main Street)North end of US 90 overlap 11.819.0 FM 2369 (Hacienda Road) 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Concurrency terminus RM 1024 Ranch to Market Road 1024LocationVal Verde CountyLength52.272 mi (84.124 km)ExistedNovember 23, 1948–present Ranch to Market Road 1024 (RM 1024) is located in Val Verde County. It runs from US 90 near Comstock northward and westward to an intersection with Langtry Road and Pandale Road near Pandale. RM 1024 was designated on November 23, 1948, as Farm to Market Road 1024 (FM 1024), running from US 90 near Comstock to a point northwestward at a distance of 7.9 miles (12.7 km). On July 15, 1949, FM 1024 was extended northwestward 8.0 miles (12.9 km). On June 21, 1951, FM 1024 was extended northwestward 6.5 miles (10.5 km). On January 23, 1953, FM 1024 was extended northwest 5 miles (8.0 km). On October 29, 1953, FM 1024 was extended northwest 1.0 mile (1.6 km). On October 17, 1959, FM 1024 was redesignated as RM 1024. On September 27, 1960, RM 1024 was extended northwestward 4.8 miles (7.7 km). On May 2, 1962, RM 1024 was extended northwest 4 miles (6.4 km). On May 5, 1966, RM 1024 was extended northwest 7.7 miles (12.4 km). On June 2, 1967, RM 1024 was extended westward 2 miles (3.2 km). On November 5, 1971, RM 1024 was extended westward 5.9 miles (9.5 km) to its current terminus. FM 1025 Farm to Market Road 1025LocationZavala CountyLength19.525 mi (31.422 km)Existed1948–present Farm to Market Road 1025 (FM 1025) is located in Zavala County. FM 1026 Farm to Market Road 1026LocationColeman CountyLength24.912 mi (40.092 km)Existed1948–present Farm to Market Road 1026 (FM 1026) is located in Coleman County. FM 1027 Farm to Market Road 1027LocationEastland CountyLength13.329 mi (21.451 km)Existed1948–present Farm to Market Road 1027 (FM 1027) is located in Eastland County. FM 1028 Farm to Market Road 1028LocationMcCulloch CountyLength10.56 mi (16.99 km)Existed1948–present Farm to Market Road 1028 (FM 1028) is located in McCulloch County. FM 1029 Farm to Market Road 1029LocationMills CountyLength6.947 mi (11.180 km)Existed1948–present Farm to Market Road 1029 (FM 1029) is located in Mills County. FM 1030 Farm to Market Road 1030LocationSan Saba CountyLength7.365 mi (11.853 km)Existed1948–present Farm to Market Road 1030 (FM 1030) is located in San Saba County. FM 1031 Farm to Market Road 1031LocationSan Saba CountyLength9.73 mi (15.66 km)Existed1948–present Farm to Market Road 1031 (FM 1031) is located in San Saba County. FM 1032 Farm to Market Road 1032LocationStephens CountyLength4.285 mi (6.896 km)Existed1948–present Farm to Market Road 1032 (FM 1032) is located in Stephens County. Its eastern terminus is at US 183, 10.5 miles (16.9 km) south of Breckenridge, and its western terminus is at CR 187/190. FM 1032 was designated on November 23, 1948, on its current route. FM 1033 Farm to Market Road 1033LocationChildress and Cottle countiesLength16.529 mi (26.601 km)Existed1948–present Farm to Market Road 1033 (FM 1033) is located in Childress and Cottle counties. FM 1034 Farm to Market Road 1034LocationChildress CountyLength9.036 mi (14.542 km)Existed1948–present Farm to Market Road 1034 (FM 1034) is located in Childress County. FM 1035 Farm to Market Road 1035LocationCollingsworth CountyLength5.087 mi (8.187 km)Existed1948–present Farm to Market Road 1035 (FM 1035) is located in Collingsworth County. FM 1036 Farm to Market Road 1036LocationCollingsworth CountyLength7.966 mi (12.820 km)Existed1948–present Farm to Market Road 1036 (FM 1036) is located in Collingsworth County. FM 1037 Farm to Market Road 1037LocationCottle CountyLength10.628 mi (17.104 km)Existed1948–present KML file (edit • help) Template:Attached KML/Farm to Market Road 1037KML is not from Wikidata Farm to Market Road 1037 (FM 1037) is located in Cottle County. The road begins at US 62/US 83 in Paducah, and continues west, then south, ending at County Road 230 in Cottle County north of Delwin. FM 1037 was designated on November 23, 1948, from US 70 east of Paducah west 0.7 miles (1.1 km) to end of pavement on Backus Avenue in Paducah. On September 21, 1955, another segment of FM 1037 was designated from US 83 west to US 70 west of Paducah. This created a gap in the route's mileage. On January 22, 1957, FM 1037 was extended from the end of pavement on Backus Avenue to US 83. This closed the gap. On October 31, 1958, FM 1037 was extended south 3.2 miles (5.1 km) from US 70 west of Paducah. FM 1038 Farm to Market Road 1038LocationCottle CountyLength17.228 mi (27.726 km)Existed1948–present Farm to Market Road 1038 (FM 1038) is located in Cottle County. FM 1039 Farm to Market Road 1039LocationFoard CountyLength2.542 mi (4.091 km)Existed1948–present Farm to Market Road 1039 (FM 1039) is located in Foard County. FM 1040 Farm to Market Road 1040LocationLive Oak CountyLength1.145 mi (1.843 km)ExistedMay 23, 1951–present Farm to Market Road 1040 (FM 1040) is located in Live Oak County. FM 1040 (1948) Farm to Market Road 1040LocationFoard CountyExistedNovember 23, 1948–April 20, 1949 A previous route numbered FM 1040 was designated on November 23, 1948, from US 70 in Thalia southward 4.0 miles (6.4 km). FM 1040 was cancelled on April 20, 1949, and became a portion of FM 262. FM 1041 Farm to Market Road 1041LocationHall CountyLength17.349 mi (27.921 km)Existed1948–present Farm to Market Road 1041 (FM 1041) is located in Hall County. FM 1042 Farm to Market Road 1042LocationLive Oak CountyLength8.687 mi (13.980 km)ExistedMay 23, 1951–present Farm to Market Road 1042 (FM 1042) is located in Live Oak County. FM 1042 (1948) Farm to Market Road 1042LocationHall CountyExistedNovember 23, 1948–May 26, 1949 A previous route numbered FM 1042 was designated on November 23, 1948, from SH 86 near the Briscoe County line, southward a distance of approximately 2.0 miles (3.2 km). Six months later FM 1042 was cancelled in lieu of extending FM 656. FM 1043 Farm to Market Road 1043LocationKnox CountyLength2.431 mi (3.912 km)Existed1948–present Farm to Market Road 1043 (FM 1043) is located in Knox County. FM 1044 Farm to Market Road 1044LocationComal and Guadalupe countiesLength7.787 mi (12.532 km)ExistedOctober 28, 1953–present KML file (edit • help) Template:Attached KML/Farm to Market Road 1044KML is not from Wikidata Farm to Market Road 1044 (FM 1044) is located in Comal and Guadalupe counties. FM 1044's northern terminus is in central New Braunfels, at an intersection with the northbound frontage road of I-35 at exit 185. Its southern terminus is at FM 78 east of Marion. The current FM 1044 designation was established on October 28, 1953, connecting US 81 (now I-35) to FM 78. FM 1044 (1948) Farm to Market Road 1044LocationKnox CountyExistedNovember 23, 1948–October 28, 1953 A previous route numbered FM 1044 was designated in Knox County on November 23, 1948, from US 82, 1.5 miles (2.4 km) west of the Baylor County line, southward 3.0 miles (4.8 km). On December 17, 1952, it was extended south 1.9 miles (3.1 km). FM 1044 was cancelled on October 28, 1953, and its mileage was transferred to FM 266. FM 1045 Farm to Market Road 1045LocationMotley CountyLength6.903 mi (11.109 km)Existed1948–present Farm to Market Road 1045 (FM 1045) is located in Motley County. FM 1046 Farm to Market Road 1046LocationWheeler CountyLength20.667 mi (33.260 km)Existed1948–present Farm to Market Road 1046 (FM 1046) is located in Wheeler County. FM 1047 Farm to Market Road 1047LocationHamilton, Mills, and Lampasas countiesLength21.015 mi (33.820 km)ExistedNovember 23, 1948–present Farm to Market Road 1047 (FM 1047) is located in Hamilton, Mills, and Lampasas counties. It begins at an intersection with FM 581 about 7 miles (11 km) northeast of Lometa. FM 1047 travels through mostly rural areas and intersects US 84 near Star. It then crosses the Lampasas River before ending at an intersection with FM 2005 southwest of Hamilton. FM 1047 was designated on November 23, 1948, running from FM 581 to Lampasas County Road 120. On May 23, 1951, the highway was extended to the Mills County line. FM 1047 was extended to US 84 in Star on November 20, 1951, replacing Spur 183. On May 2, 1962, it was extended to its current terminus at FM 2005, absorbing FM 2707. Junction list CountyLocationmikmDestinationsNotes Lampasas0.00.0 FM 581 – Lometa, Adamsville 6.310.1 FM 572 west – Goldthwaite MillsStar12.920.8 US 84 – Goldthwaite, Gatesville Hamilton21.033.8 FM 2005 – Goldthwaite, Hamilton 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi FM 1048 Farm to Market Road 1048LocationFalls CountyLength5.206 mi (8.378 km)Existed1948–present Farm to Market Road 1048 (FM 1048) is located in Falls County. FM 1049 Farm to Market Road 1049LocationUvalde CountyLength13.885 mi (22.346 km)Existed1948–present Farm to Market Road 1049 (FM 1049) is located in Uvalde County. RM 1050 Ranch to Market Road 1050LocationUvalde CountyLength14.71 mi (23.67 km)ExistedNovember 23, 1948–present Ranch to Market Road 1050 (RM 1050) is located in Uvalde County. RM 1050 begins at an intersection with US 83 near Garner State Park. The highway travels in an eastern direction along the park's northern boundary before intersecting RM 2748. RM 1050 travels through the Texas Hill Country before entering Utopia, ending at an intersection with RM 187. RM 1050 was designated on November 23, 1948, as Farm to Market Road 1050 (FM 1050), running from FM 187 (now RM 187) in Utopia to US 83. On October 17, 1959, FM 1050 was changed to RM 1050. FM 1051 Farm to Market Road 1051LocationUvalde CountyLength11.073 mi (17.820 km)ExistedNovember 23, 1948–present Farm to Market Road 1051 (FM 1051) is located in Uvalde County. Its southern terminus is at an intersection with US 83 southwest of Concan. It travels northwest approximately 11 miles (18 km) to the community of Reagan Wells before state maintenance ends, with the roadway continuing as CR 424. FM 1051 was designated on November 23, 1948, on its current route. FM 1052 Farm to Market Road 1052LocationUvalde CountyLength4.453 mi (7.166 km)Existed1948–present Farm to Market Road 1052 (FM 1052) is located in Uvalde County. FM 1053 Main article: Farm to Market Road 1053 Farm to Market Road 1053LocationEctor, Crane, and Pecos countiesLength59.378 mi (95.560 km)Existed1948–present FM 1054 Farm to Market Road 1054LocationLynn and Borden countiesLength55.087 mi (88.654 km)Existed1948–present Farm to Market Road 1054 (FM 1054) is located in Lynn and Borden counties. FM 1055 Farm to Market Road 1055LocationDeaf Smith, Castro, and Lamb countiesLength53.871 mi (86.697 km)Existed1948–present Farm to Market Road 1055 (FM 1055) is located in Deaf Smith, Castro and Lamb counties. FM 1056 Farm to Market Road 1056LocationCollingsworth CountyLength7.889 mi (12.696 km)ExistedMay 23, 1951–present Farm to Market Road 1056 (FM 1056) is located in Collingsworth County. It was numbered on July 5, 1951. FM 1056 (1948) Farm to Market Road 1056LocationCastro CountyExistedDecember 16, 1948–July 5, 1951 A previous route numbered FM 1056 was designated on December 16, 1948, from SH 86 at Nazareth northward 5.0 miles (8.0 km) to a road intersection. FM 1056 was cancelled on July 5, 1951, and became a portion of FM 168. FM 1057 Farm to Market Road 1057LocationDeaf Smith and Castro countiesLength37.307 mi (60.040 km)Existed1948–present Farm to Market Road 1057 (FM 1057) is located in Deaf Smith and Castro counties. FM 1058 Farm to Market Road 1058LocationDeaf Smith CountyLength36.322 mi (58.455 km)Existed1948–present Farm to Market Road 1058 (FM 1058) is located in Deaf Smith County. It runs from US 385 and Loop 211 in Hereford west to the New Mexico state line, where it continues as New Mexico State Road 241. FM 1058 was designated on December 16, 1948, along the current route; what is now US 385 was SH 51 at the time. The route was constructed along a roadway that had been graded c. 1920 to facilitate the movement of crops in the county to the rail line running through Hereford. FM 1059 Farm to Market Road 1059LocationHutchinson and Carson countiesLength7.76 mi (12.49 km)Existed1948–present Farm to Market Road 1059 (FM 1059) is located in Hutchinson and Carson counties. FM 1060 Farm to Market Road 1060LocationSherman and Moore countiesLength20.697 mi (33.309 km)Existed1948–present Farm to Market Road 1060 (FM 1060) is located in Sherman and Moore counties. RM 1061 Ranch to Market Road 1061LocationPotter and Oldham countiesLength33.561 mi (54.011 km)ExistedDecember 16, 1948–present Ranch to Market Road 1061 (RM 1061) is located in Potter and Oldham counties. RM 1061 begins at an intersection with BL I-40 in Amarillo. The highway is known locally as Tascosa Road and runs northwest through the city, passing several subdivisions. RM 1061 leaves the city before having an interchange with Loop 335. The highway travels in a northwestern direction and turns to the west at Melfrank Road. RM 1061 runs along the southern boundary of Bishop Hills and turns back to the northwest near Ranch Road. After passing Ranch View Drive the highway runs through mainly rural areas of the county. RM 1061 intersects with RM 2381 north of Bushland. The highway runs through rural areas before ending at an intersection with US 385 in Tascosa. RM 1061 was designated as Farm to Market Road 1061 (FM 1061) on December 16, 1948, running from US 66 (currently BL I-40) in Amarillo to a road intersection at a distance of approximately 10.2 miles (16.4 km). On September 21, 1955, the road was extended northwest 16.0 miles (25.7 km) to a point near Ady and was redesignated as RM 1061. RM 1061 was extended to Tascosa at SH 51 on November 21, 1956 (which became US 385 in 1959). On June 27, 1995, the section between Business I-40 and Loop 335 was redesignated Urban Road 1061 (UR 1061). The designation reverted to RM 1061 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018. Junction list CountyLocationmikmDestinationsNotes PotterAmarillo0.00.0 I-40 BL (Amarillo Boulevard) 2.94.7 Loop 335Interchange 10.116.3 RM 2381 south – Bushland OldhamTascosa33.553.9 US 385 – Vega, Boys Ranch 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi FM 1062 Farm to Market Road 1062LocationDeaf Smith and Randall countiesLength23.375 mi (37.618 km)Existed1948–present Farm to Market Road 1062 (FM 1062) is located in Deaf Smith and Randall counties. FM 1063 Farm to Market Road 1063LocationWilliamson CountyLength5.761 mi (9.271 km)ExistedJuly 27, 1964–present Farm to Market Road 1063 (FM 1063) is located in Williamson County. FM 1063 (1948) Farm to Market Road 1063LocationCrosby CountyExistedDecember 16, 1948–November 1, 1960 A previous route numbered FM 1063 was designated on December 16, 1948, from US 62 at Cone, westward and southward to Farmer. On July 14, 1949, the road was extended west 1.0 mile (1.6 km) from Farmer to a road intersection and east 3.0 miles (4.8 km) from US 62 to a road intersection. On September 28, 1949, the road was extended west to FM 378. On December 17, 1952, the road was extended east to FM 651. On November 21, 1956, the road was extended east to FM 28. FM 1063 was cancelled on November 1, 1960, and became a portion of FM 193. FM 1064 Farm to Market Road 1064LocationDawson CountyLength3.834 mi (6.170 km)Existed1948–present Farm to Market Road 1064 (FM 1064) is located in Dawson County. FM 1065 Farm to Market Road 1065LocationBriscoe and Floyd countiesLength13.782 mi (22.180 km)Existed1948–present Farm to Market Road 1065 (FM 1065) is located in Briscoe and Floyd counties. FM 1066 Farm to Market Road 1066LocationGaines and Dawson countiesLength24.272 mi (39.062 km)Existed1948–present Farm to Market Road 1066 (FM 1066) is located in Gaines and Dawson counties. FM 1067 Farm to Market Road 1067LocationGaines CountyLength4.052 mi (6.521 km)Existed1948–present Farm to Market Road 1067 (FM 1067) is located in Gaines County. FM 1068 Farm to Market Road 1068LocationSan Patricio CountyLength3.487 mi (5.612 km)ExistedOctober 31, 1958–present Farm to Market Road 1068 (FM 1068) is located in San Patricio County. FM 1068 (1948) Farm to Market Road 1068LocationGarza CountyExistedDecember 16, 1948–March 19, 1949 The first route numbered FM 1068 was designated on December 16, 1948, from US 84 westward 2.7 miles (4.3 km) to the Garza–Lynn county line. Three months later FM 1068 was cancelled and became a portion of FM 211. FM 1068 (1951) Farm to Market Road 1068LocationSan Patricio CountyExistedMay 23, 1951–March 24, 1958 The second route numbered FM 1068 was designated on May 23, 1951, from US 181 at Taft eastward and northward 7.9 miles (12.7 km) to Plymouth Oil Field. FM 1068 was cancelled on March 24, 1958, and became a portion of FM 631. FM 1069 Farm to Market Road 1069LocationAransas and San Patricio countiesLength21.088 mi (33.938 km)ExistedMay 23, 1951–present Farm to Market Road 1069 (FM 1069) is located in Aransas and San Patricio counties. It runs from Bus. SH 35 in Rockport to Redfish Bay at Port Ingelside. FM 1069 was designated on May 23, 1951, from SH 35, 2 miles (3.2 km) west of Aransas Pass, north to the Aransas County line. On September 19, 1951, the road was extended northeast 3.2 miles (5.1 km) to FM 881. On October 29, 1953, the road was extended southwest 9.7 miles (15.6 km) to FM 632 (now SH 361) at Ingleside. On November 20, 1953, the road was extended to Redfish Bay, creating a gap at FM 632 and replacing FM 2094. On November 24, 1959, the road was extended southeast 2.5 miles (4.0 km) to SH 35. On January 1, 1966, the gap at Ingelside was removed following a rerouting of FM 632. On December 22, 1992, a 1.1-mile (1.8 km) section from FM 881 to the then-new location of SH 35 was transferred to SH 188. On August 18, 1993, a 1.8-mile (2.9 km) section from then-new SH 35 to existing SH 35 was transferred to SH 188, while FM 1069 was rerouted over FM 881 to Bus. SH 35. On April 3, 2006, a section of FM 1069 in Rockport was redesignated as Loop 70. FM 1069 (1948) Farm to Market Road 1069LocationHale CountyExistedDecember 16, 1948–April 4, 1949 A previous route numbered FM 1069 was designated on December 16, 1948, from US 70, 2 miles (3.2 km) west of Halfway, south 9 miles (14 km) to a road intersection. Four months later FM 1069 was cancelled and became a portion of FM 594 (now FM 179). FM 1070 Farm to Market Road 1070LocationHale CountyLength0.996 mi (1,603 m)Existed1948–present Farm to Market Road 1070 (FM 1070) is located in Hale County. FM 1071 Farm to Market Road 1071LocationHale and Lamb countiesLength16.261 mi (26.170 km)Existed1948–present Farm to Market Road 1071 (FM 1071) is located in Hale and Lamb counties. FM 1072 Farm to Market Road 1072LocationLamb CountyLength23.483 mi (37.792 km)Existed1948–present Farm to Market Road 1072 (FM 1072) is located in Lamb County. FM 1073 Farm to Market Road 1073LocationFreestone CountyLength0.908 mi (1,461 m)ExistedAugust 23, 1968–present Farm to Market Road 1073 (FM 1073) is located in Freestone County. FM 1073 (1948) Farm to Market Road 1073LocationLubbock and Lynn countiesExistedDecember 16, 1948–August 20, 1964 A previous route numbered FM 1073 was designated on December 16, 1948, from US 84 at Shallowater southward 4.3 miles (6.9 km) to a road intersection. On July 14, 1949, the road was extended south 4.0 miles (6.4 km). On October 28, 1953, the road was extended south to US 62. On October 14, 1954, the road was extended south to the Lubbock–Lynn county line, replacing FM 1316. Twelve days later, the road was extended south to FM 211. On May 2, 1962, the road was extended south to FM 1317. FM 1073 was cancelled on August 20, 1964, and became a portion of FM 179. FM 1074 Farm to Market Road 1074LocationSan Patricio CountyLength12.604 mi (20.284 km)ExistedMay 23, 1951–present Farm to Market Road 1074 (FM 1074) is located in San Patricio County. FM 1074 (1948) Farm to Market Road 1074LocationLynn CountyExistedDecember 16, 1948–March 19, 1949 A previous route numbered FM 1074 was designated on December 16, 1948, in Lynn County, from US 87 north of Tahoka northeastward 15.7 miles (25.3 km) via Wilson to the Lubbock County line. FM 1074 was cancelled on March 19, 1949, and became a portion of FM 400. FM 1075 Farm to Market Road 1075LocationCastro, Swisher, Randall, and Armstrong countiesLength38.224 mi (61.516 km)Existed1948–present Farm to Market Road 1075 (FM 1075) is located in Castro, Swisher, Randall, and Armstrong counties. FM 1076 Farm to Market Road 1076LocationTerry CountyLength5.982 mi (9.627 km)Existed1948–present Farm to Market Road 1076 (FM 1076) is located in Terry County. RM 1077 Ranch to Market Road 1077LocationBandera CountyLength8.087 mi (13.015 km)ExistedJune 2, 1967–present Ranch to Market Road 1077 (RM 1077) is located in Bandera County. RM 1077 begins at Bandera Creek Road approximately 1.4 miles (2.3 km) northeast of the Hill Country State Natural Area. The highway travels in a northeast direction for most of its length before ending at an intersection with SH 173 just south of Bandera. RM 1077 was designated on June 2, 1967, running from FM 689 to a point southwest at a distance of about 4.5 miles (7.2 km). The highway was extended another 3.7 miles (6.0 km) on July 11, 1968. An extension of RM 1077 to the Hill Country SNA was proposed on August 28, 1989, but was cancelled on September 25, 2003, as the county could not secure right of way. FM 1077 (1948) Farm to Market Road 1077LocationYoakum CountyExistedDecember 16, 1948–September 26, 1963 A previous route numbered FM 1077 was designated on December 16, 1948, running from the New Mexico state line to US 380 in Plains. On March 30, 1955, the road was signed, but not designated, as SH 337 to match New Mexico Highway 337. The highway was cancelled on September 26, 1963, with the mileage being transferred to US 82, which also replaced New Mexico Highway 337. FM 1078 Farm to Market Road 1078LocationOrange CountyLength3.224 mi (5.189 km)ExistedApril 27, 1955–present Farm to Market Road 1078 (FM 1078) is located in Orange County. FM 1078 (1948) Farm to Market Road 1078LocationCallahan CountyExistedDecember 16, 1948–July 11, 1951 The first route numbered FM 1078 was designated on December 16, 1948, from US 80 in Clyde southward 4.3 miles (6.9 km) to a road intersection. On July 14, 1949, the road was extended south 4.0 miles (6.4 km) to another road intersection. On May 23, 1951, the road was extended south to SH 36. FM 1078 was cancelled on July 11, 1951, and transferred to FM 604. FM 1078 (1951) Farm to Market Road 1078LocationHays CountyExistedJuly 25, 1951–October 27, 1952 The second route numbered FM 1078 was designated on July 25, 1951, from US 81 (now I-35) in Kyle northwest 8.9 miles (14.3 km) to a road intersection in Hays City. The road FM 1078 ended at the west end became part of FM 966 on November 20, 1951. FM 1078 was cancelled on October 27, 1952, and was transferred to FM 150 (now RM 150); note that FM 150 replaced FM 966 on May 25, 1955. FM 1078 (1952) Farm to Market Road 1078LocationDenton CountyExistedDecember 17, 1952–January 6, 1955 The third route numbered FM 1078 was designated on December 17, 1952, from US 77 near Lewisville west to FM 1830 in Bartonville. FM 1078 was cancelled on January 6, 1955, and became a portion of FM 407. FM 1079 Farm to Market Road 1079LocationCallahan CountyLength0.597 mi (961 m)ExistedDecember 16, 1948–present Farm to Market Road 1079 (FM 1079) is located in Callahan County. It runs from FM 880 west to Cotton Wood. FM 1079 was designated on December 16, 1948, from US 80 in Putnam southward 5.5 miles (8.9 km) to a road intersection. On July 14, 1949, the road was extended south 4.5 miles (7.2 km) to another road intersection. On May 23, 1951, the road was extended south to FM 880 at Cotton Wood. On September 5, 1951, this routing of FM 1079 became a portion of FM 880, while FM 1079 was reassigned to the old route of FM 880. FM 1080 Farm to Market Road 1080LocationHaskell CountyLength5.42 mi (8.72 km)Existed1948–present Farm to Market Road 1080 (FM 1080) is located in Haskell County. FM 1081 Farm to Market Road 1081LocationDickens and Kent countiesLength23.934 mi (38.518 km)ExistedJanuary 22, 1957–present Farm to Market Road 1081 (FM 1081) is located in Dickens and Kent counties. FM 1081 (1948) Farm to Market Road 1081LocationHaskell CountyExistedDecember 16, 1948–August 5, 1955 A previous route numbered FM 1081 was designated on December 16, 1948, from SH 24 (now US 380) at Rule northwest to Jud. On May 23, 1951, the road was extended northeast to SH 283 (now SH 6) in Rochester. FM 1081 was cancelled on August 5, 1955, and became a portion of FM 617. FM 1082 Farm to Market Road 1082LocationJones and Taylor countiesLength19.39 mi (31.21 km)Existed1948–present Farm to Market Road 1082 (FM 1082) is located in Jones and Taylor counties. FM 1083 Farm to Market Road 1083LocationKent CountyLength7.7 mi (12.4 km)Existed1948–present Farm to Market Road 1083 (FM 1083) is located in Kent County. FM 1084 Farm to Market Road 1084LocationShackelford CountyLength6.958 mi (11.198 km)Existed1948–present Farm to Market Road 1084 (FM 1084) is located in Shackelford County. FM 1085 Farm to Market Road 1085LocationFisher, Jones, and Taylor countiesLength34.905 mi (56.174 km)Existed1948–present Farm to Market Road 1085 (FM 1085) is located in Fisher, Jones, and Taylor counties. FM 1086 Farm to Market Road 1086LocationTaylor CountyLength16.927 mi (27.241 km)Existed1948–present Farm to Market Road 1086 (FM 1086) is located in Taylor County. FM 1087 Farm to Market Road 1087LocationNacogdoches CountyLength10.944 mi (17.613 km)Existed1948–present Farm to Market Road 1087 (FM 1087) is located in Nacogdoches County. FM 1088 Farm to Market Road 1088LocationHudspeth CountyLength0.71 mi (1,140 m)ExistedSeptember 5, 1973–present KML file (edit • help) Template:Attached KML/Farm to Market Road 1088KML is not from Wikidata Farm to Market Road 1088 (FM 1088) is located in Hudspeth County. It runs from SH 20 southwestward to the Fort Hancock–El Porvenir International Bridge, where it crosses the Rio Grande to El Porvenir, Chihuahua, Mexico. The road and bridge provide a connection with Mexico Federal Highway 2. FM 1088 was assigned its current northern terminus along SH 20 on September 5, 1973. In 2002, its southern terminus was moved approximately 0.16 miles (0.26 km) northeast to the new Port of Entry. FM 1088 (1948) Farm to Market Road 1088LocationAustin CountyExistedDecember 16, 1948–December 7, 1972 A previous route numbered FM 1088 was designated on December 16, 1948, from SH 36, 1 mile (1.6 km) west of Peters, to Cat Springs in Austin County. On September 21, 1955, the road was extended 2 miles (3.2 km) southwest to the San Bernard River at the Colorado County line. FM 1088 was cancelled on December 7, 1972, and became a portion of FM 949. FM 1089 Farm to Market Road 1089LocationSmith and Cherokee countiesLength0.879 mi (1,415 m)ExistedOctober 25, 1969–present Farm to Market Road 1089 (FM 1089) is located in Smith and Cherokee counties. FM 1089 (1948) Farm to Market Road 1089LocationBrazoria CountyExistedDecember 16, 1948–June 9, 1958 A previous route numbered FM 1089 was designated on December 16, 1948, from SH 35 at Old Ocean north to West Columbia/Pledger Road (later FM 1452, now FM 1301). FM 1089 was cancelled on June 9, 1958, and became a portion of FM 524. FM 1090 Farm to Market Road 1090LocationVictoria and Calhoun countiesLength17.707 mi (28.497 km)ExistedMay 23, 1955–present Farm to Market Road 1090 (FM 1090) is located in Victoria and Calhoun counties. FM 1090 (1948) Farm to Market Road 1090LocationMatagorda and Brazoria countiesExistedDecember 16, 1948–January 16, 1953 A previous route numbered FM 1090 was designated on December 16, 1948, from FM 524 at Four Corners southwest to FM 457 at Cedar Lane. FM 1090 was cancelled on January 16, 1953, and transferred to FM 521. FM 1091 Farm to Market Road 1091LocationLive Oak CountyLength1.981 mi (3.188 km)ExistedMay 23, 1951–present Farm to Market Road 1091 (FM 1091) is located in Live Oak County. FM 1091 (1948) Farm to Market Road 1091LocationBrazoria CountyExistedDecember 16, 1948–July 22, 1949 A previous route numbered FM 1091 was designated on December 16, 1948, from SH 35 in Angleton to the north end of the Bastrop Bayou Bridge. Seven months later FM 1091 was cancelled and became a portion of FM 523. FM 1092 Main article: Farm to Market Road 1092 Farm to Market Road 1092LocationHarris and Fort Bend countiesLength5.977 mi (9.619 km)ExistedDecember 16, 1948–present Farm to Market Road 1092 (FM 1092) is located in Harris and Fort Bend counties. Known locally as Murphy Road, it runs from SH 6 in Missouri City north to I-69/US 59 in Houston. FM 1093 Farm to Market Road 1093LocationColorado, Wharton, Austin, Fort Bend, and Harris countiesLength50.476 mi (81.233 km)ExistedDecember 16, 1948–present KML file (edit • help) Template:Attached KML/Farm to Market Road 1093KML is not from Wikidata Farm to Market Road 1093 (FM 1093) is located in Colorado, Wharton, Austin, Fort Bend and Harris counties. It runs from FM 3013 in Eagle Lake to I-610 in Houston. FM 1093 serves as the free frontage roads for the Westpark Tollway from the tollway's western terminus to its interchange with FM 1464 in Clodine. Beyond this interchange, FM 1093 continues along Westheimer Road to its terminus at I-610 near The Galleria shopping mall. FM 1093 was designated on December 16, 1948, from FM 359 at Flewellen via Gaston to Post Oak Road west of Houston. On July 9, 1951, the road was extended west 11.8 miles (19.0 km) to SH 36 at Wallis, replacing FM 1094 and creating a concurrency with FM 359. On September 29, 1954, the road was extended 11.2 miles (18.0 km) west to US 90 Alt. at Eagle Lake, replacing FM 1597 and creating a concurrency with SH 36. On July 11, 1962, the road was extended 0.2 miles (0.32 km) east to I-610. On January 25, 1971, the road was shortened to end at FM 3013, as a 0.6-mile (0.97 km) section from US 90 Alt. to FM 3013 was transferred to FM 3013. On June 27, 1995, the section between SH 99 and I-610 was redesignated Urban Road 1093 (UR 1093). The designation of this section reverted to FM 1093 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018. Junction list CountyLocationmikmDestinationsNotes ColoradoEagle Lake0.00.0 FM 3013Western terminus of FM 1093 Chesterville6.710.8 FM 2764 south – LissieNorthern terminus of FM 2764 Wharton No major junctions AustinWallis15.024.1 SH 36 north – SealyWest end of SH 36 concurrency 15.524.9 SH 60 south – East BernardNorthern terminus of SH 60 15.625.1 SH 36 south – RosenbergEast end of SH 36 concurrency 17.528.2 FM 1458 north – San FelipeSouthern terminus of FM 1458 Fort BendSimonton22.335.9 FM 1489 north (Simonton Road) – BrookshireWest end of FM 1489 concurrency 22.335.9 FM 1489 south (Simonton Road) – OrchardEast end of FM 1489 concurrency Fulshear27.043.5 FM 359 north (Main Street) – BrookshireWest end of FM 359 concurrency 30.348.8 FM 359 south / FM 1463 north – Richmond, KatyEast end of FM 359 concurrency 31.851.2Westpark TollwayTollway begins; FM 1093 becomes frontage roads for tollway 32.352.0 FM 723 south (Spring Green Road) – RosenbergNorthern terminus of FM 723 34.555.5 SH 99 (Grand Parkway) Houston39.763.9 To Westpark TollwayFM 1093 splits from Tollway 39.964.2 FM 1464 south (Clodine Road) – New TerritoryNorthern terminus of FM 1464 Harris43.169.4 SH 6 – Sugar LandFormer FM 1960 48.477.9 Beltway 8 (Frontage Road) / Sam Houston Tollway 54.487.5 I-610 (West Loop Freeway)I-610 exit 8C; eastern terminus of FM 1093 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Concurrency terminus Tolled FM 1094 Farm to Market Road 1094LocationAustin CountyLength22.226 mi (35.769 km)ExistedJuly 25, 1951–present Farm to Market Road 1094 (FM 1094) is located in Austin County. It runs from FM 109 at New Ulm southeast to SH 36 at Sealy. FM 1094 was designated on July 25, 1951, from FM 109 at New Ulm to a point 8.6 miles (13.8 km) east. On November 20, 1951, the road was extended 3.1 miles (5.0 km) to FM 1088 (now FM 949). On September 29, 1954, the road was extended 11.4 miles (18.3 km) to SH 36 at Sealy, replacing FM 2142. FM 1094 (1948) Farm to Market Road 1094LocationAustin and Fort Bend countiesExistedDecember 16, 1948–July 9, 1951 A previous route numbered FM 1094 was designated on December 16, 1948, from FM 359 at Fulshear to Simonton. On July 22, 1949, the road was extended southwest 6.9 miles (11.1 km) to SH 36 at Wallis. FM 1094 was cancelled on July 9, 1951, and became a portion of FM 1093. FM 1095 Farm to Market Road 1095LocationMatagorda CountyLength15.516 mi (24.971 km)Existed1948–present Farm to Market Road 1095 (FM 1095) is located in Matagorda County. It runs from SH 35 east of Blessing to Collegeport. FM 1095 was designated on December 16, 1948, from SH 35, 5 miles (8.0 km) east of Blessing southward 11.5 miles (18.5 km) to a road intersection west of Citrus Grove. On July 22, 1949, FM 1095 was extended south and west 4.8 miles (7.7 km) to Collegeport. FM 1096 Farm to Market Road 1096LocationWharton CountyLength7.272 mi (11.703 km)ExistedJuly 28, 1955–present KML file (edit • help) Template:Attached KML/Farm to Market Road 1096KML is not from Wikidata Farm to Market Road 1096 (FM 1096) is located in Wharton County. FM 1096 begins as a two-lane road on FM 442 northeast of Lane City. From there, FM 1096 goes north-northeast 1.8 miles (2.9 km) to its intersection with FM 3012. It turns east-southeast for 1.0 mile (1.6 km), then curves back to the north-northeast again for 2.0 miles (3.2 km) to its intersection with FM 1301 in Iago. The road crosses Caney Creek approximately 300 yards (274 m) south of Iago. Also known as North Iago Road, the highway continues north-northeast 2.5 miles (4.0 km) to Barker Cutoff. North Iago Road extends past Barker Cutoff in the same direction to intersect with County Road 160 (CR 160) and CR 153 before coming to a dead end short of the San Bernard River. On July 28, 1955, FM 1096 was established from FM 1301 at Iago in Wharton County southwest to FM 442. The length was about five miles (8.0 km). A new segment 2.5 miles (4.0 km) in length was added on June 28, 1963. This portion started from FM 1301 at Iago and extended about 2.5 miles (4.0 km) northeast to a road intersection. Junction list The entire highway is in Wharton County. LocationmikmDestinationsNotes 0.00.0 FM 442 – Lane City, BolingSouthern terminus of FM 1096 1.82.9 FM 3012 – WhartonSouthern terminus of FM 3012 Boling-Iago4.87.7 FM 1301 – Pledger, Wharton 7.311.7Barker CutoffNorthern terminus of FM 1096 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi FM 1096 (1948) Farm to Market Road 1096LocationMatagorda CountyExistedDecember 16, 1948–October 15, 1954 A previous route numbered FM 1096 was designated on December 16, 1948, from SH 60 at Wadsworth west to a county road. FM 1096 was extended west to FM 1095 and FM 460 on September 29, 1954. FM 1096 was cancelled on October 15, 1954, and became a portion of FM 521. FM 1097 Farm to Market Road 1097LocationWalker and Montgomery countiesLength30.222 mi (48.638 km)Existed1948–present KML file (edit • help) Template:Attached KML/Farm to Market Road 1097KML is not from Wikidata FM 1097 crosses Lake Conroe on the Rotary Friendship Bridge Farm to Market Road 1097 (FM 1097) is located in Walker and Montgomery counties. FM 1097 originally began at FM 149 in Montgomery, and ends nearly 30 miles (48 km) away at SH 150. Most of the road has only two lanes each direction. The speed limit ranges from 60 mph (97 km/h) to 35 mph (56 km/h). There are very few traffic lights on the highway. FM 1097 was first designated on December 16, 1948. The highway traveled from an intersection with FM 149 north of Montgomery along its present route to an intersection with U.S. Route 75 in Willis. On July 22 of the next year, the designation was extended 8.9 miles (14.3 km) to the Walker County border. The road was extended 1.2 miles (1.9 km) eastward, to the highway's present eastern terminus, on November 20, 1951. On May 2, 1962, the highway was extended 6.9 miles (11.1 km) northwestward to its present northern terminus. Junction list CountyLocationmikmDestinationsNotes Montgomery0.0000.000CR 3142 (Johnson Road)Western terminus 6.24310.047 FM 149 (North Liberty Street)Northern terminus of FM 149 concurrency Montgomery6.74410.853 FM 149 (North Liberty Street)Southern terminus of FM 149 concurrency Lake Conroe13.206–14.47121.253–23.289Rotary Friendship Bridge Willis20.471–20.51332.945–33.012 I-45I-45 exit 94 21.274–21.34934.237–34.358 SH 75 (Danville Street)Short concurrency through central Willis Walker30.22248.638 SH 150Eastern terminus 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Concurrency terminus FM 1098 Farm to Market Road 1098LocationWaller CountyLength4.389 mi (7.063 km)ExistedDecember 16, 1948–present Farm to Market Road 1098 (FM 1098) is located in Waller County. It runs from FM 1488 northeast of Hempstead south to US 290 in Prairie View. FM 1098 was designated on December 16, 1948, from Spur 96 (former SH 244) at Prairie View College north 9.7 miles (15.6 km) to a road intersection. On June 8, 1949, the route was shortened 1.7 miles (2.7 km) to end at a county road intersection at Field's Store School. On July 9, 1951, the road was extended to US 290 southeast of Hempstead, replacing a portion of Spur 96. On November 20, 1951, the road was extended 6.3 miles (10.1 km) north to the Grimes County line. On January 16, 1953, a 12.3-mile (19.8 km) section of FM 1098 was transferred to FM 362 and FM 1488, while a loop connection of FM 1098 was added around Prairie View College, replacing Loop 96. On September 29, 1976, the road was rerouted around the west side of Prairie View A&M College over the loop connection and the section through campus was removed from the highway system. FM 1099 Farm to Market Road 1099LocationAtascosa CountyLength7.67 mi (12.34 km)Existed1948–present Farm to Market Road 1099 (FM 1099) is located in Atascosa County. Its western terminus at US 281 Alt. near Campbellton. The route runs to the east, crossing I-37/US 281 at exit 88, before turning to the southeast and ending at FM 99 near Peggy. FM 1099 was designated on December 16, 1948, from what was then US 281 eastward 5.7 miles (9.2 km) toward Fashing. The designation was extended 2 miles (3.2 km) to FM 99 on September 19, 1951. Notes ^ The certified length given is shorter than the actual mileage, as the TxDOT description of FM 1001 considers it to be discontinuous at rather than concurrent with the I-30 frontage road. ^ The certified length given is shorter than the actual mileage, as the TxDOT description of FM 1003 considers it to be discontinuous at rather than concurrent with FM 1293. ^ The certified length given is shorter than the actual mileage, as the TxDOT description of FM 1004 considers it to be discontinuous at rather than concurrent with US 96. ^ The certified length given is shorter than the actual mileage, as the TxDOT description of FM 1017 considers it to be discontinuous at rather than concurrent with FM 755. ^ RM 1022 was originally designated as FM 1022 from 1948 to 1959. ^ The certified length given is shorter than the actual mileage, as the TxDOT description of FM 1023 considers it to be discontinuous at rather than concurrent with US 90. ^ RM 1024 was originally designated as FM 1024 from 1948 to 1959. ^ RM 1050 was originally designated as FM 1050 from 1948 to 1959. ^ RM 1061 was originally designated as FM 1061 from 1948 to 1955. References ^ a b c d Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1000". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 1, 2018. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 590. Retrieved November 27, 2022. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 548. Retrieved November 27, 2022. ^ "Texas Highway Commission" (PDF). Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved May 26, 2013. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1001". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 1, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1002". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 1, 2018. ^ Google (January 15, 2018). "Overview Map of FM 1002" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved January 15, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1003". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 1, 2018. ^ Google (January 15, 2018). "Overview Map of FM 1003" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved January 15, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1004". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 1, 2018. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1407". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 15, 2018. ^ Google (January 15, 2018). "Overview Map of FM 1004" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved January 15, 2018. ^ a b c Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1005". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 1, 2018. ^ a b c Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1006". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 1, 2018. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Loop No. 171". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 15, 2018. ^ Google (January 16, 2018). "Overview Map of FM 1006" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved January 16, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1007". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 1, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1008". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 1, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1009". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 1, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1010". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 1, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1011". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 1, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1012". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 1, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1013". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 1, 2018. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2304". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 15, 2018. ^ Google (January 15, 2018). "Overview Map of FM 1013" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved January 15, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1014". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 1, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1015". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 1, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1016". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 1, 2018. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1926". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 15, 2018. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway No. 107". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 15, 2018. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Urban Road No. 1016". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 16, 2022. ^ a b c "Minute Order 115371" (PDF). Texas Transportation Commission. November 15, 2018. Retrieved December 16, 2022. ^ Google (January 15, 2018). "Overview Map of FM 1016" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved January 15, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1017". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 1, 2018. ^ Google (January 2, 2018). "Overview Map of FM 1017" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved January 2, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1018". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 1, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1019". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 1, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1020". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 1, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1021". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 1, 2018. ^ Google (June 21, 2023). "Overview Map of FM 1021" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 21, 2023. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Ranch to Market Road No. 1022". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 2, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1023". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 2, 2018. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Ranch to Market Road No. 187". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 15, 2018. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 3447". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 15, 2018. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1574". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 15, 2018. ^ Google (January 15, 2018). "Overview Map of FM 1023" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved January 15, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Ranch to Market Road No. 1024". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 2, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1025". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 2, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1026". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 2, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1027". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 2, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1028". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 2, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1029". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 2, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1030". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 2, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1013". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 2, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1032". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 2, 2018. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 740. Retrieved December 5, 2022. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1033". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 2, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1034". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 2, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1035". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 2, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1036". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 2, 2018. ^ a b c d Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1037". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 2, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1038". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 2, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1039". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 2, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1040". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 2, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1041". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 2, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1042". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 2, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1043". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 2, 2018. ^ a b c d e f Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1044". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 2, 2018. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1787. Retrieved July 16, 2021. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1831. Retrieved July 16, 2021. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1045". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 2, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1046". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 2, 2018. ^ a b c Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1047". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 2, 2018. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1212. Retrieved July 4, 2023. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1156. Retrieved July 4, 2023. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1099. Retrieved July 4, 2023. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2707". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 14, 2018. ^ Google (January 14, 2018). "Overview Map of FM 1047" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved January 14, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1048". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 2, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1049". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 2, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Ranch to Market Road No. 1050". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 2, 2018. ^ a b c d Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1051". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 2, 2018. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1863. Retrieved June 6, 2023. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1824. Retrieved June 6, 2023. ^ Ochoa, Ruben E.: Reagan Wells, TX from the Handbook of Texas Online (June 28, 2021). Retrieved June 6, 2023. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1052". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 2, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1053". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 2, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1054". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 2, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1055". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 2, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1056". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 2, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1057". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 2, 2018. ^ a b c d Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1058". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 2, 2018. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 184. Retrieved June 1, 2023. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 181. Retrieved June 1, 2023. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway No. 51". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 1, 2023. ^ Anderson, H. Allen: Deaf Smith County from the Handbook of Texas Online (June 22, 2019). Retrieved June 1, 2023. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1059". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 2, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1060". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 11, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Ranch to Market Road No. 1061". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 11, 2018. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway No. 51". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 11, 2018. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Urban Road No. 1061". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 11, 2018. ^ Google (January 11, 2018). "Overview Map of RM 1061" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved January 11, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1062". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 11, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1063". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 11, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1064". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 11, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1065". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 11, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1066". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 11, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1067". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 11, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1068". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 11, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1069". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 11, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1070". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1071". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1072". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1073". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1074". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1075". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1076". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Ranch to Market Road No. 1077". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1078". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1079". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1080". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1081". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1082". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1083". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1084". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1085". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1086". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1087". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2018. ^ a b c d Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1088". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2018. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1179. Retrieved August 19, 2020. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1089". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1090". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1091". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1092". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1093". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2018. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Urban Road No. 1093". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 16, 2022. ^ Google (August 5, 2019). "List of Farm to Market Roads in Texas (1000–1099)" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved August 5, 2019. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1094". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1095". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 15, 2018. ^ a b c Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1096". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2018. ^ Google (January 5, 2013). "List of Farm to Market Roads in Texas (1000–1099)" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved January 5, 2013. ^ a b c d Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1097". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2018. ^ Statewide Planning Map (Map). Cartography by Transportation Planning and Programming Division. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 22, 2013. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1098". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2018. ^ a b c d Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1099". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2018. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 2023. Retrieved June 27, 2023.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Farm to Market Roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm-to-market_road"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"Texas Department of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation"}],"text":"Farm to Market Roads in Texas are owned and maintained by the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT).","title":"List of Farm to Market Roads in Texas (1000–1099)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KML file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Farm_to_Market_Road_1000&action=raw"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Farm_to_Market_Road_1000&action=edit"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Attached_KML"},{"link_name":"Template:Attached KML/Farm to Market Road 1000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Attached_KML/Farm_to_Market_Road_1000"},{"link_name":"Titus County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titus_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 49","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_49"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_590-2"},{"link_name":"Union Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Pacific"},{"link_name":"Cookville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cookville,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 67","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_67_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_1000-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_548-3"},{"link_name":"US 271","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_271_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 1735","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1735"},{"link_name":"FM 4000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_4000"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_1000-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Texas_Highway_Commission-4"}],"text":"KML file (edit • help)Template:Attached KML/Farm to Market Road 1000KML is not from WikidataFarm to Market Road 1000 (FM 1000) is located in Titus County.FM 1000 begins at an intersection with SH 49, heading east on a two-lane undivided road.[2] The road passes through areas of farms and woods with some homes, winding to the east. The highway makes a turn to the north and runs through more agricultural areas with some patches of woodland and residences. FM 1000 crosses a Union Pacific railroad line and enters the community of Cookville, heading northwest past a few homes and businesses, ending at US 67.[1][3]FM 1000 was first designated onto its current alignment on November 23, 1948. On September 27, 2001, the route was proposed to extend west from SH 49 to an intersection with US 271. The proposed extension of FM 1000 was extended further west on February 28, 2008, to reflect a planned relocation of US 271. On March 28, 2013, the section from US 271 to FM 1735 was redesignated as FM 4000 and the section from FM 1735 to SH 49 was removed from the state highway system due to change in the project scope.[1][4]","title":"FM 1000"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Titus County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titus_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 67","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_67_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 2348","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2348"},{"link_name":"Mount Pleasant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Pleasant,_Texas"},{"link_name":"I-30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_30"},{"link_name":"FM 1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1993"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_548-3"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1001 (FM 1001) is located in Titus County.FM 1001 begins at an intersection with US 67/FM 2348 just east of Mount Pleasant. The highway travels in a northeast direction and crosses I-30 before entering Argo. After leaving Argo, FM 1001 turns east and ends at an intersection with FM 1993/County Road 3425.[3]FM 1001 was designated on November 23, 1948, running from US 67 to Argo. The highway was extended to its current terminus at FM 1993 on October 29, 1953.","title":"FM 1001"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Upshur County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upshur_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 155","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_155"},{"link_name":"Big Sandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Sandy,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 154","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_154"},{"link_name":"Rhonesboro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhonesboro,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 852","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_852"},{"link_name":"Winnsboro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnsboro,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Upshur County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upshur_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1002 (FM 1002) is located in Upshur County.FM 1002 begins at an intersection with SH 155 north of Big Sandy. The highway intersects with SH 154 in Rhonesboro and ends at an intersection with FM 852 southeast of Winnsboro.FM 1002 was designated on November 23, 1948, running from SH 155 northeast to Sandy Grove. The highway was extended further north to SH 154 in Rhonesboro on November 20, 1951. FM 1002 was extended 1.8 miles (2.9 km) north of SH 154 on November 25, 1975. The last change came on April 25, 1978, when the highway was extended to FM 852.Junction listThe entire route is in Upshur County.","title":"FM 1002"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hardin County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardin_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 770","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_770"},{"link_name":"Big Thicket National Preserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Thicket"},{"link_name":"Honey Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey_Island,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 1293","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1293"},{"link_name":"US 69","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_69_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 287","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_287_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Hardin County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardin_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1003 (FM 1003) is located in Hardin County.FM 1003 begins at an intersection with FM 770 near the Big Thicket National Preserve. The highway travels in a predominately northern direction before reaching Honey Island, where the road has a short overlap with FM 1293. After leaving Honey Island, FM 1003 runs in a northeast direction before ending at an intersection with US 69/US 287.FM 1003 was designated on November 23, 1948, running from US 69 to FM 770. The highway's description was changed on September 1, 1972, to show a break at FM 1293 in Honey Island.Junction listThe entire route is in Hardin County.","title":"FM 1003"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jasper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasper_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Newton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 96","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_96"},{"link_name":"SH 62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_62"},{"link_name":"Buna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buna,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Call","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call,_Texas"},{"link_name":"E.O. Siecke State Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E.O._Siecke_State_Forest"},{"link_name":"SH 87","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_87"},{"link_name":"FM 1407","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1407"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1004 (FM 1004) is located in Jasper and Newton counties.FM 1004 begins at an intersection with US 96/SH 62 in Buna. The highway travels through rural areas of Jasper County. FM 1004 turns east at Jasper County Road 626 and has an overlap with US 96 near Call Junction. The highway enters Call just east of the Jasper–Newton county line. FM 1004 runs south of E.O. Siecke State Forest before ending at an intersection with SH 87.FM 1004 was designated on November 23, 1948, running from US 96 at Call Junction east to SH 87 at Front Creek. The highway was extended westward, southward and southeastward to US 96 in Buna on October 28, 1953. Most of this extension absorbed part of the cancelled FM 1407.[11]Junction list","title":"FM 1004"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jasper County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasper_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 1013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1013"},{"link_name":"Kirbyville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirbyville,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 252","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_252"},{"link_name":"US 96","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_96"},{"link_name":"Call","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1005 (FM 1005) is located in Jasper County.FM 1005 begins at an intersection with FM 1013 northeast of Kirbyville. The highway travels through Magnolia Springs and intersects FM 252 northeast of town before ending at an intersection with US 96.FM 1005 was designated on November 23, 1948, running from US 96 in Kirbyville southward 2.9 miles (4.7 km) toward Call. The highway was extended to FM 1004 at Call on November 23, 1949. FM 1005 was extended to a road intersection 5 miles (8.0 km) northwest of Kirbyville on May 23, 1951. Later that year on November 20, the highway was extended to US 96 at Zion Hill, absorbing all of the cancelled FM 1006. FM 1006 was reassigned to a road in Orange County. The last change came on December 1, 1958, when the section of FM 1005 from Mount Union to Call was transferred to FM 1013.","title":"FM 1005"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Orange County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 87","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_87"},{"link_name":"Orange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Orange County Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_County_Airport_(Texas)"},{"link_name":"Sabine River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabine_River_(Texas%E2%80%93Louisiana)"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Bus. US 90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_90_Business_(Orange,_Texas)"},{"link_name":"US 90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_90_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Spur 171","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_Spur_171"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Orange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Orange County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1006 (FM 1006) is located in Orange County.FM 1006 begins at an intersection with SH 87 in southwestern Orange near Orange County Airport. The highway travels around the southern part of the town and turns north onto Bridge Street near the Sabine River (the Louisiana state line). FM 1006 travels north on Bridge Street before ending at an intersection with Bus. US 90.The current FM 1006 was designated on December 17, 1952, running from SH 87 to US 90, absorbing Spur 171 in the process.[15]Junction listThe entire route is in Orange, Orange County.","title":"FM 1006"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"US 96","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_96"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_1005-16"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_1006-17"}],"sub_title":"FM 1006 (1948)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 1006 was designated on November 23, 1948, running from US 96 to Magnolia Springs. This highway was cancelled on January 16, 1952, with the mileage being transferred to FM 1005.[13][14]","title":"FM 1006"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jasper County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasper_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1007 (FM 1007) is located in Jasper County.","title":"FM 1007"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liberty County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1008 (FM 1008) is located in Liberty County. It runs from SH 321 in Dayton via Kenefick to SH 321 north of Dayton.FM 1008 was designated on November 23, 1948, from SH 321 in Dayton to a point 8.2 miles (13.2 km) west. On January 25, 1950, the western terminus was relocated, absorbing a 0.3-mile (0.48 km) section of FM 686. On November 20, 1951, the road was extended northeast 5.1 miles (8.2 km) to Kenefick. On December 17, 1952, the road was extended northeast 0.8 miles (1.3 km) from Kenefick. On October 28, 1953, a 2.4-mile (3.9 km) section from 6 miles (9.7 km) west of Dayton to FM 686 was transferred to FM 686 and the road was extended west 6.6 miles (10.6 km) to a county road at Huffman and 1.1 miles (1.8 km) north from Kenefick. On September 29, 1954, the road was extended another 4.1 miles (6.6 km) north from Kenefick. On August 24, 1955, the road was extended north 5.5 miles (8.9 km) to FM 164. On October 3, 1955, the road was extended to SH 321, 13 miles (21 km) north of Dayton, replacing FM 164. On December 18, 1956, a 12.5-mile (20.1 km) section from Huffman to SH 321 in Dayton was transferred to FM 1960.","title":"FM 1008"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liberty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Jefferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1009 (FM 1009) is located in Liberty and Jefferson counties.","title":"FM 1009"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liberty County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1010 (FM 1010) is located in Liberty County.","title":"FM 1010"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liberty County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1011 (FM 1011) is located in Liberty County.","title":"FM 1011"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Newton County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1012 (FM 1012) is located in Newton County.","title":"FM 1012"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tyler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Jasper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasper_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Newton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 69","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_69_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 287","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_287_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Hillister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillister,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 92","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_92"},{"link_name":"Spurger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spurger,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Neches River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neches_River"},{"link_name":"Kirbyville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirbyville,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 252","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_252"},{"link_name":"US 96","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_96"},{"link_name":"FM 82","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_82"},{"link_name":"Call","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 2304","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2304"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1013 (FM 1013) is located in Tyler, Jasper and Newton counties.FM 1013 begins at an intersection with US 69/US 287 in the community of Hillister. The highway travels in a mostly eastern direction and intersects FM 92 in the town of Spurger. East of Spurger, FM 1013 crosses over the Neches River and intersects with FM 1005 before entering the town of Kirbyville. In Kirbyville, the highway intersects FM 252 and briefly turns southeast before turning back east at Main Street. FM 1013 intersects US 96 and turns south onto Elizabeth Avenue and leaves town at FM 82. The highway travels in a mostly southern direction before ending at an intersection with FM 1004 in Call.FM 1013 was designated on November 23, 1948, running from US 69 at Hillister to FM 92 at Spurger. The highway was extended to FM 1004 at Call on December 5, 1958, absorbing sections of FM 1005 and all of FM 2304.[24] On April 30, 1962, the break at FM 92 was removed and FM 1013 was slightly rerouted through Spurger.Junction list","title":"FM 1013"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tyler County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1014 (FM 1014) is located in Tyler County.","title":"FM 1014"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hidalgo County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidalgo_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1015 (FM 1015) is located in Hidalgo County.","title":"FM 1015"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hidalgo County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidalgo_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"I-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_2"},{"link_name":"US 83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_83_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 107","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_107"},{"link_name":"Rio Grande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Grande"},{"link_name":"FM 494","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_494"},{"link_name":"FM 396","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_396"},{"link_name":"McAllen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McAllen,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Spur 115","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_Spur_115"},{"link_name":"SH 336","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_336"},{"link_name":"FM 1926","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1926"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UR_1016-34"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minute_order_UR_eliminated-35"},{"link_name":"Hidalgo County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidalgo_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1016 (FM 1016) is located in Hidalgo County. The highway is known locally as S. Conway Road in Mission and Military Highway in McAllen.FM 1016 begins at I-2/US 83 in Mission, with Conway Road continuing into the city as SH 107. The highway travels in a southern direction and turns southeast near the Madero neighborhood, with the highway running in close proximity to the Rio Grande. FM 1016 turns east at FM 494 and runs through less developed areas of the city. The highway crosses FM 396 and enters McAllen after the intersection with Shary Road. Between FM 396 and Spur 115, FM 1016 runs through a heavily industrialized area with many business parks. The highway travels through a mainly rural area before ending at an intersection with SH 336.FM 1016 was designated on November 23, 1948, running from US 83 in Mission to SH 336 south of McAllen as a redesignation of part of SH 107. A small section of the highway in McAllen was transferred to FM 1926 on June 10, 1952.[29] Part of FM 1016 in Mission was transferred to SH 107 on May 21, 1979.[30] The highway was relocated on January 26, 1983, between FM 494 and Spur 115. On December 18, 1986, FM 1016 was relocated west of Spur 115. On June 27, 1995, the entire route was redesignated Urban Road 1016 (UR 1016).[31] The designation reverted to FM 1016 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.[32]The entire route is in Hidalgo County.","title":"FM 1016"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jim Hogg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Hogg_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Starr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starr_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Hidalgo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidalgo_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 281","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_281_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 186","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_186"},{"link_name":"San Manuel-Linn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Manuel-Linn,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 3250","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_3250"},{"link_name":"La Reforma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Reforma,_Texas"},{"link_name":"San Isidro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Isidro,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 2294","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2294"},{"link_name":"La Gloria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Gloria,_Starr_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 755","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_755"},{"link_name":"FM 2686","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2686"},{"link_name":"SH 285","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_285"},{"link_name":"Hebbronville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebbronville,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 1431","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1431"},{"link_name":"SH 359","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_359"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1017 (FM 1017) is located in Jim Hogg, Starr and Hidalgo counties.FM 1017 begins at an intersection with US 281/SH 186 in San Manuel-Linn. The highway travels in a slight northwest direction through the town and intersects FM 3250 just west of the town. FM 1017 travels through La Reforma before entering San Isidro, intersecting FM 2294. The highway continues to run through rural areas before entering La Gloria, beginning an overlap with FM 755. After leaving FM 755, FM 1017 travels in a westward direction before turning towards the north at FM 2686. The highway travels in a mostly northern direction before ending at an intersection with SH 285 in Hebbronville.FM 1017 was designated on November 23, 1948, running from US 281 to a point approximately 3 miles (4.8 km) to the west. The highway was extended further west and north to the Jim Hogg County line on November 30, 1949, replacing FM 1431 and FM 1429. running at total a distance of approximately 36.8 miles (59.2 km). FM 1017 was then extended to SH 285 near Hebbronville on November 20, 1951. On June 10, 1952, a section of FM 1017 was transferred to FM 755. There was a proposed extension of the highway to SH 359 on August 29, 1989, but this was cancelled as the court commissioner of Jim Hogg County did not accept the extension.Junction list","title":"FM 1017"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Willacy County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willacy_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1018 (FM 1018) is located in Willacy County.","title":"FM 1018"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dimmit County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimmit_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1019 (FM 1019) is located in Dimmit County.","title":"FM 1019"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Karnes County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnes_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1020 (FM 1020) is located in Karnes County.","title":"FM 1020"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SH 41","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_41"}],"sub_title":"FM 1020 (1948)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 1020 was designated on November 23, 1948, from SH 41 southwest 8.7 miles (14.0 km). FM 1020 was cancelled on April 18, 1949, and became a portion of FM 674 (now RM 674).","title":"FM 1020"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maverick County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maverick_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Webb County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webb_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 1472","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1472"},{"link_name":"El Indio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Indio,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 2644","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2644"},{"link_name":"Rosita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosita,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Chula Vista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chula_Vista,_Maverick_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Kickapoo Traditional Tribe of Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kickapoo_Traditional_Tribe_of_Texas"},{"link_name":"Loop 480","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_Loop_480"},{"link_name":"Las Quintas Fronterizas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Quintas_Fronterizas,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Eagle Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle_Pass,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 3443","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_3443"},{"link_name":"Camino Real International Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camino_Real_International_Bridge"},{"link_name":"US 57","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_57"},{"link_name":"Spur 240","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_Spur_240"},{"link_name":"SH 85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_85"},{"link_name":"US 277","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_277_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 76","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_76"},{"link_name":"Maverick County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maverick_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1021 (FM 1021) is located in Maverick County.FM 1021 begins at Old Mines Road, an unpaved county road, in a rural area of Maverick County; Old Mines Road continues southeast, becoming Eagle Pass Road in Webb County, which then becomes FM 1472. The highway travels through rural areas with many farms and ranches before entering El Indio, intersecting FM 2644 in the town. FM 1021 continues to travel by rural farms and ranches until crossing the Rosita Creek, with the route becoming more suburban. The highway travels along the city limits of Rosita and Chula Vista, passing near the Kickapoo Traditional Tribe of Texas reservation. FM 1021 cross Loop 480 then runs along the southern border of Las Quintas Fronterizas. The highway enters Eagle Pass near the FM 3443 (Veterans Boulevard) intersection. FM 1021 travels in a northwest-southeast direction along El Indio Highway, passing near several residential and retail areas. The highway turns north onto Monroe Street near the Camino Real International Bridge, then intersects US 57 (Garrison Street), before ending at intersection with Spur 240 (Main Street).FM 1021 was designated on November 23, 1948, running from SH 85 (which later became US 277) near Eagle Pass to El Indio. The highway's beginning was moved to SH 76 (now US 57) on April 21, 1949. FM 1021 was extended 8.0 miles (12.9 km) south of El Indio on July 15, 1949. The highway was extended another approximately 2.7 miles (4.3 km) on January 27, 1950, and was extended another 3.0 miles (4.8 km) to its current terminus on July 11, 1968.Junction listThe entire route is in Maverick County.","title":"FM 1021"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Uvalde County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uvalde_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Dabney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dabney,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_90_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_90_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Uvalde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uvalde,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Dabney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dabney,_Texas"}],"text":"Ranch to Market Road 1022 (RM 1022) is located in Uvalde County.RM 1022 begins at a dead end near the former mining community of Dabney. The highway travels in an east direction, with the highway forking northeast of the town, with the other section of RM 1022 traveling to the main entrance of the Vulcan Materials Company. The highway turns north and runs parallel to a rail line until passing in between the White Company Lake and the Uvalde Rock Asphalt Company Lake. RM 1022 runs by several ranches and rock quarries before ending at an intersection with US 90.RM 1022 was designated on November 23, 1948, as Farm to Market Road 1022 (FM 1022), running from US 90 west of Uvalde to Blewett. The highway was extended to Dabney on November 20, 1951. On October 17, 1959, the road was redesignated as RM 1022.","title":"RM 1022"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Uvalde County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uvalde_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 1049","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1049"},{"link_name":"Knippa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knippa,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Uvalde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uvalde,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Garner Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garner_Field"},{"link_name":"FM 1574","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1574"},{"link_name":"US 90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_90_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 2369","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2369"},{"link_name":"FM 187","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranch_to_Market_Road_187"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"FM 3447","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_3447"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"FM 1574","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1574"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Uvalde County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uvalde_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1023 (FM 1023) is located in Uvalde County.FM 1023 begins at intersection with FM 1049/County Road 301 south of Knippa. The highway is signed as north–south despite running in a southwest–northeast direction for most of its length. FM 1023 enters Uvalde near Garner Field, where it intersects with FM 1574. FM 1023 runs along Garner Field Road and has a short overlap with US 90 before running on 4th Street. The highway runs along 4th Street in eastern Uvalde before ending at an intersection with FM 2369.FM 1023 was designated on December 20, 1948, running from US 90 east of Uvalde to Garner Field. This section of highway was formerly a part of FM 187.[43] FM 1023 was extended north from US 90 to FM 2369 on May 22, 1959. this section was rerouted later, with the old route becoming FM 3447 on January 26, 1983. On May 6, 1964, FM 1023 was extended north from Garner Field to US 90.[44] On October 15, 1965, the section between US 90 and Garner Field was renumbered FM 1574.[45] The highway was extended to County Road 302 on June 2, 1967. The last change came on July 11, 1968, when FM 1023 was extended to FM 1049.Junction listThe entire route is in Uvalde County.","title":"FM 1023"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Val Verde County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val_Verde_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_90_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Comstock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comstock,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Pandale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandale,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_90_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Comstock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comstock,_Texas"}],"text":"Ranch to Market Road 1024 (RM 1024) is located in Val Verde County. It runs from US 90 near Comstock northward and westward to an intersection with Langtry Road and Pandale Road near Pandale.RM 1024 was designated on November 23, 1948, as Farm to Market Road 1024 (FM 1024), running from US 90 near Comstock to a point northwestward at a distance of 7.9 miles (12.7 km). On July 15, 1949, FM 1024 was extended northwestward 8.0 miles (12.9 km). On June 21, 1951, FM 1024 was extended northwestward 6.5 miles (10.5 km). On January 23, 1953, FM 1024 was extended northwest 5 miles (8.0 km). On October 29, 1953, FM 1024 was extended northwest 1.0 mile (1.6 km). On October 17, 1959, FM 1024 was redesignated as RM 1024. On September 27, 1960, RM 1024 was extended northwestward 4.8 miles (7.7 km). On May 2, 1962, RM 1024 was extended northwest 4 miles (6.4 km). On May 5, 1966, RM 1024 was extended northwest 7.7 miles (12.4 km). On June 2, 1967, RM 1024 was extended westward 2 miles (3.2 km). On November 5, 1971, RM 1024 was extended westward 5.9 miles (9.5 km) to its current terminus.","title":"RM 1024"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zavala County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zavala_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1025 (FM 1025) is located in Zavala County.","title":"FM 1025"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coleman County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coleman_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1026 (FM 1026) is located in Coleman County.","title":"FM 1026"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eastland County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastland_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1027 (FM 1027) is located in Eastland County.","title":"FM 1027"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"McCulloch County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCulloch_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1028 (FM 1028) is located in McCulloch County.","title":"FM 1028"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mills County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mills_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1029 (FM 1029) is located in Mills County.","title":"FM 1029"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Saba County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Saba_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1030 (FM 1030) is located in San Saba County.","title":"FM 1030"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Saba County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Saba_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1031 (FM 1031) is located in San Saba County.","title":"FM 1031"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stephens County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephens_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 183","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_183_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Breckenridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breckenridge,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_740-63"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1032 (FM 1032) is located in Stephens County. Its eastern terminus is at US 183, 10.5 miles (16.9 km) south of Breckenridge, and its western terminus is at CR 187/190.[56]FM 1032 was designated on November 23, 1948, on its current route.","title":"FM 1032"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Childress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childress_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Cottle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottle_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1033 (FM 1033) is located in Childress and Cottle counties.","title":"FM 1033"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Childress County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childress_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1034 (FM 1034) is located in Childress County.","title":"FM 1034"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Collingsworth County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collingsworth_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1035 (FM 1035) is located in Collingsworth County.","title":"FM 1035"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Collingsworth County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collingsworth_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1036 (FM 1036) is located in Collingsworth County.","title":"FM 1036"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KML file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Farm_to_Market_Road_1037&action=raw"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Farm_to_Market_Road_1037&action=edit"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Attached_KML"},{"link_name":"Template:Attached KML/Farm to Market Road 1037","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Attached_KML/Farm_to_Market_Road_1037"},{"link_name":"Cottle County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottle_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_62_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_83_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Paducah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paducah,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Delwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Delwin,_Texas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_1037-68"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_1037-68"}],"text":"KML file (edit • help)Template:Attached KML/Farm to Market Road 1037KML is not from WikidataFarm to Market Road 1037 (FM 1037) is located in Cottle County. The road begins at US 62/US 83 in Paducah, and continues west, then south, ending at County Road 230 in Cottle County north of Delwin.[61]FM 1037 was designated on November 23, 1948, from US 70 east of Paducah west 0.7 miles (1.1 km) to end of pavement on Backus Avenue in Paducah. On September 21, 1955, another segment of FM 1037 was designated from US 83 west to US 70 west of Paducah. This created a gap in the route's mileage. On January 22, 1957, FM 1037 was extended from the end of pavement on Backus Avenue to US 83. This closed the gap. On October 31, 1958, FM 1037 was extended south 3.2 miles (5.1 km) from US 70 west of Paducah.[61]","title":"FM 1037"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cottle County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottle_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1038 (FM 1038) is located in Cottle County.","title":"FM 1038"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Foard County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foard_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1039 (FM 1039) is located in Foard County.","title":"FM 1039"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Live Oak County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_Oak_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1040 (FM 1040) is located in Live Oak County.","title":"FM 1040"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"FM 1040 (1948)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 1040 was designated on November 23, 1948, from US 70 in Thalia southward 4.0 miles (6.4 km). FM 1040 was cancelled on April 20, 1949, and became a portion of FM 262.","title":"FM 1040"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hall County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hall_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1041 (FM 1041) is located in Hall County.","title":"FM 1041"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Live Oak County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_Oak_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1042 (FM 1042) is located in Live Oak County.","title":"FM 1042"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"FM 1042 (1948)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 1042 was designated on November 23, 1948, from SH 86 near the Briscoe County line, southward a distance of approximately 2.0 miles (3.2 km). Six months later FM 1042 was cancelled in lieu of extending FM 656.","title":"FM 1042"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Knox County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knox_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1043 (FM 1043) is located in Knox County.","title":"FM 1043"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KML file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Farm_to_Market_Road_1044&action=raw"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Farm_to_Market_Road_1044&action=edit"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Attached_KML"},{"link_name":"Template:Attached KML/Farm to Market Road 1044","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Attached_KML/Farm_to_Market_Road_1044"},{"link_name":"Comal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comal_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Guadalupe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalupe_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_1044-75"},{"link_name":"New Braunfels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Braunfels,_Texas"},{"link_name":"frontage road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontage_road"},{"link_name":"I-35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_35_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1787-76"},{"link_name":"FM 78","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_78"},{"link_name":"Marion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_1044-75"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1831-77"},{"link_name":"US 81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_81_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_1044-75"}],"text":"KML file (edit • help)Template:Attached KML/Farm to Market Road 1044KML is not from WikidataFarm to Market Road 1044 (FM 1044) is located in Comal and Guadalupe counties.[68]FM 1044's northern terminus is in central New Braunfels, at an intersection with the northbound frontage road of I-35 at exit 185.[69] Its southern terminus is at FM 78 east of Marion.[68][70]The current FM 1044 designation was established on October 28, 1953, connecting US 81 (now I-35) to FM 78.[68]","title":"FM 1044"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Knox County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knox_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 82","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_82"},{"link_name":"Baylor County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baylor_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 266","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_266"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_1044-75"}],"sub_title":"FM 1044 (1948)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 1044 was designated in Knox County on November 23, 1948, from US 82, 1.5 miles (2.4 km) west of the Baylor County line, southward 3.0 miles (4.8 km). On December 17, 1952, it was extended south 1.9 miles (3.1 km). FM 1044 was cancelled on October 28, 1953, and its mileage was transferred to FM 266.[68]","title":"FM 1044"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Motley County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motley_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1045 (FM 1045) is located in Motley County.","title":"FM 1045"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wheeler County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheeler_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1046 (FM 1046) is located in Wheeler County.","title":"FM 1046"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mills_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Lampasas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampasas_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 581","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_581"},{"link_name":"Lometa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lometa,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1212-81"},{"link_name":"US 84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_84_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1156-82"},{"link_name":"Lampasas River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampasas_River"},{"link_name":"FM 2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2005"},{"link_name":"Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_1047-80"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1099-83"},{"link_name":"Spur 183","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_Spur_183"},{"link_name":"FM 2707","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2707"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1047 (FM 1047) is located in Hamilton, Mills, and Lampasas counties. It begins at an intersection with FM 581 about 7 miles (11 km) northeast of Lometa.[74] FM 1047 travels through mostly rural areas and intersects US 84 near Star.[75] It then crosses the Lampasas River before ending at an intersection with FM 2005 southwest of Hamilton.[73][76]FM 1047 was designated on November 23, 1948, running from FM 581 to Lampasas County Road 120. On May 23, 1951, the highway was extended to the Mills County line. FM 1047 was extended to US 84 in Star on November 20, 1951, replacing Spur 183. On May 2, 1962, it was extended to its current terminus at FM 2005, absorbing FM 2707.[77]Junction list","title":"FM 1047"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Falls County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falls_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1048 (FM 1048) is located in Falls County.","title":"FM 1048"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Uvalde County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uvalde_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1049 (FM 1049) is located in Uvalde County.","title":"FM 1049"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Uvalde County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uvalde_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_83_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Garner State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garner_State_Park"},{"link_name":"RM 2748","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranch_to_Market_Road_2748"},{"link_name":"Texas Hill Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Hill_Country"},{"link_name":"Utopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utopia,_Texas"},{"link_name":"RM 187","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranch_to_Market_Road_187"},{"link_name":"FM 187","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_187"},{"link_name":"Utopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utopia,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_83_in_Texas"}],"text":"Ranch to Market Road 1050 (RM 1050) is located in Uvalde County.RM 1050 begins at an intersection with US 83 near Garner State Park. The highway travels in an eastern direction along the park's northern boundary before intersecting RM 2748. RM 1050 travels through the Texas Hill Country before entering Utopia, ending at an intersection with RM 187.RM 1050 was designated on November 23, 1948, as Farm to Market Road 1050 (FM 1050), running from FM 187 (now RM 187) in Utopia to US 83. On October 17, 1959, FM 1050 was changed to RM 1050.","title":"RM 1050"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Uvalde County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uvalde_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_83_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Concan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concan,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1863-91"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_1051-90"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1824-92"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TSHA_Reagan_Wells-93"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_1051-90"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1051 (FM 1051) is located in Uvalde County. Its southern terminus is at an intersection with US 83 southwest of Concan.[83] It travels northwest approximately 11 miles (18 km) to the community of Reagan Wells before state maintenance ends, with the roadway continuing as CR 424.[82][84][85]FM 1051 was designated on November 23, 1948, on its current route.[82]","title":"FM 1051"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Uvalde County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uvalde_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1052 (FM 1052) is located in Uvalde County.","title":"FM 1052"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 1053"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynn_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Borden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borden_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1054 (FM 1054) is located in Lynn and Borden counties.","title":"FM 1054"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Deaf Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deaf_Smith_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Castro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castro_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Lamb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamb_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1055 (FM 1055) is located in Deaf Smith, Castro and Lamb counties.","title":"FM 1055"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Collingsworth County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collingsworth_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1056 (FM 1056) is located in Collingsworth County. It was numbered on July 5, 1951.","title":"FM 1056"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"FM 1056 (1948)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 1056 was designated on December 16, 1948, from SH 86 at Nazareth northward 5.0 miles (8.0 km) to a road intersection. FM 1056 was cancelled on July 5, 1951, and became a portion of FM 168.","title":"FM 1056"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Deaf Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deaf_Smith_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Castro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castro_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1057 (FM 1057) is located in Deaf Smith and Castro counties.","title":"FM 1057"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Deaf Smith County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deaf_Smith_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 385","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_385_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Loop 211","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_Loop_211"},{"link_name":"Hereford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereford,_Texas"},{"link_name":"New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"New Mexico State Road 241","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico_State_Road_241"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_1058-100"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_184-101"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_181-102"},{"link_name":"SH 51","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_51"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_1058-100"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SH_51-103"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TSHA_hcd04-104"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1058 (FM 1058) is located in Deaf Smith County. It runs from US 385 and Loop 211 in Hereford west to the New Mexico state line, where it continues as New Mexico State Road 241.[92][93][94]FM 1058 was designated on December 16, 1948, along the current route; what is now US 385 was SH 51 at the time.[92][95] The route was constructed along a roadway that had been graded c. 1920 to facilitate the movement of crops in the county to the rail line running through Hereford.[96]","title":"FM 1058"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hutchinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutchinson_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Carson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carson_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1059 (FM 1059) is located in Hutchinson and Carson counties.","title":"FM 1059"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sherman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherman_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1060 (FM 1060) is located in Sherman and Moore counties.","title":"FM 1060"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Potter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potter_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Oldham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldham_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"BL I-40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_40_Business_(Amarillo,_Texas)"},{"link_name":"Amarillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarillo,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Loop 335","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_Loop_335"},{"link_name":"Bishop Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_Hills,_Texas"},{"link_name":"RM 2381","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranch_to_Market_Road_2381"},{"link_name":"Bushland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushland,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 385","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_385"},{"link_name":"Tascosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tascosa,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 66","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_66_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"BL I-40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_40_Business_(Amarillo,_Texas)"},{"link_name":"Amarillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarillo,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 51","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_51"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UR_1061-110"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minute_order_UR_eliminated-35"}],"text":"Ranch to Market Road 1061 (RM 1061) is located in Potter and Oldham counties.RM 1061 begins at an intersection with BL I-40 in Amarillo. The highway is known locally as Tascosa Road and runs northwest through the city, passing several subdivisions. RM 1061 leaves the city before having an interchange with Loop 335. The highway travels in a northwestern direction and turns to the west at Melfrank Road. RM 1061 runs along the southern boundary of Bishop Hills and turns back to the northwest near Ranch Road. After passing Ranch View Drive the highway runs through mainly rural areas of the county. RM 1061 intersects with RM 2381 north of Bushland. The highway runs through rural areas before ending at an intersection with US 385 in Tascosa.RM 1061 was designated as Farm to Market Road 1061 (FM 1061) on December 16, 1948, running from US 66 (currently BL I-40) in Amarillo to a road intersection at a distance of approximately 10.2 miles (16.4 km). On September 21, 1955, the road was extended northwest 16.0 miles (25.7 km) to a point near Ady and was redesignated as RM 1061. RM 1061 was extended to Tascosa at SH 51 on November 21, 1956 (which became US 385 in 1959[100]). On June 27, 1995, the section between Business I-40 and Loop 335 was redesignated Urban Road 1061 (UR 1061).[101] The designation reverted to RM 1061 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.[32]Junction list","title":"RM 1061"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Deaf Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deaf_Smith_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Randall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randall_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1062 (FM 1062) is located in Deaf Smith and Randall counties.","title":"FM 1062"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Williamson County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamson_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1063 (FM 1063) is located in Williamson County.","title":"FM 1063"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"FM 1063 (1948)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 1063 was designated on December 16, 1948, from US 62 at Cone, westward and southward to Farmer. On July 14, 1949, the road was extended west 1.0 mile (1.6 km) from Farmer to a road intersection and east 3.0 miles (4.8 km) from US 62 to a road intersection. On September 28, 1949, the road was extended west to FM 378. On December 17, 1952, the road was extended east to FM 651. On November 21, 1956, the road was extended east to FM 28. FM 1063 was cancelled on November 1, 1960, and became a portion of FM 193.","title":"FM 1063"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dawson County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawson_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1064 (FM 1064) is located in Dawson County.","title":"FM 1064"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Briscoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briscoe_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Floyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floyd_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1065 (FM 1065) is located in Briscoe and Floyd counties.","title":"FM 1065"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gaines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaines_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Dawson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawson_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1066 (FM 1066) is located in Gaines and Dawson counties.","title":"FM 1066"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gaines County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaines_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1067 (FM 1067) is located in Gaines County.","title":"FM 1067"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Patricio County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Patricio_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1068 (FM 1068) is located in San Patricio County.","title":"FM 1068"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"FM 1068 (1948)","text":"The first route numbered FM 1068 was designated on December 16, 1948, from US 84 westward 2.7 miles (4.3 km) to the Garza–Lynn county line. Three months later FM 1068 was cancelled and became a portion of FM 211.","title":"FM 1068"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"FM 1068 (1951)","text":"The second route numbered FM 1068 was designated on May 23, 1951, from US 181 at Taft eastward and northward 7.9 miles (12.7 km) to Plymouth Oil Field. FM 1068 was cancelled on March 24, 1958, and became a portion of FM 631.","title":"FM 1068"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aransas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aransas_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"San Patricio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Patricio_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 361","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_361"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1069 (FM 1069) is located in Aransas and San Patricio counties. It runs from Bus. SH 35 in Rockport to Redfish Bay at Port Ingelside.FM 1069 was designated on May 23, 1951, from SH 35, 2 miles (3.2 km) west of Aransas Pass, north to the Aransas County line. On September 19, 1951, the road was extended northeast 3.2 miles (5.1 km) to FM 881. On October 29, 1953, the road was extended southwest 9.7 miles (15.6 km) to FM 632 (now SH 361) at Ingleside. On November 20, 1953, the road was extended to Redfish Bay, creating a gap at FM 632 and replacing FM 2094. On November 24, 1959, the road was extended southeast 2.5 miles (4.0 km) to SH 35. On January 1, 1966, the gap at Ingelside was removed following a rerouting of FM 632. On December 22, 1992, a 1.1-mile (1.8 km) section from FM 881 to the then-new location of SH 35 was transferred to SH 188. On August 18, 1993, a 1.8-mile (2.9 km) section from then-new SH 35 to existing SH 35 was transferred to SH 188, while FM 1069 was rerouted over FM 881 to Bus. SH 35. On April 3, 2006, a section of FM 1069 in Rockport was redesignated as Loop 70.","title":"FM 1069"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"FM 1069 (1948)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 1069 was designated on December 16, 1948, from US 70, 2 miles (3.2 km) west of Halfway, south 9 miles (14 km) to a road intersection. Four months later FM 1069 was cancelled and became a portion of FM 594 (now FM 179).","title":"FM 1069"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hale County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hale_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1070 (FM 1070) is located in Hale County.","title":"FM 1070"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hale_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Lamb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamb_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1071 (FM 1071) is located in Hale and Lamb counties.","title":"FM 1071"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lamb County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamb_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1072 (FM 1072) is located in Lamb County.","title":"FM 1072"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Freestone County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freestone_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1073 (FM 1073) is located in Freestone County.","title":"FM 1073"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FM 1316","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1316"}],"sub_title":"FM 1073 (1948)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 1073 was designated on December 16, 1948, from US 84 at Shallowater southward 4.3 miles (6.9 km) to a road intersection. On July 14, 1949, the road was extended south 4.0 miles (6.4 km). On October 28, 1953, the road was extended south to US 62. On October 14, 1954, the road was extended south to the Lubbock–Lynn county line, replacing FM 1316. Twelve days later, the road was extended south to FM 211. On May 2, 1962, the road was extended south to FM 1317. FM 1073 was cancelled on August 20, 1964, and became a portion of FM 179.","title":"FM 1073"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Patricio County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Patricio_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1074 (FM 1074) is located in San Patricio County.","title":"FM 1074"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lynn County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynn_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 87","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_87_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Tahoka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahoka,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilson,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Lubbock County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubbock_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 400","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_400"}],"sub_title":"FM 1074 (1948)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 1074 was designated on December 16, 1948, in Lynn County, from US 87 north of Tahoka northeastward 15.7 miles (25.3 km) via Wilson to the Lubbock County line. FM 1074 was cancelled on March 19, 1949, and became a portion of FM 400.","title":"FM 1074"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Castro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castro_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Swisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swisher_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Randall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randall_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Armstrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armstrong_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1075 (FM 1075) is located in Castro, Swisher, Randall, and Armstrong counties.","title":"FM 1075"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Terry County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1076 (FM 1076) is located in Terry County.","title":"FM 1076"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bandera County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandera_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Hill Country State Natural Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_Country_State_Natural_Area"},{"link_name":"SH 173","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_173"},{"link_name":"Bandera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandera,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 689","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_689"}],"text":"Ranch to Market Road 1077 (RM 1077) is located in Bandera County.RM 1077 begins at Bandera Creek Road approximately 1.4 miles (2.3 km) northeast of the Hill Country State Natural Area. The highway travels in a northeast direction for most of its length before ending at an intersection with SH 173 just south of Bandera.RM 1077 was designated on June 2, 1967, running from FM 689 to a point southwest at a distance of about 4.5 miles (7.2 km). The highway was extended another 3.7 miles (6.0 km) on July 11, 1968. An extension of RM 1077 to the Hill Country SNA was proposed on August 28, 1989, but was cancelled on September 25, 2003, as the county could not secure right of way.","title":"RM 1077"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"US 380","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_380"},{"link_name":"Plains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plains,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 337","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_337"},{"link_name":"New Mexico Highway 337","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico_Highway_337"},{"link_name":"US 82","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_82_in_Texas"}],"sub_title":"FM 1077 (1948)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 1077 was designated on December 16, 1948, running from the New Mexico state line to US 380 in Plains. On March 30, 1955, the road was signed, but not designated, as SH 337 to match New Mexico Highway 337. The highway was cancelled on September 26, 1963, with the mileage being transferred to US 82, which also replaced New Mexico Highway 337.","title":"RM 1077"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Orange County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1078 (FM 1078) is located in Orange County.","title":"FM 1078"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"FM 1078 (1948)","text":"The first route numbered FM 1078 was designated on December 16, 1948, from US 80 in Clyde southward 4.3 miles (6.9 km) to a road intersection. On July 14, 1949, the road was extended south 4.0 miles (6.4 km) to another road intersection. On May 23, 1951, the road was extended south to SH 36. FM 1078 was cancelled on July 11, 1951, and transferred to FM 604.","title":"FM 1078"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"FM 1078 (1951)","text":"The second route numbered FM 1078 was designated on July 25, 1951, from US 81 (now I-35) in Kyle northwest 8.9 miles (14.3 km) to a road intersection in Hays City. The road FM 1078 ended at the west end became part of FM 966 on November 20, 1951. FM 1078 was cancelled on October 27, 1952, and was transferred to FM 150 (now RM 150); note that FM 150 replaced FM 966 on May 25, 1955.","title":"FM 1078"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"FM 1078 (1952)","text":"The third route numbered FM 1078 was designated on December 17, 1952, from US 77 near Lewisville west to FM 1830 in Bartonville. FM 1078 was cancelled on January 6, 1955, and became a portion of FM 407.","title":"FM 1078"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Callahan County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callahan_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1079 (FM 1079) is located in Callahan County. It runs from FM 880 west to Cotton Wood.FM 1079 was designated on December 16, 1948, from US 80 in Putnam southward 5.5 miles (8.9 km) to a road intersection. On July 14, 1949, the road was extended south 4.5 miles (7.2 km) to another road intersection. On May 23, 1951, the road was extended south to FM 880 at Cotton Wood. On September 5, 1951, this routing of FM 1079 became a portion of FM 880, while FM 1079 was reassigned to the old route of FM 880.","title":"FM 1079"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Haskell County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haskell_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1080 (FM 1080) is located in Haskell County.","title":"FM 1080"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dickens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dickens_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1081 (FM 1081) is located in Dickens and Kent counties.","title":"FM 1081"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"FM 1081 (1948)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 1081 was designated on December 16, 1948, from SH 24 (now US 380) at Rule northwest to Jud. On May 23, 1951, the road was extended northeast to SH 283 (now SH 6) in Rochester. FM 1081 was cancelled on August 5, 1955, and became a portion of FM 617.","title":"FM 1081"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jones_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1082 (FM 1082) is located in Jones and Taylor counties.","title":"FM 1082"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kent County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1083 (FM 1083) is located in Kent County.","title":"FM 1083"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shackelford County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shackelford_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1084 (FM 1084) is located in Shackelford County.","title":"FM 1084"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jones_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1085 (FM 1085) is located in Fisher, Jones, and Taylor counties.","title":"FM 1085"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Taylor County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1086 (FM 1086) is located in Taylor County.","title":"FM 1086"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nacogdoches County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacogdoches_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1087 (FM 1087) is located in Nacogdoches County.","title":"FM 1087"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KML file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Farm_to_Market_Road_1088&action=raw"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Farm_to_Market_Road_1088&action=edit"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Attached_KML"},{"link_name":"Template:Attached KML/Farm to Market Road 1088","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Attached_KML/Farm_to_Market_Road_1088"},{"link_name":"Hudspeth County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudspeth_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_20"},{"link_name":"Fort Hancock–El Porvenir International Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Hancock%E2%80%93El_Porvenir_International_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Rio Grande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Grande"},{"link_name":"El Porvenir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=El_Porvenir,_Chihuahua&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chihuahua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chihuahua_(state)"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_1088-138"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1179-139"},{"link_name":"Mexico Federal Highway 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_Federal_Highway_2"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_1088-138"}],"text":"KML file (edit • help)Template:Attached KML/Farm to Market Road 1088KML is not from WikidataFarm to Market Road 1088 (FM 1088) is located in Hudspeth County. It runs from SH 20 southwestward to the Fort Hancock–El Porvenir International Bridge, where it crosses the Rio Grande to El Porvenir, Chihuahua, Mexico.[129][130] The road and bridge provide a connection with Mexico Federal Highway 2.FM 1088 was assigned its current northern terminus along SH 20 on September 5, 1973. In 2002, its southern terminus was moved approximately 0.16 miles (0.26 km) northeast to the new Port of Entry.[129]","title":"FM 1088"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SH 36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_36"},{"link_name":"Peters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peters,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Cat Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat_Springs,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Austin County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"San Bernard River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bernard_River"},{"link_name":"Colorado County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 949","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_949"}],"sub_title":"FM 1088 (1948)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 1088 was designated on December 16, 1948, from SH 36, 1 mile (1.6 km) west of Peters, to Cat Springs in Austin County. On September 21, 1955, the road was extended 2 miles (3.2 km) southwest to the San Bernard River at the Colorado County line. FM 1088 was cancelled on December 7, 1972, and became a portion of FM 949.","title":"FM 1088"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Cherokee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1089 (FM 1089) is located in Smith and Cherokee counties.","title":"FM 1089"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"FM 1089 (1948)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 1089 was designated on December 16, 1948, from SH 35 at Old Ocean north to West Columbia/Pledger Road (later FM 1452, now FM 1301). FM 1089 was cancelled on June 9, 1958, and became a portion of FM 524.","title":"FM 1089"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Calhoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calhoun_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1090 (FM 1090) is located in Victoria and Calhoun counties.","title":"FM 1090"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FM 521","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_521"}],"sub_title":"FM 1090 (1948)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 1090 was designated on December 16, 1948, from FM 524 at Four Corners southwest to FM 457 at Cedar Lane. FM 1090 was cancelled on January 16, 1953, and transferred to FM 521.","title":"FM 1090"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Live Oak County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_Oak_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1091 (FM 1091) is located in Live Oak County.","title":"FM 1091"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"FM 1091 (1948)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 1091 was designated on December 16, 1948, from SH 35 in Angleton to the north end of the Bastrop Bayou Bridge. Seven months later FM 1091 was cancelled and became a portion of FM 523.","title":"FM 1091"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harris_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Fort Bend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Bend_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_6"},{"link_name":"Missouri City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_City,_Texas"},{"link_name":"I-69","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Interstate_60_in_Texas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"US 59","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_59_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1092 (FM 1092) is located in Harris and Fort Bend counties. Known locally as Murphy Road, it runs from SH 6 in Missouri City north to I-69/US 59 in Houston.","title":"FM 1092"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KML file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Farm_to_Market_Road_1093&action=raw"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Farm_to_Market_Road_1093&action=edit"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Attached_KML"},{"link_name":"Template:Attached KML/Farm to Market Road 1093","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Attached_KML/Farm_to_Market_Road_1093"},{"link_name":"Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Wharton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wharton_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Fort Bend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Bend_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harris_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 3013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_3013"},{"link_name":"I-610","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_610_(Texas)"},{"link_name":"Westpark Tollway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westpark_Tollway"},{"link_name":"FM 1464","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FM_1464"},{"link_name":"Clodine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clodine,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Westheimer Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westheimer_Road"},{"link_name":"The Galleria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Galleria"},{"link_name":"FM 359","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_359"},{"link_name":"SH 36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_36"},{"link_name":"FM 1094","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1094"},{"link_name":"US 90 Alt.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_90_Alternate_(Texas)"},{"link_name":"FM 1597","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1597"},{"link_name":"SH 99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_99"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UR_1093-145"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minute_order_UR_eliminated-35"}],"text":"KML file (edit • help)Template:Attached KML/Farm to Market Road 1093KML is not from WikidataFarm to Market Road 1093 (FM 1093) is located in Colorado, Wharton, Austin, Fort Bend and Harris counties. It runs from FM 3013 in Eagle Lake to I-610 in Houston.FM 1093 serves as the free frontage roads for the Westpark Tollway from the tollway's western terminus to its interchange with FM 1464 in Clodine. Beyond this interchange, FM 1093 continues along Westheimer Road to its terminus at I-610 near The Galleria shopping mall.FM 1093 was designated on December 16, 1948, from FM 359 at Flewellen via Gaston to Post Oak Road west of Houston. On July 9, 1951, the road was extended west 11.8 miles (19.0 km) to SH 36 at Wallis, replacing FM 1094 and creating a concurrency with FM 359. On September 29, 1954, the road was extended 11.2 miles (18.0 km) west to US 90 Alt. at Eagle Lake, replacing FM 1597 and creating a concurrency with SH 36. On July 11, 1962, the road was extended 0.2 miles (0.32 km) east to I-610. On January 25, 1971, the road was shortened to end at FM 3013, as a 0.6-mile (0.97 km) section from US 90 Alt. to FM 3013 was transferred to FM 3013. On June 27, 1995, the section between SH 99 and I-610 was redesignated Urban Road 1093 (UR 1093).[136] The designation of this section reverted to FM 1093 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.[32]Junction list","title":"FM 1093"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Austin County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1094 (FM 1094) is located in Austin County. It runs from FM 109 at New Ulm southeast to SH 36 at Sealy.FM 1094 was designated on July 25, 1951, from FM 109 at New Ulm to a point 8.6 miles (13.8 km) east. On November 20, 1951, the road was extended 3.1 miles (5.0 km) to FM 1088 (now FM 949). On September 29, 1954, the road was extended 11.4 miles (18.3 km) to SH 36 at Sealy, replacing FM 2142.","title":"FM 1094"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"FM 1094 (1948)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 1094 was designated on December 16, 1948, from FM 359 at Fulshear to Simonton. On July 22, 1949, the road was extended southwest 6.9 miles (11.1 km) to SH 36 at Wallis. FM 1094 was cancelled on July 9, 1951, and became a portion of FM 1093.","title":"FM 1094"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Matagorda County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matagorda_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1095 (FM 1095) is located in Matagorda County. It runs from SH 35 east of Blessing to Collegeport.FM 1095 was designated on December 16, 1948, from SH 35, 5 miles (8.0 km) east of Blessing southward 11.5 miles (18.5 km) to a road intersection west of Citrus Grove. On July 22, 1949, FM 1095 was extended south and west 4.8 miles (7.7 km) to Collegeport.","title":"FM 1095"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KML file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Farm_to_Market_Road_1096&action=raw"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Farm_to_Market_Road_1096&action=edit"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Attached_KML"},{"link_name":"Template:Attached KML/Farm to Market Road 1096","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Attached_KML/Farm_to_Market_Road_1096"},{"link_name":"Wharton County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wharton_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 442","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_442"},{"link_name":"FM 3012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_3012"},{"link_name":"FM 1301","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1301"},{"link_name":"Iago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boling-Iago,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Caney Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caney_Creek_(Matagorda_Bay)"},{"link_name":"San Bernard River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bernard_River"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-150"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_1096-149"},{"link_name":"Wharton County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wharton_County,_Texas"}],"text":"KML file (edit • help)Template:Attached KML/Farm to Market Road 1096KML is not from WikidataFarm to Market Road 1096 (FM 1096) is located in Wharton County.FM 1096 begins as a two-lane road on FM 442 northeast of Lane City. From there, FM 1096 goes north-northeast 1.8 miles (2.9 km) to its intersection with FM 3012. It turns east-southeast for 1.0 mile (1.6 km), then curves back to the north-northeast again for 2.0 miles (3.2 km) to its intersection with FM 1301 in Iago. The road crosses Caney Creek approximately 300 yards (274 m) south of Iago. Also known as North Iago Road, the highway continues north-northeast 2.5 miles (4.0 km) to Barker Cutoff. North Iago Road extends past Barker Cutoff in the same direction to intersect with County Road 160 (CR 160) and CR 153 before coming to a dead end short of the San Bernard River.[141]On July 28, 1955, FM 1096 was established from FM 1301 at Iago in Wharton County southwest to FM 442. The length was about five miles (8.0 km). A new segment 2.5 miles (4.0 km) in length was added on June 28, 1963. This portion started from FM 1301 at Iago and extended about 2.5 miles (4.0 km) northeast to a road intersection.[140]Junction listThe entire highway is in Wharton County.","title":"FM 1096"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SH 60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_60"},{"link_name":"Wadsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadsworth,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 1095","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1095"},{"link_name":"FM 460","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_460"},{"link_name":"FM 521","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_521"}],"sub_title":"FM 1096 (1948)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 1096 was designated on December 16, 1948, from SH 60 at Wadsworth west to a county road. FM 1096 was extended west to FM 1095 and FM 460 on September 29, 1954. FM 1096 was cancelled on October 15, 1954, and became a portion of FM 521.","title":"FM 1096"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KML file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Farm_to_Market_Road_1097&action=raw"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Farm_to_Market_Road_1097&action=edit"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Attached_KML"},{"link_name":"Template:Attached KML/Farm to Market Road 1097","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Attached_KML/Farm_to_Market_Road_1097"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rotary_Friendship_Bridge.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rotary Friendship Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rotary_Friendship_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walker_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 149","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_149"},{"link_name":"Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 150","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_150"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_1097-151"},{"link_name":"speed limit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_limit"},{"link_name":"traffic lights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_lights"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_75_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_1097-151"}],"text":"KML file (edit • help)Template:Attached KML/Farm to Market Road 1097KML is not from WikidataFM 1097 crosses Lake Conroe on the Rotary Friendship BridgeFarm to Market Road 1097 (FM 1097) is located in Walker and Montgomery counties. FM 1097 originally began at FM 149 in Montgomery, and ends nearly 30 miles (48 km) away at SH 150.[142] Most of the road has only two lanes each direction. The speed limit ranges from 60 mph (97 km/h) to 35 mph (56 km/h). There are very few traffic lights on the highway.FM 1097 was first designated on December 16, 1948. The highway traveled from an intersection with FM 149 north of Montgomery along its present route to an intersection with U.S. Route 75 in Willis. On July 22 of the next year, the designation was extended 8.9 miles (14.3 km) to the Walker County border. The road was extended 1.2 miles (1.9 km) eastward, to the highway's present eastern terminus, on November 20, 1951. On May 2, 1962, the highway was extended 6.9 miles (11.1 km) northwestward to its present northern terminus.[142]Junction list","title":"FM 1097"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Waller County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waller_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1098 (FM 1098) is located in Waller County. It runs from FM 1488 northeast of Hempstead south to US 290 in Prairie View.FM 1098 was designated on December 16, 1948, from Spur 96 (former SH 244) at Prairie View College north 9.7 miles (15.6 km) to a road intersection. On June 8, 1949, the route was shortened 1.7 miles (2.7 km) to end at a county road intersection at Field's Store School. On July 9, 1951, the road was extended to US 290 southeast of Hempstead, replacing a portion of Spur 96. On November 20, 1951, the road was extended 6.3 miles (10.1 km) north to the Grimes County line. On January 16, 1953, a 12.3-mile (19.8 km) section of FM 1098 was transferred to FM 362 and FM 1488, while a loop connection of FM 1098 was added around Prairie View College, replacing Loop 96. On September 29, 1976, the road was rerouted around the west side of Prairie View A&M College over the loop connection and the section through campus was removed from the highway system.","title":"FM 1098"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atascosa County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atascosa_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 281 Alt.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_281_Alternate_(Texas)"},{"link_name":"Campbellton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campbellton,_Texas"},{"link_name":"I-37","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_37"},{"link_name":"US 281","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_281_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_99"},{"link_name":"Peggy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peggy,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_1099-154"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_2023-155"},{"link_name":"Fashing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashing,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_1099-154"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 1099 (FM 1099) is located in Atascosa County. Its western terminus at US 281 Alt. near Campbellton. The route runs to the east, crossing I-37/US 281 at exit 88, before turning to the southeast and ending at FM 99 near Peggy.[145][146]FM 1099 was designated on December 16, 1948, from what was then US 281 eastward 5.7 miles (9.2 km) toward Fashing. The designation was extended 2 miles (3.2 km) to FM 99 on September 19, 1951.[145]","title":"FM 1099"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1001-concur_6-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1003-concur_10-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1004-concur_13-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1017-concur_38-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FM_1022_46-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1023-concur_48-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FM_1024_54-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FM_1050_89-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FM_1061_108-0"}],"text":"^ The certified length given is shorter than the actual mileage, as the TxDOT description of FM 1001 considers it to be discontinuous at rather than concurrent with the I-30 frontage road.\n\n^ The certified length given is shorter than the actual mileage, as the TxDOT description of FM 1003 considers it to be discontinuous at rather than concurrent with FM 1293.\n\n^ The certified length given is shorter than the actual mileage, as the TxDOT description of FM 1004 considers it to be discontinuous at rather than concurrent with US 96.\n\n^ The certified length given is shorter than the actual mileage, as the TxDOT description of FM 1017 considers it to be discontinuous at rather than concurrent with FM 755.\n\n^ RM 1022 was originally designated as FM 1022 from 1948 to 1959.\n\n^ The certified length given is shorter than the actual mileage, as the TxDOT description of FM 1023 considers it to be discontinuous at rather than concurrent with US 90.\n\n^ RM 1024 was originally designated as FM 1024 from 1948 to 1959.\n\n^ RM 1050 was originally designated as FM 1050 from 1948 to 1959.\n\n^ RM 1061 was originally designated as FM 1061 from 1948 to 1955.","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"FM 1097 crosses Lake Conroe on the Rotary Friendship Bridge","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Rotary_Friendship_Bridge.jpg/220px-Rotary_Friendship_Bridge.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1000\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 1, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1000.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1000\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 590. Retrieved November 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/590.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 548. Retrieved November 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/548.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"\"Texas Highway Commission\" (PDF). Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved May 26, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://ftp.dot.state.tx.us/pub/txdot-info/adm/2013/documents/agendas/032813.pdf","url_text":"\"Texas Highway Commission\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1001\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 1, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1001.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1001\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1002\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 1, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1002.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1002\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Google (January 15, 2018). \"Overview Map of FM 1002\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved January 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/32.6108064,-95.0861796/32.8107977,-95.1333004/@32.7128499,-95.1170568,12z/data=!4m2!4m1!3e0","url_text":"\"Overview Map of FM 1002\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1003\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 1, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1003.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1003\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Google (January 15, 2018). \"Overview Map of FM 1003\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved January 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/30.3309446,-94.418794/30.4295086,-94.3687262/@30.3818848,-94.4154589,13z/data=!4m2!4m1!3e0","url_text":"\"Overview Map of FM 1003\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1004\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 1, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1004.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1004\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1407\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1407.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1407\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Google (January 15, 2018). \"Overview Map of FM 1004\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved January 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/30.4416594,-93.9692062/30.6168755,-93.8110205/@30.5309917,-93.9076381,12z/data=!4m9!4m8!1m5!3m4!1m2!1d-93.9701118!2d30.5883314!3s0x86396e9480130921:0x7d4ee2f4293b359!1m0!3e0","url_text":"\"Overview Map of FM 1004\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1005\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 1, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1005.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1005\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1006\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 1, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1006.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1006\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Loop No. 171\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SL/SL0171.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Loop No. 171\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Google (January 16, 2018). \"Overview Map of FM 1006\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved January 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/30.0613931,-93.8042812/30.0930922,-93.737209/@30.0697697,-93.7741471,14z/data=!4m9!4m8!1m5!3m4!1m2!1d-93.7349126!2d30.081437!3s0x863c0022eb11fd95:0x190e5307b324b198!1m0!3e0","url_text":"\"Overview Map of FM 1006\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1007\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 1, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1007.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1007\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1008\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 1, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1008.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1008\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1009\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 1, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1009.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1009\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1010\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 1, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1010.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1010\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1011\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 1, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1011.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1011\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1012\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 1, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1012.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1012\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1013\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 1, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1013.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1013\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2304\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2304.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2304\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Google (January 15, 2018). \"Overview Map of FM 1013\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved January 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/30.6693009,-94.3867923/30.6125347,-93.8773113/@30.652829,-94.274444,11z/data=!4m2!4m1!3e0","url_text":"\"Overview Map of FM 1013\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1014\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 1, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1014.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1014\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1015\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 1, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1015.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1015\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1016\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 1, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1016.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1016\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1926\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1926.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1926\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway No. 107\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SH/SH0107.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway No. 107\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Urban Road No. 1016\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 16, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/UR/UR1016.htm","url_text":"\"Urban Road No. 1016\""}]},{"reference":"\"Minute Order 115371\" (PDF). Texas Transportation Commission. November 15, 2018. Retrieved December 16, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://ftp.dot.state.tx.us/pub/txdot/commission/2018/1115/4.pdf","url_text":"\"Minute Order 115371\""}]},{"reference":"Google (January 15, 2018). \"Overview Map of FM 1016\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved January 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/26.2008259,-98.3285636/26.1514047,-98.238864/@26.1511331,-98.2854283,13z/data=!4m9!4m8!1m5!3m4!1m2!1d-98.2440946!2d26.1521059!3s0x8665099624ca2569:0xa6f12fe663e17724!1m0!3e0","url_text":"\"Overview Map of FM 1016\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1017\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 1, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1017.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1017\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Google (January 2, 2018). \"Overview Map of FM 1017\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved January 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/26.5570533,-98.1226197/27.2982656,-98.6630511/@26.8672453,-98.3979884,10z/data=!4m2!4m1!3e0","url_text":"\"Overview Map of FM 1017\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1018\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 1, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1018.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1018\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1019\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 1, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1019.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1019\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1020\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 1, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1020.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1020\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1021\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 1, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1021.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Google (June 21, 2023). \"Overview Map of FM 1021\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 21, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/28.3423105,-100.2428712/28.708495,-100.5006551/@28.5162519,-100.5556234,10.54z/data=!4m2!4m1!3e0?entry=ttu","url_text":"\"Overview Map of FM 1021\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Ranch to Market Road No. 1022\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/RM/RM1022.htm","url_text":"\"Ranch to Market Road No. 1022\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1023\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1023.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1023\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Ranch to Market Road No. 187\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/RM/RM0187.htm","url_text":"\"Ranch to Market Road No. 187\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 3447\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM3000/FM3447.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 3447\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1574\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1574.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1574\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Google (January 15, 2018). \"Overview Map of FM 1023\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved January 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/29.2496782,-99.6153574/29.2368839,-99.7814197/@29.2356112,-99.7279454,13z/data=!4m19!4m18!1m15!3m4!1m2!1d-99.7708738!2d29.214877!3s0x865efb1c4e9eb56d:0xd84fffc895dbf870!3m4!1m2!1d-99.7739195!2d29.2143352!3s0x865efb1b8f562af1:0x1ac98c934bf17184!3m4!1m2!1d-99.7793111!2d29.2252979!3s0x865efb3ccdc50e57:0x65d5c9f93e225d4c!1m0!3e0","url_text":"\"Overview Map of FM 1023\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Ranch to Market Road No. 1024\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/RM/RM1024.htm","url_text":"\"Ranch to Market Road No. 1024\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1025\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1025.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1025\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1026\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1026.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1026\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1027\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1027.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1027\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1028\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1028.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1028\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1029\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1029.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1029\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1030\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1030.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1030\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1013\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1013.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1013\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1032\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1032.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1032\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 740. Retrieved December 5, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/740.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1033\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1033.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1033\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1034\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1034.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1034\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1035\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1035.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1035\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1036\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1036.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1036\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1037\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1037.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1037\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1038\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1038.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1038\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1039\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1039.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1039\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1040\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1040.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1040\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1041\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1041.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1041\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1042\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1042.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1042\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1043\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1043.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1043\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1044\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1044.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1044\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1787. Retrieved July 16, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1787.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1831. Retrieved July 16, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1831.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1045\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1045.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1045\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1046\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1046.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1046\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1047\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1047.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1047\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1212. Retrieved July 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1212.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1156. Retrieved July 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1156.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1099. Retrieved July 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1099.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2707\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2707.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2707\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Google (January 14, 2018). \"Overview Map of FM 1047\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved January 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/31.3009322,-98.3018862/31.5847831,-98.3498463/@31.4673128,-98.4268557,11z/data=!4m2!4m1!3e0","url_text":"\"Overview Map of FM 1047\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1048\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1048.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1048\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1049\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1049.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1049\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Ranch to Market Road No. 1050\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/RM/RM1050.htm","url_text":"\"Ranch to Market Road No. 1050\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1051\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1051.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1051\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1863. Retrieved June 6, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1863.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1824. Retrieved June 6, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1824.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1052\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1052.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1052\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1053\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1053.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1053\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1054\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1054.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1054\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1055\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1055.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1055\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1056\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1056.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1056\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1057\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1057.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1057\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1058\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1058.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1058\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 184. Retrieved June 1, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/184.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 181. Retrieved June 1, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/181.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway No. 51\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 1, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SH/SH0051.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway No. 51\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1059\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1059.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1059\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1060\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1060.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1060\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Ranch to Market Road No. 1061\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/RM/RM1061.htm","url_text":"\"Ranch to Market Road No. 1061\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway No. 51\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SH/SH0051.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway No. 51\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Urban Road No. 1061\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/UR/UR1061.htm","url_text":"\"Urban Road No. 1061\""}]},{"reference":"Google (January 11, 2018). \"Overview Map of RM 1061\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved January 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/35.2133818,-101.9018424/35.5042394,-102.2549398/@35.319042,-102.1502318,11z/data=!4m2!4m1!3e0","url_text":"\"Overview Map of RM 1061\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1062\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1062.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1062\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1063\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1063.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1063\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1064\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1064.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1064\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1065\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1065.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1065\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1066\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1066.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1066\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1067\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1067.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1067\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1068\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1068.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1068\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1069\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1069.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1069\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1070\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1070.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1070\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1071\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1071.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1071\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1072\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1072.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1072\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1073\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1073.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1073\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1074\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1074.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1074\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1075\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1075.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1075\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1076\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1076.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1076\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Ranch to Market Road No. 1077\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/RM/RM1077.htm","url_text":"\"Ranch to Market Road No. 1077\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1078\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1078.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1078\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1079\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1079.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1079\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1080\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1080.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1080\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1081\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1081.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1081\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1082\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1082.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1082\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1083\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1083.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1083\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1084\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1084.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1084\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1085\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1085.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1085\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1086\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1086.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1086\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1087\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1087.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1087\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1088\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1088.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1088\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1179. Retrieved August 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1179.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1089\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1089.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1089\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1090\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1090.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1090\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1091\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1091.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1091\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1092\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1092.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1092\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1093\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1093.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1093\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Urban Road No. 1093\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 16, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/UR/UR1093.htm","url_text":"\"Urban Road No. 1093\""}]},{"reference":"Google (August 5, 2019). \"List of Farm to Market Roads in Texas (1000–1099)\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved August 5, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/29.58974,-96.313277/29.74103,-95.457364/@29.6852245,-96.0734772,13z/data=!4m31!4m30!1m26!3m4!1m2!1d-95.761519!2d29.701037!3s0x8641205a83b790ff:0x18bad007dc7ae15a!3m4!1m2!1d-95.709854!2d29.70526!3s0x8640dfa3cb7c15e3:0x538749948d107749!3m4!1m2!1d-95.644188!2d29.7355002!3s0x8640dc20604bc11d:0x4e3d6c515684de47!3m4!1m2!1d-95.573546!2d29.736648!3s0x8640dcc66120e0cd:0x48de386936515059!3m4!1m2!1d-95.476548!2d29.737844!3s0x8640c1626a5823ad:0xe894d0b39a4a6d09!4e1!1m1!4e1!3e0?hl=en","url_text":"\"List of Farm to Market Roads in Texas (1000–1099)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1094\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1094.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1094\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1095\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1095.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1095\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1096\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1096.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1096\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Google (January 5, 2013). \"List of Farm to Market Roads in Texas (1000–1099)\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved January 5, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?saddr=Farm+to+Market+Rd+1096%2FFM+1096+Rd&daddr=29.2498365,-95.9764933+to:Farm+to+Market+Rd+1096%2FN+Ingo+Rd&hl=en&ll=29.272474,-95.949783&spn=0.115151,0.204105&sll=29.308069,-95.947895&sspn=0.026158,0.052314&geocode=FUv7vQEd1iRH-g%3BFSxRvgEd04NH-imFczG-NqdBhjF2rsZU-Zljlg%3BFaBCvwEdQulH-g&oq=Iago&mra=dme&mrsp=2&sz=15&via=1&t=m&z=13","url_text":"\"List of Farm to Market Roads in Texas (1000–1099)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1097\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1097.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1097\""}]},{"reference":"Statewide Planning Map (Map). Cartography by Transportation Planning and Programming Division. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 22, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/travel/planning_map.htm","url_text":"Statewide Planning Map"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1098\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1098.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1098\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1099\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1099.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1099\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 2023. Retrieved June 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/2023.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22List+of+Farm+to+Market+Roads+in+Texas%22+1000%E2%80%931099","external_links_name":"\"List of Farm to Market Roads in Texas\" 1000–1099"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22List+of+Farm+to+Market+Roads+in+Texas%22+1000%E2%80%931099+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22List+of+Farm+to+Market+Roads+in+Texas%22+1000%E2%80%931099&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22List+of+Farm+to+Market+Roads+in+Texas%22+1000%E2%80%931099+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22List+of+Farm+to+Market+Roads+in+Texas%22+1000%E2%80%931099","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22List+of+Farm+to+Market+Roads+in+Texas%22+1000%E2%80%931099&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Farm_to_Market_Road_1000&action=raw","external_links_name":"KML file"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Farm_to_Market_Road_1000&action=edit","external_links_name":"edit"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Farm_to_Market_Road_1037&action=raw","external_links_name":"KML file"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Farm_to_Market_Road_1037&action=edit","external_links_name":"edit"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Farm_to_Market_Road_1044&action=raw","external_links_name":"KML file"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Farm_to_Market_Road_1044&action=edit","external_links_name":"edit"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Farm_to_Market_Road_1088&action=raw","external_links_name":"KML file"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Farm_to_Market_Road_1088&action=edit","external_links_name":"edit"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Farm_to_Market_Road_1093&action=raw","external_links_name":"KML file"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Farm_to_Market_Road_1093&action=edit","external_links_name":"edit"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Farm_to_Market_Road_1096&action=raw","external_links_name":"KML file"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Farm_to_Market_Road_1096&action=edit","external_links_name":"edit"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Farm_to_Market_Road_1097&action=raw","external_links_name":"KML file"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Farm_to_Market_Road_1097&action=edit","external_links_name":"edit"},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1000.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1000\""},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/590.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/548.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"http://ftp.dot.state.tx.us/pub/txdot-info/adm/2013/documents/agendas/032813.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Texas Highway Commission\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1001.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1001\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1002.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1002\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/32.6108064,-95.0861796/32.8107977,-95.1333004/@32.7128499,-95.1170568,12z/data=!4m2!4m1!3e0","external_links_name":"\"Overview Map of FM 1002\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1003.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1003\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/30.3309446,-94.418794/30.4295086,-94.3687262/@30.3818848,-94.4154589,13z/data=!4m2!4m1!3e0","external_links_name":"\"Overview Map of FM 1003\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1004.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1004\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1407.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1407\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/30.4416594,-93.9692062/30.6168755,-93.8110205/@30.5309917,-93.9076381,12z/data=!4m9!4m8!1m5!3m4!1m2!1d-93.9701118!2d30.5883314!3s0x86396e9480130921:0x7d4ee2f4293b359!1m0!3e0","external_links_name":"\"Overview Map of FM 1004\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1005.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1005\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1006.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1006\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SL/SL0171.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Loop No. 171\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/30.0613931,-93.8042812/30.0930922,-93.737209/@30.0697697,-93.7741471,14z/data=!4m9!4m8!1m5!3m4!1m2!1d-93.7349126!2d30.081437!3s0x863c0022eb11fd95:0x190e5307b324b198!1m0!3e0","external_links_name":"\"Overview Map of FM 1006\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1007.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1007\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1008.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1008\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1009.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1009\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1010.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1010\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1011.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1011\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1012.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1012\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1013.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1013\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2304.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2304\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/30.6693009,-94.3867923/30.6125347,-93.8773113/@30.652829,-94.274444,11z/data=!4m2!4m1!3e0","external_links_name":"\"Overview Map of FM 1013\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1014.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1014\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1015.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1015\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1016.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1016\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1926.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1926\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SH/SH0107.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway No. 107\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/UR/UR1016.htm","external_links_name":"\"Urban Road No. 1016\""},{"Link":"http://ftp.dot.state.tx.us/pub/txdot/commission/2018/1115/4.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Minute Order 115371\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/26.2008259,-98.3285636/26.1514047,-98.238864/@26.1511331,-98.2854283,13z/data=!4m9!4m8!1m5!3m4!1m2!1d-98.2440946!2d26.1521059!3s0x8665099624ca2569:0xa6f12fe663e17724!1m0!3e0","external_links_name":"\"Overview Map of FM 1016\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1017.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1017\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/26.5570533,-98.1226197/27.2982656,-98.6630511/@26.8672453,-98.3979884,10z/data=!4m2!4m1!3e0","external_links_name":"\"Overview Map of FM 1017\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1018.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1018\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1019.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1019\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1020.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1020\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1021.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1021\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/28.3423105,-100.2428712/28.708495,-100.5006551/@28.5162519,-100.5556234,10.54z/data=!4m2!4m1!3e0?entry=ttu","external_links_name":"\"Overview Map of FM 1021\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/RM/RM1022.htm","external_links_name":"\"Ranch to Market Road No. 1022\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1023.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1023\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/RM/RM0187.htm","external_links_name":"\"Ranch to Market Road No. 187\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM3000/FM3447.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 3447\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1574.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1574\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/29.2496782,-99.6153574/29.2368839,-99.7814197/@29.2356112,-99.7279454,13z/data=!4m19!4m18!1m15!3m4!1m2!1d-99.7708738!2d29.214877!3s0x865efb1c4e9eb56d:0xd84fffc895dbf870!3m4!1m2!1d-99.7739195!2d29.2143352!3s0x865efb1b8f562af1:0x1ac98c934bf17184!3m4!1m2!1d-99.7793111!2d29.2252979!3s0x865efb3ccdc50e57:0x65d5c9f93e225d4c!1m0!3e0","external_links_name":"\"Overview Map of FM 1023\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/RM/RM1024.htm","external_links_name":"\"Ranch to Market Road No. 1024\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1025.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1025\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1026.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1026\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1027.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1027\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1028.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1028\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1029.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1029\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1030.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1030\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1013.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1013\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1032.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1032\""},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/740.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1033.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1033\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1034.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1034\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1035.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1035\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1036.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1036\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1037.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1037\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1038.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1038\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1039.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1039\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1040.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1040\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1041.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1041\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1042.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1042\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1043.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1043\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1044.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1044\""},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1787.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1831.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1045.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1045\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1046.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1046\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1047.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1047\""},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1212.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1156.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1099.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2707.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2707\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/31.3009322,-98.3018862/31.5847831,-98.3498463/@31.4673128,-98.4268557,11z/data=!4m2!4m1!3e0","external_links_name":"\"Overview Map of FM 1047\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1048.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1048\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1049.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1049\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/RM/RM1050.htm","external_links_name":"\"Ranch to Market Road No. 1050\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1051.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1051\""},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1863.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1824.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/HNR14","external_links_name":"Reagan Wells, TX"},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1052.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1052\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1053.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1053\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1054.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1054\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1055.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1055\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1056.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1056\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1057.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1057\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1058.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1058\""},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/184.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/181.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SH/SH0051.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway No. 51\""},{"Link":"https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/hcd04","external_links_name":"Deaf Smith County"},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1059.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1059\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1060.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1060\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/RM/RM1061.htm","external_links_name":"\"Ranch to Market Road No. 1061\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SH/SH0051.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway No. 51\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/UR/UR1061.htm","external_links_name":"\"Urban Road No. 1061\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/35.2133818,-101.9018424/35.5042394,-102.2549398/@35.319042,-102.1502318,11z/data=!4m2!4m1!3e0","external_links_name":"\"Overview Map of RM 1061\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1062.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1062\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1063.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1063\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1064.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1064\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1065.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1065\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1066.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1066\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1067.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1067\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1068.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1068\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1069.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1069\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1070.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1070\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1071.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1071\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1072.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1072\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1073.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1073\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1074.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1074\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1075.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1075\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1076.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1076\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/RM/RM1077.htm","external_links_name":"\"Ranch to Market Road No. 1077\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1078.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1078\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1079.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1079\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1080.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1080\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1081.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1081\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1082.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1082\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1083.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1083\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1084.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1084\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1085.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1085\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1086.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1086\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1087.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1087\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1088.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1088\""},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1179.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1089.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1089\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1090.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1090\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1091.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1091\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1092.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1092\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1093.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1093\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/UR/UR1093.htm","external_links_name":"\"Urban Road No. 1093\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/29.58974,-96.313277/29.74103,-95.457364/@29.6852245,-96.0734772,13z/data=!4m31!4m30!1m26!3m4!1m2!1d-95.761519!2d29.701037!3s0x8641205a83b790ff:0x18bad007dc7ae15a!3m4!1m2!1d-95.709854!2d29.70526!3s0x8640dfa3cb7c15e3:0x538749948d107749!3m4!1m2!1d-95.644188!2d29.7355002!3s0x8640dc20604bc11d:0x4e3d6c515684de47!3m4!1m2!1d-95.573546!2d29.736648!3s0x8640dcc66120e0cd:0x48de386936515059!3m4!1m2!1d-95.476548!2d29.737844!3s0x8640c1626a5823ad:0xe894d0b39a4a6d09!4e1!1m1!4e1!3e0?hl=en","external_links_name":"\"List of Farm to Market Roads in Texas (1000–1099)\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1094.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1094\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1095.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1095\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1096.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1096\""},{"Link":"https://maps.google.com/maps?saddr=Farm+to+Market+Rd+1096%2FFM+1096+Rd&daddr=29.2498365,-95.9764933+to:Farm+to+Market+Rd+1096%2FN+Ingo+Rd&hl=en&ll=29.272474,-95.949783&spn=0.115151,0.204105&sll=29.308069,-95.947895&sspn=0.026158,0.052314&geocode=FUv7vQEd1iRH-g%3BFSxRvgEd04NH-imFczG-NqdBhjF2rsZU-Zljlg%3BFaBCvwEdQulH-g&oq=Iago&mra=dme&mrsp=2&sz=15&via=1&t=m&z=13","external_links_name":"\"List of Farm to Market Roads in Texas (1000–1099)\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1097.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1097\""},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/travel/planning_map.htm","external_links_name":"Statewide Planning Map"},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1098.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1098\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1099.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1099\""},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/2023.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion_(Stargate_Atlantis)	Stargate Atlantis season 2	["1 Cast","2 Episodes","3 Production","4 Release and reception","5 DVD releases","6 References","7 External links"]	Season of television series Stargate AtlantisSeason 2DVD coverNo. of episodes20ReleaseOriginal networkSci Fi ChannelOriginal releaseJuly 15, 2005 (2005-07-15) –January 30, 2006 (2006-01-30)Season chronology← PreviousSeason 1 Next →Season 3 List of episodes The second season of the television series Stargate Atlantis commenced airing on the Sci Fi Channel in the United States on July 15, 2005, concluded on The Movie Network in Canada on January 30, 2006, and contained 20 episodes. The show itself is a spin off of its sister show, Stargate SG-1. The series was developed by Brad Wright and Robert C. Cooper, who also served as executive producers. Season two regular cast members include Joe Flanigan, Torri Higginson, Rachel Luttrell, Jason Momoa, Paul McGillion, and David Hewlett as Dr. Rodney McKay. The second season focuses on the Atlantis Expedition continuing to make the Wraith think that the city self-destructed, (The Siege Part III) while continuing to explore Pegasus and hunt for ZPMs (although they do have one now) this means at times lying to new allies about the city even sometimes claiming to be a small contingent that escaped the Siege; the season also marks the first time the Expedition is able to make contact with Earth although doing so uses a lot of power so the contact is oftentimes via the Daedalus, an intergalactic Earth-Asgard vessel commanded by Col. Steven Caldwell who makes clear his desire to be Military Leader of Atlantis but eventually settles for a sort of advisory role as it becomes clear that Dr. Weir and the Lt.Col Sheppard are a duo not to be messed with. The central plot of the second season is the development of Dr. Beckett's retrovirus, which can, theoretically, turn a Wraith into a human. The one-hour premiere, "The Siege Part III", aired on July 15, 2005. The theme song for the series received an Emmy nomination in the category "Outstanding Music Composition for a Series (Original Dramatic Score)". The series was developed by Brad Wright and Robert C. Cooper, who also served as executive producers. Season two regular cast members include Joe Flanigan, Torri Higginson, Rainbow Sun Francks, Rachel Luttrell, Jason Momoa and David Hewlett. Cast Starring Joe Flanigan as Major/Lt. Colonel John Sheppard Torri Higginson as Dr. Elizabeth Weir Rachel Luttrell as Teyla Emmagan Rainbow Sun Francks as First Lieutenant Aiden Ford Jason Momoa as Ronon Dex With Paul McGillion as Dr. Carson Beckett And David Hewlett as Dr. Rodney McKay Episodes Main article: List of Stargate Atlantis episodes Episodes in bold are continuous episodes, where the story spans over 2 or more episodes. No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air date211"The Siege Part III"Martin WoodMartin GeroJuly 15, 2005 (2005-07-15) The timely arrival of the Daedalus, led by Col. Steven Caldwell, saves Maj. Sheppard's life from a suicide bombing run. Atlantis wins the first round against the Wraith and therefore think they are safe for the moment, but then discover that many more hive ships are on their way to Atlantis. Thankfully, with the new ZPM, McKay might pull off another miracle. 222"The Intruder"Peter DeLuiseJoseph Mallozzi & Paul MullieJuly 22, 2005 (2005-07-22) Strange malfunctions begin to occur when newly promoted Lt. Col. Sheppard along with other members of the expedition return from a trip to Earth aboard the Daedalus. When things go too far, they discover that the ship has been infected by a Wraith virus, and now it has the instinct to stay alive, even if it has to kill in order to survive. Meanwhile, periodic flashbacks reveal the events of their visit to Earth including a meeting with Ford's cousin. 233"Runner"Martin WoodRobert C. CooperJuly 29, 2005 (2005-07-29) Following a lead on the whereabouts of Lt. Ford, Lt. Col. Sheppard and Teyla get captured on P3M-736 by Ronon Dex, a man who they find out is a runner, hunted by the Wraith. When they offer to help, the team must face off against their old ally, and in the process possibly gain a new one. 244"Duet"Peter DeLuiseMartin GeroAugust 5, 2005 (2005-08-05) On the planet Thenora after the team witnesses the aftermath of a culling, a Wraith Dart suddenly appears, beaming Dr. McKay and marine officer Laura Cadman aboard. After shooting the dart down to preserve Atlantis' secret, the team discovers that Cadman's consciousness is trapped inside McKay's body. 255"Condemned"Peter DeLuiseStory by : Sean CarleyTeleplay by : Carl BinderAugust 12, 2005 (2005-08-12) Sheppard's team stumbles upon a technologically advanced society, the Olesians, who purposely leave their criminals in a penal colony near the Stargate, so that the Wraith may discover them first. But after the prisoners shoot the jumper down, the team discovers that this punishment is too effective and the crime rate had plummeted, forcing the Olesians to start sentencing petty criminals and innocent people to the Wraith. 266"Trinity"Martin WoodDamian KindlerAugust 19, 2005 (2005-08-19) After having found an experimental Ancient power generator, McKay becomes obsessed with triumphing where the Ancients failed, but the price may be too high. Elsewhere, Teyla and Ronon travel to the planet Belkan to trade, but discover that not all of Ronon's people died. 277"Instinct"Andy MikitaTreena Hancock & Melissa R. ByerAugust 26, 2005 (2005-08-26) While investigating a planet, the team comes across a Wraith girl who survived a Wraith ship crash years ago and has been raised by a human man in secret, hiding from the people of the nearby village in fear of her life. But she doesn't consider the consequences when she takes an incomplete drug of Dr. Beckett's to turn herself human. Also, another Wraith who survived the crash is killing villagers. 288"Conversion"Brad TurnerStory by : Robert C. Cooper & Martin GeroTeleplay by : Martin GeroSeptember 9, 2005 (2005-09-09) After Sheppard is injected with the Wraith retro-virus, the Atlantis team races against time to find a way to reverse his transformation into an Iratus bug hybrid. But even though he might make it difficult for them, he could be the key to his own salvation. 299"Aurora"Martin WoodStory by : Carl Binder & Brad WrightTeleplay by : Carl BinderSeptember 23, 2005 (2005-09-23) The team finds an Ancient warship still inhabited by Ancients in suspended animation. They are all connected together through a virtual environment, that Sheppard enters to communicate with them. The only problem being, the Ancients think that their virtual lives are reality and they have an unexpected enemy in their midst. 3010"The Lost Boys"Brad TurnerMartin GeroSeptember 23, 2005 (2005-09-23) Sheppard's team is kidnapped off-world, only to find that their captor is none other than Aiden Ford. He has recruited several men into taking the Wraith enzyme, and now they intend to use the team to destroy a Hive Ship to prove the "glorious" effects of the drug. 3111"The Hive"Martin WoodCarl BinderJanuary 6, 2006 (2006-01-06) After the attempt to destroy the Hive backfires, the team is captured by the Wraith and Sheppard finds himself up against the Wraith Queen who is demanding answers. Meanwhile, Dr. McKay takes a massive dose of the Wraith enzyme and escapes to Atlantis in a state of frenzy, but his choice could put him on the edge of death. 3212"Epiphany"Neil FearnleyStory by : Joe Flanigan & Brad WrightTeleplay by : Brad WrightJanuary 13, 2006 (2006-01-13) Sheppard gets pulled into an Ancient "sanctuary", separating him from the rest of his team and the outside world. While trying to get him out, the team discovers that time moves much more quickly where Sheppard is and he could die of old age before they release him. 3313"Critical Mass"Andy MikitaStory by : Brad Wright & Carl BinderTeleplay by : Carl BinderJanuary 20, 2006 (2006-01-20) It is discovered that The Trust have infiltrated Atlantis and planted a bomb in the city, set to go off the next time they dial Earth. To add to the tension, two Wraith cruisers are on the way, and Dr. Weir wants to figure out if there could be a Goa'uld spy in Atlantis. 3414"Grace Under Pressure"Martin WoodMartin GeroJanuary 27, 2006 (2006-01-27) During the test run of a recently repaired puddle jumper, Captain Hugh Griffin is getting under Dr. McKay's skin by espousing various ideas about science history, including the myth of the flat Earth during Columbus' time. But the jumper crashes into the ocean and sinks slowly to the bottom. Eventually the pressure is too great for the windows and Griffin sacrifices himself to seal McKay into the rear compartment. When he shows the first signs of losing hope, he must rely on a hallucination of Lt. Col. Samantha Carter for his survival. 3515"The Tower"Andy MikitaJoseph Mallozzi & Paul MullieFebruary 3, 2006 (2006-02-03) The team finds a world that possesses Ancient technology, but only the royal family may be allowed to operate it and lowly villagers are treated with little dignity. When he tries to set things right, Sheppard finds himself a pawn in the rivalry between the heirs to the throne. 3616"The Long Goodbye"Andy MikitaDamian KindlerFebruary 10, 2006 (2006-02-10) After recovering two alien stasis pods from space, the minds of the inhabitants are transferred into Dr. Weir and Sheppard. But when it's discovered that the two are in fact enemies hoping to settle an ancient score by killing each other once and for all, the entire population of Atlantis is put in danger. 3717"Coup d'État"Martin WoodMartin GeroFebruary 17, 2006 (2006-02-17) Ladon Radim comes to the expedition wanting to overthrow the Genii leader, Cowen. They are reluctant to help, but it seems he has discovered a ZPM that he could trade with the expedition. The Genii set a trap for the Atlantis team on a ruined planet, M6R-867, and Radim's true motives are revealed. 3818"Michael"Martin WoodCarl BinderFebruary 24, 2006 (2006-02-24) An amnesiac young Lieutenant in Atlantis, Michael Kenmore, suffers poor treatment from the personnel and disturbing nightmares that he is a Wraith, yet things become worse when he accidentally stumbles upon a shocking discovery about himself... he is one. 3919"Inferno"Peter DeLuiseCarl BinderMarch 3, 2006 (2006-03-03) The team comes to aid a low-level technological civilization, the Taranians, taking refuge throughout an Ancient outpost. While trying to repair systems, McKay discovers a supervolcano below the outpost that will obliterate life on the entire planet of Taranis, suggesting evacuation to a new planet. Yet during the evacuation process, the Stargate is swallowed up by the supervolcano. 4020"Allies"Andy MikitaMartin GeroMarch 10, 2006 (2006-03-10) A Wraith faction (including Michael) contacts Atlantis to seek help in destroying their common enemies, the Wraith. Because the Wraith are currently engaged in a destructive civil war, they suggest using Atlantis' retro-virus to turn their native foes into human prey. Production "Runner" is the last episode where Rainbow Sun Francks (portrayed Aiden Ford) is credited as a regular cast member. Jason Momoa joins the main cast in this episode. While rehearsing scenes for "Duet" where Cadman has control of McKay's body, Jamie Ray Newman would do a scene first, and then David Hewlett would try to mimic her movements, cadence, accent, etc. Alan C. Peterson, who played the Magistrate in "Condemned", previously played Canon in Stargate SG-1s Demons. The episode title of "Trinity" is a reference to the Trinity test. The outdoors parts of "Instinct" were filmed on location at Lynn Valley Canyon, North Vancouver. Jewel Staite, who played Kaylee Frye on the cult Sci-Fi show Firefly, is the second Firefly cast member to guest star on a Stargate series, the first being Adam Baldwin in Stargate SG-1 episode "Heroes". She would later go on to play Dr. Keller as a recurring guest star at the end of Season 3, continuing into Season 4 prior to becoming a series regular in season 5. "Conversion" was actress Rachel Luttrell's first on-screen kissing scene. Her parents were present for the kiss. Every scene in "Aurora" where Ronon appears in the environmental suit had to be played by a body double because Jason Momoa's head would not fit in the helmet. The title of "The Long Goodbye" is an homage to Raymond Chandler's 1954 novel The Long Goodbye. "Coup D'état" was supposed to feature the return of Acastus Kolya (last seen in "The Brotherhood"), but because of conflicts with Robert Davi's schedule it was rewritten to feature Kolya's second in command Ladon instead. For "Allies", Brent Stait took over the role of Michael throughout the episode. Conner provided the voice after the crew felt it 'needed' it. Release and reception The strongest episodes on the Nielsen ratings were "The Siege" and "Instinct", "The Siege" was the only episode in the season that was able to get a syndication rating. The lowest rated episode in the season was "Michael". "The Hive" was nominated for a Gemini Award in the category "Best Sound in a Dramatic Series" in 2006. For "Grace Under Pressure", Joel Goldsmith was nominated for an Emmy in the category "Outstanding Music Composition for a Series (Original Dramatic Score)". Don Houston from DVD Talk said that the second season did "rise to the occasion" and surpassed its sister show Stargate SG-1. ComingSoon reviewer Scott Chitwood said that it "should satisfy" viewers, but commented that it didn't have the same quality as Battlestar Galactica and gave the series 6 out of 10 and the DVD package 8 out of 10. June L. from Monsters and Critics (M&C) gave the season 4 out of 5 and said that it was a "pleasure to watch the stories", compared to other new science fiction shows which depends on blood and violence. Dan Heaton from Digitally Obsessed said that the season suffered an "identity crisis," but was throughout good and entertaining because of the good acting among others. DVD releases DVD Name Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 Stargate Atlantis Season 2 March 6, 2007 February 26, 2007 November 8, 2006 Season 2: Volume 1 — April 10, 2006 — Season 2: Volume 2 — May 8, 2006 — Season 2: Volume 3 — June 5, 2006 — Season 2: Volume 4 — July 3, 2006 — Season 2: Volume 5 — July 31, 2006 — References ^ Gero, Martin (2005). "Stargate Atlantis: Season Two Preview". TV Zone Special #64. Visual Imagination. pp. 80–81. ^ Gosling, Sharon (July 2006). "Trinity". Stargate Atlantis: The Official Companion Season 2. London: Titan Books. p. 45. ISBN 1-84576-163-4. ^ Stargate Official Magazine issue 6 ^ Gosling, Sharon (July 2006). "Conversion". Stargate Atlantis: The Official Companion Season 2. London: Titan Books. p. 53. ISBN 1-84576-163-4. ^ DVD audio commentary for "Conversion" ^ DVD commentary for"Aurora" ^ Gosling, Sharon (July 2006). "The Long Goodbye". Stargate Atlantis: The Official Companion Season 2. London: Titan Books. p. 84. ISBN 1-84576-163-4. ^ Stargate Atlantis - Season 2 DVD Commentary ^ "Season Two Ratings". GateWorld. Archived from the original on August 1, 2009. Retrieved May 20, 2009. ^ "The '06 nominees: Who will march up to the podium?". Playback Magazine. October 2, 2006. Retrieved May 10, 2009. ^ Sumner, Darren (July 6, 2006). "Stargate Atlantis receives Emmy nomination". GateWorld. Retrieved November 25, 2020. ^ Houston, Don (March 6, 2007). "Stargate Atlantis - The Complete Second Season". DVD Talk. Retrieved May 10, 2009. ^ Chitwood, Scott. "Stargate Atlantis: The Complete Second Season". ComingSoon.net. Archived from the original on June 1, 2008. Retrieved May 10, 2009. ^ June L. (March 7, 2007). "DVD Review: Stargate Atlantis - The Complete Second Season". Monsters and Critics. Archived from the original on May 19, 2009. Retrieved May 10, 2009. ^ Heaton, Dan (March 5, 2007). "Stargate Atlantis: The Complete Second Season". Digitally Obsessed. Archived from the original on June 13, 2011. Retrieved May 10, 2009. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Stargate Atlantis Season 2. Season 2 on GateWorld Season 2 on IMDb Season 2 Archived July 12, 2008, at the Wayback Machine on TV.com Atlantis Season 2 on Stargate Wiki vteStargateFilm Soundtrack SG-1 Awards Episodes Season 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 The Ark of Truth Continuum Characters Samantha Carter George Hammond Daniel Jackson Vala Mal Doran Cameron Mitchell Jack O'Neill Jonas Quinn Teal'c Atlantis Awards Episodes Season 1 2 3 4 5 Characters Carson Beckett Ronon Dex Teyla Emmagan Aiden Ford Jennifer Keller Evan Lorne Rodney McKay John Sheppard Elizabeth Weir Richard Woolsey Radek Zelenka Universe Awards Episodes Season 1 2 Characters Nicholas Rush Matthew Scott Other mediaTelevision Origins Infinity Games Pinball Genesis/SNES Roleplaying The Alliance Resistance Worlds Timekeepers Literature Books Comics Audiobooks Related Mythology Atlantis Ori Stargate device Prometheus Fandom Gatecon A Dog's Breakfast Category Topics	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stargate Atlantis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_Atlantis"},{"link_name":"Sci Fi Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci_Fi_Channel_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"The Movie Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Movie_Network"},{"link_name":"spin off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin-off_(media)"},{"link_name":"sister show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_show"},{"link_name":"Stargate SG-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_SG-1"},{"link_name":"Brad Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Wright"},{"link_name":"Robert C. Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_C._Cooper"},{"link_name":"Joe Flanigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Flanigan"},{"link_name":"Torri Higginson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torri_Higginson"},{"link_name":"Rachel Luttrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Luttrell"},{"link_name":"Jason Momoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Momoa"},{"link_name":"Paul McGillion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_McGillion"},{"link_name":"David Hewlett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hewlett"},{"link_name":"Rodney McKay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_McKay"},{"link_name":"Col. Steven Caldwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Stargate_Atlantis_characters#Steven_Caldwell"},{"link_name":"Beckett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carson_Beckett"},{"link_name":"The Siege Part III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Siege_(Stargate_Atlantis)"},{"link_name":"Emmy nomination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Brad Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Wright"},{"link_name":"Robert C. Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_C._Cooper"},{"link_name":"Joe Flanigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Flanigan"},{"link_name":"Torri Higginson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torri_Higginson"},{"link_name":"Rainbow Sun Francks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow_Sun_Francks"},{"link_name":"Rachel Luttrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Luttrell"},{"link_name":"Jason Momoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Momoa"},{"link_name":"David Hewlett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hewlett"}],"text":"Season of television seriesThe second season of the television series Stargate Atlantis commenced airing on the Sci Fi Channel in the United States on July 15, 2005, concluded on The Movie Network in Canada on January 30, 2006, and contained 20 episodes. The show itself is a spin off of its sister show, Stargate SG-1. The series was developed by Brad Wright and Robert C. Cooper, who also served as executive producers. Season two regular cast members include Joe Flanigan, Torri Higginson, Rachel Luttrell, Jason Momoa, Paul McGillion, and David Hewlett as Dr. Rodney McKay. The second season focuses on the Atlantis Expedition continuing to make the Wraith think that the city self-destructed, (The Siege Part III) while continuing to explore Pegasus and hunt for ZPMs (although they do have one now) this means at times lying to new allies about the city even sometimes claiming to be a small contingent that escaped the Siege; the season also marks the first time the Expedition is able to make contact with Earth although doing so uses a lot of power so the contact is oftentimes via the Daedalus, an intergalactic Earth-Asgard vessel commanded by Col. Steven Caldwell who makes clear his desire to be Military Leader of Atlantis but eventually settles for a sort of advisory role as it becomes clear that Dr. Weir and the Lt.Col Sheppard are a duo not to be messed with. The central plot of the second season is the development of Dr. Beckett's retrovirus, which can, theoretically, turn a Wraith into a human.The one-hour premiere, \"The Siege Part III\", aired on July 15, 2005. The theme song for the series received an Emmy nomination in the category \"Outstanding Music Composition for a Series (Original Dramatic Score)\". The series was developed by Brad Wright and Robert C. Cooper, who also served as executive producers. Season two regular cast members include Joe Flanigan, Torri Higginson, Rainbow Sun Francks, Rachel Luttrell, Jason Momoa and David Hewlett.","title":"Stargate Atlantis season 2"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joe Flanigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Flanigan"},{"link_name":"Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_(rank)"},{"link_name":"Lt. Colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lt._Colonel"},{"link_name":"John Sheppard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sheppard_(Stargate)"},{"link_name":"Torri Higginson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torri_Higginson"},{"link_name":"Dr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr."},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Weir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Weir_(Stargate)"},{"link_name":"Rachel Luttrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Luttrell"},{"link_name":"Teyla Emmagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teyla_Emmagan"},{"link_name":"Rainbow Sun Francks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow_Sun_Francks"},{"link_name":"First Lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Lieutenant"},{"link_name":"Aiden Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiden_Ford"},{"link_name":"Jason Momoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Momoa"},{"link_name":"Ronon Dex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronon_Dex"},{"link_name":"Paul McGillion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_McGillion"},{"link_name":"Dr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr."},{"link_name":"Carson Beckett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carson_Beckett"},{"link_name":"David Hewlett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hewlett"},{"link_name":"Dr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr."},{"link_name":"Rodney McKay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_McKay"}],"text":"Starring Joe Flanigan as Major/Lt. Colonel John Sheppard\nTorri Higginson as Dr. Elizabeth Weir\nRachel Luttrell as Teyla Emmagan\nRainbow Sun Francks as First Lieutenant Aiden Ford\nJason Momoa as Ronon Dex\nWith Paul McGillion as Dr. Carson Beckett\nAnd David Hewlett as Dr. Rodney McKay","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Episodes in bold are continuous episodes, where the story spans over 2 or more episodes.","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rainbow Sun Francks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow_Sun_Francks"},{"link_name":"Aiden Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiden_Ford"},{"link_name":"Jason Momoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Momoa"},{"link_name":"Jamie Ray Newman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Ray_Newman"},{"link_name":"David Hewlett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hewlett"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Demons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demons_(Stargate_SG-1)"},{"link_name":"Trinity test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_test"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Lynn Valley Canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynn_Canyon_Park"},{"link_name":"North Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Vancouver_(district_municipality)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Jewel Staite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewel_Staite"},{"link_name":"Kaylee Frye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaylee_Frye"},{"link_name":"Firefly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefly_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Adam Baldwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Baldwin"},{"link_name":"Stargate SG-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_SG-1"},{"link_name":"Heroes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroes_(Stargate_SG-1)"},{"link_name":"Rachel Luttrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Luttrell"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Jason Momoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Momoa"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Raymond Chandler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Chandler"},{"link_name":"The Long Goodbye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Long_Goodbye_(novel)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Acastus Kolya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acastus_Kolya"},{"link_name":"\"The Brotherhood\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Brotherhood_(Stargate_Atlantis)"},{"link_name":"Robert Davi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Davi"},{"link_name":"Brent Stait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brent_Stait"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_220-8"}],"text":"\"Runner\" is the last episode where Rainbow Sun Francks (portrayed Aiden Ford) is credited as a regular cast member. Jason Momoa joins the main cast in this episode. While rehearsing scenes for \"Duet\" where Cadman has control of McKay's body, Jamie Ray Newman would do a scene first, and then David Hewlett would try to mimic her movements, cadence, accent, etc.[1] Alan C. Peterson, who played the Magistrate in \"Condemned\", previously played Canon in Stargate SG-1s Demons. The episode title of \"Trinity\" is a reference to the Trinity test.[2] The outdoors parts of \"Instinct\" were filmed on location at Lynn Valley Canyon, North Vancouver.[3] Jewel Staite, who played Kaylee Frye on the cult Sci-Fi show Firefly, is the second Firefly cast member to guest star on a Stargate series, the first being Adam Baldwin in Stargate SG-1 episode \"Heroes\". She would later go on to play Dr. Keller as a recurring guest star at the end of Season 3, continuing into Season 4 prior to becoming a series regular in season 5.\"Conversion\" was actress Rachel Luttrell's first on-screen kissing scene.[4] Her parents were present for the kiss.[5] Every scene in \"Aurora\" where Ronon appears in the environmental suit had to be played by a body double because Jason Momoa's head would not fit in the helmet.[6] The title of \"The Long Goodbye\" is an homage to Raymond Chandler's 1954 novel The Long Goodbye.[7] \"Coup D'état\" was supposed to feature the return of Acastus Kolya (last seen in \"The Brotherhood\"), but because of conflicts with Robert Davi's schedule it was rewritten to feature Kolya's second in command Ladon instead. For \"Allies\", Brent Stait took over the role of Michael throughout the episode. Conner provided the voice after the crew felt it 'needed' it.[8]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nielsen ratings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nielsen_ratings"},{"link_name":"The Siege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Siege_(Stargate_Atlantis)"},{"link_name":"Instinct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instinct_(Stargate_Atlantis)"},{"link_name":"Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_(Stargate_Atlantis)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-seasononeratings-9"},{"link_name":"Gemini Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_Award"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gemini06-10"},{"link_name":"Joel Goldsmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Goldsmith"},{"link_name":"Emmy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"DVD Talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_Talk"},{"link_name":"sister show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_show"},{"link_name":"Stargate SG-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_SG-1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Battlestar Galactica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battlestar_Galactica"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"The strongest episodes on the Nielsen ratings were \"The Siege\" and \"Instinct\", \"The Siege\" was the only episode in the season that was able to get a syndication rating. The lowest rated episode in the season was \"Michael\".[9] \"The Hive\" was nominated for a Gemini Award in the category \"Best Sound in a Dramatic Series\" in 2006.[10] For \"Grace Under Pressure\", Joel Goldsmith was nominated for an Emmy in the category \"Outstanding Music Composition for a Series (Original Dramatic Score)\".[11]Don Houston from DVD Talk said that the second season did \"rise to the occasion\" and surpassed its sister show Stargate SG-1.[12] ComingSoon reviewer Scott Chitwood said that it \"should satisfy\" viewers, but commented that it didn't have the same quality as Battlestar Galactica and gave the series 6 out of 10 and the DVD package 8 out of 10.[13] June L. from Monsters and Critics (M&C) gave the season 4 out of 5 and said that it was a \"pleasure to watch the stories\", compared to other new science fiction shows which depends on blood and violence.[14] Dan Heaton from Digitally Obsessed said that the season suffered an \"identity crisis,\" but was throughout good and entertaining because of the good acting among others.[15]","title":"Release and reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"DVD releases"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Gero, Martin (2005). \"Stargate Atlantis: Season Two Preview\". TV Zone Special #64. Visual Imagination. pp. 80–81.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Gero","url_text":"Gero, Martin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Zone","url_text":"TV Zone"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Imagination","url_text":"Visual Imagination"}]},{"reference":"Gosling, Sharon (July 2006). \"Trinity\". Stargate Atlantis: The Official Companion Season 2. London: Titan Books. p. 45. ISBN 1-84576-163-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84576-163-4","url_text":"1-84576-163-4"}]},{"reference":"Gosling, Sharon (July 2006). \"Conversion\". Stargate Atlantis: The Official Companion Season 2. London: Titan Books. p. 53. ISBN 1-84576-163-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84576-163-4","url_text":"1-84576-163-4"}]},{"reference":"Gosling, Sharon (July 2006). \"The Long Goodbye\". Stargate Atlantis: The Official Companion Season 2. London: Titan Books. p. 84. ISBN 1-84576-163-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84576-163-4","url_text":"1-84576-163-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Season Two Ratings\". GateWorld. Archived from the original on August 1, 2009. Retrieved May 20, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090801032157/http://www.gateworld.net/atlantis/s2/ratings.shtml","url_text":"\"Season Two Ratings\""},{"url":"http://www.gateworld.net/atlantis/s2/ratings.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The '06 nominees: Who will march up to the podium?\". Playback Magazine. October 2, 2006. Retrieved May 10, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.playbackonline.ca/articles/magazine/20061002/gemininoms.html","url_text":"\"The '06 nominees: Who will march up to the podium?\""}]},{"reference":"Sumner, Darren (July 6, 2006). \"Stargate Atlantis receives Emmy nomination\". GateWorld. Retrieved November 25, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://gateworld.net/news/2006/07/stargate-atlantis-receives-emmy-nomination/","url_text":"\"Stargate Atlantis receives Emmy nomination\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GateWorld","url_text":"GateWorld"}]},{"reference":"Houston, Don (March 6, 2007). \"Stargate Atlantis - The Complete Second Season\". DVD Talk. Retrieved May 10, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/26779/stargate-atlantis-the-complete-second-season/","url_text":"\"Stargate Atlantis - The Complete Second Season\""}]},{"reference":"Chitwood, Scott. \"Stargate Atlantis: The Complete Second Season\". ComingSoon.net. Archived from the original on June 1, 2008. Retrieved May 10, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080601135659/http://www.comingsoon.net/news/dvdreviewsnews.php?id=19181","url_text":"\"Stargate Atlantis: The Complete Second Season\""},{"url":"http://www.comingsoon.net/news/dvdreviewsnews.php?id=19181","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"June L. (March 7, 2007). \"DVD Review: Stargate Atlantis - The Complete Second Season\". Monsters and Critics. Archived from the original on May 19, 2009. Retrieved May 10, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090519210019/http://www.monstersandcritics.com/dvd/reviews/article_1274075.php/DVD_Review_Stargate_Atlantis_-_The_Complete_Second_Season","url_text":"\"DVD Review: Stargate Atlantis - The Complete Second Season\""},{"url":"http://www.monstersandcritics.com/dvd/reviews/article_1274075.php/DVD_Review_Stargate_Atlantis_-_The_Complete_Second_Season","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Heaton, Dan (March 5, 2007). \"Stargate Atlantis: The Complete Second Season\". Digitally Obsessed. Archived from the original on June 13, 2011. Retrieved May 10, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110613114959/http://www.digitallyobsessed.com/displaylegacy.php?ID=9270","url_text":"\"Stargate Atlantis: The Complete Second Season\""},{"url":"http://www.digitallyobsessed.com/displaylegacy.php?ID=9270","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090801032157/http://www.gateworld.net/atlantis/s2/ratings.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Season Two Ratings\""},{"Link":"http://www.gateworld.net/atlantis/s2/ratings.shtml","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.playbackonline.ca/articles/magazine/20061002/gemininoms.html","external_links_name":"\"The '06 nominees: Who will march up to the podium?\""},{"Link":"https://gateworld.net/news/2006/07/stargate-atlantis-receives-emmy-nomination/","external_links_name":"\"Stargate Atlantis receives Emmy nomination\""},{"Link":"http://www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/26779/stargate-atlantis-the-complete-second-season/","external_links_name":"\"Stargate Atlantis - The Complete Second Season\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080601135659/http://www.comingsoon.net/news/dvdreviewsnews.php?id=19181","external_links_name":"\"Stargate Atlantis: The Complete Second Season\""},{"Link":"http://www.comingsoon.net/news/dvdreviewsnews.php?id=19181","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090519210019/http://www.monstersandcritics.com/dvd/reviews/article_1274075.php/DVD_Review_Stargate_Atlantis_-_The_Complete_Second_Season","external_links_name":"\"DVD Review: Stargate Atlantis - The Complete Second Season\""},{"Link":"http://www.monstersandcritics.com/dvd/reviews/article_1274075.php/DVD_Review_Stargate_Atlantis_-_The_Complete_Second_Season","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110613114959/http://www.digitallyobsessed.com/displaylegacy.php?ID=9270","external_links_name":"\"Stargate Atlantis: The Complete Second Season\""},{"Link":"http://www.digitallyobsessed.com/displaylegacy.php?ID=9270","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://gateworld.net/atlantis/s2","external_links_name":"Season 2"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0374455/episodes?season=2","external_links_name":"Season 2"},{"Link":"http://www.tv.com/stargate-atlantis/show/11415/episode.html?om_act=convert&om_clk=tabssh&tag=tabs;episodes","external_links_name":"Season 2"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080712193230/http://www.tv.com/stargate-atlantis/show/11415/episode.html?om_act=convert&om_clk=tabssh&tag=tabs;episodes","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://community.fandom.com/wiki/w:c:stargate:Atlantis_Season_2","external_links_name":"Atlantis Season 2"},{"Link":"https://community.fandom.com/wiki/w:c:stargate","external_links_name":"Stargate Wiki"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_George_Silverman	Abraham George Silverman	["1 Biography","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]	American scientist This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Abraham George Silverman" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Abraham George Silverman (1900 — 1973) was a mathematician and statistician who was a member of the Soviet Ware Group. Biography Silverman graduated from Harvard University. In the early days of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal, he worked for the Railroad Retirement Board in Washington, D.C., as director of research. From there he found employment in the Federal Coordinator of Transport, the United States Tariff Commission and the Labor Advisory Board of the National Recovery Administration. During World War II, Silverman was a civilian economic adviser and Chief of Analysis and Plans to the Assistant Chief of the Army Air Forces Air Staff for Material and Services Division, assigned to the Pentagon. Silverman allegedly supplied documents from the Pentagon to the Silvermaster group of Soviet spies. Silverman knew Greg Silvermaster to be a conduit for Communist Party USA General secretary, Earl Browder. In 1941, Silverman was on loan to the US Treasury Department and worked for a period of time on the frozen funds policy. Assistant Secretary of the United States Treasury Harry Dexter White used Silverman to supply documents to Soviet intelligence in the latter part of 1942 and early 1943. Presidential Assistant Lauchlin Currie furnished Silverman with oral information, including information that the United States was on the verge of breaking Soviet codes. Irving Kaplan of the War Production Board was also giving Silverman information to be transmitted to the Soviet Union. As the war progressed, the volume of material increased. Silverman worked closely with Lud Ullman, who also worked at the Pentagon and did the photographing of stolen documents prior to being turned over to the Golos network. In August 1945 Silverman left the Pentagon to work for the French Supply Council in Washington D.C., an office of the new French government. Silverman and Silvermaster learned much about U.S. policies and about Lauchlin Currie and Harry Dexter White's own views through their association. Currie appears to have been involved in carrying out orders from President Roosevelt to get U.S. intelligence services to return Soviet cryptographic documents to the Soviet Union and to cease decoding operations. The code name "Aileron" appears in the Venona project and was identified as Silverman. Aileron was possibly a reference to Silverman’s Air Force position. See also Ware Group Whittaker Chambers References ^ Trussell, C.P. (September 1, 1950). "Wartime Official in Air Corps Blocks House Inquiry Into Bentley Spy Charges". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-05-30. ^ Chambers, Whittaker (1952). Witness. Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publishing, Inc. pp. 68–69. ISBN 9780895267894. External links FBI Silvermaster File Silvermaster Group FBI FOIA Politics and the Attack on FDR's Economists Authority control databases: Academics zbMATH	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mathematician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematician"},{"link_name":"statistician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistician"},{"link_name":"Ware Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ware_Group"}],"text":"Abraham George Silverman (1900 — 1973) was a mathematician and statistician who was a member of the Soviet Ware Group.","title":"Abraham George Silverman"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Franklin D. Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"New Deal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Deal"},{"link_name":"Railroad Retirement Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railroad_Retirement_Board"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"National Recovery Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Recovery_Administration"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Army Air Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces"},{"link_name":"the Pentagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pentagon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wc-2"},{"link_name":"Silvermaster group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI_Silvermaster_File"},{"link_name":"Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"spies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espionage"},{"link_name":"Communist Party USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_USA"},{"link_name":"General secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_secretary"},{"link_name":"Earl Browder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Browder"},{"link_name":"US Treasury Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Treasury_Department"},{"link_name":"Harry Dexter White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Dexter_White"},{"link_name":"Soviet intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronology_of_Soviet_secret_police_agencies"},{"link_name":"Lauchlin Currie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauchlin_Currie"},{"link_name":"codes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_(cryptography)"},{"link_name":"Irving Kaplan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Kaplan_(government_official)"},{"link_name":"War Production Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Production_Board"},{"link_name":"Lud Ullman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lud_Ullman"},{"link_name":"the Pentagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pentagon"},{"link_name":"Golos network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Bentley#Golos_network"},{"link_name":"French government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_France"},{"link_name":"cryptographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Venona project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venona_project"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Silverman graduated from Harvard University.[citation needed]In the early days of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal, he worked for the Railroad Retirement Board in Washington, D.C., as director of research. From there he found employment in the Federal Coordinator of Transport, the United States Tariff Commission and the Labor Advisory Board of the National Recovery Administration. During World War II, Silverman was a civilian economic adviser and Chief of Analysis and Plans to the Assistant Chief of the Army Air Forces Air Staff for Material and Services Division, assigned to the Pentagon.[1][2]Silverman allegedly supplied documents from the Pentagon to the Silvermaster group of Soviet spies. Silverman knew Greg Silvermaster to be a conduit for Communist Party USA General secretary, Earl Browder.In 1941, Silverman was on loan to the US Treasury Department and worked for a period of time on the frozen funds policy. Assistant Secretary of the United States Treasury Harry Dexter White used Silverman to supply documents to Soviet intelligence in the latter part of 1942 and early 1943. Presidential Assistant Lauchlin Currie furnished Silverman with oral information, including information that the United States was on the verge of breaking Soviet codes. Irving Kaplan of the War Production Board was also giving Silverman information to be transmitted to the Soviet Union. As the war progressed, the volume of material increased. Silverman worked closely with Lud Ullman, who also worked at the Pentagon and did the photographing of stolen documents prior to being turned over to the Golos network.In August 1945 Silverman left the Pentagon to work for the French Supply Council in Washington D.C., an office of the new French government.Silverman and Silvermaster learned much about U.S. policies and about Lauchlin Currie and Harry Dexter White's own views through their association. Currie appears to have been involved in carrying out orders from President Roosevelt to get U.S. intelligence services to return Soviet cryptographic documents to the Soviet Union and to cease decoding operations.[citation needed]The code name \"Aileron\" appears in the Venona project and was identified as Silverman.[citation needed] Aileron was possibly a reference to Silverman’s Air Force position.","title":"Biography"}]	[]	[{"title":"Ware Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ware_Group"},{"title":"Whittaker Chambers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whittaker_Chambers"}]	[{"reference":"Trussell, C.P. (September 1, 1950). \"Wartime Official in Air Corps Blocks House Inquiry Into Bentley Spy Charges\". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-05-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1950/09/01/archives/silver-man-silent-again-on-red-tie-wartime-official-in-air-corps.html","url_text":"\"Wartime Official in Air Corps Blocks House Inquiry Into Bentley Spy Charges\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Chambers, Whittaker (1952). Witness. Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publishing, Inc. pp. 68–69. ISBN 9780895267894.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780895267894","url_text":"9780895267894"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Abraham+George+Silverman%22","external_links_name":"\"Abraham George Silverman\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Abraham+George+Silverman%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Abraham+George+Silverman%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Abraham+George+Silverman%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Abraham+George+Silverman%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Abraham+George+Silverman%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1950/09/01/archives/silver-man-silent-again-on-red-tie-wartime-official-in-air-corps.html","external_links_name":"\"Wartime Official in Air Corps Blocks House Inquiry Into Bentley Spy Charges\""},{"Link":"https://foia.fbi.gov/foiaindex/silversm.htm","external_links_name":"Silvermaster Group FBI FOIA"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050321071841/http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/sandilands_fdr_economists.html","external_links_name":"Politics and the Attack on FDR's Economists"},{"Link":"https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:silverman.a-g","external_links_name":"zbMATH"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gynomonoecious_(botany)	Gynomonoecy	["1 Occurrence","2 Evolution","3 References"]	Gynomonoecy is defined as the presence of both female and hermaphrodite flowers on the same individual of a plant species. It is prevalent in Asteraceae but is poorly understood. It is a monomorphic sexual system comparable with monoecy, andromonoecy and trimonoecy. Occurrence This sexual system occurs in about 2.8% of flowering plants. It is present in 3% of Silene species and 23 families of flowering plants, but is most common in the daisy family, Asteraceae. Of the approximately 23000 species in the Asteraceae: 480 about 200 are gynomonoecious. Evolution Main article: Evolution of sexual reproduction Gynomonoecy may be an intermediate evolutionary state between monoecy and hermaphroditism. It is also postulated to be the ancestor to trimonoecy. Gynomonecy evolved once in Hawaiian Tetramolopium. In families like Compositae or Chenopodiaceae, gynomonoecy is considered leading path to monoecy from hermaphroditism and vice versa. References ^ Allaby, Michael (2006), "gynomonoecious", A Dictionary of Plant Sciences, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780198608912.001.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-860891-2, retrieved 2021-07-15 ^ Martínez-Gómez, Pedro (2019). Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding. MDPI. p. 442. ISBN 978-3-03921-175-3. ^ a b Torices, Rubén; Méndez, Marcos; Gómez, José María (2011). "Where do monomorphic sexual systems fit in the evolution of dioecy? Insights from the largest family of angiosperms". New Phytologist. 190 (1): 234–248. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03609.x. ISSN 1469-8137. PMID 21219336. ^ BERTIN, ROBERT I.; GWISC, GREGORY M. (2002-11-01). "Floral sex ratios and gynomonoecy in Solidago (Asteraceae)". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 77 (3): 413–422. doi:10.1046/j.1095-8312.2002.00137.x. ISSN 0024-4066. ^ Casimiro-Soriguer, Inés; Buide, Maria L.; Narbona, Eduardo (2015-01-01). "Diversity of sexual systems within different lineages of the genus Silene". AoB Plants. 7 (plv037). doi:10.1093/aobpla/plv037. ISSN 2041-2851. PMC 4433491. PMID 25862920. ^ Mamut, Jannathan; Tan, Dun-Yan (2014). "Gynomonoecy in angiosperms: phylogeny, sex expression and evolutionary significance". Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology. 38 (1): 76–90. doi:10.3724/SP.J.1258.2014.00008. ^ Judd, Walter S.; Campbell, Christopher S.; Kellogg, Elizabeth A.; Stevens, Peter F.; Donoghue, Michael J. (2002). Plant systematics, a phylogenetic approach (2 ed.). Sunderland MA, USA: Sinauer Associates Inc. ISBN 0-87893-403-0. ^ Avise, John C. (2011). Hermaphroditism: A Primer on the Biology, Ecology, and Evolution of Dual Sexuality. Columbia University Press. pp. 52–53. ISBN 978-0-231-52715-6. ^ Ainsworth, Charles (2008-04-15). Annual Plant Reviews, Flowering and its Manipulation. John Wiley & Sons. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-4051-7240-0. ^ Stuessy, Tod F.; Ono, Mikio (2007). Evolution and Speciation of Island Plants. Cambridge University Press. p. 63. ISBN 978-0-521-04832-3. ^ Casimiro-Soriguer, Inés; Buide, Maria L.; Narbona, Eduardo (2015). "Diversity of sexual systems within different lineages of the genus Silene". AoB Plants. 7 (plv037). doi:10.1093/aobpla/plv037. ISSN 2041-2851. PMC 4433491. PMID 25862920. This botany article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sexual system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_system"},{"link_name":"monoecy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoecious_(botany)"},{"link_name":"andromonoecy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andromonoecy"},{"link_name":"trimonoecy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimonoecy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Torices-2011-3"}],"text":"It is a monomorphic sexual system comparable with monoecy, andromonoecy and trimonoecy.[3]","title":"Gynomonoecy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"flowering plants.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_plant"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Silene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silene"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Asteraceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteraceae"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mamut-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Judd-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"This sexual system occurs in about 2.8% of flowering plants.[4] It is present in 3% of Silene species[5] and 23 families of flowering plants, but is most common in the daisy family, Asteraceae.[6] Of the approximately 23000 species in the Asteraceae[7]: 480 about 200 are gynomonoecious.[8]","title":"Occurrence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"monoecy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoecy"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"trimonoecy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimonoecy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Torices-2011-3"},{"link_name":"Hawaiian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii"},{"link_name":"Tetramolopium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetramolopium"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Compositae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteraceae"},{"link_name":"Chenopodiaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaranthaceae"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Gynomonoecy may be an intermediate evolutionary state between monoecy and hermaphroditism.[9] It is also postulated to be the ancestor to trimonoecy.[3]Gynomonecy evolved once in Hawaiian Tetramolopium.[10]In families like Compositae or Chenopodiaceae, gynomonoecy is considered leading path to monoecy from hermaphroditism and vice versa.[11]","title":"Evolution"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Allaby, Michael (2006), \"gynomonoecious\", A Dictionary of Plant Sciences, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780198608912.001.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-860891-2, retrieved 2021-07-15","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198608912.001.0001/acref-9780198608912-e-3105","url_text":"\"gynomonoecious\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780198608912.001.0001","url_text":"10.1093/acref/9780198608912.001.0001"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860891-2","url_text":"978-0-19-860891-2"}]},{"reference":"Martínez-Gómez, Pedro (2019). Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding. MDPI. p. 442. ISBN 978-3-03921-175-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pcahDwAAQBAJ&dq=Gynomonoecy&pg=PA442","url_text":"Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-03921-175-3","url_text":"978-3-03921-175-3"}]},{"reference":"Torices, Rubén; Méndez, Marcos; Gómez, José María (2011). \"Where do monomorphic sexual systems fit in the evolution of dioecy? Insights from the largest family of angiosperms\". New Phytologist. 190 (1): 234–248. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03609.x. ISSN 1469-8137. PMID 21219336.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-8137.2010.03609.x","url_text":"\"Where do monomorphic sexual systems fit in the evolution of dioecy? Insights from the largest family of angiosperms\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-8137.2010.03609.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03609.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1469-8137","url_text":"1469-8137"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21219336","url_text":"21219336"}]},{"reference":"BERTIN, ROBERT I.; GWISC, GREGORY M. (2002-11-01). \"Floral sex ratios and gynomonoecy in Solidago (Asteraceae)\". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 77 (3): 413–422. doi:10.1046/j.1095-8312.2002.00137.x. ISSN 0024-4066.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1095-8312.2002.00137.x","url_text":"\"Floral sex ratios and gynomonoecy in Solidago (Asteraceae)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1095-8312.2002.00137.x","url_text":"10.1046/j.1095-8312.2002.00137.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0024-4066","url_text":"0024-4066"}]},{"reference":"Casimiro-Soriguer, Inés; Buide, Maria L.; Narbona, Eduardo (2015-01-01). \"Diversity of sexual systems within different lineages of the genus Silene\". AoB Plants. 7 (plv037). doi:10.1093/aobpla/plv037. ISSN 2041-2851. PMC 4433491. PMID 25862920.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plv037","url_text":"\"Diversity of sexual systems within different lineages of the genus Silene\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Faobpla%2Fplv037","url_text":"10.1093/aobpla/plv037"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2041-2851","url_text":"2041-2851"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4433491","url_text":"4433491"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25862920","url_text":"25862920"}]},{"reference":"Mamut, Jannathan; Tan, Dun-Yan (2014). \"Gynomonoecy in angiosperms: phylogeny, sex expression and evolutionary significance\". Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology. 38 (1): 76–90. doi:10.3724/SP.J.1258.2014.00008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/10.3724/SP.J.1258.2014.00008","url_text":"\"Gynomonoecy in angiosperms: phylogeny, sex expression and evolutionary significance\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3724%2FSP.J.1258.2014.00008","url_text":"10.3724/SP.J.1258.2014.00008"}]},{"reference":"Judd, Walter S.; Campbell, Christopher S.; Kellogg, Elizabeth A.; Stevens, Peter F.; Donoghue, Michael J. (2002). Plant systematics, a phylogenetic approach (2 ed.). Sunderland MA, USA: Sinauer Associates Inc. ISBN 0-87893-403-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87893-403-0","url_text":"0-87893-403-0"}]},{"reference":"Avise, John C. (2011). Hermaphroditism: A Primer on the Biology, Ecology, and Evolution of Dual Sexuality. Columbia University Press. pp. 52–53. ISBN 978-0-231-52715-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jqiR8C0lEckC&dq=Gynomonoecy&pg=PA52","url_text":"Hermaphroditism: A Primer on the Biology, Ecology, and Evolution of Dual Sexuality"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-52715-6","url_text":"978-0-231-52715-6"}]},{"reference":"Ainsworth, Charles (2008-04-15). Annual Plant Reviews, Flowering and its Manipulation. John Wiley & Sons. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-4051-7240-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2ZOjR3xQEPwC&dq=Gynomonoecy+evolution&pg=PA14","url_text":"Annual Plant Reviews, Flowering and its Manipulation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-7240-0","url_text":"978-1-4051-7240-0"}]},{"reference":"Stuessy, Tod F.; Ono, Mikio (2007). Evolution and Speciation of Island Plants. Cambridge University Press. p. 63. ISBN 978-0-521-04832-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=am8GHzjjuSIC&dq=gynomonoecy+etymology&pg=PA63","url_text":"Evolution and Speciation of Island Plants"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-04832-3","url_text":"978-0-521-04832-3"}]},{"reference":"Casimiro-Soriguer, Inés; Buide, Maria L.; Narbona, Eduardo (2015). \"Diversity of sexual systems within different lineages of the genus Silene\". AoB Plants. 7 (plv037). doi:10.1093/aobpla/plv037. ISSN 2041-2851. PMC 4433491. PMID 25862920.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plv037","url_text":"\"Diversity of sexual systems within different lineages of the genus Silene\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Faobpla%2Fplv037","url_text":"10.1093/aobpla/plv037"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2041-2851","url_text":"2041-2851"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4433491","url_text":"4433491"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25862920","url_text":"25862920"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198608912.001.0001/acref-9780198608912-e-3105","external_links_name":"\"gynomonoecious\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780198608912.001.0001","external_links_name":"10.1093/acref/9780198608912.001.0001"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pcahDwAAQBAJ&dq=Gynomonoecy&pg=PA442","external_links_name":"Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-8137.2010.03609.x","external_links_name":"\"Where do monomorphic sexual systems fit in the evolution of dioecy? Insights from the largest family of angiosperms\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-8137.2010.03609.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03609.x"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1469-8137","external_links_name":"1469-8137"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21219336","external_links_name":"21219336"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1095-8312.2002.00137.x","external_links_name":"\"Floral sex ratios and gynomonoecy in Solidago (Asteraceae)\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1095-8312.2002.00137.x","external_links_name":"10.1046/j.1095-8312.2002.00137.x"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0024-4066","external_links_name":"0024-4066"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plv037","external_links_name":"\"Diversity of sexual systems within different lineages of the genus Silene\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Faobpla%2Fplv037","external_links_name":"10.1093/aobpla/plv037"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2041-2851","external_links_name":"2041-2851"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4433491","external_links_name":"4433491"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25862920","external_links_name":"25862920"},{"Link":"https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/10.3724/SP.J.1258.2014.00008","external_links_name":"\"Gynomonoecy in angiosperms: phylogeny, sex expression and evolutionary significance\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3724%2FSP.J.1258.2014.00008","external_links_name":"10.3724/SP.J.1258.2014.00008"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jqiR8C0lEckC&dq=Gynomonoecy&pg=PA52","external_links_name":"Hermaphroditism: A Primer on the Biology, Ecology, and Evolution of Dual Sexuality"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2ZOjR3xQEPwC&dq=Gynomonoecy+evolution&pg=PA14","external_links_name":"Annual Plant Reviews, Flowering and its Manipulation"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=am8GHzjjuSIC&dq=gynomonoecy+etymology&pg=PA63","external_links_name":"Evolution and Speciation of Island Plants"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plv037","external_links_name":"\"Diversity of sexual systems within different lineages of the genus Silene\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Faobpla%2Fplv037","external_links_name":"10.1093/aobpla/plv037"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2041-2851","external_links_name":"2041-2851"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4433491","external_links_name":"4433491"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25862920","external_links_name":"25862920"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gynomonoecy&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Exchange_(American_TV_program)	Foreign Exchange (PBS TV program)	["1 Production","2 References","3 External links"]	This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Foreign Exchange" PBS TV program – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) American TV series or program Foreign ExchangeAlso known asForeign Exchange with Daljit DhaliwalGenreInternational relationsPresented byFareed Zakaria(2005–2007)Daljit Dhaliwal (2008–2009)Country of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishNo. of seasons6ProductionExecutive producerBruce G. BlairRunning time26 minutesOriginal releaseNetworkPBSReleaseApril 1, 2005 (2005-04-01) –October 9, 2009 (2009-10-09) Foreign Exchange (previously Foreign Exchange with Fareed Zakaria) is an American weekly, half-hour international affairs program that aired on the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) public television stations. The program premiered on April 1, 2005, and for three seasons was hosted by author and journalist Fareed Zakaria. Beginning in January 2008, journalist Daljit Dhaliwal became the new host and the title of the program was changed accordingly. The program explores current international issues in conversations with journalists, politicians, and other newsmakers, and examines America's role in an increasingly globalized world. The final episode aired October 9, 2009. Production The program was produced by Azimuth Media and Oregon Public Broadcasting, and was distributed by American Public Television. Major funding was provided by the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation. Additional support from the Ford Foundation and Carnegie Corporation of New York. Through a partnership with the citizen journalism website Helium.com, the program offered viewers an opportunity to get their voices heard on the most pressing global issues. The issues were chosen by Foreign Exchange and ranged from Kosovo as an inspiration to other independence movements in the world to the future of socialism in Latin America. Essays were written and rated on Helium.com, and the best essays were featured on the show. References External links Official website Foreign Exchange at IMDb This article about a news television show originating in the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"international affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_relations"},{"link_name":"Public Broadcasting Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service"},{"link_name":"public television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_television"},{"link_name":"Fareed Zakaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fareed_Zakaria"},{"link_name":"Daljit Dhaliwal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daljit_Dhaliwal"}],"text":"American TV series or programForeign Exchange (previously Foreign Exchange with Fareed Zakaria) is an American weekly, half-hour international affairs program that aired on the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) public television stations. The program premiered on April 1, 2005, and for three seasons was hosted by author and journalist Fareed Zakaria. Beginning in January 2008, journalist Daljit Dhaliwal became the new host and the title of the program was changed accordingly. The program explores current international issues in conversations with journalists, politicians, and other newsmakers, and examines America's role in an increasingly globalized world. The final episode aired October 9, 2009.","title":"Foreign Exchange (PBS TV program)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Azimuth Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Azimuth_Media&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Oregon Public Broadcasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Public_Broadcasting"},{"link_name":"American Public Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Public_Television"},{"link_name":"William and Flora Hewlett Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_and_Flora_Hewlett_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Ford Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Carnegie Corporation of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Corporation_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"citizen journalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_journalism"},{"link_name":"Kosovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo"},{"link_name":"socialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism"},{"link_name":"Latin America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_America"}],"text":"The program was produced by Azimuth Media and Oregon Public Broadcasting, and was distributed by American Public Television. Major funding was provided by the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation. Additional support from the Ford Foundation and Carnegie Corporation of New York.Through a partnership with the citizen journalism website Helium.com, the program offered viewers an opportunity to get their voices heard on the most pressing global issues. The issues were chosen by Foreign Exchange and ranged from Kosovo as an inspiration to other independence movements in the world to the future of socialism in Latin America. Essays were written and rated on Helium.com, and the best essays were featured on the show.","title":"Production"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Foreign+Exchange%22+PBS+TV+program","external_links_name":"\"Foreign Exchange\" PBS TV program"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Foreign+Exchange%22+PBS+TV+program+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Foreign+Exchange%22+PBS+TV+program&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Foreign+Exchange%22+PBS+TV+program+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Foreign+Exchange%22+PBS+TV+program","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Foreign+Exchange%22+PBS+TV+program&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://foreignexchange.tv/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0481446/","external_links_name":"Foreign Exchange"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foreign_Exchange_(PBS_TV_program)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Route_4A	New Jersey Route 79	["1 Route description","2 History","3 Major intersections","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	Route map: State highway in Monmouth County, New Jersey, US Route 79Route 79 highlighted in redRoute informationMaintained by NJDOTLength12.13 mi (19.52 km)ExistedJanuary 1, 1953–presentMajor junctionsSouth end US 9 / Route 33 in Freehold TownshipMajor intersections Route 33 Bus. in Freehold Borough CR 537 in Freehold Borough Route 18 in Marlboro Township North end Route 34 / CR 516 Spur in Matawan LocationCountryUnited StatesStateNew JerseyCountiesMonmouth Highway system New Jersey State Highway Routes Interstate US State Scenic Byways ← I-78→ I-80 Route 79 is a state highway located in Monmouth County in the U.S. state of New Jersey. It runs 12.13 mi (19.52 km) from an intersection with U.S. Route 9 (US 9) in Freehold Township north to an intersection with Route 34 and County Route 516 Spur (CR 516 Spur) in Matawan. The route is a mostly two-lane undivided road that passes through a mixture of suburban residential, urban commercial, and open rural areas. The route intersects Route 33 in Freehold Township, Route 33 Business and CR 537 in Freehold Borough, Route 18 and CR 520 in Marlboro Township, and CR 516 in Matawan. In 1927, the current alignment of Route 79 was designated as a part of Route 4, which was to run from Cape May to the George Washington Bridge, with US 9 additionally being designated along the route by the 1940s. After US 9 and Route 4 were moved to a new routing between Freehold and Cheesequake, the former route became Route 4A, a spur of Route 4. In 1953, Route 4A became Route 79 between Freehold and Matawan and an extension of Route 34 between Matawan and Cheesequake. Route description Route 79 southbound at Route 34 in Matawan Route 79 begins at an intersection with US 9 in Freehold Township, heading north on South Street, a two-lane divided highway that soon becomes an undivided road. It interchanges with Route 33 and continues through a mix of residential and commercial areas. The route enters Freehold Borough, where it crosses Route 33 Business. Route 79 heads into downtown Freehold, where it crosses the Freehold Industrial Track railroad line operated by the Delaware and Raritan River Railroad and intersects CR 537. Here, the route heads northeast on Main Street to run concurrent with County Route 537 for a short distance. It eventually splits from CR 537 by forking to the left to head northeast on Broadway. The route travels on Broadway, as it heads past homes and eventually passes by Freehold High School at the corner of Route 79 and Dutch Lane Road (CR 46). Route 79 crosses back into Freehold Township, where it continues through suburban residential areas, with intermittent farms and woods. It heads into Marlboro Township, where the name becomes Marlboro Road. The route passes some businesses before it widens into a four-lane divided highway and comes to an interchange with the Route 18 freeway. Route 79 northbound at the split with CR 537 eastbound in Freehold Past this interchange, Route 79 heads through a mix of homes and businesses, narrowing back into a two-lane undivided road. The name of the road changes to North Main Street at the School Road intersection. The road passes through residential and commercial areas with some farm fields, along with passing by Marlboro High School, and then intersecting with CR 520. Past this intersection, Route 79 continues north and heads into more suburban areas, with the Henry Hudson Trail parallel to the west of the road before it splits to the west. The road heads through wooded areas with some development, intersects CR 3 in Morganville, forming a short concurrency with that route that lasts until CR 3 heads northeast on Lloyd Road. Route 79 continues north through wooded neighborhoods and enters Matawan, where it becomes Main Street. It passes through residential areas and heads across the Henry Hudson Trail before the road crosses CR 516 in a commercial area. Route 79 continues a short distance north past this intersection to its northern terminus at Route 34. At this intersection, unsigned CR 516 Spur continues northeast on Main Street. History Route 4ALocationFreehold–CheesequakeExisted1940s–1953 What has become Route 79 is an original road for the area. On June 7, 1701 a patent was granted to John Johnstone for a road from old Oysterbank Landing (Matawan Creek) to Wickatunk. This would have roughly followed that Route 79 path. Almost the entirety of the road was maintained in the late 19th century as part of the Monmouth County Plank Road. Before 1927, what is today Route 79 was an unnumbered road. In the 1927 New Jersey state highway renumbering, the route was legislated as part of Route 4, which was to run from Cape May to the George Washington Bridge. Between 1932 and 1934, the State Highway Department took over this section of the route, and US 9 was realigned to follow this portion of road along with Route 4. Beginning with a bypass of Freehold in 1938, US 9 and Route 4 were moved to a new alignment between Freehold and Cheesequake, and the former alignment between these two points became Route 4A, a spur of Route 4. The realignment was completed by 1941. In the 1953 New Jersey state highway renumbering, Route 4A became Route 79 between Freehold and Matawan and an extension of Route 34 between Matawan and Cheesequake. On December 15, 2006, a project which rebuilt the intersection between US 9 and Route 79 was completed. This project's goals included improved safety and reduced traffic congestion. Major intersections The entire route is in Monmouth County. LocationmikmDestinationsNotes Freehold Township0.000.00 US 9 – Lakewood, The AmboysSouthern terminus 0.150.24 Route 33 – Trenton, Asbury ParkInterchange Freehold Borough0.741.19 Route 33 Bus. (Park Avenue) to G.S. Parkway – Trenton, Asbury Park 1.432.30 CR 537 west (Main Street)South end of CR 537 overlap 1.592.56 CR 537 east (Main Street) / Spring Street / Center StreetNorth end of CR 537 overlap Marlboro Township5.108.21 Route 18 – New Brunswick, Point PleasantInterchange 6.8210.98 CR 520 (Newman Springs Road) to G.S. Parkway – Robertsville, Marlboro State Hospital, Holmdel Matawan11.8419.05 CR 516 (New Brunswick Avenue / Broad Street) – Old Bridge, Keyport 12.1319.52 Route 34 (Middlesex Street) / Main Street (CR 516 Spur) – The Amboys, Asbury Park – KeyportNorthern terminus 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Concurrency terminus Incomplete access See also U.S. Roads portal New Jersey portal References ^ a b c d e f g h i "Route 79 straight line diagram" (PDF). New Jersey Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 17, 2020. ^ "New Route Markers Go Up Next Month" (PDF). The Hackettstown Gazette. December 18, 1952. p. 17. Retrieved September 26, 2018. ^ a b c d e f g Google (June 24, 2009). "overview of New Jersey Route 79" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 24, 2009. ^ Map of Pennsylvania and New Jersey (Map). Cartography by H.M. Gousha. Mid-West Map Co. 1941. Retrieved March 29, 2009. ^ a b "1953 renumbering". New Jersey Department of Highways. Archived from the original on June 28, 2011. Retrieved July 31, 2009. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires \|journal= (help) ^ The New Jersey Coast in Three Centuries: History of the New Jersey, Volume 2" edited by William Nelson 1902, Page 188 ^ Williams, Jimmy and Sharon. "1927 Tydol Trails Map - South". 1920s New Jersey Highways. Archived from the original on May 14, 2011. Retrieved March 30, 2009. ^ State of New Jersey, Laws of 1927, Chapter 319. ^ Williams, Jimmy and Sharon. "1927 New Jersey Road Map". 1920s New Jersey Highways. Archived from the original on March 13, 2016. Retrieved October 8, 2008. ^ "1934 road map of New Jersey". collections.lib.uwm.edu. Retrieved August 20, 2022. ^ "Asks Federal Help For Freehold By-Pass". Monmouth Democrat. November 3, 1938. p. 5. Retrieved August 20, 2022. ^ "Will Receive Bids For Shore Highway". The Central New Jersey Home News. December 6, 1940. p. 31. Retrieved August 20, 2022. ^ "NJDOT improves Route 9 in Freehold Township". New Jersey Department of Transportation. December 21, 2006. Retrieved June 25, 2009. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to New Jersey Route 79. KML file (edit • help) Template:Attached KML/New Jersey Route 79KML is from Wikidata New Jersey Roads: Route 79 Speed Limits for State Roads: Route 79	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*"},{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway"},{"link_name":"Monmouth County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monmouth_County,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_9_in_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Freehold Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freehold_Township,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Route 34","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Route_34"},{"link_name":"County Route 516 Spur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_516_Spur_(New_Jersey)"},{"link_name":"Matawan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matawan,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Route 33","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Route_33"},{"link_name":"Route 33 Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Route_33_Business"},{"link_name":"CR 537","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_537_(New_Jersey)"},{"link_name":"Freehold Borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freehold_Borough,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Route 18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Route_18"},{"link_name":"CR 520","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_520_(New_Jersey)"},{"link_name":"Marlboro Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlboro_Township,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"CR 516","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_516_(New_Jersey)"},{"link_name":"Route 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Route_4"},{"link_name":"Cape May","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_May,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"George Washington Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Cheesequake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheesequake,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"spur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spur_route"}],"text":"State highway in Monmouth County, New Jersey, USRoute 79 is a state highway located in Monmouth County in the U.S. state of New Jersey. It runs 12.13 mi (19.52 km) from an intersection with U.S. Route 9 (US 9) in Freehold Township north to an intersection with Route 34 and County Route 516 Spur (CR 516 Spur) in Matawan. The route is a mostly two-lane undivided road that passes through a mixture of suburban residential, urban commercial, and open rural areas. The route intersects Route 33 in Freehold Township, Route 33 Business and CR 537 in Freehold Borough, Route 18 and CR 520 in Marlboro Township, and CR 516 in Matawan.In 1927, the current alignment of Route 79 was designated as a part of Route 4, which was to run from Cape May to the George Washington Bridge, with US 9 additionally being designated along the route by the 1940s. After US 9 and Route 4 were moved to a new routing between Freehold and Cheesequake, the former route became Route 4A, a spur of Route 4. In 1953, Route 4A became Route 79 between Freehold and Matawan and an extension of Route 34 between Matawan and Cheesequake.","title":"New Jersey Route 79"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2018-05-28_16_58_58_View_south_along_New_Jersey_State_Route_79_(Main_Street)_between_New_Jersey_State_Route_34_and_Schenck_Avenue_in_Matawan,_Monmouth_County,_New_Jersey.jpg"},{"link_name":"Matawan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matawan,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"intersection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersection_(road)"},{"link_name":"US 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_9_in_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Freehold Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freehold_Township,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"divided highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divided_highway"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sld-1"},{"link_name":"Route 33","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Route_33"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gm-3"},{"link_name":"Freehold Borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freehold_Borough,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Route 33 Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Route_33_Business"},{"link_name":"Freehold Industrial Track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freehold_Industrial_Track"},{"link_name":"Delaware and Raritan River Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_and_Raritan_River_Railroad"},{"link_name":"CR 537","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_537_(New_Jersey)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sld-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gm-3"},{"link_name":"concurrent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrency_(road)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sld-1"},{"link_name":"Freehold High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freehold_High_School"},{"link_name":"Dutch Lane Road (CR 46)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_46_(Monmouth_County,_New_Jersey)"},{"link_name":"Marlboro Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlboro_Township,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Route 18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Route_18"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sld-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gm-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2020-09-13_13_24_44_View_north_along_New_Jersey_State_Route_79_and_east_along_Monmouth_County_Route_537_(Main_Street)_at_the_exit_for_Monmouth_County_Route_537_EAST_in_Freehold,_Monmouth_County,_New_Jersey.jpg"},{"link_name":"CR 537","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_537_(New_Jersey)"},{"link_name":"Freehold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freehold_Borough,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Marlboro High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlboro_High_School"},{"link_name":"CR 520","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_520_(New_Jersey)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sld-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gm-3"},{"link_name":"Henry Hudson Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Hudson_Trail"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gm-3"},{"link_name":"CR 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_3_(Monmouth_County,_New_Jersey)"},{"link_name":"Morganville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morganville,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Matawan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matawan,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"CR 516","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_516_(New_Jersey)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sld-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gm-3"},{"link_name":"Route 34","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Route_34"},{"link_name":"CR 516 Spur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_516_Spur_(New_Jersey)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sld-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gm-3"}],"text":"Route 79 southbound at Route 34 in MatawanRoute 79 begins at an intersection with US 9 in Freehold Township, heading north on South Street, a two-lane divided highway that soon becomes an undivided road.[1] It interchanges with Route 33 and continues through a mix of residential and commercial areas.[3] The route enters Freehold Borough, where it crosses Route 33 Business. Route 79 heads into downtown Freehold, where it crosses the Freehold Industrial Track railroad line operated by the Delaware and Raritan River Railroad and intersects CR 537.[1][3] Here, the route heads northeast on Main Street to run concurrent with County Route 537 for a short distance. It eventually splits from CR 537 by forking to the left to head northeast on Broadway.[1] The route travels on Broadway, as it heads past homes and eventually passes by Freehold High School at the corner of Route 79 and Dutch Lane Road (CR 46). Route 79 crosses back into Freehold Township, where it continues through suburban residential areas, with intermittent farms and woods. It heads into Marlboro Township, where the name becomes Marlboro Road. The route passes some businesses before it widens into a four-lane divided highway and comes to an interchange with the Route 18 freeway.[1][3]Route 79 northbound at the split with CR 537 eastbound in FreeholdPast this interchange, Route 79 heads through a mix of homes and businesses, narrowing back into a two-lane undivided road. The name of the road changes to North Main Street at the School Road intersection. The road passes through residential and commercial areas with some farm fields, along with passing by Marlboro High School, and then intersecting with CR 520.[1][3] Past this intersection, Route 79 continues north and heads into more suburban areas, with the Henry Hudson Trail parallel to the west of the road before it splits to the west.[3] The road heads through wooded areas with some development, intersects CR 3 in Morganville, forming a short concurrency with that route that lasts until CR 3 heads northeast on Lloyd Road. Route 79 continues north through wooded neighborhoods and enters Matawan, where it becomes Main Street. It passes through residential areas and heads across the Henry Hudson Trail before the road crosses CR 516 in a commercial area.[1][3] Route 79 continues a short distance north past this intersection to its northern terminus at Route 34. At this intersection, unsigned CR 516 Spur continues northeast on Main Street.[1][3]","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Monmouth County Plank Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monmouth_County_Plank_Road"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ttmap-7"},{"link_name":"1927 New Jersey state highway renumbering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1927_New_Jersey_state_highway_renumbering"},{"link_name":"Route 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Route_4"},{"link_name":"Cape May","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_May,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"George Washington Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_Bridge"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nj1927-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Map-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Cheesequake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheesequake,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"spur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spur_route"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"1953 New Jersey state highway renumbering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953_New_Jersey_state_highway_renumbering"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nj1953-5"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-njdot-13"}],"text":"What has become Route 79 is an original road for the area. On June 7, 1701 a patent was granted to John Johnstone for a road from old Oysterbank Landing (Matawan Creek) to Wickatunk.[6] This would have roughly followed that Route 79 path. Almost the entirety of the road was maintained in the late 19th century as part of the Monmouth County Plank Road. Before 1927, what is today Route 79 was an unnumbered road.[7] In the 1927 New Jersey state highway renumbering, the route was legislated as part of Route 4, which was to run from Cape May to the George Washington Bridge.[8][9] Between 1932 and 1934,[10] the State Highway Department took over this section of the route, and US 9 was realigned to follow this portion of road along with Route 4. Beginning with a bypass of Freehold in 1938,[11] US 9 and Route 4 were moved to a new alignment between Freehold and Cheesequake, and the former alignment between these two points became Route 4A, a spur of Route 4. The realignment was completed by 1941.[12] In the 1953 New Jersey state highway renumbering, Route 4A became Route 79 between Freehold and Matawan and an extension of Route 34 between Matawan and Cheesequake.[5] On December 15, 2006, a project which rebuilt the intersection between US 9 and Route 79 was completed. This project's goals included improved safety and reduced traffic congestion.[13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Monmouth County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monmouth_County,_New_Jersey"}],"text":"The entire route is in Monmouth County.","title":"Major intersections"}]	[{"image_text":"Route 79 southbound at Route 34 in Matawan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/2018-05-28_16_58_58_View_south_along_New_Jersey_State_Route_79_%28Main_Street%29_between_New_Jersey_State_Route_34_and_Schenck_Avenue_in_Matawan%2C_Monmouth_County%2C_New_Jersey.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg"},{"image_text":"Route 79 northbound at the split with CR 537 eastbound in Freehold","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/2020-09-13_13_24_44_View_north_along_New_Jersey_State_Route_79_and_east_along_Monmouth_County_Route_537_%28Main_Street%29_at_the_exit_for_Monmouth_County_Route_537_EAST_in_Freehold%2C_Monmouth_County%2C_New_Jersey.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg"}]	[{"title":"U.S. Roads portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:U.S._Roads"},{"title":"New Jersey portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:New_Jersey"}]	[{"reference":"\"Route 79 straight line diagram\" (PDF). New Jersey Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 17, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/refdata/sldiag/pdf/00000079__-.pdf","url_text":"\"Route 79 straight line diagram\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"New Jersey Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"\"New Route Markers Go Up Next Month\" (PDF). The Hackettstown Gazette. December 18, 1952. p. 17. Retrieved September 26, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fultonhistory.com/Newspapers%2021/Hackettstown%20NJ%20Gazette/Hackettstown%20NJ%20Gazette%201952-1953/Hackettstown%20NJ%20Gazette%201952-1953%20-%200243.pdf","url_text":"\"New Route Markers Go Up Next Month\""}]},{"reference":"Google (June 24, 2009). \"overview of New Jersey Route 79\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 24, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?f=d&source=s_d&saddr=route+9+and+south+street+freehold,+nj&daddr=route+34+and+route+79+matawan,+nj&geocode=&hl=en&mra=ls&sll=40.242421,-74.279509&sspn=0.014479,0.027509&ie=UTF8&t=h&z=11","url_text":"\"overview of New Jersey Route 79\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"Map of Pennsylvania and New Jersey (Map). Cartography by H.M. Gousha. Mid-West Map Co. 1941. Retrieved March 29, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mapsofpa.com/roadcart/1941_1467m.jpg","url_text":"Map of Pennsylvania and New Jersey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.M._Gousha","url_text":"H.M. Gousha"}]},{"reference":"\"1953 renumbering\". New Jersey Department of Highways. Archived from the original on June 28, 2011. Retrieved July 31, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110628183145/http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1953_New_Jersey_state_highway_renumbering","url_text":"\"1953 renumbering\""},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1953_New_Jersey_state_highway_renumbering","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Williams, Jimmy and Sharon. \"1927 Tydol Trails Map - South\". 1920s New Jersey Highways. Archived from the original on May 14, 2011. Retrieved March 30, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110514153745/http://www.jimmyandsharonwilliams.com/njroads/1920s/maps/1927tt2.jpg","url_text":"\"1927 Tydol Trails Map - South\""},{"url":"http://www.jimmyandsharonwilliams.com/njroads/1920s/maps/1927tt2.jpg","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Williams, Jimmy and Sharon. \"1927 New Jersey Road Map\". 1920s New Jersey Highways. Archived from the original on March 13, 2016. Retrieved October 8, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160313112746/http://jimmyandsharonwilliams.com/njroads/1920s/images/1927_routes.gif","url_text":"\"1927 New Jersey Road Map\""},{"url":"http://www.jimmyandsharonwilliams.com/njroads/1920s/images/1927_routes.gif","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"1934 road map of New Jersey\". collections.lib.uwm.edu. Retrieved August 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://collections.lib.uwm.edu/digital/collection/agdm/id/16589","url_text":"\"1934 road map of New Jersey\""}]},{"reference":"\"Asks Federal Help For Freehold By-Pass\". Monmouth Democrat. November 3, 1938. p. 5. Retrieved August 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107970176/asks-federal-help-for-freehold-by-pass/","url_text":"\"Asks Federal Help For Freehold By-Pass\""}]},{"reference":"\"Will Receive Bids For Shore Highway\". The Central New Jersey Home News. December 6, 1940. p. 31. Retrieved August 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107972991/will-receive-bids-for-shore-highway/","url_text":"\"Will Receive Bids For Shore Highway\""}]},{"reference":"\"NJDOT improves Route 9 in Freehold Township\". New Jersey Department of Transportation. December 21, 2006. Retrieved June 25, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/about/press/2006/122106.shtm","url_text":"\"NJDOT improves Route 9 in Freehold Township\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"New Jersey Department of Transportation"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/refdata/sldiag/pdf/00000079__-.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Route 79 straight line diagram\""},{"Link":"http://www.fultonhistory.com/Newspapers%2021/Hackettstown%20NJ%20Gazette/Hackettstown%20NJ%20Gazette%201952-1953/Hackettstown%20NJ%20Gazette%201952-1953%20-%200243.pdf","external_links_name":"\"New Route Markers Go Up Next Month\""},{"Link":"https://maps.google.com/maps?f=d&source=s_d&saddr=route+9+and+south+street+freehold,+nj&daddr=route+34+and+route+79+matawan,+nj&geocode=&hl=en&mra=ls&sll=40.242421,-74.279509&sspn=0.014479,0.027509&ie=UTF8&t=h&z=11","external_links_name":"\"overview of New Jersey Route 79\""},{"Link":"http://www.mapsofpa.com/roadcart/1941_1467m.jpg","external_links_name":"Map of Pennsylvania and New Jersey"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110628183145/http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1953_New_Jersey_state_highway_renumbering","external_links_name":"\"1953 renumbering\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1953_New_Jersey_state_highway_renumbering","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110514153745/http://www.jimmyandsharonwilliams.com/njroads/1920s/maps/1927tt2.jpg","external_links_name":"\"1927 Tydol Trails Map - South\""},{"Link":"http://www.jimmyandsharonwilliams.com/njroads/1920s/maps/1927tt2.jpg","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160313112746/http://jimmyandsharonwilliams.com/njroads/1920s/images/1927_routes.gif","external_links_name":"\"1927 New Jersey Road Map\""},{"Link":"http://www.jimmyandsharonwilliams.com/njroads/1920s/images/1927_routes.gif","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://collections.lib.uwm.edu/digital/collection/agdm/id/16589","external_links_name":"\"1934 road map of New Jersey\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107970176/asks-federal-help-for-freehold-by-pass/","external_links_name":"\"Asks Federal Help For Freehold By-Pass\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107972991/will-receive-bids-for-shore-highway/","external_links_name":"\"Will Receive Bids For Shore Highway\""},{"Link":"http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/about/press/2006/122106.shtm","external_links_name":"\"NJDOT improves Route 9 in Freehold Township\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/New_Jersey_Route_79&action=raw","external_links_name":"KML file"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/New_Jersey_Route_79&action=edit","external_links_name":"edit"},{"Link":"http://www.alpsroads.net/roads/nj/nj_79/","external_links_name":"New Jersey Roads: Route 79"},{"Link":"http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/refdata/traffic_orders/speed/rt79.shtm","external_links_name":"Speed Limits for State Roads: Route 79"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Ligue_2	2020–21 Ligue 2	["1 Teams","1.1 Team changes","1.2 Stadia and locations","1.3 Personnel and kits","1.4 Managerial changes","2 League table","3 Results","4 Promotion play-offs","5 Relegation play-offs","6 Top scorers","7 References","8 External links"]	82nd season of the second-tier football league in France Football league seasonLigue 2Season2020–21Dates22 August 2020 – 15 May 2021ChampionsTroyesPromotedTroyesClermontRelegatedChâteaurouxChamblyMatches played380Goals scored910 (2.39 per match)← 2019–20 2021–22 → The 2020–21 Ligue 2 season, also known as Ligue 2 BKT for sponsorship reasons, was the 82nd season of second-division football in France, and the 19th season since the division was rebranded as Ligue 2 from Division 2. Due to the uncertainty caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, the announcement of the start and end dates for the season was delayed. There were suggestions that the season would feature just 18 teams, as opposed to the usual 20, after France's highest administrative court overturned the relegations of Amiens and Toulouse from Ligue 1; however, the relegations were reinstated by the General Assembly of the LFP with a vote on 23 June 2020. The league fixtures were announced on 9 July 2020 and the league season began on 22 August 2020 and ended on 15 May 2021. Teams Team changes from Championnat National to Ligue 1 from Ligue 1 to Championnat National Pau Dunkerque Lorient Lens Amiens Toulouse Orléans Le Mans Stadia and locations AjaccioAmiensAuxerreCaenChamblyChâteaurouxClermontDunkerqueGrenobleGuingampLe HavreNancyNiortParis FCPauRodezSochauxToulouseTroyesValenciennesclass=notpageimage\| Location of teams in 2020–21 Ligue 2 Club Location Venue Capacity Ajaccio Ajaccio Stade François Coty 10,446 Amiens Amiens Stade de la Licorne 12,097 Auxerre Auxerre Stade de l'Abbé-Deschamps 21,379 Caen Caen Stade Michel d'Ornano 21,215 Chambly Beauvais Stade Pierre Brisson 10,178 Châteauroux Châteauroux Stade Gaston Petit 17,173 Clermont Foot Clermont-Ferrand Stade Gabriel Montpied 11,980 Dunkerque Dunkirk Stade Marcel-Tribut 4,200 Grenoble Grenoble Stade des Alpes 20,068 Guingamp Guingamp Stade de Roudourou 18,378 Le Havre Le Havre Stade Océane 25,178 Nancy Tomblaine Stade Marcel Picot 20,087 Niort Niort Stade René Gaillard 10,886 Paris FC Paris (13th arrondissement) Stade Charléty 20,000 Pau Pau Nouste Camp 13,819 Rodez Rodez Stade Paul-Lignon 5,955 Sochaux Montbéliard Stade Auguste Bonal 20,005 Toulouse Toulouse Stadium Municipal 33,150 Troyes Troyes Stade de l'Aube 21,684 Valenciennes Valenciennes Stade du Hainaut 25,172 Personnel and kits Team Manager Captain Kit manufacturer Main sponsor Ajaccio Olivier Pantaloni Cédric Avinel Adidas Auchan Atrium Amiens Oswald Tanchot Prince-Désir Gouano Puma Intersport Auxerre Jean-Marc Furlan Birama Touré Macron Remorques LOUALT Caen Stéphane Moulin Jonathan Rivierez Umbro Maisons France Confort (H), Campagne de France (A & 3) Châteauroux Marco Simone Yannick M'Boné Nike Monin Chambly Bruno Luzi Thibault Jaques Umbro Flint Clermont Pascal Gastien Jonathan Iglesias Patrick Crédit Mutuel Dunkerque Fabien Mercadal Axel Maraval Kappa Intersport Grenoble Philippe Hinschberger Brice Maubleu Nike Carrefour, Sempa, BONTAZ Guingamp Frédéric Bompard Youssouf M'Changama Umbro Servagroupe (H), Aroma Celte (A) Le Havre Paul Le Guen Alexandre Bonnet Joma Filiassur, SEAFRIGO Group Nancy Jean-Louis Garcia Ernest Seka Puma Lor Port Niort Sébastien Desabre Dylan Louiserre Erima Restaurant Le Billon (H), Cheminées Poujoulat (A) Paris FC René Girard Vincent Demarconnay Nike Vinci Pau Didier Tholot Antoine Batisse Adidas Iroise Bellevie Rodez Laurent Peyrelade Pierre Bardy Adidas Max Outil Sochaux Omar Daf Gaëtan Weissbeck Nike Nedey Automobiles Toulouse Patrice Garande Ruben Gabrielsen Joma Triangle Interim Troyes Laurent Batlles Jimmy Giraudon Le Coq Sportif Babeau Seguin Valenciennes Olivier Guégan Laurent Dos Santos Acerbis Mutuelle Just Managerial changes Team Outgoing manager Manner of departure Date of vacancy Position in table Incoming manager Date of appointment Niort Franck Passi End of contract 6 June 2020 Pre-season Sébastien Desabre 16 June 2020 Toulouse Denis Zanko End of interim 22 June 2020 Patrice Garande 22 June 2020 Guingamp Sylvain Didot Sacked 30 August 2020 15th Mehmed Baždarević 30 August 2020 Amiens Luka Elsner Sacked 28 September 2020 15th Oswald Tanchot 16 October 2020 Châteauroux Nicolas Usaï Sacked 13 December 2020 18th Benoît Cauet 1 January 2021 Guingamp Mehmed Baždarević Mutual consent 1 February 2021 17th Frédéric Bompard 1 February 2021 Châteauroux Benoît Cauet Sacked 10 March 2021 20th Marco Simone 10 March 2021 Caen Pascal Dupraz Sacked 23 March 2021 14th Fabrice Vandeputte 23 March 2021 League table Pos Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts Promotion or Relegation 1 Troyes (C, P) 38 23 8 7 60 36 +24 77 Promotion to Ligue 1 2 Clermont (P) 38 21 9 8 61 25 +36 72 3 Toulouse 38 20 10 8 71 42 +29 70 Qualification to promotion play-offs 4 Grenoble 38 18 11 9 51 35 +16 65 5 Paris FC 38 17 13 8 53 37 +16 64 6 Auxerre 38 16 14 8 64 43 +21 62 7 Sochaux 38 12 15 11 45 37 +8 51 8 Nancy 38 11 14 13 53 53 0 47 9 Guingamp 38 10 17 11 41 43 −2 47 10 Amiens 38 11 14 13 34 40 −6 47 11 Valenciennes 38 12 11 15 50 59 −9 47 12 Le Havre 38 11 14 13 38 48 −10 47 13 Ajaccio 38 11 13 14 34 43 −9 46 14 Pau 38 11 11 16 42 49 −7 44 15 Rodez 38 8 19 11 38 44 −6 43 16 Dunkerque 38 10 11 17 34 47 −13 41 17 Caen 38 9 14 15 34 49 −15 41 18 Niort (O) 38 9 14 15 34 58 −24 41 Qualification for the relegation play-offs 19 Chambly (R) 38 9 11 18 41 64 −23 38 Relegation to Championnat National 20 Châteauroux (R) 38 4 11 23 32 58 −26 23 Source: Ligue 2Rules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Goal difference; 3) Number of goals scored; 4) Head-to-head goal difference; 5) Fair play points(C) Champions; (O) Play-off winners; (P) Promoted; (R) Relegated Results Home \ Away AJA AMI AUX CAE FCC CHA CLE DUN GRE GUI HAC NAN NIO PFC PAU ROD SOC TFC TRO VAL Ajaccio — 2–2 0–0 1–0 0–0 0–1 0–2 1–0 2–1 0–2 1–1 1–0 3–0 1–1 4–1 1–0 1–1 0–1 0–4 3–0 Amiens 0–0 — 1–1 0–0 1–1 1–0 1–1 1–0 1–0 0–3 0–0 1–0 0–0 1–2 0–0 1–0 0–1 0–1 3–1 3–1 Auxerre 5–1 2–1 — 1–1 4–0 4–1 0–1 2–1 1–1 1–1 1–1 3–2 6–0 0–0 2–1 0–1 0–2 3–1 2–1 1–1 Caen 1–0 1–0 0–0 — 0–0 1–1 2–1 1–1 1–1 1–0 0–2 2–1 1–0 0–2 1–1 1–2 1–4 2–2 0–0 1–1 Chambly 2–1 2–0 0–1 4–2 — 2–1 0–3 0–1 1–2 3–0 0–1 1–1 1–1 0–3 1–0 1–0 1–4 1–1 0–3 1–2 Châteauroux 0–0 0–0 1–2 2–2 4–0 — 0–1 1–2 0–1 2–3 0–1 1–4 2–0 1–2 0–3 1–1 2–1 0–3 1–2 3–3 Clermont 0–2 3–0 1–0 0–0 1–0 2–1 — 5–0 3–0 0–0 1–1 2–0 0–0 3–2 3–0 3–0 3–1 1–1 2–1 4–0 Dunkerque 3–1 1–1 0–1 2–3 1–1 2–0 1–1 — 1–1 1–0 0–1 1–2 2–0 0–1 2–2 0–0 1–0 3–3 0–0 1–0 Grenoble 2–0 0–0 2–2 3–1 2–0 2–2 1–2 4–0 — 2–1 2–1 1–0 1–1 0–0 1–1 1–0 2–0 5–3 2–0 2–0 Guingamp 2–2 2–2 2–0 2–2 1–0 2–0 0–5 0–0 1–0 — 1–3 0–0 0–1 0–0 2–3 1–1 0–0 1–1 1–2 1–1 Le Havre 1–1 1–0 1–1 1–2 2–4 1–1 0–0 1–1 0–2 1–1 — 1–1 0–1 1–0 1–0 1–1 0–2 0–1 3–2 0–2 Nancy 2–0 2–2 2–2 1–0 3–3 2–1 1–0 2–1 1–2 2–2 0–1 — 2–2 1–1 1–0 2–2 0–0 1–3 2–3 1–3 Niort 2–0 0–2 0–4 3–0 1–1 1–1 1–0 1–2 0–0 0–2 0–0 1–0 — 2–2 2–1 1–1 1–3 1–0 0–3 0–3 Paris FC 1–1 4–2 0–3 3–1 3–0 1–0 0–1 1–0 2–0 3–2 3–0 0–2 3–3 — 1–0 1–1 0–0 3–1 1–1 1–0 Pau 0–0 2–0 3–0 1–0 1–3 1–0 2–1 3–1 0–2 0–1 2–0 1–1 4–1 1–1 — 1–1 0–0 0–3 0–1 4–3 Rodez 0–1 1–2 2–2 0–3 2–2 1–1 2–0 2–1 1–0 1–1 1–1 1–1 1–1 2–2 1–0 — 1–1 1–0 0–1 3–0 Sochaux 0–2 0–2 2–3 1–0 3–2 0–0 0–0 1–0 1–1 0–0 4–0 1–1 3–4 1–2 1–1 2–2 — 0–1 2–1 2–0 Toulouse 3–0 3–0 3–1 3–0 4–0 1–0 3–2 0–1 2–0 2–2 4–3 4–1 2–1 1–0 2–2 3–0 0–0 — 0–0 4–5 Troyes 1–0 2–1 3–1 1–0 2–2 2–0 1–0 2–0 3–1 1–0 2–0 1–5 1–0 2–1 2–0 2–1 2–1 1–1 — 1–1 Valenciennes 1–1 0–2 2–2 1–0 2–1 1–0 1–3 1–0 0–1 0–1 3–5 2–3 1–1 2–0 3–0 1–1 0–0 1–0 2–2 — Source: Ligue 2Legend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win. Promotion play-offs A promotion play-off competition was held at the end of the season, involving the 3rd, 4th and 5th-placed teams in 2020–21 Ligue 2, and the 18th-placed team in 2020–21 Ligue 1. The quarter-final was played on 18 May and the semi-final was played on 21 May. Quarter-final Semi-final Final 3B Toulouse 3 4B Grenoble 0 4B Grenoble 2 5B Paris FC 0 3B Toulouse 1 1 2 18A Nantes 2 0 2(a) Round 1 18 May 2021 (2021-05-18)20:45 CEST Grenoble2–0Paris Anani 8'Semedo 87' Report Stade des Alpes, GrenobleAttendance: 0 (Behind closed doors)Referee: Bastien Depechy Round 2 21 May 2021 (2021-05-21)20:45 CEST Toulouse3–0Grenoble Spierings 3'Koné 23'Healey 90+2' Report Stadium de Toulouse, ToulouseAttendance: 0 (Behind closed doors)Referee: Amaury Delerue Promotion Play-offs '1st leg' 27 May 2021 (2021-05-27)20:45 CEST Toulouse1–2Nantes Machado 19' Report Blas 10'Kolo Muani 22' Stadium de Toulouse, ToulouseAttendance: 0 (Behind closed doors)Referee: Jérémie Pignard '2nd leg' 30 May 2021 (2021-05-30)18:00 CEST Nantes0–1Toulouse Report Bayo 62' La Beaujoire-Louis Fonteneau, NantesAttendance: 0 (Behind closed doors)Referee: Benoît Bastien 2–2 on aggregate. Nantes won on away goals and therefore both clubs remained in their respective leagues. Relegation play-offs A relegation play-off was held at the end of the season between the 18th-placed team of the 2020–21 Ligue 2 and the 3rd-placed team of the 2020–21 Championnat National. This was played over two legs on 19 and 22 May. 19 May 202119:00 CEST Villefranche3–1Niort Blanc 54'Dauchy 84'Garita 90+3' Report Bâ 45+2' Stade Armand Chouffet, Villefranche-sur-SaôneAttendance: 0Referee: Bartolomeu Varela Teles 22 May 202120:45 CEST Niort2–0Villefranche Lebeau 78'Kemen 81' Report Stade René Gaillard, NiortAttendance: 0Referee: Nicolas Rainville 3–3 on aggregate. Niort won on away goals and therefore both clubs remained in their respective leagues. Top scorers Rank Player Club Goals 1 Mohamed Bayo Clermont 22 2 Mickaël Le Bihan Auxerre 19 3 Yoann Touzghar Troyes 16 4 Pape Ibnou Bâ Niort 14 Rémy Dugimont Auxerre Rhys Healey Toulouse 7 Jim Allevinah Clermont 12 Mickaël Biron Nancy Jodel Dossou Clermont 10 Baptiste Guillaume Valenciennes 11 References ^ "Ligue 1 relegation overruled for Amiens and Toulouse but Lyon appeal dismissed". Sky Sports. Retrieved 16 June 2020. ^ "LFP : l'assemblée générale vote à 74,49 % le maintien d'une Ligue 1 à vingt clubs". L'Equipe (in French). Retrieved 23 June 2020. ^ "les calendriers de ligue 1 uber eats et ligue 2 bkt dévoilés le Jeudi 9 Juillet". Ligue de Football Professionnel (in French). 3 July 2020. Retrieved 30 May 2021. ^ "Laurent Blanc accompagné par Franck Passi dans «un projet sportif très ambitieux cet été»". Le Figaro (in French). 6 June 2020. Retrieved 23 August 2020. ^ "Sébastien Desabre nommé entraîneur de Niort". Le Figaro (in French). 16 June 2020. Retrieved 23 August 2020. ^ "Garande nouvel entraîneur de Toulouse (officiel)". Le Figaro (in French). 22 June 2020. Retrieved 23 August 2020. ^ "En Avant Guingamp. Sylvain Didot débarqué à contretemps". Ouest-France (in French). 30 August 2020. ^ "Luka Elsner n'est plus l'entraîneur d'Amiens". Le Figaro (in French). 28 September 2020. ^ "Amiens : Oswald Tanchot nommé entraîneur". Le Figaro (in French). 16 October 2020. ^ "Châteauroux limoge son entraîneur Nicolas Usaï". Le Figaro (in French). 13 December 2020. ^ "Benoît Cauet entraîneur de Châteauroux". Le Figaro (in French). 1 January 2021. ^ "Guingamp : Mecha Bazdarevic remercié". Le Figaro (in French). 1 February 2021. ^ "Châteauroux : Benoit Cauet limogé et remplacé par Marco Simone". actufoot.com (in French). 10 March 2021. ^ "Ligue 2 : Caen se sépare de son entraîneur Pascal Dupraz". Le Figaro (in French). 23 March 2021. ^ "Ligue 2 : Les play-offs changent de date !" (in French). foot-national.com. 24 April 2019. Retrieved 27 April 2019. ^ "Le FC Villefranche affrontera les Chamois Niortais en barrage d'accession". footamateur.fr (in French). Foot Amateur. 15 May 2021. Retrieved 16 May 2021. External links Official website vteDivision 2 / Ligue 2 seasonsDivision 2(1933–2002) 1933–34 1934–35 1935–36 1936–37 1937–38 1938–39 1939–40 1940–41 1941–42 1942–43 1943–44 1944–45 1945–46 1946–47 1947–48 1948–49 1949–50 1950–51 1951–52 1952–53 1953–54 1954–55 1955–56 1956–57 1957–58 1958–59 1959–60 1960–61 1961–62 1962–63 1963–64 1964–65 1965–66 1966–67 1967–68 1968–69 1969–70 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–2000 2000–01 2001–02 Ligue 2(2002–present) 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 2024–25 List of French second division champions vte2020–21 in French football« 2019–20 2021–22 »Domestic leagues Ligue 1 Ligue 2 National National 2 National 3 Women's domestic leagues D1 Féminine Domestic cups Coupe de France (Preliminaries, Final) Super cup Trophée des Champions Women's domestic cups Coupe de France Féminine (Final) Club seasonsLigue 1 Angers Bordeaux Brest Dijon Lens Lille Lorient Lyon Marseille Metz Monaco Montpellier Nantes Nice Nîmes Paris Saint-Germain Reims Rennes Saint-Étienne Strasbourg Ligue 2 AC Ajaccio Amiens Auxerre Caen Chambly Châteauroux Clermont Dunkerque Grenoble Guingamp Le Havre Nancy Niort Paris FC Pau Rodez Sochaux Toulouse Troyes Valenciennes Summer transfers Winter transfers	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BKT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkrishna_Industries"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Ligue 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligue_2"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"Amiens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiens_SC"},{"link_name":"Toulouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toulouse_FC"},{"link_name":"Ligue 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligue_1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"LFP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligue_de_Football_Professionnel"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Football league seasonThe 2020–21 Ligue 2 season, also known as Ligue 2 BKT for sponsorship reasons, was the 82nd season of second-division football in France, and the 19th season since the division was rebranded as Ligue 2 from Division 2. Due to the uncertainty caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, the announcement of the start and end dates for the season was delayed. There were suggestions that the season would feature just 18 teams, as opposed to the usual 20, after France's highest administrative court overturned the relegations of Amiens and Toulouse from Ligue 1;[1] however, the relegations were reinstated by the General Assembly of the LFP with a vote on 23 June 2020.[2] The league fixtures were announced on 9 July 2020 and the league season began on 22 August 2020 and ended on 15 May 2021.[3]","title":"2020–21 Ligue 2"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Team changes","title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:France_location_map-Regions_and_departements-2016.svg"},{"link_name":"Ajaccio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_Ajaccio"},{"link_name":"Amiens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiens_SC"},{"link_name":"Auxerre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AJ_Auxerre"},{"link_name":"Caen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Malherbe_Caen"},{"link_name":"Chambly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Chambly"},{"link_name":"Châteauroux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LB_Ch%C3%A2teauroux"},{"link_name":"Clermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clermont_Foot"},{"link_name":"Dunkerque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USL_Dunkerque"},{"link_name":"Grenoble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenoble_Foot_38"},{"link_name":"Guingamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/En_Avant_de_Guingamp"},{"link_name":"Le Havre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Havre_AC"},{"link_name":"Nancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AS_Nancy"},{"link_name":"Niort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamois_Niortais_F.C."},{"link_name":"Paris FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_FC"},{"link_name":"Pau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pau_FC"},{"link_name":"Rodez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodez_AF"},{"link_name":"Sochaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Sochaux_Montb%C3%A9liard"},{"link_name":"Toulouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toulouse_FC"},{"link_name":"Troyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troyes_AC"},{"link_name":"Valenciennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valenciennes_FC"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage\|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:France_location_map-Regions_and_departements-2016.svg"}],"sub_title":"Stadia and locations","text":"AjaccioAmiensAuxerreCaenChamblyChâteaurouxClermontDunkerqueGrenobleGuingampLe HavreNancyNiortParis FCPauRodezSochauxToulouseTroyesValenciennesclass=notpageimage\| Location of teams in 2020–21 Ligue 2","title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Personnel and kits","title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Managerial changes","title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ligue 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ligue2.fr/classement?seasonId=2020-2021&matchDay=38&matchLoc=all"}],"text":"Source: Ligue 2Rules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Goal difference; 3) Number of goals scored; 4) Head-to-head goal difference; 5) Fair play points(C) Champions; (O) Play-off winners; (P) Promoted; (R) Relegated","title":"League table"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AJA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_Ajaccio"},{"link_name":"AMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiens_SC"},{"link_name":"AUX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AJ_Auxerre"},{"link_name":"CAE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Malherbe_Caen"},{"link_name":"FCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Chambly"},{"link_name":"CHA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LB_Ch%C3%A2teauroux"},{"link_name":"CLE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clermont_Foot"},{"link_name":"DUN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USL_Dunkerque"},{"link_name":"GRE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenoble_Foot_38"},{"link_name":"GUI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/En_Avant_de_Guingamp"},{"link_name":"HAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Havre_AC"},{"link_name":"NAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AS_Nancy"},{"link_name":"NIO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamois_Niortais_F.C."},{"link_name":"PFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_FC"},{"link_name":"PAU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pau_FC"},{"link_name":"ROD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodez_AF"},{"link_name":"SOC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Sochaux-Montb%C3%A9liard"},{"link_name":"TFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toulouse_FC"},{"link_name":"TRO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troyes_AC"},{"link_name":"VAL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valenciennes_FC"},{"link_name":"Ajaccio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_Ajaccio"},{"link_name":"Amiens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiens_SC"},{"link_name":"Auxerre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AJ_Auxerre"},{"link_name":"Caen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Malherbe_Caen"},{"link_name":"Chambly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Chambly"},{"link_name":"Châteauroux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LB_Ch%C3%A2teauroux"},{"link_name":"Clermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clermont_Foot"},{"link_name":"Dunkerque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USL_Dunkerque"},{"link_name":"Grenoble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenoble_Foot_38"},{"link_name":"Guingamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/En_Avant_de_Guingamp"},{"link_name":"Le Havre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Havre_AC"},{"link_name":"Nancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AS_Nancy"},{"link_name":"Niort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamois_Niortais_F.C."},{"link_name":"Paris FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_FC"},{"link_name":"Pau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pau_FC"},{"link_name":"Rodez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodez_AF"},{"link_name":"Sochaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Sochaux-Montb%C3%A9liard"},{"link_name":"Toulouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toulouse_FC"},{"link_name":"Troyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troyes_AC"},{"link_name":"Valenciennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valenciennes_FC"},{"link_name":"Ligue 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ligue2.fr/calendrier-resultats?seasonId=2020-2021&matchDay=38"}],"text":"Home \\ Away\n\nAJA\n\nAMI\n\nAUX\n\nCAE\n\nFCC\n\nCHA\n\nCLE\n\nDUN\n\nGRE\n\nGUI\n\nHAC\n\nNAN\n\nNIO\n\nPFC\n\nPAU\n\nROD\n\nSOC\n\nTFC\n\nTRO\n\nVAL\n\n\nAjaccio\n\n—\n\n2–2\n\n0–0\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n0–1\n\n0–2\n\n1–0\n\n2–1\n\n0–2\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n3–0\n\n1–1\n\n4–1\n\n1–0\n\n1–1\n\n0–1\n\n0–4\n\n3–0\n\n\nAmiens\n\n0–0\n\n—\n\n1–1\n\n0–0\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n0–3\n\n0–0\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n1–2\n\n0–0\n\n1–0\n\n0–1\n\n0–1\n\n3–1\n\n3–1\n\n\nAuxerre\n\n5–1\n\n2–1\n\n—\n\n1–1\n\n4–0\n\n4–1\n\n0–1\n\n2–1\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n3–2\n\n6–0\n\n0–0\n\n2–1\n\n0–1\n\n0–2\n\n3–1\n\n2–1\n\n1–1\n\n\nCaen\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n—\n\n0–0\n\n1–1\n\n2–1\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n0–2\n\n2–1\n\n1–0\n\n0–2\n\n1–1\n\n1–2\n\n1–4\n\n2–2\n\n0–0\n\n1–1\n\n\nChambly\n\n2–1\n\n2–0\n\n0–1\n\n4–2\n\n—\n\n2–1\n\n0–3\n\n0–1\n\n1–2\n\n3–0\n\n0–1\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n0–3\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n1–4\n\n1–1\n\n0–3\n\n1–2\n\n\nChâteauroux\n\n0–0\n\n0–0\n\n1–2\n\n2–2\n\n4–0\n\n—\n\n0–1\n\n1–2\n\n0–1\n\n2–3\n\n0–1\n\n1–4\n\n2–0\n\n1–2\n\n0–3\n\n1–1\n\n2–1\n\n0–3\n\n1–2\n\n3–3\n\n\nClermont\n\n0–2\n\n3–0\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n1–0\n\n2–1\n\n—\n\n5–0\n\n3–0\n\n0–0\n\n1–1\n\n2–0\n\n0–0\n\n3–2\n\n3–0\n\n3–0\n\n3–1\n\n1–1\n\n2–1\n\n4–0\n\n\nDunkerque\n\n3–1\n\n1–1\n\n0–1\n\n2–3\n\n1–1\n\n2–0\n\n1–1\n\n—\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n0–1\n\n1–2\n\n2–0\n\n0–1\n\n2–2\n\n0–0\n\n1–0\n\n3–3\n\n0–0\n\n1–0\n\n\nGrenoble\n\n2–0\n\n0–0\n\n2–2\n\n3–1\n\n2–0\n\n2–2\n\n1–2\n\n4–0\n\n—\n\n2–1\n\n2–1\n\n1–0\n\n1–1\n\n0–0\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n2–0\n\n5–3\n\n2–0\n\n2–0\n\n\nGuingamp\n\n2–2\n\n2–2\n\n2–0\n\n2–2\n\n1–0\n\n2–0\n\n0–5\n\n0–0\n\n1–0\n\n—\n\n1–3\n\n0–0\n\n0–1\n\n0–0\n\n2–3\n\n1–1\n\n0–0\n\n1–1\n\n1–2\n\n1–1\n\n\nLe Havre\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n1–1\n\n1–2\n\n2–4\n\n1–1\n\n0–0\n\n1–1\n\n0–2\n\n1–1\n\n—\n\n1–1\n\n0–1\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n1–1\n\n0–2\n\n0–1\n\n3–2\n\n0–2\n\n\nNancy\n\n2–0\n\n2–2\n\n2–2\n\n1–0\n\n3–3\n\n2–1\n\n1–0\n\n2–1\n\n1–2\n\n2–2\n\n0–1\n\n—\n\n2–2\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n2–2\n\n0–0\n\n1–3\n\n2–3\n\n1–3\n\n\nNiort\n\n2–0\n\n0–2\n\n0–4\n\n3–0\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n1–2\n\n0–0\n\n0–2\n\n0–0\n\n1–0\n\n—\n\n2–2\n\n2–1\n\n1–1\n\n1–3\n\n1–0\n\n0–3\n\n0–3\n\n\nParis FC\n\n1–1\n\n4–2\n\n0–3\n\n3–1\n\n3–0\n\n1–0\n\n0–1\n\n1–0\n\n2–0\n\n3–2\n\n3–0\n\n0–2\n\n3–3\n\n—\n\n1–0\n\n1–1\n\n0–0\n\n3–1\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n\nPau\n\n0–0\n\n2–0\n\n3–0\n\n1–0\n\n1–3\n\n1–0\n\n2–1\n\n3–1\n\n0–2\n\n0–1\n\n2–0\n\n1–1\n\n4–1\n\n1–1\n\n—\n\n1–1\n\n0–0\n\n0–3\n\n0–1\n\n4–3\n\n\nRodez\n\n0–1\n\n1–2\n\n2–2\n\n0–3\n\n2–2\n\n1–1\n\n2–0\n\n2–1\n\n1–0\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n2–2\n\n1–0\n\n—\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n0–1\n\n3–0\n\n\nSochaux\n\n0–2\n\n0–2\n\n2–3\n\n1–0\n\n3–2\n\n0–0\n\n0–0\n\n1–0\n\n1–1\n\n0–0\n\n4–0\n\n1–1\n\n3–4\n\n1–2\n\n1–1\n\n2–2\n\n—\n\n0–1\n\n2–1\n\n2–0\n\n\nToulouse\n\n3–0\n\n3–0\n\n3–1\n\n3–0\n\n4–0\n\n1–0\n\n3–2\n\n0–1\n\n2–0\n\n2–2\n\n4–3\n\n4–1\n\n2–1\n\n1–0\n\n2–2\n\n3–0\n\n0–0\n\n—\n\n0–0\n\n4–5\n\n\nTroyes\n\n1–0\n\n2–1\n\n3–1\n\n1–0\n\n2–2\n\n2–0\n\n1–0\n\n2–0\n\n3–1\n\n1–0\n\n2–0\n\n1–5\n\n1–0\n\n2–1\n\n2–0\n\n2–1\n\n2–1\n\n1–1\n\n—\n\n1–1\n\n\nValenciennes\n\n1–1\n\n0–2\n\n2–2\n\n1–0\n\n2–1\n\n1–0\n\n1–3\n\n1–0\n\n0–1\n\n0–1\n\n3–5\n\n2–3\n\n1–1\n\n2–0\n\n3–0\n\n1–1\n\n0–0\n\n1–0\n\n2–2\n\n—\n\nSource: Ligue 2Legend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2020–21 Ligue 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Ligue_1"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-playoffs-15"},{"link_name":"CEST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time"},{"link_name":"Grenoble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenoble_Foot_38"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_FC"},{"link_name":"Anani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achille_Anani"},{"link_name":"Semedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Semedo"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ligue2.com/ligue2/feuille_match/"},{"link_name":"Stade des Alpes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_des_Alpes"},{"link_name":"Grenoble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenoble"},{"link_name":"Behind closed doors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behind_closed_doors_(sport)"},{"link_name":"CEST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time"},{"link_name":"Toulouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toulouse_FC"},{"link_name":"Grenoble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenoble_Foot_38"},{"link_name":"Spierings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stijn_Spierings"},{"link_name":"Koné","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouadio_Kon%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Healey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhys_Healey"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ligue2.com/ligue2/feuille_match/"},{"link_name":"Stadium de Toulouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadium_de_Toulouse"},{"link_name":"Toulouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toulouse"},{"link_name":"Behind closed doors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behind_closed_doors_(sport)"},{"link_name":"CEST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time"},{"link_name":"Toulouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toulouse_FC"},{"link_name":"Nantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Nantes"},{"link_name":"Machado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deiver_Machado"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ligue2.com/ligue2/feuille_match/"},{"link_name":"Blas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovic_Blas"},{"link_name":"Kolo Muani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randal_Kolo_Muani"},{"link_name":"Stadium de Toulouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadium_de_Toulouse"},{"link_name":"Toulouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toulouse"},{"link_name":"Behind closed doors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behind_closed_doors_(sport)"},{"link_name":"CEST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time"},{"link_name":"Nantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Nantes"},{"link_name":"Toulouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toulouse_FC"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ligue2.com/ligue2/feuille_match/"},{"link_name":"Bayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakoun_Issouf_Bayo"},{"link_name":"La Beaujoire-Louis Fonteneau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_de_la_Beaujoire"},{"link_name":"Nantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nantes"},{"link_name":"Behind closed doors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behind_closed_doors_(sport)"},{"link_name":"Benoît Bastien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt_Bastien"}],"text":"A promotion play-off competition was held at the end of the season, involving the 3rd, 4th and 5th-placed teams in 2020–21 Ligue 2, and the 18th-placed team in 2020–21 Ligue 1.The quarter-final was played on 18 May and the semi-final was played on 21 May.[15]Round 118 May 2021 (2021-05-18)20:45 CEST\nGrenoble2–0Paris\nAnani 8'Semedo 87'\nReport\n\nStade des Alpes, GrenobleAttendance: 0 (Behind closed doors)Referee: Bastien DepechyRound 221 May 2021 (2021-05-21)20:45 CEST\nToulouse3–0Grenoble\nSpierings 3'Koné 23'Healey 90+2'\nReport\n\nStadium de Toulouse, ToulouseAttendance: 0 (Behind closed doors)Referee: Amaury DeleruePromotion Play-offs\n'1st leg'27 May 2021 (2021-05-27)20:45 CEST\nToulouse1–2Nantes\nMachado 19'\nReport\nBlas 10'Kolo Muani 22'\nStadium de Toulouse, ToulouseAttendance: 0 (Behind closed doors)Referee: Jérémie Pignard'2nd leg'30 May 2021 (2021-05-30)18:00 CEST\nNantes0–1Toulouse\n\nReport\nBayo 62'\nLa Beaujoire-Louis Fonteneau, NantesAttendance: 0 (Behind closed doors)Referee: Benoît Bastien2–2 on aggregate. Nantes won on away goals and therefore both clubs remained in their respective leagues.","title":"Promotion play-offs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2020–21 Championnat National","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Championnat_National"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"CEST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time"},{"link_name":"Villefranche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Villefranche"},{"link_name":"Niort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamois_Niortais_F.C."},{"link_name":"Blanc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxime_Blanc"},{"link_name":"Garita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Garita"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//int.soccerway.com/matches/2021/05/19/france/play-offs-23/fc-villefranche-beaujolais/chamois-niortais-football-club/3503920/"},{"link_name":"Bâ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pape_Ibnou_B%C3%A2"},{"link_name":"Villefranche-sur-Saône","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villefranche-sur-Sa%C3%B4ne"},{"link_name":"CEST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time"},{"link_name":"Niort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamois_Niortais_F.C."},{"link_name":"Villefranche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Villefranche"},{"link_name":"Lebeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Lebeau"},{"link_name":"Kemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivier_Kemen"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ca.soccerway.com/matches/2021/05/22/france/play-offs-23/chamois-niortais-football-club/fc-villefranche-beaujolais/3503921/"},{"link_name":"Stade René Gaillard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Ren%C3%A9_Gaillard"},{"link_name":"Niort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niort"}],"text":"A relegation play-off was held at the end of the season between the 18th-placed team of the 2020–21 Ligue 2 and the 3rd-placed team of the 2020–21 Championnat National. This was played over two legs on 19 and 22 May.[16]19 May 202119:00 CEST\nVillefranche3–1Niort\nBlanc 54'Dauchy 84'Garita 90+3'\nReport\nBâ 45+2'\nStade Armand Chouffet, Villefranche-sur-SaôneAttendance: 0Referee: Bartolomeu Varela Teles22 May 202120:45 CEST\nNiort2–0Villefranche\nLebeau 78'Kemen 81'\nReport\n\nStade René Gaillard, NiortAttendance: 0Referee: Nicolas Rainville3–3 on aggregate. Niort won on away goals and therefore both clubs remained in their respective leagues.","title":"Relegation play-offs"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Top scorers"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Ligue 1 relegation overruled for Amiens and Toulouse but Lyon appeal dismissed\". Sky Sports. Retrieved 16 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11800/12003511/ligue-1-relegation-overruled-for-amiens-and-toulouse-but-lyon-appeal-dismissed","url_text":"\"Ligue 1 relegation overruled for Amiens and Toulouse but Lyon appeal dismissed\""}]},{"reference":"\"LFP : l'assemblée générale vote à 74,49 % le maintien d'une Ligue 1 à vingt clubs\". L'Equipe (in French). Retrieved 23 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Lfp-l-assemblee-generale-vote-a-74-49-le-maintien-d-une-ligue-1-a-vingt-clubs/1145914","url_text":"\"LFP : l'assemblée générale vote à 74,49 % le maintien d'une Ligue 1 à vingt clubs\""}]},{"reference":"\"les calendriers de ligue 1 uber eats et ligue 2 bkt dévoilés le Jeudi 9 Juillet\". Ligue de Football Professionnel (in French). 3 July 2020. Retrieved 30 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lfp.fr/Articles/COMMUNIQU%C3%89S/2020/07/03/les-calendriers-de-ligue-1-uber-eats-et-ligue-2-bkt-devoiles-le-jeudi-9-juillet","url_text":"\"les calendriers de ligue 1 uber eats et ligue 2 bkt dévoilés le Jeudi 9 Juillet\""}]},{"reference":"\"Laurent Blanc accompagné par Franck Passi dans «un projet sportif très ambitieux cet été»\". Le Figaro (in French). 6 June 2020. Retrieved 23 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://sport24.lefigaro.fr/football/ligue-2/actualites/franck-passi-quitte-niort-pour-accompagner-laurent-blanc-dans-un-projet-sportif-tres-ambitieux-cet-ete-1004072","url_text":"\"Laurent Blanc accompagné par Franck Passi dans «un projet sportif très ambitieux cet été»\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Figaro","url_text":"Le Figaro"}]},{"reference":"\"Sébastien Desabre nommé entraîneur de Niort\". Le Figaro (in French). 16 June 2020. Retrieved 23 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://sport24.lefigaro.fr/football/ligue-2/fil-info/sebastien-desabre-nomme-entraineur-de-niort-1004774","url_text":"\"Sébastien Desabre nommé entraîneur de Niort\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Figaro","url_text":"Le Figaro"}]},{"reference":"\"Garande nouvel entraîneur de Toulouse (officiel)\". Le Figaro (in French). 22 June 2020. Retrieved 23 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://sport24.lefigaro.fr/football/transferts/fil-info/garande-nouvel-entraineur-de-toulouse-officiel-1005345","url_text":"\"Garande nouvel entraîneur de Toulouse (officiel)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Figaro","url_text":"Le Figaro"}]},{"reference":"\"En Avant Guingamp. Sylvain Didot débarqué à contretemps\". Ouest-France (in French). 30 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ouest-france.fr/sport/football/ea-guingamp/en-avant-guingamp-sylvain-didot-debarque-a-contretemps-6953137","url_text":"\"En Avant Guingamp. Sylvain Didot débarqué à contretemps\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouest-France","url_text":"Ouest-France"}]},{"reference":"\"Luka Elsner n'est plus l'entraîneur d'Amiens\". Le Figaro (in French). 28 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://sport24.lefigaro.fr/football/ligue-2/fil-info/luka-elsner-n-est-plus-l-entraineur-d-amiens-1016032","url_text":"\"Luka Elsner n'est plus l'entraîneur d'Amiens\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Figaro","url_text":"Le Figaro"}]},{"reference":"\"Amiens : Oswald Tanchot nommé entraîneur\". Le Figaro (in French). 16 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://sport24.lefigaro.fr/football/ligue-2/fil-info/oswald-tanchot-nomme-entraineur-numero-1-1018189","url_text":"\"Amiens : Oswald Tanchot nommé entraîneur\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Figaro","url_text":"Le Figaro"}]},{"reference":"\"Châteauroux limoge son entraîneur Nicolas Usaï\". Le Figaro (in French). 13 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://sport24.lefigaro.fr/football/ligue-2/fil-info/chateauroux-limoge-son-entraineur-nicolas-usai-1025861","url_text":"\"Châteauroux limoge son entraîneur Nicolas Usaï\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Figaro","url_text":"Le Figaro"}]},{"reference":"\"Benoît Cauet entraîneur de Châteauroux\". Le Figaro (in French). 1 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://sport24.lefigaro.fr/football/ligue-2/fil-info/benoit-cauet-entraineur-de-chateauroux-1027740","url_text":"\"Benoît Cauet entraîneur de Châteauroux\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Figaro","url_text":"Le Figaro"}]},{"reference":"\"Guingamp : Mecha Bazdarevic remercié\". Le Figaro (in French). 1 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://sport24.lefigaro.fr/football/ligue-2/fil-info/mecha-bazdarevic-remercie-1031536","url_text":"\"Guingamp : Mecha Bazdarevic remercié\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Figaro","url_text":"Le Figaro"}]},{"reference":"\"Châteauroux : Benoit Cauet limogé et remplacé par Marco Simone\". actufoot.com (in French). 10 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.actufoot.com/44/chateauroux-marco-simon-prend-place-de-benoit-cauet-limoge/","url_text":"\"Châteauroux : Benoit Cauet limogé et remplacé par Marco Simone\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ligue 2 : Caen se sépare de son entraîneur Pascal Dupraz\". Le Figaro (in French). 23 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://sport24.lefigaro.fr/football/ligue-2/actualites/ligue-2-caen-se-separe-de-son-entraineur-pascal-dupraz-1037920","url_text":"\"Ligue 2 : Caen se sépare de son entraîneur Pascal Dupraz\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Figaro","url_text":"Le Figaro"}]},{"reference":"\"Ligue 2 : Les play-offs changent de date !\" (in French). foot-national.com. 24 April 2019. Retrieved 27 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.foot-national.com/foot-ligue-2-les-play-offs-changent-de-date-117290.html","url_text":"\"Ligue 2 : Les play-offs changent de date !\""}]},{"reference":"\"Le FC Villefranche affrontera les Chamois Niortais en barrage d'accession\". footamateur.fr (in French). Foot Amateur. 15 May 2021. Retrieved 16 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.footamateur.fr/le-fc-villefranche-affrontera-chamois-niortais-en-barrage-accession/","url_text":"\"Le FC Villefranche affrontera les Chamois Niortais en barrage d'accession\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.ligue2.fr/classement?seasonId=2020-2021&matchDay=38&matchLoc=all","external_links_name":"Ligue 2"},{"Link":"https://www.ligue2.fr/calendrier-resultats?seasonId=2020-2021&matchDay=38","external_links_name":"Ligue 2"},{"Link":"https://www.ligue2.com/ligue2/feuille_match/","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"https://www.ligue2.com/ligue2/feuille_match/","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"https://www.ligue2.com/ligue2/feuille_match/","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"https://www.ligue2.com/ligue2/feuille_match/","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2021/05/19/france/play-offs-23/fc-villefranche-beaujolais/chamois-niortais-football-club/3503920/","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"https://ca.soccerway.com/matches/2021/05/22/france/play-offs-23/chamois-niortais-football-club/fc-villefranche-beaujolais/3503921/","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11800/12003511/ligue-1-relegation-overruled-for-amiens-and-toulouse-but-lyon-appeal-dismissed","external_links_name":"\"Ligue 1 relegation overruled for Amiens and Toulouse but Lyon appeal dismissed\""},{"Link":"https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Lfp-l-assemblee-generale-vote-a-74-49-le-maintien-d-une-ligue-1-a-vingt-clubs/1145914","external_links_name":"\"LFP : l'assemblée générale vote à 74,49 % le maintien d'une Ligue 1 à vingt clubs\""},{"Link":"https://www.lfp.fr/Articles/COMMUNIQU%C3%89S/2020/07/03/les-calendriers-de-ligue-1-uber-eats-et-ligue-2-bkt-devoiles-le-jeudi-9-juillet","external_links_name":"\"les calendriers de ligue 1 uber eats et ligue 2 bkt dévoilés le Jeudi 9 Juillet\""},{"Link":"https://sport24.lefigaro.fr/football/ligue-2/actualites/franck-passi-quitte-niort-pour-accompagner-laurent-blanc-dans-un-projet-sportif-tres-ambitieux-cet-ete-1004072","external_links_name":"\"Laurent Blanc accompagné par Franck Passi dans «un projet sportif très ambitieux cet été»\""},{"Link":"https://sport24.lefigaro.fr/football/ligue-2/fil-info/sebastien-desabre-nomme-entraineur-de-niort-1004774","external_links_name":"\"Sébastien Desabre nommé entraîneur de Niort\""},{"Link":"https://sport24.lefigaro.fr/football/transferts/fil-info/garande-nouvel-entraineur-de-toulouse-officiel-1005345","external_links_name":"\"Garande nouvel entraîneur de Toulouse (officiel)\""},{"Link":"https://www.ouest-france.fr/sport/football/ea-guingamp/en-avant-guingamp-sylvain-didot-debarque-a-contretemps-6953137","external_links_name":"\"En Avant Guingamp. Sylvain Didot débarqué à contretemps\""},{"Link":"https://sport24.lefigaro.fr/football/ligue-2/fil-info/luka-elsner-n-est-plus-l-entraineur-d-amiens-1016032","external_links_name":"\"Luka Elsner n'est plus l'entraîneur d'Amiens\""},{"Link":"https://sport24.lefigaro.fr/football/ligue-2/fil-info/oswald-tanchot-nomme-entraineur-numero-1-1018189","external_links_name":"\"Amiens : Oswald Tanchot nommé entraîneur\""},{"Link":"https://sport24.lefigaro.fr/football/ligue-2/fil-info/chateauroux-limoge-son-entraineur-nicolas-usai-1025861","external_links_name":"\"Châteauroux limoge son entraîneur Nicolas Usaï\""},{"Link":"https://sport24.lefigaro.fr/football/ligue-2/fil-info/benoit-cauet-entraineur-de-chateauroux-1027740","external_links_name":"\"Benoît Cauet entraîneur de Châteauroux\""},{"Link":"https://sport24.lefigaro.fr/football/ligue-2/fil-info/mecha-bazdarevic-remercie-1031536","external_links_name":"\"Guingamp : Mecha Bazdarevic remercié\""},{"Link":"http://www.actufoot.com/44/chateauroux-marco-simon-prend-place-de-benoit-cauet-limoge/","external_links_name":"\"Châteauroux : Benoit Cauet limogé et remplacé par Marco Simone\""},{"Link":"https://sport24.lefigaro.fr/football/ligue-2/actualites/ligue-2-caen-se-separe-de-son-entraineur-pascal-dupraz-1037920","external_links_name":"\"Ligue 2 : Caen se sépare de son entraîneur Pascal Dupraz\""},{"Link":"http://www.foot-national.com/foot-ligue-2-les-play-offs-changent-de-date-117290.html","external_links_name":"\"Ligue 2 : Les play-offs changent de date !\""},{"Link":"https://www.footamateur.fr/le-fc-villefranche-affrontera-chamois-niortais-en-barrage-accession/","external_links_name":"\"Le FC Villefranche affrontera les Chamois Niortais en barrage d'accession\""},{"Link":"https://www.ligue2.fr/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Malcolm_Brignall	Peter Brignall	["1 References"]	Catholic bishop of Wrexham The Right ReverendPeter BrignallBishop of WrexhamChurchRoman Catholic ChurchProvinceCardiffDioceseRoman Catholic Diocese of WrexhamAppointed27 June 2012Installed12 September 2012PredecessorEdwin ReganOrdersOrdination18 February 1978by Langton Douglas FoxConsecration12 September 2012by Edwin ReganPersonal detailsBornPeter Malcolm Brignall (1953-07-05) 5 July 1953 (age 70)Whetstone, LondonNationalityEnglishDenominationRoman CatholicMottovivite et vigilate in DeoCoat of arms Peter Malcolm Brignall (born 5 July 1953) is the Roman Catholic Bishop of Wrexham. Born in Whetstone, London on 5 July 1953, he was ordained as a deacon by Victor Guazzelli, Auxiliary Bishop of Westminster in July 1977, and as a priest by Langton Douglas Fox, Bishop of Menevia on 18 February 1978. Nearly nine years later, Brignall was incardinated as a priest of the Diocese of Wrexham on 12 February 1987. He was appointed the Bishop of the Diocese of Wrexham by the Holy See on 27 June 2012. His consecration to the Episcopate took place at St. Mary's Cathedral, Wrexham on 12 September 2012; the principal consecrator was the Edwin Regan, Bishop emeritus of Wrexham, with Archbishop Antonio Mennini, Apostolic Nuncio to Great Britain and Patrick O'Donoghue, Bishop emeritus of Lancaster serving as principal co-consecrators. Brignal has amalgamated parishes but his proposed church closure at Conwy has been overruled. References ^ a b c d e "Bishop Peter Malcolm Brignall". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved 12 June 2013. Catholic Church titles Preceded byEdwin Regan Roman Catholic Bishop of Wrexham 2012–present Incumbent vteDiocese of WrexhamRoman Catholic Diocese of Wrexham Bishops of Wrexham I: James Hannigan II: Edwin Regan III: Peter Brignall Churches Wrexham Cathedral – Cathedral Church of Our Lady of Sorrows Our Lady Star of the Sea and St Winefride, Amlwch St Tudwal, Barmouth St Joseph, Colwyn Bay Our Lady of Seven Sorrows, Dolgellau St Mary, Holyhead St Winefride, Holywell St David, Pantasaph Our Lady of the Assumption, Rhyl Patronal Feast of the Diocese Saint David (1 March) Schools St Richard Gwyn High School, Flint Christ the Word School, Rhyl St Joseph's High School, Wrexham Deaneries Caernarfon Deanery Colwyn Bay Deanery Dolgellau Deanery Flint Deanery Rhyl Deanery Wrexham Deanery See also St Winefride's Well St Beuno's Jesuit Spirituality Centre Catholicism portal Wales portal vteHierarchy of the Catholic Church in England and WalesProvince of Westminster Alan Williams Brentwood Peter Collins East Anglia David Oakley Northampton Patrick McKinney Nottingham Vincent Nichols Westminster Province of Birmingham Bernard Longley Birmingham Bosco MacDonald Clifton Mark Davies Shrewsbury Province of Liverpool Ralph Heskett Hallam Stephen Wright Hexham and Newcastle Paul Swarbrick Lancaster Marcus Stock Leeds Malcolm McMahon Liverpool Terry Drainey Middlesbrough John Arnold Salford Province of Southwark Richard Moth (Arundel and Brighton) Sede vacante (Plymouth) Philip Egan (Portsmouth) John Wilson (Southwark) Province of Cardiff Mark O'Toole Cardiff Mark O'Toole Menevia Peter Brignall Wrexham Extra-provincial (Latin) Paul Mason Bishopric of the Forces Hugh Allan Falkland Islands Keith Newton Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham Eastern Catholic Kenneth Nowakowski Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Holy Family of London Joseph Srampickal Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Great Britain Former Diocese of Beverley Diocese of Newport and Menevia Pre-Restoration of the Hierarchy Apostolic Vicariates: England, London District, Midland District, Northern District, Western District, Lancashire District Apostolic nuncio Miguel Maury Buendía Catholicism portal United Kingdom portal Authority control databases International VIAF National United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Wrexham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Wrexham"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbrigna-1"},{"link_name":"Whetstone, London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whetstone,_London"},{"link_name":"ordained","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Orders"},{"link_name":"deacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deacon"},{"link_name":"Victor Guazzelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Guazzelli"},{"link_name":"Auxiliary Bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxiliary_Bishop"},{"link_name":"Westminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Westminster"},{"link_name":"priest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priesthood_(Catholic_Church)"},{"link_name":"Langton Douglas Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langton_Douglas_Fox"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Menevia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Menevia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbrigna-1"},{"link_name":"incardinated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incardination_and_excardination"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Wrexham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Wrexham"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbrigna-1"},{"link_name":"appointed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appointment_of_Catholic_bishops"},{"link_name":"Bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_(Catholic_Church)"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Wrexham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Wrexham"},{"link_name":"Holy See","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbrigna-1"},{"link_name":"consecration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consecration"},{"link_name":"Episcopate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_polity"},{"link_name":"St. Mary's Cathedral, Wrexham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrexham_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"consecrator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consecrator"},{"link_name":"Edwin Regan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Regan"},{"link_name":"Bishop emeritus of Wrexham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Wrexham"},{"link_name":"Antonio Mennini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Mennini"},{"link_name":"Apostolic Nuncio to Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_Nunciature_to_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"Patrick O'Donoghue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_O%27Donoghue_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Bishop emeritus of Lancaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Bishop_of_Lancaster"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbrigna-1"}],"text":"Peter Malcolm Brignall (born 5 July 1953) is the Roman Catholic Bishop of Wrexham.[1]Born in Whetstone, London on 5 July 1953, he was ordained as a deacon by Victor Guazzelli, Auxiliary Bishop of Westminster in July 1977, and as a priest by Langton Douglas Fox, Bishop of Menevia on 18 February 1978.[1] Nearly nine years later, Brignall was incardinated as a priest of the Diocese of Wrexham on 12 February 1987.[1]He was appointed the Bishop of the Diocese of Wrexham by the Holy See on 27 June 2012.[1] His consecration to the Episcopate took place at St. Mary's Cathedral, Wrexham on 12 September 2012; the principal consecrator was the Edwin Regan, Bishop emeritus of Wrexham, with Archbishop Antonio Mennini, Apostolic Nuncio to Great Britain and Patrick O'Donoghue, Bishop emeritus of Lancaster serving as principal co-consecrators.[1]Brignal has amalgamated parishes but his proposed church closure at Conwy has been overruled.","title":"Peter Brignall"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Bishop Peter Malcolm Brignall\". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved 12 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bbrigna.html","url_text":"\"Bishop Peter Malcolm Brignall\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic-Hierarchy.org","url_text":"Catholic-Hierarchy.org"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bbrigna.html","external_links_name":"\"Bishop Peter Malcolm Brignall\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/950162367993925790003","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2021067059","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstanty_Zakrzewski	Konstanty Zakrzewski	["1 References"]	Polish physicist Konstanty Zakrzewski. Konstanty Zakrzewski (14 January 1876 in Warsaw – 19 January 1948 in Kraków) was a Polish physicist. He was a professor of the Jagiellonian University (1911–1913 and since 1917) and professor of the Lviv University (1913–1917), member of the Polish Academy of Learning (since 1920). Zakrzewski was a researcher of electron theory of metals, optics, and dielectric properties of substances. He was an initiator of cosmic ray research in Poland (1947). References "Zakrzewski Konstanty". Internetowa encyklopedia PWN (in Polish). Archived from the original on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 10 September 2007. "Zakrzewski Konstanty". WIEM Encyclopedia (in Polish). Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 10 September 2007. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Poland Academics Mathematics Genealogy Project zbMATH This article about a physicist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a Polish scientist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Konstanty_Zakrzewski_Polish_physicist.jpg"},{"link_name":"Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw"},{"link_name":"Kraków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Jagiellonian University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagiellonian_University"},{"link_name":"Lviv University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lviv_University"},{"link_name":"Polish Academy of Learning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Learning"},{"link_name":"cosmic ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_ray"}],"text":"Konstanty Zakrzewski.Konstanty Zakrzewski (14 January 1876 in Warsaw – 19 January 1948 in Kraków) was a Polish physicist. He was a professor of the Jagiellonian University (1911–1913 and since 1917) and professor of the Lviv University (1913–1917), member of the Polish Academy of Learning (since 1920).Zakrzewski was a researcher of electron theory of metals, optics, and dielectric properties of substances. He was an initiator of cosmic ray research in Poland (1947).","title":"Konstanty Zakrzewski"}]	[{"image_text":"Konstanty Zakrzewski.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Konstanty_Zakrzewski_Polish_physicist.jpg/220px-Konstanty_Zakrzewski_Polish_physicist.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Zakrzewski Konstanty\". Internetowa encyklopedia PWN (in Polish). Archived from the original on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 10 September 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110607141008/http://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo.php?id=4000022","url_text":"\"Zakrzewski Konstanty\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internetowa_encyklopedia_PWN","url_text":"Internetowa encyklopedia PWN"},{"url":"http://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo.php?id=4000022","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Zakrzewski Konstanty\". WIEM Encyclopedia (in Polish). Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 10 September 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110606012026/http://portalwiedzy.onet.pl/62296,,,,zakrzewski_konstanty,haslo.html","url_text":"\"Zakrzewski Konstanty\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WIEM_Encyclopedia","url_text":"WIEM Encyclopedia"},{"url":"http://portalwiedzy.onet.pl/62296,,,,zakrzewski_konstanty,haslo.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110607141008/http://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo.php?id=4000022","external_links_name":"\"Zakrzewski Konstanty\""},{"Link":"http://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo.php?id=4000022","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110606012026/http://portalwiedzy.onet.pl/62296,,,,zakrzewski_konstanty,haslo.html","external_links_name":"\"Zakrzewski Konstanty\""},{"Link":"http://portalwiedzy.onet.pl/62296,,,,zakrzewski_konstanty,haslo.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000115792635","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/101673434","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810663903805606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=158114","external_links_name":"Mathematics Genealogy Project"},{"Link":"https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:zakrzewski.k","external_links_name":"zbMATH"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konstanty_Zakrzewski&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konstanty_Zakrzewski&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Black_Pearl_(1977_film)	The Black Pearl (Scott O'Dell)	["1 Plot summary","2 Film adaptation","3 See also","4 References"]	1967 book This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "The Black Pearl" Scott O'Dell – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) First edition (publ. Houghton Mifflin) The Black Pearl is a young adult novel by Scott O'Dell first published in 1967 about the coming of age of the son of a pearl dealer. Plot summary Ramon Salazar finds a black pearl so beautiful that his father is certain Ramon has found the fabled Pearl of Heaven. This find will bring renown to their town, and to the Salazar name. However, the pearl also has a curse that haunts the town and Salazar's family. Film adaptation Royal Productions and Universum Film produced a film adaptation of The Black Pearl. Released in 1977, the film was directed by Saul Swimmer, written by Victor Miller, and featured performances by Gilbert Roland, Mario Custodio, and Carl Anderson. Perla Cristal and Emilio Rodríguez also starred in the film. Initially, The Black Pearl was to be shot in Mexico with Ben Vereen in the lead role. But the movie was eventually filmed in Spain without Vereen. See also Novels portalChildren and Young Adult Literature portal Herman Melville: Moby-Dick (1851) John Steinbeck: The Pearl (1947) (also set among the pearl divers of La Paz) Ernest Hemingway: The Old Man and the Sea (1952) (aging Cuban fisherman struggling with a giant marlin) Peter Benchley: The Girl of the Sea of Cortez (1982) References ^ Nash, Jay Robert; Connelly, Robert; Ross, Stanley Ralph (December 1985). The Motion Picture Guide (First ed.). Evanston, Illinois: Cinebooks. ISBN 9780933997004. ^ a b "Briefly...". Films and Filming. Hansom Books. 1975. p. 9. ^ Thompson, M. Cordell (December 6, 1973). "Ben Vereen Makes It Big At Last". Jet. Los Angeles, California: Johnson Publishing Company. p. 38. Retrieved August 11, 2022. This article about a young adult novel of the 1960s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.See guidelines for writing about novels. Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page.vte This article about a Bildungsroman of the 1960s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.See guidelines for writing about novels. Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TheBlackPearl.jpg"},{"link_name":"Houghton Mifflin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin"},{"link_name":"young adult novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_adult_literature"},{"link_name":"Scott O'Dell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_O%27Dell"},{"link_name":"coming of age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coming_of_age"},{"link_name":"pearl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl"}],"text":"First edition (publ. Houghton Mifflin)The Black Pearl is a young adult novel by Scott O'Dell first published in 1967 about the coming of age of the son of a pearl dealer.","title":"The Black Pearl (Scott O'Dell)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"black pearl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahitian_pearl"}],"text":"Ramon Salazar finds a black pearl so beautiful that his father is certain Ramon has found the fabled Pearl of Heaven. This find will bring renown to their town, and to the Salazar name. However, the pearl also has a curse that haunts the town and Salazar's family.","title":"Plot summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Universum Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFA_GmbH"},{"link_name":"Saul Swimmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul_Swimmer"},{"link_name":"Victor Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Miller_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Gilbert Roland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Roland"},{"link_name":"Carl Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Anderson_(singer)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FAF-2"},{"link_name":"Perla Cristal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perla_Cristal"},{"link_name":"Emilio Rodríguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio_Rodr%C3%ADguez_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Ben Vereen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Vereen"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FAF-2"}],"text":"Royal Productions and Universum Film produced a film adaptation of The Black Pearl. Released in 1977, the film was directed by Saul Swimmer, written by Victor Miller, and featured performances by Gilbert Roland, Mario Custodio, and Carl Anderson.[1][2] Perla Cristal and Emilio Rodríguez also starred in the film.Initially, The Black Pearl was to be shot in Mexico with Ben Vereen in the lead role.[3] But the movie was eventually filmed in Spain without Vereen.[2]","title":"Film adaptation"}]	[{"image_text":"First edition (publ. Houghton Mifflin)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/TheBlackPearl.jpg/220px-TheBlackPearl.jpg"}]	[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Book_collection.jpg"},{"title":"Novels portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Novels"},{"title":"Children and Young Adult Literature portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Children_and_Young_Adult_Literature"},{"title":"Herman Melville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Melville"},{"title":"Moby-Dick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moby-Dick"},{"title":"John Steinbeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Steinbeck"},{"title":"The Pearl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pearl_(novel)"},{"title":"Ernest Hemingway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway"},{"title":"The Old Man and the Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Old_Man_and_the_Sea"},{"title":"marlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlin"},{"title":"Peter Benchley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Benchley"}]	[{"reference":"Nash, Jay Robert; Connelly, Robert; Ross, Stanley Ralph (December 1985). The Motion Picture Guide (First ed.). Evanston, Illinois: Cinebooks. ISBN 9780933997004.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Motion_Picture_Guide","url_text":"The Motion Picture Guide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780933997004","url_text":"9780933997004"}]},{"reference":"\"Briefly...\". Films and Filming. Hansom Books. 1975. p. 9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Films_and_Filming","url_text":"Films and Filming"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansom_Books","url_text":"Hansom Books"}]},{"reference":"Thompson, M. Cordell (December 6, 1973). \"Ben Vereen Makes It Big At Last\". Jet. Los Angeles, California: Johnson Publishing Company. p. 38. Retrieved August 11, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VrEDAAAAMBAJ&dq=saul+swimmer+black+pearl&pg=PA38","url_text":"\"Ben Vereen Makes It Big At Last\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_(magazine)","url_text":"Jet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_Publishing_Company","url_text":"Johnson Publishing Company"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22The+Black+Pearl%22+Scott+O%27Dell","external_links_name":"\"The Black Pearl\" Scott O'Dell"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22The+Black+Pearl%22+Scott+O%27Dell+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22The+Black+Pearl%22+Scott+O%27Dell&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22The+Black+Pearl%22+Scott+O%27Dell+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22The+Black+Pearl%22+Scott+O%27Dell","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22The+Black+Pearl%22+Scott+O%27Dell&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VrEDAAAAMBAJ&dq=saul+swimmer+black+pearl&pg=PA38","external_links_name":"\"Ben Vereen Makes It Big At Last\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Black_Pearl_(Scott_O%27Dell)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Black_Pearl_(Scott_O%27Dell)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eversmann%27s_redstart	Eversmann's redstart	["1 References","2 External links"]	Species of bird Eversmann's redstart Adult male in breeding plumage Conservation status Least Concern (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Passeriformes Family: Muscicapidae Genus: Phoenicurus Species: P. erythronotus Binomial name Phoenicurus erythronotus(Eversmann, 1841) Synonyms Phoenicurus erythronota Eversmann's redstart (Phoenicurus erythronotus), also known as the rufous-backed redstart, is a passerine bird belonging to the genus Phoenicurus. It was formerly classified in the thrush family Turdidae but is now placed in the Old World flycatcher family Muscicapidae. It was described by the German biologist Eduard Friedrich Eversmann who is commemorated in the bird's English name. It is one of the larger redstarts, 15 to 16 cm long with a wingspan of 25.5 to 27 cm. The bill and legs are black. The male in breeding plumage has a black mask and grey crown and nape. The back and rump are rufous and the tail is also rufous apart from the darker central feathers. The wings are dark with white patches on the scapulars and primary-coverts. The underparts are mainly rufous with white on the belly and undertail-coverts. Non-breeding and first-winter males are similar but much duller and browner. Females are mostly grey-brown. They have a rufous tail with a dark centre, a pale eye-ring, two buff wingbars and buff edges to the tertials. The song is loud and lively. The birds also have a soft, croaking call and a whistling call. The tail is often flicked up and down. It breeds in the mountains of Central Asia and southern Siberia from the Tien Shan range to the Tarbagatay and Altay Mountains and near Lake Baikal. Some birds move downhill for the winter while others, especially in the north-east of the range, migrate longer distances. The wintering range extends from southern Iraq through Iran and Pakistan to the western Himalayas of Kashmir. A few birds reach eastern Arabia. It has occurred as a vagrant in the State of Israel and Turkey. It inhabits forest and woodland during the breeding season, reaching 5400 metres above sea-level. In winter it is seen in more open and arid habitats. Insects form the bulk of its diet during the breeding season but fruit and seeds are important in winter. References ^ BirdLife International (2017). "Phoenicurus erythronotus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T22710034A111061640. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22710034A111061640.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021. BirdLife International (2007) Species factsheet: Phoenicurus erythronotusDownloaded from Archived 2007-07-10 at the Wayback Machine on 24/7/2007. Hollom, P. A. D.; Porter, R. F.; Christensen, S. & Willis, Ian (1988) Birds of the Middle East and North Africa, T & AD Poyser, Calton, England. MacKinnon, John & Phillipps, Karen (2000) A Field Guide to the Birds of China, Oxford University Press, Oxford Snow, D. W. & Perrins, C. M. (1998) Birds of the Western Palearctic: Concise Edition, Vol. 2, Oxford University Press, Oxford. External links Wikispecies has information related to Phoenicurus erythronotus. Oriental Bird Images: Rufous-backed redstart Archived 2007-09-28 at the Wayback Machine Rufous-backed Redstart Taxon identifiersPhoenicurus erythronotus Wikidata: Q796489 Wikispecies: Phoenicurus erythronotus ADW: Phoenicurus_erythronota ARKive: phoenicurus-erythronotus Avibase: 03E448A1E6FA7895 BirdLife: 22710034 BOLD: 52633 BOW: rubred2 CoL: 4GKQS eBird: rubred2 EURING: 11180 GBIF: 5788889 iNaturalist: 73225 ITIS: 916335 IUCN: 22710034 NCBI: 670351 Open Tree of Life: 795156 Xeno-canto: Phoenicurus-erythronotus	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"passerine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passerine"},{"link_name":"bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird"},{"link_name":"Phoenicurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenicurus"},{"link_name":"thrush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrush_(bird)"},{"link_name":"Old World flycatcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_World_flycatcher"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Eduard Friedrich Eversmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Friedrich_Eversmann"},{"link_name":"bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beak"},{"link_name":"tertials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_feather#Tertials"},{"link_name":"song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_song"},{"link_name":"Central Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asia"},{"link_name":"Siberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia"},{"link_name":"Tien Shan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tien_Shan"},{"link_name":"Tarbagatay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarbagatai_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Altay Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altay_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Lake Baikal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Baikal"},{"link_name":"migrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_migration"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Himalayas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayas"},{"link_name":"Kashmir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir"},{"link_name":"Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia"},{"link_name":"vagrant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagrancy_in_birds"},{"link_name":"State of Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Israel"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest"},{"link_name":"woodland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodland"},{"link_name":"Insects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect"},{"link_name":"fruit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit"},{"link_name":"seeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed"}],"text":"Eversmann's redstart (Phoenicurus erythronotus), also known as the rufous-backed redstart, is a passerine bird belonging to the genus Phoenicurus. It was formerly classified in the thrush family Turdidae but is now placed in the Old World flycatcher family Muscicapidae. It was described by the German biologist Eduard Friedrich Eversmann who is commemorated in the bird's English name.It is one of the larger redstarts, 15 to 16 cm long with a wingspan of 25.5 to 27 cm. The bill and legs are black. The male in breeding plumage has a black mask and grey crown and nape. The back and rump are rufous and the tail is also rufous apart from the darker central feathers. The wings are dark with white patches on the scapulars and primary-coverts. The underparts are mainly rufous with white on the belly and undertail-coverts.Non-breeding and first-winter males are similar but much duller and browner. Females are mostly grey-brown. They have a rufous tail with a dark centre, a pale eye-ring, two buff wingbars and buff edges to the tertials.The song is loud and lively. The birds also have a soft, croaking call and a whistling call. The tail is often flicked up and down.It breeds in the mountains of Central Asia and southern Siberia from the Tien Shan range to the Tarbagatay and Altay Mountains and near Lake Baikal. Some birds move downhill for the winter while others, especially in the north-east of the range, migrate longer distances. The wintering range extends from southern Iraq through Iran and Pakistan to the western Himalayas of Kashmir. A few birds reach eastern Arabia. It has occurred as a vagrant in the State of Israel and Turkey.It inhabits forest and woodland during the breeding season, reaching 5400 metres above sea-level. In winter it is seen in more open and arid habitats. Insects form the bulk of its diet during the breeding season but fruit and seeds are important in winter.","title":"Eversmann's redstart"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"BirdLife International (2017). \"Phoenicurus erythronotus\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T22710034A111061640. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22710034A111061640.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22710034/111061640","url_text":"\"Phoenicurus erythronotus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22710034A111061640.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22710034A111061640.en"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22710034/111061640","external_links_name":"\"Phoenicurus erythronotus\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22710034A111061640.en","external_links_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22710034A111061640.en"},{"Link":"http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=6649&m=0","external_links_name":"Species factsheet: Phoenicurus erythronotus"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070710124603/http://www.birdlife.org/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.orientalbirdimages.org/search.php?action=searchresult&Bird_ID=2565","external_links_name":"Oriental Bird Images: Rufous-backed redstart"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070928083036/http://www.orientalbirdimages.org/search.php?action=searchresult&Bird_ID=2565","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://macaulaylibrary.org/asset/136484511","external_links_name":"Rufous-backed Redstart"},{"Link":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Phoenicurus_erythronota/","external_links_name":"Phoenicurus_erythronota"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.arkive.org/wd/phoenicurus-erythronotus/","external_links_name":"phoenicurus-erythronotus"},{"Link":"https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=03E448A1E6FA7895","external_links_name":"03E448A1E6FA7895"},{"Link":"https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/22710034","external_links_name":"22710034"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=52633","external_links_name":"52633"},{"Link":"https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/rubred2","external_links_name":"rubred2"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4GKQS","external_links_name":"4GKQS"},{"Link":"https://ebird.org/species/rubred2","external_links_name":"rubred2"},{"Link":"https://euring.org/edb/species-maps/sp11180.htm","external_links_name":"11180"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/5788889","external_links_name":"5788889"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/73225","external_links_name":"73225"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=916335","external_links_name":"916335"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/22710034","external_links_name":"22710034"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=670351","external_links_name":"670351"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=795156","external_links_name":"795156"},{"Link":"https://xeno-canto.org/species/Phoenicurus-erythronotus","external_links_name":"Phoenicurus-erythronotus"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Standard_Time	Moscow Time	["1 History","2 Usage","2.1 Past usage","3 Anomalies","4 See also","5 Notes","6 External links"]	Time zone in western Russia (UTC+3) For the newspaper, see The Moscow Times. Time in Russia KALT Kaliningrad Time UTC+2 (MSK−1) MSK Moscow Time UTC+3 (MSK±0) SAMT Samara Time UTC+4 (MSK+1) YEKT Yekaterinburg Time UTC+5 (MSK+2) OMST Omsk Time UTC+6 (MSK+3) KRAT Krasnoyarsk Time UTC+7 (MSK+4) IRKT Irkutsk Time UTC+8 (MSK+5) YAKT Yakutsk Time UTC+9 (MSK+6) VLAT Vladivostok Time UTC+10 (MSK+7) MAGT Magadan Time UTC+11 (MSK+8) PETT Kamchatka Time UTC+12 (MSK+9) Time in Europe: Light Blue Western European Time / Greenwich Mean Time (UTC) Blue Western European Time / Greenwich Mean Time (UTC) Western European Summer Time / British Summer Time / Irish Standard Time (UTC+1) Red Central European Time (UTC+1) Central European Summer Time (UTC+2) Yellow Eastern European Time / Kaliningrad Time (UTC+2) Ochre Eastern European Time (UTC+2) Eastern European Summer Time (UTC+3) Green Moscow Time / Turkey Time (UTC+3) Turquoise Armenia Time / Azerbaijan Time / Georgia Time / Samara Time (UTC+4) ▉▉▉▉ Pale colours: Standard time observed all year▉▉▉ Dark colours: Summer time observed Moscow Time (MSK, Russian: моско́вское вре́мя, romanized: moskovskoye vremya) is the time zone for the city of Moscow, Russia, and most of western Russia, including Saint Petersburg. It is the second-westernmost of the eleven time zones of Russia. It has been set to UTC+03:00 without DST since 26 October 2014; before that date it had been set to UTC+04:00 year-round on 27 March 2011. Moscow Time is used to schedule trains, ships, etc. throughout Russia, but airplane travel is scheduled using local time. Times in Russia are often announced throughout the country on radio stations as Moscow Time, which is also registered in telegrams, etc. Descriptions of time zones in Russia are often based on Moscow Time rather than UTC. For example, Yakutsk (UTC+09:00) is said to be MSK+6 in Russia. History Until the October Revolution, the official time in Moscow corresponded to GMT+02:30:17 (according to the longitude of the Astronomical Observatory of Moscow State University). In 1919 the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR introduced the system of time zones in the country, while Moscow was assigned to the second administrative time zone, the time of which should correspond to GMT+02:00. Other zones east of the 37.5° meridian to Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Ivanovo, Vladimir, Ryazan, Tula, Lipetsk, Voronezh and Rostov-on-Don were also included in the second belt. In accordance with the 16 June 1930 Decree of the Council of People's Commissars, the Decree Time was introduced by adding one hour to the time in each time zone of the USSR, so that Moscow Time became three hours ahead of Universal Time. Until 2011, during the winter, between the last Sunday of October and the last Sunday of March, Moscow Standard Time (MSK, МСК) was three hours ahead of UTC, or UTC+03:00; during the summer, Moscow Time shifted forward an additional hour ahead of Moscow Standard Time to become Moscow Summer Time (MSD), making it UTC+04:00. In 2011, the Russian government proclaimed that daylight saving time would in future be observed all year round, thus effectively displacing standard time—an action which the government claimed emerged from health concerns attributed to the annual shift back-and-forth between standard time and daylight saving time. On 27 March 2011, Muscovites set their clocks forward for a final time, effectively observing MSD, or UTC+04:00, permanently. On 29 March 2014, after the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation, the Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol—two federal subjects established by Russia on the Crimean Peninsula—switched their time to MSK on 30 March 2014 (from UTC+02:00 with DST to UTC+04:00 with permanent DST) and then when permanent DST in Russia was removed on 26 October 2014 the time became UTC+03:00 without DST all year. On 1 July 2014, the State Duma passed a bill partially repealing the 2011 change, putting Moscow Time on permanent UTC+03:00 and thus back to standard time. Usage Most of the European part of Russia (west of the Ural Mountains) uses Moscow Time. In Kaliningrad Oblast, Kaliningrad time (UTC+02:00) is used. Samara Oblast and Udmurtia use Samara time (UTC+04:00) and Perm Krai, Bashkortostan and Orenburg Oblast use Yekaterinburg time (UTC+05:00). Since 2014, Moscow Time has been observed in Crimea after it was annexed and in Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine, including after their declared annexation in 2022. Past usage Prior to 26 October 2014, Moscow Time was UTC+03:00. Daylight saving time was used in the summer, advancing it to UTC+04:00. UTC+03:00 was also formerly used in European parts of what was then the USSR: Estonia, in 1940–1941 and 1944-1989 Latvia, in 1940–1941 and 1944-1989 Lithuania, in 1940–1941 and 1944-1989 Kaliningrad Oblast (Russia), in 1946–1989 Moldova, in 1944-1990 Ukraine, in 1930–1941 and 1943-1990 Samara Oblast (Russia), in 1989–1991 and again from 2010–2011. Belarus, in 1930–1941, 1944-1991 and again from 2014–present. Crimea, in 1930–1941, 1944-1990, 1994-1997 and again from 2014–present. Moscow Summer Time (UTC+04:00), was first applied in 1981 and was used: until 1989 in Estonia, Kaliningrad Oblast, Latvia and Lithuania until 1990 in Moldova and Ukraine until 1991 in Belarus between 1989 and 1991 and in 2010 in Samara Oblast. In 1922–1930 and 1991–1992, Moscow observed Eastern European Time (UTC+02:00). Daylight saving time (UTC+03:00) was observed in the summer of 1991, and the city and region reverted to UTC+03:00 by the summer of 1992. The time in Moscow has been as follows (the following list of DST usage may not be accurate): From 1 January 1880 UTC+02:30:17 From 3 July 1916 UTC+02:31:19 From 1 July 1917 UTC+02:31:19 with DST From 1 July 1919 UTC+03:00 with DST From 16 August 1919 UTC+03:00 From 14 February 1921 UTC+03:00 with DST From 1 October 1921 UTC+03:00 From 1 October 1922 UTC+02:00 (EET) From 21 June 1930 UTC+03:00 From 1 April 1981 UTC+03:00 with DST From 31 March 1991 UTC+02:00 (EET) with DST From 19 January 1992 UTC+03:00 with DST From 27 March 2011 UTC+04:00 From 26 October 2014 UTC+03:00 Anomalies Since political, in addition to purely geographical, criteria are used in the drawing of time zones, it follows that time zones do not precisely adhere to meridian lines. The MSK (UTC+03:00) time zone, were it drawn by purely geographical terms, would consist of exactly the area between meridians 37°30' E and 52°30' E. As a result, there are European locales that despite lying in an area with a "physical" UTC+03:00 time, are in another time zone; likewise, there are European areas that have gone for UTC+03:00, even though their "physical" time zone is different from that. Following is a list of such anomalies: Areas located outside UTC+03:00 longitudes using Moscow Time (UTC+03:00) time Areas west of 37°30' E ("physical" UTC+02:00) that use UTC+03:00 The entirety of Belarus with 23°10' E as the westernmost point where MSK is used Western Russia, including Saint Petersburg, half of Moscow and Crimea Areas between 52°30' E and 67°30' E ("physical" UTC+04:00) that use UTC+03:00 Russia, including most of Franz Josef Land, Yuzhny Island, most of Severny Island with an exception to the very east, and some parts of the Russian mainland (Komi Republic, Nenets Autonomous Okrug, east of Kirov Oblast and Tatarstan) Areas east of 67°30' E ("physical" UTC+05:00) that use UTC+03:00 The very east of Severny Island in Russia with 69°2' E as the easternmost point where MSK is used Areas located within UTC+03:00 longitudes (37°30' E – 52°30' E) using other time zones Areas that use UTC+02:00 Eastern parts of Ukraine Areas that use UTC+04:00 Georgia with an exception of Abkhazia and South Ossetia Armenia Azerbaijan The Russian Oblasts of Astrakhan, Samara, Saratov and Ulyanovsk with an exception to the very east Western half of the Russian Republic of Udmurtia Areas that use UTC+05:00 The western tip of Perm Krai in Russia, and the western parts of the Orenburg Oblast in Russia See also East Africa Time, also in UTC+03:00 Time in Russia Notes ^ a b "Russia Turns Clocks Back to 'Winter' Time, during British summer time however Moscow time is only 2 hours ahead of the UK and 3 in the winter". RIA Novosti. 26 October 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2014. ^ "Russia Abolishes Winter Time". Timeanddate.com. 8 February 2011. Retrieved 26 March 2011. ^ "DPR and LPR switch over to Moscow time". Tass - Russian News Agency. 26 October 2014. Retrieved 11 August 2015. ^ Time Zone Database (IANA) External links Current time in Moscow	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Moscow Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Moscow_Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_Russian_time_zones_(2020)_-_without_Crimea.svg"},{"link_name":"Time in Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_in_Russia"},{"link_name":"Kaliningrad Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad_Time"},{"link_name":"UTC+2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B02:00"},{"link_name":"Moscow Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"UTC+3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B03:00"},{"link_name":"Samara Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samara_Time"},{"link_name":"UTC+4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B04:00"},{"link_name":"Yekaterinburg Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yekaterinburg_Time"},{"link_name":"UTC+5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B05:00"},{"link_name":"Omsk Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omsk_Time"},{"link_name":"UTC+6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B06:00"},{"link_name":"Krasnoyarsk Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krasnoyarsk_Time"},{"link_name":"UTC+7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B07:00"},{"link_name":"Irkutsk Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irkutsk_Time"},{"link_name":"UTC+8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B08:00"},{"link_name":"Yakutsk Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakutsk_Time"},{"link_name":"UTC+9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B09:00"},{"link_name":"Vladivostok Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladivostok_Time"},{"link_name":"UTC+10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B10:00"},{"link_name":"Magadan Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magadan_Time"},{"link_name":"UTC+11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B11:00"},{"link_name":"Kamchatka Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamchatka_Time"},{"link_name":"UTC+12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B12:00"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Time_zones_of_the_Greater_Europe.svg"},{"link_name":"Time in Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_in_Europe"},{"link_name":"Western European Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_European_Time"},{"link_name":"Greenwich Mean Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time"},{"link_name":"UTC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%C2%B100:00"},{"link_name":"Western European Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_European_Time"},{"link_name":"Greenwich Mean Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time"},{"link_name":"UTC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%C2%B100:00"},{"link_name":"Western European Summer Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_European_Summer_Time"},{"link_name":"British Summer Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Summer_Time"},{"link_name":"Irish Standard Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"UTC+1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B01:00"},{"link_name":"Central European Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_European_Time"},{"link_name":"UTC+1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B01:00"},{"link_name":"Central European Summer Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time"},{"link_name":"UTC+2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B02:00"},{"link_name":"Eastern European Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_European_Time"},{"link_name":"Kaliningrad Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad_Time"},{"link_name":"UTC+2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B02:00"},{"link_name":"Eastern European Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_European_Time"},{"link_name":"UTC+2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B02:00"},{"link_name":"Eastern European Summer Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_European_Summer_Time"},{"link_name":"UTC+3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B03:00"},{"link_name":"Moscow Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Turkey Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_in_Turkey"},{"link_name":"UTC+3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B03:00"},{"link_name":"Armenia Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia_Time"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_Time"},{"link_name":"Georgia Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Time"},{"link_name":"Samara Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samara_Time"},{"link_name":"UTC+4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B04:00"},{"link_name":"Summer time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight_saving_time"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian"},{"link_name":"time zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Saint Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg"},{"link_name":"time zones of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_in_Russia"},{"link_name":"UTC+03:00","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B03:00"},{"link_name":"DST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight_saving_time"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mskAbolished-1"},{"link_name":"year-round","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight_saving_time#Permanent_daylight_saving_time"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"radio stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_station"},{"link_name":"UTC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC"},{"link_name":"Yakutsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakutsk"},{"link_name":"UTC+09:00","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B09:00"}],"text":"For the newspaper, see The Moscow Times.Time in Russia KALT Kaliningrad Time UTC+2 (MSK−1) MSK Moscow Time UTC+3 (MSK±0) SAMT Samara Time UTC+4 (MSK+1) YEKT Yekaterinburg Time UTC+5 (MSK+2) OMST Omsk Time UTC+6 (MSK+3) KRAT Krasnoyarsk Time UTC+7 (MSK+4) IRKT Irkutsk Time UTC+8 (MSK+5) YAKT Yakutsk Time UTC+9 (MSK+6) VLAT Vladivostok Time UTC+10 (MSK+7) MAGT Magadan Time UTC+11 (MSK+8) PETT Kamchatka Time UTC+12 (MSK+9)Time in Europe: Light Blue Western European Time / Greenwich Mean Time (UTC) Blue Western European Time / Greenwich Mean Time (UTC) Western European Summer Time / British Summer Time / Irish Standard Time (UTC+1) Red Central European Time (UTC+1) Central European Summer Time (UTC+2) Yellow Eastern European Time / Kaliningrad Time (UTC+2) Ochre Eastern European Time (UTC+2) Eastern European Summer Time (UTC+3) Green Moscow Time / Turkey Time (UTC+3) Turquoise Armenia Time / Azerbaijan Time / Georgia Time / Samara Time (UTC+4) ▉▉▉▉ Pale colours: Standard time observed all year▉▉▉ Dark colours: Summer time observedMoscow Time (MSK, Russian: моско́вское вре́мя, romanized: moskovskoye vremya) is the time zone for the city of Moscow, Russia, and most of western Russia, including Saint Petersburg. It is the second-westernmost of the eleven time zones of Russia. It has been set to UTC+03:00 without DST since 26 October 2014;[1] before that date it had been set to UTC+04:00 year-round on 27 March 2011.[2]Moscow Time is used to schedule trains, ships, etc. throughout Russia, but airplane travel is scheduled using local time. Times in Russia are often announced throughout the country on radio stations as Moscow Time, which is also registered in telegrams, etc. Descriptions of time zones in Russia are often based on Moscow Time rather than UTC. For example, Yakutsk (UTC+09:00) is said to be MSK+6 in Russia.","title":"Moscow Time"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"October Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin%27s_Cabinet"},{"link_name":"Arkhangelsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkhangelsk"},{"link_name":"Vologda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vologda"},{"link_name":"Yaroslavl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaroslavl"},{"link_name":"Kostroma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kostroma"},{"link_name":"Ivanovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivanovo"},{"link_name":"Vladimir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir,_Russia"},{"link_name":"Ryazan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryazan"},{"link_name":"Tula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tula,_Russia"},{"link_name":"Lipetsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipetsk"},{"link_name":"Voronezh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voronezh"},{"link_name":"Rostov-on-Don","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostov-on-Don"},{"link_name":"Council of People's Commissars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovnarkom"},{"link_name":"Decree Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decree_Time"},{"link_name":"Universal Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Time"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"daylight saving time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight_saving_time"},{"link_name":"standard time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_time"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mskAbolished-1"},{"link_name":"annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation"},{"link_name":"Sevastopol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevastopol"},{"link_name":"federal subjects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_subjects_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Crimean Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"permanent DST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight_saving_time#Permanent_daylight_saving_time"}],"text":"Until the October Revolution, the official time in Moscow corresponded to GMT+02:30:17 (according to the longitude of the Astronomical Observatory of Moscow State University). In 1919 the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR introduced the system of time zones in the country, while Moscow was assigned to the second administrative time zone, the time of which should correspond to GMT+02:00. Other zones east of the 37.5° meridian to Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Ivanovo, Vladimir, Ryazan, Tula, Lipetsk, Voronezh and Rostov-on-Don were also included in the second belt.In accordance with the 16 June 1930 Decree of the Council of People's Commissars, the Decree Time was introduced by adding one hour to the time in each time zone of the USSR, so that Moscow Time became three hours ahead of Universal Time.[citation needed]Until 2011, during the winter, between the last Sunday of October and the last Sunday of March, Moscow Standard Time (MSK, МСК) was three hours ahead of UTC, or UTC+03:00; during the summer, Moscow Time shifted forward an additional hour ahead of Moscow Standard Time to become Moscow Summer Time (MSD), making it UTC+04:00.In 2011, the Russian government proclaimed that daylight saving time would in future be observed all year round, thus effectively displacing standard time—an action which the government claimed emerged from health concerns attributed to the annual shift back-and-forth between standard time and daylight saving time.[1] On 27 March 2011, Muscovites set their clocks forward for a final time, effectively observing MSD, or UTC+04:00, permanently.On 29 March 2014, after the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation, the Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol—two federal subjects established by Russia on the Crimean Peninsula—switched their time to MSK on 30 March 2014 (from UTC+02:00 with DST to UTC+04:00 with permanent DST) and then when permanent DST in Russia was removed on 26 October 2014 the time became UTC+03:00 without DST all year.On 1 July 2014, the State Duma passed a bill partially repealing the 2011 change, putting Moscow Time on permanent UTC+03:00 and thus back to standard time.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ural Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ural_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Samara Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samara_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Udmurtia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udmurtia"},{"link_name":"Samara time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samara_time"},{"link_name":"Perm Krai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perm_Krai"},{"link_name":"Bashkortostan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashkortostan"},{"link_name":"Orenburg Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orenburg_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Yekaterinburg time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yekaterinburg_time"},{"link_name":"Crimea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimea"},{"link_name":"annexed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation"},{"link_name":"Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian-occupied_territories_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"declared annexation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_annexation_of_Donetsk,_Kherson,_Luhansk_and_Zaporizhzhia_oblasts"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Most of the European part of Russia (west of the Ural Mountains) uses Moscow Time. In Kaliningrad Oblast, Kaliningrad time (UTC+02:00) is used. Samara Oblast and Udmurtia use Samara time (UTC+04:00) and Perm Krai, Bashkortostan and Orenburg Oblast use Yekaterinburg time (UTC+05:00). Since 2014, Moscow Time has been observed in Crimea after it was annexed and in Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine, including after their declared annexation in 2022.[3]","title":"Usage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Kaliningrad Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Moldova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Samara Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samara_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"},{"link_name":"Crimea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimea"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Past usage","text":"Prior to 26 October 2014, Moscow Time was UTC+03:00. Daylight saving time was used in the summer, advancing it to UTC+04:00.UTC+03:00 was also formerly used in European parts of what was then the USSR:Estonia, in 1940–1941 and 1944-1989\nLatvia, in 1940–1941 and 1944-1989\nLithuania, in 1940–1941 and 1944-1989\nKaliningrad Oblast (Russia), in 1946–1989\nMoldova, in 1944-1990\nUkraine, in 1930–1941 and 1943-1990\nSamara Oblast (Russia), in 1989–1991 and again from 2010–2011.\nBelarus, in 1930–1941, 1944-1991 and again from 2014–present.\nCrimea, in 1930–1941, 1944-1990, 1994-1997 and again from 2014–present.Moscow Summer Time (UTC+04:00), was first applied in 1981 and was used:until 1989 in Estonia, Kaliningrad Oblast, Latvia and Lithuania\nuntil 1990 in Moldova and Ukraine\nuntil 1991 in Belarus\nbetween 1989 and 1991 and in 2010 in Samara Oblast.In 1922–1930 and 1991–1992, Moscow observed Eastern European Time (UTC+02:00). Daylight saving time (UTC+03:00) was observed in the summer of 1991, and the city and region reverted to UTC+03:00 by the summer of 1992.The time in Moscow has been as follows (the following list of DST usage may not be accurate):[4]","title":"Usage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Franz Josef Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Josef_Land"},{"link_name":"Yuzhny Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuzhny_Island"},{"link_name":"Severny Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severny_Island"},{"link_name":"Komi Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komi_Republic"},{"link_name":"Nenets Autonomous Okrug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nenets_Autonomous_Okrug"},{"link_name":"Kirov Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirov_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Tatarstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatarstan"},{"link_name":"UTC+05:00","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B05:00"},{"link_name":"Severny Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severny_Island"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"Abkhazia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkhazia"},{"link_name":"South Ossetia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Ossetia"},{"link_name":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Russian Oblasts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oblasts_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Astrakhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrakhan_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Samara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samara_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Saratov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saratov_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Ulyanovsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulyanovsk_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Russian Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republics_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Udmurtia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udmurtia"},{"link_name":"Perm Krai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perm_Krai"},{"link_name":"Orenburg Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orenburg_Oblast"}],"text":"Since political, in addition to purely geographical, criteria are used in the drawing of time zones, it follows that time zones do not precisely adhere to meridian lines. The MSK (UTC+03:00) time zone, were it drawn by purely geographical terms, would consist of exactly the area between meridians 37°30' E and 52°30' E. As a result, there are European locales that despite lying in an area with a \"physical\" UTC+03:00 time, are in another time zone; likewise, there are European areas that have gone for UTC+03:00, even though their \"physical\" time zone is different from that. Following is a list of such anomalies:Areas located outside UTC+03:00 longitudes using Moscow Time (UTC+03:00) timeAreas west of 37°30' E (\"physical\" UTC+02:00) that use UTC+03:00The entirety of Belarus with 23°10' E as the westernmost point where MSK is used\nWestern Russia, including Saint Petersburg, half of Moscow and CrimeaAreas between 52°30' E and 67°30' E (\"physical\" UTC+04:00) that use UTC+03:00Russia, including most of Franz Josef Land, Yuzhny Island, most of Severny Island with an exception to the very east, and some parts of the Russian mainland (Komi Republic, Nenets Autonomous Okrug, east of Kirov Oblast and Tatarstan)Areas east of 67°30' E (\"physical\" UTC+05:00) that use UTC+03:00The very east of Severny Island in Russia with 69°2' E as the easternmost point where MSK is usedAreas located within UTC+03:00 longitudes (37°30' E – 52°30' E) using other time zonesAreas that use UTC+02:00Eastern parts of UkraineAreas that use UTC+04:00Georgia with an exception of Abkhazia and South Ossetia\nArmenia\nAzerbaijan\nThe Russian Oblasts of Astrakhan, Samara, Saratov and Ulyanovsk with an exception to the very east\nWestern half of the Russian Republic of UdmurtiaAreas that use UTC+05:00The western tip of Perm Krai in Russia, and the western parts of the Orenburg Oblast in Russia","title":"Anomalies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-mskAbolished_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-mskAbolished_1-1"},{"link_name":"\"Russia Turns Clocks Back to 'Winter' Time, during British summer time however Moscow time is only 2 hours ahead of the UK and 3 in the winter\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//en.ria.ru/russia/20141026/194606015/Russia-Turns-Clocks-Back-to-Winter-Time.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Russia Abolishes Winter Time\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.timeanddate.com/news/time/russia-winter-time.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"DPR and LPR switch over to Moscow time\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//tass.ru/en/world/756540"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Time Zone Database","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.iana.org/time-zones"}],"text":"^ a b \"Russia Turns Clocks Back to 'Winter' Time, during British summer time however Moscow time is only 2 hours ahead of the UK and 3 in the winter\". RIA Novosti. 26 October 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2014.\n\n^ \"Russia Abolishes Winter Time\". Timeanddate.com. 8 February 2011. Retrieved 26 March 2011.\n\n^ \"DPR and LPR switch over to Moscow time\". Tass - Russian News Agency. 26 October 2014. Retrieved 11 August 2015.\n\n^ Time Zone Database (IANA)","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":" Time in Russia KALT Kaliningrad Time UTC+2 (MSK−1) MSK Moscow Time UTC+3 (MSK±0) SAMT Samara Time UTC+4 (MSK+1) YEKT Yekaterinburg Time UTC+5 (MSK+2) OMST Omsk Time UTC+6 (MSK+3) KRAT Krasnoyarsk Time UTC+7 (MSK+4) IRKT Irkutsk Time UTC+8 (MSK+5) YAKT Yakutsk Time UTC+9 (MSK+6) VLAT Vladivostok Time UTC+10 (MSK+7) MAGT Magadan Time UTC+11 (MSK+8) PETT Kamchatka Time UTC+12 (MSK+9) ","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Map_of_Russian_time_zones_%282020%29_-_without_Crimea.svg/320px-Map_of_Russian_time_zones_%282020%29_-_without_Crimea.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Time in Europe: Light Blue Western European Time / Greenwich Mean Time (UTC) Blue Western European Time / Greenwich Mean Time (UTC) Western European Summer Time / British Summer Time / Irish Standard Time (UTC+1) Red Central European Time (UTC+1) Central European Summer Time (UTC+2) Yellow Eastern European Time / Kaliningrad Time (UTC+2) Ochre Eastern European Time (UTC+2) Eastern European Summer Time (UTC+3) Green Moscow Time / Turkey Time (UTC+3) Turquoise Armenia Time / Azerbaijan Time / Georgia Time / Samara Time (UTC+4) ▉▉▉▉ Pale colours: Standard time observed all year▉▉▉ Dark colours: Summer time observed","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Time_zones_of_the_Greater_Europe.svg/300px-Time_zones_of_the_Greater_Europe.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"East Africa Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Africa_Time"},{"title":"UTC+03:00","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B03:00"},{"title":"Time in Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_in_Russia"}]	[{"reference":"\"Russia Turns Clocks Back to 'Winter' Time, during British summer time however Moscow time is only 2 hours ahead of the UK and 3 in the winter\". RIA Novosti. 26 October 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.ria.ru/russia/20141026/194606015/Russia-Turns-Clocks-Back-to-Winter-Time.html","url_text":"\"Russia Turns Clocks Back to 'Winter' Time, during British summer time however Moscow time is only 2 hours ahead of the UK and 3 in the winter\""}]},{"reference":"\"Russia Abolishes Winter Time\". Timeanddate.com. 8 February 2011. Retrieved 26 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/russia-winter-time.html","url_text":"\"Russia Abolishes Winter Time\""}]},{"reference":"\"DPR and LPR switch over to Moscow time\". Tass - Russian News Agency. 26 October 2014. Retrieved 11 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://tass.ru/en/world/756540","url_text":"\"DPR and LPR switch over to Moscow time\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://en.ria.ru/russia/20141026/194606015/Russia-Turns-Clocks-Back-to-Winter-Time.html","external_links_name":"\"Russia Turns Clocks Back to 'Winter' Time, during British summer time however Moscow time is only 2 hours ahead of the UK and 3 in the winter\""},{"Link":"http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/russia-winter-time.html","external_links_name":"\"Russia Abolishes Winter Time\""},{"Link":"http://tass.ru/en/world/756540","external_links_name":"\"DPR and LPR switch over to Moscow time\""},{"Link":"https://www.iana.org/time-zones","external_links_name":"Time Zone Database"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171108130528/http://timenow.msk.ru/en/","external_links_name":"Current time in Moscow"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Higgins_(high_constable)	William Higgins (high constable)	["1 References"]	William HigginsHigh Bailiff of the Toronto Police DepartmentIn office1834–1834Preceded byPosition establishedSucceeded byGeorge KingsmillHigh Constable of the Home DistrictIn office1826–1834Succeeded byPosition abolished William Higgins was the first high constable of the Toronto Police Department, appointed as High Bailiff after Toronto's incorporation in 1834. Higgins was appointed High Constable of the Home District in 1826, a position that included being inspector of police for York, Upper Canada at a salary of £40 a year. When the city of Toronto was incorporated in 1834, the new city council unanimously appointed Higgins as High Bailiff, including the responsibility of being city inspector, with a salary of £125 a year while remaining High Constable (as well as the only constable) for the region. Higgins' term ended in scandal when he was implicated in the death of a man during election day anti-Tory rioting by largely disenfranchised Irish Catholic minority which was put down by a party of Protestant Orangemen, led by Higgins. Mayor William Lyon Mackenzie, in his role as chief magistrate, held a police court investigation and laid charges against Higgins. He was exonerated by the grand jury in April 1835 but, by that point city council had already chosen not to reappoint him. He was subsequently appointed High Constable of York County and served for many years. References ^ Nickerson, J. (2010). Crime and Punishment in Upper Canada: A Researcher's Guide. Dundurn. p. 149. ISBN 9781770704619. Retrieved 2014-10-05. ^ "Archives description detail display". gencat4.eloquent-systems.com. Retrieved 2014-10-05. ^ Filey, M. (2008). Toronto: The Way We Were. Dundurn. p. 41. ISBN 9781459703087. Retrieved 2014-10-05. ^ "William Lyon Mackenzie and the Founding of Toronto". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved September 1, 2019. ^ "Biography – SULLIVAN, DANIEL – Volume XI (1881-1890) – Dictionary of Canadian Biography". biographi.ca. Retrieved 2014-10-05. ^ Denis Larionov & Alexander Zhulin. "Read the eBook Landmarks of Canada. What art has done for Canadian history; a guide to the J. Ross Robertson historical collection in the Public reference library, Toronto, Canada. This catalogue of the by Toronto Public Libraries online for free (page 23 of 89)". ebooksread.com. Retrieved 2014-10-05. vteChiefs of the Toronto Police Service Higgins Kingsmill Stitt Kingsmill Allen Sherwood Prince F. C. Draper Grasett Dickson D. Draper Chisholm Mackey Adamson Ackroyd Marks McCormack Boothby Fantino Boyd Blair Saunders Ramer Demkiw	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"high constable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_constable"},{"link_name":"Toronto Police Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Police_Service"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Toronto"},{"link_name":"High Constable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Constable"},{"link_name":"Home District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_District"},{"link_name":"York, Upper Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York,_Upper_Canada"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Toronto"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eloquent-systems-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google2-3"},{"link_name":"Orangemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_Order_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"William Lyon Mackenzie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie"},{"link_name":"chief magistrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_magistrate"},{"link_name":"police court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magistrates%27_court_(England_and_Wales)"},{"link_name":"grand jury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_jury"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-biographi-5"},{"link_name":"York County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_County,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ebooksread-6"}],"text":"William Higgins was the first high constable of the Toronto Police Department, appointed as High Bailiff after Toronto's incorporation in 1834.Higgins was appointed High Constable of the Home District in 1826, a position that included being inspector of police for York, Upper Canada at a salary of £40 a year. When the city of Toronto was incorporated in 1834, the new city council unanimously appointed Higgins as High Bailiff, including the responsibility of being city inspector, with a salary of £125 a year while remaining High Constable (as well as the only constable) for the region.[1][2][3]Higgins' term ended in scandal when he was implicated in the death of a man during election day anti-Tory rioting by largely disenfranchised Irish Catholic minority which was put down by a party of Protestant Orangemen, led by Higgins. Mayor William Lyon Mackenzie, in his role as chief magistrate, held a police court investigation and laid charges against Higgins. He was exonerated by the grand jury in April 1835 but, by that point city council had already chosen not to reappoint him.[4][5]He was subsequently appointed High Constable of York County and served for many years.[6]","title":"William Higgins (high constable)"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Nickerson, J. (2010). Crime and Punishment in Upper Canada: A Researcher's Guide. Dundurn. p. 149. ISBN 9781770704619. Retrieved 2014-10-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ncEl7jg9AdYC","url_text":"Crime and Punishment in Upper Canada: A Researcher's Guide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781770704619","url_text":"9781770704619"}]},{"reference":"\"Archives description detail display\". gencat4.eloquent-systems.com. Retrieved 2014-10-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://gencat4.eloquent-systems.com/webcat/request/Action?SystemName=City+of+Toronto+Archives&UserName=wa+public&Password=&CMD_(DetailRequest)%5B0%5D=&ProcessID=6000_1980(0)&KeyValues=KEY_12349","url_text":"\"Archives description detail display\""}]},{"reference":"Filey, M. (2008). Toronto: The Way We Were. Dundurn. p. 41. ISBN 9781459703087. Retrieved 2014-10-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IauNAQAAQBAJ","url_text":"Toronto: The Way We Were"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781459703087","url_text":"9781459703087"}]},{"reference":"\"William Lyon Mackenzie and the Founding of Toronto\". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved September 1, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/the-birth-of-toronto-feature","url_text":"\"William Lyon Mackenzie and the Founding of Toronto\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canadian_Encyclopedia","url_text":"The Canadian Encyclopedia"}]},{"reference":"\"Biography – SULLIVAN, DANIEL – Volume XI (1881-1890) – Dictionary of Canadian Biography\". biographi.ca. Retrieved 2014-10-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/sullivan_daniel_11E.html","url_text":"\"Biography – SULLIVAN, DANIEL – Volume XI (1881-1890) – Dictionary of Canadian Biography\""}]},{"reference":"Denis Larionov & Alexander Zhulin. \"Read the eBook Landmarks of Canada. What art has done for Canadian history; a guide to the J. Ross Robertson historical collection in the Public reference library, Toronto, Canada. This catalogue of the by Toronto Public Libraries online for free (page 23 of 89)\". ebooksread.com. Retrieved 2014-10-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ebooksread.com/authors-eng/toronto-public-libraries/landmarks-of-canada-what-art-has-done-for-canadian-history-a-guide-to-the-j-r-hci/page-23-landmarks-of-canada-what-art-has-done-for-canadian-history-a-guide-to-the-j-r-hci.shtml","url_text":"\"Read the eBook Landmarks of Canada. What art has done for Canadian history; a guide to the J. Ross Robertson historical collection in the Public reference library, Toronto, Canada. This catalogue of the by Toronto Public Libraries online for free (page 23 of 89)\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ncEl7jg9AdYC","external_links_name":"Crime and Punishment in Upper Canada: A Researcher's Guide"},{"Link":"https://gencat4.eloquent-systems.com/webcat/request/Action?SystemName=City+of+Toronto+Archives&UserName=wa+public&Password=&CMD_(DetailRequest)%5B0%5D=&ProcessID=6000_1980(0)&KeyValues=KEY_12349","external_links_name":"\"Archives description detail display\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IauNAQAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Toronto: The Way We Were"},{"Link":"https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/the-birth-of-toronto-feature","external_links_name":"\"William Lyon Mackenzie and the Founding of Toronto\""},{"Link":"http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/sullivan_daniel_11E.html","external_links_name":"\"Biography – SULLIVAN, DANIEL – Volume XI (1881-1890) – Dictionary of Canadian Biography\""},{"Link":"http://www.ebooksread.com/authors-eng/toronto-public-libraries/landmarks-of-canada-what-art-has-done-for-canadian-history-a-guide-to-the-j-r-hci/page-23-landmarks-of-canada-what-art-has-done-for-canadian-history-a-guide-to-the-j-r-hci.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Read the eBook Landmarks of Canada. What art has done for Canadian history; a guide to the J. Ross Robertson historical collection in the Public reference library, Toronto, Canada. This catalogue of the by Toronto Public Libraries online for free (page 23 of 89)\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grzegorz_Filipowski	Grzegorz Filipowski	["1 Results","2 References"]	Polish figure skater This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Grzegorz Filipowski" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Grzegorz FilipowskiBorn (1966-07-28) 28 July 1966 (age 57)Łódź, PolandFigure skating careerCountry PolandRetired1992 Medal record Representing Poland Figure skating: Men's singles World Championships 1989 Paris Men's singles European Championships 1989 Birmingham Men's singles 1985 Gothenburg Men's singles Grzegorz Filipowski (Polish pronunciation: ; born 28 July 1966) is a former Polish competitive figure skater. He is the 1985 European bronze medalist, the 1989 European silver medalist and the 1989 World bronze medalist. Filipowski competed in three Winter Olympics between 1984 and 1992, with a best finish of fifth position in 1988. He missed the first half of the 1987–88 season due to a stress fracture in his left leg. Filipowski was the first skater to perform a triple-triple combination of jumps (3 toe/3 toe) in competition. Barbara Kossowska coached him in Łódź and Rochester, Minnesota. Filipowski turned pro in 1992 and settled in Canada. He works as a coach in figure skating at the York Region Skating Academy. Results International Event 79–80 80–81 81–82 82–83 83–84 84–85 85–86 86–87 87–88 88–89 89–90 90–91 91–92 Olympics 12th 5th 11th Worlds 15th 11th 13th 11th 7th 13th 5th 4th 3rd 4th 12th Europeans 7th 9th 8th 8th 3rd 5th 4th 4th 2nd 4th 5th Skate America 4th Skate Canada 2nd 2nd 3rd 3rd 2nd Golden Spin of Zagreb 2nd St. Ivel International 3rd 2nd 2nd Int. de Paris 2nd 2nd 6th NHK Trophy 4th 3rd 2nd 1st Goodwill Games 8th National Polish Champ. 1st 1st 1st 1st 1st 1st References ^ a b "FILIPOWSKI GRZEGORZ". Polish Olympic Committee (in Polish). Archived from the original on 1 July 2013. Retrieved 1 July 2013. ^ a b "Grzegorz Filipowski". Sports Reference. Archived from the original on 20 April 2011. ^ a b Janofsky, Michael (27 December 1987). "OLYMPIC PROFILE: Grzegorz Filipowski; Polish skater helped by move to America". The New York Times. ^ "Results Book, Volume 2: 1974–current" (PDF). Skate Canada. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 20, 2009. ^ "Historia" (in Polish). Polish Figure Skating Association. Archived from the original on 16 August 2002. vteNHK Trophy champions (men's singles) 1979: Robin Cousins 1980: Fumio Igarashi 1981: Fumio Igarashi 1982: Scott Hamilton 1984: Alexandre Fadeev 1985: Brian Boitano 1986: Angelo D'Agostino 1987: Christopher Bowman 1988: Alexandre Fadeev 1989: Viktor Petrenko 1990: Viktor Petrenko 1991: Grzegorz Filipowski 1992: Philippe Candeloro 1993: Philippe Candeloro 1994: Todd Eldredge 1995: Elvis Stojko 1996: Elvis Stojko 1997: Ilia Kulik 1998: Evgeni Plushenko 1999: Evgeni Plushenko 2000: Evgeni Plushenko 2001: Takeshi Honda 2002: Ilia Klimkin 2003: Jeffrey Buttle 2004: Johnny Weir 2005: Nobunari Oda 2006: Daisuke Takahashi 2007: Daisuke Takahashi 2008: Nobunari Oda 2009: Brian Joubert 2010: Daisuke Takahashi 2011: Daisuke Takahashi 2012: Yuzuru Hanyu 2013: Daisuke Takahashi 2014: Daisuke Murakami 2015: Yuzuru Hanyu 2016: Yuzuru Hanyu 2017: Sergei Voronov 2018: Shoma Uno 2019: Yuzuru Hanyu 2020: Yuma Kagiyama 2021: Shoma Uno 2022: Shoma Uno 2023: Yuma Kagiyama This article about a Polish figure skater is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ˈɡʐɛɡɔʂ filiˈpɔfski]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pko-1"},{"link_name":"figure skater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skater"},{"link_name":"European bronze medalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"World bronze medalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_1984_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_1988_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SR-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT871227-3"},{"link_name":"toe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toeloop"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Łódź","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA"},{"link_name":"Rochester, Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT871227-3"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"}],"text":"Grzegorz Filipowski (Polish pronunciation: [ˈɡʐɛɡɔʂ filiˈpɔfski]; born 28 July 1966)[1] is a former Polish competitive figure skater. He is the 1985 European bronze medalist, the 1989 European silver medalist and the 1989 World bronze medalist.Filipowski competed in three Winter Olympics between 1984 and 1992, with a best finish of fifth position in 1988.[2] He missed the first half of the 1987–88 season due to a stress fracture in his left leg.[3]Filipowski was the first skater to perform a triple-triple combination of jumps (3 toe/3 toe) in competition.[citation needed] Barbara Kossowska coached him in Łódź and Rochester, Minnesota.[3] Filipowski turned pro in 1992 and settled in Canada. He works as a coach in figure skating at the York Region Skating Academy.","title":"Grzegorz Filipowski"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Results"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"FILIPOWSKI GRZEGORZ\". Polish Olympic Committee (in Polish). Archived from the original on 1 July 2013. Retrieved 1 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130701102110/http://www.olimpijski.pl/pl/pages/display/14257","url_text":"\"FILIPOWSKI GRZEGORZ\""},{"url":"http://www.olimpijski.pl/pl/pages/display/14257","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Grzegorz Filipowski\". Sports Reference. Archived from the original on 20 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110420142933/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/fi/grzegorz-filipowski-1.html","url_text":"\"Grzegorz Filipowski\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Reference","url_text":"Sports Reference"},{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/fi/grzegorz-filipowski-1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Janofsky, Michael (27 December 1987). \"OLYMPIC PROFILE: Grzegorz Filipowski; Polish skater helped by move to America\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1987/12/27/sports/olympic-profile-grzegorz-filipowski-polish-skater-helped-by-move-to-america.html","url_text":"\"OLYMPIC PROFILE: Grzegorz Filipowski; Polish skater helped by move to America\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Results Book, Volume 2: 1974–current\" (PDF). Skate Canada. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 20, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090920093849/http://skatecanada.ca/en/events_results/results/archives/SkateCanadaResultsBook-Volume2-1974-current.pdf","url_text":"\"Results Book, Volume 2: 1974–current\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skate_Canada","url_text":"Skate Canada"},{"url":"http://www.skatecanada.ca/en/events_results/results/archives/SkateCanadaResultsBook-Volume2-1974-current.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Historia\" [History] (in Polish). Polish Figure Skating Association. Archived from the original on 16 August 2002.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020816193843/http://www.pfsa.com.pl/wyniki.html","url_text":"\"Historia\""},{"url":"http://www.pfsa.com.pl/wyniki.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Grzegorz+Filipowski%22","external_links_name":"\"Grzegorz Filipowski\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Grzegorz+Filipowski%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Grzegorz+Filipowski%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Grzegorz+Filipowski%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Grzegorz+Filipowski%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Grzegorz+Filipowski%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130701102110/http://www.olimpijski.pl/pl/pages/display/14257","external_links_name":"\"FILIPOWSKI GRZEGORZ\""},{"Link":"http://www.olimpijski.pl/pl/pages/display/14257","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110420142933/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/fi/grzegorz-filipowski-1.html","external_links_name":"\"Grzegorz Filipowski\""},{"Link":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/fi/grzegorz-filipowski-1.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1987/12/27/sports/olympic-profile-grzegorz-filipowski-polish-skater-helped-by-move-to-america.html","external_links_name":"\"OLYMPIC PROFILE: Grzegorz Filipowski; Polish skater helped by move to America\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090920093849/http://skatecanada.ca/en/events_results/results/archives/SkateCanadaResultsBook-Volume2-1974-current.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Results Book, Volume 2: 1974–current\""},{"Link":"http://www.skatecanada.ca/en/events_results/results/archives/SkateCanadaResultsBook-Volume2-1974-current.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020816193843/http://www.pfsa.com.pl/wyniki.html","external_links_name":"\"Historia\""},{"Link":"http://www.pfsa.com.pl/wyniki.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grzegorz_Filipowski&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Hale_Carpenter	Matthew H. Carpenter	["1 Background and education","2 Wisconsin attorney","3 Gardner v. Tisdale","4 Barstow-Bashford election dispute","5 Loyal Democrat during the Civil War","6 Defining the Reconstruction Acts","7 Republican senator","8 Drawing fire from press and party","9 Out of office and under scrutiny","10 Return to the senate","11 Death","12 Family","13 See also","14 Notes","15 References","16 Further reading","17 External links"]	American politician Matthew Hale CarpenterPresident pro tempore of the United States SenateIn officeMarch 12, 1873 – January 4, 1875Preceded byHenry B. AnthonySucceeded byHenry B. AnthonyUnited States Senatorfrom WisconsinIn officeMarch 4, 1879 – February 24, 1881Preceded byTimothy O. HoweSucceeded byAngus CameronIn officeMarch 4, 1869 – March 3, 1875Preceded byJames R. DoolittleSucceeded byAngus Cameron Personal detailsBorn(1824-12-22)December 22, 1824Moretown, Vermont, U.S.DiedFebruary 24, 1881(1881-02-24) (aged 56)Washington, D.C., U.S.Resting placeForest Home Cemetery, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.Political partyRepublicanOther politicalaffiliationsDemocraticSpouse Caroline Dillingham Carpenter (m. 1855)RelationsPaul Dillingham (father in law)William P. Dillingham (brother in law)Children2EducationUnited States Military AcademyProfessionAttorney Matthew Hale Carpenter (born Decatur Merritt Hammond Carpenter; December 22, 1824 – February 24, 1881) was an American attorney and U.S. Senator representing the state of Wisconsin. He served in the Senate from 1869 to 1875 and again from 1879 to 1881. Recognized as an authority on constitutional law, he made some of the most important legal arguments of 19th-century America. Carpenter presented cases before the U. S. Supreme Court involving such matters as states' rights and regulation of corporations. Originally a Democrat, he evolved into a Republican during the Civil War, and helped perpetuate the party's political machinery in Wisconsin. His sustained support for President Ulysses S. Grant's administration despite allegations of corruption lost him the backing of reformers, and his legal arguments in favor of Democratic candidate Samuel J. Tilden in the disputed presidential election of 1876 outraged many Republicans. A gifted orator, he was dubbed "the Webster of the West." Background and education Carpenter was born in Moretown, Vermont, in the Mad River Valley of the Green Mountain range. His pioneering forebears were English, and came to America soon after the Pilgrims. His grandfather Cephas Carpenter (1770–1860) helped establish Moretown, owned a store, served as a colonel in the militia and took part in the War of 1812. Cephas Carpenter served in local office including justice of the peace, and though not a member of the bar, possessed wisdom and eloquence that led to a career as an advocate in the local courts. His son Ira Carpenter (1798–1862) was chiefly a farmer, but he also gained prominence through positions such as justice of the peace, postmaster and state legislator. Grandson Merritt displayed intelligence and oratorical talents at an early age, impressing people with his abilities to recite Cicero and exhort at religious revivals. He also displayed an aversion to physical work. After an explosive argument with a schoolmaster, the 13-year-old Carpenter was expelled from school. He was dissatisfied with the limits of Moretown, and left home to live and study law under the tutelage of family friend (and future Vermont governor) Paul Dillingham in nearby Waterbury. For four years Carpenter attended the local grade school while absorbing Dillingham's law library. Having received an appointment to the United States Military Academy through Vermont Congressman John Mattocks, Carpenter continued his studies, but he disliked military life and resigned in August 1845, citing poor health. He returned to live in Dillingham's home and managed his law office while Dillingham was then a congressman in Washington, D.C. Upon Carpenter's admission to the Vermont bar in November 1847 Dillingham offered to make him his law partner, but Carpenter declined so he could further his law studies under Rufus Choate of Boston. Choate was also impressed with Carpenter, and after a few months he too offered him a partnership, but Carpenter sought to make a name and career for himself in the West. Wisconsin attorney After reading that the territory of Wisconsin had passed its constitution and was soon to become a state, Carpenter chose to migrate west and begin his career as a lawyer in Beloit on the endorsement of that spot by the New England Emigrating Society's Dr. Horace C. White. Arriving in June 1848, Carpenter quickly established a reputation as a successful and affordable attorney, attracting much acclaim from the local community. His practice was interrupted by a painful inflammation of his eyes which rendered him blind. After traveling to New York to seek treatment, his sight gradually recovered after a year as he convalesced in the Waterbury home of his mentor Dillingham. Before returning to Wisconsin he became engaged to Dillingham's daughter Catherine, and they married five years later. In 1850 Carpenter returned to resume his law practice in Beloit using a new name, Matthew (Matt) Hale Carpenter, after Sir Matthew Hale, the noted English jurist of the 17th century. Despite an earlier warning from Choate to steer clear of politics, Carpenter successfully ran for Rock County district attorney, serving from 1850 to 1852 and 1854 to 1856. He was a Democrat in the tradition of Thomas Jefferson and Andrew Jackson, but he disdained the party's pro-slavery platform while also rejecting Whig Party notions of opposing slavery based on "higher law"—the idea that individual belief of right and wrong permitted an individual to violate objectionable statutes and ordinances. After appearing to lose a close election for another term as Rock County district attorney in 1854, Carpenter successfully argued that courts could look beyond election board certifications and re-examine voter returns, resulting in the election being overturned. Gardner v. Tisdale In 1855 Carpenter discovered that many Beloit residents did not hold legal title to their land because it was sold to them by someone who had pre-empted the land but had not received official title from the government (Congress had previously outlawed the pre-emption of non-agricultural land). Carpenter put forth the theory that the original pre-emptor was still technically the owner of the property. After several complicated transactions, some of which included Paul Dillingham selling new titles to the landowners, and appeals as far as the United States Supreme Court, which included participation by Dillingham, Rufus Choate, Abraham Lincoln and other prominent attorneys, Carpenter's legal theory was rejected in a similar case, so the Wisconsin case was withdrawn. Barstow-Bashford election dispute Wisconsin's gubernatorial election of 1855 was thrown into doubt when incumbent Democratic governor William A. Barstow was ruled the 157-vote victor over Republican Coles Bashford by a board of canvassers friendly to Barstow. Discrepancies were discovered in the election returns and political tensions rose as both parties claimed the office and swore in their candidates. Hired by Barstow, Carpenter stalled by repeatedly postponing the case before the state supreme court. He claimed that they held no jurisdiction because elections were matters of the executive branch, which had ruled Barstow the winner. Nevertheless, the court did claim jurisdiction and the ability to examine election tallies (as Carpenter had previously argued for his own election for district attorney). Barstow then resigned, elevating Lieutenant Governor Arthur MacArthur to the governorship. After the court ruled that Bashford was the rightful governor, MacArthur gave up the office. Barstow subsequently refused to pay Carpenter his fee. Despite his defeat Carpenter had demonstrated his legal prowess to the state. A high volume of his cases required his presence in federal court in Milwaukee, leading to him locating his practice there in 1858. He was also coaxed there by Democratic party boss Josiah Noonan, who arranged a law partnership between Carpenter and Edward G. Ryan, another highly regarded attorney and a force in the state Democratic Party. Despite their excellent credentials, they proved to be temperamentally incompatible, and ended their partnership the next year. By the time Carpenter moved to Milwaukee he had become adept in the area of railroad litigation and sued many railroads on behalf of investors left holding bonds made worthless by fraudulent manipulation. His debut before the U.S. Supreme Court resulted in his winning a judgment against the La Crosse and Milwaukee Railroad Company. He was also successful as part of a team of lawyers defending abolitionist Sherman Booth from a charge of rape. Loyal Democrat during the Civil War Carpenter supported Democrat Stephen Douglas in the 1860 presidential election, viewing Republican Abraham Lincoln as an honest but incompetent sectional candidate. Yet, he warned those in his party that he saw secession as treason, and he would be "the first man to raise a musket" in defense of the Constitution. Following the Confederates' attack on Fort Sumter in 1861, Carpenter did not enlist but became a rousing speaker in support of the Union cause. While he saw that many federal actions would be unconstitutional in peacetime, he reasoned that arbitrary arrests and suspensions of habeas corpus were acts of self-preservation during wartime and thereby permitted. He also became an early advocate for emancipation, but only as a war measure rather than an act of humanity. Excluded from meetings of the Democratic leadership, Carpenter joined other like-minded party members of the "Loyal Democracy" in considering a third party in Wisconsin, but nothing came of it. Personal letters he had written saying Lincoln was "idiotic" found their way into newspapers, but Carpenter supported him for re-election in 1864 by making numerous pro-Union and pro-Lincoln speeches. Defining the Reconstruction Acts Carpenter was the key attorney in a series of landmark cases before the U.S. Supreme Court which helped define states' rights by determining the legality of the Reconstruction acts passed by Congress. Ex parte Garland dealt with the disbarment from federal courts of Southern lawyers who refused to take an oath swearing they had not taken up arms or assisted the Confederacy. Carpenter argued that the act passed on January 24, 1865, was ex post facto (the war had since ended) and a bill of attainder (it punished without a trial). In December 1865 the court upheld his argument with the majority opinion employing phrases from Carpenter's brief. Ex parte McCardle concerned the legal authority of the occupying Union Army. Confederate Colonel William H. McCardle, the editor of the Vicksburg Times, was charged with defying military authority by inciting rebellion, libeling federal officials, and intimidating voters. After the circuit court denied him a writ of habeas corpus, McCardle appealed to the Supreme Court of the United States. Carpenter argued that the court lacked jurisdiction over a president's official acts, as in a similar case of his, Georgia vs. Grant. Rather than claiming the Union's "right of conquest," Carpenter said the Southern states had surrendered their constitutional protections when they had seceded, essentially reverting to territories. After he concluded his eloquent arguments, Secretary of War Edwin Stanton hugged him, declaring "Carpenter, you have saved us!" Even McCardle's attorney Jeremiah S. Black lauded him as "the first Constitutional lawyer in the country." However, Radical Republicans in Congress feared that the reconstruction acts would be ruled unconstitutional, so they quickly pushed through a law repealing the Habeas Corpus Act of 1867, barring jurisdiction in pending cases and preventing a clear decision from being rendered by the court. In the Slaughter-house cases Carpenter represented the Crescent City Livestock Landing and Slaughterhouse Company, which had been granted a monopoly on all slaughterhouse business in New Orleans by the carpetbag state legislature of Louisiana in 1869. Butchers and cattle dealers thrown out of work by the law obtained an injunction from a district court, claiming they had been denied equal protection under the Fourteenth Amendment and deprived of property under the due process clause. Making a plea for states' rights, Carpenter contended that the amendment had been intended solely to elevate African Americans and had no bearing on economic statutes passed by a state. He also warned of too many powers being centralized in the federal government. The court concurred in Carpenter's narrowing of the scope of the Fourteenth Amendment. In Bradwell vs. Illinois, Carpenter sought to broaden the amendment's protections in the case of the editor of the Chicago Legal News, Myra Bradwell, who had been denied admission to the bar of the Illinois Supreme Court because she was a woman. Representing Bradwell, Carpenter argued that no class of people could be excluded from practicing the legal profession. The federal court disagreed, questioning the propriety of ruling on a state's qualifications for admission to the bar. These cases brought Carpenter handsome fees, national acclaim, and much derision from the losing factions. He'd also won the support of Stanton and President Ulysses S. Grant, who both urged him to run as a Republican for the U.S. Senate. Republican senator Following the Civil War Carpenter's transformation from a Jeffersonian Democrat into a Republican was complete. Despite reports that he backed President Andrew Johnson's policies, he made speeches supporting the Radical congress. He called for the enfranchisement of African-American men and invited members of the Loyal Democracy to join the Republicans, as he himself did in the summer of 1867 with his support for Governor Lucius Fairchild's re-election. With high-profile backing Carpenter ran successfully for the senate seat occupied by James R. Doolittle, a "Johnsonized" Republican who had fallen out of favor with his party. With his victory he solidified his status with the "Madison Regency," a Republican group that included former governor and Johnson's Postmaster General Alexander Randall, Madison postmaster Elisha W. Keyes and Wisconsin State Journal editor and Republican state central committee chairman Horace Rublee. After Rublee was appointed minister to Switzerland by President Grant, Keyes became party chairman and closely coordinated with Carpenter to distribute federal patronage jobs to political allies. Once in the Senate, Carpenter moderated his views to the degree that he became one of the spokesmen of the emerging Stalwart Republicans. He opposed any "fundamental conditions" placed on states wishing to be readmitted to the Union, and favored blanket amnesty for former Confederates. Carpenter was known as one of the staunchest supporters of the Grant administration. In the Senate he presented an unabashed defense of political patronage, mocking the idea of civil service reform. Carpenter would garner a reputation for his oratory skills as a member of the Senate, including with a return to Beloit in 1869. At Beloit College, he gave a foreign policy speech that has been deemed particularly historically significant. He also feuded with Liberal Republican senators Charles Sumner and Carl Schurz over many issues. He delivered a sarcastic denunciation of Sumner's wide-reaching civil rights amendment to the Confederate amnesty bill. As the chair of an investigating committee he also debunked Sumner and Schurz's claim that the War Department had broken its neutrality when it sold outmoded rifles to France during the Franco-Prussian War. Despite such skirmishes Carpenter was a respected figure in the senate, being elected president pro tempore by his colleagues in 1871. He also served as chairman of the Committee on Enrolled Bills (42nd Congress) and the committee to Audit and Control the Contingent Expense (42nd and 43rd Congresses). As part of another committee inquiry, Carpenter went to Louisiana to investigate election claims in order to determine the rightful governor of the contested state. His report was highly critical of both factions, but he urged the recognition of Republican governor William P. Kellogg. Years later Carpenter's impartiality was called into question when personal letters revealed a close relationship between the two, including a "desperately short" Carpenter asking Kellogg for a $1,000 loan. Drawing fire from press and party As Carpenter's influence grew within the Grant administration, so did the condemnations from the press. One of his Senate investigations resulted in two journalists being jailed for not divulging the source of a leaked treaty. Opposition newspapers like the New York Tribune responded by not only criticizing Carpenter's methods, but by also condemning his moral character by bringing his private life into question. Later in his term editors accused Carpenter of trying to effectively "gag" newspapers by advancing a bill that would allow judicial process to be served upon the agents (i.e. interviewers) of persons involved in civil suits. In 1873 Carpenter angered many in his own party by taking positions that ran counter to the stalwart doctrine. In a spirit of reform he boldly owned up to administration excesses such as the Credit Mobilier and the "Salary Grab," defending them in a speech in Janesville. In a speech at Ripon he denounced the railroads, insisting they were public highways paid for with government land grants. He also stated his belief that the government has a right as well as a duty to regulate corporations. Wishing to make the Milwaukee Sentinel into a more reliable organ for the state Republican party, Carpenter and other backers bought the paper and forced out editor Alexander M. Thomson, who had been instrumental in getting Carpenter elected senator. Thomson was now deemed too critical of the party machine. His ousting made him a lifelong enemy of Carpenter. The Sentinel soon was seen as Carpenter's personal mouthpiece. Despite the incessant criticism, Carpenter was seen as being easily re-elected in 1875. Nevertheless, a surprise bolt by disgruntled Republicans combined with votes by calculating Democrats resulted in the election of Angus Cameron, a La Crosse Republican. Out of office and under scrutiny In 1875 Carpenter was implicated in the Whiskey Ring scandal that funneled federal liquor tax revenues to some states' Republican parties. Although he was close to key participants in the Milwaukee ring, no evidence emerged to prove his involvement. During this time Carpenter, along with Jeremiah S. Black and Montgomery Blair, was also defending Grant's Secretary of War William W. Belknap against charges that he had accepted money in exchange for the appointment of a post trader. Despite Belknap's immediate resignation outraged House Democrats proceeded with his impeachment. Carpenter portrayed Belknap as the hapless victim of a social-climbing wife, but his legal victory relied on his assertion that jurisdiction over Belknap ended with his resignation. Also in 1875 Carpenter was defense counsel for officials of the Miners’ National Association (MNA) in an important labor case that sought to apply the legal concept of conspiracy to union picketing and organization efforts. The case grew out of a coal miners' strike in Clearfield County, Pennsylvania, which was supported by the MNA, then numerically one of the largest American trade unions. First over fifty of the striking workers were tried upon a charge of criminal conspiracy and thirty-six of them were convicted with some sentenced to jail, although they appeared to have been guilty of no more than peaceful picketing. Then John Siney, the president of the MNA, and Xingo Parks, one of the union's best organizers, were tried on the same charge. Siney was acquitted, but Parks convicted, although pardoned shortly thereafter. Following the disputed presidential election of 1876, Carpenter was hired by supporters of the Democratic candidate Samuel J. Tilden to examine Louisiana's vote counts and argue for victory over Republican Rutherford B. Hayes. Carpenter's first-hand accounts of the corrupt Republican state administration gave the Democrats some reason for hope, but ultimately the partisan make-up of the special electoral commission (7 Republicans, 6 Democrats) and its refusal to look behind the certified counts made many of their rulings a forgone conclusive win for Hayes. Return to the senate Despite ongoing press criticism and declining health, in 1878 Carpenter launched a bid for the senate seat occupied by Republican Timothy Howe. With the help of a strong lobby, he won over enough votes in the legislature to prevail over state party boss (and former friend) Elisha W. Keyes. Carpenter's second term as senator lacked the political drama of his Reconstruction years. He spoke in favor of President Rutherford B. Hayes's maintenance of federal troops at southern polling places. He also vigorously opposed the Democrats' proposed pardoning of General Fitz-John Porter for ignoring General John Pope's orders at Manassas in 1863, arguing that the power of pardon resides solely with the president. Carpenter remained a loyal supporter of President Grant in his quest for a third term, igniting bitter debates between Carpenter and White House aspirant Senator James G. Blaine of Maine. Death While Carpenter's evident declining health was attributed to his indulgent lifestyle, he also suffered from the lung congestion of Bright's disease. After a cycle of relapses and recoveries he died on February 24, 1881, at his Washington, D.C., home surrounded by friends and family. He was buried at Forest Home Cemetery in Milwaukee. Family In 1855 Carpenter married Caroline Dillingham, the daughter of Paul Dillingham. They were the parents of four children. Daughters Ada and Annie were born and died in 1860. The other two lived to adulthood—a daughter named Lilian (1857–1942) and a son named Paul Dillingham Carpenter (1867–1932). Paul D. Carpenter was an attorney in Milwaukee and also served as judge of the county court. See also List of United States Congress members who died in office (1790–1899) Notes ^ Heg, J. E. (1881). Wisconsin Blue Book. Madison, WI: W. J. Park, State Printer. p. 487. ^ a b c Year Book of the Wisconsin Society of the Sons of the American Revolution. Milwaukee, Wis.: Swain & Tate Company. 1896. p. 49. ^ Thompson, p.3–10 ^ Thompson, pp. 11-15. ^ Thompson, pp. 15-21. ^ Thompson, pp. 21-29. ^ Thompson, pp. 33-34. ^ Thompson, pp. 31-33. ^ Thompson, p. 35. ^ Thompson, pp. 37-39. ^ Brown, William Fiske (1908). Rock County, Wisconsin: A New History. Vol. 1. Chicago, IL: C. F. Cooper & Co. pp. 157–158. ^ Thompson, pp. 40-45. ^ Thompson, pp. 46-52. ^ Thompson, pp. 54-61. ^ Thompson, pp. 61-62. ^ Thompson, pp. 62-63. ^ Thompson, p. 65. ^ Thompson, pp. 64-65. ^ Thompson, p. 66. ^ Thompson, pp. 72-78. ^ Thompson, pp. 79-82. ^ Thompson, pp. 89-90. ^ Thompson, pp. 91-98. ^ Thompson, pp. 98-99. ^ Thompson, pp. 100-102. ^ Thompson, pp. 102-103. ^ Thompson, p. 99. ^ Thompson, pp. 105-117. ^ Thompson, p. 112. ^ Thompson, pp. 133-138. ^ Thompson, pp. 148-149. ^ Thompson, pp. 156-160. ^ "Speech of Matthew H. Carpenter, at the Dedication of Memorial Hall, Beloit College, July 1869. The Mission and the Future of the Foreign Policy of the United States". Readings. 25 May 2016. ^ Thompson, pp. 160-164. ^ Thompson, pp. 166-171. ^ Thompson, pp. 178-191. ^ Thompson, pp. 222-223. ^ Thompson, pp. 149-154. ^ Thompson, pp. 200-202. ^ Thompson, pp. 215-216. ^ Thompson, pp. 193-198. ^ Thompson, pp. 221-222. ^ Thompson, pp. 205-207 ^ Thompson, pp. 218-230 ^ Thompson, pp. 233-242 ^ Poore, Ben. Perley, Perley's Reminiscences of Sixty Years in the National Metropolis, Vol.2, pp.310-311 (1886). ^ Thompson, pp. 243-246 ^ Witte, Edwin E., Early American Labor Cases, 35 Yale Law Journal 7, 1926, pp. 830-31 ^ Thompson, pp. 247-253 ^ Thompson, pp. 254-264 ^ Thompson, pp. 264-266 ^ Thompson, pp. 268-270. ^ Thompson, pp. 275-280. ^ Huse, Hiram A. (1892). A Memorial Sketch of Paul Dillingham: Officers and Members: Report of Proceedings of the Annual Meeting. Vol. 3. Montpelier, VT: Argus and Patriot Book and Job Printing. p. 77. ^ Thompson, p.294 ^ Thompson ^ Thompson ^ Campbell, John A. (1902). A Biographical History, with Portraits, of Prominent Men of the Great West. Chicago, IL: Western Biographical and Engraving Co. pp. 221–222. References Thompson, E. Bruce (1954). Matthew Hale Carpenter: Webster of the West. Madison, Wis.: State Historical Society of Wisconsin. Further reading Flower, Frank A. Life of Matthew Hale Carpenter. Madison, Wis.: David Atwood & Co., 1883. Memorial Addresses on the Life and Character of Matthew H. Carpenter, A Senator from Wisconsin. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1882. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Matthew H. Carpenter. United States Congress. "Matthew H. Carpenter (id: C000171)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Matthew H. Carpenter at Find a Grave U.S. Senate Preceded byJames R. Doolittle U.S. senator (Class 1) from Wisconsin March 4, 1869 – March 3, 1875 Served alongside: Timothy O. Howe Succeeded byAngus Cameron Preceded byHenry B. Anthony President pro tempore of the United States Senate March 12, 1873 – January 4, 1875 Succeeded byHenry B. Anthony Preceded byTimothy O. Howe U.S. senator (Class 3) from Wisconsin March 4, 1879 – February 24, 1881 Served alongside: Angus Cameron Succeeded byAngus Cameron vteUnited States senators from WisconsinClass 1 Dodge Doolittle Carpenter Cameron Sawyer Mitchell Quarles La Follette Sr. La Follette Jr. McCarthy Proxmire Kohl Baldwin Class 3 Walker Durkee Howe Carpenter Cameron Spooner Vilas Spooner Stephenson Husting Lenroot Blaine Duffy Wiley Nelson Kasten Feingold Johnson vtePresidents pro tempore of the United States Senate ▌ Langdon (1789) ▌ Lee (1792) ▌ Langdon (1792–1793) ▌ Izard (1794) ▌ H. Tazewell (1795) ▌ Livermore (1796) ▌ Bingham (1797) ▌ Bradford (1979) ▌ Read (1797) ▌ Sedgwick (1798) ▌ Laurance (1798) ▌ Ross (1799) ▌ Livermore (1799) ▌ Tracy (1800) ▌ Howard (1800) ▌ Hillhouse (1801) ▌ Baldwin (1801–1802) ▌ Bradley (1802–1803) ▌ Brown (1803–1804) ▌ Franklin (1804) ▌ Anderson (1805) ▌ Smith (1805–1808) ▌ Bradley (1808–1809) ▌ Milledge (1809) ▌ Gregg (1809) ▌ Gaillard (1810) ▌ Pope (1811) ▌ Crawford (1812–1813) ▌ Varnum (1813–1814) ▌ Gaillard (1814–1819) ▌ Barbour (1819) ▌ Gaillard (1820–1825) ▌ Macon (1826–1827) ▌ Smith (1828–1831) ▌ L. Tazewell (1832) ▌ White (1832–1833) ▌ Poindexter (1834) ▌ Tyler (1835) ▌ W. R. King (1836–1841) ▌ Southard (1841–1842) ▌ Mangum (1842–1845) ▌ Sevier (1845) ▌ Atchison (1846–1849) ▌ W. R. King (1850–1852) ▌ Atchison (1852–1854) ▌ Cass (1854) ▌ Bright (1854–1856) ▌ Stuart (1856) ▌ Bright (1856–1857) ▌ Mason (1857) ▌ Rusk (1857) ▌ Fitzpatrick (1857–1860) ▌ Bright (1860) ▌ Fitzpatrick (1860) ▌ Foot (1861–1864) ▌ Clark (1864–1865) ▌ Foster (1865–1867) ▌ Wade (1867–1869) ▌ Anthony (1869–1873) ▌ Carpenter (1873–1875) ▌ Anthony (1875) ▌ Ferry (1875–1879) ▌ Thurman (1879–1880) ▌ Bayard (1881) ▌ Davis (1881–1883) ▌ Edmunds (1883–1885) ▌ Sherman (1885–1887) ▌ Ingalls (1887–1891) ▌ Manderson (1891–1893) ▌ Harris (1893–1895) ▌ Ransom (1895) ▌ Harris (1895) ▌ Frye (1896–1911) ▌ Bacon/ ▌ Curtis/ ▌ Gallinger/ ▌ Brandegee/ ▌ Lodge (1911–1913) ▌ Clarke (1913–1916) ▌ Saulsbury (1916–1919) ▌ Cummins (1919–1925) ▌ Moses (1925–1933) ▌ Pittman (1933–1940) ▌ W. H. King (1940–1941) ▌ Harrison (1941) ▌ Glass (1941–1945) ▌ McKellar (1945–1947) ▌ Vandenberg (1947–1949) ▌ McKellar (1949–1953) ▌ Bridges (1953–1955) ▌ George (1955–1957) ▌ Hayden (1957–1969) ▌ Russell (1969–1971) ▌ Ellender (1971–1972) ▌ Eastland (1972–1978) ▌ Magnuson (1979–1980) ▌ Young (1980) ▌ Magnuson (1980–1981) ▌ Thurmond (1981–1987) ▌ Stennis (1987–1989) ▌ Byrd (1989–1995) ▌ Thurmond (1995–2001) ▌ Byrd (2001) ▌ Thurmond (2001) ▌ Byrd (2001–2003) ▌ Stevens (2003–2007) ▌ Byrd (2007–2010) ▌ Inouye (2010–2012) ▌ Leahy (2012–2015) ▌ Hatch (2015–2019) ▌ Grassley (2019–2021) ▌ Leahy (2021–2023) ▌ Murray (2023–present) ▌ Pro-Administration ▌ Anti-Administration ▌ Federalist ▌ Democratic-Republican ▌ Jacksonian ▌ National Republican ▌ Whig ▌ Democratic ▌ Republican ▌ Independent Category Commons List Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Israel United States People US Congress Other SNAC	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"constitutional law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_law"},{"link_name":"U. S. Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U._S._Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"states' rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States%27_rights"},{"link_name":"corporations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporations"},{"link_name":"Democrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_War_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Ulysses S. Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant"},{"link_name":"Samuel J. Tilden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden"},{"link_name":"presidential election of 1876","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_election_of_1876"},{"link_name":"Webster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Webster"}],"text":"Matthew Hale Carpenter (born Decatur Merritt Hammond Carpenter; December 22, 1824 – February 24, 1881) was an American attorney and U.S. Senator representing the state of Wisconsin. He served in the Senate from 1869 to 1875 and again from 1879 to 1881.[1] Recognized as an authority on constitutional law, he made some of the most important legal arguments of 19th-century America. Carpenter presented cases before the U. S. Supreme Court involving such matters as states' rights and regulation of corporations.Originally a Democrat, he evolved into a Republican during the Civil War, and helped perpetuate the party's political machinery in Wisconsin. His sustained support for President Ulysses S. Grant's administration despite allegations of corruption lost him the backing of reformers, and his legal arguments in favor of Democratic candidate Samuel J. Tilden in the disputed presidential election of 1876 outraged many Republicans. A gifted orator, he was dubbed \"the Webster of the West.\"","title":"Matthew H. Carpenter"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moretown, Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moretown,_Vermont"},{"link_name":"Mad River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad_River_(Vermont)"},{"link_name":"Green Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Pilgrims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilgrims"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yb-2"},{"link_name":"War of 1812","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_1812"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yb-2"},{"link_name":"Cicero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Paul Dillingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dillingham"},{"link_name":"Waterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterbury_(village),_Vermont"},{"link_name":"United States Military Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy"},{"link_name":"John Mattocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mattocks"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Rufus Choate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufus_Choate"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Carpenter was born in Moretown, Vermont, in the Mad River Valley of the Green Mountain range. His pioneering forebears were English, and came to America soon after the Pilgrims. His grandfather Cephas Carpenter (1770–1860)[2] helped establish Moretown, owned a store, served as a colonel in the militia and took part in the War of 1812. Cephas Carpenter served in local office including justice of the peace, and though not a member of the bar, possessed wisdom and eloquence that led to a career as an advocate in the local courts.His son Ira Carpenter (1798–1862)[2] was chiefly a farmer, but he also gained prominence through positions such as justice of the peace, postmaster and state legislator.Grandson Merritt displayed intelligence and oratorical talents at an early age, impressing people with his abilities to recite Cicero and exhort at religious revivals. He also displayed an aversion to physical work.[3]After an explosive argument with a schoolmaster, the 13-year-old Carpenter was expelled from school. He was dissatisfied with the limits of Moretown, and left home to live and study law under the tutelage of family friend (and future Vermont governor) Paul Dillingham in nearby Waterbury. For four years Carpenter attended the local grade school while absorbing Dillingham's law library. Having received an appointment to the United States Military Academy through Vermont Congressman John Mattocks, Carpenter continued his studies, but he disliked military life and resigned in August 1845, citing poor health.[4]He returned to live in Dillingham's home and managed his law office while Dillingham was then a congressman in Washington, D.C. Upon Carpenter's admission to the Vermont bar in November 1847 Dillingham offered to make him his law partner, but Carpenter declined so he could further his law studies under Rufus Choate of Boston. Choate was also impressed with Carpenter, and after a few months he too offered him a partnership, but Carpenter sought to make a name and career for himself in the West.[5]","title":"Background and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beloit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beloit,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Sir Matthew Hale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Matthew_Hale"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Rock County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_County,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Thomas Jefferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson"},{"link_name":"Andrew Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Whig Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"After reading that the territory of Wisconsin had passed its constitution and was soon to become a state, Carpenter chose to migrate west and begin his career as a lawyer in Beloit on the endorsement of that spot by the New England Emigrating Society's Dr. Horace C. White. Arriving in June 1848, Carpenter quickly established a reputation as a successful and affordable attorney, attracting much acclaim from the local community.His practice was interrupted by a painful inflammation of his eyes which rendered him blind. After traveling to New York to seek treatment, his sight gradually recovered after a year as he convalesced in the Waterbury home of his mentor Dillingham. Before returning to Wisconsin he became engaged to Dillingham's daughter Catherine, and they married five years later.[6]In 1850 Carpenter returned to resume his law practice in Beloit using a new name, Matthew (Matt) Hale Carpenter, after Sir Matthew Hale, the noted English jurist of the 17th century.[7] Despite an earlier warning from Choate to steer clear of politics, Carpenter successfully ran for Rock County district attorney, serving from 1850 to 1852 and 1854 to 1856. He was a Democrat in the tradition of Thomas Jefferson and Andrew Jackson, but he disdained the party's pro-slavery platform while also rejecting Whig Party notions of opposing slavery based on \"higher law\"—the idea that individual belief of right and wrong permitted an individual to violate objectionable statutes and ordinances.[8] After appearing to lose a close election for another term as Rock County district attorney in 1854, Carpenter successfully argued that courts could look beyond election board certifications and re-examine voter returns, resulting in the election being overturned.[9]","title":"Wisconsin attorney"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pre-empted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-emption_right"},{"link_name":"Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"United States Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"Abraham Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"In 1855 Carpenter discovered that many Beloit residents did not hold legal title to their land because it was sold to them by someone who had pre-empted the land but had not received official title from the government (Congress had previously outlawed the pre-emption of non-agricultural land). Carpenter put forth the theory that the original pre-emptor was still technically the owner of the property. After several complicated transactions, some of which included Paul Dillingham selling new titles to the landowners, and appeals as far as the United States Supreme Court, which included participation by Dillingham, Rufus Choate, Abraham Lincoln and other prominent attorneys, Carpenter's legal theory was rejected in a similar case, so the Wisconsin case was withdrawn.[10][11]","title":"Gardner v. Tisdale"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William A. Barstow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_A._Barstow"},{"link_name":"Coles Bashford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coles_Bashford"},{"link_name":"state supreme court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"jurisdiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisdiction"},{"link_name":"executive branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_branch_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Arthur MacArthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_MacArthur,_Sr."},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee"},{"link_name":"Edward G. Ryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_George_Ryan"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Sherman Booth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherman_Booth"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Wisconsin's gubernatorial election of 1855 was thrown into doubt when incumbent Democratic governor William A. Barstow was ruled the 157-vote victor over Republican Coles Bashford by a board of canvassers friendly to Barstow. Discrepancies were discovered in the election returns and political tensions rose as both parties claimed the office and swore in their candidates. Hired by Barstow, Carpenter stalled by repeatedly postponing the case before the state supreme court. He claimed that they held no jurisdiction because elections were matters of the executive branch, which had ruled Barstow the winner. Nevertheless, the court did claim jurisdiction and the ability to examine election tallies (as Carpenter had previously argued for his own election for district attorney). Barstow then resigned, elevating Lieutenant Governor Arthur MacArthur to the governorship. After the court ruled that Bashford was the rightful governor, MacArthur gave up the office. Barstow subsequently refused to pay Carpenter his fee.[12]Despite his defeat Carpenter had demonstrated his legal prowess to the state. A high volume of his cases required his presence in federal court in Milwaukee, leading to him locating his practice there in 1858. He was also coaxed there by Democratic party boss Josiah Noonan, who arranged a law partnership between Carpenter and Edward G. Ryan, another highly regarded attorney and a force in the state Democratic Party. Despite their excellent credentials, they proved to be temperamentally incompatible, and ended their partnership the next year.[13]By the time Carpenter moved to Milwaukee he had become adept in the area of railroad litigation and sued many railroads on behalf of investors left holding bonds made worthless by fraudulent manipulation. His debut before the U.S. Supreme Court resulted in his winning a judgment against the La Crosse and Milwaukee Railroad Company.[14] He was also successful as part of a team of lawyers defending abolitionist Sherman Booth from a charge of rape.[15]","title":"Barstow-Bashford election dispute"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"habeas corpus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habeas_corpus"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Carpenter supported Democrat Stephen Douglas in the 1860 presidential election, viewing Republican Abraham Lincoln as an honest but incompetent sectional candidate. Yet, he warned those in his party that he saw secession as treason, and he would be \"the first man to raise a musket\" in defense of the Constitution.[16] Following the Confederates' attack on Fort Sumter in 1861, Carpenter did not enlist but became a rousing speaker in support of the Union cause.[17]While he saw that many federal actions would be unconstitutional in peacetime, he reasoned that arbitrary arrests and suspensions of habeas corpus were acts of self-preservation during wartime and thereby permitted.[18] He also became an early advocate for emancipation, but only as a war measure rather than an act of humanity.[19] Excluded from meetings of the Democratic leadership, Carpenter joined other like-minded party members of the \"Loyal Democracy\" in considering a third party in Wisconsin, but nothing came of it.[20]Personal letters he had written saying Lincoln was \"idiotic\" found their way into newspapers, but Carpenter supported him for re-election in 1864 by making numerous pro-Union and pro-Lincoln speeches.[21]","title":"Loyal Democrat during the Civil War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reconstruction acts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction_Acts"},{"link_name":"Ex parte Garland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex_parte_Garland"},{"link_name":"ex post facto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex_post_facto"},{"link_name":"bill of attainder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_of_attainder"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Ex parte McCardle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex_parte_McCardle"},{"link_name":"William H. McCardle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._McCardle"},{"link_name":"Vicksburg Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicksburg_Times"},{"link_name":"habeas corpus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habeas_corpus"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"right of conquest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_of_conquest"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Edwin Stanton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Stanton"},{"link_name":"Jeremiah S. Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiah_S._Black"},{"link_name":"Radical Republicans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_Republicans"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Slaughter-house cases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaughter-house_cases"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"carpetbag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpetbagger"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana"},{"link_name":"equal protection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_protection"},{"link_name":"Fourteenth Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Bradwell vs. Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradwell_vs._Illinois"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Myra Bradwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myra_Bradwell"},{"link_name":"Illinois Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Ulysses S. Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"Carpenter was the key attorney in a series of landmark cases before the U.S. Supreme Court which helped define states' rights by determining the legality of the Reconstruction acts passed by Congress.Ex parte Garland dealt with the disbarment from federal courts of Southern lawyers who refused to take an oath swearing they had not taken up arms or assisted the Confederacy. Carpenter argued that the act passed on January 24, 1865, was ex post facto (the war had since ended) and a bill of attainder (it punished without a trial). In December 1865 the court upheld his argument with the majority opinion employing phrases from Carpenter's brief.[22]Ex parte McCardle concerned the legal authority of the occupying Union Army. Confederate Colonel William H. McCardle, the editor of the Vicksburg Times, was charged with defying military authority by inciting rebellion, libeling federal officials, and intimidating voters. After the circuit court denied him a writ of habeas corpus, McCardle appealed to the Supreme Court of the United States. Carpenter argued that the court lacked jurisdiction over a president's official acts, as in a similar case of his, Georgia vs. Grant. Rather than claiming the Union's \"right of conquest,\" Carpenter said the Southern states had surrendered their constitutional protections when they had seceded, essentially reverting to territories.[23]After he concluded his eloquent arguments, Secretary of War Edwin Stanton hugged him, declaring \"Carpenter, you have saved us!\" Even McCardle's attorney Jeremiah S. Black lauded him as \"the first Constitutional lawyer in the country.\" However, Radical Republicans in Congress feared that the reconstruction acts would be ruled unconstitutional, so they quickly pushed through a law repealing the Habeas Corpus Act of 1867, barring jurisdiction in pending cases and preventing a clear decision from being rendered by the court.[24]In the Slaughter-house cases Carpenter represented the Crescent City Livestock Landing and Slaughterhouse Company, which had been granted a monopoly on all slaughterhouse business in New Orleans by the carpetbag state legislature of Louisiana in 1869. Butchers and cattle dealers thrown out of work by the law obtained an injunction from a district court, claiming they had been denied equal protection under the Fourteenth Amendment and deprived of property under the due process clause. Making a plea for states' rights, Carpenter contended that the amendment had been intended solely to elevate African Americans and had no bearing on economic statutes passed by a state. He also warned of too many powers being centralized in the federal government. The court concurred in Carpenter's narrowing of the scope of the Fourteenth Amendment.[25]In Bradwell vs. Illinois, Carpenter sought to broaden the amendment's protections in the case of the editor of the Chicago Legal News, Myra Bradwell, who had been denied admission to the bar of the Illinois Supreme Court because she was a woman. Representing Bradwell, Carpenter argued that no class of people could be excluded from practicing the legal profession. The federal court disagreed, questioning the propriety of ruling on a state's qualifications for admission to the bar.[26]These cases brought Carpenter handsome fees, national acclaim, and much derision from the losing factions. He'd also won the support of Stanton and President Ulysses S. Grant, who both urged him to run as a Republican for the U.S. Senate.[27]","title":"Defining the Reconstruction Acts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jeffersonian Democrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy"},{"link_name":"President Andrew Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_Andrew_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Lucius Fairchild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Fairchild"},{"link_name":"James R. Doolittle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_R._Doolittle"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Alexander Randall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Randall_(Wisconsin_politician)"},{"link_name":"Elisha W. Keyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisha_W._Keyes"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin State Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_State_Journal"},{"link_name":"Horace Rublee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Rublee"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Beloit College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beloit_College"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Liberal Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Charles Sumner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sumner"},{"link_name":"Carl Schurz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Schurz"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Franco-Prussian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"42nd Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/42nd_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"43rd Congresses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/43rd_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana"},{"link_name":"William P. Kellogg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_P._Kellogg"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"Following the Civil War Carpenter's transformation from a Jeffersonian Democrat into a Republican was complete. Despite reports that he backed President Andrew Johnson's policies, he made speeches supporting the Radical congress. He called for the enfranchisement of African-American men and invited members of the Loyal Democracy to join the Republicans, as he himself did in the summer of 1867 with his support for Governor Lucius Fairchild's re-election.With high-profile backing Carpenter ran successfully for the senate seat occupied by James R. Doolittle, a \"Johnsonized\" Republican who had fallen out of favor with his party.[28] With his victory he solidified his status with the \"Madison Regency,\" a Republican group that included former governor and Johnson's Postmaster General Alexander Randall, Madison postmaster Elisha W. Keyes and Wisconsin State Journal editor and Republican state central committee chairman Horace Rublee.[29] After Rublee was appointed minister to Switzerland by President Grant, Keyes became party chairman and closely coordinated with Carpenter to distribute federal patronage jobs to political allies.Once in the Senate, Carpenter moderated his views to the degree that he became one of the spokesmen of the emerging Stalwart Republicans. He opposed any \"fundamental conditions\" placed on states wishing to be readmitted to the Union, and favored blanket amnesty for former Confederates.[30] Carpenter was known as one of the staunchest supporters of the Grant administration.[31] In the Senate he presented an unabashed defense of political patronage, mocking the idea of civil service reform.[32] Carpenter would garner a reputation for his oratory skills as a member of the Senate, including with a return to Beloit in 1869. At Beloit College, he gave a foreign policy speech that has been deemed particularly historically significant.[33]He also feuded with Liberal Republican senators Charles Sumner and Carl Schurz over many issues. He delivered a sarcastic denunciation of Sumner's wide-reaching civil rights amendment to the Confederate amnesty bill.[34] As the chair of an investigating committee he also debunked Sumner and Schurz's claim that the War Department had broken its neutrality when it sold outmoded rifles to France during the Franco-Prussian War.[35] Despite such skirmishes Carpenter was a respected figure in the senate, being elected president pro tempore by his colleagues in 1871. He also served as chairman of the Committee on Enrolled Bills (42nd Congress) and the committee to Audit and Control the Contingent Expense (42nd and 43rd Congresses).As part of another committee inquiry, Carpenter went to Louisiana to investigate election claims in order to determine the rightful governor of the contested state. His report was highly critical of both factions, but he urged the recognition of Republican governor William P. Kellogg.[36] Years later Carpenter's impartiality was called into question when personal letters revealed a close relationship between the two, including a \"desperately short\" Carpenter asking Kellogg for a $1,000 loan.[37]","title":"Republican senator"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"New York Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Tribune"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Credit Mobilier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%A9dit_Mobilier_of_America_scandal"},{"link_name":"Janesville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janesville,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Ripon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripon,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee Sentinel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_Sentinel"},{"link_name":"Alexander M. Thomson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_M._Thomson"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Angus Cameron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angus_Cameron_(American_politician)"},{"link_name":"La Crosse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Crosse,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"text":"As Carpenter's influence grew within the Grant administration, so did the condemnations from the press. One of his Senate investigations resulted in two journalists being jailed for not divulging the source of a leaked treaty.[38] Opposition newspapers like the New York Tribune responded by not only criticizing Carpenter's methods, but by also condemning his moral character by bringing his private life into question.[39] Later in his term editors accused Carpenter of trying to effectively \"gag\" newspapers by advancing a bill that would allow judicial process to be served upon the agents (i.e. interviewers) of persons involved in civil suits.[40]In 1873 Carpenter angered many in his own party by taking positions that ran counter to the stalwart doctrine. In a spirit of reform he boldly owned up to administration excesses such as the Credit Mobilier and the \"Salary Grab,\" defending them in a speech in Janesville.[41] In a speech at Ripon he denounced the railroads, insisting they were public highways paid for with government land grants. He also stated his belief that the government has a right as well as a duty to regulate corporations.[42]Wishing to make the Milwaukee Sentinel into a more reliable organ for the state Republican party, Carpenter and other backers bought the paper and forced out editor Alexander M. Thomson, who had been instrumental in getting Carpenter elected senator. Thomson was now deemed too critical of the party machine. His ousting made him a lifelong enemy of Carpenter. The Sentinel soon was seen as Carpenter's personal mouthpiece.[43]Despite the incessant criticism, Carpenter was seen as being easily re-elected in 1875. Nevertheless, a surprise bolt by disgruntled Republicans combined with votes by calculating Democrats resulted in the election of Angus Cameron, a La Crosse Republican.[44]","title":"Drawing fire from press and party"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Whiskey Ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whiskey_Ring"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Jeremiah S. Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiah_S._Black"},{"link_name":"Montgomery Blair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery_Blair"},{"link_name":"William W. Belknap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_W._Belknap"},{"link_name":"charges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trader_post_scandal"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Poore-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Miners’ National Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miners%E2%80%99_National_Association&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Clearfield County, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clearfield_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"John Siney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Siney&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Samuel J. Tilden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden"},{"link_name":"Rutherford B. Hayes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"text":"In 1875 Carpenter was implicated in the Whiskey Ring scandal that funneled federal liquor tax revenues to some states' Republican parties. Although he was close to key participants in the Milwaukee ring, no evidence emerged to prove his involvement.[45]During this time Carpenter, along with Jeremiah S. Black and Montgomery Blair, was also defending Grant's Secretary of War William W. Belknap against charges that he had accepted money in exchange for the appointment of a post trader.[46] Despite Belknap's immediate resignation outraged House Democrats proceeded with his impeachment. Carpenter portrayed Belknap as the hapless victim of a social-climbing wife, but his legal victory relied on his assertion that jurisdiction over Belknap ended with his resignation.[47]Also in 1875 Carpenter was defense counsel for officials of the Miners’ National Association (MNA) in an important labor case that sought to apply the legal concept of conspiracy to union picketing and organization efforts. The case grew out of a coal miners' strike in Clearfield County, Pennsylvania, which was supported by the MNA, then numerically one of the largest American trade unions. First over fifty of the striking workers were tried upon a charge of criminal conspiracy and thirty-six of them were convicted with some sentenced to jail, although they appeared to have been guilty of no more than peaceful picketing. Then John Siney, the president of the MNA, and Xingo Parks, one of the union's best organizers, were tried on the same charge. Siney was acquitted, but Parks convicted, although pardoned shortly thereafter.[48]Following the disputed presidential election of 1876, Carpenter was hired by supporters of the Democratic candidate Samuel J. Tilden to examine Louisiana's vote counts and argue for victory over Republican Rutherford B. Hayes. Carpenter's first-hand accounts of the corrupt Republican state administration gave the Democrats some reason for hope, but ultimately the partisan make-up of the special electoral commission (7 Republicans, 6 Democrats) and its refusal to look behind the certified counts made many of their rulings a forgone conclusive win for Hayes.[49]","title":"Out of office and under scrutiny"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Timothy Howe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Howe"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Rutherford B. Hayes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes"},{"link_name":"Fitz-John Porter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitz-John_Porter"},{"link_name":"John Pope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Pope_(military_officer)"},{"link_name":"Manassas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manassas"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"James G. Blaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_G._Blaine"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"text":"Despite ongoing press criticism and declining health, in 1878 Carpenter launched a bid for the senate seat occupied by Republican Timothy Howe. With the help of a strong lobby, he won over enough votes in the legislature to prevail over state party boss (and former friend) Elisha W. Keyes.[50]Carpenter's second term as senator lacked the political drama of his Reconstruction years. He spoke in favor of President Rutherford B. Hayes's maintenance of federal troops at southern polling places. He also vigorously opposed the Democrats' proposed pardoning of General Fitz-John Porter for ignoring General John Pope's orders at Manassas in 1863, arguing that the power of pardon resides solely with the president.[51] Carpenter remained a loyal supporter of President Grant in his quest for a third term, igniting bitter debates between Carpenter and White House aspirant Senator James G. Blaine of Maine.[52]","title":"Return to the senate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bright's disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bright%27s_disease"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"}],"text":"While Carpenter's evident declining health was attributed to his indulgent lifestyle, he also suffered from the lung congestion of Bright's disease. After a cycle of relapses and recoveries he died on February 24, 1881, at his Washington, D.C., home surrounded by friends and family. He was buried at Forest Home Cemetery in Milwaukee.[53]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yb-2"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"}],"text":"In 1855 Carpenter married Caroline Dillingham, the daughter of Paul Dillingham.[54] They were the parents of four children. Daughters Ada and Annie were born and died in 1860.[55] The other two lived to adulthood—a daughter named Lilian (1857–1942)[56] and a son named Paul Dillingham Carpenter (1867–1932).[57][2] Paul D. Carpenter was an attorney in Milwaukee and also served as judge of the county court.[58]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin Blue Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/WI/WI-idx?type=turn&entity=WI.WIBlueBk1881.p0543&id=WI.WIBlueBk1881&isize=M"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-yb_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-yb_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-yb_2-2"},{"link_name":"Year Book of the Wisconsin Society of the Sons of the American Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=bv4QAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA49"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"Rock County, Wisconsin: A New History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=LUEVAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Gardner+vs.+Tisdale%22+titles&pg=PA2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"\"Speech of Matthew H. Carpenter, at the Dedication of Memorial Hall, Beloit College, July 1869. The Mission and the Future of the Foreign Policy of the United States\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.readings.com.au/products/22725563/speech-of-matt-h-carpenter-at-the-dedication-of-the-memorial-hall-beloit-college-july-1869-the-mission-and-the-future-foreign-policy-of-the-united-states#"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-35"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-36"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-37"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-38"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-39"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-40"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-41"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-42"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-43"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-44"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-45"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Poore_46-0"},{"link_name":"Poore, Ben. Perley, Perley's Reminiscences of Sixty Years in the National Metropolis, Vol.2, pp.310-311 (1886)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/perleysreminisce02poor/page/310/mode/1up?view=theater"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-47"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-48"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-49"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-50"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-51"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-52"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-53"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-54"},{"link_name":"A Memorial Sketch of Paul Dillingham: Officers and Members: Report of Proceedings of the Annual Meeting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=99o8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA77"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-55"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-56"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-57"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-58"},{"link_name":"A Biographical History, with Portraits, of Prominent Men of the Great West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/biographicalhist00camp"},{"link_name":"221","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/biographicalhist00camp/page/221"}],"text":"^ Heg, J. E. (1881). Wisconsin Blue Book. Madison, WI: W. J. Park, State Printer. p. 487.\n\n^ a b c Year Book of the Wisconsin Society of the Sons of the American Revolution. Milwaukee, Wis.: Swain & Tate Company. 1896. p. 49.\n\n^ Thompson, p.3–10\n\n^ Thompson, pp. 11-15.\n\n^ Thompson, pp. 15-21.\n\n^ Thompson, pp. 21-29.\n\n^ Thompson, pp. 33-34.\n\n^ Thompson, pp. 31-33.\n\n^ Thompson, p. 35.\n\n^ Thompson, pp. 37-39.\n\n^ Brown, William Fiske (1908). Rock County, Wisconsin: A New History. Vol. 1. Chicago, IL: C. F. Cooper & Co. pp. 157–158.\n\n^ Thompson, pp. 40-45.\n\n^ Thompson, pp. 46-52.\n\n^ Thompson, pp. 54-61.\n\n^ Thompson, pp. 61-62.\n\n^ Thompson, pp. 62-63.\n\n^ Thompson, p. 65.\n\n^ Thompson, pp. 64-65.\n\n^ Thompson, p. 66.\n\n^ Thompson, pp. 72-78.\n\n^ Thompson, pp. 79-82.\n\n^ Thompson, pp. 89-90.\n\n^ Thompson, pp. 91-98.\n\n^ Thompson, pp. 98-99.\n\n^ Thompson, pp. 100-102.\n\n^ Thompson, pp. 102-103.\n\n^ Thompson, p. 99.\n\n^ Thompson, pp. 105-117.\n\n^ Thompson, p. 112.\n\n^ Thompson, pp. 133-138.\n\n^ Thompson, pp. 148-149.\n\n^ Thompson, pp. 156-160.\n\n^ \"Speech of Matthew H. Carpenter, at the Dedication of Memorial Hall, Beloit College, July 1869. The Mission and the Future of the Foreign Policy of the United States\". Readings. 25 May 2016.\n\n^ Thompson, pp. 160-164.\n\n^ Thompson, pp. 166-171.\n\n^ Thompson, pp. 178-191.\n\n^ Thompson, pp. 222-223.\n\n^ Thompson, pp. 149-154.\n\n^ Thompson, pp. 200-202.\n\n^ Thompson, pp. 215-216.\n\n^ Thompson, pp. 193-198.\n\n^ Thompson, pp. 221-222.\n\n^ Thompson, pp. 205-207\n\n^ Thompson, pp. 218-230\n\n^ Thompson, pp. 233-242\n\n^ Poore, Ben. Perley, Perley's Reminiscences of Sixty Years in the National Metropolis, Vol.2, pp.310-311 (1886).\n\n^ Thompson, pp. 243-246\n\n^ Witte, Edwin E., Early American Labor Cases, 35 Yale Law Journal 7, 1926, pp. 830-31\n\n^ Thompson, pp. 247-253\n\n^ Thompson, pp. 254-264\n\n^ Thompson, pp. 264-266\n\n^ Thompson, pp. 268-270.\n\n^ Thompson, pp. 275-280.\n\n^ Huse, Hiram A. (1892). A Memorial Sketch of Paul Dillingham: Officers and Members: Report of Proceedings of the Annual Meeting. Vol. 3. Montpelier, VT: Argus and Patriot Book and Job Printing. p. 77.\n\n^ Thompson, p.294\n\n^ Thompson[page needed]\n\n^ Thompson[page needed]\n\n^ Campbell, John A. (1902). A Biographical History, with Portraits, of Prominent Men of the Great West. Chicago, IL: Western Biographical and Engraving Co. pp. 221–222.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Flower, Frank A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_A._Flower"},{"link_name":"Life of Matthew Hale Carpenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/lifematthewhale00flowgoog/page/n61"},{"link_name":"Memorial Addresses on the Life and Character of Matthew H. Carpenter, A Senator from Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/memorialaddress06addrgoog/page/n21"}],"text":"Flower, Frank A. Life of Matthew Hale Carpenter. Madison, Wis.: David Atwood & Co., 1883.\nMemorial Addresses on the Life and Character of Matthew H. Carpenter, A Senator from Wisconsin. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1882.","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of United States Congress members who died in office (1790–1899)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Congress_members_who_died_in_office_(1790%E2%80%931899)"}]	[{"reference":"Heg, J. E. (1881). Wisconsin Blue Book. Madison, WI: W. J. Park, State Printer. p. 487.","urls":[{"url":"http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/WI/WI-idx?type=turn&entity=WI.WIBlueBk1881.p0543&id=WI.WIBlueBk1881&isize=M","url_text":"Wisconsin Blue Book"}]},{"reference":"Year Book of the Wisconsin Society of the Sons of the American Revolution. Milwaukee, Wis.: Swain & Tate Company. 1896. p. 49.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bv4QAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA49","url_text":"Year Book of the Wisconsin Society of the Sons of the American Revolution"}]},{"reference":"Brown, William Fiske (1908). Rock County, Wisconsin: A New History. Vol. 1. Chicago, IL: C. F. Cooper & Co. pp. 157–158.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LUEVAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Gardner+vs.+Tisdale%22+titles&pg=PA2","url_text":"Rock County, Wisconsin: A New History"}]},{"reference":"\"Speech of Matthew H. Carpenter, at the Dedication of Memorial Hall, Beloit College, July 1869. The Mission and the Future of the Foreign Policy of the United States\". Readings. 25 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.readings.com.au/products/22725563/speech-of-matt-h-carpenter-at-the-dedication-of-the-memorial-hall-beloit-college-july-1869-the-mission-and-the-future-foreign-policy-of-the-united-states#","url_text":"\"Speech of Matthew H. Carpenter, at the Dedication of Memorial Hall, Beloit College, July 1869. The Mission and the Future of the Foreign Policy of the United States\""}]},{"reference":"Huse, Hiram A. (1892). A Memorial Sketch of Paul Dillingham: Officers and Members: Report of Proceedings of the Annual Meeting. Vol. 3. Montpelier, VT: Argus and Patriot Book and Job Printing. p. 77.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=99o8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA77","url_text":"A Memorial Sketch of Paul Dillingham: Officers and Members: Report of Proceedings of the Annual Meeting"}]},{"reference":"Campbell, John A. (1902). A Biographical History, with Portraits, of Prominent Men of the Great West. Chicago, IL: Western Biographical and Engraving Co. pp. 221–222.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/biographicalhist00camp","url_text":"A Biographical History, with Portraits, of Prominent Men of the Great West"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/biographicalhist00camp/page/221","url_text":"221"}]},{"reference":"Thompson, E. Bruce (1954). Matthew Hale Carpenter: Webster of the West. Madison, Wis.: State Historical Society of Wisconsin.","urls":[{"url":"http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3288429;view=1up;seq=11","url_text":"Matthew Hale Carpenter: Webster of the West"}]},{"reference":"United States Congress. \"Matthew H. Carpenter (id: C000171)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=C000171","url_text":"\"Matthew H. Carpenter (id: C000171)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress","url_text":"Biographical Directory of the United States Congress"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/WI/WI-idx?type=turn&entity=WI.WIBlueBk1881.p0543&id=WI.WIBlueBk1881&isize=M","external_links_name":"Wisconsin Blue Book"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bv4QAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA49","external_links_name":"Year Book of the Wisconsin Society of the Sons of the American Revolution"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LUEVAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Gardner+vs.+Tisdale%22+titles&pg=PA2","external_links_name":"Rock County, Wisconsin: A New History"},{"Link":"https://www.readings.com.au/products/22725563/speech-of-matt-h-carpenter-at-the-dedication-of-the-memorial-hall-beloit-college-july-1869-the-mission-and-the-future-foreign-policy-of-the-united-states#","external_links_name":"\"Speech of Matthew H. Carpenter, at the Dedication of Memorial Hall, Beloit College, July 1869. The Mission and the Future of the Foreign Policy of the United States\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/perleysreminisce02poor/page/310/mode/1up?view=theater","external_links_name":"Poore, Ben. Perley, Perley's Reminiscences of Sixty Years in the National Metropolis, Vol.2, pp.310-311 (1886)"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=99o8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA77","external_links_name":"A Memorial Sketch of Paul Dillingham: Officers and Members: Report of Proceedings of the Annual Meeting"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/biographicalhist00camp","external_links_name":"A Biographical History, with Portraits, of Prominent Men of the Great West"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/biographicalhist00camp/page/221","external_links_name":"221"},{"Link":"http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3288429;view=1up;seq=11","external_links_name":"Matthew Hale Carpenter: Webster of the West"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/lifematthewhale00flowgoog/page/n61","external_links_name":"Life of Matthew Hale Carpenter"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/memorialaddress06addrgoog/page/n21","external_links_name":"Memorial Addresses on the Life and Character of Matthew H. Carpenter, A Senator from Wisconsin"},{"Link":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=C000171","external_links_name":"\"Matthew H. Carpenter (id: C000171)\""},{"Link":"https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/6854506","external_links_name":"Matthew H. Carpenter"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/165306/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000029024293","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/45738178","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxCyxXxdvt6qMtkVhppT3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007354602605171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85158208","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=C000171","external_links_name":"US Congress"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6cv5m40","external_links_name":"SNAC"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_B._Sturges	Lewis B. Sturges	["1 External links"]	American politician This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (March 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article was imported from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Please help improve this article. Lewis Burr Sturges (March 15, 1763 – March 30, 1844) was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Connecticut from 1805 to 1817. He was born in Fairfield, Connecticut, the son of Jonathan Sturges, who also served in the House. Sturges graduated from Yale College in 1782, engaged in mercantile pursuits in New Haven, and returned to Fairfield, Conn., in 1786. He served as clerk of the probate court for the district of Fairfield from 1787 to 1791, and was a member of the State house of representatives from 1794 to 1803. Sturges was elected as a Federalist to the Ninth Congress to fill in part the vacancies caused by the resignations of Calvin Goddard and Roger Griswold. He was reelected to the Tenth and to the four succeeding Congresses and served from September 16, 1805, to March 3, 1817. He later moved to Norwalk, Ohio, where he died in 1844. He is buried in St. Paul’s Episcopal Churchyard there. External links United States Congress. "Lewis B. Sturges (id: S001048)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. U.S. House of Representatives Preceded byCalvin Goddard Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Connecticut's at-large congressional district 1805–1817 Succeeded bySamuel B. Sherwood Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National United States People US Congress Other SNAC	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Fairfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfield,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Sturges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Sturges"},{"link_name":"Yale College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_College"},{"link_name":"New Haven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Haven"},{"link_name":"State house of representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Federalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Ninth Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"Calvin Goddard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Goddard_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Roger Griswold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Griswold"},{"link_name":"Tenth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"Norwalk, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwalk,_Ohio"}],"text":"Lewis Burr Sturges (March 15, 1763 – March 30, 1844) was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Connecticut from 1805 to 1817. He was born in Fairfield, Connecticut, the son of Jonathan Sturges, who also served in the House.Sturges graduated from Yale College in 1782, engaged in mercantile pursuits in New Haven, and returned to Fairfield, Conn., in 1786. He served as clerk of the probate court for the district of Fairfield from 1787 to 1791, and was a member of the State house of representatives from 1794 to 1803. Sturges was elected as a Federalist to the Ninth Congress to fill in part the vacancies caused by the resignations of Calvin Goddard and Roger Griswold. He was reelected to the Tenth and to the four succeeding Congresses and served from September 16, 1805, to March 3, 1817. He later moved to Norwalk, Ohio, where he died in 1844. He is buried in St. Paul’s Episcopal Churchyard there.","title":"Lewis B. Sturges"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"United States Congress. \"Lewis B. Sturges (id: S001048)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=S001048","url_text":"\"Lewis B. Sturges (id: S001048)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress","url_text":"Biographical Directory of the United States Congress"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lewis_B._Sturges&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=S001048","external_links_name":"\"Lewis B. Sturges (id: S001048)\""},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1972266/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/96830491","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJf4bdkCW34fgB99FbH3cP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2009122768","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=S001048","external_links_name":"US Congress"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6xh0rf9","external_links_name":"SNAC"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exactly_How_I_Feel	Cuz I Love You	["1 Background","2 Promotion","3 Singles","3.1 Promotional singles","4 Critical reception","4.1 Accolades","5 Awards and nominations","6 Commercial performance","7 Track listing","8 Personnel","9 Charts","9.1 Weekly charts","9.2 Year-end charts","9.3 Decade-end charts","10 Certifications","11 Release history","12 See also","13 Notes","14 References"]	For the single by Slade, see Coz I Luv You. For the title track, see Cuz I Love You (song). 2019 studio album by LizzoCuz I Love YouStudio album by LizzoReleasedApril 19, 2019 (2019-04-19)RecordedAugust 2016 – July 2018Genre Pop hip hop R&B Length33:18Label Nice Life Atlantic Producer Sweater Beats Dan Farber Lizzo Nate Mercereau Oak Ricky Reed Mike Sabath Trevorious Tobias Wincorn X Ambassadors Lizzo chronology Coconut Oil(2016) Cuz I Love You(2019) Special(2022) Singles from Cuz I Love You "Juice"Released: January 4, 2019 "Cuz I Love You"Released: January 28, 2020 Cuz I Love You is the third studio album and major label debut studio album by American rapper and singer Lizzo. It was released through Nice Life and Atlantic Records on April 19, 2019. The album features guest appearances from fellow American rappers Missy Elliott and Gucci Mane. It spawned the single "Juice" and the promotional single "Tempo", the latter of which is a collaboration with Elliott. The deluxe edition of the album was released on May 3 and includes the Billboard Hot 100 number one single "Truth Hurts". The deluxe edition was nominated for Album of the Year at the 62nd Annual Grammy Awards, and won Best Urban Contemporary Album. Background The album is Lizzo's first release since her 2016 Coconut Oil EP. Lizzo stated at the album preview party at the Crazy Girls strip club in Hollywood on January 30 that she had been working on the album for three years. She also previewed a collaboration with Missy Elliott titled "Tempo" that appeared on the album. Along with the lead single "Juice", the album includes the "empowering dance track" "Like a Girl" and a song dedicated to an ex titled "Jerome". Promotion Lizzo announced the album in January 2019, and on February 13, shared the album's cover art, on which she appears nude. Paper called the cover a "stunning glow-up, and a transformation for Lizzo", going on to say that "Fat, and especially fat and Black bodies are rarely treated with such care by photographers, let alone on album covers that will sit on Target and Walmart shelves." The album was supported by two concert tours: Cuz I Love You Tour (2019) and Cuz I Love You Too Tour (2019-2020). Singles "Juice" was released as the lead single from the record on January 4, 2019. The single became Lizzo's first commercial hit, entering component R&B charts in the United States, while also reaching the top twenty in Scotland. The single was promoted with Lizzo's debut television performance on The Ellen DeGeneres Show, and a later performance on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon. "Tempo" featuring Missy Elliott was released as a promotional single on July 26, 2019. The song also was given a music video that premiered on YouTube the same date. "Cuz I Love You", originally released as a promotional single on February 14, 2019, the song also was given a music video that premiered on YouTube the same date. Later, the song as released as a single to Top 40 radio on January 28, 2020. Promotional singles The album's title track was released as the first promotional single on February 14, 2019, alongside the song's music video. "Tempo" featuring Elliott was released as the album's second promotional single on March 20, 2019. "Tempo" went on to chart at number 21 on the US Digital Song Sales chart, Lizzo's first entry on a Billboard Hot 100 component chart. Critical reception Professional ratingsAggregate scoresSourceRatingAnyDecentMusic?7.9/10Metacritic84/100Review scoresSourceRatingAllMusicThe A.V. ClubBThe Daily TelegraphThe GuardianThe IndependentNMEThe ObserverPitchfork6.5/10Rolling StoneVice (Expert Witness)A− Cuz I Love You received widespread acclaim from music critics upon its initial release. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album has an average score of 84, based on 24 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim". Reviewing the album for AllMusic, Heather Phares praised Cuz I Love You as "a triumphant showcase for every part of Lizzo's talent, physicality and sexuality." Jumi Akinfenwa of Clash stated that by "Offering up a mix of pop, hip-hop, R&B and a sprinkling of trap and neo soul for good measure, Lizzo covers all bases and serves the perfect introduction to her world for mainstream audiences." DIY magazine's Rachel Finn gave a positive evaluation of the album, writing that "Lizzo's vibrant personality and humour shining through a set of tracks that switches through elements of funk, pop and R&B with ease." In an article for NME, reviewer Natty Kasambala described the album as being "as flawlessly genre-spanning as Lizzo herself: pop at its core, but with constant references to her jazz roots and historical love of twerking." Claire Biddles at The Line of Best Fit shared similar sentiments, calling the album "Charming, addictive and seemingly effortless, Cuz I Love You is Lizzo's declaration of superstardom." Slant Magazine's Zachary Hoskins concluded that "Lizzo's talent has always been evident, but this album's material, her strongest to date, allows her put it on full display. By the languorous, seductive neo-soul of closing track "Lingerie", her enthusiasm is as contagious as it is well-earned." Some reviewers were more reserved in their assessments of the album. In a review for The Guardian, Alexis Petridis felt that "Lizzo has something to say, and a smart way of saying it ... but the potency of what's here would seem more potent still if it had been allowed a little room to breathe ... Instead, Cuz I Love You keeps its foot pressed down hard on the accelerator for half an hour in an attempt to ram-raid the charts." Rawiya Kameir was also critical in the review for Pitchfork, claiming that "Despite her obvious skill and charisma, some of the album's 11 songs are burdened with overwrought production, awkward turns of phrase, and ham-handed rapping." Accolades Year-end lists Publication Accolade Rank Ref. Billboard The 50 Best Albums of 2019 4 The 100 Greatest Albums of the 2010s 65 Consequence of Sound Top 50 Albums of 2019 7 Entertainment Weekly Top Best Albums of 2019 3 GQ The albums that made 2019 great again 6 GQ (Russia) The 20 Best Albums of 2019 — The Guardian The 50 Best Albums of 2019 28 NME The 50 Best Albums of 2019 16 Paste The 34 Best Albums of 2019 9 PopCrush 25 Best Pop Albums of 2019 — Rolling Stone The 50 Best Albums of 2019 6 The 200 Best Albums of the 2010s 69 Uproxx The Best Albums of 2019 8 Awards and nominations Awards and nominations for Cuz I Love You Award Year Category Result Ref. BET Hip Hop Awards 2019 Album of the Year Nominated Grammy Awards 2020 Album of the Year Nominated Best Urban Contemporary Album Won People's Choice Awards 2019 Album of 2019 Nominated Soul Train Music Awards 2019 Album/Mixtape of the Year Won BET Awards 2020 Album of the Year Nominated Commercial performance Cuz I Love You debuted at number six on the Billboard 200 with 41,000 album-equivalent units, of which 24,000 were pure album sales. It was Lizzo's first album to chart on the Billboard 200. It then repeaked at number six on the charting week ending on June 27, 2019. It has stayed in the top 10 for 15 weeks after its release. The album peaked number 4 in its 19th week on the chart dated September 7, 2019. Track listing Songwriting credits adapted from BMI. Cuz I Love YouNo.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1."Cuz I Love You"Melissa JeffersonSam HarrisCasey HarrisAdam LevinRuss FlynnX Ambassadors3:002."Like a Girl"JeffersonWarren "Oak" FelderSean DouglasOak3:053."Juice"JeffersonEric FredericTheron ThomasSam SumserSean SmallRicky ReedNate Mercereau3:154."Soulmate"JeffersonFelderDouglasOak2:555."Jerome"JeffersonS. HarrisC. HarrisLevinX Ambassadors3:526."Crybaby"JeffersonFredericThomasMercereauReedMercereau2:567."Tempo" (featuring Missy Elliott)JeffersonDan FarberFredericTobias WincornThomasRaymond ScottAntonio CunaMelissa ElliottRicky ReedSweater BeatsTobias WincornFarberLizzoMercereau2:558."Exactly How I Feel" (featuring Gucci Mane)JeffersonThomasMike SabathRadric DavisX AmbassadorsSabath2:239."Better in Color"JeffersonFelderMichael PollackTrevor "Downtown" BrownWilliam ZaireSimmonsOakDowntown Trevor BrownZaire Koalo2:1310."Heaven Help Me"JeffersonC. HarrisS. HarrisLevinX Ambassadors3:2211."Lingerie"JeffersonFredericMercereauThomasRicky ReedMercereau3:22Total length:33:18 Cuz I Love You – Deluxe versionNo.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length12."Boys"Lil AaronMercereauFredericJeffersonMercereauReed2:5313."Truth Hurts"JeffersonFredericAmina Patrice Bogle-BarriteauJesse Saint JohnSteven CheungReedTele2:5314."Water Me"JeffersonFredericClarence Coffee Jr.E. Kidd BogartFarhad SamadzadaMorris WittenbergNneka Lucia EgbunaWincornReedWincorn3:06Total length:42:10 Japanese bonus tracksNo.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length15."Juice" (Breakbot remix)JeffersonEric FredericTheron ThomasSam SumserSean SmallReedNate Mercereau2:53Total length:45:04 Cuz I Love You – Super deluxeNo.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length15."Good as Hell"JeffersonFredericLizzoReed2:3916."Good as Hell" (remix featuring Ariana Grande)JeffersonFredericAriana GrandeLizzoReed2:39Total length:47:18 Japanese bonus tracks – Super deluxeNo.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length17."Truth Hurts" (DaBaby remix) (featuring DaBaby)JeffersonFredericSteven CheungSaint JohnSteven CheungJonathan Lyndale KirkReedTele3:1718."Truth Hurts" (featuring AB6IX)JeffersonFredericSteven CheungSaint JohnSteven CheungReedTele2:54Total length:53:47 Notes ^ signifies a co-producer. ^ signifies an additional producer. "Water Me" contains elements from "I Am Free, No Dope for Me" written by Morris Wittenberg and from "My Home" written by Nneka Lucia Egbuna and Farhad Samadzada. Personnel Credits adapted from album's liner notes. Downtown Trevor Brown – co-producer (track 9) Harry Burr – mixing assistant (track 5) Clarence Coffee Jr. – additional vocals (track 14) Michael Cordone – trumpet (track 3) Scott Desmarais – mixing assistant (tracks 1-4, 6-11, 13) Missy Elliott – rap and additional vocals (track 7) Shaina Evoniuk – violin (track 11) Dan Farber – co-producer (track 7) Oak Felder – producer (tracks 2, 4, 9) Robin Florent – mixing assistant (tracks 1-4, 6-11, 13) Chris Galland – mix engineer (track 13) Chris Gehringer – mastering (tracks 1-4, 6-13) Gucci Mane – rap (track 8) Lemar Guillary – trombone (track 3) Victor Indrizzo – drums and percussion (track 3) Rouble Kapoor – assistant engineer (track 3) Zaire Koalo – co-producer (track 9) Joe LaPorta – mastering (track 5) Trevor Lawrence Jr. – drums (track 11) Lizzo – vocals (all tracks), producer (7), synthesizer (14), executive producer Bill Malina – engineer (tracks 3, 11) Manny Marroquin – mixing (tracks 1-4, 6-11, 13) Asha Maura – backing vocals (track 3) Andrew Maury – mixing (track 5) Jesse McGinty – saxophone (track 3) Nate Mercereau – producer (tracks 6, 11, 12), co-producer (7), additional production (3), engineer (6, 11), guitar and bass (3, 6, 11), keyboards (6, 11), instruments (7, 12), programming and drums (11) Sean Phelan – engineer (tracks 1, 5) Matthew Cerritos – assistant engineer (tracks 1, 5, 10) Ricky Reed – producer (tracks 3, 6, 7, 11-14), mixing (12), programming (3, 7, 11-14), keyboards and guitar (3), bass (3, 14), drums and synthesizer (14), instruments (7, 12) Mike Sabath – producer (track 8) Ethan Shumaker – engineer (tracks 3, 6, 7, 11-14), additional vocals (7) Keith "Daquan" Sorrells – assistant engineer (track 9) Shelby Swain – backing vocals (track 3), additional vocals (7) Sweater Beats – co-producer (track 7) Tele – co-producer and programming (track 13) Theron Thomas – backing vocals (track 3), additional vocals (7) Quinn Wilson – backing vocals (track 3) Tobias Wincorn – co-producer and programming (track 7), additional production (14) X Ambassadors – producers (tracks 1, 5, 10) Charts Weekly charts Weekly chart performance for Cuz I Love You Chart (2019–2023) Peakposition Australian Albums (ARIA) 19 Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria) 66 Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders) 42 Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia) 164 Canadian Albums (Billboard) 7 Dutch Albums (Album Top 100) 68 French Albums (SNEP) 111 Hungarian Albums (MAHASZ) 12 Irish Albums (OCC) 21 Lithuanian Albums (AGATA) 89 New Zealand Albums (RMNZ) 31 Scottish Albums (OCC) 46 Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade) 75 UK Albums (OCC) 30 UK R&B Albums (OCC) 1 US Billboard 200 4 US Top Tastemaker Albums (Billboard) 3 Year-end charts Year-end chart performance for Cuz I Love You Chart (2019) Position Canadian Albums (Billboard) 30 US Billboard 200 20 Chart (2020) Position Australian Albums (ARIA) 59 Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders) 152 Canadian Albums (Billboard) 33 US Billboard 200 41 Chart (2021) Position US Billboard 200 129 Decade-end charts Decade-end chart performance for Cuz I Love You Chart (2010–2019) Position US Billboard 200 109 Certifications Sales certifications for Cuz I Love You Region Certification Certified units/sales Brazil (Pro-Música Brasil) Platinum 40,000‡ Canada (Music Canada) 2× Platinum 160,000‡ Denmark (IFPI Danmark) Gold 10,000‡ France (SNEP) Gold 50,000‡ Norway (IFPI Norway) Gold 10,000* Poland (ZPAV) Gold 10,000‡ United Kingdom (BPI) Gold 100,000‡ United States (RIAA) Platinum 1,000,000‡ * Sales figures based on certification alone.‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. Release history Release dates and formats for Cuz I Love You Region Date Format Version Label References Various April 19, 2019 CDdigital downloadstreaming Original Nice LifeAtlantic May 3, 2019 Digital downloadstreaming Deluxe May 24, 2019 CD Japan July 17, 2019 CD Deluxe (Bonus Track) Warner Music Japan Various September 27, 2019 LP Deluxe Nice LifeAtlantic Japan December 4, 2019 CD Super Deluxe Warner Music Japan Various December 13, 2019 CD Nice LifeAtlantic January 24, 2020 Digital downloadstreaming See also List of UK R&B Albums Chart number ones of 2019 Notes ^ Indicates the year of ceremony. Each year is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible. References ^ a b Akinfenwa, Jumi (April 17, 2019). "Lizzo – Cuz I Love You". Clash. Retrieved April 18, 2019. ^ Monroe, Jazz (January 28, 2019). "Lizzo Announces New Album and Tour". Pitchfork. Retrieved February 14, 2019. ^ Renshaw, David (January 28, 2019). "Lizzo confirms CUZ I LOVE YOU album details". The Fader. Retrieved February 14, 2019. ^ a b Henderson, Taylor (January 31, 2019). "Secure Your Wigs: Lizzo Has a Collab with Missy Elliott (& It Slaps!)". Pride.com. Retrieved February 14, 2019. ^ Goldfine, Jael (February 13, 2019). "Lizzo Drops Nude 'Cuz I Love You' Album Cover". Paper. Retrieved February 14, 2019. ^ Hoard, Christian (January 11, 2019). "Song You Need to Know: Lizzo, 'Juice'". Rolling Stone. Retrieved January 16, 2019. ^ "Lizzo Chart History". Billboard. Retrieved March 1, 2019. ^ "Lizzo Chart History". Billboard. Retrieved January 21, 2019. ^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved March 22, 2019. ^ Gilke, Chloe (January 29, 2019). "Lizzo's Single 'Juice' Makes Its Television Debut With A Terrific Live Performance". Uproxx. Retrieved January 29, 2019. ^ Blais-Billie, Braudie (February 6, 2019). "Lizzo Performs "Juice" With Dancers, Disco Ball on "Fallon": Watch". Pitchfork. Archived from the original on February 8, 2019. Retrieved February 8, 2019. ^ Lizzo Music (2019-07-26), Lizzo - Tempo (feat. Missy Elliott) , retrieved 2019-07-26 ^ "Top 40/M Future Releases". All Access Media Group. Retrieved January 21, 2020. ^ Darville, Jordan (February 14, 2019). "Lizzo bares her heart in the 'Cuz I Love You' music video". The Fader. Retrieved March 22, 2019. ^ Daramola, Israel (March 20, 2019). "Missy Elliott Joins Lizzo on New Song 'Tempo'". Spin. Retrieved March 21, 2019. ^ "Lizzo Digital Song Sales Billboard Chart History". Billboard. Retrieved April 8, 2019. ^ "Cuz I Love You by Lizzo reviews". AnyDecentMusic?. Retrieved September 4, 2019. ^ a b "Cuz I Love You by Lizzo Reviews and Tracks". Metacritic. Retrieved December 13, 2019. ^ a b Phares, Heather. "Cuz I Love You – Lizzo". AllMusic. Retrieved December 5, 2019. ^ Rife, Katie (April 19, 2019). "Lizzo loves herself, and learns to love somebody else, on the empowered yet tender Cuz I Love You". The A.V. Club. Retrieved June 15, 2019. ^ McCormick, Neil (April 17, 2019). "Lizzo, Cuz I Love You, review: where has she been hiding that voice?". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved June 15, 2019. ^ a b Petridis, Alexis (April 18, 2019). "Lizzo: Cuz I Love You review – body-positive pop with its foot on the gas". The Guardian. Retrieved April 18, 2019. ^ Beaumont, Mark; O'Connor, Roisin; Pollard, Alexandra (April 18, 2019). "Album reviews: Lizzo – Cuz I Love You, Fat White Family – Serfs Up! and Cage the Elephant – Social Cues". The Independent. Retrieved April 18, 2019. ^ a b Kasambala, Natty (April 19, 2019). "Lizzo – 'Cuz I Love You' review". NME. Retrieved January 11, 2020. ^ Empire, Kitty (April 20, 2019). "Lizzo: Cuz I Love You review – on the bright side of history". The Observer. Retrieved June 15, 2019. ^ a b Kameir, Ramiya (April 22, 2019). "Lizzo: Cuz I Love You". Pitchfork. Retrieved April 23, 2019. ^ Sheffield, Rob (April 22, 2019). "Lizzo Is Her Own Hero on the Legend-Making 'Cuz I Love You'". Rolling Stone. Retrieved June 15, 2019. ^ Christgau, Robert (June 15, 2019). "Robert Christgau on Lizzo's Casual Confidence". Vice. Retrieved June 15, 2019. ^ Finn, Rachel (April 17, 2019). "Lizzo – Cuz I Love You". DIY. Retrieved April 18, 2019. ^ Biddles, Claire (April 15, 2019). "Cuz I Love You is Lizzo's declaration of superstardom". The Line of Best Fit. Retrieved April 18, 2019. ^ Hoskins, Zachary (April 22, 2019). "Review: Lizzo's Cuz I Love You Is a Vessel of Pure Exuberence". Slant Magazine. Retrieved April 23, 2019. ^ "The 50 Best Albums of 2019: Staff Picks". Billboard. Retrieved 2019-12-10. ^ "The 100 Greatest Albums of the 2010s: Staff Picks". Billboard. Retrieved 2019-12-10. ^ "Top 50 Albums of 2019". Consequence of Sound. 2019-12-02. Retrieved 2019-12-10. ^ Suskin, Alex; Rodman, Sarah; Greenblatt, Leah (2019-12-17). "The Best Albums Of 2019". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2020-01-02. ^ Conrad, Anna; Levelsey, David; Johnston, Kathleen; Barrle, Thomas; Pometsey, Olive (2019-12-17). "The albums that made 2019 great again". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2020-01-02. ^ Brontwein, Sofia (December 20, 2019). "Лучшие музыкальные альбомы 2019 года" . GQ (Russia). Retrieved February 6, 2020. ^ Guardian Staff (2019-12-10). "The 50 best albums of 2019: 11-50". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2019-12-07. ^ "The 50 Best Albums of 2019". NME.com. 2019-12-16. Retrieved 2020-01-02. ^ Paste Staff (2019-12-10). "The 50 Best Albums of 2019". pastemagazine.com. Retrieved 2019-12-02. ^ Staff, PopCrush (2 December 2019). "The 25 Best Albums of 2019". PopCrush. Retrieved 2019-12-10. ^ Jonathan Bernstein; Jon Blistein; Jon Dolan; Patrick Doyle; Brenna Ehrlich; Suzy Exposito; Jon Freeman; David Fricke; Kory Grow; Will Hermes; Christian Hoard; Charles Holmes; Joseph Hudak; Brendan Klinkenberg; Elias Leight; Angie Martoccio; Claire Shaffer; Rob Sheffield; Hank Shteamer; Brittany Spanos; Simon Vozick-Levison; Hank Shteamer (2019-12-05). "The 50 Best Albums of 2019". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2019-12-10. ^ Jon Dolan; Brittany Spanos; Simon Vozick-Levinson; Rob Sheffield; Charles Holmes; Christian Hoard; Joseph Hudak; Elias Leight; Suzy Exposito; Will Hermes; Angie Martoccio; David Browne; Hank Shteamer; Jon Freeman; Claire Shaffer; Brenna Ehrlich; Jonathan Bernstein; Jon Blistein; Nick Catucci; Brendan Klinkenberg; Danny Schwartz; Kory Grow; Jerry Portwood (2019-12-03). "The 100 Best Albums of the 2010s". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2019-12-10. ^ "The Best Albums Of 2019". Uproxx. 2019-12-02. Retrieved 2019-12-10. ^ Lamarre, Carl (September 12, 2019). "Cardi B Leads 2019 BET Hip Hop Awards With 10 Nominations: Exclusive". Billboard. Retrieved December 17, 2019. ^ "2020 GRAMMY Awards: Complete Nominees List". Grammy.com. November 20, 2019. Retrieved November 20, 2019. ^ Klemme, Kelsey (September 5, 2019). "2019 People's Choice Awards: Complete List of Nominees". E! News. Archived from the original on September 4, 2019. Retrieved September 5, 2019. ^ Mitchell, Gail (October 25, 2018). "Chris Brown, Drake, Beyoncé & Lizzo Top Nominees For 2019 Soul Train Awards: Exclusive". Billboard. Retrieved October 26, 2019. ^ "Nominees \| BET Awards '20". BET. September 12, 2019. Retrieved June 28, 2020. ^ Caulfield, Keith (April 28, 2019). "Billie Eilish's 'When We All Fall Asleep, Where Do We Go?' Returns to No. 1 on Billboard 200 Albums Chart". Billboard. Archived from the original on Dec 29, 2021. Retrieved April 29, 2019. ^ Caulfield, Keith (2019-09-05). "Lizzo's 'Cuz I Love You' Album Hits Top 5 on Billboard 200 Chart". Billboard. Archived from the original on Aug 12, 2022. Retrieved 2019-09-07. ^ Caulfield, Keith (June 30, 2019). "The Raconteurs Land First No. 1 Album on Billboard 200 Chart With 'Help Us Stranger'". Billboard. Archived from the original on Mar 20, 2022. Retrieved July 3, 2019. ^ "BMI \| Repertoire Search". BMI. Select "TITLE", type "Song" in the search engine, and click "Search". Retrieved December 24, 2019. ^ "Lizzo/リゾ「Cuz I Love You /コズ・アイ・ラヴ・ユー」 \| Warner Music Japan". ワーナーミュージック・ジャパン \| Warner Music Japan (in Japanese). Retrieved August 7, 2020. ^ "Lizzo/リゾ「Cuz I Love You (Super Deluxe)/コズ・アイ・ラヴ・ユー (スーパー・デラックス)」 \| Warner Music Japan". ワーナーミュージック・ジャパン \| Warner Music Japan (in Japanese). Retrieved April 27, 2020. ^ Cuz I Love You (Deluxe Edition) (booklet). Nice Life, Atlantic. 2019. ^ "Australiancharts.com – Lizzo – Cuz I Love You". Hung Medien. Retrieved January 18, 2020. ^ "Austriancharts.at – Lizzo – Cuz I Love You" (in German). Hung Medien. Retrieved May 20, 2021. ^ "Ultratop.be – Lizzo – Cuz I Love You" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved March 5, 2023. ^ "Ultratop.be – Lizzo – Cuz I Love You" (in French). Hung Medien. Retrieved April 26, 2019. ^ "Lizzo Chart History (Canadian Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved September 3, 2019. ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Lizzo – Cuz I Love You" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved April 26, 2019. ^ "Lescharts.com – Lizzo – Cuz I Love You". Hung Medien. Retrieved May 20, 2021. ^ "Album Top 40 slágerlista – 2020. 32. hét" (in Hungarian). MAHASZ. Retrieved August 16, 2020. ^ "Official Irish Albums Chart Top 50". Official Charts Company. Retrieved July 20, 2019. ^ "Savaitės klausomiausi (TOP 100)" (in Lithuanian). AGATA. September 2, 2019. Retrieved November 30, 2019. ^ "Charts.nz – Lizzo – Cuz I Love You". Hung Medien. Retrieved May 20, 2021. ^ "Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved April 27, 2019. ^ "Swisscharts.com – Lizzo – Cuz I Love You". Hung Medien. Retrieved May 1, 2019. ^ "Official Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved February 29, 2020. ^ "Official R&B Albums Chart Top 40". Official Charts Company. Retrieved November 29, 2019. ^ "Lizzo Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard. Retrieved May 20, 2021. ^ "Lizzo Chart History (Top Tastemaker Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved June 14, 2022. ^ "Top Canadian Albums – Year-End 2019". Billboard. Retrieved December 6, 2019. ^ "Top Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 2019". Billboard. Retrieved December 5, 2019. ^ "ARIA Top 100 Albums for 2020". Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved January 15, 2021. ^ "Jaaroverzichten 2020". Ultratop. Retrieved December 18, 2020. ^ "Top Canadian Albums – Year-End 2020". Billboard. Retrieved December 9, 2020. ^ "Top Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 2020". Billboard. Retrieved December 5, 2020. ^ "Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 2021". Billboard. Retrieved December 3, 2021. ^ "Decade-End Charts: Billboard 200". Billboard. Retrieved November 15, 2019. ^ "Brazilian album certifications – Lizzo – Cuz I Love You" (in Portuguese). Pro-Música Brasil. Retrieved July 7, 2022. ^ "Canadian album certifications – Lizzo – Cuz I Love You". Music Canada. August 12, 2020. Retrieved April 17, 2022. ^ "Danish album certifications – Lizzo – Cuz I Love You". IFPI Danmark. Retrieved October 12, 2021. ^ "French album certifications – Lizzo – Cuz I Love You" (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. Retrieved July 26, 2022. ^ "Norwegian album certifications – Lizzo – Cuz I Love You" (in Norwegian). IFPI Norway. Retrieved November 27, 2020. ^ "Wyróżnienia – Złote płyty CD - Archiwum - Przyznane w 2022 roku" (in Polish). Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry. Retrieved April 6, 2022. ^ "British album certifications – Lizzo – Cuz I Love You". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved August 8, 2020. ^ "American album certifications – Lizzo – Cuz I Love You". Recording Industry Association of America. January 14, 2020. Retrieved January 23, 2020. ^ "Cuz I Love You (Deluxe)". Amazon.com. Retrieved February 14, 2020. ^ "Lizzo/リゾ「Cuz I Love You / コズ・アイ・ラヴ・ユー」 \| Warner Music Japan". ワーナーミュージック・ジャパン \| Warner Music Japan (in Japanese). Retrieved August 7, 2020. ^ "Cuz I Love You (Deluxe)". Amazon.com. Retrieved February 14, 2020. ^ "Lizzo/リゾ「Cuz I Love You (Super Deluxe)/コズ・アイ・ラヴ・ユー (スーパー・デラックス)」 \| Warner Music Japan". ワーナーミュージック・ジャパン \| Warner Music Japan (in Japanese). Retrieved April 27, 2020. ^ "Cuz I Love You (Super Deluxe)". Amazon.com. Retrieved February 14, 2020. ^ "Cuz I Love You (Super Deluxe)". Amazon.com. Retrieved February 14, 2020. vteLizzo Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums Lizzobangers Big Grrrl Small World Cuz I Love You Special Extended plays Coconut Oil Singles "Good as Hell" "Water Me" "Truth Hurts" "Boys" "Juice" "Tempo" "Cuz I Love You" "Rumors" "About Damn Time" "2 Be Loved (Am I Ready)" "Special" Featured singles "Blame It on Your Love" Promotional singles "Someday at Christmas" Other songs "Pink" Tours Cuz I Love You Too Tour The Special Tour Television Lizzo's Watch Out for the Big Grrrls Filmography Love, Lizzo South Park: The End of Obesity vteGrammy Award for Best Progressive R&B Album2010s Channel Orange – Frank Ocean (2012) Unapologetic – Rihanna (2013) Girl – Pharrell Williams (2014) Beauty Behind the Madness – The Weeknd (2015) Lemonade – Beyoncé (2016) Starboy – The Weeknd (2017) Everything Is Love – The Carters (2018) Cuz I Love You (Deluxe) – Lizzo (2019) 2020s It Is What It Is – Thundercat (2020) Table for Two – Lucky Daye (2021) Gemini Rights – Steve Lacy (2022) SOS – SZA (2023) Authority control databases International VIAF Other MusicBrainz release group	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coz I Luv You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coz_I_Luv_You"},{"link_name":"Cuz I Love You (song)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuz_I_Love_You_(song)"},{"link_name":"Lizzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizzo"},{"link_name":"Nice Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nice_Life_Recording_Company"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Records"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pitchfork-2"},{"link_name":"Missy Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missy_Elliott"},{"link_name":"Gucci Mane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gucci_Mane"},{"link_name":"Juice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juice_(Lizzo_song)"},{"link_name":"Tempo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo_(Lizzo_song)"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"Truth Hurts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth_Hurts_(song)"},{"link_name":"Album of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Album_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"62nd Annual Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/62nd_Annual_Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Best Urban Contemporary Album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Urban_Contemporary_Album"}],"text":"For the single by Slade, see Coz I Luv You. For the title track, see Cuz I Love You (song).2019 studio album by LizzoCuz I Love You is the third studio album and major label debut studio album by American rapper and singer Lizzo. It was released through Nice Life and Atlantic Records on April 19, 2019.[2] The album features guest appearances from fellow American rappers Missy Elliott and Gucci Mane. It spawned the single \"Juice\" and the promotional single \"Tempo\", the latter of which is a collaboration with Elliott. The deluxe edition of the album was released on May 3 and includes the Billboard Hot 100 number one single \"Truth Hurts\". The deluxe edition was nominated for Album of the Year at the 62nd Annual Grammy Awards, and won Best Urban Contemporary Album.","title":"Cuz I Love You"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coconut Oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_Oil_(EP)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Missy Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missy_Elliott"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pride-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pride-4"}],"text":"The album is Lizzo's first release since her 2016 Coconut Oil EP.[3] Lizzo stated at the album preview party at the Crazy Girls strip club in Hollywood on January 30 that she had been working on the album for three years. She also previewed a collaboration with Missy Elliott titled \"Tempo\" that appeared on the album.[4] Along with the lead single \"Juice\", the album includes the \"empowering dance track\" \"Like a Girl\" and a song dedicated to an ex titled \"Jerome\".[4]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nude"},{"link_name":"Paper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Target","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Target_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Walmart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walmart"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"tours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concert_tour"},{"link_name":"Cuz I Love You Too Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuz_I_Love_You_Too_Tour"}],"text":"Lizzo announced the album in January 2019, and on February 13, shared the album's cover art, on which she appears nude. Paper called the cover a \"stunning glow-up, and a transformation for Lizzo\", going on to say that \"Fat, and especially fat and Black bodies are rarely treated with such care by photographers, let alone on album covers that will sit on Target and Walmart shelves.\"[5]The album was supported by two concert tours: Cuz I Love You Tour (2019) and Cuz I Love You Too Tour (2019-2020).","title":"Promotion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RS-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"The Ellen DeGeneres Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ellen_DeGeneres_Show"},{"link_name":"The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tonight_Show_Starring_Jimmy_Fallon"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Top_40/M_Future_Releases-13"}],"text":"\"Juice\" was released as the lead single from the record on January 4, 2019.[6] The single became Lizzo's first commercial hit, entering component R&B charts in the United States, while also reaching the top twenty in Scotland.[7][8][9] The single was promoted with Lizzo's debut television performance on The Ellen DeGeneres Show, and a later performance on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon.[10][11]\"Tempo\" featuring Missy Elliott was released as a promotional single on July 26, 2019. The song also was given a music video that premiered on YouTube the same date.[12]\"Cuz I Love You\", originally released as a promotional single on February 14, 2019, the song also was given a music video that premiered on YouTube the same date. Later, the song as released as a single to Top 40 radio on January 28, 2020.[13]","title":"Singles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Digital Song Sales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Song_Sales"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Promotional singles","text":"The album's title track was released as the first promotional single on February 14, 2019, alongside the song's music video.[14] \"Tempo\" featuring Elliott was released as the album's second promotional single on March 20, 2019.[15] \"Tempo\" went on to chart at number 21 on the US Digital Song Sales chart, Lizzo's first entry on a Billboard Hot 100 component chart.[16]","title":"Singles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"music critics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_journalism"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MC-18"},{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AllMusic-19"},{"link_name":"Clash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clash_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_music"},{"link_name":"hip-hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip-hop"},{"link_name":"R&B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%26B"},{"link_name":"trap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trap_music"},{"link_name":"neo soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo_soul"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clash-1"},{"link_name":"DIY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIY_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"funk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funk"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DIY-29"},{"link_name":"NME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME"},{"link_name":"jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz"},{"link_name":"twerking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twerking"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NME-24"},{"link_name":"The Line of Best Fit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Line_of_Best_Fit"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Line_of_Best_Fit-30"},{"link_name":"Slant Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slant_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Slant-31"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"Alexis Petridis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Petridis"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Guardian-22"},{"link_name":"Pitchfork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PitchforkReview-26"}],"text":"Cuz I Love You received widespread acclaim from music critics upon its initial release. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album has an average score of 84, based on 24 reviews, indicating \"universal acclaim\".[18]Reviewing the album for AllMusic, Heather Phares praised Cuz I Love You as \"a triumphant showcase for every part of Lizzo's talent, physicality and sexuality.\"[19] Jumi Akinfenwa of Clash stated that by \"Offering up a mix of pop, hip-hop, R&B and a sprinkling of trap and neo soul for good measure, Lizzo covers all bases and serves the perfect introduction to her world for mainstream audiences.\"[1] DIY magazine's Rachel Finn gave a positive evaluation of the album, writing that \"Lizzo's vibrant personality and humour shining through a set of tracks that switches through elements of funk, pop and R&B with ease.\"[29]In an article for NME, reviewer Natty Kasambala described the album as being \"as flawlessly genre-spanning as Lizzo herself: pop at its core, but with constant references to her jazz roots and historical love of twerking.\"[24] Claire Biddles at The Line of Best Fit shared similar sentiments, calling the album \"Charming, addictive and seemingly effortless, Cuz I Love You is Lizzo's declaration of superstardom.\"[30] Slant Magazine's Zachary Hoskins concluded that \"Lizzo's talent has always been evident, but this album's material, her strongest to date, allows her put it on full display. By the languorous, seductive neo-soul of closing track \"Lingerie\", her enthusiasm is as contagious as it is well-earned.\"[31]Some reviewers were more reserved in their assessments of the album. In a review for The Guardian, Alexis Petridis felt that \"Lizzo has something to say, and a smart way of saying it ... but the potency of what's here would seem more potent still if it had been allowed a little room to breathe ... Instead, Cuz I Love You keeps its foot pressed down hard on the accelerator for half an hour in an attempt to ram-raid the charts.\"[22] Rawiya Kameir was also critical in the review for Pitchfork, claiming that \"Despite her obvious skill and charisma, some of the album's 11 songs are burdened with overwrought production, awkward turns of phrase, and ham-handed rapping.\"[26]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Accolades","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"album-equivalent units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Album-equivalent_unit"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BB200-51"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"}],"text":"Cuz I Love You debuted at number six on the Billboard 200 with 41,000 album-equivalent units, of which 24,000 were pure album sales. It was Lizzo's first album to chart on the Billboard 200.[50] It then repeaked at number six on the charting week ending on June 27, 2019. It has stayed in the top 10 for 15 weeks after its release. The album peaked number 4 in its 19th week on the chart dated September 7, 2019.[51][52]","title":"Commercial performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_Music,_Inc."},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Cuz I Love You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuz_I_Love_You_(song)"},{"link_name":"Melissa Jefferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizzo"},{"link_name":"Sam Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Ambassadors"},{"link_name":"Casey Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Ambassadors"},{"link_name":"Adam Levin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Ambassadors"},{"link_name":"X Ambassadors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Ambassadors"},{"link_name":"Warren \"Oak\" Felder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_Felder"},{"link_name":"Sean Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Douglas_(songwriter)"},{"link_name":"Oak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_Felder"},{"link_name":"Juice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juice_(Lizzo_song)"},{"link_name":"Eric Frederic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_Reed"},{"link_name":"Theron Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._City"},{"link_name":"Ricky Reed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_Reed"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_b"},{"link_name":"Tempo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo_(Lizzo_song)"},{"link_name":"Missy Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missy_Elliott"},{"link_name":"Dan Farber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Farber"},{"link_name":"Raymond Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Scott"},{"link_name":"Melissa Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missy_Elliott"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"Gucci Mane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gucci_Mane"},{"link_name":"Radric Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gucci_Mane"},{"link_name":"Michael Pollack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Pollack_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boys_(Lizzo_song)"},{"link_name":"Lil Aaron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil_Aaron"},{"link_name":"Truth Hurts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth_Hurts_(song)"},{"link_name":"Jesse Saint John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Saint_John"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"Water Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_Me_(Lizzo_song)"},{"link_name":"Clarence Coffee Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Monsters_and_the_Strangerz"},{"link_name":"E. Kidd Bogart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._Kidd_Bogart"},{"link_name":"Nneka Lucia Egbuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nneka_(singer)"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_b"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Eric Frederic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_Reed"},{"link_name":"Theron Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._City"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_b"},{"link_name":"Good as Hell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_as_Hell"},{"link_name":"remix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_as_Hell#Ariana_Grande_remix"},{"link_name":"Ariana Grande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariana_Grande"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"DaBaby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DaBaby"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Lyndale Kirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DaBaby"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"AB6IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AB6IX"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"^[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_a"},{"link_name":"producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_producer"},{"link_name":"^[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_b"}],"text":"Songwriting credits adapted from BMI.[53]Cuz I Love YouNo.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1.\"Cuz I Love You\"Melissa JeffersonSam HarrisCasey HarrisAdam LevinRuss FlynnX Ambassadors3:002.\"Like a Girl\"JeffersonWarren \"Oak\" FelderSean DouglasOak3:053.\"Juice\"JeffersonEric FredericTheron ThomasSam SumserSean SmallRicky ReedNate Mercereau[b]3:154.\"Soulmate\"JeffersonFelderDouglasOak2:555.\"Jerome\"JeffersonS. HarrisC. HarrisLevinX Ambassadors3:526.\"Crybaby\"JeffersonFredericThomasMercereauReedMercereau2:567.\"Tempo\" (featuring Missy Elliott)JeffersonDan FarberFredericTobias WincornThomasRaymond ScottAntonio CunaMelissa ElliottRicky ReedSweater BeatsTobias WincornFarberLizzoMercereau[a]2:558.\"Exactly How I Feel\" (featuring Gucci Mane)JeffersonThomasMike SabathRadric DavisX AmbassadorsSabath2:239.\"Better in Color\"JeffersonFelderMichael PollackTrevor \"Downtown\" BrownWilliam ZaireSimmonsOakDowntown Trevor Brown[a]Zaire Koalo[a]2:1310.\"Heaven Help Me\"JeffersonC. HarrisS. HarrisLevinX Ambassadors3:2211.\"Lingerie\"JeffersonFredericMercereauThomasRicky ReedMercereau3:22Total length:33:18Cuz I Love You – Deluxe versionNo.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length12.\"Boys\"Lil AaronMercereauFredericJeffersonMercereauReed2:5313.\"Truth Hurts\"JeffersonFredericAmina Patrice Bogle-BarriteauJesse Saint JohnSteven CheungReedTele[a]2:5314.\"Water Me\"JeffersonFredericClarence Coffee Jr.E. Kidd BogartFarhad SamadzadaMorris WittenbergNneka Lucia EgbunaWincornReedWincorn[b]3:06Total length:42:10Japanese bonus tracks[54]No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length15.\"Juice\" (Breakbot remix)JeffersonEric FredericTheron ThomasSam SumserSean SmallReedNate Mercereau[b]2:53Total length:45:04Cuz I Love You – Super deluxeNo.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length15.\"Good as Hell\"JeffersonFredericLizzoReed2:3916.\"Good as Hell\" (remix featuring Ariana Grande)JeffersonFredericAriana GrandeLizzoReed2:39Total length:47:18Japanese bonus tracks – Super deluxe[55]No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length17.\"Truth Hurts\" (DaBaby remix) (featuring DaBaby)JeffersonFredericSteven CheungSaint JohnSteven CheungJonathan Lyndale KirkReedTele[a]3:1718.\"Truth Hurts\" (featuring AB6IX)JeffersonFredericSteven CheungSaint JohnSteven CheungReedTele[a]2:54Total length:53:47Notes^[a] signifies a co-producer.\n^[b] signifies an additional producer.\n\"Water Me\" contains elements from \"I Am Free, No Dope for Me\" written by Morris Wittenberg and from \"My Home\" written by Nneka Lucia Egbuna and Farhad Samadzada.","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Clarence Coffee Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Monsters_and_the_Strangerz"},{"link_name":"Missy Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missy_Elliott"},{"link_name":"Dan Farber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Farber"},{"link_name":"Oak Felder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_Felder"},{"link_name":"Chris Gehringer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Gehringer"},{"link_name":"Gucci Mane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gucci_Mane"},{"link_name":"Victor Indrizzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Indrizzo"},{"link_name":"Joe LaPorta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_LaPorta"},{"link_name":"Lizzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizzo"},{"link_name":"Manny Marroquin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manny_Marroquin"},{"link_name":"Andrew Maury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Maury"},{"link_name":"Ricky Reed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_Reed"},{"link_name":"Theron Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._City"},{"link_name":"X Ambassadors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Ambassadors"}],"text":"Credits adapted from album's liner notes.[56]Downtown Trevor Brown – co-producer (track 9)\nHarry Burr – mixing assistant (track 5)\nClarence Coffee Jr. – additional vocals (track 14)\nMichael Cordone – trumpet (track 3)\nScott Desmarais – mixing assistant (tracks 1-4, 6-11, 13)\nMissy Elliott – rap and additional vocals (track 7)\nShaina Evoniuk – violin (track 11)\nDan Farber – co-producer (track 7)\nOak Felder – producer (tracks 2, 4, 9)\nRobin Florent – mixing assistant (tracks 1-4, 6-11, 13)\nChris Galland – mix engineer (track 13)\nChris Gehringer – mastering (tracks 1-4, 6-13)\nGucci Mane – rap (track 8)\nLemar Guillary – trombone (track 3)\nVictor Indrizzo – drums and percussion (track 3)\nRouble Kapoor – assistant engineer (track 3)\nZaire Koalo – co-producer (track 9)\nJoe LaPorta – mastering (track 5)\nTrevor Lawrence Jr. – drums (track 11)\nLizzo – vocals (all tracks), producer (7), synthesizer (14), executive producer\nBill Malina – engineer (tracks 3, 11)\nManny Marroquin – mixing (tracks 1-4, 6-11, 13)\nAsha Maura – backing vocals (track 3)\nAndrew Maury – mixing (track 5)\nJesse McGinty – saxophone (track 3)\nNate Mercereau – producer (tracks 6, 11, 12), co-producer (7), additional production (3), engineer (6, 11), guitar and bass (3, 6, 11), keyboards (6, 11), instruments (7, 12), programming and drums (11)\nSean Phelan – engineer (tracks 1, 5)\nMatthew Cerritos – assistant engineer (tracks 1, 5, 10)\nRicky Reed – producer (tracks 3, 6, 7, 11-14), mixing (12), programming (3, 7, 11-14), keyboards and guitar (3), bass (3, 14), drums and synthesizer (14), instruments (7, 12)\nMike Sabath – producer (track 8)\nEthan Shumaker – engineer (tracks 3, 6, 7, 11-14), additional vocals (7)\nKeith \"Daquan\" Sorrells – assistant engineer (track 9)\nShelby Swain – backing vocals (track 3), additional vocals (7)\nSweater Beats – co-producer (track 7)\nTele – co-producer and programming (track 13)\nTheron Thomas – backing vocals (track 3), additional vocals (7)\nQuinn Wilson – backing vocals (track 3)\nTobias Wincorn – co-producer and programming (track 7), additional production (14)\nX Ambassadors – producers (tracks 1, 5, 10)","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cuz_I_Love_You&action=edit&section=12"},{"link_name":"ARIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Australia_Lizzo-58"},{"link_name":"Ö3 Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%963_Austria_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Austria_Lizzo-59"},{"link_name":"Ultratop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Flanders_Lizzo-60"},{"link_name":"Ultratop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Wallonia_Lizzo-61"},{"link_name":"Canadian Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_BillboardCanada_Lizzo-62"},{"link_name":"Album Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Album_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Netherlands_Lizzo-63"},{"link_name":"SNEP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicat_National_de_l%27%C3%89dition_Phonographique"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_France_Lizzo-64"},{"link_name":"MAHASZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Hungarian_Record_Companies"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Hungary_Lizzo-65"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Ireland3_-66"},{"link_name":"AGATA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGATA_(organization)"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"RMNZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_New_Zealand_Music_Chart"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_New_Zealand_Lizzo-68"},{"link_name":"Scottish Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Singles_and_Albums_Charts"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Scotland_-69"},{"link_name":"Schweizer Hitparade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Hitparade"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Switzerland_Lizzo-70"},{"link_name":"UK Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_UK2_-71"},{"link_name":"UK R&B Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_R%26B_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_UKR&B_-72"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Billboard200_Lizzo-73"},{"link_name":"Top Tastemaker Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_Tastemaker_Albums"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_BillboardTastemaker_Lizzo-74"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cuz_I_Love_You&action=edit&section=13"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cuz_I_Love_You&action=edit&section=14"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\nWeekly chart performance for Cuz I Love You\n\n\nChart (2019–2023)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nAustralian Albums (ARIA)[57]\n\n19\n\n\nAustrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)[58]\n\n66\n\n\nBelgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)[59]\n\n42\n\n\nBelgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia)[60]\n\n164\n\n\nCanadian Albums (Billboard)[61]\n\n7\n\n\nDutch Albums (Album Top 100)[62]\n\n68\n\n\nFrench Albums (SNEP)[63]\n\n111\n\n\nHungarian Albums (MAHASZ)[64]\n\n12\n\n\nIrish Albums (OCC)[65]\n\n21\n\n\nLithuanian Albums (AGATA)[66]\n\n89\n\n\nNew Zealand Albums (RMNZ)[67]\n\n31\n\n\nScottish Albums (OCC)[68]\n\n46\n\n\nSwiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[69]\n\n75\n\n\nUK Albums (OCC)[70]\n\n30\n\n\nUK R&B Albums (OCC)[71]\n\n1\n\n\nUS Billboard 200[72]\n\n4\n\n\nUS Top Tastemaker Albums (Billboard)[73]\n\n3\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\nYear-end chart performance for Cuz I Love You\n\n\nChart (2019)\n\nPosition\n\n\nCanadian Albums (Billboard)[74]\n\n30\n\n\nUS Billboard 200[75]\n\n20\n\n\nChart (2020)\n\nPosition\n\n\nAustralian Albums (ARIA)[76]\n\n59\n\n\nBelgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)[77]\n\n152\n\n\nCanadian Albums (Billboard)[78]\n\n33\n\n\nUS Billboard 200[79]\n\n41\n\n\nChart (2021)\n\nPosition\n\n\nUS Billboard 200[80]\n\n129\n\nDecade-end charts[edit]\n\nDecade-end chart performance for Cuz I Love You\n\n\nChart (2010–2019)\n\nPosition\n\n\nUS Billboard 200[81]\n\n109","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-45"}],"text":"^ Indicates the year of ceremony. Each year is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.","title":"Notes"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of UK R&B Albums Chart number ones of 2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UK_R%26B_Albums_Chart_number_ones_of_2019"}]	[{"reference":"Akinfenwa, Jumi (April 17, 2019). \"Lizzo – Cuz I Love You\". Clash. Retrieved April 18, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.clashmusic.com/reviews/lizzo-cuz-i-love-you","url_text":"\"Lizzo – Cuz I Love You\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clash_(magazine)","url_text":"Clash"}]},{"reference":"Monroe, Jazz (January 28, 2019). \"Lizzo Announces New Album and Tour\". Pitchfork. Retrieved February 14, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://pitchfork.com/news/lizzo-announces-new-album-and-tour/","url_text":"\"Lizzo Announces New Album and Tour\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)","url_text":"Pitchfork"}]},{"reference":"Renshaw, David (January 28, 2019). \"Lizzo confirms CUZ I LOVE YOU album details\". The Fader. Retrieved February 14, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thefader.com/2019/01/28/lizzo-cuz-i-love-you-release-date-tour","url_text":"\"Lizzo confirms CUZ I LOVE YOU album details\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fader","url_text":"The Fader"}]},{"reference":"Henderson, Taylor (January 31, 2019). \"Secure Your Wigs: Lizzo Has a Collab with Missy Elliott (& It Slaps!)\". Pride.com. Retrieved February 14, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pride.com/music/2019/1/31/secure-your-wigs-lizzo-has-collab-missy-elliott-it-slaps","url_text":"\"Secure Your Wigs: Lizzo Has a Collab with Missy Elliott (& It Slaps!)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pride.com","url_text":"Pride.com"}]},{"reference":"Goldfine, Jael (February 13, 2019). \"Lizzo Drops Nude 'Cuz I Love You' Album Cover\". Paper. Retrieved February 14, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.papermag.com/lizzo-nude-album-cover-2628795044.html","url_text":"\"Lizzo Drops Nude 'Cuz I Love You' Album Cover\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_(magazine)","url_text":"Paper"}]},{"reference":"Hoard, Christian (January 11, 2019). \"Song You Need to Know: Lizzo, 'Juice'\". Rolling Stone. Retrieved January 16, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/song-you-need-to-know-lizzo-juice-777189/","url_text":"\"Song You Need to Know: Lizzo, 'Juice'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"}]},{"reference":"\"Lizzo Chart History\". Billboard. Retrieved March 1, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/lizzo/chart-history/rba/","url_text":"\"Lizzo Chart History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lizzo Chart History\". Billboard. Retrieved January 21, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/lizzo/chart-history/bst/","url_text":"\"Lizzo Chart History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100\". Official Charts Company. Retrieved March 22, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/scottish-singles-chart/20190301/41/","url_text":"\"Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company","url_text":"Official Charts Company"}]},{"reference":"Gilke, Chloe (January 29, 2019). \"Lizzo's Single 'Juice' Makes Its Television Debut With A Terrific Live Performance\". Uproxx. Retrieved January 29, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://uproxx.com/hiphop/lizzo-juice-performance-ellen/","url_text":"\"Lizzo's Single 'Juice' Makes Its Television Debut With A Terrific Live Performance\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uproxx","url_text":"Uproxx"}]},{"reference":"Blais-Billie, Braudie (February 6, 2019). \"Lizzo Performs \"Juice\" With Dancers, Disco Ball on \"Fallon\": Watch\". Pitchfork. Archived from the original on February 8, 2019. Retrieved February 8, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://pitchfork.com/news/lizzo-performs-juice-with-dancers-disco-ball-on-fallon-watch/","url_text":"\"Lizzo Performs \"Juice\" With Dancers, Disco Ball on \"Fallon\": Watch\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)","url_text":"Pitchfork"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190208115207/https://pitchfork.com/news/lizzo-performs-juice-with-dancers-disco-ball-on-fallon-watch/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lizzo Music (2019-07-26), Lizzo - Tempo (feat. Missy Elliott) [Official Music Video], retrieved 2019-07-26","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Srq1FqFPwj0","url_text":"Lizzo - Tempo (feat. Missy Elliott) [Official Music Video]"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 40/M Future Releases\". All Access Media Group. Retrieved January 21, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allaccess.com/top40-mainstream/future-releases","url_text":"\"Top 40/M Future Releases\""}]},{"reference":"Darville, Jordan (February 14, 2019). \"Lizzo bares her heart in the 'Cuz I Love You' music video\". The Fader. Retrieved March 22, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thefader.com/2019/02/14/lizzo-cuz-i-love-you-music-video-album-release-date","url_text":"\"Lizzo bares her heart in the 'Cuz I Love You' music video\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fader","url_text":"The Fader"}]},{"reference":"Daramola, Israel (March 20, 2019). \"Missy Elliott Joins Lizzo on New Song 'Tempo'\". Spin. Retrieved March 21, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.spin.com/2019/03/lizzo-tempo-missy-elliott-listen/","url_text":"\"Missy Elliott Joins Lizzo on New Song 'Tempo'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(magazine)","url_text":"Spin"}]},{"reference":"\"Lizzo Digital Song Sales Billboard Chart History\". Billboard. Retrieved April 8, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/lizzo/chart-history/hds/","url_text":"\"Lizzo Digital Song Sales Billboard Chart History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cuz I Love You by Lizzo reviews\". AnyDecentMusic?. Retrieved September 4, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.anydecentmusic.com/review/9849/Lizzo-Cuz-I-Love-You.aspx","url_text":"\"Cuz I Love You by Lizzo reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AnyDecentMusic%3F","url_text":"AnyDecentMusic?"}]},{"reference":"\"Cuz I Love You by Lizzo Reviews and Tracks\". Metacritic. Retrieved December 13, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/music/cuz-i-love-you/lizzo","url_text":"\"Cuz I Love You by Lizzo Reviews and Tracks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"}]},{"reference":"Phares, Heather. \"Cuz I Love You – Lizzo\". AllMusic. Retrieved December 5, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/cuz-i-love-you-mw0003252453","url_text":"\"Cuz I Love You – Lizzo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"Rife, Katie (April 19, 2019). \"Lizzo loves herself, and learns to love somebody else, on the empowered yet tender Cuz I Love You\". The A.V. Club. Retrieved June 15, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://music.avclub.com/lizzo-loves-herself-and-learns-to-love-somebody-else-1834151268","url_text":"\"Lizzo loves herself, and learns to love somebody else, on the empowered yet tender Cuz I Love You\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_A.V._Club","url_text":"The A.V. Club"}]},{"reference":"McCormick, Neil (April 17, 2019). \"Lizzo, Cuz I Love You, review: where has she been hiding that voice?\". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved June 15, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_McCormick","url_text":"McCormick, Neil"},{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/music/what-to-listen-to/lizzo-cuz-love-review-has-hiding-voice/","url_text":"\"Lizzo, Cuz I Love You, review: where has she been hiding that voice?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph","url_text":"The Daily Telegraph"}]},{"reference":"Petridis, Alexis (April 18, 2019). \"Lizzo: Cuz I Love You review – body-positive pop with its foot on the gas\". The Guardian. Retrieved April 18, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Petridis","url_text":"Petridis, Alexis"},{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2019/apr/18/lizzo-cuz-i-love-you-review-body-positive-pop","url_text":"\"Lizzo: Cuz I Love You review – body-positive pop with its foot on the gas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Beaumont, Mark; O'Connor, Roisin; Pollard, Alexandra (April 18, 2019). \"Album reviews: Lizzo – Cuz I Love You, Fat White Family – Serfs Up! and Cage the Elephant – Social Cues\". The Independent. Retrieved April 18, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Beaumont_(journalist)","url_text":"Beaumont, Mark"},{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/reviews/album-review-lizzo-cuz-i-love-you-fat-white-family-serfs-up-cage-elephant-social-cues-a8875081.html","url_text":"\"Album reviews: Lizzo – Cuz I Love You, Fat White Family – Serfs Up! and Cage the Elephant – Social Cues\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"}]},{"reference":"Kasambala, Natty (April 19, 2019). \"Lizzo – 'Cuz I Love You' review\". NME. Retrieved January 11, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nme.com/reviews/lizzo-cuz-i-love-you-album-review-2478435","url_text":"\"Lizzo – 'Cuz I Love You' review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME","url_text":"NME"}]},{"reference":"Empire, Kitty (April 20, 2019). \"Lizzo: Cuz I Love You review – on the bright side of history\". The Observer. Retrieved June 15, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitty_Empire","url_text":"Empire, Kitty"},{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2019/apr/20/lizzo-cuz-i-love-you-review","url_text":"\"Lizzo: Cuz I Love You review – on the bright side of history\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Observer","url_text":"The Observer"}]},{"reference":"Kameir, Ramiya (April 22, 2019). \"Lizzo: Cuz I Love You\". Pitchfork. Retrieved April 23, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/lizzo-cuz-i-love-you/","url_text":"\"Lizzo: Cuz I Love You\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)","url_text":"Pitchfork"}]},{"reference":"Sheffield, Rob (April 22, 2019). \"Lizzo Is Her Own Hero on the Legend-Making 'Cuz I Love You'\". Rolling Stone. Retrieved June 15, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Sheffield","url_text":"Sheffield, Rob"},{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-album-reviews/review-lizzo-cuz-i-love-you-824705/","url_text":"\"Lizzo Is Her Own Hero on the Legend-Making 'Cuz I Love You'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"}]},{"reference":"Christgau, Robert (June 15, 2019). \"Robert Christgau on Lizzo's Casual Confidence\". Vice. Retrieved June 15, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Christgau","url_text":"Christgau, Robert"},{"url":"https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/neakdb/robert-christgau-on-lizzos-casual-confidence","url_text":"\"Robert Christgau on Lizzo's Casual Confidence\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_(magazine)","url_text":"Vice"}]},{"reference":"Finn, Rachel (April 17, 2019). \"Lizzo – Cuz I Love You\". DIY. Retrieved April 18, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://diymag.com/2019/04/17/lizzo-cuz-i-love-you-album-review","url_text":"\"Lizzo – Cuz I Love You\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIY_(magazine)","url_text":"DIY"}]},{"reference":"Biddles, Claire (April 15, 2019). \"Cuz I Love You is Lizzo's declaration of superstardom\". The Line of Best Fit. Retrieved April 18, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thelineofbestfit.com/reviews/albums/lizzo-cuz-i-love-you-album-review","url_text":"\"Cuz I Love You is Lizzo's declaration of superstardom\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Line_of_Best_Fit","url_text":"The Line of Best Fit"}]},{"reference":"Hoskins, Zachary (April 22, 2019). \"Review: Lizzo's Cuz I Love You Is a Vessel of Pure Exuberence\". Slant Magazine. Retrieved April 23, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.slantmagazine.com/music/review-lizzos-cuz-i-love-you-is-a-vessel-for-pure-exuberance/","url_text":"\"Review: Lizzo's Cuz I Love You Is a Vessel of Pure Exuberence\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slant_Magazine","url_text":"Slant Magazine"}]},{"reference":"\"The 50 Best Albums of 2019: Staff Picks\". Billboard. Retrieved 2019-12-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/list/8545657/best-albums-of-2019-top-50","url_text":"\"The 50 Best Albums of 2019: Staff Picks\""}]},{"reference":"\"The 100 Greatest Albums of the 2010s: Staff Picks\". Billboard. Retrieved 2019-12-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/list/8543722/best-albums-of-the-2010s-top-100","url_text":"\"The 100 Greatest Albums of the 2010s: Staff Picks\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top 50 Albums of 2019\". Consequence of Sound. 2019-12-02. Retrieved 2019-12-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://consequenceofsound.net/2019/12/top-albums-of-2019/","url_text":"\"Top 50 Albums of 2019\""}]},{"reference":"Suskin, Alex; Rodman, Sarah; Greenblatt, Leah (2019-12-17). \"The Best Albums Of 2019\". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2020-01-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://ew.com/music/the-best-albums-of-2019/?slide=6480437#6480437","url_text":"\"The Best Albums Of 2019\""}]},{"reference":"Conrad, Anna; Levelsey, David; Johnston, Kathleen; Barrle, Thomas; Pometsey, Olive (2019-12-17). \"The albums that made 2019 great again\". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2020-01-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/culture/article/best-albums-2019","url_text":"\"The albums that made 2019 great again\""}]},{"reference":"Brontwein, Sofia (December 20, 2019). \"Лучшие музыкальные альбомы 2019 года\" [The Best Albums of 2019]. GQ (Russia). Retrieved February 6, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gq.ru/entertainment/best-albums-2019","url_text":"\"Лучшие музыкальные альбомы 2019 года\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GQ","url_text":"GQ"}]},{"reference":"Guardian Staff (2019-12-10). \"The 50 best albums of 2019: 11-50\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2019-12-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2019/dec/03/50-best-albums-of-2019","url_text":"\"The 50 best albums of 2019: 11-50\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","url_text":"0261-3077"}]},{"reference":"\"The 50 Best Albums of 2019\". NME.com. 2019-12-16. Retrieved 2020-01-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nme.com/features/the-greatest-albums-of-2019-2586777","url_text":"\"The 50 Best Albums of 2019\""}]},{"reference":"Paste Staff (2019-12-10). \"The 50 Best Albums of 2019\". pastemagazine.com. Retrieved 2019-12-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2019/12/best-albums-of-2019.html","url_text":"\"The 50 Best Albums of 2019\""}]},{"reference":"Staff, PopCrush (2 December 2019). \"The 25 Best Albums of 2019\". PopCrush. Retrieved 2019-12-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://popcrush.com/best-albums-2019/","url_text":"\"The 25 Best Albums of 2019\""}]},{"reference":"Jonathan Bernstein; Jon Blistein; Jon Dolan; Patrick Doyle; Brenna Ehrlich; Suzy Exposito; Jon Freeman; David Fricke; Kory Grow; Will Hermes; Christian Hoard; Charles Holmes; Joseph Hudak; Brendan Klinkenberg; Elias Leight; Angie Martoccio; Claire Shaffer; Rob Sheffield; Hank Shteamer; Brittany Spanos; Simon Vozick-Levison; Hank Shteamer (2019-12-05). \"The 50 Best Albums of 2019\". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2019-12-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/best-albums-2019-914750/","url_text":"\"The 50 Best Albums of 2019\""}]},{"reference":"Jon Dolan; Brittany Spanos; Simon Vozick-Levinson; Rob Sheffield; Charles Holmes; Christian Hoard; Joseph Hudak; Elias Leight; Suzy Exposito; Will Hermes; Angie Martoccio; David Browne; Hank Shteamer; Jon Freeman; Claire Shaffer; Brenna Ehrlich; Jonathan Bernstein; Jon Blistein; Nick Catucci; Brendan Klinkenberg; Danny Schwartz; Kory Grow; Jerry Portwood (2019-12-03). \"The 100 Best Albums of the 2010s\". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2019-12-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/best-albums-2010s-ranked-913997/","url_text":"\"The 100 Best Albums of the 2010s\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Best Albums Of 2019\". Uproxx. 2019-12-02. Retrieved 2019-12-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://uproxx.com/music/best-albums-2019-ranked/","url_text":"\"The Best Albums Of 2019\""}]},{"reference":"Lamarre, Carl (September 12, 2019). \"Cardi B Leads 2019 BET Hip Hop Awards With 10 Nominations: Exclusive\". Billboard. Retrieved December 17, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/8529768/2019-bet-hip-hop-awards-nominations-list","url_text":"\"Cardi B Leads 2019 BET Hip Hop Awards With 10 Nominations: Exclusive\""}]},{"reference":"\"2020 GRAMMY Awards: Complete Nominees List\". Grammy.com. November 20, 2019. Retrieved November 20, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.grammy.com/grammys/news/2020-grammy-awards-complete-nominees-list","url_text":"\"2020 GRAMMY Awards: Complete Nominees List\""}]},{"reference":"Klemme, Kelsey (September 5, 2019). \"2019 People's Choice Awards: Complete List of Nominees\". E! News. Archived from the original on September 4, 2019. Retrieved September 5, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eonline.com/shows/peoples_choice_awards/news/1068008/2019-people-s-choice-awards-complete-list-of-nominees/","url_text":"\"2019 People's Choice Awards: Complete List of Nominees\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190904154836/https://www.eonline.com/news/1068008/2019-people-s-choice-awards-complete-list-of-nominees","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Mitchell, Gail (October 25, 2018). \"Chris Brown, Drake, Beyoncé & Lizzo Top Nominees For 2019 Soul Train Awards: Exclusive\". Billboard. Retrieved October 26, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/8540527/soul-train-awards-2019-nominations-list","url_text":"\"Chris Brown, Drake, Beyoncé & Lizzo Top Nominees For 2019 Soul Train Awards: Exclusive\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nominees \| BET Awards '20\". BET. September 12, 2019. Retrieved June 28, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bet.com/shows/bet-awards/nominees.html","url_text":"\"Nominees \| BET Awards '20\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BET","url_text":"BET"}]},{"reference":"Caulfield, Keith (April 28, 2019). \"Billie Eilish's 'When We All Fall Asleep, Where Do We Go?' Returns to No. 1 on Billboard 200 Albums Chart\". Billboard. Archived from the original on Dec 29, 2021. Retrieved April 29, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/8509026/billie-eilish-returns-no-1-album-billboard-200","url_text":"\"Billie Eilish's 'When We All Fall Asleep, Where Do We Go?' Returns to No. 1 on Billboard 200 Albums Chart\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211229103334/https://www.billboard.com/pro/billie-eilish-returns-no-1-album-billboard-200/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Caulfield, Keith (2019-09-05). \"Lizzo's 'Cuz I Love You' Album Hits Top 5 on Billboard 200 Chart\". Billboard. Archived from the original on Aug 12, 2022. Retrieved 2019-09-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/chart-beat/8529232/lizzo-cuz-i-love-you-album-top-5-billboard-200-chart","url_text":"\"Lizzo's 'Cuz I Love You' Album Hits Top 5 on Billboard 200 Chart\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220812024610/https://www.billboard.com/pro/lizzo-cuz-i-love-you-album-top-5-billboard-200-chart/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Caulfield, Keith (June 30, 2019). \"The Raconteurs Land First No. 1 Album on Billboard 200 Chart With 'Help Us Stranger'\". Billboard. Archived from the original on Mar 20, 2022. Retrieved July 3, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/8518137/the-raconteurs-first-no-1-album-billboard-200","url_text":"\"The Raconteurs Land First No. 1 Album on Billboard 200 Chart With 'Help Us Stranger'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220320212204/https://www.billboard.com/pro/the-raconteurs-first-no-1-album-billboard-200/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"BMI \| Repertoire Search\". BMI. Select \"TITLE\", type \"Song\" in the search engine, and click \"Search\". Retrieved December 24, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://repertoire.bmi.com/StartPage.aspx","url_text":"\"BMI \| Repertoire Search\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_Music,_Inc.","url_text":"BMI"}]},{"reference":"\"Lizzo/リゾ「Cuz I Love You /コズ・アイ・ラヴ・ユー」 \| Warner Music Japan\". ワーナーミュージック・ジャパン \| Warner Music Japan (in Japanese). Retrieved August 7, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://wmg.jp/lizzo/discography/21159/","url_text":"\"Lizzo/リゾ「Cuz I Love You /コズ・アイ・ラヴ・ユー」 \| Warner Music Japan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lizzo/リゾ「Cuz I Love You (Super Deluxe)/コズ・アイ・ラヴ・ユー (スーパー・デラックス)」 \| Warner Music Japan\". ワーナーミュージック・ジャパン \| Warner Music Japan (in Japanese). Retrieved April 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://wmg.jp/lizzo/discography/22058/","url_text":"\"Lizzo/リゾ「Cuz I Love You (Super Deluxe)/コズ・アイ・ラヴ・ユー (スーパー・デラックス)」 \| Warner Music Japan\""}]},{"reference":"Cuz I Love You (Deluxe Edition) (booklet). Nice Life, Atlantic. 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nice_Life_Recording_Company","url_text":"Nice Life"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Records","url_text":"Atlantic"}]},{"reference":"\"Savaitės klausomiausi (TOP 100)\" (in Lithuanian). AGATA. September 2, 2019. Retrieved November 30, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.agata.lt/lt/naujienos/savaites-klausomiausi-w35/","url_text":"\"Savaitės klausomiausi (TOP 100)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGATA_(organization)","url_text":"AGATA"}]},{"reference":"\"Top Canadian Albums – Year-End 2019\". Billboard. Retrieved December 6, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2019/top-canadian-albums","url_text":"\"Top Canadian Albums – Year-End 2019\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 2019\". Billboard. Retrieved December 5, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/top-billboard-200-albums","url_text":"\"Top Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 2019\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"ARIA Top 100 Albums for 2020\". Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved January 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aria.com.au/charts/2020/albums-chart","url_text":"\"ARIA Top 100 Albums for 2020\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jaaroverzichten 2020\". Ultratop. Retrieved December 18, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ultratop.be/nl/annual.asp?year=2020&cat=a","url_text":"\"Jaaroverzichten 2020\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top Canadian Albums – Year-End 2020\". Billboard. Retrieved December 9, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2020/top-canadian-albums","url_text":"\"Top Canadian Albums – Year-End 2020\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 2020\". Billboard. Retrieved December 5, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2020/top-billboard-200-albums","url_text":"\"Top Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 2020\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 2021\". Billboard. Retrieved December 3, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2021/top-billboard-200-albums/","url_text":"\"Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"Decade-End Charts: Billboard 200\". Billboard. Retrieved November 15, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/decade-end/billboard-200","url_text":"\"Decade-End Charts: Billboard 200\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brazilian album certifications – Lizzo – Cuz I Love You\" (in Portuguese). Pro-Música Brasil. Retrieved July 7, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://pro-musicabr.org.br/home/certificados/?busca_artista=Lizzo&busca_tipo_produto=%C3%81LBUM","url_text":"\"Brazilian album certifications – Lizzo – Cuz I Love You\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-M%C3%BAsica_Brasil","url_text":"Pro-Música Brasil"}]},{"reference":"\"Canadian album certifications – Lizzo – Cuz I Love You\". Music Canada. August 12, 2020. Retrieved April 17, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://musiccanada.com/gold-platinum/?_gp_search=Cuz+I+Love+You%20Lizzo","url_text":"\"Canadian album certifications – Lizzo – Cuz I Love You\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Canada","url_text":"Music Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"Danish album certifications – Lizzo – Cuz I Love You\". IFPI Danmark. Retrieved October 12, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://ifpi.dk/node/10637","url_text":"\"Danish album certifications – Lizzo – Cuz I Love You\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFPI_Danmark","url_text":"IFPI Danmark"}]},{"reference":"\"French album certifications – Lizzo – Cuz I Love You\" (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. Retrieved July 26, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://snepmusique.com/les-certifications/?categorie=Albums&interprete=Lizzo&titre=Cuz+I+Love+You","url_text":"\"French album certifications – Lizzo – Cuz I Love You\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicat_National_de_l%27%C3%89dition_Phonographique","url_text":"Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique"}]},{"reference":"\"Norwegian album certifications – Lizzo – Cuz I Love You\" (in Norwegian). IFPI Norway. Retrieved November 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://ifpi.no/trofe/trofeoversikt/?searchterm=Lizzo","url_text":"\"Norwegian album certifications – Lizzo – Cuz I Love You\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"IFPI"}]},{"reference":"\"Wyróżnienia – Złote płyty CD - Archiwum - Przyznane w 2022 roku\" (in Polish). Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry. Retrieved April 6, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://bestsellery.zpav.pl/wyroznienia/zloteplyty/cd/archiwum.php?year=2022","url_text":"\"Wyróżnienia – Złote płyty CD - Archiwum - Przyznane w 2022 roku\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Society_of_the_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry"}]},{"reference":"\"British album certifications – Lizzo – Cuz I Love You\". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved August 8, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/16151-5025-2","url_text":"\"British album certifications – Lizzo – Cuz I Love You\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"British Phonographic Industry"}]},{"reference":"\"American album certifications – Lizzo – Cuz I Love You\". Recording Industry Association of America. January 14, 2020. Retrieved January 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=Lizzo&ti=Cuz+I+Love+You&format=Album&type=#search_section","url_text":"\"American album certifications – Lizzo – Cuz I Love You\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America","url_text":"Recording Industry Association of America"}]},{"reference":"\"Cuz I Love You (Deluxe)\". Amazon.com. Retrieved February 14, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/Cuz-I-Love-You-Deluxe/dp/B07RG2XXVP","url_text":"\"Cuz I Love You (Deluxe)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lizzo/リゾ「Cuz I Love You / コズ・アイ・ラヴ・ユー」 \| Warner Music Japan\". ワーナーミュージック・ジャパン \| Warner Music Japan (in Japanese). Retrieved August 7, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://wmg.jp/lizzo/discography/21159/","url_text":"\"Lizzo/リゾ「Cuz I Love You / コズ・アイ・ラヴ・ユー」 \| Warner Music Japan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cuz I Love You (Deluxe)\". Amazon.com. Retrieved February 14, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/Cuz-Love-You-Deluxe-Vinyl/dp/B07VP76R4H/ref=tmm_vnl_swatch_0?_encoding=UTF8&qid=&sr=","url_text":"\"Cuz I Love You (Deluxe)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lizzo/リゾ「Cuz I Love You (Super Deluxe)/コズ・アイ・ラヴ・ユー (スーパー・デラックス)」 \| Warner Music Japan\". ワーナーミュージック・ジャパン \| Warner Music Japan (in Japanese). Retrieved April 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://wmg.jp/lizzo/discography/22058/","url_text":"\"Lizzo/リゾ「Cuz I Love You (Super Deluxe)/コズ・アイ・ラヴ・ユー (スーパー・デラックス)」 \| Warner Music Japan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cuz I Love You (Super Deluxe)\". Amazon.com. Retrieved February 14, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/Cuz-I-Love-You-Lizzo/dp/B07ZWBQKFD/ref=tmm_acd_swatch_0?_encoding=UTF8&qid=1581702570&sr=8-3","url_text":"\"Cuz I Love You (Super Deluxe)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cuz I Love You (Super Deluxe)\". Amazon.com. Retrieved February 14, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/Cuz-Love-Super-Deluxe-Explicit/dp/B083VY6HD3/ref=sr_1_3?keywords=lizzo+cuz+i+love+you+super+deluxe+mp3&qid=1581702570&sr=8-3","url_text":"\"Cuz I Love You (Super Deluxe)\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.clashmusic.com/reviews/lizzo-cuz-i-love-you","external_links_name":"\"Lizzo – Cuz I Love You\""},{"Link":"https://pitchfork.com/news/lizzo-announces-new-album-and-tour/","external_links_name":"\"Lizzo Announces New Album and Tour\""},{"Link":"https://www.thefader.com/2019/01/28/lizzo-cuz-i-love-you-release-date-tour","external_links_name":"\"Lizzo confirms CUZ I LOVE YOU album details\""},{"Link":"https://www.pride.com/music/2019/1/31/secure-your-wigs-lizzo-has-collab-missy-elliott-it-slaps","external_links_name":"\"Secure Your Wigs: Lizzo Has a Collab with Missy Elliott (& It Slaps!)\""},{"Link":"http://www.papermag.com/lizzo-nude-album-cover-2628795044.html","external_links_name":"\"Lizzo Drops Nude 'Cuz I Love You' Album Cover\""},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/song-you-need-to-know-lizzo-juice-777189/","external_links_name":"\"Song You Need to Know: Lizzo, 'Juice'\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/lizzo/chart-history/rba/","external_links_name":"\"Lizzo Chart History\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/lizzo/chart-history/bst/","external_links_name":"\"Lizzo Chart History\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/scottish-singles-chart/20190301/41/","external_links_name":"\"Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100\""},{"Link":"https://uproxx.com/hiphop/lizzo-juice-performance-ellen/","external_links_name":"\"Lizzo's Single 'Juice' Makes Its Television Debut With A Terrific Live Performance\""},{"Link":"https://pitchfork.com/news/lizzo-performs-juice-with-dancers-disco-ball-on-fallon-watch/","external_links_name":"\"Lizzo Performs \"Juice\" With Dancers, Disco Ball on \"Fallon\": Watch\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190208115207/https://pitchfork.com/news/lizzo-performs-juice-with-dancers-disco-ball-on-fallon-watch/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Srq1FqFPwj0","external_links_name":"Lizzo - Tempo (feat. Missy Elliott) [Official Music Video]"},{"Link":"https://www.allaccess.com/top40-mainstream/future-releases","external_links_name":"\"Top 40/M Future Releases\""},{"Link":"https://www.thefader.com/2019/02/14/lizzo-cuz-i-love-you-music-video-album-release-date","external_links_name":"\"Lizzo bares her heart in the 'Cuz I Love You' music video\""},{"Link":"https://www.spin.com/2019/03/lizzo-tempo-missy-elliott-listen/","external_links_name":"\"Missy Elliott Joins Lizzo on New Song 'Tempo'\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/lizzo/chart-history/hds/","external_links_name":"\"Lizzo Digital Song Sales Billboard Chart History\""},{"Link":"http://www.anydecentmusic.com/review/9849/Lizzo-Cuz-I-Love-You.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Cuz I Love You by Lizzo reviews\""},{"Link":"https://www.metacritic.com/music/cuz-i-love-you/lizzo","external_links_name":"\"Cuz I Love You by Lizzo Reviews and Tracks\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/cuz-i-love-you-mw0003252453","external_links_name":"\"Cuz I Love You – Lizzo\""},{"Link":"https://music.avclub.com/lizzo-loves-herself-and-learns-to-love-somebody-else-1834151268","external_links_name":"\"Lizzo loves herself, and learns to love somebody else, on the empowered yet tender Cuz I Love You\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/music/what-to-listen-to/lizzo-cuz-love-review-has-hiding-voice/","external_links_name":"\"Lizzo, Cuz I Love You, review: where has she been hiding that voice?\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2019/apr/18/lizzo-cuz-i-love-you-review-body-positive-pop","external_links_name":"\"Lizzo: Cuz I Love You review – body-positive pop with its foot on the gas\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/reviews/album-review-lizzo-cuz-i-love-you-fat-white-family-serfs-up-cage-elephant-social-cues-a8875081.html","external_links_name":"\"Album reviews: Lizzo – Cuz I Love You, Fat White Family – Serfs Up! and Cage the Elephant – Social Cues\""},{"Link":"https://www.nme.com/reviews/lizzo-cuz-i-love-you-album-review-2478435","external_links_name":"\"Lizzo – 'Cuz I Love You' review\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2019/apr/20/lizzo-cuz-i-love-you-review","external_links_name":"\"Lizzo: Cuz I Love You review – on the bright side of history\""},{"Link":"https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/lizzo-cuz-i-love-you/","external_links_name":"\"Lizzo: Cuz I Love You\""},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-album-reviews/review-lizzo-cuz-i-love-you-824705/","external_links_name":"\"Lizzo Is Her Own Hero on the Legend-Making 'Cuz I Love You'\""},{"Link":"https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/neakdb/robert-christgau-on-lizzos-casual-confidence","external_links_name":"\"Robert Christgau on Lizzo's Casual Confidence\""},{"Link":"http://diymag.com/2019/04/17/lizzo-cuz-i-love-you-album-review","external_links_name":"\"Lizzo – Cuz I Love You\""},{"Link":"https://www.thelineofbestfit.com/reviews/albums/lizzo-cuz-i-love-you-album-review","external_links_name":"\"Cuz I Love You is Lizzo's declaration of superstardom\""},{"Link":"https://www.slantmagazine.com/music/review-lizzos-cuz-i-love-you-is-a-vessel-for-pure-exuberance/","external_links_name":"\"Review: Lizzo's Cuz I Love You Is a Vessel of Pure Exuberence\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/list/8545657/best-albums-of-2019-top-50","external_links_name":"\"The 50 Best Albums of 2019: Staff Picks\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/list/8543722/best-albums-of-the-2010s-top-100","external_links_name":"\"The 100 Greatest Albums of the 2010s: Staff Picks\""},{"Link":"https://consequenceofsound.net/2019/12/top-albums-of-2019/","external_links_name":"\"Top 50 Albums of 2019\""},{"Link":"https://ew.com/music/the-best-albums-of-2019/?slide=6480437#6480437","external_links_name":"\"The Best Albums Of 2019\""},{"Link":"https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/culture/article/best-albums-2019","external_links_name":"\"The albums that made 2019 great again\""},{"Link":"https://www.gq.ru/entertainment/best-albums-2019","external_links_name":"\"Лучшие музыкальные альбомы 2019 года\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2019/dec/03/50-best-albums-of-2019","external_links_name":"\"The 50 best albums of 2019: 11-50\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","external_links_name":"0261-3077"},{"Link":"https://www.nme.com/features/the-greatest-albums-of-2019-2586777","external_links_name":"\"The 50 Best Albums of 2019\""},{"Link":"https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2019/12/best-albums-of-2019.html","external_links_name":"\"The 50 Best Albums of 2019\""},{"Link":"https://popcrush.com/best-albums-2019/","external_links_name":"\"The 25 Best Albums of 2019\""},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/best-albums-2019-914750/","external_links_name":"\"The 50 Best Albums of 2019\""},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/best-albums-2010s-ranked-913997/","external_links_name":"\"The 100 Best Albums of the 2010s\""},{"Link":"https://uproxx.com/music/best-albums-2019-ranked/","external_links_name":"\"The Best Albums Of 2019\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/8529768/2019-bet-hip-hop-awards-nominations-list","external_links_name":"\"Cardi B Leads 2019 BET Hip Hop Awards With 10 Nominations: Exclusive\""},{"Link":"https://www.grammy.com/grammys/news/2020-grammy-awards-complete-nominees-list","external_links_name":"\"2020 GRAMMY Awards: Complete Nominees List\""},{"Link":"https://www.eonline.com/shows/peoples_choice_awards/news/1068008/2019-people-s-choice-awards-complete-list-of-nominees/","external_links_name":"\"2019 People's Choice Awards: Complete List of Nominees\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190904154836/https://www.eonline.com/news/1068008/2019-people-s-choice-awards-complete-list-of-nominees","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/8540527/soul-train-awards-2019-nominations-list","external_links_name":"\"Chris Brown, Drake, Beyoncé & Lizzo Top Nominees For 2019 Soul Train Awards: Exclusive\""},{"Link":"https://www.bet.com/shows/bet-awards/nominees.html","external_links_name":"\"Nominees \| BET Awards '20\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/8509026/billie-eilish-returns-no-1-album-billboard-200","external_links_name":"\"Billie Eilish's 'When We All Fall Asleep, Where Do We Go?' Returns to No. 1 on Billboard 200 Albums Chart\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211229103334/https://www.billboard.com/pro/billie-eilish-returns-no-1-album-billboard-200/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/chart-beat/8529232/lizzo-cuz-i-love-you-album-top-5-billboard-200-chart","external_links_name":"\"Lizzo's 'Cuz I Love You' Album Hits Top 5 on Billboard 200 Chart\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220812024610/https://www.billboard.com/pro/lizzo-cuz-i-love-you-album-top-5-billboard-200-chart/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/8518137/the-raconteurs-first-no-1-album-billboard-200","external_links_name":"\"The Raconteurs Land First No. 1 Album on Billboard 200 Chart With 'Help Us Stranger'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220320212204/https://www.billboard.com/pro/the-raconteurs-first-no-1-album-billboard-200/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://repertoire.bmi.com/StartPage.aspx","external_links_name":"\"BMI \| Repertoire Search\""},{"Link":"https://wmg.jp/lizzo/discography/21159/","external_links_name":"\"Lizzo/リゾ「Cuz I Love You /コズ・アイ・ラヴ・ユー」 \| Warner Music Japan\""},{"Link":"https://wmg.jp/lizzo/discography/22058/","external_links_name":"\"Lizzo/リゾ「Cuz I Love You (Super Deluxe)/コズ・アイ・ラヴ・ユー (スーパー・デラックス)」 \| Warner Music Japan\""},{"Link":"https://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Lizzo&titel=Cuz+I+Love+You&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Australiancharts.com – Lizzo – Cuz I Love You\""},{"Link":"https://austriancharts.at/showitem.asp?interpret=Lizzo&titel=Cuz+I+Love+You&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Austriancharts.at – Lizzo – Cuz I Love You\""},{"Link":"https://www.ultratop.be/nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Lizzo&titel=Cuz+I+Love+You&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Ultratop.be – Lizzo – Cuz I Love You\""},{"Link":"https://www.ultratop.be/fr/showitem.asp?interpret=Lizzo&titel=Cuz+I+Love+You&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Ultratop.be – Lizzo – Cuz I Love You\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Lizzo/chart-history/CNA","external_links_name":"\"Lizzo Chart History (Canadian Albums)\""},{"Link":"https://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Lizzo&titel=Cuz+I+Love+You&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Dutchcharts.nl – Lizzo – Cuz I Love You\""},{"Link":"https://lescharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Lizzo&titel=Cuz+I+Love+You&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Lescharts.com – Lizzo – Cuz I Love You\""},{"Link":"https://slagerlistak.hu/album-top-40-slagerlista/2020/32","external_links_name":"\"Album Top 40 slágerlista – 2020. 32. hét\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/irish-albums-chart/20190719/ie7502/","external_links_name":"\"Official Irish Albums Chart Top 50\""},{"Link":"https://www.agata.lt/lt/naujienos/savaites-klausomiausi-w35/","external_links_name":"\"Savaitės klausomiausi (TOP 100)\""},{"Link":"https://charts.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Lizzo&titel=Cuz+I+Love+You&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Charts.nz – Lizzo – Cuz I Love You\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/scottish-albums-chart/20190426/40/","external_links_name":"\"Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100\""},{"Link":"http://swisscharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Lizzo&titel=Cuz+I+Love+You&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Swisscharts.com – Lizzo – Cuz I Love You\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/albums-chart/20200228/7502/","external_links_name":"\"Official Albums Chart Top 100\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/r-and-b-albums-chart/20191129/115/","external_links_name":"\"Official R&B Albums Chart Top 40\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Lizzo/chart-history/TLP","external_links_name":"\"Lizzo Chart History (Billboard 200)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Lizzo/chart-history/TAS","external_links_name":"\"Lizzo Chart History (Top Tastemaker Albums)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2019/top-canadian-albums","external_links_name":"\"Top Canadian Albums – Year-End 2019\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/top-billboard-200-albums","external_links_name":"\"Top Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 2019\""},{"Link":"https://www.aria.com.au/charts/2020/albums-chart","external_links_name":"\"ARIA Top 100 Albums for 2020\""},{"Link":"https://www.ultratop.be/nl/annual.asp?year=2020&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Jaaroverzichten 2020\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2020/top-canadian-albums","external_links_name":"\"Top Canadian Albums – Year-End 2020\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2020/top-billboard-200-albums","external_links_name":"\"Top Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 2020\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2021/top-billboard-200-albums/","external_links_name":"\"Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 2021\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/decade-end/billboard-200","external_links_name":"\"Decade-End Charts: Billboard 200\""},{"Link":"https://pro-musicabr.org.br/home/certificados/?busca_artista=Lizzo&busca_tipo_produto=%C3%81LBUM","external_links_name":"\"Brazilian album certifications – Lizzo – Cuz I Love You\""},{"Link":"https://musiccanada.com/gold-platinum/?_gp_search=Cuz+I+Love+You%20Lizzo","external_links_name":"\"Canadian album certifications – Lizzo – Cuz I Love You\""},{"Link":"http://ifpi.dk/node/10637","external_links_name":"\"Danish album certifications – Lizzo – Cuz I Love You\""},{"Link":"http://snepmusique.com/les-certifications/?categorie=Albums&interprete=Lizzo&titre=Cuz+I+Love+You","external_links_name":"\"French album certifications – Lizzo – Cuz I Love You\""},{"Link":"https://ifpi.no/trofe/trofeoversikt/?searchterm=Lizzo","external_links_name":"\"Norwegian album certifications – Lizzo – Cuz I Love You\""},{"Link":"http://bestsellery.zpav.pl/wyroznienia/zloteplyty/cd/archiwum.php?year=2022","external_links_name":"\"Wyróżnienia – Złote płyty CD - Archiwum - Przyznane w 2022 roku\""},{"Link":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/16151-5025-2","external_links_name":"\"British album certifications – Lizzo – Cuz I Love You\""},{"Link":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=Lizzo&ti=Cuz+I+Love+You&format=Album&type=#search_section","external_links_name":"\"American album certifications – Lizzo – Cuz I Love You\""},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/Cuz-I-Love-You-Deluxe/dp/B07RG2XXVP","external_links_name":"\"Cuz I Love You (Deluxe)\""},{"Link":"https://wmg.jp/lizzo/discography/21159/","external_links_name":"\"Lizzo/リゾ「Cuz I Love You / コズ・アイ・ラヴ・ユー」 \| Warner Music Japan\""},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/Cuz-Love-You-Deluxe-Vinyl/dp/B07VP76R4H/ref=tmm_vnl_swatch_0?_encoding=UTF8&qid=&sr=","external_links_name":"\"Cuz I Love You (Deluxe)\""},{"Link":"https://wmg.jp/lizzo/discography/22058/","external_links_name":"\"Lizzo/リゾ「Cuz I Love You (Super Deluxe)/コズ・アイ・ラヴ・ユー (スーパー・デラックス)」 \| Warner Music Japan\""},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/Cuz-I-Love-You-Lizzo/dp/B07ZWBQKFD/ref=tmm_acd_swatch_0?_encoding=UTF8&qid=1581702570&sr=8-3","external_links_name":"\"Cuz I Love You (Super Deluxe)\""},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/Cuz-Love-Super-Deluxe-Explicit/dp/B083VY6HD3/ref=sr_1_3?keywords=lizzo+cuz+i+love+you+super+deluxe+mp3&qid=1581702570&sr=8-3","external_links_name":"\"Cuz I Love You (Super Deluxe)\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/2065159613648441030005","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/b0b9a346-658c-48b4-97ee-8cd49c19c2e6","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_station_(South_Carolina)	Columbia station (South Carolina)	["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]	Coordinates: 33°59′39″N 81°02′25″W / 33.9943°N 81.0403°W / 33.9943; -81.0403Train station in Columbia, South Carolina, US Columbia, SCGeneral informationLocation850 Pulaski StreetColumbia, South CarolinaUnited StatesCoordinates33°59′39″N 81°02′25″W / 33.9943°N 81.0403°W / 33.9943; -81.0403Owned byCity of ColumbiaLine(s)Columbia SubdivisionPlatforms1 side platformTracks2ConstructionAccessibleYesOther informationStation codeAmtrak: CLBHistoryOpened1991PassengersFY 202225,035 (Amtrak) Services Preceding station Amtrak Following station Denmarktoward Miami Silver Star Camdentoward New York Location Columbia station is a train station in Columbia, South Carolina. It is served by Amtrak's Silver Star train. The street address is 850 Pulaski Street. The station opened in 1991, replacing the 1903-built Seaboard Air Line station two blocks east. See also Union Station (Columbia, South Carolina) References ^ "Amtrak Fact Sheet, Fiscal Year 2022: State of South Carolina" (PDF). Amtrak. June 2023. Retrieved August 30, 2023. ^ "Columbia, SC (CLB)". Great American Stations. Retrieved 2010-04-18. External links Columbia, SC – Amtrak Columbia, SC – Station history at Great American Stations (Amtrak) Columbia Amtrak Station (USA Rail Guide -- Train Web) Columbia, South Carolina Railroad Stations (South Carolina Railroad Stations) An Amtrak Vacationer stops at the former Seaboard Air Line Depot in 1972. vteAmtrak stations in South CarolinaActive stations Camden Charleston Clemson Columbia Denmark Dillon Florence Greenville Kingstree Spartanburg Yemassee This South Carolina train station-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article related to a building or structure in Columbia, South Carolina is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Columbia, South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Amtrak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak"},{"link_name":"Silver Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Star_(Amtrak_train)"},{"link_name":"Seaboard Air Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaboard_Air_Line_Railway"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Train station in Columbia, South Carolina, USColumbia station is a train station in Columbia, South Carolina. It is served by Amtrak's Silver Star train. The street address is 850 Pulaski Street. The station opened in 1991, replacing the 1903-built Seaboard Air Line station two blocks east.[2]","title":"Columbia station (South Carolina)"}]	[{"image_text":"An Amtrak Vacationer stops at the former Seaboard Air Line Depot in 1972.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Amtrak_Vacationer_at_Columbia%2C_South_Carolina_%281972%29.jpg/250px-Amtrak_Vacationer_at_Columbia%2C_South_Carolina_%281972%29.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Union Station (Columbia, South Carolina)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Station_(Columbia,_South_Carolina)"}]	[{"reference":"\"Amtrak Fact Sheet, Fiscal Year 2022: State of South Carolina\" (PDF). Amtrak. June 2023. Retrieved August 30, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amtrak.com/content/dam/projects/dotcom/english/public/documents/corporate/statefactsheets/SOUTHCAROLINA22.pdf","url_text":"\"Amtrak Fact Sheet, Fiscal Year 2022: State of South Carolina\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak","url_text":"Amtrak"}]},{"reference":"\"Columbia, SC (CLB)\". Great American Stations. Retrieved 2010-04-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.greatamericanstations.com/Stations/CLB/Station_view","url_text":"\"Columbia, SC (CLB)\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Columbia_station_(South_Carolina)&params=33.9943_N_81.0403_W_type:railwaystation_region:US-SC","external_links_name":"33°59′39″N 81°02′25″W / 33.9943°N 81.0403°W / 33.9943; -81.0403"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Columbia_station_(South_Carolina)&params=33.9943_N_81.0403_W_type:railwaystation_region:US-SC","external_links_name":"33°59′39″N 81°02′25″W / 33.9943°N 81.0403°W / 33.9943; -81.0403"},{"Link":"https://www.amtrak.com/stations/clb","external_links_name":"CLB"},{"Link":"https://www.amtrak.com/content/dam/projects/dotcom/english/public/documents/corporate/statefactsheets/SOUTHCAROLINA22.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Amtrak Fact Sheet, Fiscal Year 2022: State of South Carolina\""},{"Link":"http://www.greatamericanstations.com/Stations/CLB/Station_view","external_links_name":"\"Columbia, SC (CLB)\""},{"Link":"https://www.amtrak.com/stations/clb","external_links_name":"Columbia, SC – Amtrak"},{"Link":"https://www.greatamericanstations.com/stations/CLB","external_links_name":"Columbia, SC – Station history at Great American Stations (Amtrak)"},{"Link":"http://www.trainweb.org/usarail/columbia.htm","external_links_name":"Columbia Amtrak Station (USA Rail Guide -- Train Web)"},{"Link":"http://scdepots.com/columbia.htm","external_links_name":"Columbia, South Carolina Railroad Stations (South Carolina Railroad Stations)"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbia_station_(South_Carolina)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbia_station_(South_Carolina)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostankino_Tower	Ostankino Tower	["1 History","1.1 Choosing a site for construction","1.2 Initial design","1.3 Construction","1.4 Vantage point","1.5 Height increase plan","2 Accidents","2.1 Fire of 2000","2.2 2004 base jumping accident","2.3 Fire of 2007","2.4 Elevator system","2.5 Restaurant","2.6 Flagpole","3 Channels listed by frequency","3.1 Analogue radio (FM)","3.2 Digital television (DVB-T2)","3.3 Analogue television","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	Coordinates: 55°49′11″N 37°36′42″E / 55.81972°N 37.61167°E / 55.81972; 37.61167Radio and television tower in Moscow Ostankino TowerОстанкинская телебашняOstankino Tower in June 2021Location in MoscowRecord heightTallest in the world from 1967 to 1974Preceded byEmpire State BuildingSurpassed byCN TowerGeneral informationStatusCompletedTypeObservation, telecommunications, tourismLocationMoscow, RussiaCoordinates55°49′11″N 37°36′42″E / 55.81972°N 37.61167°E / 55.81972; 37.61167Construction started1963Completed1967OwnerUnitary enterprise Russian Television and Radio Broadcasting NetworkHeightAntenna spire540.1 m (1,772.0 ft)Roof385.4 m (1,264.4 ft)Top floor360.4 m (1,182.4 ft)Technical detailsFloor count120 (equivalent)Floor area15,000 m2 (160,000 sq ft)Lifts/elevators11Design and constructionStructural engineerNikolai NikitinReferences Ostankino Tower (Russian: Оста́нкинская телеба́шня, romanized: Ostankinskaya telebashnya) is a television and radio tower in Moscow, Russia, owned by the Moscow branch of unitary enterprise Russian TV and Radio Broadcasting Network. Standing 540.1 metres (1,772 ft), it was designed by Nikolai Nikitin. As of 2022, it is the tallest free-standing structure in Europe and 12th tallest in the world. Between 1967 and 1974, it was the tallest in the world. The tower was the first free-standing structure to exceed 500 m (1,600 ft) in height. Ostankino was built to mark the 50th anniversary of the October Revolution. It is named after the surrounding Ostankino district of Moscow. Upon the completion of construction, approximately 10,000,000 individuals resided within the transmitter coverage area, which expanded to over 15,000,000 people by 2014. This area encompasses Moscow and the Moscow Region, as well as certain portions of the Vladimir and Kaluga regions. The ownership of the TV tower lies with the Moscow Regional Center, a division of the Russian Television and Radio Broadcasting Network (RTRN). Under favorable weather conditions, the Ostankino TV Tower can be observed by residents of certain cities in the Moscow Region, including Balashikha, Voskresensk, Zelenograd, Korolev, Krasnogorsk, Lyubertsy, Mytishchi, Odintsovo, Podolsk, Khimki, and Shchyolkovo. History Choosing a site for construction The primary function of the Ostankino TV Tower is to transmit TV signals. Prior to its establishment, this task was fulfilled by a structure devised by Vladimir Shukhov in 1922. During that era, the "wicker" tower located on Shabolovka Street was widely regarded as an extraordinary feat of engineering ingenuity. However, it became apparent in the 1950s that the tower had reached the end of its lifespan. Originally designed primarily for radio signal transmission, the tower found itself adapting to the emergence of television broadcasting in the late 1930s. After nearly two decades, it became evident that the design had become outdated and struggled to efficiently handle its assigned functions. The city required a new tower that would be more robust and spacious. Additionally, the authorities in the capital desired the signal from the structure to encompass not only Moscow but also the surrounding region. Consequently, based on the engineers' calculations, the height of the structure was determined to surpass 500 meters. Initially, the tower was intended to be situated on Balchug Island, which is now home to the Peter the Great Statue. Then a plot of land was offered in Cheryomushki, conveniently situated in the midst of the new blocks of Khrushchevka houses. The intention was to combine technical and construction progress. However, the idea did not come to fruition for a couple of reasons. Firstly, there was insufficient space for the tower in that location. Secondly, the construction could potentially disrupt the operations of the nearby Vnukovo airport. Ultimately, it was decided that the TV tower would be placed in Ostankino, where there was ample space available. Some researchers speculate that the decision may have also been influenced by the connection to the space industry. In this vicinity, there was the dacha of the esteemed designer Sergei Korolev, and later, houses were built for the cosmonauts. Additionally, plans were underway to erect a monument titled "Monument to the Conquerors of Space" near VDNKh. Thus, the tower had to align with this overarching theme as well. Initial design The project was initially assigned to the Kiev Design Institute specializing in steel structures, which won the All-Union competition for the best TV tower design. Their proposal was an openwork metal tower similar to the Eiffel Tower in Paris or the renowned Shukhov Tower in Moscow. However, the architects tasked with realizing the project were not very enthusiastic about it. Numerous engineers, including Nikolai Nikitin, a member of the competition committee and an expert in reinforced concrete and metal structures, came up with an alternative idea. Nikitin expressed a strong dislike towards his colleagues' project, deeming the design unappealing. He suggested building the tower out of reinforced concrete, citing a successful similar project in Stuttgart that had been completed two years prior, in 1956. He firmly believed that such a type of structure would be much more aesthetically pleasing. Nikitin's proposal was taken seriously, and he was given the opportunity to prepare his own application. To ensure the strength and stability of the concrete frame, Nikitin incorporated 149 taut steel ropes. Nikitin later asserted that he had conceived the project overnight, and the prototype for the cone-shaped foundation of the tower was inspired by the upside-down lilium flower, known for its robust petals and sturdy stem, which the engineer had envisioned in his dream just days before the deadline for submitting sketches. However, it is possible that the reality was different. His design was inspired by the work of scientist Yuri Kondratyuk in the 1930s, who had envisioned a thin and hollow concrete structure for a wind farm on Mount Ai-Petri in the Crimea. Kondratyuk successfully designed a 165-meter structure and took precautions by reinforcing it with steel cables to ensure its stability against strong winds. The project was left incomplete due to several factors, but the concept remained in Nikitin's mind. In 1932, architect Pier Luigi Nervi presented a project called the "Monument of the Banner" in Rome for a competition. It is uncertain whether Nikolai Nikitin was acquainted with these sketches, but the base of the structure bears a striking resemblance to the Ostankino TV tower. Nikolai Nikitin suggested constructing a 540-meter rocket, but the proposed tower had minimal foundation, with only a 4.6-meter base underground. Many of Nikitin's colleagues expressed concerns about the stability of the structure and recommended reinforcing it with 40-meter piles. They even wrote collective letters to halt construction. However, despite their efforts, the project was ultimately completed and the tower remained stable. This was primarily due to the shifted center of gravity. The center of gravity can be compared to the Soviet toy called Nevalashka, which means that the structure can sway in strong winds. The maximum deflection of the spire throughout the construction process was approximately 12 meters. Certainly, in addition to the shifted center of gravity, there was a need for further structural reinforcement. As a result, a total of 150 steel cables were carefully installed inside. In order to safeguard against any potential corrosion of the iron over time, the cables were coated with a substance known as gun oil. This particular type of petroleum oil is made thicker by combining it with petrolatum and ceresin. Construction The construction work commenced in 1959, leading to the establishment of an entire town dedicated to the project. This town included essential facilities such as a boiler house, a concrete plant, and a mechanical workshop. The tower trunk was successfully erected using a self-lifting crane, while alternative methods, specifically the utilization of helicopters, were employed to install the antenna atop the TV tower. Of course, the engineering features of the tower hold great significance. However, it was the architects who skillfully enhanced the tower's appearance. Leonid Batalov and Dmitry Burdin were responsible for shaping the structure's appearance. They incorporated elegant arches between the supports, constructed a sleek glazed cylinder beneath the tower trunk to accommodate technical services and live broadcasting studios, and artistically integrated illuminator windows in the upper section of the cone, giving the tower a striking similarity to a rocket. Furthermore, at the height of 325–360 meters, the tower was extended with a structure resembling a 10-storey house, featuring essential equipment, a magnificent revolving restaurant spanning three floors, and an observation deck inspired by the design of the TV tower in Stuttgart. Moreover, the balconies and trunk of the tower efficiently housed equipment for radio relay lines, mobile television stations, radiotelephone communications, special services facilities, and a meteorological complex. The grand opening of the Ostankino TV Tower occurred in 1967, coinciding with the 50th anniversary of the October Revolution. However, initially only a portion of the structure was operational. The remaining works were successfully completed by 1969, allowing for the opening of observation platforms and a restaurant for visitors. Speaking of the observation decks, the tower boasts two of them. One is a glazed deck situated at a height of 337 meters, while the second is an open deck positioned approximately 3 meters closer to the top of the tower. Although it is referred to as "open", there are bars in place for safety reasons. Additionally, it is only open on rare occasions, specifically during favorable weather conditions without wind.Comparison of the Ostankino Tower with the world's seven tallest towers Prior to 1976, the Ostankino TV Tower held the prestigious title of being the tallest structure in the entire world, standing impressively at a height of 540 meters. Extensive use of prestressed concrete resulted in a simple and sturdy structure. It surpassed the Empire State Building to become the tallest free-standing structure in the world. However, this remarkable achievement was subsequently overshadowed by the construction of the CN Tower, situated in the city of Toronto, Canada. Towering above the ground at an astonishing height of 553 meters, the CN Tower effortlessly claimed the new record. It is not uncommon for individuals to harbor the misconception that television programs were also produced within the confines of the Ostankino Tower. In actuality, the television studios are situated within the TV center, which came into existence in the same year as the tower, 1967. The primary role of the Ostankino Tower is to transmit signals, playing a role in ensuring seamless television broadcasts. Additionally, the tower has become a tourist attraction, attracting visitors with its grandeur and providing them with a high vantage point. Vantage point Over the course of 30 years leading up to the fire, the vantage point and the "Seventh Heaven" restaurant welcomed over 10 million guests. Following the fire, both the platform and the restaurant underwent reconstruction, with the observation deck being fully renovated by January 2008. Although the observation deck resumed operations with pilot tours on March 27, 2008, the restaurant remained closed as it continued its reconstruction efforts. One of the key guidelines for visiting entails implementing heightened security measures, which require the presence of an adult accompanied by a valid passport and a child accompanied by a birth certificate. It would be appreciated if you could kindly keep in mind that the ticket remains valid for a duration of 2.5 hours, and it is necessary to vacate the tower within that allocated time. Additionally, we kindly request that you refrain from taking photographs of the staff as it is against our policy. On 21 July 2018, there was a race up the tower, featuring athletes from 12 countries. They ran up the narrow, spiral staircase and reached the location at an altitude of 337.0 meters. The fastest of the 28 athletes was German, Christian Riedl, who made it to the top in 9 minutes and 51 seconds. The women's winner was Cynthia Harris (US), who reached the top in 12 minutes and 15 seconds. Height increase plan Back in 1994, there was an ambitious proposal to elevate the height of the tower to a staggering 561 meters (or 1,841 feet) by incorporating a substantial antenna. This audacious plan aimed to regain the coveted title of the "tallest freestanding structure in the world." Despite the grand vision, the implementation of this endeavor was ultimately hindered by a lack of sufficient financial resources. Accidents In the 21st century, the tower has encountered a series of accidents. These include a fire in the year 2000, an incident where a parachutist unintentionally collided with the tower in 2004, and another relatively minor fire in 2007. Fire of 2000 The tower on fire on 27 August 2000 On 27 August 2000, a devastating blaze not only engulfed the renowned restaurant "Seventh Sky," but also caused extensive damage to the entire structure. Out of the 150 steel cables that once held the building together, only 19 remained intact after the fire had subsided. The fire initially broke out at a height of 460 meters, or approximately 98 metres (322 ft) above the observation platform and the Seventh Heaven restaurant, around 3 o'clock in the afternoon. Within moments, the flames rapidly spread, engulfing nearby structures and leaving a trail of destruction in its wake. It took the efforts of firefighters and emergency personnel until the following evening to finally extinguish the flames. The aftermath of the fire had far-reaching consequences, as the entire city of Moscow was left without television reception, with additional disruption to radio signals. While some channels were able to quickly restore their services, it took several months to completely repair and reinstate the signal citywide. There were three fatalities as a result of the fire. A firefighter and lift operator died when their elevator cabin crashed to the ground level due to the fire. The fire necessitated the evacuation of all visitors and staff from those locations. As reported by Russian news agencies, the evacuation was successfully carried out within 90 minutes from the onset of the fire. The substantial loss incurred was primarily attributed to the outdated and inadequately maintained electronic equipment, a significant portion of which had been installed during the 1960s. Furthermore, the tower had become increasingly crowded with equipment. The failure of the fire suppression systems resulted in significant damage to the interior of the tower. Despite the efforts of over 300 firefighters and emergency workers, they had to manually bring heavy equipment, including chemical fire extinguishers, up the tower to stop the fire. Temporary firewalls made of asbestos were installed at a height of 70 metres (230 ft) to prevent further spreading. As a result of the fire, television broadcasts in Moscow and the surrounding areas were mostly disrupted, except for the privately owned NTV station. However, the government prioritized state channels and therefore the RTR TV channel began transmitting to several districts in Moscow. The fire caused the upper spire of the tower to tilt slightly, which caused concerns that the tower might collapse. However, upon further inspection, it was determined that although the structure suffered significant damage, there was no immediate risk of collapse. Immediate efforts were initiated to rebuild the tower, which turned out to be a lengthy and costly endeavor. The fire was the third disaster in Russia in a month, following an explosion in Moscow's Pushkinskaya Metro Station (which killed 12 people and injured 150), and the sinking of the submarine Kursk in the Barents Sea, in which 118 died. Russian President Vladimir Putin stated that "This latest accident shows the shape of our vital installations and the overall state of our country. We should not fail to see major problems in the country behind this accident, and we should not forget the economy. Whether or not such accidents happen again in the future will depend on how we work in this vital direction." On 25 March 2005, the first new elevators since the August 2000 fire, made by the German company ThyssenKrupp, were tested and put into service. The new elevators travel at a speed of 6 metres per second (20 ft/s) The tower remained inaccessible to visitors until its reconstruction was fully completed in 2008, marking the reopening of the structure. During this time, individuals had the opportunity to access the observation decks, providing them with extensive views. However, the restoration efforts did not extend to the tower's restaurant, which remained closed for an additional eight years. The current restaurant within the tower's premises bears little resemblance to its Soviet-era counterpart or the establishment that existed prior to the devastating fire. This transformation is evident not only in the culinary offerings but also in the interior decor, showcasing a complete overhaul of the dining experience. and the Seventh Heaven restaurant reopened in November 2016. 2004 base jumping accident On 1 July 2004, Austrian BASE jumper Christina Grubelnik collided with the tower, resulting in a concussion and causing her to lose consciousness. Her parachute became caught on a service platform located at a lower level. Russian emergency services responded quickly. Fire of 2007 In 2006, representatives of the Ministry of Emergency Situations assured that a significant fire incident at the Ostankino Tower would no longer occur as there were no combustible materials remaining within the structure. Following the necessary repairs, the tower has been compartmentalized into multiple sections. In case of a fire in any of these sections, access will be promptly restricted from both sides. Moreover, special installations have been installed to introduce nitrogen into the rooms of the tower during a fire, effectively preventing the development of combustion. However, in May 2007, smoke was noticed at a height of 342 meters. As a result of the emergency situation, the elevators were temporarily out of service. Consequently, firefighters had to reach the location of the smoke on foot. The fire in the Ostankino TV Tower was classified as a second (heightened) level of complexity. As per the statement from the Emergencies Ministry, the cause of the fire at the tower was attributed to a breach of fire safety regulations during welding operations. All people inside the tower were evacuated and the fire was successfully extinguished, with no casualties. 360° panorama from observation deck of the Ostankino TV tower Elevator system Originally, German elevators by R.Stahl were installed in the Ostankino TV Tower. During the fire in 2000, the high temperatures resulted in the severe damage of almost all elevator cables, leading to their collapse. There were three individuals present in one of the cabins during the incident, and none of them survived. ThyssenKrupp manufactured four new elevators in 2003, but their installation was not completed until November 21, 2005. Additionally, a service elevator from the Shcherbinsky plant was also installed in the building. One of the elevators in the antenna section of the TV tower was also designed by ThyssenKrupp. Currently, elevators #6 and #7, which are located above the observation deck and go up to approximately 450 meters, are not functioning. It is unlikely that they will be restored due to the elevator shafts being blocked with cables and feeders. As of September 2017, five elevators are in operation, consisting of four high-speed elevators from ThyssenKrupp and one service elevator from Shcherbinsky elevator plant. The machine units of the high-speed elevators are installed at distances of 360 and 364 meters. These elevators have a feature where their speed can be automatically reduced when signals from sensors detect any tower sway. Additionally, the elevators are equipped with a unique system that enables contactless transmission of electricity to the cabin. This is achieved through inductive energy transfer using a transformer principle. To make this possible, inductive energy transfer elements are positioned in the shaft and current collectors are attached to the car. The CPS inductive power transmission system was provided by the reputable German company Paul Vahle GmbH & Co. KG. High-speed elevator No. 4 was put into operation in December 2006. Restaurant Within the tower, there is a restaurant called "Seventh Sky" that offers a unique dining experience. The restaurant has visited by the USSR leaders Nikita Podgorny, Alexei Kosygin, and Leonid Brezhnev on November 7, 1967. The restaurant was made up of three halls named "Bronze", "Silver", and "Golden". These halls were located on separate floors at heights ranging from 328 to 334 meters above the ground. Each hall had 24 four-seat tables arranged in a circle near the panoramic windows, with a radius of 9.2 meters. The total area of the halls was 600 m2, and each hall was 2.5 meters wide. Due to limited capacity, reservations were necessary in advance, with each level accommodating a maximum of 80 people. Since its opening in 1967, it has been considered the highest establishment for dining in the Soviet Union and was also one of the most expensive. In 1987, the cheapest hall ("Bronze") charged 7 rubles for a day visit, and there was no choice of dishes. The restaurant was a popular tourist attraction in Moscow because its circular rooms rotated once every forty minutes. Throughout its operation, approximately 10 million people visited the restaurant. The restaurant had the honor of operating without interruption for a remarkable span of 33 years, until a devastating fire occurred on August 27, 2000. This tragic incident resulted in the complete destruction of all three floors, thus necessitating a lengthy period of sixteen years for the reconstruction process to be completed. The fire of 2000 caused extensive damage to the interiors of "Seventh Sky" and its reconstruction was significantly delayed for a period of 16 years. Initially, the project faced challenges in securing an investor, and subsequently, the implementation of safety regulations by the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations posed an obstacle as it limited the number of visitors to a maximum of 50 in the tower at any given time. During the time frame of August 28, 2000 to April 2012, various measures were taken to enhance fire safety in the restaurant halls. These included the installation of new water fire extinguishing systems, treatment of all metal structures with fireproofing compounds, replacement of exterior cladding and old double-glazed windows with newer ones. Additionally, significant renovations were done on the ventilation system, air conditioning, water supply, and other related aspects in the restaurant. The Seventh Sky restaurant complex is currently operational. In 2016, the coffee shop and cafe levels of the complex reopened. The restaurant hall was also launched in 2017, and had to be temporarily closed in 2020 due to the ongoing coronavirus restrictions. The Seventh Heaven restaurant complex comprises three levels, namely the coffee shop (at the 334 meter mark), the cafe (at the 331 meter mark), and the restaurant (at the 328 meter mark). Flagpole The Ostankino Tower held the title of the tallest flagpole in the world for a long time. On April 27, 1967, the flag of the USSR was placed on top of the tower and was regularly replaced twice a year, for May Day and November 7. Originally, the flag was intended to be 50 by 20 meters, but it was reduced to 5 by 2 meters due to concerns about wind load. In 1991, the flag was taken down and the tower remained without it for over 17 years. On June 12, 2009, which is the Day of Russia, the flag of Russia was respectfully hoisted on the tower. The flag specifically made for the tower was carefully sewn in Vladimir using a reinforced fabric. The previous flag of the USSR, which was lowered in December 1991, is currently preserved in the tower museum. Channels listed by frequency This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The tower compared to high-rise apartments Ostankino Tower at night View from Ostankino Tower towards Moscow City "Sed'moe Nebo" restaurant with winter view Analogue radio (FM) Station Frequency ERP "Radio Russia" (5:00–1:00) 66.44 MHz 5.0 kW "Pi-FM" (6:00–0:00) 71.30 MHz 5.0 kW "Business FM" 87.50 MHz 5.0 kW "Retro FM" 88.30 MHz 5.0 kW "Radio Jazz" 89.10 MHz 5.0 kW "Echo of Moscow" 91.20 MHz 5.0 kW "Culture" 91.60 MHz 5.0 kW "Kommersant FM" 93.60 MHz 5.0 kW "Moscow speaking" 94.80 MHz 5.0 kW "Rock FM" 95.20 MHz 5.0 kW "Dorozhnoe Radio" 96.200 MHz 5.0 kW "Vesti FM" 97.60 MHz 5.0 kW "Radio Chocolate" (5:00–1:00) 98.00 MHz 5.0 kW "Orpheus" 99.20 MHz 5.0 kW "Radio Russki Hit" 99.60 MHz 10.0 kW "Radio Vera" 100.90 MHz 5.0 kW "Dance FM" 101.2 MHz 10.0 kW "Monte Carlo" 102.10 MHz 5.0 kW "Radio Maximum" 103.7 MHz 10.0 kW "Russian Radio" 105.70 MHz 10.0 kW "Europa Plus" 106.2 MHz 10.0 kW Digital television (DVB-T2) Station Channel Frequency ERP Second multiplex: (REN-TV, Spas, STS, Domashniy, TV-3, Sport Plus, Zvezda, Mir, TNT, Muz-TV) 24 10 kW First multiplex: (Channel One, Russia 1, Match TV, Russia K, Russia 24, Karusel, NTV, Channel 5, OTR, TV Center) 30 10 kW ООО «Цифровое ТРВ» (encoded): (DVisionLive, DVisionNews, DVisionSpice, TV1000) 32 1 kW Third multiplex (special for Moscow and Moscow region): Lifenews (24 hours), Sport 1 (24 hours), Nash Futbol (encoded), Doverie (0:00–12:00)/Euronews (12:00–0:00), Sport (00:00–06:00)/Boytsovskiy Klub (06:00–12:00)/Moya Planeta (12:00–18:00)/Nauka 2.0 (18:00–00:00), Russkiy Roman (00:00–05:00)/Russkiy Bestseller (05:00–10:00)/Russkiy Detective (10:00–15:00)/Istoriya (15:00–20:00)/Mult (20:00–00:00), Sarafan (00:00–12:00)/Strana (12:00–00:00), Zhivaya Planeta (00:00–06:00)/IQ HD (06:00–09:00)/24 Doc (09:00–12:00)/Techno 24 (12:00–15:00)/Mama (15:00–18:00)/NST (18:00–21:00)/Park Razvlecheniy (21:00–00:00), Dom Kino (01:30–02:30)/Vremya (02:30–04:30)/Telecafe (04:30–06:30)/Muzyka Pervogo (06:30–01:30), 365 dney TV (00:00–02:00)/TNT-Comedy (02:00–04:00)/ Mnogo TV (04:00–06:00)/HD Life (06:00–08:00)/STV (08:00–10:00)/India TV (10:00–12:00)/Boets (12:00–14:00)/Comedia TV (14:00–16:00)/La Minor(16:00–18:00)/Interesnoe TV (18:00–20:00)/Kukhnya TV (20:00–22:00)/Auto Plus (22:00–00:00) 34 10 kW Analogue television In Moscow and the Moscow Region, along with 18 other regions, analogue television closed on 15 April 2019, at 12:00 (UTC+3). Station Channel Frequency ERP Channel One 1 MHz 40 kW Russia-1 2 MHz 40 kW TV Tsentr 3 MHz 40 kW NTV 4 MHz 1 kW Match TV 6 MHz 1 kW NTV 8 MHz 40 kW REN TV 9 MHz 40 kW Moscow 24 10 MHz 40 kW Russia 1 11 MHz 60 kW Che 23 MHz 10 kW 360*Super 25 MHz 105 kW STS-Moscow 27 MHz 5 kW Disney Channel (Russia) 29 MHz 10 kW Domashniy 31 MHz 20 kW Russia K 33 MHz 20 kW TNT 35 MHz 5 kW Channel Five 44 MHz 5 kW TV-3 46 MHz 10 kW REN TV 49 MHz 20 kW U 51 MHz 20 kW Zvezda 57 MHz 5 kW 2×2 60 MHz 5 kW See also Ostankino Technical Center List of tallest buildings and structures in the world List of tallest structures in the former Soviet Union List of towers Fernsehturm Stuttgart – first TV tower built from concrete and prototype for many similar towers built later References ^ Ostankino Tele Tower at Skyscraperpage.com ^ "Emporis building ID 111722". Emporis. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. ^ "Ostankino Tower". SkyscraperPage. ^ "Fire at television tower offers new evidence of Russia's decay". The Independent. Associated Press. 28 August 2000. Archived from the original on 25 October 2012. ^ "Russia's Tallest TV Tower Was Created as Symbol of USSR's Power". Pravda.ru. 21 September 2009. Retrieved 5 October 2009. ^ "Ostankino Tower". Emporis Research. Archived from the original on 17 June 2004. Retrieved 7 January 2008. ^ "What if the CN Tower Caught Fire?". CBC News. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 10 November 2000. Archived from the original on 13 October 2007. Retrieved 26 June 2007. ^ "News detail". Retrieved 4 October 2018. ^ a b Firefighters struggle against a blaze in Moscow television tower by Nick Wadhams, The Independent, 28 August 2000. ^ Russian TV knocked out as fire rages through 1,800ft tower by Barry Renfrew, The Independent, 28 August 2000 Archived 25 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine ^ Bodies recovered from Moscow TV tower fire. CNN.com, 28 August 2000. Archived 4 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine ^ Russia tower fire 'under control', CNN.com, 28 August 2000. Archived 3 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine ^ Four feared trapped in burning Moscow tower, CNN.com, 28 August 2000. Archived 3 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine ^ Fire in 1,800ft TV tower adds to Russians' feeling of doom by Helen Womackin, The Independent, 29 August 2000. Archived 3 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine ^ August, the Cruelest Month by Yuri Zarakhovich, CNN.com. 4 September 2000. Archived 8 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Installation of elevators in the Ostankino TV tower". mitol.ru. Retrieved 13 April 2021. ^ "Московский Региональный Центр : Экскурсии" . Retrieved 4 October 2018. ^ "В Останкинской башне открылся ресторан "Седьмое небо"" . 18 November 2016. Retrieved 4 October 2018. ^ Article about the accident (in Dutch). radio.nl ^ Hector Rim (12 March 2012). "moscow tv tower jump accident-Moscú Torre de tv, accidente en salto..wmv". Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 4 October 2018 – via YouTube. ^ AP Worldstream (1 July 2004) Austrian parachutist injured, knocked unconscious in jump from Moscow TV tower. ^ Fire out at Moscow landmark tower. BBC News External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ostankino Tower. Wikinews has related news: Ostankino Tower catches fire in Moscow Ostankino Television Tower A visit to the Ostankino Television Tower at redpenguin.net BBC: Moscow's TV tower saved Ostankino Tower at Structurae Ostankino Tower Above the Clouds at EnglishRussia.com Ostankino Tele Tower at Skyscraperpage.com Building Tallest Tower at EnglishRussia.com Records Preceded byEmpire State Building World's tallest free-standing structure 1967–1975 Succeeded byCN Tower Preceded byTokyo Tower World's tallest tower 1967–1975 vteTelevision in RussiaBroadcasting and regulation Ministry of Digital Development, Communications and Mass Media Russian Television and Radio Broadcasting Network Russian Satellite Communications Company Ostankino Technical Center Moscow Scientific-Research Television Institute Gazprom Space Systems Terrestrial Nationwide Digital Broadcasting ProgramFirst Multiplex Channel 1HD Channel 2HD Channel 3HD Channel 4HD Channel 5 Channel 6HD Channel 7 Channel 8HD Channel 9HD Channel 10HD Radio 1 Radio 25.1 Radio 3 Second Multiplex Channel 11HD Channel 12 Channel 13HD Channel 14HD Channel 15HD Channel 16HD Channel 17HD Channel 18HD Channel 19HD Channel 20HD Terrestrial and Analog Broadcasting or Nationwide channelsVGTRK Russia-1 Russia-24 Russia-K Gazprom-Media NTV Match! TNT TV-3 Pyatnisa! Subbota! TNT4 National MediaGroup REN TV (82%) Channel Five (72,4%) Channel One (19,5%) CTC (75%) Domashny (75%) Che (75%) Media-1 Muz-TV U Solntse Other state-ownedchannels Carousel2 TV Center OTR MIR Spas Zvezda Cable/Satellite/IPTV/OTTVGTRK RTR-Planeta Solovyov Live (HD) My Planet (HD) Live Planet Nauka (HD) Doctor (HD) History T24 Russian Roman (HD) Russian Bestseller Russian Detective Komediya Mosfilm. Gold collection (HD) Cinema Kino TV (HD) Sarafan NST Strashnoe HD FAN (HD) Mama Multimuzyka Kinomult (HD) Mult (HD) ANI RT RT English (HD) RT DE (HD) RTD Russian (HD) RTD English (HD)1 RT Arabic (HD)1 RT Spanish (HD)1 RT France (HD)1 Gazprom-Media GPM Entertainment TV 2x2 GPM Information TV NTV Style NTV Pravo NTV Serial NTV Hit Neizvestnaya Rossiya GPM Movies and Thematic TV Kinopremiera (HD) Kinohit (HD) Kinosemiya (HD) Muzhskoe Kino (HD) Kinosvidanie (HD) Kinomiks Nashe novoe kino Rodnoe Kino Kinokomediya Indiyskoe kino Kinoseriya (HD) Kinouzhas (HD) Kuhnya (HD) HDL (HD) 365 Dney (HD) La Minor Russkaya Noch (HD) Auto Plus (HD) KVN TV Europa Plus TV (HD) India (HD) Zhivi! (HD) Supergeroi (HD) MMA TV GPM Match! Match! Planeta1 Match! Arena (HD) Match! Igra (HD) Match! Strana (HD) Match! Boets (HD) Match! Premier (HD) Match! Football 1 (HD) Match! Football 2 (HD) Match! Football 3 (HD) KHL (HD) KHL Prime (HD) Konnyi Mir (HD) National MediaGroup Izvestia (branded as "iz") (HD) CTC Love CTC Kids (HD) 78 (HD) Channel One (19,5%) Dom Kino Dom Kino Premium (HD) Muzika Pervogo Vremya Telecafe Bober O! Poekhaly! (HD) Pobeda (HD) Lapki Live (HD) Katyusha (HD)1 Media Telekom (50%)3 Kineko (HD) Sapfir (HD) Terra (HD) Udar (HD) .Red (HD) .Black (HD) .Sci-Fi (HD) Mi (HD) Appetitny (HD) Dialogi o rybalke (distribution) Star Media (distribution) Star Cinema (HD) Star Family (HD) BOLT (HD) Fenix Film (distribution) Fenix plus kino (HD) Oruzhie Anekdot TV Start Broadcasting (distribution) Start (HD) Start Triumpf (HD) Moscow Media Moscow 24 Moscow Doveriye Central Television Channel 360 - Moscow Region (HD) 360 - Moscow News (HD) SAFMAR Media Bridge Bridge Russian Hits Bridge Shlyager Bridge Fresh Bridge Hits Bridge Classic Bridge Rock Baby Time Bridge Deluxe (HD) Viasat Russia Viju TV1000 Russkoe (HD) Viju TV1000 (HD) Viju TV1000 Action (HD) Viju TV1000 Novella (HD) Viju Explore (HD) Viju History (HD) Viju Nature (HD) Da Vinci Russia (HD) Viju+ Premiere (HD) Viju+ Megahit (HD) Viju+ Comedy (HD) Viju+ Serial (HD) Viju+ Planet (HD) Viju+ Sport (HD) Others 24.KZ (HD) Jibek Joly TV (HD) Jibek Joly Cinema (HD) CCTV-4 CGTN CGTN Russian Russian Music Box (HD) Music Box Gold TNT Music (planned Fonbet Music) O2TV (HD) Shanson TV TV channel Strana FM (HD) Zhara! TV (HD) Zvezda Plus RU.TV (HD) RBC TV (HD) MIR 24 (HD) RTVI1 RTVI Retro1 Internet andsatellite only TV Rain (HD) Svoboda (HD) Svoboda News (HD) Euronews Russian (HD) Current Time TV (HD) DW Russian (HD) Vot Tak TV (programm blocks) (HD) FreeDom (HD) Defunct Life Life78 A-One AMC Russia Russia-2 Telenyanya Bibigon MGM Russia TV-6 TVS Seven DTV Rambler Teleset Otkrytyi Mir M1 TeleExpo 4Multimania (in Russia) Nashe TV Tsargrad TV MIR Premium RT America RT UK Euronovosti Sony Channel Sony Turbo Sony Sci-Fi UFC TV FOX FOX Life National Geographic National Geographic Wild BabyTV Kanal Disney Discovery Animal Planet Discovery Science Travel Channel ID DTX TLC HGTV Food Network Motor Trend Eurosport 1 Eurosport 2 Eurosport Gold Eurosport 4K Discovery Ultra CNN International Cartoon Network Boomerang VH1 Russia VH1 Europe Club MTV MTV Hits MTV Russia Paramount Comedy Paramount Channel Nickelodeon Nickelodeon HD Nick Jr. Nicktoons Zee TV Russia 1Channels don't broadcast in Russia, 2Joint venture Channel One and VGTRK, 3Joint venture National Media Group and Rostelecom vteSupertall structuresItalics indicate structures under constructionTowers Almaty Tower Aspire Tower Bailong Elevator Baku TV Tower Berliner Fernsehturm Canton Tower China Central Radio & TV Tower CN Tower Dragon Tower Eiffel Tower Emley Moor transmitting station Europaturm Fazilka TV Tower Gerbrandy Tower Indosiar Television Tower Jaisalmer TV Tower Jiangsu Nanjing Broadcast Television Tower KCTV Tower Kyiv TV Tower Kuala Lumpur Tower Liaoning Broadcast and TV Tower Liberation Tower Lotus Tower Macau Tower Milad Tower Mumbai Television Tower N Seoul Tower Oriental Pearl Tower Ostankino Tower Pitampura TV Tower Rameswaram TV Tower Riga Radio and TV Tower Saint Petersburg TV Tower Samatra TV Tower Sint-Pieters-Leeuw Tower Sky Tower Strat Tower Sydney Tower Taipei 101 Tallinn TV Tower Tashkent Tower Tbilisi TV Broadcasting Tower Tianjin Radio and Television Tower Tokyo Skytree Tokyo Tower Torreta de Guardamar Tortoise Mountain TV Tower Turner Broadcasting tower TVRI Tower Vilnius TV Tower Vinnytsia TV Mast West Pearl Tower WHDH-TV tower WITI TV Tower WSB-TV tower Yerevan TV Tower Zhongyuan Tower Bridges Millau Viaduct (343 m) 1915 Çanakkale Bridge (334 m) Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge (322 m) Russky Bridge (321 m) Sutong Yangtze River Bridge (306 m) Dams Shuangjiangkou Dam (312 m) Jinping-I Dam (305 m) Nurek Dam (300 m) Electricity pylons Jintang-Cezi Overhead Powerline Link (380 m) Zhoushan Island Overhead Powerline Tie (370 m) Yangtze River power line crossings (346.5 m) Oil platforms Petronius (640 m) Baldpate Platform (579.7 m) Bullwinkle (529.1 m) Pompano (477 m) Troll A platform (472 m) BBLT (512m) Gullfaks C (380 m) Tallest structures Tallest buildings and structures Tallest freestanding structures vteRussian State TV and Radio Company «Ostankino»TV programme Programme One Ostankino TV Channel 1 Programme Two Moscow programme Ostankino TV Channel 4 Radio programme Radio-1 Mayak Yunost Orfey Authority control databases National Czech Republic Geographic Structurae	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"television and radio tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_masts_and_towers"},{"link_name":"Russian TV and Radio Broadcasting Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_TV_and_Radio_Broadcasting_Network"},{"link_name":"Nikolai Nikitin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Nikitin"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ostankino_Tower&action=edit"},{"link_name":"12th tallest in the world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_freestanding_structures_in_the_world"},{"link_name":"October Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Ostankino district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostankino_district"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Moscow Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Vladimir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Kaluga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaluga_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Balashikha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balashikha"},{"link_name":"Voskresensk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voskresensk"},{"link_name":"Zelenograd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelenograd"},{"link_name":"Korolev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korolyov,_Moscow_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Krasnogorsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krasnogorsk,_Moscow_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Lyubertsy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyubertsy"},{"link_name":"Mytishchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mytishchi"},{"link_name":"Odintsovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odintsovo"},{"link_name":"Podolsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podolsk"},{"link_name":"Khimki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khimki"},{"link_name":"Shchyolkovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shchyolkovo"}],"text":"Radio and television tower in MoscowOstankino Tower (Russian: Оста́нкинская телеба́шня, romanized: Ostankinskaya telebashnya) is a television and radio tower in Moscow, Russia, owned by the Moscow branch of unitary enterprise Russian TV and Radio Broadcasting Network. Standing 540.1 metres (1,772 ft), it was designed by Nikolai Nikitin. As of 2022[update], it is the tallest free-standing structure in Europe and 12th tallest in the world. Between 1967 and 1974, it was the tallest in the world. The tower was the first free-standing structure to exceed 500 m (1,600 ft) in height. Ostankino was built to mark the 50th anniversary of the October Revolution. It is named after the surrounding Ostankino district of Moscow.[4][5]Upon the completion of construction, approximately 10,000,000 individuals resided within the transmitter coverage area, which expanded to over 15,000,000 people by 2014. This area encompasses Moscow and the Moscow Region, as well as certain portions of the Vladimir and Kaluga regions. The ownership of the TV tower lies with the Moscow Regional Center, a division of the Russian Television and Radio Broadcasting Network (RTRN).Under favorable weather conditions, the Ostankino TV Tower can be observed by residents of certain cities in the Moscow Region, including Balashikha, Voskresensk, Zelenograd, Korolev, Krasnogorsk, Lyubertsy, Mytishchi, Odintsovo, Podolsk, Khimki, and Shchyolkovo.","title":"Ostankino Tower"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vladimir Shukhov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Shukhov"},{"link_name":"\"wicker\" tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shukhov_Tower"},{"link_name":"Shabolovka Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabolovka_Street"},{"link_name":"Balchug Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_(Zamoskvorechye)"},{"link_name":"Peter the Great Statue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_the_Great_Statue"},{"link_name":"Cheryomushki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheryomushki_District"},{"link_name":"Khrushchevka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khrushchevka"},{"link_name":"Vnukovo airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vnukovo_airport"},{"link_name":"Ostankino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostankino_District"},{"link_name":"Sergei Korolev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Korolev"},{"link_name":"Monument to the Conquerors of Space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monument_to_the_Conquerors_of_Space"},{"link_name":"VDNKh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhibition_of_Achievements_of_National_Economy"}],"sub_title":"Choosing a site for construction","text":"The primary function of the Ostankino TV Tower is to transmit TV signals. Prior to its establishment, this task was fulfilled by a structure devised by Vladimir Shukhov in 1922. During that era, the \"wicker\" tower located on Shabolovka Street was widely regarded as an extraordinary feat of engineering ingenuity. However, it became apparent in the 1950s that the tower had reached the end of its lifespan. Originally designed primarily for radio signal transmission, the tower found itself adapting to the emergence of television broadcasting in the late 1930s.After nearly two decades, it became evident that the design had become outdated and struggled to efficiently handle its assigned functions. The city required a new tower that would be more robust and spacious. Additionally, the authorities in the capital desired the signal from the structure to encompass not only Moscow but also the surrounding region. Consequently, based on the engineers' calculations, the height of the structure was determined to surpass 500 meters. Initially, the tower was intended to be situated on Balchug Island, which is now home to the Peter the Great Statue.Then a plot of land was offered in Cheryomushki, conveniently situated in the midst of the new blocks of Khrushchevka houses. The intention was to combine technical and construction progress. However, the idea did not come to fruition for a couple of reasons. Firstly, there was insufficient space for the tower in that location. Secondly, the construction could potentially disrupt the operations of the nearby Vnukovo airport. Ultimately, it was decided that the TV tower would be placed in Ostankino, where there was ample space available. Some researchers speculate that the decision may have also been influenced by the connection to the space industry. In this vicinity, there was the dacha of the esteemed designer Sergei Korolev, and later, houses were built for the cosmonauts. Additionally, plans were underway to erect a monument titled \"Monument to the Conquerors of Space\" near VDNKh. Thus, the tower had to align with this overarching theme as well.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eiffel Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiffel_Tower"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Shukhov Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shukhov_Tower"},{"link_name":"Nikolai Nikitin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Nikitin"},{"link_name":"reinforced concrete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinforced_concrete"},{"link_name":"Stuttgart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuttgart"},{"link_name":"lilium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilium"},{"link_name":"Yuri Kondratyuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Kondratyuk"},{"link_name":"Ai-Petri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ai-Petri"},{"link_name":"Crimea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimea"},{"link_name":"Pier Luigi Nervi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pier_Luigi_Nervi"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Nevalashka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roly-poly_toy"},{"link_name":"petroleum oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_oil"},{"link_name":"petrolatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrolatum"},{"link_name":"ceresin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceresin"}],"sub_title":"Initial design","text":"The project was initially assigned to the Kiev Design Institute specializing in steel structures, which won the All-Union competition for the best TV tower design. Their proposal was an openwork metal tower similar to the Eiffel Tower in Paris or the renowned Shukhov Tower in Moscow. However, the architects tasked with realizing the project were not very enthusiastic about it. Numerous engineers, including Nikolai Nikitin, a member of the competition committee and an expert in reinforced concrete and metal structures, came up with an alternative idea. Nikitin expressed a strong dislike towards his colleagues' project, deeming the design unappealing. He suggested building the tower out of reinforced concrete, citing a successful similar project in Stuttgart that had been completed two years prior, in 1956. He firmly believed that such a type of structure would be much more aesthetically pleasing. Nikitin's proposal was taken seriously, and he was given the opportunity to prepare his own application. To ensure the strength and stability of the concrete frame, Nikitin incorporated 149 taut steel ropes. Nikitin later asserted that he had conceived the project overnight, and the prototype for the cone-shaped foundation of the tower was inspired by the upside-down lilium flower, known for its robust petals and sturdy stem, which the engineer had envisioned in his dream just days before the deadline for submitting sketches. However, it is possible that the reality was different. His design was inspired by the work of scientist Yuri Kondratyuk in the 1930s, who had envisioned a thin and hollow concrete structure for a wind farm on Mount Ai-Petri in the Crimea. Kondratyuk successfully designed a 165-meter structure and took precautions by reinforcing it with steel cables to ensure its stability against strong winds. The project was left incomplete due to several factors, but the concept remained in Nikitin's mind. In 1932, architect Pier Luigi Nervi presented a project called the \"Monument of the Banner\" in Rome for a competition. It is uncertain whether Nikolai Nikitin was acquainted with these sketches, but the base of the structure bears a striking resemblance to the Ostankino TV tower.Nikolai Nikitin suggested constructing a 540-meter rocket, but the proposed tower had minimal foundation, with only a 4.6-meter base underground. Many of Nikitin's colleagues expressed concerns about the stability of the structure and recommended reinforcing it with 40-meter piles. They even wrote collective letters to halt construction. However, despite their efforts, the project was ultimately completed and the tower remained stable. This was primarily due to the shifted center of gravity. The center of gravity can be compared to the Soviet toy called Nevalashka, which means that the structure can sway in strong winds. The maximum deflection of the spire throughout the construction process was approximately 12 meters. Certainly, in addition to the shifted center of gravity, there was a need for further structural reinforcement. As a result, a total of 150 steel cables were carefully installed inside. In order to safeguard against any potential corrosion of the iron over time, the cables were coated with a substance known as gun oil. This particular type of petroleum oil is made thicker by combining it with petrolatum and ceresin.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"October Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-emporis-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Tallest_towers_in_the_world.svg&lang=os"},{"link_name":"world's seven tallest towers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_towers"},{"link_name":"prestressed concrete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prestressed_concrete"},{"link_name":"Empire State Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_State_Building"},{"link_name":"tallest free-standing structure in the world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_freestanding_structures"},{"link_name":"CN Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CN_Tower"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-safety-7"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Construction","text":"The construction work commenced in 1959, leading to the establishment of an entire town dedicated to the project. This town included essential facilities such as a boiler house, a concrete plant, and a mechanical workshop. The tower trunk was successfully erected using a self-lifting crane, while alternative methods, specifically the utilization of helicopters, were employed to install the antenna atop the TV tower.Of course, the engineering features of the tower hold great significance. However, it was the architects who skillfully enhanced the tower's appearance. Leonid Batalov and Dmitry Burdin were responsible for shaping the structure's appearance. They incorporated elegant arches between the supports, constructed a sleek glazed cylinder beneath the tower trunk to accommodate technical services and live broadcasting studios, and artistically integrated illuminator windows in the upper section of the cone, giving the tower a striking similarity to a rocket. Furthermore, at the height of 325–360 meters, the tower was extended with a structure resembling a 10-storey house, featuring essential equipment, a magnificent revolving restaurant spanning three floors, and an observation deck inspired by the design of the TV tower in Stuttgart. Moreover, the balconies and trunk of the tower efficiently housed equipment for radio relay lines, mobile television stations, radiotelephone communications, special services facilities, and a meteorological complex.The grand opening of the Ostankino TV Tower occurred in 1967, coinciding with the 50th anniversary of the October Revolution. However, initially only a portion of the structure was operational. The remaining works were successfully completed by 1969, allowing for the opening of observation platforms and a restaurant for visitors. Speaking of the observation decks, the tower boasts two of them. One is a glazed deck situated at a height of 337 meters, while the second is an open deck positioned approximately 3 meters closer to the top of the tower. Although it is referred to as \"open\", there are bars in place for safety reasons. Additionally, it is only open on rare occasions, specifically during favorable weather conditions without wind.[6]Comparison of the Ostankino Tower with the world's seven tallest towersPrior to 1976, the Ostankino TV Tower held the prestigious title of being the tallest structure in the entire world, standing impressively at a height of 540 meters. Extensive use of prestressed concrete resulted in a simple and sturdy structure. It surpassed the Empire State Building to become the tallest free-standing structure in the world. However, this remarkable achievement was subsequently overshadowed by the construction of the CN Tower, situated in the city of Toronto, Canada. Towering above the ground at an astonishing height of 553 meters, the CN Tower effortlessly claimed the new record.[7]It is not uncommon for individuals to harbor the misconception that television programs were also produced within the confines of the Ostankino Tower.[citation needed] In actuality, the television studios are situated within the TV center, which came into existence in the same year as the tower, 1967. The primary role of the Ostankino Tower is to transmit signals, playing a role in ensuring seamless television broadcasts. Additionally, the tower has become a tourist attraction, attracting visitors with its grandeur[citation needed] and providing them with a high vantage point.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Vantage point","text":"Over the course of 30 years leading up to the fire, the vantage point and the \"Seventh Heaven\" restaurant welcomed over 10 million guests. Following the fire, both the platform and the restaurant underwent reconstruction, with the observation deck being fully renovated by January 2008. Although the observation deck resumed operations with pilot tours on March 27, 2008, the restaurant remained closed as it continued its reconstruction efforts.One of the key guidelines for visiting entails implementing heightened security measures, which require the presence of an adult accompanied by a valid passport and a child accompanied by a birth certificate. It would be appreciated if you could kindly keep in mind that the ticket remains valid for a duration of 2.5 hours, and it is necessary to vacate the tower within that allocated time. Additionally, we kindly request that you refrain from taking photographs of the staff as it is against our policy.On 21 July 2018, there was a race up the tower, featuring athletes from 12 countries. They ran up the narrow, spiral staircase and reached the location at an altitude of 337.0 meters. The fastest of the 28 athletes was German, Christian Riedl, who made it to the top in 9 minutes and 51 seconds. The women's winner was Cynthia Harris (US), who reached the top in 12 minutes and 15 seconds.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Height increase plan","text":"Back in 1994, there was an ambitious proposal to elevate the height of the tower to a staggering 561 meters (or 1,841 feet) by incorporating a substantial antenna. This audacious plan aimed to regain the coveted title of the \"tallest freestanding structure in the world.\" Despite the grand vision, the implementation of this endeavor was ultimately hindered by a lack of sufficient financial resources.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"In the 21st century, the tower has encountered a series of accidents. These include a fire in the year 2000, an incident where a parachutist unintentionally collided with the tower in 2004, and another relatively minor fire in 2007.","title":"Accidents"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ostankino_fire_august_2000.jpg"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Firefighersstruggle-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Firefighersstruggle-9"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"following an explosion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/871376.stm"},{"link_name":"Pushkinskaya Metro Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pushkinskaya_(Moscow_Metro)"},{"link_name":"sinking of the submarine Kursk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kursk_submarine_disaster"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Putin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Putin"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-doom-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"ThyssenKrupp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ThyssenKrupp"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Seventh Heaven restaurant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh_Heaven_(restaurant)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Fire of 2000","text":"The tower on fire on 27 August 2000On 27 August 2000, a devastating blaze not only engulfed the renowned restaurant \"Seventh Sky,\" but also caused extensive damage to the entire structure. Out of the 150 steel cables that once held the building together, only 19 remained intact after the fire had subsided. The fire initially broke out at a height of 460 meters, or approximately 98 metres (322 ft) above the observation platform and the Seventh Heaven restaurant, around 3 o'clock in the afternoon.[9] Within moments, the flames rapidly spread, engulfing nearby structures and leaving a trail of destruction in its wake. It took the efforts of firefighters and emergency personnel until the following evening to finally extinguish the flames. The aftermath of the fire had far-reaching consequences, as the entire city of Moscow was left without television reception, with additional disruption to radio signals. While some channels were able to quickly restore their services, it took several months to completely repair and reinstate the signal citywide.There were three fatalities as a result of the fire. A firefighter and lift operator died when their elevator cabin crashed to the ground level due to the fire.The fire necessitated the evacuation of all visitors and staff from those locations. As reported by Russian news agencies, the evacuation was successfully carried out within 90 minutes from the onset of the fire. The substantial loss incurred was primarily attributed to the outdated and inadequately maintained electronic equipment, a significant portion of which had been installed during the 1960s. Furthermore, the tower had become increasingly crowded with equipment.[10]The failure of the fire suppression systems resulted in significant damage to the interior of the tower. Despite the efforts of over 300 firefighters and emergency workers, they had to manually bring heavy equipment, including chemical fire extinguishers, up the tower to stop the fire. Temporary firewalls made of asbestos were installed at a height of 70 metres (230 ft) to prevent further spreading.[9] As a result of the fire, television broadcasts in Moscow and the surrounding areas were mostly disrupted, except for the privately owned NTV station. However, the government prioritized state channels and therefore the RTR TV channel began transmitting to several districts in Moscow.[11] The fire caused the upper spire of the tower to tilt slightly, which caused concerns that the tower might collapse. However, upon further inspection, it was determined that although the structure suffered significant damage, there was no immediate risk of collapse. Immediate efforts were initiated to rebuild the tower, which turned out to be a lengthy and costly endeavor.[12][13]The fire was the third disaster in Russia in a month, following an explosion in Moscow's Pushkinskaya Metro Station (which killed 12 people and injured 150), and the sinking of the submarine Kursk in the Barents Sea, in which 118 died. Russian President Vladimir Putin stated that \"This latest accident shows the shape of our vital installations and the overall state of our country. We should not fail to see major problems in the country behind this accident, and we should not forget the economy. Whether or not such accidents happen again in the future will depend on how we work in this vital direction.\"[14][15]On 25 March 2005, the first new elevators since the August 2000 fire, made by the German company ThyssenKrupp, were tested and put into service. The new elevators travel at a speed of 6 metres per second (20 ft/s)[16]The tower remained inaccessible to visitors until its reconstruction was fully completed in 2008, marking the reopening of the structure. During this time, individuals had the opportunity to access the observation decks, providing them with extensive views. However, the restoration efforts did not extend to the tower's restaurant, which remained closed for an additional eight years. The current restaurant within the tower's premises bears little resemblance to its Soviet-era counterpart or the establishment that existed prior to the devastating fire. This transformation is evident not only in the culinary offerings but also in the interior decor, showcasing a complete overhaul of the dining experience.[17] and the Seventh Heaven restaurant reopened in November 2016.[18]","title":"Accidents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BASE jumper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASE_jumper"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"2004 base jumping accident","text":"On 1 July 2004, Austrian BASE jumper Christina Grubelnik collided with the tower, resulting in a concussion and causing her to lose consciousness. Her parachute became caught on a service platform located at a lower level. Russian emergency services responded quickly.[19][20][21]","title":"Accidents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PanoramaTvTower.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PanoramaTvTower.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Fire of 2007","text":"In 2006, representatives of the Ministry of Emergency Situations assured that a significant fire incident at the Ostankino Tower would no longer occur as there were no combustible materials remaining within the structure. Following the necessary repairs, the tower has been compartmentalized into multiple sections. In case of a fire in any of these sections, access will be promptly restricted from both sides. Moreover, special installations have been installed to introduce nitrogen into the rooms of the tower during a fire, effectively preventing the development of combustion.However, in May 2007, smoke was noticed at a height of 342 meters. As a result of the emergency situation, the elevators were temporarily out of service. Consequently, firefighters had to reach the location of the smoke on foot. The fire in the Ostankino TV Tower was classified as a second (heightened) level of complexity. As per the statement from the Emergencies Ministry, the cause of the fire at the tower was attributed to a breach of fire safety regulations during welding operations. All people inside the tower were evacuated and the fire was successfully extinguished, with no casualties.[22]360° panorama from observation deck of the Ostankino TV tower","title":"Accidents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ThyssenKrupp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ThyssenKrupp"}],"sub_title":"Elevator system","text":"Originally, German elevators by R.Stahl were installed in the Ostankino TV Tower. During the fire in 2000, the high temperatures resulted in the severe damage of almost all elevator cables, leading to their collapse. There were three individuals present in one of the cabins during the incident, and none of them survived.ThyssenKrupp manufactured four new elevators in 2003, but their installation was not completed until November 21, 2005. Additionally, a service elevator from the Shcherbinsky plant was also installed in the building. One of the elevators in the antenna section of the TV tower was also designed by ThyssenKrupp. Currently, elevators #6 and #7, which are located above the observation deck and go up to approximately 450 meters, are not functioning. It is unlikely that they will be restored due to the elevator shafts being blocked with cables and feeders. As of September 2017, five elevators are in operation, consisting of four high-speed elevators from ThyssenKrupp and one service elevator from Shcherbinsky elevator plant.The machine units of the high-speed elevators are installed at distances of 360 and 364 meters. These elevators have a feature where their speed can be automatically reduced when signals from sensors detect any tower sway. Additionally, the elevators are equipped with a unique system that enables contactless transmission of electricity to the cabin. This is achieved through inductive energy transfer using a transformer principle. To make this possible, inductive energy transfer elements are positioned in the shaft and current collectors are attached to the car. The CPS inductive power transmission system was provided by the reputable German company Paul Vahle GmbH & Co. KG.High-speed elevator No. 4 was put into operation in December 2006.","title":"Accidents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nikita Podgorny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Podgorny"},{"link_name":"Alexei Kosygin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexei_Kosygin"},{"link_name":"Leonid Brezhnev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev"}],"sub_title":"Restaurant","text":"Within the tower, there is a restaurant called \"Seventh Sky\" that offers a unique dining experience. The restaurant has visited by the USSR leaders Nikita Podgorny, Alexei Kosygin, and Leonid Brezhnev on November 7, 1967.The restaurant was made up of three halls named \"Bronze\", \"Silver\", and \"Golden\". These halls were located on separate floors at heights ranging from 328 to 334 meters above the ground. Each hall had 24 four-seat tables arranged in a circle near the panoramic windows, with a radius of 9.2 meters. The total area of the halls was 600 m2, and each hall was 2.5 meters wide. Due to limited capacity, reservations were necessary in advance, with each level accommodating a maximum of 80 people. Since its opening in 1967, it has been considered the highest establishment for dining in the Soviet Union and was also one of the most expensive. In 1987, the cheapest hall (\"Bronze\") charged 7 rubles for a day visit, and there was no choice of dishes. The restaurant was a popular tourist attraction in Moscow because its circular rooms rotated once every forty minutes. Throughout its operation, approximately 10 million people visited the restaurant.The restaurant had the honor of operating without interruption for a remarkable span of 33 years, until a devastating fire occurred on August 27, 2000. This tragic incident resulted in the complete destruction of all three floors, thus necessitating a lengthy period of sixteen years for the reconstruction process to be completed.The fire of 2000 caused extensive damage to the interiors of \"Seventh Sky\" and its reconstruction was significantly delayed for a period of 16 years. Initially, the project faced challenges in securing an investor, and subsequently, the implementation of safety regulations by the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations posed an obstacle as it limited the number of visitors to a maximum of 50 in the tower at any given time.During the time frame of August 28, 2000 to April 2012, various measures were taken to enhance fire safety in the restaurant halls. These included the installation of new water fire extinguishing systems, treatment of all metal structures with fireproofing compounds, replacement of exterior cladding and old double-glazed windows with newer ones. Additionally, significant renovations were done on the ventilation system, air conditioning, water supply, and other related aspects in the restaurant. The Seventh Sky restaurant complex is currently operational.In 2016, the coffee shop and cafe levels of the complex reopened. The restaurant hall was also launched in 2017, and had to be temporarily closed in 2020 due to the ongoing coronavirus restrictions. The Seventh Heaven restaurant complex comprises three levels, namely the coffee shop (at the 334 meter mark), the cafe (at the 331 meter mark), and the restaurant (at the 328 meter mark).","title":"Accidents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USSR"}],"sub_title":"Flagpole","text":"The Ostankino Tower held the title of the tallest flagpole in the world for a long time. On April 27, 1967, the flag of the USSR was placed on top of the tower and was regularly replaced twice a year, for May Day and November 7. Originally, the flag was intended to be 50 by 20 meters, but it was reduced to 5 by 2 meters due to concerns about wind load.In 1991, the flag was taken down and the tower remained without it for over 17 years. On June 12, 2009, which is the Day of Russia, the flag of Russia was respectfully hoisted on the tower. The flag specifically made for the tower was carefully sewn in Vladimir using a reinforced fabric. The previous flag of the USSR, which was lowered in December 1991, is currently preserved in the tower museum.","title":"Accidents"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Moscow_Russia_TV_Tower.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8F_(15325051660).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ostankino_Moscow_City.jpg"},{"link_name":"Moscow City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_International_Business_Center"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ostankino_restaurant.jpg"}],"text":"The tower compared to high-rise apartmentsOstankino Tower at nightView from Ostankino Tower towards Moscow City\"Sed'moe Nebo\" restaurant with winter view","title":"Channels listed by frequency"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Analogue radio (FM)","title":"Channels listed by frequency"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Digital television (DVB-T2)","title":"Channels listed by frequency"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moscow Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Region"}],"sub_title":"Analogue television","text":"In Moscow and the Moscow Region, along with 18 other regions, analogue television closed on 15 April 2019, at 12:00 (UTC+3).","title":"Channels listed by frequency"}]	[{"image_text":"Comparison of the Ostankino Tower with the world's seven tallest towers","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Tallest_towers_in_the_world.svg/langos-250px-Tallest_towers_in_the_world.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The tower on fire on 27 August 2000","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Ostankino_fire_august_2000.jpg/200px-Ostankino_fire_august_2000.jpg"},{"image_text":"The tower compared to high-rise apartments","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Moscow_Russia_TV_Tower.jpg/250px-Moscow_Russia_TV_Tower.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ostankino Tower at night","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8F_%2815325051660%29.jpg/250px-%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8F_%2815325051660%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"View from Ostankino Tower towards Moscow City","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ostankino_Moscow_City.jpg/250px-Ostankino_Moscow_City.jpg"},{"image_text":"\"Sed'moe Nebo\" restaurant with winter view","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Ostankino_restaurant.jpg/250px-Ostankino_restaurant.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Ostankino Technical Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostankino_Technical_Center"},{"title":"List of tallest buildings and structures in the world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures_in_the_world"},{"title":"List of tallest structures in the former Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_the_former_Soviet_Union"},{"title":"List of towers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_towers"},{"title":"Fernsehturm Stuttgart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernsehturm_Stuttgart"}]	[{"reference":"\"Emporis building ID 111722\". Emporis. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160307022352/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/111722","url_text":"\"Emporis building ID 111722\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emporis","url_text":"Emporis"},{"url":"https://www.emporis.com/buildings/111722","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ostankino Tower\". SkyscraperPage.","urls":[{"url":"https://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=24","url_text":"\"Ostankino Tower\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SkyscraperPage","url_text":"SkyscraperPage"}]},{"reference":"\"Fire at television tower offers new evidence of Russia's decay\". The Independent. Associated Press. 28 August 2000. Archived from the original on 25 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133743/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/fire-at-television-tower-offers-new-evidence-of-russias-decay-711631.html","url_text":"\"Fire at television tower offers new evidence of Russia's decay\""},{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/fire-at-television-tower-offers-new-evidence-of-russias-decay-711631.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Russia's Tallest TV Tower Was Created as Symbol of USSR's Power\". Pravda.ru. 21 September 2009. Retrieved 5 October 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://english.pravda.ru/russia/history/30-09-2009/109599-ostankino_tower-0","url_text":"\"Russia's Tallest TV Tower Was Created as Symbol of USSR's Power\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ostankino Tower\". Emporis Research. Archived from the original on 17 June 2004. Retrieved 7 January 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040617025715/http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=111722","url_text":"\"Ostankino Tower\""},{"url":"http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=111722","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"What if the CN Tower Caught Fire?\". CBC News. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 10 November 2000. Archived from the original on 13 October 2007. Retrieved 26 June 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071013135111/http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2000/08/28/CN000828.html","url_text":"\"What if the CN Tower Caught Fire?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBC_News","url_text":"CBC News"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation","url_text":"Canadian Broadcasting Corporation"},{"url":"http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2000/08/28/CN000828.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"News detail\". Retrieved 4 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tvtower.ru/en/news/565/The","url_text":"\"News detail\""}]},{"reference":"\"Installation of elevators in the Ostankino TV tower\". mitol.ru. Retrieved 13 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://mitol.ru/index.php/en/our-new/292-installation-of-elevators-in-the-ostankino-tv-tower.html","url_text":"\"Installation of elevators in the Ostankino TV tower\""}]},{"reference":"\"Московский Региональный Центр : Экскурсии\" [Moscow Regional Center : Excursions]. Retrieved 4 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tvtower.ru/52_SmotrovyaPl/","url_text":"\"Московский Региональный Центр : Экскурсии\""}]},{"reference":"\"В Останкинской башне открылся ресторан \"Седьмое небо\"\" [Restaurant \"Seventh Heaven\" opened in the Ostankino Tower]. 18 November 2016. Retrieved 4 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://rg.ru/2016/11/18/reg-cfo/v-ostankinskoj-bashne-otkrylsia-restoran-sedmoe-nebo.html","url_text":"\"В Останкинской башне открылся ресторан \"Седьмое небо\"\""}]},{"reference":"Hector Rim (12 March 2012). \"moscow tv tower jump accident-Moscú Torre de tv, accidente en salto..wmv\". Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 4 October 2018 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VlmEtWZsxGE","url_text":"\"moscow tv tower jump accident-Moscú Torre de tv, accidente en salto..wmv\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/VlmEtWZsxGE","url_text":"Archived"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ostankino_Tower&params=55_49_11_N_37_36_42_E_region:RU_type:landmark","external_links_name":"55°49′11″N 37°36′42″E / 55.81972°N 37.61167°E / 55.81972; 37.61167"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ostankino_Tower&params=55_49_11_N_37_36_42_E_region:RU_type:landmark","external_links_name":"55°49′11″N 37°36′42″E / 55.81972°N 37.61167°E / 55.81972; 37.61167"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ostankino_Tower&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/871376.stm","external_links_name":"following an explosion"},{"Link":"http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=24","external_links_name":"Ostankino Tele Tower"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160307022352/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/111722","external_links_name":"\"Emporis building ID 111722\""},{"Link":"https://www.emporis.com/buildings/111722","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=24","external_links_name":"\"Ostankino Tower\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133743/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/fire-at-television-tower-offers-new-evidence-of-russias-decay-711631.html","external_links_name":"\"Fire at television tower offers new evidence of Russia's decay\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/fire-at-television-tower-offers-new-evidence-of-russias-decay-711631.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://english.pravda.ru/russia/history/30-09-2009/109599-ostankino_tower-0","external_links_name":"\"Russia's Tallest TV Tower Was Created as Symbol of USSR's Power\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040617025715/http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=111722","external_links_name":"\"Ostankino Tower\""},{"Link":"http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=111722","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071013135111/http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2000/08/28/CN000828.html","external_links_name":"\"What if the CN Tower Caught Fire?\""},{"Link":"http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2000/08/28/CN000828.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.tvtower.ru/en/news/565/The","external_links_name":"\"News detail\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/firefighters-struggle-against-blaze-in-moscow-television-tower-711618.html","external_links_name":"Firefighters struggle against a blaze in Moscow television tower"},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/russian-tv-knocked-out-as-fire-rages-through-1800ft-tower-711669.html","external_links_name":"Russian TV knocked out as fire rages through 1,800ft tower"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133807/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/russian-tv-knocked-out-as-fire-rages-through-1800ft-tower-711669.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/europe/08/28/moscow.fire.04/index.html","external_links_name":"Bodies recovered from Moscow TV tower fire"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110604045226/http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/europe/08/28/moscow.fire.04/index.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/europe/08/28/moscow.fire.03/index.html","external_links_name":"Russia tower fire 'under control'"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100503154758/http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/europe/08/28/moscow.fire.03/index.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/europe/08/28/moscow.fire.02/index.html","external_links_name":"Four feared trapped in burning Moscow tower"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100503154753/http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/europe/08/28/moscow.fire.02/index.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/fire-in-1800ft-tv-tower-adds-to-russians-feeling-of-doom-711667.html","external_links_name":"Fire in 1,800ft TV tower adds to Russians' feeling of doom"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110203005103/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/fire-in-1800ft-tv-tower-adds-to-russians-feeling-of-doom-711667.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/europe/09/01/europe.time.russia/index.html","external_links_name":"August, the Cruelest Month"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070708032810/http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/europe/09/01/europe.time.russia/index.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://mitol.ru/index.php/en/our-new/292-installation-of-elevators-in-the-ostankino-tv-tower.html","external_links_name":"\"Installation of elevators in the Ostankino TV tower\""},{"Link":"http://www.tvtower.ru/52_SmotrovyaPl/","external_links_name":"\"Московский Региональный Центр : Экскурсии\""},{"Link":"http://rg.ru/2016/11/18/reg-cfo/v-ostankinskoj-bashne-otkrylsia-restoran-sedmoe-nebo.html","external_links_name":"\"В Останкинской башне открылся ресторан \"Седьмое небо\"\""},{"Link":"http://www.radio.nl/2003/home/medianieuws/010.archief/2004/07/90355.html","external_links_name":"Article about the accident (in Dutch)"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VlmEtWZsxGE","external_links_name":"\"moscow tv tower jump accident-Moscú Torre de tv, accidente en salto..wmv\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/VlmEtWZsxGE","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121023012324/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-96025024.html","external_links_name":"Austrian parachutist injured, knocked unconscious in jump from Moscow TV tower"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6690755.stm","external_links_name":"Fire out at Moscow landmark tower"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040704162828/http://www.tvtower.ru/2_Razdel_TotalInfo/eng/","external_links_name":"Ostankino Television Tower"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131111151354/http://www.redpenguin.net/trans-siberian-part-5-the-ostankino-tower.php","external_links_name":"A visit to the Ostankino Television Tower"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/901923.stm","external_links_name":"BBC: Moscow's TV tower saved"},{"Link":"https://structurae.net/structures/data/index.cfm?ID=20000279","external_links_name":"Ostankino Tower"},{"Link":"http://englishrussia.com/?p=479","external_links_name":"Ostankino Tower Above the Clouds"},{"Link":"http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=24","external_links_name":"Ostankino Tele Tower"},{"Link":"http://englishrussia.com/?p=2421","external_links_name":"Building Tallest Tower"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge1124086&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://structurae.net/structures/20000279","external_links_name":"Structurae"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCm%C3%BC%C5%9Fkum_Nature_Park	100th Anniversary (Gümüşkum) Nature Park	["1 References"]	Coordinates: 36°43′15″N 34°29′43″E / 36.72083°N 34.49528°E / 36.72083; 34.49528Nature park in Mezitli, Mersin, Turkey 100th Anniversary (Gümüşkum) Nature Park100. Yıl (Gümüşkum) Tabiat ParkıA sea turtle spawning place in Gümüşkum100th Anniversary (Gümşkum) NPLocation of the nature park in TurkeyLocationMezitli, Mersin, TurkeyCoordinates36°43′15″N 34°29′43″E / 36.72083°N 34.49528°E / 36.72083; 34.49528Area22.98 ha (56.8 acres)EstablishedNovember 7, 2011; 12 years ago (2011-11-07)Governing bodyDirectorate-General of Nature Protection and National ParksMinistry of Environment and Forest 100th Anniversary (Gümüşkum) Nature Park (Turkish: 100. Yıl (Gümüşkum) Tabiat Parkı) is a coastal nature park in Mersin, Turkey. The park at 36°43′15″N 34°29′43″E / 36.72083°N 34.49528°E / 36.72083; 34.49528 is in Davultepe town, which merged to Mersin urban fabric. It is located on the Mediterranean Sea coast covering an area of 22.98 hectares (56.8 acres). It is on the Mersin-Silifke highway D.400 12 km (7.5 mi) southwest of Mersin. In 1977, the grove at the Mediterranean Sea side was declared a recreation area. On November 7, 2011, the area was declared a nature park by the Ministry of Environment and Forest. However the ministry decided to end its status as a nature park and there is a heated discussion on its future status It has a 1.8 km (1.1 mi) long sandy beach. "Gümüşkum" means literally "Silver sand". The nature park offers outdoor recreational activities for visitors on a daily basis such as hiking, swimming and picnicing. Camping and renting of cottages or bungalows are also available. The trees in the park are Turkish pine (Pinus brutia) and eucalyptus. The endemic plant sea daffodil (Pancratium maritimum) is endangered. A section of the sandy beach in the nature park is used by green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) and loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) for ovulation. A treatment and rehabilitation center for the sea turtles is situated inside the nature park. The status of the protected area as "nature park" was revoked on July 14, 2015. It was decided to decrease its status to "recreation area of grade A". Upon protests of the residents of Mersin to protect and conserve the sea turtles, the Ministry cancelled its decision within about one month, and the status of the protected area remained unchanged. References ^ a b c "Tabiat Parkları – Yüzüncü Yıl" (in Turkish). Orman ve Su İşleri Bakanlığı – VII Bölge Müdürlüğü. Retrieved 2017-05-16. ^ a b c d "Kaplumbağaları üzecek karar". Milliyet (in Turkish). 2015-08-10. Retrieved 2017-05-16. ^ a b c Ergene, Serap; Ergene, Mahmut; Uçar, Aşkın Hasan; Aymak, Cemil; Kaçar, Yasemin (2016). "Identification of a New Nesting Beach in Mersin, Turkey: Nesting Activity of Green and Loggerhead Sea Turtles Over 6 Nesting Seasons (2009–2014) at Davultepe Beach". Marine Turtle Newsletter. 6–9 (149). Mersin University, Sea Turtle Application and Research Center. Retrieved 2017-05-17. ^ Inonativ Haber Online news (in Turkish) ^ "2 km'lik kumsalı Çocuklarımıza göstermek için uyanalım." Ufuk Turu (in Turkish). 2015-08-06. Retrieved 2017-05-17. ^ "Gümüşkum Parkı kurtuldu". Cumhuriyet (in Turkish). 2015-08-21. Retrieved 2017-05-16. ^ "Gümüşkum Parkı Kurtuldu" (in Turkish). Arkitera. 2015-08-24. Retrieved 2017-05-17. vteNature parks of TurkeyAegean Region 26 August Akdağ Çağlayan Çamlıca Çiçekli Çubucak Efeoğlu Ekmeksiz Enne Dam Gümüldür Karagöl, İzmir İnbükü Güvercinlik Katrancu Bay Kovanlık Küçük Kargı Lake Bafa Mesir Mother Mary Ölüdeniz-Kıdrak Ömer Eşen Süreyya Şarlan Tanay Tavşanburnu Ulubay Canyon Usuluk Bay Yamanlardağı Black Sea Region Ağaçbaşı Ahatlar Akyamaç Waterfall Altıparmak Artabel Lakes Atdınpınar Ayukayası Balamba Ballıca Cave Beşpınarlar Bolu Gölcük Cemal Tural Çağlayandibi Waterfall Çalcamili Çamburnu Çamlık Çatak Çınarsuyu Danaağzı Dipsizgöl Forest Homes Göksu Göldağı Görnek Gürcüoluk Gürleyik Güzeldere Waterfall İncüvez Piney Hamsilos Handüzü Isırlık Karagöl, Artvin Karagöl, Bolu Kargalı Gölcük Karşıyaka, Gümüşhane Kayabaşı Koçkayası Kurugöl Kuzalan Lake Abant Lake Boraboy Lake Limni Lake Sera Lake Sünnet Lake Zınav National Sovereignty Sarıgüzel Sıklık Sülüklügöl Şahin Yaylası 75th Anniversary Reservoir Şehir Şerifebacı Tatlıca Tomara Waterfall Topalçam Tunca Valley Ulugöl Uzungöl Vezirsuyu Yedideğirmenler Yakupabdal Yeşilyuva Central Anatolia Region Akyokuş Aluçdağı Aşıkpaşa Çamkoru Davulbaztepe Derebağ Waterfall Eğriova Hazım Dağlı Kadınçayırı Kadınpınarı Karaahmetli Karagöl, Ankara Karşıyaka, Sivas Kartaltepe, Ankara Kenbağ Kızılkavraz Kocakoru Forest Musaözü Oluközü Sorgun Reservoir Şahinler Tekkedağı Yakamanastır Üçtepeler Yozgat Fatih Eastern Anatolia Region Beydağı Lake Hazar Örenönü Soğuksu Turgut Özal Marmara Region Atatürk Forest Avcıkoru Ayazmapınarı Ayvalık Islands Ayvat Bendi Ballıkayalar Bentler Beşkayalar Büyükada Çamlıköy Çilingoz Danamandıra Danişment Darıdere Değirmenboğazı Değirmenburnu Delmece Highland Dilburnu Elmasburnu Eriklitepe Falih Rıfkı Atay Fatih Çeşmesi Fatih Sultan Mehmet Gazilerdağı Gökçetepe Göktürk Reservoir Göztepe Hacet creek Harmankaya Harmankaya Canyon Irmak Kartaltepe, Tekirdağ Kavaklımeşe Grove Kirazlıbent Kömürcübent Kuzuluk Kuzuyayla Küçükelmalı Lake Poyrazlar Marmaracıl Bay Mehmet Akif Ersoy Mihrabat Neşet Suyu Park Forest Polonezköy Province Forest Sadağı Canyon Sarımsaklı Suadiye Suuçtu Şamlar Türkmenbaşı Uzunkum Uzuntarla Mediterranean Region 100th Anniversary (Gümüşkum) Aydıncık Başpınar Belemedik Belen Pass Çiftmazı Dağılcak Gölcük İncekum Karaekşi Karataş Kurşunlu Waterfall Kuyuluk Lake Salda Mavikent Pullu I Pullu II Serenler Hill Şehitlik Talat Göktepe Tavşan Yaylası Yazılı Canyon Southeastern Anatolia Region Burç Dülükbaba Gölbaşı Lakes Gölpınar Hisar Piney Hz. Veysel Karani Kapıçam Malabadi Tillo vte Mersin ProvinceSettlementsCenter city Mersin Districts (İlçe) Akdeniz Mezitli Toroslar Yenişehir Anamur Aydıncık Bozyazı Çamlıyayla Erdemli Gülnar Mut Silifke Tarsus All settlements List of populated places in Mersin Province CultureUniversities Mersin University Çağ University Tarsus University Toros University Institute of Marine Sciences Alata Research Institute of Horticulture Museums etc. Anamur Museum Arslan Eyce Private Amphora Museum Erdemli Yörük Museum Emirler Archaeological Site and City Forest Museum Gözlükule Research Center Mersin Archaeological Museum Mersin Atatürk Museum Mersin Museum Mersin Naval Museum Mersin State Art and Sculpture Museum Mersin Urban History Museum Mersin Water Museum Narlıkuyu Museum Silifke Museum Silifke Atatürk Museum Tarsus Çanakkale Park Museum Tarsus Museum Taşucu Atatürk Museum Monuments Atatürk Monument Mersin Martyrs' Memorial Frederick Barbarossa Memorial Archaeological wealth Adamkayalar Akkale Ala Bridge Alahan Monastery Altından geçme Anchiale Ancient road in Tarsus Anemurium Aphrodisias Athena relief Aulai Aya Tekla Church Baç Bridge Balabolu Belenkeşlik Castle Canbazlı ruins Caracalla's inscription Casemates of İbrahim Pasha Cleopatra's gate Corycus Çanakçı rock tombs Çandır Castle Çatıören Dağlı Castle Dikilitaş Donuktaş Dörtayak Eğribük (Palaiai) Elaiussa Sebaste Emirzeli Evciler Castle Gömeç Gözlükule Gözne Castle Gülek Castle Hasanaliler Church Hisarin Castle Imbriogon (Demircili) Işıkkale Kabaçam Karakabaklı Kelenderis mosaic Kırkkaşık Bedesten Kızlar Kalesi Kilise Tepe Kravga Bridge Kuzucubelen Castle Lamas Aqueduct Lampron Mamure Castle Mancınık Castle Mausoleum of Danyal Melenia Meydan Castle Meydancık Castle Mezgitkale Mut Castle Nagidos Olba Olba Aqueduct Öküzlü ruins Pasha's Tomb Roman road in Cilicia Saint Paul's Well Shahmeran Hamam Silifke Bridge Silifke Castle Sinap Castle Sinekkale Softa Castle Soli Tapureli ruins Taşgeçit Bridge Taşhan, Mut Tece Castle Tekir ambarı Tekkadın ruins Temple of Jupiter (Silifke) Tırmıl Tokmar Castle Uzuncaburç (Diokaesareia) Üçayaklı ruins Veyselli rock reliefs Warrior relief of Efrenk Yanıkhan Yelbiz Castle Yumuktepe othersMezitli Producer Women's MarketBuildings and structuresModern Mersin Halkevi Mersin Congress and Exhibition Center Atatürk Cultural Center CNR Yenişehir Exhibition Center Mertim Mersin Aquapark Atatürk Park Mersin Marina Tarsus Zoo Mosquesandmadrasas Muğdat Mosque Grand Mosque of Mersin Mersin Old Mosque Müftü Mosque Tarsus Old Mosque Grand Mosque of Tarsus Kubat Pasha Medrese Laal Pasha Mosque Güzeloluk Mosque Churches Mersin Catholic Church Mersin Orthodox Church Saint Paul's Church Cemeteries Mersin Interfaith Cemetery Cyprus Memorial Forest in Silifke Dams Alaköprü Dam Berdan Dam Birkapılı Dam Gezende Dam Kadıncık 1 HES Kadıncık 2 HES Kayraktepe Dam Otluca HES Pamukluk Dam Silifke HES Industry and trade ATAŞ (Refinery) ACS Mersin Sodakrom Çimsataş Mersin Free Zone Transportation Transport in Mersin Province Mersin Harbor Taşucu Seka Harbor Yeşilovacık Fishing Port Mersin railway station Tarsus railway station Yenice railway station Tırmıl railway station Karacailyas railway station Huzurkent railway station Taşkent railway station Mersin Bus Terminus Çukurova Regional Airport İsmet İnönü Boulevard Adnan Menderes Boulevard Gazi Mustafa Kemal Boulevard Kushimoto Street Boğsak Tunnel Mersin Lighthouse Anamur Lighthouse Aydıncık Lighthouse Sports venues Edip Buran Arena Macit Özcan Sports Complex Mersin Seventh Region Sports Hall Mersin Gymnastics Hall Mersin Arena Mersin Olympic Swimming Pool Mersin Tennis Complex Mersin Volleyball Hall Mezitli Sports Hall Nevin Yanıt Athletics Complex Servet Tazegül Arena Tevfik Sırrı Gür Stadium Toroslar Bocce Facility Erdemli Shooting Range Erdemli Sports Hall Tarsus City Stadium Tarsus Arena Geographical features Mersin Gulf Paradeniz Kızılbağ Pond Arslanköy Pond Aydıncık Islands Babadıl Islands Boğsak Islet Bozyazı Island Dana Island Güvercin Islet Saplı Islet Yelkenli Island Yılanlı Island Cape Anamur Cape Tisan Kaledran Creek Dragon Creek Sini Creek Soğuksu Creek Babadıl Creek Göksu River Lamas River Alata River Karacaoğlan River Tece Creek Mezitli River Efrenk River Berdan River Tarsus Waterfall Yerköprü Fall Sertavul Pass Gülek Pass Karboğazı Karakız Lake Karabucak Forest Aydıncık Nature Park Gümüşkum Nature Park Karaekşi Nature Park Pullu I Nature Park Erdemli Pine Groove Kanlıdivane Cennet and Cehennem Akhayat sinkhole Egma Sinkhole Çukurpınar Cave Aydıncık Cave Yedi Uyurlar Cave Kisecik Canyon Mersin Province	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language"},{"link_name":"nature park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_park"},{"link_name":"Mersin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersin"},{"link_name":"36°43′15″N 34°29′43″E / 36.72083°N 34.49528°E / 36.72083; 34.49528","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=100th_Anniversary_(G%C3%BCm%C3%BC%C5%9Fkum)_Nature_Park&params=36_43_15_N_34_29_43_E_"},{"link_name":"Davultepe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Davultepe&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea"},{"link_name":"Silifke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silifke"},{"link_name":"D.400","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_road_D.400_(Turkey)"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Environment and Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Environment_and_Forest_(Turkey)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b7-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-m1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-st-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-st-3"},{"link_name":"hiking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiking"},{"link_name":"swimming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_swimming"},{"link_name":"picnicing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picnic"},{"link_name":"Camping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camping"},{"link_name":"cottages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottage"},{"link_name":"bungalows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bungalow"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b7-1"},{"link_name":"Pinus brutia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinus_brutia"},{"link_name":"eucalyptus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptus"},{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemic"},{"link_name":"Pancratium maritimum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancratium_maritimum"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-m1-2"},{"link_name":"green sea turtles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_sea_turtle"},{"link_name":"loggerhead sea turtles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loggerhead_sea_turtle"},{"link_name":"ovulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovulation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-m1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-st-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ut-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b7-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-m1-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c1-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a-7"}],"text":"Nature park in Mezitli, Mersin, Turkey100th Anniversary (Gümüşkum) Nature Park (Turkish: 100. Yıl (Gümüşkum) Tabiat Parkı) is a coastal nature park in Mersin, Turkey.The park at 36°43′15″N 34°29′43″E / 36.72083°N 34.49528°E / 36.72083; 34.49528 is in Davultepe town, which merged to Mersin urban fabric. It is located on the Mediterranean Sea coast covering an area of 22.98 hectares (56.8 acres). It is on the Mersin-Silifke highway D.400 12 km (7.5 mi) southwest of Mersin. In 1977, the grove at the Mediterranean Sea side was declared a recreation area. On November 7, 2011, the area was declared a nature park by the Ministry of Environment and Forest.[1][2][3] However the ministry decided to end its status as a nature park and there is a heated discussion on its future status [4]It has a 1.8 km (1.1 mi) long sandy beach.[3] \"Gümüşkum\" means literally \"Silver sand\". The nature park offers outdoor recreational activities for visitors on a daily basis such as hiking, swimming and picnicing. Camping and renting of cottages or bungalows are also available.[1]The trees in the park are Turkish pine (Pinus brutia) and eucalyptus. The endemic plant sea daffodil (Pancratium maritimum) is endangered.[2] A section of the sandy beach in the nature park is used by green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) and loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) for ovulation.[2][3][5] A treatment and rehabilitation center for the sea turtles is situated inside the nature park.[1]The status of the protected area as \"nature park\" was revoked on July 14, 2015.[2] It was decided to decrease its status to \"recreation area of grade A\". Upon protests of the residents of Mersin to protect and conserve the sea turtles, the Ministry cancelled its decision within about one month, and the status of the protected area remained unchanged.[6][7]","title":"100th Anniversary (Gümüşkum) Nature Park"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Tabiat Parkları – Yüzüncü Yıl\" (in Turkish). Orman ve Su İşleri Bakanlığı – VII Bölge Müdürlüğü. Retrieved 2017-05-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://mersin.ormansu.gov.tr/icel/AnaSayfa/korunanalanlar/tabiatparklari/yuzuncuyil.aspx?sflang=tr","url_text":"\"Tabiat Parkları – Yüzüncü Yıl\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kaplumbağaları üzecek karar\". Milliyet (in Turkish). 2015-08-10. Retrieved 2017-05-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.milliyet.com.tr/kaplumbagalari-uzecek-karar-gundem-2099575/","url_text":"\"Kaplumbağaları üzecek karar\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milliyet","url_text":"Milliyet"}]},{"reference":"Ergene, Serap; Ergene, Mahmut; Uçar, Aşkın Hasan; Aymak, Cemil; Kaçar, Yasemin (2016). \"Identification of a New Nesting Beach in Mersin, Turkey: Nesting Activity of Green and Loggerhead Sea Turtles Over 6 Nesting Seasons (2009–2014) at Davultepe Beach\". Marine Turtle Newsletter. 6–9 (149). Mersin University, Sea Turtle Application and Research Center. Retrieved 2017-05-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.seaturtle.org/mtn/archives/mtn149/mtn149-2.shtml","url_text":"\"Identification of a New Nesting Beach in Mersin, Turkey: Nesting Activity of Green and Loggerhead Sea Turtles Over 6 Nesting Seasons (2009–2014) at Davultepe Beach\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersin_University","url_text":"Mersin University"}]},{"reference":"\"2 km'lik kumsalı Çocuklarımıza göstermek için uyanalım.\" Ufuk Turu (in Turkish). 2015-08-06. Retrieved 2017-05-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ufukturu.net/hdetay.aspx?id=42622","url_text":"\"2 km'lik kumsalı Çocuklarımıza göstermek için uyanalım.\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gümüşkum Parkı kurtuldu\". Cumhuriyet (in Turkish). 2015-08-21. Retrieved 2017-05-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/haber/cevre/349539/Gumuskum_Parki_kurtuldu.html#","url_text":"\"Gümüşkum Parkı kurtuldu\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumhuriyet","url_text":"Cumhuriyet"}]},{"reference":"\"Gümüşkum Parkı Kurtuldu\" (in Turkish). Arkitera. 2015-08-24. Retrieved 2017-05-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.arkitera.com/haber/25369/gumuskum-parki-kurtuldu","url_text":"\"Gümüşkum Parkı Kurtuldu\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=100th_Anniversary_(G%C3%BCm%C3%BC%C5%9Fkum)_Nature_Park&params=36_43_15_N_34_29_43_E_type:landmark","external_links_name":"36°43′15″N 34°29′43″E / 36.72083°N 34.49528°E / 36.72083; 34.49528"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=100th_Anniversary_(G%C3%BCm%C3%BC%C5%9Fkum)_Nature_Park&params=36_43_15_N_34_29_43_E_type:landmark","external_links_name":"36°43′15″N 34°29′43″E / 36.72083°N 34.49528°E / 36.72083; 34.49528"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=100th_Anniversary_(G%C3%BCm%C3%BC%C5%9Fkum)_Nature_Park&params=36_43_15_N_34_29_43_E_","external_links_name":"36°43′15″N 34°29′43″E / 36.72083°N 34.49528°E / 36.72083; 34.49528"},{"Link":"http://mersin.ormansu.gov.tr/icel/AnaSayfa/korunanalanlar/tabiatparklari/yuzuncuyil.aspx?sflang=tr","external_links_name":"\"Tabiat Parkları – Yüzüncü Yıl\""},{"Link":"http://www.milliyet.com.tr/kaplumbagalari-uzecek-karar-gundem-2099575/","external_links_name":"\"Kaplumbağaları üzecek karar\""},{"Link":"http://www.seaturtle.org/mtn/archives/mtn149/mtn149-2.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Identification of a New Nesting Beach in Mersin, Turkey: Nesting Activity of Green and Loggerhead Sea Turtles Over 6 Nesting Seasons (2009–2014) at Davultepe Beach\""},{"Link":"http://www.inovatifhaber.com/haber/davultepe-100yil-gumuskum-sahilinin-tabiat-parki-statusunden-cikartilmasina-tepkiler-suruyor-11977.html","external_links_name":"Inonativ Haber Online news (in Turkish)"},{"Link":"http://www.ufukturu.net/hdetay.aspx?id=42622","external_links_name":"\"2 km'lik kumsalı Çocuklarımıza göstermek için uyanalım.\""},{"Link":"http://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/haber/cevre/349539/Gumuskum_Parki_kurtuldu.html#","external_links_name":"\"Gümüşkum Parkı kurtuldu\""},{"Link":"http://www.arkitera.com/haber/25369/gumuskum-parki-kurtuldu","external_links_name":"\"Gümüşkum Parkı Kurtuldu\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boralday_(river)	Boralday (river)	["1 See also","2 References"]	Coordinates: 42°35′43″N 69°20′44″E / 42.5953°N 69.3455°E / 42.5953; 69.3455River in KazakhstanBoraldayThe Boralday river in Baydibek DistrictMouth location in KazakhstanLocationCountryKazakhstanPhysical characteristicsMouthArys • coordinates42°35′43″N 69°20′44″E / 42.5953°N 69.3455°E / 42.5953; 69.3455Basin featuresProgressionArys→ Syr Darya→ North Aral Sea The Boralday (Kazakh: Боралдай, Boraldai) is a river of southern Kazakhstan. It is a right tributary of the Arys, of the Syr Darya basin. See also List of rivers of Kazakhstan References ^ "K-42 Topographic Chart (in Russian)". Retrieved 2 January 2023. vte Rivers of KazakhstanRivers Akbastau Aksu (Lake Balkhash) Ak-Suu (Chu) Aqqanburlyq Arys Asa Aschiagar Ashchysu (Ayr) Ashchysu (Nura) Ashchysu (Shagan) Atasu Ayagöz Ayat Badam Bagyrlai Baikonyr Bakanas Bogen Boktykaryn Bolgasyn Bolshoy Uzen Boralday Borly Bukhtarma Buldyrty Büyen Shagan (Irtysh) Shagan (Ural) Charyn Chilik Chu Ebita Emba Emil Esentai Ilek Ili Imanburlyq Irgiz Irtysh Ishim Issyk Kaldygaity Kalkutan Kalmakkyrgan Kamysakty Karakengir Karasu Karatal Kargaly Karkaraly Kauylzhyr Keles Kichi-Kemin Kigach Kokozek Koksu Kon Kulanotpes Kürshim Kushum Kylshakty Kyrshabakty Lepsy Lukina Malaya Almatinka Maly Uzen Mashat Naryn Nura Olenti (Auliekol) Olenti (Tuzdy) Or Qapal Sabyrzhylga Saghyz Saryozen (Myrzhyk) Saryozen (Sarysu) Saryozen (Turgay) Sarysu Sayramsu Shabakty Shagalaly Sherubainura Shiderti Shyngyrlau Sileti Sokyr Sonaly Syntasty Syr Darya Talas Taldy Taldymanaka Talgar Tegene Teneke Terekty Terisaqqan Tobol Tokrau Tundik Turgay Uba Ubagan Uil Ulba Ulkayak Ulken Kundyzdy Uly-Zhylanshyk Ural Urzhar Ushbas Uy Yesenankaty Zhaman Sarysu Zharly Zhylandysay Zhymyky Zhyngyldyozek This article related to a river in Kazakhstan is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kazakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_language"},{"link_name":"Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan"},{"link_name":"Arys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arys_(river)"},{"link_name":"Syr Darya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syr_Darya"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-STM-1"}],"text":"River in KazakhstanThe Boralday (Kazakh: Боралдай, Boraldai) is a river of southern Kazakhstan. It is a right tributary of the Arys, of the Syr Darya basin.[1]","title":"Boralday (river)"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of rivers of Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Kazakhstan"}]	[{"reference":"\"K-42 Topographic Chart (in Russian)\". Retrieved 2 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://maps.vlasenko.net/smtm1000/k-42.jpg","url_text":"\"K-42 Topographic Chart (in Russian)\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Boralday_(river)&params=42.5953_N_69.3455_E_region:KZ_type:river","external_links_name":"42°35′43″N 69°20′44″E / 42.5953°N 69.3455°E / 42.5953; 69.3455"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Boralday_(river)&params=42.5953_N_69.3455_E_region:KZ_type:river","external_links_name":"42°35′43″N 69°20′44″E / 42.5953°N 69.3455°E / 42.5953; 69.3455"},{"Link":"https://maps.vlasenko.net/smtm1000/k-42.jpg","external_links_name":"\"K-42 Topographic Chart (in Russian)\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boralday_(river)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioan_Evans_(politician)	Ioan Evans (politician)	["1 Early life","2 MP for Birmingham Yardley","3 Later parliamentary career","4 Personal life","5 References","6 Sources","6.1 Online","7 External links"]	British politician (1927–1984) For Welsh footballer and Welsh rugby union player, see Ioan Evans (footballer) and Ioan Evans (rugby union). Ioan EvansComptroller of the HouseholdIn office1968–1970Prime MinisterHarold WilsonPreceded byWilliam HowieSucceeded byWalter ElliotMember of Parliamentfor Cynon ValleyAberdare (1974–1983)In office28 February 1974 – 10 February 1984Preceded byArthur ProbertSucceeded byAnn ClwydMember of Parliamentfor Birmingham YardleyIn office15 October 1964 – 29 May 1970Preceded byLeonard CleaverSucceeded byDerek Coombs Personal detailsBornIoan Lyonel Evans(1927-07-10)10 July 1927Llanelli, WalesDied10 February 1984(1984-02-10) (aged 56)Hillingdon, London, EnglandNationalityBritishPolitical partyLabour Ioan Lyonel Evans (10 July 1927 – 10 February 1984) was a British politician. He served as a Labour and Co-operative Member of Parliament (MP) from 1964 to 1970 and from 1974 until his death. Early life Ioan Evans was born in Llanelli, the son of Evan Evans, a builder and clerk of works and his wife. He was educated at Llanelli Grammar School and the University College of Wales, Swansea. He served on the West Bromwich education committee and acted as the Labour agent for the general elections in 1955 and 1959 in the Birmingham Small Heath constituency. He was secretary of Birmingham and District Co-operative Party. MP for Birmingham Yardley Evans was first elected to Parliament in the 1964 general election for the constituency of Birmingham Yardley. From 2 May 1966 to 26 September 1966, Evans was a substitute member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe. From 1968 to 1970 he was Comptroller of the Household in the Wilson Government. Evans lost his seat in the 1970 general election to Conservative Derek Coombs. Later parliamentary career Following his electoral defeat, Evans became Director of the International Defence and Aid Fund. He re-entered Parliament in the February 1974 general election for the Welsh seat of Aberdare. He was appointed PPS to the Secrtetary of State for Wales, John Morris, but resigned in late 1974 due to his opposition to the party's policy on Welsh devolution. Evans feared that devolution would lead to the centralization of local government authority in Cardiff, as well as the appointment of an additional 1300 civil servants. His chief objection, however, was to the additional costs of devolution, which Evans believed would be several million pounds per year. Eventually, Evans was one of six Labour MPs to oppose devolution in the referendum of 1979, when the government proposals were heavily defeated. From 1977 until 1982 he was secretary to the Welsh group of Labour MPs and active on an array of Labour backbench committees. In 1982 he was appointed as an opposition spokesman on Europe, serving under Eric Heffer. The following year he was appointed as a junior spokesman on Welsh Affairs. The Aberdare constituency was abolished in 1983, but Evans was elected for the new Cynon Valley constituency which had very similar boundaries to the previous seat. He died the following year, aged 56, in Hillingdon, and Ann Clwyd was elected as his successor at the subsequent by-election. Personal life In 1949, Evans married Maria Griffiths, and they had one son and one daughter. Following his untimely death on 10 February 1984, Evans's funeral service was held at St Elvan's Church, Aberdare. References ^ a b c d e f g Jones, John Graham. "Ioan Lyonel Evans". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales. Retrieved 17 June 2016. Sources Online Jones, John Graham. "Ioan Lyonel Evans". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales. Retrieved 17 June 2016. External links Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Ioan Evans Parliament of the United Kingdom Preceded byLeonard Cleaver Member of Parliament for Birmingham Yardley 1964–1970 Succeeded byDerek Coombs Preceded byArthur Probert Member of Parliament for Aberdare Feb 1974 – 1983 Constituency abolished New constituency Member of Parliament for Cynon Valley 1983–1984 Succeeded byAnn Clwyd Political offices Preceded byWilliam Howie Comptroller of the Household 1968–1970 Succeeded byWalter Elliot	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ioan Evans (footballer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ioan_Evans_(footballer)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ioan Evans (rugby union)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioan_Evans_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"politician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politician"},{"link_name":"Labour and Co-operative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_and_Co-operative"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WBO-1"}],"text":"For Welsh footballer and Welsh rugby union player, see Ioan Evans (footballer) and Ioan Evans (rugby union).Ioan Lyonel Evans (10 July 1927 – 10 February 1984) was a British politician. He served as a Labour and Co-operative Member of Parliament (MP) from 1964 to 1970 and from 1974 until his death.[1]","title":"Ioan Evans (politician)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Llanelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanelli"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WBO-1"},{"link_name":"Llanelli Grammar School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Llanelli_Grammar_School&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"University College of Wales, Swansea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swansea_University"},{"link_name":"West Bromwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bromwich"},{"link_name":"1955","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"1959","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Birmingham Small Heath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_Small_Heath_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham"},{"link_name":"Co-operative Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-operative_Party_(UK)"}],"text":"Ioan Evans was born in Llanelli, the son of Evan Evans, a builder and clerk of works and his wife.[1] He was educated at Llanelli Grammar School and the University College of Wales, Swansea. He served on the West Bromwich education committee and acted as the Labour agent for the general elections in 1955 and 1959 in the Birmingham Small Heath constituency. He was secretary of Birmingham and District Co-operative Party.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"1964 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Birmingham Yardley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_Yardley_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_Assembly_of_the_Council_of_Europe"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WBO-1"},{"link_name":"Comptroller of the Household","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comptroller_of_the_Household"},{"link_name":"Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Government_1964%E2%80%931970"},{"link_name":"1970 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Derek Coombs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Coombs"}],"text":"Evans was first elected to Parliament in the 1964 general election for the constituency of Birmingham Yardley. From 2 May 1966 to 26 September 1966, Evans was a substitute member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe.[1] From 1968 to 1970 he was Comptroller of the Household in the Wilson Government. Evans lost his seat in the 1970 general election to Conservative Derek Coombs.","title":"MP for Birmingham Yardley"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WBO-1"},{"link_name":"February 1974 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_1974_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Welsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"Aberdare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdare_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"John Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Morris,_Baron_Morris_of_Aberavon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WBO-1"},{"link_name":"Eric Heffer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Heffer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WBO-1"},{"link_name":"1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Cynon Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynon_Valley_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Hillingdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillingdon"},{"link_name":"Ann Clwyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Clwyd"},{"link_name":"by-election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_Cynon_Valley_by-election"}],"text":"Following his electoral defeat, Evans became Director of the International Defence and Aid Fund.[1] He re-entered Parliament in the February 1974 general election for the Welsh seat of Aberdare.He was appointed PPS to the Secrtetary of State for Wales, John Morris, but resigned in late 1974 due to his opposition to the party's policy on Welsh devolution. Evans feared that devolution would lead to the centralization of local government authority in Cardiff, as well as the appointment of an additional 1300 civil servants. His chief objection, however, was to the additional costs of devolution, which Evans believed would be several million pounds per year.[1] Eventually, Evans was one of six Labour MPs to oppose devolution in the referendum of 1979, when the government proposals were heavily defeated.From 1977 until 1982 he was secretary to the Welsh group of Labour MPs and active on an array of Labour backbench committees. In 1982 he was appointed as an opposition spokesman on Europe, serving under Eric Heffer. The following year he was appointed as a junior spokesman on Welsh Affairs.[1]The Aberdare constituency was abolished in 1983, but Evans was elected for the new Cynon Valley constituency which had very similar boundaries to the previous seat. He died the following year, aged 56, in Hillingdon, and Ann Clwyd was elected as his successor at the subsequent by-election.","title":"Later parliamentary career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WBO-1"}],"text":"In 1949, Evans married Maria Griffiths, and they had one son and one daughter.Following his untimely death on 10 February 1984, Evans's funeral service was held at St Elvan's Church, Aberdare.[1]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Ioan Lyonel Evans\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//biography.wales/article/s8-EVAN-LYO-1927"}],"sub_title":"Online","text":"Jones, John Graham. \"Ioan Lyonel Evans\". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales. Retrieved 17 June 2016.","title":"Sources"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Jones, John Graham. \"Ioan Lyonel Evans\". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales. Retrieved 17 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://biography.wales/article/s8-EVAN-LYO-1927","url_text":"\"Ioan Lyonel Evans\""}]},{"reference":"Jones, John Graham. \"Ioan Lyonel Evans\". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales. Retrieved 17 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://biography.wales/article/s8-EVAN-LYO-1927","url_text":"\"Ioan Lyonel Evans\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://biography.wales/article/s8-EVAN-LYO-1927","external_links_name":"\"Ioan Lyonel Evans\""},{"Link":"https://biography.wales/article/s8-EVAN-LYO-1927","external_links_name":"\"Ioan Lyonel Evans\""},{"Link":"https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/mr-ioan-evans","external_links_name":"contributions in Parliament by Ioan Evans"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanuel_Asrat	Amanuel Asrat	["1 Awards","2 References","3 External links"]	Eritrean poet and journalist (born 1971) Amanuel Asrat (born 1971) is an Eritrean poet and former editor-in-chief of Addis Zemen. A graduate of the University of Asmara, he is "largely credited for the Eritrean poetry resurgence of the early 2000s", as reported by The Guardian. In 2001, Amanuel together with two colleagues set up a grassroots literary club, and similar clubs were soon established across the country. Asrat was arrested on 23 September 2001, along with 16 other journalists that year in the wake of a crackdown on the press in Eritrea, and is believed to be detained in a maximum security prison, although his whereabouts and state of health remain unknown. In 2016, he was the recipient of an Oxfam Novib/PEN Award, accepted on his behalf by Eritrean-born Dutch journalist Habtom Yohannes. In 2020, poet and activist Linton Kwesi Johnson, who was that year's winner of the PEN Pinter Prize (launched in 2009 by English PEN, a charity that defends freedom of expression and celebrates literature, in memory of playwright Harold Pinter), named Asrat as the "International Writer of Courage" with whom he chose to share the award. Awards 2016: Oxfam Novib/PEN Award 2020: PEN Pinter Prize International Writer of Courage Award References ^ a b c "Eritrean Poet and Journalist Amanuel Asrat Receives Oxfam Novib/ PEN Awards for Freedom of Expression". PEN Eritrea. 15 January 2016. Retrieved 25 November 2022. ^ "PENWrites: Amanuel Asrat". English PEN. Retrieved 25 November 2022. ^ a b Zere, Abraham T (19 August 2015). "'If we don't give them a voice, no one will': Eritrea's forgotten journalists, still jailed after 14 years". The Guardian. ^ "Amanuel Asrat: Zemen \| Imprisoned in Eritrea \| September 2001". Committee to Protect Journalists. Retrieved 15 August 2023. ^ "Campaigns: Amanuel Asrat \| Amanuel Asrat was an award-winning poet, song-writer and newspaper editor". Amnesty International. 24 September 2019. Retrieved 15 August 2023. ^ a b Flood, Alison (13 October 2020). "Eritrean poet Amanuel Asrat named International Writer of Courage". The Guardian. ^ "World Poetry Day: take action for poet Amanuel Asrat". English PEN. Retrieved 15 August 2023. ^ Cowdrey, Katherine (7 July 2020). "'Living legend' Linton Kwesi Johnson wins PEN Pinter Prize 2020". The Bookseller. Retrieved 7 July 2020. ^ "Linton Kwesi Johnson awarded PEN Pinter Prize 2020". English PEN. 7 July 2020. Retrieved 7 July 2020. ^ Cowdrey, Katherine (5 October 2020). "Eritrean poet Asrat named 2020's International Writer of Courage". The Bookseller. Retrieved 15 August 2023. ^ Peterson, Angeline (27 October 2020). "Imprisoned Eritrean Poet Amanuel Asrat Honored as Co-Winner of the 2020 PEN Pinter Prize". Brittle Paper. Retrieved 15 August 2023. ^ "2016 Oxfam Novib/PEN Awards for Freedom of Expression". PEN International. 15 January 2016. Retrieved 25 November 2022. ^ "Eritrean poet Amanuel Asrat honoured with International Writer of Courage". The Indian Express. 14 October 2020. Retrieved 25 November 2022. ^ "Eritrean Poet Amanuel Asrat Named International Writer of Courage by Harriet Staff". Poetry Foundation. 25 November 2022. Retrieved 25 November 2022. External links "Twenty years on – imprisoned without trial, but never forgotten: Amanuel Asrat", Eritrea Hub', 12 September 2021.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PEN_Eritrea_15-1-16-1"},{"link_name":"editor-in-chief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editor-in-chief"},{"link_name":"Addis Zemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addis_Zemen_(newspaper)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"University of Asmara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Asmara"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian_19-8-15-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PEN_Eritrea_15-1-16-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian_19-8-15-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian_13_Oct_2020-6"},{"link_name":"Oxfam Novib/PEN Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxfam_Novib/PEN_Award"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Linton Kwesi Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linton_Kwesi_Johnson"},{"link_name":"PEN Pinter Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PEN_Pinter_Prize"},{"link_name":"English PEN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_PEN"},{"link_name":"Harold Pinter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Pinter"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian_13_Oct_2020-6"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Amanuel Asrat (born 1971)[1] is an Eritrean poet and former editor-in-chief of Addis Zemen.[2]A graduate of the University of Asmara, he is \"largely credited for the Eritrean poetry resurgence of the early 2000s\", as reported by The Guardian.[3] In 2001, Amanuel together with two colleagues set up a grassroots literary club, and similar clubs were soon established across the country.[1][3]Asrat was arrested on 23 September 2001, along with 16 other journalists that year in the wake of a crackdown on the press in Eritrea, and is believed to be detained in a maximum security prison, although his whereabouts and state of health remain unknown.[4][5][6]In 2016, he was the recipient of an Oxfam Novib/PEN Award, accepted on his behalf by Eritrean-born Dutch journalist Habtom Yohannes.[7]In 2020, poet and activist Linton Kwesi Johnson, who was that year's winner of the PEN Pinter Prize (launched in 2009 by English PEN, a charity that defends freedom of expression and celebrates literature, in memory of playwright Harold Pinter),[8][9] named Asrat as the \"International Writer of Courage\" with whom he chose to share the award.[10][6][11]","title":"Amanuel Asrat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oxfam Novib/PEN Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxfam_Novib/PEN_Award"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PEN_Eritrea_15-1-16-1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"PEN Pinter Prize International Writer of Courage Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PEN_Pinter_Prize"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"2016: Oxfam Novib/PEN Award[1][12]\n2020: PEN Pinter Prize International Writer of Courage Award[13][14]","title":"Awards"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Eritrean Poet and Journalist Amanuel Asrat Receives Oxfam Novib/ PEN Awards for Freedom of Expression\". PEN Eritrea. 15 January 2016. Retrieved 25 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://peneritrea.com/blog/eritrean-poet-and-journalist-amanuel-asrat-receives-oxfam-novib-pen-awards-for-freedom-of-expression","url_text":"\"Eritrean Poet and Journalist Amanuel Asrat Receives Oxfam Novib/ PEN Awards for Freedom of Expression\""}]},{"reference":"\"PENWrites: Amanuel Asrat\". English PEN. Retrieved 25 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.englishpen.org/pen-writes/penwrites-amanuel-asrat/","url_text":"\"PENWrites: Amanuel Asrat\""}]},{"reference":"Zere, Abraham T (19 August 2015). \"'If we don't give them a voice, no one will': Eritrea's forgotten journalists, still jailed after 14 years\". The Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/aug/19/eritrea-forgotten-journalists-jailed-pen-international-press-freedom","url_text":"\"'If we don't give them a voice, no one will': Eritrea's forgotten journalists, still jailed after 14 years\""}]},{"reference":"\"Amanuel Asrat: Zemen \| Imprisoned in Eritrea \| September 2001\". Committee to Protect Journalists. Retrieved 15 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://cpj.org/data/people/amanuel-asrat/","url_text":"\"Amanuel Asrat: Zemen \| Imprisoned in Eritrea \| September 2001\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_to_Protect_Journalists","url_text":"Committee to Protect Journalists"}]},{"reference":"\"Campaigns: Amanuel Asrat \| Amanuel Asrat was an award-winning poet, song-writer and newspaper editor\". Amnesty International. 24 September 2019. Retrieved 15 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/campaigns/2019/09/amanuel-asrat-eritrea-hrds-arrested-never-seen-or-heard-from-again/","url_text":"\"Campaigns: Amanuel Asrat \| Amanuel Asrat was an award-winning poet, song-writer and newspaper editor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International","url_text":"Amnesty International"}]},{"reference":"Flood, Alison (13 October 2020). \"Eritrean poet Amanuel Asrat named International Writer of Courage\". The Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/oct/13/eritrean-poet-amanuel-asrat-named-international-writer-of-courage","url_text":"\"Eritrean poet Amanuel Asrat named International Writer of Courage\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"\"World Poetry Day: take action for poet Amanuel Asrat\". English PEN. Retrieved 15 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.englishpen.org/posts/campaigns/world-poetry-day-take-action-for-poet-amanuel-asrat/","url_text":"\"World Poetry Day: take action for poet Amanuel Asrat\""}]},{"reference":"Cowdrey, Katherine (7 July 2020). \"'Living legend' Linton Kwesi Johnson wins PEN Pinter Prize 2020\". The Bookseller. Retrieved 7 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thebookseller.com/news/living-legend-linton-kwesi-johnson-wins-pen-pinter-prize-2020-1209956#:~:text=Poet%20and%20reggae%20recording%20artist,political%20expression%20in%20his%20work.","url_text":"\"'Living legend' Linton Kwesi Johnson wins PEN Pinter Prize 2020\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bookseller","url_text":"The Bookseller"}]},{"reference":"\"Linton Kwesi Johnson awarded PEN Pinter Prize 2020\". English PEN. 7 July 2020. Retrieved 7 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.englishpen.org/posts/news/linton-kwesi-johnson-awarded-pen-pinter-prize-2020/","url_text":"\"Linton Kwesi Johnson awarded PEN Pinter Prize 2020\""}]},{"reference":"Cowdrey, Katherine (5 October 2020). \"Eritrean poet Asrat named 2020's International Writer of Courage\". The Bookseller. Retrieved 15 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thebookseller.com/news/newseritrean-poet-and-journalist-asrat-named-2020s-international-writer-courage-1222197","url_text":"\"Eritrean poet Asrat named 2020's International Writer of Courage\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bookseller","url_text":"The Bookseller"}]},{"reference":"Peterson, Angeline (27 October 2020). \"Imprisoned Eritrean Poet Amanuel Asrat Honored as Co-Winner of the 2020 PEN Pinter Prize\". Brittle Paper. Retrieved 15 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://brittlepaper.com/2020/10/imprisoned-eritrean-poet-amanuel-asrat-honored-as-co-winner-of-the-2020-pen-pinter-prize/","url_text":"\"Imprisoned Eritrean Poet Amanuel Asrat Honored as Co-Winner of the 2020 PEN Pinter Prize\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittle_Paper","url_text":"Brittle Paper"}]},{"reference":"\"2016 Oxfam Novib/PEN Awards for Freedom of Expression\". PEN International. 15 January 2016. Retrieved 25 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://pen-international.org/news/2016-oxfam-novibpen-awards-for-freedom-of-expression","url_text":"\"2016 Oxfam Novib/PEN Awards for Freedom of Expression\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eritrean poet Amanuel Asrat honoured with International Writer of Courage\". The Indian Express. 14 October 2020. Retrieved 25 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://indianexpress.com/article/books-and-literature/eritrean-poet-amanuel-asrat-honoured-with-international-writer-of-courage-6724328/","url_text":"\"Eritrean poet Amanuel Asrat honoured with International Writer of Courage\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Indian_Express","url_text":"The Indian Express"}]},{"reference":"\"Eritrean Poet Amanuel Asrat Named International Writer of Courage by Harriet Staff\". Poetry Foundation. 25 November 2022. Retrieved 25 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.poetryfoundation.org/harriet-books/2020/10/eritrean-poet-amanuel-asrat-named-international-writer-of-courage","url_text":"\"Eritrean Poet Amanuel Asrat Named International Writer of Courage by Harriet Staff\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetry_Foundation","url_text":"Poetry Foundation"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://peneritrea.com/blog/eritrean-poet-and-journalist-amanuel-asrat-receives-oxfam-novib-pen-awards-for-freedom-of-expression","external_links_name":"\"Eritrean Poet and Journalist Amanuel Asrat Receives Oxfam Novib/ PEN Awards for Freedom of Expression\""},{"Link":"https://www.englishpen.org/pen-writes/penwrites-amanuel-asrat/","external_links_name":"\"PENWrites: Amanuel Asrat\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/aug/19/eritrea-forgotten-journalists-jailed-pen-international-press-freedom","external_links_name":"\"'If we don't give them a voice, no one will': Eritrea's forgotten journalists, still jailed after 14 years\""},{"Link":"https://cpj.org/data/people/amanuel-asrat/","external_links_name":"\"Amanuel Asrat: Zemen \| Imprisoned in Eritrea \| September 2001\""},{"Link":"https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/campaigns/2019/09/amanuel-asrat-eritrea-hrds-arrested-never-seen-or-heard-from-again/","external_links_name":"\"Campaigns: Amanuel Asrat \| Amanuel Asrat was an award-winning poet, song-writer and newspaper editor\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/oct/13/eritrean-poet-amanuel-asrat-named-international-writer-of-courage","external_links_name":"\"Eritrean poet Amanuel Asrat named International Writer of Courage\""},{"Link":"https://www.englishpen.org/posts/campaigns/world-poetry-day-take-action-for-poet-amanuel-asrat/","external_links_name":"\"World Poetry Day: take action for poet Amanuel Asrat\""},{"Link":"https://www.thebookseller.com/news/living-legend-linton-kwesi-johnson-wins-pen-pinter-prize-2020-1209956#:~:text=Poet%20and%20reggae%20recording%20artist,political%20expression%20in%20his%20work.","external_links_name":"\"'Living legend' Linton Kwesi Johnson wins PEN Pinter Prize 2020\""},{"Link":"https://www.englishpen.org/posts/news/linton-kwesi-johnson-awarded-pen-pinter-prize-2020/","external_links_name":"\"Linton Kwesi Johnson awarded PEN Pinter Prize 2020\""},{"Link":"https://www.thebookseller.com/news/newseritrean-poet-and-journalist-asrat-named-2020s-international-writer-courage-1222197","external_links_name":"\"Eritrean poet Asrat named 2020's International Writer of Courage\""},{"Link":"https://brittlepaper.com/2020/10/imprisoned-eritrean-poet-amanuel-asrat-honored-as-co-winner-of-the-2020-pen-pinter-prize/","external_links_name":"\"Imprisoned Eritrean Poet Amanuel Asrat Honored as Co-Winner of the 2020 PEN Pinter Prize\""},{"Link":"https://pen-international.org/news/2016-oxfam-novibpen-awards-for-freedom-of-expression","external_links_name":"\"2016 Oxfam Novib/PEN Awards for Freedom of Expression\""},{"Link":"https://indianexpress.com/article/books-and-literature/eritrean-poet-amanuel-asrat-honoured-with-international-writer-of-courage-6724328/","external_links_name":"\"Eritrean poet Amanuel Asrat honoured with International Writer of Courage\""},{"Link":"https://www.poetryfoundation.org/harriet-books/2020/10/eritrean-poet-amanuel-asrat-named-international-writer-of-courage","external_links_name":"\"Eritrean Poet Amanuel Asrat Named International Writer of Courage by Harriet Staff\""},{"Link":"https://eritreahub.org/twenty-years-on-imprisoned-without-trial-but-never-forgotten-amanuel-asrat","external_links_name":"\"Twenty years on – imprisoned without trial, but never forgotten: Amanuel Asrat\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Harrison	Aaron Harrison	["1 High school career","2 College career","3 Professional career","3.1 Charlotte Hornets (2015–2017)","3.2 Greensboro Swarm (2017)","3.3 Delaware 87ers (2017)","3.4 Reno Bighorns (2017–2018)","3.5 Dallas Mavericks (2018)","3.6 Galatasaray (2018–2020)","3.7 Olympiacos (2020–2021)","3.8 Türk Telekom (2021–2022)","3.9 Cedevita Olimpija (2022)","3.10 Kaohsiung Steelers (2022–present)","4 NBA career statistics","4.1 Regular season","4.2 Playoffs","5 References","6 External links"]	American basketball player Aaron HarrisonHarrison in Kentucky's 2013 Blue-White scrimmageNo. 3 – FC PortoPositionShooting guard / Small forwardLeagueLPBPersonal informationBorn (1994-10-28) October 28, 1994 (age 29)San Antonio, Texas, U.S.Listed height6 ft 6 in (1.98 m)Listed weight198 lb (90 kg)Career informationHigh schoolTravis (Pecan Grove, Texas)CollegeKentucky (2013–2015)NBA draft2015: undraftedPlaying career2015–presentCareer history2015–2017Charlotte Hornets2016→ Oklahoma City Blue2016→ Erie BayHawks2016→ Greensboro Swarm2017Delaware 87ers2017–2018Reno Bighorns2018Dallas Mavericks2018–2020Galatasaray2020–2021Olympiacos2021–2022Türk Telekom2022Cedevita Olimpija2022–2023Kaohsiung Steelers2023Capitanes de Arecibo2023–presentFC Porto Career highlights and awards Turkish League All-Star (2020) McDonald's All-American (2013) First-team Parade All-American (2013) Texas Mr. Basketball (2013) Portuguese Cup winner (2024) Stats at NBA.comStats at Basketball-Reference.com Aaron Malik Harrison (born October 28, 1994) is an American professional basketball player for FC Porto of the Liga Portuguesa de Basquetebol (LPB). He was considered one of the top high school recruits in 2013 and played college basketball for the University of Kentucky alongside his twin brother Andrew. Harrison played in both the 2013 Jordan Brand Classic, and the 2013 McDonald's All-American Boys Game. High school career Harrison defending against Wayne Selden in the 2013 McDonald's All-American Boys Game Harrison was widely regarded as a top five player in the class of 2013 with Andrew Wiggins, Jabari Parker, Julius Randle, and twin brother Andrew. On March 9, 2013, Harrison and his brother, Andrew, helped the Fort Bend Travis Tigers to defeat South Grand Prairie, 46–38 at the Frank Erwin Center on the campus of the University of Texas at Austin to win the Class 5A state title in Texas. They finished #16 in the final ESPN 25 Power Rankings. Fort Bend Travis had lost in the Class 5A state title game the year before to Flower Mound Marcus. He also was the Guy V. Lewis Award winner in 2013. College career Harrison started at shooting guard in all 40 games for the University of Kentucky during the 2013–14 season, averaging 13.7 points with 42.3% shooting, 35.6% 3-point shooting, and 79% free throw shooting. He scored a career-high 28 points against Robert Morris on November 17, 2013, all while shooting a perfect 10-of-10 from the free throw line. On March 30, 2014, Harrison hit a game-winning three-point field goal versus Michigan in the regional finals of the 2014 NCAA Men's Division I basketball tournament. On April 5, 2014, Harrison hit a game-winning three-pointer versus Wisconsin in the semi-finals of the 2014 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament. He finished the game with 8 points, all coming in the second half. On April 25, 2014, Harrison and his brother both announced via Twitter that they would return to play their sophomore years at the University of Kentucky, instead of entering the 2014 NBA draft. Prior to the start of the 2014–15 season, Harrison was named the preseason SEC Player of the Year. On April 9, 2015, Harrison declared for the NBA draft, forgoing his final two years of college eligibility. He was joined alongside his twin brother Andrew and fellow Kentucky teammates Karl-Anthony Towns, Willie Cauley-Stein, Trey Lyles, Devin Booker, and Dakari Johnson. Professional career Charlotte Hornets (2015–2017) After going undrafted in the 2015 NBA draft, Harrison joined the Charlotte Hornets for the 2015 NBA Summer League. On July 14, 2015, he signed with the Hornets. He made his NBA debut on November 20, 2015, recording one rebound in two minutes of action against the Philadelphia 76ers. In the Hornets' regular season finale on April 13, 2016, Harrison had a season-best game with six points and five rebounds in a 117–103 win over the Orlando Magic. During his rookie season, using the flexible assignment rule, Harrison received multiple assignments to the Oklahoma City Blue and the Erie BayHawks of the NBA Development League. Over the first two months of the 2016–17 season, Harrison spent much of his time in the D-League with Charlotte's new affiliate, the Greensboro Swarm. On January 3, 2017, he was waived by the Hornets. Greensboro Swarm (2017) On January 15, 2017, Harrison was acquired by the Greensboro Swarm making his debut that day in a 105–95 loss to the Iowa Energy, recording four points, four rebounds and two assists in 17 minutes off the bench. Delaware 87ers (2017) On February 3, 2017, Harrison was traded to the Delaware 87ers in exchange for Cat Barber and the returning player rights to Sam Thompson. Reno Bighorns (2017–2018) On November 3, 2017, Harrison, together with some draft picks, was traded to the Reno Bighorns in exchange for returning player rights to Kendall Marshall and Youssou Ndoye and a draft pick. Dallas Mavericks (2018) On March 22, 2018, Harrison signed a 10-day contract with the Dallas Mavericks and on March 31, after playing four games, he signed with the Mavericks for the rest of the season. He did not receive a qualifying offer from the Mavericks after the season. Galatasaray (2018–2020) On September 5, 2018, Harrison signed with Galatasaray of the Turkish Basketbol Süper Ligi (BSL) and the EuroCup. On August 7, 2019, Harrison renewed his contract with the Turkish club for two (1+1) more seasons. He averaged 12.8 points, 3.3 rebounds, 3.2 assists, and 1.8 steals per game in 2019–20. Olympiacos (2020–2021) On July 8, 2020, Harrison signed with Greek club Olympiacos of the EuroLeague. Türk Telekom (2021–2022) On July 16, 2021, Harrison signed with Türk Telekom of the Turkish Basketball Super League. Türk Telekom also plays as newcomer in the EuroCup. Cedevita Olimpija (2022) On September 15, 2022, he signed with Cedevita Olimpija of the Slovenian Basketball League. Kaohsiung Steelers (2022–present) On December 3, 2022, he signed with Kaohsiung Steelers of the P. League+. NBA career statistics Legend GP Games played GS Games started MPG Minutes per game FG% Field goal percentage 3P% 3-point field goal percentage FT% Free throw percentage RPG Rebounds per game APG Assists per game SPG Steals per game BPG Blocks per game PPG Points per game Bold Career high Regular season Year Team GP GS MPG FG% 3P% FT% RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 2015–16 Charlotte 21 0 4.4 .263 .300 .417 .7 .1 .3 .0 .9 2016–17 Charlotte 5 0 3.4 .000 .000 .500 .6 .6 .0 .0 .2 2017–18 Dallas 9 3 25.9 .275 .209 .765 2.7 1.2 1.0 .2 6.7 Career 35 3 9.8 .261 .218 .613 1.2 .5 .4 .1 2.3 Playoffs Year Team GP GS MPG FG% 3P% FT% RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 2016 Charlotte 2 0 3.5 .000 .000 .000 .5 .0 .0 .0 .0 Career 2 0 3.5 .000 .000 .000 .5 .0 .0 .0 .0 References ^ Rankin, Reggie; Telep, Dave (October 5, 2012). "Harrison twins choose Kentucky". ESPN.com. Retrieved May 20, 2023. ^ Johnson, Raphielle (October 4, 2012). "2013 guards Aaron and Andrew Harrison verbally commit to attend Kentucky". NBCSports.com. Retrieved October 4, 2012. ^ Vaught, Larry (April 10, 2013). "Vaught's Views: Aaron Harrison shows he is a special player, like his twin brother". CentralKYNews.com. Archived from the original on November 12, 2013. Retrieved April 10, 2013. ^ Jones, Steve (April 4, 2013). "Andrew Harrison recaps McDonald's game". Courier-Journal.com. Archived from the original on June 15, 2013. Retrieved April 4, 2013. ^ Kane, Colleen (March 31, 2013). "Kentucky recruits dominate McDonald's All-American game rosters". ChicagoTribune.com. Retrieved March 31, 2013. ^ "ESPN 25 Power Rankings: Final". ESPN.com. Retrieved May 18, 2023. ^ Parker, Brandon (March 13, 2012). "Texas final hoops rankings: FM Marcus, Kimball repeat as champs". ESPN.com. Retrieved May 18, 2023. ^ "The Guy V. Lewis Award". Retrieved June 25, 2023. ^ Lintner, Jonathan (September 22, 2014). "UK picked to win SEC; Aaron Harrison player of year". Cincinnati.com. Retrieved October 26, 2014. ^ Rapp, Timothy (April 8, 2015). "Andrew, Aaron Harrison to Declare for 2015 NBA Draft: Latest Details, Reaction". BleacherReport. Bleacher Report. Retrieved April 10, 2016. ^ Wash, Quinton (June 30, 2015). "Hornets Announce 2015 Orlando Pro Summer League Roster". NBA.com. Retrieved May 18, 2023. ^ Wash, Quinton (July 14, 2015). "Hornets Sign Free Agent Guard Aaron Harrison". NBA.com. Retrieved May 18, 2023. ^ a b "Aaron Harrison 2015–16 Game Log". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved January 21, 2016. ^ "All-Time NBA Assignments". NBA.com. Archived from the original on March 22, 2017. Retrieved December 7, 2016. ^ "2016–17 NBA Assignments". NBA.com. Archived from the original on January 26, 2017. Retrieved December 7, 2016. ^ Ramirez, Miguel (January 3, 2017). "Charlotte Hornets Waive Guard Aaron Harrison". NBA.com. Retrieved May 18, 2023. ^ Varney, Dennis (January 15, 2017). "D-League's Greensboro Swarm add Aaron Harrison to roster". Kentucky.com. Lexington Herald-Leader. Retrieved January 15, 2017. ^ "Selden Pours In 30 As Energy Top Swarm". NBA.com. January 15, 2017. Archived from the original on January 18, 2017. Retrieved January 15, 2017. ^ "SEVENS ACQUIRE AARON HARRISON". NBA.com. February 3, 2017. Archived from the original on February 3, 2017. Retrieved February 5, 2017. ^ Jones, Kyle. "BIGHORNS COMPLETE TWO TRADES PRIOR TO SEASON TIP-OFF – Reno Bighorns". gleague.nba.com. Archived from the original on March 23, 2018. Retrieved March 22, 2018. ^ Karalla, Bobby (March 22, 2018). "Mavericks sign Aaron Harrison to 10-day contract". mavs.com. Archived from the original on March 23, 2018. Retrieved March 22, 2018. ^ Hill, Arthur (March 31, 2018). "Aaron Harrison signs rest-of-season deal with Mavs". yardbarker.com. Retrieved April 2, 2018. ^ "Guide to 2018 contract options, qualifying offers". nba.com. June 30, 2018. Retrieved June 30, 2018. ^ "Galatasaray signs Aaron Harrison". Sportando. Archived from the original on September 5, 2018. Retrieved September 5, 2018. ^ "Aaron Harrison ile sözleşme uzatıldı". galatasaray.org (in Turkish). August 7, 2019. Retrieved August 7, 2019. ^ Varney, Dennis (March 26, 2020). "Catch up with 36 ex-Cats playing pro basketball in leagues outside the NBA". Lexington Herald-Leader. Retrieved May 16, 2020. ^ Lupo, Nicola (July 8, 2020). "Aaron Harrison signs two-year deal with Olympiacos". Sportando. Retrieved July 8, 2020. ^ "Türk Telekom signs with Aaron Harrison" (in Turkish). Twitter (Türk Telekom). July 16, 2021. Retrieved July 17, 2021. ^ Maggi, Alessandro (September 15, 2022). "Cedevita Olimpija Ljubljana signs Aaron Harrison". Sportando. Retrieved October 28, 2022. ^ Skerletic, Dario (December 3, 2022). "Aaron Harrison joins Kaohsiung Steelers". Sportando. Retrieved December 6, 2022. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aaron Harrison. External links Career statistics and player information from NBA.com and Basketball-Reference.com Kentucky Wildcats bio	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"FC Porto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Porto_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Liga Portuguesa de Basquetebol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga_Portuguesa_de_Basquetebol"},{"link_name":"college basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_basketball"},{"link_name":"University of Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky_Wildcats_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"Andrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Harrison_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"2013 Jordan Brand Classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Brand_Classic#2013"},{"link_name":"2013 McDonald's All-American Boys Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_McDonald%27s_All-American_Boys_Game"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Aaron Malik Harrison (born October 28, 1994) is an American professional basketball player for FC Porto of the Liga Portuguesa de Basquetebol (LPB). He was considered one of the top high school recruits in 2013 and played college basketball for the University of Kentucky alongside his twin brother Andrew.[1][2][3]\nHarrison played in both the 2013 Jordan Brand Classic, and the 2013 McDonald's All-American Boys Game.[4][5]","title":"Aaron Harrison"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:20130403_MCDAAG_Aaron_Harrison_defending_Wayne_Selden.jpg"},{"link_name":"Wayne Selden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Selden"},{"link_name":"2013 McDonald's All-American Boys Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_McDonald%27s_All-American_Boys_Game"},{"link_name":"Andrew Wiggins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Wiggins"},{"link_name":"Jabari Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabari_Parker"},{"link_name":"Julius Randle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Randle"},{"link_name":"Andrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Harrison_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Harrison defending against Wayne Selden in the 2013 McDonald's All-American Boys GameHarrison was widely regarded as a top five player in the class of 2013 with Andrew Wiggins, Jabari Parker, Julius Randle, and twin brother Andrew. On March 9, 2013, Harrison and his brother, Andrew, helped the Fort Bend Travis Tigers to defeat South Grand Prairie, 46–38 at the Frank Erwin Center on the campus of the University of Texas at Austin to win the Class 5A state title in Texas. They finished #16 in the final ESPN 25 Power Rankings. Fort Bend Travis had lost in the Class 5A state title game the year before to Flower Mound Marcus.[6][7] He also was the Guy V. Lewis Award winner in 2013.[8]","title":"High school career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"shooting guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_guard"},{"link_name":"2013–14 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Kentucky_Wildcats_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Robert Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Morris_Colonials_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Michigan_Wolverines_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"2014 NCAA Men's Division I basketball tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_tournament"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_Badgers_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"2014 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_tournament"},{"link_name":"Twitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"2014 NBA draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_NBA_draft"},{"link_name":"2014–15 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_season"},{"link_name":"SEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern_Conference"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"NBA draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_NBA_draft"},{"link_name":"Karl-Anthony Towns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl-Anthony_Towns"},{"link_name":"Willie Cauley-Stein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Cauley-Stein"},{"link_name":"Trey Lyles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trey_Lyles"},{"link_name":"Devin Booker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devin_Booker"},{"link_name":"Dakari Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakari_Johnson"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Harrison started at shooting guard in all 40 games for the University of Kentucky during the 2013–14 season, averaging 13.7 points with 42.3% shooting, 35.6% 3-point shooting, and 79% free throw shooting. He scored a career-high 28 points against Robert Morris on November 17, 2013, all while shooting a perfect 10-of-10 from the free throw line. On March 30, 2014, Harrison hit a game-winning three-point field goal versus Michigan in the regional finals of the 2014 NCAA Men's Division I basketball tournament. On April 5, 2014, Harrison hit a game-winning three-pointer versus Wisconsin in the semi-finals of the 2014 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament. He finished the game with 8 points, all coming in the second half.On April 25, 2014, Harrison and his brother both announced via Twitter that they would return to play their sophomore years at the University of Kentucky, instead of entering the 2014 NBA draft.Prior to the start of the 2014–15 season, Harrison was named the preseason SEC Player of the Year.[9]On April 9, 2015, Harrison declared for the NBA draft, forgoing his final two years of college eligibility. He was joined alongside his twin brother Andrew and fellow Kentucky teammates Karl-Anthony Towns, Willie Cauley-Stein, Trey Lyles, Devin Booker, and Dakari Johnson.[10]","title":"College career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2015 NBA draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_NBA_draft"},{"link_name":"Charlotte Hornets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Hornets"},{"link_name":"2015 NBA Summer League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_NBA_Summer_League"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia 76ers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_76ers"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-br-13"},{"link_name":"Orlando Magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Magic"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-br-13"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma City Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_City_Blue"},{"link_name":"Erie BayHawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osceola_Magic"},{"link_name":"NBA Development League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA_Development_League"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Greensboro Swarm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greensboro_Swarm"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Charlotte Hornets (2015–2017)","text":"After going undrafted in the 2015 NBA draft, Harrison joined the Charlotte Hornets for the 2015 NBA Summer League.[11] On July 14, 2015, he signed with the Hornets.[12] He made his NBA debut on November 20, 2015, recording one rebound in two minutes of action against the Philadelphia 76ers.[13] In the Hornets' regular season finale on April 13, 2016, Harrison had a season-best game with six points and five rebounds in a 117–103 win over the Orlando Magic.[13] During his rookie season, using the flexible assignment rule, Harrison received multiple assignments to the Oklahoma City Blue and the Erie BayHawks of the NBA Development League.[14]Over the first two months of the 2016–17 season, Harrison spent much of his time in the D-League with Charlotte's new affiliate, the Greensboro Swarm.[15] On January 3, 2017, he was waived by the Hornets.[16]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Iowa Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_Energy"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Greensboro Swarm (2017)","text":"On January 15, 2017, Harrison was acquired by the Greensboro Swarm[17] making his debut that day in a 105–95 loss to the Iowa Energy, recording four points, four rebounds and two assists in 17 minutes off the bench.[18]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Delaware 87ers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_87ers"},{"link_name":"Cat Barber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat_Barber"},{"link_name":"Sam Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Thompson_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Delaware 87ers (2017)","text":"On February 3, 2017, Harrison was traded to the Delaware 87ers in exchange for Cat Barber and the returning player rights to Sam Thompson.[19]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reno Bighorns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reno_Bighorns"},{"link_name":"Kendall Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendall_Marshall"},{"link_name":"Youssou Ndoye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youssou_Ndoye"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Reno Bighorns (2017–2018)","text":"On November 3, 2017, Harrison, together with some draft picks, was traded to the Reno Bighorns in exchange for returning player rights to Kendall Marshall and Youssou Ndoye and a draft pick.[20]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dallas Mavericks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Mavericks"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Dallas Mavericks (2018)","text":"On March 22, 2018, Harrison signed a 10-day contract with the Dallas Mavericks[21] and on March 31, after playing four games, he signed with the Mavericks for the rest of the season.[22] He did not receive a qualifying offer from the Mavericks after the season.[23]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Galatasaray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galatasaray_S.K._(men%27s_basketball)"},{"link_name":"Basketbol Süper Ligi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketbol_S%C3%BCper_Ligi"},{"link_name":"EuroCup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuroCup_Basketball"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Galatasaray (2018–2020)","text":"On September 5, 2018, Harrison signed with Galatasaray of the Turkish Basketbol Süper Ligi (BSL) and the EuroCup.[24]On August 7, 2019, Harrison renewed his contract with the Turkish club for two (1+1) more seasons.[25] He averaged 12.8 points, 3.3 rebounds, 3.2 assists, and 1.8 steals per game in 2019–20.[26]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Olympiacos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympiacos_B.C."},{"link_name":"EuroLeague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuroLeague"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Olympiacos (2020–2021)","text":"On July 8, 2020, Harrison signed with Greek club Olympiacos of the EuroLeague.[27]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Türk Telekom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrk_Telekom_B.K."},{"link_name":"Basketball Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_Super_League"},{"link_name":"EuroCup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuroCup_Basketball"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Türk Telekom (2021–2022)","text":"On July 16, 2021, Harrison signed with Türk Telekom of the Turkish Basketball Super League. Türk Telekom also plays as newcomer in the EuroCup.[28]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cedevita Olimpija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KK_Cedevita_Olimpija"},{"link_name":"Slovenian Basketball League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_A_Slovenian_Basketball_League"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Cedevita Olimpija (2022)","text":"On September 15, 2022, he signed with Cedevita Olimpija of the Slovenian Basketball League.[29]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kaohsiung Steelers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaohsiung_Steelers"},{"link_name":"P. League+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._League%2B"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"Kaohsiung Steelers (2022–present)","text":"On December 3, 2022, he signed with Kaohsiung Steelers of the P. League+.[30]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"NBA career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Regular season","title":"NBA career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Playoffs","title":"NBA career statistics"}]	[{"image_text":"Harrison defending against Wayne Selden in the 2013 McDonald's All-American Boys Game","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/20130403_MCDAAG_Aaron_Harrison_defending_Wayne_Selden.jpg/170px-20130403_MCDAAG_Aaron_Harrison_defending_Wayne_Selden.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Rankin, Reggie; Telep, Dave (October 5, 2012). \"Harrison twins choose Kentucky\". ESPN.com. Retrieved May 20, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/mens-college-basketball/story/_/id/8462850","url_text":"\"Harrison twins choose Kentucky\""}]},{"reference":"Johnson, Raphielle (October 4, 2012). \"2013 guards Aaron and Andrew Harrison verbally commit to attend Kentucky\". NBCSports.com. Retrieved October 4, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://collegebasketball.nbcsports.com/2012/10/04/2013-guards-aaron-and-andrew-harrison-verbally-commit-to-attend-kentucky/","url_text":"\"2013 guards Aaron and Andrew Harrison verbally commit to attend Kentucky\""}]},{"reference":"Vaught, Larry (April 10, 2013). \"Vaught's Views: Aaron Harrison shows he is a special player, like his twin brother\". CentralKYNews.com. Archived from the original on November 12, 2013. Retrieved April 10, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131112112414/http://articles.centralkynews.com/2013-04-10/amnews/38442827_1_aaron-harrison-state-championship-travis-high-school","url_text":"\"Vaught's Views: Aaron Harrison shows he is a special player, like his twin brother\""},{"url":"http://articles.centralkynews.com/2013-04-10/amnews/38442827_1_aaron-harrison-state-championship-travis-high-school","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jones, Steve (April 4, 2013). \"Andrew Harrison recaps McDonald's game\". Courier-Journal.com. Archived from the original on June 15, 2013. Retrieved April 4, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130615063232/http://blogs.courier-journal.com/recruiting/2013/04/04/andrew-harrison-recaps-mcdonalds-game/","url_text":"\"Andrew Harrison recaps McDonald's game\""},{"url":"http://blogs.courier-journal.com/recruiting/2013/04/04/andrew-harrison-recaps-mcdonalds-game/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kane, Colleen (March 31, 2013). \"Kentucky recruits dominate McDonald's All-American game rosters\". ChicagoTribune.com. Retrieved March 31, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2013-03-31/sports/ct-spt-0401-prep-bkb-mcdonalds-main-20130331_1_ronald-mcdonald-house-julius-randle-andrew-harrison","url_text":"\"Kentucky recruits dominate McDonald's All-American game rosters\""}]},{"reference":"\"ESPN 25 Power Rankings: Final\". ESPN.com. Retrieved May 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/college-sports/basketball/recruiting/powerrankings?week=99&season=2012","url_text":"\"ESPN 25 Power Rankings: Final\""}]},{"reference":"Parker, Brandon (March 13, 2012). \"Texas final hoops rankings: FM Marcus, Kimball repeat as champs\". ESPN.com. Retrieved May 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/blog/high-school/texas/tag/_/name/fort-bend-travis/fort-bend-travis-tigers-defeated-by-flower-mound-marcus-the-year-before","url_text":"\"Texas final hoops rankings: FM Marcus, Kimball repeat as champs\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Guy V. Lewis Award\". Retrieved June 25, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://guyvlewisaward.org/","url_text":"\"The Guy V. Lewis Award\""}]},{"reference":"Lintner, Jonathan (September 22, 2014). \"UK picked to win SEC; Aaron Harrison player of year\". Cincinnati.com. Retrieved October 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cincinnati.com/story/sports/college/university-of-kentucky/2014/10/22/kentucky-wildcats-basketball-picked-to-win-sec/17732167/","url_text":"\"UK picked to win SEC; Aaron Harrison player of year\""}]},{"reference":"Rapp, Timothy (April 8, 2015). \"Andrew, Aaron Harrison to Declare for 2015 NBA Draft: Latest Details, Reaction\". BleacherReport. Bleacher Report. Retrieved April 10, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://bleacherreport.com/articles/2424123-andrew-aaron-harrison-to-declare-for-2015-nba-draft-latest-details-reaction","url_text":"\"Andrew, Aaron Harrison to Declare for 2015 NBA Draft: Latest Details, Reaction\""}]},{"reference":"Wash, Quinton (June 30, 2015). \"Hornets Announce 2015 Orlando Pro Summer League Roster\". NBA.com. Retrieved May 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nba.com/hornets/hornets-announce-2015-orlando-pro-summer-league-roster","url_text":"\"Hornets Announce 2015 Orlando Pro Summer League Roster\""}]},{"reference":"Wash, Quinton (July 14, 2015). \"Hornets Sign Free Agent Guard Aaron Harrison\". NBA.com. Retrieved May 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nba.com/hornets/hornets-sign-free-agent-guard-aaron-harrison","url_text":"\"Hornets Sign Free Agent Guard Aaron Harrison\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aaron Harrison 2015–16 Game Log\". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved January 21, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/h/harriaa01/gamelog/2016/","url_text":"\"Aaron Harrison 2015–16 Game Log\""}]},{"reference":"\"All-Time NBA Assignments\". NBA.com. Archived from the original on March 22, 2017. Retrieved December 7, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170322122733/http://dleague.nba.com/all-time-nba-assignments/","url_text":"\"All-Time NBA Assignments\""},{"url":"http://dleague.nba.com/all-time-nba-assignments/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2016–17 NBA Assignments\". NBA.com. Archived from the original on January 26, 2017. Retrieved December 7, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170126075350/http://dleague.nba.com/assignments/","url_text":"\"2016–17 NBA Assignments\""},{"url":"http://dleague.nba.com/assignments/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ramirez, Miguel (January 3, 2017). \"Charlotte Hornets Waive Guard Aaron Harrison\". NBA.com. Retrieved May 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nba.com/hornets/charlotte-hornets-waive-guard-aaron-harrison","url_text":"\"Charlotte Hornets Waive Guard Aaron Harrison\""}]},{"reference":"Varney, Dennis (January 15, 2017). \"D-League's Greensboro Swarm add Aaron Harrison to roster\". Kentucky.com. Lexington Herald-Leader. Retrieved January 15, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kentucky.com/sports/college/kentucky-sports/ex-cats/article126712794.html","url_text":"\"D-League's Greensboro Swarm add Aaron Harrison to roster\""}]},{"reference":"\"Selden Pours In 30 As Energy Top Swarm\". NBA.com. January 15, 2017. Archived from the original on January 18, 2017. Retrieved January 15, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170118190300/http://dleague.nba.com/games/20170115/GBOIWA/","url_text":"\"Selden Pours In 30 As Energy Top Swarm\""},{"url":"http://dleague.nba.com/games/20170115/GBOIWA/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"SEVENS ACQUIRE AARON HARRISON\". NBA.com. February 3, 2017. Archived from the original on February 3, 2017. Retrieved February 5, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170203225612/http://delaware.dleague.nba.com/news/release-sevens-acquire-aaron-harrison/","url_text":"\"SEVENS ACQUIRE AARON HARRISON\""},{"url":"http://delaware.dleague.nba.com/news/release-sevens-acquire-aaron-harrison/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jones, Kyle. \"BIGHORNS COMPLETE TWO TRADES PRIOR TO SEASON TIP-OFF – Reno Bighorns\". gleague.nba.com. Archived from the original on March 23, 2018. Retrieved March 22, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180323034257/http://reno.gleague.nba.com/news/bighorns-complete-two-trades-prior-season-tip-off/","url_text":"\"BIGHORNS COMPLETE TWO TRADES PRIOR TO SEASON TIP-OFF – Reno Bighorns\""},{"url":"http://reno.gleague.nba.com/news/bighorns-complete-two-trades-prior-season-tip-off/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Karalla, Bobby (March 22, 2018). \"Mavericks sign Aaron Harrison to 10-day contract\". mavs.com. Archived from the original on March 23, 2018. Retrieved March 22, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180323092256/https://www.mavs.com/mavericks-sign-aaron-harrison-10-day-contract/","url_text":"\"Mavericks sign Aaron Harrison to 10-day contract\""},{"url":"https://www.mavs.com/mavericks-sign-aaron-harrison-10-day-contract/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hill, Arthur (March 31, 2018). \"Aaron Harrison signs rest-of-season deal with Mavs\". yardbarker.com. Retrieved April 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yardbarker.com/nba/articles/aaron_harrison_signs_rest_of_season_deal_with_mavs/s1_14822_26089010","url_text":"\"Aaron Harrison signs rest-of-season deal with Mavs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Guide to 2018 contract options, qualifying offers\". nba.com. June 30, 2018. Retrieved June 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nba.com/article/2018/06/30/free-agency-contract-options-qualifying-offers","url_text":"\"Guide to 2018 contract options, qualifying offers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Galatasaray signs Aaron Harrison\". Sportando. Archived from the original on September 5, 2018. Retrieved September 5, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180905175551/https://sportando.basketball/en/turkey/bsl/287596/galatasaray-signs-aaron-harrison.html","url_text":"\"Galatasaray signs Aaron Harrison\""},{"url":"https://sportando.basketball/en/turkey/bsl/287596/galatasaray-signs-aaron-harrison.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Aaron Harrison ile sözleşme uzatıldı\". galatasaray.org (in Turkish). August 7, 2019. Retrieved August 7, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.galatasaray.org/haber/basketbol/erkek-basketbol/aaron-harrison-ile-sozlesme-uzatildi/44604","url_text":"\"Aaron Harrison ile sözleşme uzatıldı\""}]},{"reference":"Varney, Dennis (March 26, 2020). \"Catch up with 36 ex-Cats playing pro basketball in leagues outside the NBA\". Lexington Herald-Leader. Retrieved May 16, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kentucky.com/sports/college/kentucky-sports/ex-cats/article241420196.html","url_text":"\"Catch up with 36 ex-Cats playing pro basketball in leagues outside the NBA\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexington_Herald-Leader","url_text":"Lexington Herald-Leader"}]},{"reference":"Lupo, Nicola (July 8, 2020). \"Aaron Harrison signs two-year deal with Olympiacos\". Sportando. Retrieved July 8, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://sportando.basketball/en/aaron-harrison-signs-two-year-deal-with-olympiacos/","url_text":"\"Aaron Harrison signs two-year deal with Olympiacos\""}]},{"reference":"\"Türk Telekom signs with Aaron Harrison\" (in Turkish). Twitter (Türk Telekom). July 16, 2021. Retrieved July 17, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/TurkTelekom_SK/status/1416117478971912201","url_text":"\"Türk Telekom signs with Aaron Harrison\""}]},{"reference":"Maggi, Alessandro (September 15, 2022). \"Cedevita Olimpija Ljubljana signs Aaron Harrison\". Sportando. Retrieved October 28, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://sportando.basketball/en/cedevita-olimpija-ljubljana-signs-aaron-harrison/","url_text":"\"Cedevita Olimpija Ljubljana signs Aaron Harrison\""}]},{"reference":"Skerletic, Dario (December 3, 2022). \"Aaron Harrison joins Kaohsiung Steelers\". Sportando. Retrieved December 6, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://sportando.basketball/en/aaron-harrison-joins-kaohsiung-steelers/","url_text":"\"Aaron Harrison joins Kaohsiung Steelers\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.nba.com/player/1626151","external_links_name":"Stats"},{"Link":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/h/harriaa01.html","external_links_name":"Stats"},{"Link":"https://www.espn.com/mens-college-basketball/story/_/id/8462850","external_links_name":"\"Harrison twins choose Kentucky\""},{"Link":"http://collegebasketball.nbcsports.com/2012/10/04/2013-guards-aaron-and-andrew-harrison-verbally-commit-to-attend-kentucky/","external_links_name":"\"2013 guards Aaron and Andrew Harrison verbally commit to attend Kentucky\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131112112414/http://articles.centralkynews.com/2013-04-10/amnews/38442827_1_aaron-harrison-state-championship-travis-high-school","external_links_name":"\"Vaught's Views: Aaron Harrison shows he is a special player, like his twin brother\""},{"Link":"http://articles.centralkynews.com/2013-04-10/amnews/38442827_1_aaron-harrison-state-championship-travis-high-school","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130615063232/http://blogs.courier-journal.com/recruiting/2013/04/04/andrew-harrison-recaps-mcdonalds-game/","external_links_name":"\"Andrew Harrison recaps McDonald's game\""},{"Link":"http://blogs.courier-journal.com/recruiting/2013/04/04/andrew-harrison-recaps-mcdonalds-game/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2013-03-31/sports/ct-spt-0401-prep-bkb-mcdonalds-main-20130331_1_ronald-mcdonald-house-julius-randle-andrew-harrison","external_links_name":"\"Kentucky recruits dominate McDonald's All-American game rosters\""},{"Link":"https://www.espn.com/college-sports/basketball/recruiting/powerrankings?week=99&season=2012","external_links_name":"\"ESPN 25 Power Rankings: Final\""},{"Link":"https://www.espn.com/blog/high-school/texas/tag/_/name/fort-bend-travis/fort-bend-travis-tigers-defeated-by-flower-mound-marcus-the-year-before","external_links_name":"\"Texas final hoops rankings: FM Marcus, Kimball repeat as champs\""},{"Link":"https://guyvlewisaward.org/","external_links_name":"\"The Guy V. Lewis Award\""},{"Link":"http://www.cincinnati.com/story/sports/college/university-of-kentucky/2014/10/22/kentucky-wildcats-basketball-picked-to-win-sec/17732167/","external_links_name":"\"UK picked to win SEC; Aaron Harrison player of year\""},{"Link":"http://bleacherreport.com/articles/2424123-andrew-aaron-harrison-to-declare-for-2015-nba-draft-latest-details-reaction","external_links_name":"\"Andrew, Aaron Harrison to Declare for 2015 NBA Draft: Latest Details, Reaction\""},{"Link":"https://www.nba.com/hornets/hornets-announce-2015-orlando-pro-summer-league-roster","external_links_name":"\"Hornets Announce 2015 Orlando Pro Summer League Roster\""},{"Link":"http://www.nba.com/hornets/hornets-sign-free-agent-guard-aaron-harrison","external_links_name":"\"Hornets Sign Free Agent Guard Aaron Harrison\""},{"Link":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/h/harriaa01/gamelog/2016/","external_links_name":"\"Aaron Harrison 2015–16 Game Log\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170322122733/http://dleague.nba.com/all-time-nba-assignments/","external_links_name":"\"All-Time NBA Assignments\""},{"Link":"http://dleague.nba.com/all-time-nba-assignments/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170126075350/http://dleague.nba.com/assignments/","external_links_name":"\"2016–17 NBA Assignments\""},{"Link":"http://dleague.nba.com/assignments/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nba.com/hornets/charlotte-hornets-waive-guard-aaron-harrison","external_links_name":"\"Charlotte Hornets Waive Guard Aaron Harrison\""},{"Link":"http://www.kentucky.com/sports/college/kentucky-sports/ex-cats/article126712794.html","external_links_name":"\"D-League's Greensboro Swarm add Aaron Harrison to roster\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170118190300/http://dleague.nba.com/games/20170115/GBOIWA/","external_links_name":"\"Selden Pours In 30 As Energy Top Swarm\""},{"Link":"http://dleague.nba.com/games/20170115/GBOIWA/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170203225612/http://delaware.dleague.nba.com/news/release-sevens-acquire-aaron-harrison/","external_links_name":"\"SEVENS ACQUIRE AARON HARRISON\""},{"Link":"http://delaware.dleague.nba.com/news/release-sevens-acquire-aaron-harrison/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180323034257/http://reno.gleague.nba.com/news/bighorns-complete-two-trades-prior-season-tip-off/","external_links_name":"\"BIGHORNS COMPLETE TWO TRADES PRIOR TO SEASON TIP-OFF – Reno Bighorns\""},{"Link":"http://reno.gleague.nba.com/news/bighorns-complete-two-trades-prior-season-tip-off/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180323092256/https://www.mavs.com/mavericks-sign-aaron-harrison-10-day-contract/","external_links_name":"\"Mavericks sign Aaron Harrison to 10-day contract\""},{"Link":"https://www.mavs.com/mavericks-sign-aaron-harrison-10-day-contract/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.yardbarker.com/nba/articles/aaron_harrison_signs_rest_of_season_deal_with_mavs/s1_14822_26089010","external_links_name":"\"Aaron Harrison signs rest-of-season deal with Mavs\""},{"Link":"http://www.nba.com/article/2018/06/30/free-agency-contract-options-qualifying-offers","external_links_name":"\"Guide to 2018 contract options, qualifying offers\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180905175551/https://sportando.basketball/en/turkey/bsl/287596/galatasaray-signs-aaron-harrison.html","external_links_name":"\"Galatasaray signs Aaron Harrison\""},{"Link":"https://sportando.basketball/en/turkey/bsl/287596/galatasaray-signs-aaron-harrison.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.galatasaray.org/haber/basketbol/erkek-basketbol/aaron-harrison-ile-sozlesme-uzatildi/44604","external_links_name":"\"Aaron Harrison ile sözleşme uzatıldı\""},{"Link":"https://www.kentucky.com/sports/college/kentucky-sports/ex-cats/article241420196.html","external_links_name":"\"Catch up with 36 ex-Cats playing pro basketball in leagues outside the NBA\""},{"Link":"https://sportando.basketball/en/aaron-harrison-signs-two-year-deal-with-olympiacos/","external_links_name":"\"Aaron Harrison signs two-year deal with Olympiacos\""},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/TurkTelekom_SK/status/1416117478971912201","external_links_name":"\"Türk Telekom signs with Aaron Harrison\""},{"Link":"https://sportando.basketball/en/cedevita-olimpija-ljubljana-signs-aaron-harrison/","external_links_name":"\"Cedevita Olimpija Ljubljana signs Aaron Harrison\""},{"Link":"https://sportando.basketball/en/aaron-harrison-joins-kaohsiung-steelers/","external_links_name":"\"Aaron Harrison joins Kaohsiung Steelers\""},{"Link":"https://stats.nba.com/player/1626151/","external_links_name":"NBA.com"},{"Link":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/h/harriaa01.html","external_links_name":"Basketball-Reference.com"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160127092631/http://www.ukathletics.com/sport/m-baskbl/2015/roster/559d9123e4b01c7eefd5f273","external_links_name":"Kentucky Wildcats bio"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montclair_Plaza	Montclair Place (California)	["1 History","1.1 At opening","1.2 Later development","1.3 Crime","2 Transit Connections","3 References"]	Coordinates: 34°05′12″N 117°41′37″W / 34.0867°N 117.6936°W / 34.0867; -117.6936Shopping mall in Montclair, California Montclair PlaceLocationMontclair, California, United StatesCoordinates34°05′12″N 117°41′37″W / 34.0867°N 117.6936°W / 34.0867; -117.6936Address5060 E. Montclair Plaza LnOpening dateNovember 3, 1968DeveloperThe Hahn CompanyManagementCIM GroupOwnerCIM GroupNo. of stores and services132 No. of anchor tenants2Total retail floor area1,200,000 sq ft (110,000 m2)No. of floors2 (3 in former Sears)Websitemontclairplace.com Montclair Place is a 1,200,000 square feet (110,000 m2) indoor shopping mall in Montclair, California. The mall was known as Montclair Plaza until 2015. The mall features JCPenney, and Macy's, in addition to an AMC Theatres Dine-In. History At opening The mall opened on November 5, 1968, at a cost of $50 million, with 69 stores on a single level, representing over 600,000 square feet (56,000 m2) of retail space, on a lot of 120 acres (49 ha) with parking space for 6,000 cars. Montclair Plaza was developed by contractor Ernest W. Hahn; the architect of the overall mall and shops was Burke, Kober, Nicolais & Archuleta. Three department stores anchored Montclair Plaza at, or shortly after its opening: JCPenney, 189,000 square feet (17,600 m2); Burke, Kober, Nicolais & Archuleta, architects The Broadway at the east end, 142,000 square feet (13,200 m2); Charles Luckman and Associates, architects May Company at the west end, 150,000 square feet (14,000 m2); Welton Becket and Associates, architects Other stores open at the Plaza's launch included branches of the junior department stores: Silverwoods (Burke, Kober, Nicolais & Archuleta, architects), as part of an expansion at the time that also included stores Las Vegas, La Habra Fashion Square, and Palm Springs. Mullen & Bluett There was a General Cinemas theater complex. A United California Bank, Crocker Bank, Van de Kamp's Holland Dutch Bakery, drugstore, and supermarket were located across from the mall in a 77,400-square-foot (7,190 m2) strip mall on the northeast of the property. Later development The mall was renovated and expanded with a second level that opened on October 30, 1985. Sears was added to the mall the same year, which relocated from the Indian Hill Mall. The first Nordstrom store in San Bernardino County opened at the Montclair Plaza on May 2, 1986. May Company was converted to Robinsons-May in 1993. The Broadway became a Macy's in 1996. Macy's relocated to the Robinsons-May space in 2006 after the chains merged. In February 2014, CIM Group acquired the mall. In November 2015, the mall was renamed "Montclair Place" and renovations were announced. On March 1, 2018, AMC Theatres announced that it will replace the Broadway building with a new 55,000-square-foot dine-in movie theatre, the city's first indoor theatre in nearly twenty years. Multiple new stores were added, including Forever 21 and Spectrum. The Canyon, a 17,500-square-foot music and entertainment venue, and Kids Empire, an 11,000-square-foot indoor playground were added. A Lazy Dog Restaurant & Bar opened in December 2019 in the former Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company. A WinWings restaurant opened next to the Panda Express restaurant. On July 3, 2019, bowling & arcade amusement chain Round One Entertainment announced it will open a location. The original Broadway outpost was razed for an AMC Theatres which opened during 2021. The dawn of the early 2020s saw several storied traditional department store retailers update its brick-and-mortar formats after being encroached upon to a degree by several digital retailers in recent years in addition to the COVID pandemic. Both the previous Sears and Nordstrom outposts are being considered for a future enhanced development expected to take place soon. On November 7, 2019, it was announced Sears would shutter as part of an ongoing decision to eliminate its traditional brick-and-mortar format. On May 7, 2020, Nordstrom, which also maintains several additional outposts nearby, announced plans to shutter along with several additional locations as a direct result of pulling back because of the COVID-19 pandemic. Crime On May 17, 2022; a group of suspects involved in a hit-and-run were arrested outside of the mall. Police later discovered illegal firearms and narcotics in their truck, connecting the group's involvement with a local drug ring. On May 19, 2022, a 16-year-old girl was non-fatally stabbed by an 18-year old assailant as she was walking through the parking lot. On August 19, 2022; a trio of burglars robbed a jewelry store in the mall, stealing an estimated $200,000 of merchandise. On February 2, 2023, a 17-year old teenager was stabbed during an altercation in the mall's parking lot. A 15-year-old boy was also shot and killed by the trio of teenagers. Transit Connections Metrolink has a station located two city blocks north of the mall at 5091 Richon Street, with connections to Foothill Transit, Omnitrans, Silver Streak, and Riverside Transit Agency Express Line 204 buses. References ^ "Montclair Place ::: Montclair ::: CA". ^ a b "Huge Shopping Complex to Open in Montclair". Los Angeles Times. August 4, 1968. ^ a b c "$40 Million Montclair Plaza Under Construction". Los Angeles Times. February 25, 1968. p. 101. ^ "Mullen & Bluett's History Dates Back Almost Half a Century". Upland News. August 14, 1968. p. 4. ^ Allen, David (February 12, 2014). "Montclair Plaza acquired by Hollywood-based CIM Group". Inland Valley Daily Bulletin. ^ Allen, David (April 12, 2018). "Shoppers' memories of The Broadway prove indestructible (unlike the store)". Inland Valley Daily Bulletin. ^ "A 20-year plan for Montclair Place calls for 6,300 residential units". September 23, 2020. ^ Tyko, Kelly; Bomey, Nathan (November 7, 2019). "Sears and Kmart store closings: 51 Sears, 45 Kmart locations to shutter. See the list". USA Today. ^ "Report: Nordstrom To Close Inland Empire Locations In Wake Of Coronavirus Pandemic". CBS News. May 11, 2020. ^ "May 17, 2022 6:57 a.m. Monte Vista Ave./Mission Blvd". ^ "Police: Montclair Teen Stabbed by Classmate". ^ "Video shows brazen smash-and-grab at jewelry store inside Montclair mall: 'They're not even scared'". August 30, 2022. ^ "3 more arrests in shooting of teen outside Montclair mall". February 21, 2023. ^ "MONTCLAIR". Metrolink. vteShopping malls in CaliforniaNorthern CaliforniaAlameda Bay Street Emeryville Bayfair Center Eastmont Town Center Fremont Hub NewPark Mall Oakland City Center Pacific Commons Rockridge Market Hall Southland Mall Stoneridge Shopping Center Union Landing Shopping Center Contra Costa Abella Center Broadway Plaza El Cerrito Plaza Hilltop Horizon Macdonald 80 Shopping Center Pacific East Mall Somersville Towne Center Sunvalley Shopping Center Willows Shopping Center Fresno Fashion Fair River Park Marin Northgate Mall Town Center at Corte Madera Village at Corte Madera Monterey Carmel Plaza Del Monte Center Northridge Mall Sacramento Arden Fair Country Club Centre Downtown Commons Florin Towne Centre Sunrise Mall Town & Country Village San Francisco Emporium Centre San Francisco Metreon Stonestown Galleria Union Square Union Street Stores San Mateo Bridgepointe Shopping Center Hillsdale Shopping Center Serramonte Center Shops at Tanforan Westlake Shopping Center San Joaquin Sherwood Place Weberstown Mall West Valley Mall Santa Clara Eastridge Great Mall of the Bay Area Mayfield Mall Pruneyard Shopping Center San Antonio Shopping Center Santana Row Stanford Shopping Center Sunnyvale Town Center Vallco Shopping Mall Westfield Oakridge Westfield Valley Fair Westgate Center Sonoma Coddingtown Mall Montgomery Village Santa Rosa Plaza Elsewhere Bayshore Mall Capitola Mall Chico Marketplace Solano Town Center Vintage Faire Mall Visalia Mall Westfield Galleria at Roseville Yuba Sutter Marketplace Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesL.A. Central Area ARCO Plaza* Baldwin Hills Crenshaw Plaza Beverly Center Beverly Connection The Bloc Los Angeles Broadway & 87th Street* Crossroads of the World Eagle Rock Plaza El Mercado de Los Angeles Farmers Market FIGat7th Grove at Farmers Market Japanese Village Plaza Los Angeles Mall Midtown Crossing & Sears-Pico Ovation Hollywood Town & Country Market* Weller Court West Hollywood Gateway Westside Airport Marina Hotel* Brentwood Country Mart Edgemar Malibu Country Mart Palisades Village Platform, Culver City Promenade at Howard Hughes Center Santa Monica Place Third Street Promenade Westfield Century City Westfield Culver City San Fernando Valley Americana at Brand Burbank Town Center Commons at Calabasas Fallbrook Center Glendale Fashion Center Glendale Galleria NoHo West Northridge Fashion Center Panorama Mall Promenade (Woodland Hills)* Sherman Oaks Galleria* Universal CityWalk Valley Plaza* Westfield Fashion Square Westfield Topanga San Gabriel Valley Eastland Center El Monte Shopping Center* El Rancho Santa Anita Indian Hill Mall* Paseo Colorado Plaza West Covina Pomona Mall* Puente Hills Mall Shops at Santa Anita South Bay Del Amo Fashion Center Fisherman's Village Hawthorne Plaza Shopping Center Old Towne Mall* Peninsula Center Promenade on the Peninsula South Bay Galleria SouthBay Pavilion Southeast L.A. Co. Los Cerritos Center Cerritos Towne Center Citadel Outlets Lakewood Center La Mirada Mall* Plaza México Promenade at Downey Quad at Whittier Santa Fe Springs Mall* Santa Fe Springs Shopping Center* Shops at Montebello Stonewood Center Uptown Whittier Whittier Downs* Whittwood Town Center* Long Beach Long Beach Plaza Long Beach Towne Center Los Altos Center Marina Pacifica Mall Northern L.A. Co. Antelope Valley Mall Valencia Town Center Orange Anaheim GardenWalk Anaheim Plaza Anaheim Town Square Anaheim Towne Center Asian Garden Mall Bella Terra Brea Mall Buena Park Downtown Downtown Disney Fashion Island Honer Plaza* Irvine Spectrum La Habra Fashion Square* Laguna Hills Mall MainPlace Mall The Market Place Orange County Plaza* Orangefair Mall* Outlets at Orange Shops at Mission Viejo South Coast Plaza Village at Orange Westminster Mall Riverside Desert Fashion Plaza Galleria at Tyler Hemet Valley Mall Indio Fashion Mall* Main St. pedestrian mall, Riverside Moreno Valley Mall La Plaza (Palm Springs) Promenade In Temecula Riverside Plaza Shops at Palm Desert San Bernardino Barstow Mall Carousel Mall Citrus Plaza Citrus Village Inland Center Mall of Victor Valley Montclair Plaza Ontario Mills Redlands Mall Victoria Gardens San Diego Chula Vista Center College Grove Escondido Village* Fashion Valley Grossmont Center Horton Plaza La Jolla Village Square Las Americas Premium Outlets Linda Vista Shopping Center (demolished) Mission Valley North County Mall One Paseo Otay Ranch Town Center Parkway Plaza Seaport Village Shoppes at Carlsbad South Bay Plaza Westfield Plaza Bonita Westfield UTC Santa Barbara La Cumbre Plaza Paseo Nuevo Santa Maria Town Center Ventura Collection at RiverPark Esplanade The Oaks Pacific View Mall Simi Valley Town Center Elsewhere Imperial Valley Mall, El Centro Valley Plaza Mall, Bakersfield See also: History of retail in Southern California – History of retail in Palm Springs — Note: starred (*) listings indicate former regional mall now site of strip-style community center with new name	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"shopping mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopping_mall"},{"link_name":"Montclair, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montclair,_California"},{"link_name":"JCPenney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JCPenney"},{"link_name":"Macy's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macy%27s"},{"link_name":"AMC Theatres Dine-In","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMC_Theatres"}],"text":"Shopping mall in Montclair, CaliforniaMontclair Place is a 1,200,000 square feet (110,000 m2) indoor shopping mall in Montclair, California. The mall was known as Montclair Plaza until 2015.\nThe mall features JCPenney, and Macy's, in addition to an AMC Theatres Dine-In.","title":"Montclair Place (California)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ernest W. Hahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_W._Hahn"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Huge-2"},{"link_name":"JCPenney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JCPenney"},{"link_name":"The Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Broadway"},{"link_name":"Charles Luckman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Luckman"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Under-3"},{"link_name":"May Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Company_California"},{"link_name":"Welton Becket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welton_Becket"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Under-3"},{"link_name":"Silverwoods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silverwoods"},{"link_name":"La Habra Fashion Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Habra_Fashion_Square"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Huge-2"},{"link_name":"Mullen & Bluett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullen_%26_Bluett"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"General Cinemas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Cinemas"},{"link_name":"United California Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_California_Bank"},{"link_name":"Crocker Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocker_Bank"},{"link_name":"Van de Kamp's Holland Dutch Bakery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_de_Kamp%27s_Holland_Dutch_Bakery"},{"link_name":"strip mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strip_mall"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Under-3"}],"sub_title":"At opening","text":"The mall opened on November 5, 1968, at a cost of $50 million, with 69 stores on a single level, representing over 600,000 square feet (56,000 m2) of retail space, on a lot of 120 acres (49 ha) with parking space for 6,000 cars. Montclair Plaza was developed by contractor Ernest W. Hahn; the architect of the overall mall and shops was Burke, Kober, Nicolais & Archuleta. Three department stores anchored Montclair Plaza at, or shortly after its opening:[2]JCPenney, 189,000 square feet (17,600 m2); Burke, Kober, Nicolais & Archuleta, architects\nThe Broadway at the east end, 142,000 square feet (13,200 m2); Charles Luckman and Associates, architects[3]\nMay Company at the west end, 150,000 square feet (14,000 m2); Welton Becket and Associates, architects[3]Other stores open at the Plaza's launch included branches of the junior department stores:Silverwoods (Burke, Kober, Nicolais & Archuleta, architects), as part of an expansion at the time that also included stores Las Vegas, La Habra Fashion Square, and Palm Springs.[2]\nMullen & Bluett[4]There was a General Cinemas theater complex.A United California Bank, Crocker Bank, Van de Kamp's Holland Dutch Bakery, drugstore, and supermarket were located across from the mall in a 77,400-square-foot (7,190 m2) strip mall on the northeast of the property.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sears"},{"link_name":"Indian Hill Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Hill_Mall"},{"link_name":"Nordstrom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordstrom"},{"link_name":"San Bernardino County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bernardino_County"},{"link_name":"Robinsons-May","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinsons-May"},{"link_name":"Macy's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macy%27s"},{"link_name":"CIM Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIM_Group"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"AMC Theatres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMC_Theatres"},{"link_name":"Forever 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forever_21"},{"link_name":"Lazy Dog Restaurant & Bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazy_Dog_Restaurant_%26_Bar"},{"link_name":"Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodyear_Tire_and_Rubber_Company"},{"link_name":"Panda Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panda_Express"},{"link_name":"Round One Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round_One_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"AMC Theatres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMC_Theatres"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"COVID pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Later development","text":"The mall was renovated and expanded with a second level that opened on October 30, 1985. Sears was added to the mall the same year, which relocated from the Indian Hill Mall. The first Nordstrom store in San Bernardino County opened at the Montclair Plaza on May 2, 1986. May Company was converted to Robinsons-May in 1993. The Broadway became a Macy's in 1996. Macy's relocated to the Robinsons-May space in 2006 after the chains merged.In February 2014, CIM Group acquired the mall.[5]In November 2015, the mall was renamed \"Montclair Place\" and renovations were announced. On March 1, 2018, AMC Theatres announced that it will replace the Broadway building with a new 55,000-square-foot dine-in movie theatre, the city's first indoor theatre in nearly twenty years. Multiple new stores were added, including Forever 21 and Spectrum. The Canyon, a 17,500-square-foot music and entertainment venue, and Kids Empire, an 11,000-square-foot indoor playground were added. A Lazy Dog Restaurant & Bar opened in December 2019 in the former Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company. A WinWings restaurant opened next to the Panda Express restaurant. On July 3, 2019, bowling & arcade amusement chain Round One Entertainment announced it will open a location.The original Broadway outpost was razed for an AMC Theatres which opened during 2021.[6]The dawn of the early 2020s saw several storied traditional department store retailers update its brick-and-mortar formats after being encroached upon to a degree by several digital retailers in recent years in addition to the COVID pandemic.Both the previous Sears and Nordstrom outposts are being considered for a future enhanced development expected to take place soon.[7]On November 7, 2019, it was announced Sears would shutter as part of an ongoing decision to eliminate its traditional brick-and-mortar format.[8]On May 7, 2020, Nordstrom, which also maintains several additional outposts nearby, announced plans to shutter along with several additional locations as a direct result of pulling back because of the COVID-19 pandemic.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Crime","text":"On May 17, 2022; a group of suspects involved in a hit-and-run were arrested outside of the mall. Police later discovered illegal firearms and narcotics in their truck, connecting the group's involvement with a local drug ring.[10]\nOn May 19, 2022, a 16-year-old girl was non-fatally stabbed by an 18-year old assailant as she was walking through the parking lot.[11]\nOn August 19, 2022; a trio of burglars robbed a jewelry store in the mall, stealing an estimated $200,000 of merchandise.[12]\nOn February 2, 2023, a 17-year old teenager was stabbed during an altercation in the mall's parking lot. A 15-year-old boy was also shot and killed by the trio of teenagers.[13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Metrolink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrolink_(California)"},{"link_name":"a station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montclair_Transcenter"},{"link_name":"Foothill Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foothill_Transit"},{"link_name":"Omnitrans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnitrans"},{"link_name":"Silver Streak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Streak_(bus)"},{"link_name":"Riverside Transit Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverside_Transit_Agency"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Metrolink has a station located two city blocks north of the mall at 5091 Richon Street, with connections to Foothill Transit, Omnitrans, Silver Streak, and Riverside Transit Agency Express Line 204 buses.[14]","title":"Transit Connections"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Montclair Place ::: Montclair ::: CA\".","urls":[{"url":"http://montclairplace.com/directory/","url_text":"\"Montclair Place ::: Montclair ::: CA\""}]},{"reference":"\"Huge Shopping Complex to Open in Montclair\". Los Angeles Times. August 4, 1968.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"\"$40 Million Montclair Plaza Under Construction\". Los Angeles Times. February 25, 1968. p. 101.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/52240757/montclair-plaza-plans/","url_text":"\"$40 Million Montclair Plaza Under Construction\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Mullen & Bluett's History Dates Back Almost Half a Century\". Upland News. August 14, 1968. p. 4.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/52239904/mullen-bluett-history-1968/","url_text":"\"Mullen & Bluett's History Dates Back Almost Half a Century\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upland_News","url_text":"Upland News"}]},{"reference":"Allen, David (February 12, 2014). \"Montclair Plaza acquired by Hollywood-based CIM Group\". Inland Valley Daily Bulletin.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailybulletin.com/2014/02/12/montclair-plaza-acquired-by-hollywood-based-cim-group/","url_text":"\"Montclair Plaza acquired by Hollywood-based CIM Group\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inland_Valley_Daily_Bulletin","url_text":"Inland Valley Daily Bulletin"}]},{"reference":"Allen, David (April 12, 2018). \"Shoppers' memories of The Broadway prove indestructible (unlike the store)\". Inland Valley Daily Bulletin.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailybulletin.com/2018/04/12/shoppers-memories-of-the-broadway-prove-indestructible-unlike-the-store/","url_text":"\"Shoppers' memories of The Broadway prove indestructible (unlike the store)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inland_Valley_Daily_Bulletin","url_text":"Inland Valley Daily Bulletin"}]},{"reference":"\"A 20-year plan for Montclair Place calls for 6,300 residential units\". September 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailybulletin.com/2020/09/23/a-20-year-plan-for-montclair-place-calls-for-6300-residential-units/","url_text":"\"A 20-year plan for Montclair Place calls for 6,300 residential units\""}]},{"reference":"Tyko, Kelly; Bomey, Nathan (November 7, 2019). \"Sears and Kmart store closings: 51 Sears, 45 Kmart locations to shutter. See the list\". USA Today.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2019/11/07/kmart-sears-store-closings-96-stores-set-shutter-february-2020/2521653001/","url_text":"\"Sears and Kmart store closings: 51 Sears, 45 Kmart locations to shutter. See the list\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"}]},{"reference":"\"Report: Nordstrom To Close Inland Empire Locations In Wake Of Coronavirus Pandemic\". CBS News. May 11, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://losangeles.cbslocal.com/2020/05/11/coronavirus-nordstrom-closing-inland-empire-locations-riverside-montclair/","url_text":"\"Report: Nordstrom To Close Inland Empire Locations In Wake Of Coronavirus Pandemic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_News","url_text":"CBS News"}]},{"reference":"\"May 17, 2022 6:57 a.m. Monte Vista Ave./Mission Blvd\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cityofmontclair.org/press-release/","url_text":"\"May 17, 2022 6:57 a.m. Monte Vista Ave./Mission Blvd\""}]},{"reference":"\"Police: Montclair Teen Stabbed by Classmate\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.charlotteobserver.com/news/nation-world/national/article261607637.html","url_text":"\"Police: Montclair Teen Stabbed by Classmate\""}]},{"reference":"\"Video shows brazen smash-and-grab at jewelry store inside Montclair mall: 'They're not even scared'\". August 30, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://abc7.com/jewelry-store-robbery-montclair-place-mall-anthony--co-jewelers-smash-and-grab/12180332/","url_text":"\"Video shows brazen smash-and-grab at jewelry store inside Montclair mall: 'They're not even scared'\""}]},{"reference":"\"3 more arrests in shooting of teen outside Montclair mall\". February 21, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://ktla.com/news/local-news/3-more-arrests-in-shooting-of-teen-outside-montclair-mall/","url_text":"\"3 more arrests in shooting of teen outside Montclair mall\""}]},{"reference":"\"MONTCLAIR\". Metrolink.","urls":[{"url":"https://metrolinktrains.com/rider-info/general-info/stations/montclair/","url_text":"\"MONTCLAIR\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrolink_(California)","url_text":"Metrolink"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Montclair_Place_(California)&params=34.0867_N_117.6936_W_type:landmark_region:US-CA","external_links_name":"34°05′12″N 117°41′37″W / 34.0867°N 117.6936°W / 34.0867; -117.6936"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Montclair_Place_(California)&params=34.0867_N_117.6936_W_type:landmark_region:US-CA","external_links_name":"34°05′12″N 117°41′37″W / 34.0867°N 117.6936°W / 34.0867; -117.6936"},{"Link":"http://montclairplace.com/","external_links_name":"montclairplace.com"},{"Link":"http://montclairplace.com/directory/","external_links_name":"\"Montclair Place ::: Montclair ::: CA\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/52240757/montclair-plaza-plans/","external_links_name":"\"$40 Million Montclair Plaza Under Construction\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/52239904/mullen-bluett-history-1968/","external_links_name":"\"Mullen & Bluett's History Dates Back Almost Half a Century\""},{"Link":"https://www.dailybulletin.com/2014/02/12/montclair-plaza-acquired-by-hollywood-based-cim-group/","external_links_name":"\"Montclair Plaza acquired by Hollywood-based CIM Group\""},{"Link":"https://www.dailybulletin.com/2018/04/12/shoppers-memories-of-the-broadway-prove-indestructible-unlike-the-store/","external_links_name":"\"Shoppers' memories of The Broadway prove indestructible (unlike the store)\""},{"Link":"https://www.dailybulletin.com/2020/09/23/a-20-year-plan-for-montclair-place-calls-for-6300-residential-units/","external_links_name":"\"A 20-year plan for Montclair Place calls for 6,300 residential units\""},{"Link":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2019/11/07/kmart-sears-store-closings-96-stores-set-shutter-february-2020/2521653001/","external_links_name":"\"Sears and Kmart store closings: 51 Sears, 45 Kmart locations to shutter. See the list\""},{"Link":"https://losangeles.cbslocal.com/2020/05/11/coronavirus-nordstrom-closing-inland-empire-locations-riverside-montclair/","external_links_name":"\"Report: Nordstrom To Close Inland Empire Locations In Wake Of Coronavirus Pandemic\""},{"Link":"https://www.cityofmontclair.org/press-release/","external_links_name":"\"May 17, 2022 6:57 a.m. Monte Vista Ave./Mission Blvd\""},{"Link":"https://www.charlotteobserver.com/news/nation-world/national/article261607637.html","external_links_name":"\"Police: Montclair Teen Stabbed by Classmate\""},{"Link":"https://abc7.com/jewelry-store-robbery-montclair-place-mall-anthony--co-jewelers-smash-and-grab/12180332/","external_links_name":"\"Video shows brazen smash-and-grab at jewelry store inside Montclair mall: 'They're not even scared'\""},{"Link":"https://ktla.com/news/local-news/3-more-arrests-in-shooting-of-teen-outside-montclair-mall/","external_links_name":"\"3 more arrests in shooting of teen outside Montclair mall\""},{"Link":"https://metrolinktrains.com/rider-info/general-info/stations/montclair/","external_links_name":"\"MONTCLAIR\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diademed_sifaka	Diademed sifaka	["1 Description","2 Range and habitat","3 Behaviour","4 Conservation issues","5 Classification","6 References","7 External links"]	Species of lemur This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Diademed sifaka" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Diademed sifaka in Analamazaotra Special Reserve Conservation status Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1) CITES Appendix I (CITES) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Primates Suborder: Strepsirrhini Family: Indriidae Genus: Propithecus Species: P. diadema Binomial name Propithecus diademaBennett, 1832 Distribution of P. diadema Synonyms albus Vinson, 1862 typicus A. Smith, 1833 The diademed sifaka (Propithecus diadema), or diademed simpona, is an endangered species of sifaka, one of the lemurs endemic to certain rainforests in eastern Madagascar. Along with the indri, this species is one of the two largest living lemurs, with an average weight of 6.5 kg and a total adult length of approximately 105 centimetres (41 inches), half of which is its tail. Russell Mittermeier, one of the contemporary authorities on lemurs, describes the diademed sifaka as "one of the most colorful and attractive of all the lemurs", having a long and silky coat. P. diadema is also known by the Malagasy names simpona, simpony and ankomba joby. The term "diademed sifaka" is also used as a group species designation formerly encompassing four distinct subspecies. Description Skull of a diademed sifaka P. diadema is readily distinguished from all the other lemur species by its characteristic markings and large physical size. Its entire coat is moderately long, silky and luxuriant. The long white fur encircling his muzzle and covering its cheeks, forehead and chin, engenders the "diadem" or crown appearance. Its eyes are a reddish brown, the muzzle is short, and the face is bare with colourisation of darkish gray to jet black. The crown fur is also quite black and often extends to the nape of the neck. The upper back and shoulder fur are slate grayish, although the lower back is lighter in colour attaining a silvery quality. Flanks and tail are a paler gray, sometimes even white, as is the case for ventral fur. Hands and feet are entirely black, while arms, legs and base of tail are a yellowish-golden hue. Only the male is endowed with a large cutaneous gland at the exterior center of the throat, which feature is typically reddish brown. Range and habitat The diademed sifaka is one of the mostly widely distributed member of the genus Propithecus, although definitive mapping of its range has not been conducted. The species occurs from 200 to 800 metres (656 to 2,624 feet) elevation throughout much of the eastern Madagascar lowland forests, and from 800 to 1,550 metres (2,624 to 5,084 feet) in portions of the montane Madagascar subhumid forests. These two ecoregions have been designated as a Global 200 ecoregion, one of the world's most significant regions for conservation. Geographically the range extends to at least the Mananara River in the north to the Onive and Mongoro Rivers in the south. One set of researchers has recorded a clinal variation between Propithecus diadema and Propithecus edwardsi in the extreme southern portion of the range. As with all Indriidae, this species and its entire genus have evolved on the island of Madagascar independent of other mainland African species. An anomalous outlier population of P. diadema has been discovered in south central Madagascar; the members of this population exhibit an array of different colour markings, including at least one observation of an all black lemur. DNA analyses have not resulted in consistent results as to whether this group of individuals should constitute a new species. Scientists have decided to classify this outlier group as P. diadema until further research warrants designation of a separate species. Specific locations for sighting the diademed sifaka are Mantadia National Park (approximately three hours in driving time from the capital city of Antananarivo) and in the forests of Tsinjoarivo. Behaviour The diademed sifaka forms groups typically of two to ten individuals, which may include multiple male and female adults. Each troop defends an exclusive home territory of 25 to 50 hectares (62 to 125 acres) using perimeter scent territorial marking by both the males and females. Although the diademed sifaka defends the group's territory strongly against other members of their same species, it will share territory with other species such as the red-bellied lemur and the common brown lemur. P. diadema is thought to traverse the greatest daily path distance relative to other members of its family in its patrolling and foraging, attaining a typical travel distance in excess of 1.6 kilometres (one mile) per day. To accomplish this it consumes a diet high in energy content and diverse in plant content, each day consuming over 25 different vegetative species. This diurnal lemur further diversifies its diet by consuming not only fruits, but certain flowers, seeds and verdant leaves, in proportions that vary by season. For a large lemur, the diademed sifaka is rather athletic, being capable of lateral aerial propulsion of up to 30 kilometers per hour, a result of muscular leg thrusting action pushing off from a vertical tree trunk. It is possible, although not proven, that its vigorous health characteristics are enhanced from high consumption of two plants which contain high concentrations of alkaloids. This species is arboreal, and only rarely are seen on the ground; moreover, it is a vertical clinger and lateral leaper. The diademed sifaka makes a warning call resembling the sound "kiss-sneeze" when a terrestrial predator is perceived; the sole terrestrial predators of P. diadema are the fossa and Nile crocodile. Sexual maturity occurs after age two or three, with the male maturing somewhat more slowly than the female. Little is known of mating behaviour; however, it is believed that the female is receptive to mating only a few days per year. Being dominant, the female has the greatest input to mate selection. Copulation occurs in the summer (around December), and the expected number of births is one offspring per female per annum. Conservation issues The diademed sifaka is classified as critically endangered on the IUCN Red List, and is listed in CITES Appendix I. As of the year 2002, population estimates for the species range between 6,000 and 10,000 individuals. The primary threat is habitat reduction due to shifting cultivation by native peoples. This threat is also present even within designated national parks, which are sufficiently distant from the center of government, that enforcement of existing national laws protecting P. diadema habitat is problematic. Pressures of population growth in central and eastern Madagascar are causing many of the rural poor to seek subsistence by seizing whatever forest lands are available and undertaking slash-and-burn tactics as their initial step in a shifting cultivation system. Returns from such land use are usually meager, yielding small amounts of charcoal, firewood or grass crop for grazing of zebu. Classification The diademed sifaka and three other sifaka species form a tight species group within the genus Propithecus. The other three species are Milne-Edwards' sifaka (Propithecus edwardsi), Perrier's sifaka (P. perrieri), and the silky sifaka (P. candidus). All of these species have luxuriant silky coats and are powerful leapers. They share similar characteristics of gestation length (four months), age of sexual maturity, female dominance, life expectancy (18 years) and propensity for sunbathing while stretched out on a branch. They differ distinctly in colouration and markings, except for having universally totally black faces. References ^ a b Irwin, M. (2020). "Propithecus diadema". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T18358A115572884. Retrieved 20 July 2020. ^ a b "Checklist of CITES Species". CITES. UNEP-WCMC. Retrieved 18 March 2015. ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). "Order Primates". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 120. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494. ^ Powzyk, J. A.; Mowry, C. B. (2003). "Dietary and Feeding Differences Between Sympatric Propithecus diadema diadema and Indri indri". International Journal of Primatology. 24 (6): 1143–1162. doi:10.1023/B:IJOP.0000005984.36518.94. S2CID 2761676. ^ Glander, K.E.; Wright, P.C.; Daniel, P.S.; Merenlender, A.M. (1992). "Morphometrics and testicle size of rain forest lemur species from southeastern Madagascar". Journal of Human Evolution. 22 (1): 1–17. Bibcode:1992JHumE..22....1G. doi:10.1016/0047-2484(92)90025-5. hdl:10161/6403. ^ Mittermeier, R.A.; Konstant, W.R.; Hawkins, F.; Louis, E.E.; et al. (2006). Lemurs of Madagascar. Illustrated by S.D. Nash (2nd ed.). Conservation International. ISBN 1-881173-88-7. OCLC 883321520. ^ Petter, J.J. (1977). Bourne, G.H. (ed.). Primate Conservation. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-576150-5. ^ Andriaholinirina, V.N.; Rabaviola, J.C. (2004). "Limites de la zone de repartition de Propithecus diadema diadema et Propithecus diadema edwardsi". Lemur News (in French). 9: 18–19. ^ Garbutt, N.; Bradt, H.; Schuurman, D. (2001). Madagascar Wildlife (2nd ed.). Globe Pequot Press. ISBN 978-1-84162-029-9. ^ National Audubon Society (1995). Field Guide to African Wildlife. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-679-43234-0. ^ Vargas, A.; Jiminez, I.; Palomares, F.; Palacio, M.J. (2002). "Distribution, status, and conservation needs of the golden-crowned sifaka (Propithecus tattersalli)". Biological Conservation. 108 (3): 325–334. Bibcode:2002BCons.108..325V. doi:10.1016/S0006-3207(02)00117-9. hdl:10261/51166. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Propithecus diadema. University of Michigan fact sheet for diademed sifaka Primate Info Net Eastern Sifakas Factsheet vteExtant species of family Indriidae Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Primates Suborder: Strepsirhini Indri Indri (I. indri) Avahi(woolly lemurs) Bemaraha woolly lemur (A. cleesei) Eastern woolly lemur (A. laniger) Moore's woolly lemur (A. mooreorum) Western woolly lemur (A. occidentalis) Sambirano woolly lemur (A. unicolor) Peyrieras's woolly lemur (A. peyrierasi) Southern woolly lemur (A. meridionalis) Ramanantsoavana's woolly lemur (A. ramanantsoavani) Betsileo woolly lemur (A. betsileo) Propithecus(sifakas)P. diadema group Diademed sifaka (P. diadema) Silky sifaka (P. candidus) Milne-Edwards's sifaka (P. edwardsi) Perrier's sifaka (P. perrieri) Golden-crowned sifaka (P. tattersalli) P. verreauxi group Verreaux's sifaka (P. verreauxi) Coquerel's sifaka (P. coquereli) Decken's sifaka (P. deckenii) Crowned sifaka (P. coronatus) Category Taxon identifiersPropithecus diadema Wikidata: Q677608 Wikispecies: Propithecus diadema ADW: Propithecus_diadema ARKive: propithecus-diadema BOLD: 708252 CoL: 77XPY EoL: 326457 GBIF: 5219529 iNaturalist: 43604 IRMNG: 10860833 ITIS: 572883 IUCN: 18358 MDD: 1000986 MSW: 12100089 NCBI: 83281 Observation.org: 86871 Open Tree of Life: 979430 Paleobiology Database: 385156 Species+: 6701 uBio: 108893	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"endangered species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species"},{"link_name":"sifaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sifaka"},{"link_name":"lemurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemur"},{"link_name":"rainforests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainforest"},{"link_name":"Madagascar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar"},{"link_name":"indri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indri"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Powzyk2003-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1992Glander-5"},{"link_name":"Russell Mittermeier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Mittermeier"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LoM2-6"},{"link_name":"Malagasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malagasy_language"}],"text":"The diademed sifaka (Propithecus diadema), or diademed simpona, is an endangered species of sifaka, one of the lemurs endemic to certain rainforests in eastern Madagascar. Along with the indri, this species is one of the two largest living lemurs, with an average weight of 6.5 kg[4] and a total adult length of approximately 105 centimetres (41 inches),[5] half of which is its tail. Russell Mittermeier, one of the contemporary authorities on lemurs, describes the diademed sifaka as \"one of the most colorful and attractive of all the lemurs\", having a long and silky coat.[6] P. diadema is also known by the Malagasy names simpona, simpony and ankomba joby. The term \"diademed sifaka\" is also used as a group species designation formerly encompassing four distinct subspecies.","title":"Diademed sifaka"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Propithecus_diadema_02_MWNH_196.JPG"},{"link_name":"muzzle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snout"},{"link_name":"diadem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diadem"},{"link_name":"nape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nape"},{"link_name":"neck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neck"},{"link_name":"cutaneous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutaneous"},{"link_name":"gland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gland"},{"link_name":"throat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Throat"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diademed_ready_to_push_off.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diademed_Sifaka_(Propithecus_diadema)_5.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diademed_sifaka_(Propithecus_diadema)_2.jpg"}],"text":"Skull of a diademed sifakaP. diadema is readily distinguished from all the other lemur species by its characteristic markings and large physical size. Its entire coat is moderately long, silky and luxuriant. The long white fur encircling his muzzle and covering its cheeks, forehead and chin, engenders the \"diadem\" or crown appearance. Its eyes are a reddish brown, the muzzle is short, and the face is bare with colourisation of darkish gray to jet black. The crown fur is also quite black and often extends to the nape of the neck. The upper back and shoulder fur are slate grayish, although the lower back is lighter in colour attaining a silvery quality. Flanks and tail are a paler gray, sometimes even white, as is the case for ventral fur. Hands and feet are entirely black, while arms, legs and base of tail are a yellowish-golden hue. Only the male is endowed with a large cutaneous gland at the exterior center of the throat, which feature is typically reddish brown.[citation needed]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1977Petter-7"},{"link_name":"Madagascar lowland forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar_lowland_forests"},{"link_name":"Madagascar subhumid forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar_subhumid_forests"},{"link_name":"Global 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_200"},{"link_name":"Mananara River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mananara_River"},{"link_name":"Onive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onive_River"},{"link_name":"Mongoro Rivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mongoro_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"clinal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cline_(population_genetics)"},{"link_name":"Propithecus edwardsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milne-Edwards%27_sifaka"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2004Andriaholinirina-8"},{"link_name":"evolved","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Mantadia National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantadia_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Antananarivo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antananarivo"},{"link_name":"Tsinjoarivo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsinjoarivo"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2001Garbutt-9"}],"text":"The diademed sifaka is one of the mostly widely distributed member of the genus Propithecus, although definitive mapping of its range has not been conducted.[7] The species occurs from 200 to 800 metres (656 to 2,624 feet) elevation throughout much of the eastern Madagascar lowland forests, and from 800 to 1,550 metres (2,624 to 5,084 feet) in portions of the montane Madagascar subhumid forests. These two ecoregions have been designated as a Global 200 ecoregion, one of the world's most significant regions for conservation. Geographically the range extends to at least the Mananara River in the north to the Onive and Mongoro Rivers in the south. One set of researchers has recorded a clinal variation between Propithecus diadema and Propithecus edwardsi in the extreme southern portion of the range.[8] As with all Indriidae, this species and its entire genus have evolved on the island of Madagascar independent of other mainland African species.[citation needed]An anomalous outlier population of P. diadema has been discovered in south central Madagascar; the members of this population exhibit an array of different colour markings, including at least one observation of an all black lemur. DNA analyses have not resulted in consistent results as to whether this group of individuals should constitute a new species. Scientists have decided to classify this outlier group as P. diadema until further research warrants designation of a separate species.[citation needed]Specific locations for sighting the diademed sifaka are Mantadia National Park (approximately three hours in driving time from the capital city of Antananarivo) and in the forests of Tsinjoarivo.[9]","title":"Range and habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"scent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scent_gland"},{"link_name":"territorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_(animal)"},{"link_name":"red-bellied lemur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-bellied_lemur"},{"link_name":"common brown lemur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_brown_lemur"},{"link_name":"diurnal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diurnal_animal"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"alkaloids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaloid"},{"link_name":"arboreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arboreal"},{"link_name":"terrestrial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrestrial_animal"},{"link_name":"predator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predator"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1995FGtAW-10"},{"link_name":"fossa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossa_(animal)"},{"link_name":"Nile crocodile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile_crocodile"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"receptive to mating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptive_to_mating"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The diademed sifaka forms groups typically of two to ten individuals, which may include multiple male and female adults. Each troop defends an exclusive home territory of 25 to 50 hectares (62 to 125 acres) using perimeter scent territorial marking by both the males and females. Although the diademed sifaka defends the group's territory strongly against other members of their same species, it will share territory with other species such as the red-bellied lemur and the common brown lemur. P. diadema is thought to traverse the greatest daily path distance relative to other members of its family in its patrolling and foraging, attaining a typical travel distance in excess of 1.6 kilometres (one mile) per day. To accomplish this it consumes a diet high in energy content and diverse in plant content, each day consuming over 25 different vegetative species. This diurnal lemur further diversifies its diet by consuming not only fruits, but certain flowers, seeds and verdant leaves, in proportions that vary by season.[citation needed]For a large lemur, the diademed sifaka is rather athletic, being capable of lateral aerial propulsion of up to 30 kilometers per hour, a result of muscular leg thrusting action pushing off from a vertical tree trunk. It is possible, although not proven, that its vigorous health characteristics are enhanced from high consumption of two plants which contain high concentrations of alkaloids. This species is arboreal, and only rarely are seen on the ground; moreover, it is a vertical clinger and lateral leaper.The diademed sifaka makes a warning call resembling the sound \"kiss-sneeze\" when a terrestrial predator is perceived;[10] the sole terrestrial predators of P. diadema are the fossa and Nile crocodile.[citation needed]Sexual maturity occurs after age two or three, with the male maturing somewhat more slowly than the female. Little is known of mating behaviour; however, it is believed that the female is receptive to mating only a few days per year. Being dominant, the female has the greatest input to mate selection. Copulation occurs in the summer (around December), and the expected number of births is one offspring per female per annum.[citation needed]","title":"Behaviour"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IUCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN"},{"link_name":"Red List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List"},{"link_name":"CITES","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CITES"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CITES-2"},{"link_name":"population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2002Vargas-11"},{"link_name":"shifting cultivation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shifting_cultivation"},{"link_name":"population growth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_growth"},{"link_name":"slash-and-burn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slash-and-burn"},{"link_name":"charcoal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charcoal"},{"link_name":"firewood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firewood"},{"link_name":"grazing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grazing"},{"link_name":"zebu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebu"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The diademed sifaka is classified as critically endangered on the IUCN Red List, and is listed in CITES Appendix I.[2] As of the year 2002, population estimates for the species range between 6,000 and 10,000 individuals.[11] The primary threat is habitat reduction due to shifting cultivation by native peoples. This threat is also present even within designated national parks, which are sufficiently distant from the center of government, that enforcement of existing national laws protecting P. diadema habitat is problematic. Pressures of population growth in central and eastern Madagascar are causing many of the rural poor to seek subsistence by seizing whatever forest lands are available and undertaking slash-and-burn tactics as their initial step in a shifting cultivation system. Returns from such land use are usually meager, yielding small amounts of charcoal, firewood or grass crop for grazing of zebu.[citation needed]","title":"Conservation issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Milne-Edwards' sifaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milne-Edwards%27_sifaka"},{"link_name":"Perrier's sifaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perrier%27s_sifaka"},{"link_name":"silky sifaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silky_sifaka"},{"link_name":"gestation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestation"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The diademed sifaka and three other sifaka species form a tight species group within the genus Propithecus. The other three species are Milne-Edwards' sifaka (Propithecus edwardsi), Perrier's sifaka (P. perrieri), and the silky sifaka (P. candidus). All of these species have luxuriant silky coats and are powerful leapers. They share similar characteristics of gestation length (four months), age of sexual maturity, female dominance, life expectancy (18 years) and propensity for sunbathing while stretched out on a branch. They differ distinctly in colouration and markings, except for having universally totally black faces.[citation needed]","title":"Classification"}]	[{"image_text":"Skull of a diademed sifaka","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Propithecus_diadema_02_MWNH_196.JPG/220px-Propithecus_diadema_02_MWNH_196.JPG"}]	null	[{"reference":"Irwin, M. (2020). \"Propithecus diadema\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T18358A115572884. Retrieved 20 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/18358/115572884","url_text":"\"Propithecus diadema\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"}]},{"reference":"\"Checklist of CITES Species\". CITES. UNEP-WCMC. Retrieved 18 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://checklist.cites.org/#/en/search/scientific_name=Propithecus","url_text":"\"Checklist of CITES Species\""}]},{"reference":"Groves, C. P. (2005). \"Order Primates\". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 120. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Groves","url_text":"Groves, C. P."},{"url":"http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=12100089","url_text":"\"Order Primates\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_E._Wilson","url_text":"Wilson, D. E."},{"url":"http://www.google.com/books?id=JgAMbNSt8ikC&pg=PA120","url_text":"Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press","url_text":"Johns Hopkins University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8221-0","url_text":"978-0-8018-8221-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62265494","url_text":"62265494"}]},{"reference":"Powzyk, J. A.; Mowry, C. B. (2003). \"Dietary and Feeding Differences Between Sympatric Propithecus diadema diadema and Indri indri\". International Journal of Primatology. 24 (6): 1143–1162. doi:10.1023/B:IJOP.0000005984.36518.94. S2CID 2761676.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1023%2FB%3AIJOP.0000005984.36518.94","url_text":"10.1023/B:IJOP.0000005984.36518.94"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2761676","url_text":"2761676"}]},{"reference":"Glander, K.E.; Wright, P.C.; Daniel, P.S.; Merenlender, A.M. (1992). \"Morphometrics and testicle size of rain forest lemur species from southeastern Madagascar\". Journal of Human Evolution. 22 (1): 1–17. Bibcode:1992JHumE..22....1G. doi:10.1016/0047-2484(92)90025-5. hdl:10161/6403.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992JHumE..22....1G","url_text":"1992JHumE..22....1G"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0047-2484%2892%2990025-5","url_text":"10.1016/0047-2484(92)90025-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10161%2F6403","url_text":"10161/6403"}]},{"reference":"Mittermeier, R.A.; Konstant, W.R.; Hawkins, F.; Louis, E.E.; et al. (2006). Lemurs of Madagascar. Illustrated by S.D. Nash (2nd ed.). Conservation International. ISBN 1-881173-88-7. OCLC 883321520.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Mittermeier","url_text":"Mittermeier, R.A."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_E._Louis,_Jr.","url_text":"Louis, E.E."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemurs_of_Madagascar_(book)","url_text":"Lemurs of Madagascar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_International","url_text":"Conservation International"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-881173-88-7","url_text":"1-881173-88-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/883321520","url_text":"883321520"}]},{"reference":"Petter, J.J. (1977). Bourne, G.H. (ed.). Primate Conservation. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-576150-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-576150-5","url_text":"978-0-12-576150-5"}]},{"reference":"Andriaholinirina, V.N.; Rabaviola, J.C. (2004). \"Limites de la zone de repartition de Propithecus diadema diadema et Propithecus diadema edwardsi\". Lemur News (in French). 9: 18–19.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Garbutt, N.; Bradt, H.; Schuurman, D. (2001). Madagascar Wildlife (2nd ed.). Globe Pequot Press. ISBN 978-1-84162-029-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-029-9","url_text":"978-1-84162-029-9"}]},{"reference":"National Audubon Society (1995). Field Guide to African Wildlife. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-679-43234-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-43234-0","url_text":"978-0-679-43234-0"}]},{"reference":"Vargas, A.; Jiminez, I.; Palomares, F.; Palacio, M.J. (2002). \"Distribution, status, and conservation needs of the golden-crowned sifaka (Propithecus tattersalli)\". Biological Conservation. 108 (3): 325–334. Bibcode:2002BCons.108..325V. doi:10.1016/S0006-3207(02)00117-9. hdl:10261/51166.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002BCons.108..325V","url_text":"2002BCons.108..325V"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0006-3207%2802%2900117-9","url_text":"10.1016/S0006-3207(02)00117-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10261%2F51166","url_text":"10261/51166"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Diademed+sifaka%22","external_links_name":"\"Diademed sifaka\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Diademed+sifaka%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Diademed+sifaka%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Diademed+sifaka%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Diademed+sifaka%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Diademed+sifaka%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/18358/115572884","external_links_name":"\"Propithecus diadema\""},{"Link":"http://checklist.cites.org/#/en/search/scientific_name=Propithecus","external_links_name":"\"Checklist of CITES Species\""},{"Link":"http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=12100089","external_links_name":"\"Order Primates\""},{"Link":"http://www.google.com/books?id=JgAMbNSt8ikC&pg=PA120","external_links_name":"Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62265494","external_links_name":"62265494"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1023%2FB%3AIJOP.0000005984.36518.94","external_links_name":"10.1023/B:IJOP.0000005984.36518.94"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2761676","external_links_name":"2761676"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992JHumE..22....1G","external_links_name":"1992JHumE..22....1G"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0047-2484%2892%2990025-5","external_links_name":"10.1016/0047-2484(92)90025-5"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/10161%2F6403","external_links_name":"10161/6403"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/883321520","external_links_name":"883321520"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002BCons.108..325V","external_links_name":"2002BCons.108..325V"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0006-3207%2802%2900117-9","external_links_name":"10.1016/S0006-3207(02)00117-9"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/10261%2F51166","external_links_name":"10261/51166"},{"Link":"http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Propithecus_diadema.html","external_links_name":"University of Michigan fact sheet for diademed sifaka"},{"Link":"http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/factsheets/entry/diademed_sifaka","external_links_name":"Primate Info Net Eastern Sifakas Factsheet"},{"Link":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Propithecus_diadema/","external_links_name":"Propithecus_diadema"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.arkive.org/wd/propithecus-diadema/","external_links_name":"propithecus-diadema"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=708252","external_links_name":"708252"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/77XPY","external_links_name":"77XPY"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/326457","external_links_name":"326457"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/5219529","external_links_name":"5219529"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/43604","external_links_name":"43604"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10860833","external_links_name":"10860833"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=572883","external_links_name":"572883"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/18358","external_links_name":"18358"},{"Link":"https://www.mammaldiversity.org/taxon/1000986","external_links_name":"1000986"},{"Link":"https://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?s=y&id=12100089","external_links_name":"12100089"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=83281","external_links_name":"83281"},{"Link":"https://observation.org/species/86871/","external_links_name":"86871"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=979430","external_links_name":"979430"},{"Link":"https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=385156","external_links_name":"385156"},{"Link":"https://speciesplus.net/#/taxon_concepts/6701","external_links_name":"6701"},{"Link":"http://www.ubio.org/browser/details.php?namebankID=108893","external_links_name":"108893"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prafulla_Chaki	Prafulla Chaki	["1 Early life","2 Revolutionary activities","3 The Muzaffarpur killing","4 The manhunt and suicide","5 References","6 External links"]	Indian freedom fighter (1888–1908) Prafulla ChakiBorn(1888-12-10)10 December 1888Bogra, Bengal, British India (now Rajshahi, Bangladesh)Died2 May 1908(1908-05-02) (aged 19)Patna, Bengal, British India (now Bihar, India)OccupationFreedom fighters of IndiaOrganizationJugantarKnown forRole in Indian freedom struggleMovementIndian independence movement Anushilan Samiti Influence List Indian Nationalism (Militant nationalism) Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay Swami Vivekananda Sister Nivedita Aurobindo Ghosh Shakta philosophy Indian National Congress Bipin Chandra Pal 1905 Partition of Bengal Bande Mataram Jugantar M. C. Samadhyayi Anushilan Samiti List History Dhaka Anushilan Samiti Jugantar Aurobindo Raja Subodh Mallik Pramathanath Mitra Sarala Devi C.R. Das Surendranath Tagore Kanailal Dutta Jatindra Nath Banerjee Barin Ghosh Pulin Behari Das Bhupendranath Datta Bagha Jatin Atulkrishna Ghosh Jadugopal Mukherjee Rash Behari Bose Bhupendra Kumar Datta Hemchandra Kanungo Ullaskar Dutta Khudiram Bose Prafulla Chaki Tarak Nath Das Abhinash Bhattacharya Guran Ditt Kumar Naren Bhattacharya Bhavabhushan Mitra Bipin Behari Ganguli Sachindra Nath Sanyal Jogesh Chandra Chattopadhyay Pratul Chandra Ganguli Hindustan Republican Association Narendra Mohan Sen M. N. Roy Jatin Das Surya Sen Pritilata Waddedar Communist Consolidation Hare Krishna Konar Shiv Verma Niranjan Sengupta Batukeshwar Dutt Sudhangshu Dasgupta Notable events List Alipore Bomb Conspiracy Howrah-Sibpur Conspiracy Delhi–Lahore Conspiracy Barisal Conspiracy Rodda robbery Indo-German Conspiracy Annie Larsen Christmas Day plot Kakori conspiracy Chittagong armoury raid More Related topics List Sir Andrew Fraser Department of Criminal Intelligence Sir Harold Stuart Sir Charles Stevenson-Moore Sir Robert Nathan John Wallinger India House Paris Indian Society Abhinav Bharat Society V.D. Savarkar Madam Cama Har Dayal Ghadar Party Anarchism in Bangladesh Socialism in Bangladesh More vte Prafulla Chandra Chaki // ⓘ (Bengali: প্রফুল্ল চাকী, Prafulla Chaki alias Dinesh Chandra Roy) (10 December 1888 – 2 May 1908) was an Indian revolutionary associated with the Jugantar group of revolutionaries who carried out assassinations against British colonial officials in an attempt to secure Indian independence. Prafulla and Khudiram Bose tried to assassinate the district judge, Mr. Douglas Kingsford, by throwing bombs at the carriage in which Kingsford was supposed to travel, but he was not in the carriage, and two British women were killed instead. Prafulla committed suicide when he was about to be arrested by the Police. Khudiram was arrested and tried for the murder of the two women and sentenced to death. Mahatma Gandhi denounced the violence and regretted the deaths of two women. He stated "that the Indian people will not win their freedom through these methods". However, Bal Gangadhar Tilak in his newspaper Kesari, defended the two young men and called for immediate swaraj. This was followed by the immediate arrest of Tilak by the British colonial government on charges of sedition. Early life Prafulla Chandra Chaki was born in a well-to-do Jotedar family on 10 December 1888 in Bihar, a village in Bogra district of current day Bangladesh, then a part of Bengal Presidency. His father's name was Rajnarayan Chaki and mother's name was Swarnomoyee Devi. Rajnarayan's ancestor Prankrishna Chaki (his grandfather) was a resident of Chanchakia, Pabna, Their original surname was Bosu but people living in Chanchakia were also called Chaki. He was the fifth child in his family. Rajnarayan was an employee in the Nagar estate. He started his education at Namuja Janada Prasad English School, an English medium school in Bogra. After completing his primary education he came to Rangpur with his elder brother Pratap Chandra Chaki whose father-in-law was a reputed person in Rangpur. He was expelled from Rangpur Zilla School in Class 9 for taking part in a students' demonstration that violated East Bengal law. He then joined Rangpur National School where he came in contact with revolutionaries and became a believer and practitioner of revolutionary philosophies. He loved horse riding and swimming. As an athlete, he was a renowned wrestler, lathikhalowar (stick-fighter). Revolutionary activities Barin Ghosh brought Prafulla to Calcutta and he was enlisted in the Jugantar party. His first assignment was to kill Sir Joseph Bampfylde Fuller (1854-1935), the first Lieutenant Governor of the new province of Eastern Bengal and Assam. However, the plan did not materialize. Next, Prafulla, along with Khudiram Bose was chosen for the assassination of Kingsford, the magistrate of Muzaffarpur, Bihar. Kingsford, during his previous tenure as the Chief Presidency Magistrate of Calcutta, was unpopular for passing harsh and cruel sentences on young political workers of Bengal. He was also noted for inflicting corporal punishments on such workers. This led to the planning of his murder, and Chaki and Bose were selected and sent to Muzaffarpur to execute this task. Prafulla took the fake name Dinesh Chandra Ray in this operation. The Muzaffarpur killing Khudiram and Prafulla watched the usual movements of Kingsford and prepared a plan to kill him. On the evening of 30 April 1908, the duo was waiting in front of the gate of European Club for Kingsford's carriage to arrive. When a vehicle came out of the gate, a bomb was thrown into the carriage. There was a mistake towards identification by them, as the vehicle was carrying the daughter and the wife of a local congressman. Both were killed by the bomb, and the revolutionaries fled. The manhunt and suicide Prafulla and Khudiram took separate routes to escape. Nandalal Banerjee, a police officer travelling in the same compartment grew suspicious of Prafulla and attempted to arrest him on the Mokama railway station platform. But Prafulla committed suicide by shooting himself using his own revolver. His head was severed from his body and sent to Kolkata to be identified by Khudiram who unfortunately got captured. Martyr Prafulla Chaki, Samadhi ceremony (front) Martyr Prafulla Chaki, Samadhi ceremony (leftside) Khudiram was later arrested and hanged to death. Following this incident, inspector Nandalal was assassinated by two young revolutionaries, Srishh Pal and Ranen Ganguly. Their relatives live in Uttar and Dakhin Dinajpur, West Bengal. Pratap Chanda Chaki's great grandson Subrata Chaki lives in Kolkata. References ^ "Calcutta High Court Khudiram Bose vs Emperor on 13 July, 1908". Indian Kanoon. Retrieved 5 June 2018. ^ Arun Chandra Guha (1971). First spark of revolution: the early phase of India's struggle for independence, 1900-1920. Orient Longman. p. 131. OCLC 254043308. Khudiram was suspected and arrested there ... Khudiram was tried ... was sentenced to death and hanged in the Muzaffarpur jail ... on 19 August 1908. ^ Rama Hari Shankar (1996). Gandhi's encounter with the Indian revolutionaries. Siddharth Publications. p. 48. ISBN 978-81-7220-079-4. ^ Lakshiminiwas Jhunjhunwala (2015). Panorama. Ocean Books Pvt. Limited. p. 149. ISBN 978-81-8430-312-4. ^ Mahatma Gandhi (1962). Collected works. Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India. p. 223. ^ Bhaskar Chandra Das; G. P. Mishra (1978). Gandhi in to-day's India. Ashish. p. 51. ISBN 9788170240464. OCLC 461855455. ^ "The story of our independence: Six years of jail for Tilak". Hindustan Times. 8 August 2015. Retrieved 11 August 2018. ^ "Chaki, Prafulla". Banglapedia. Retrieved 11 January 2020. ^ "Prafulla Chandra Chaki". istampgallery.com. 5 December 2014. Retrieved 11 January 2020. ^ a b c d Ritu Chaturvedi (2007). Bihar Through the Ages. Sarup & Sons. p. 340. ISBN 978-81-7625-798-5. ^ Hitendra Patel (2008). Khudiram Bose: Revolutionary Extraordinaire. Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. p. 43. ISBN 978-81-230-1539-2. ^ Arun Chandra Guha (1971). First spark of revolution: the early phase of India's struggle for independence, 1900-1920. Orient Longman. p. 131. OCLC 254043308. A Bengali police officer, Nandalal Banerji was also travelling in the same compartment ... Nandalal suspected Prafulla and tried to arrest him. But Prafulla was quite alert; he put his revolver under his own chin and pulled the trigger ... This happened on the Mokama station platform on 2nd May, 1908. ^ Subodh ch. Sengupta & Anjali Basu, Vol - I (2002). Sansad Bangali Charitavidhan (Bengali). Kolkata: Sahitya Sansad. p. 541. ISBN 978-81-85626-65-9. External links Mozammel, Md. Muktadir Arif (2012). "Chaki, Prafulla". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Muktadhara article vteIndian independence movementHistory Colonisation Porto Grande de Bengala Dutch Bengal East India Company British Raj French India Portuguese India Battle of Plassey Battle of Buxar Anglo-Mysore Wars First Second Third Fourth Anglo-Maratha Wars First Second Third Gwalior Polygar Wars Vellore Mutiny First Anglo-Sikh War Second Anglo-Sikh War Sannyasi rebellion Rebellion of 1857 Radcliffe Line more Philosophiesand ideologies Ambedkarism Gandhism Hindu nationalism Indian nationalism Khilafat Movement Muslim nationalism in South Asia Satyagraha Socialism Swadeshi movement Swaraj Events and movements Partition of Bengal (1905) Partition of Bengal (1947) Revolutionaries Direct Action Day Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy The Indian Sociologist Singapore Mutiny Hindu–German Conspiracy Champaran Satyagraha Kheda Satyagraha Rowlatt Committee Rowlatt Bills Jallianwala Bagh massacre Noakhali riots Non-cooperation movement Christmas Day Plot Coolie-Begar movement Chauri Chaura incident, 1922 Kakori conspiracy Qissa Khwani massacre Flag Satyagraha Bardoli 1928 Protests Nehru Report Fourteen Points of Jinnah Purna Swaraj Salt March Dharasana Satyagraha Vedaranyam March Chittagong armoury raid Gandhi–Irwin Pact Round table conferences Act of 1935 Aundh Experiment Indian Legion Cripps Mission Quit India Bombay Mutiny Royal Air Force strikes Coup d'état of Yanaon Provisional Government of India Independence Day Praja Mandala movement Lucknow Pact Organisations All India Kisan Sabha All-India Muslim League Anushilan Samiti Arya Samaj Azad Hind Berlin Committee Ghadar Movement Hindustan Socialist Republican Association Indian National Congress India House Indian Home Rule movement Indian Independence League Indian National Army Jugantar Khaksar movement Khudai Khidmatgar Swaraj Party more Socialreformers A. Vaidyanatha Iyer Ayya Vaikundar Ayyankali B. R. Ambedkar Baba Amte Bal Gangadhar Tilak Dayananda Saraswati Dhondo Keshav Karve G. Subramania Iyer Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty Gopal Ganesh Agarkar Gopal Hari Deshmukh Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar J. B. Kripalani Jyotirao Phule Kandukuri Veeresalingam Mahadev Govind Ranade Mahatma Gandhi Muthulakshmi Reddy Narayana Guru Niralamba Swami Pandita Ramabai Periyar Ram Mohan Roy Rettamalai Srinivasan Sahajanand Saraswati Savitribai Phule Shahu Sister Nivedita Sri Aurobindo Syed Ahmad Khan Vakkom Moulavi Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Vinoba Bhave Vitthal Ramji Shinde Vivekananda Independence activists Abul Kalam Azad Accamma Cherian Achyut Patwardhan A. K. Fazlul Huq Alluri Sitarama Raju Annapurna Maharana Annie Besant Ashfaqulla Khan Babu Kunwar Singh Bagha Jatin Bahadur Shah II Bakht Khan Bal Gangadhar Tilak Basawon Singh Begum Hazrat Mahal Bhagat Singh Bharathidasan Bhavabhushan Mitra Bhikaiji Cama Bhupendra Kumar Datta Bidhan Chandra Roy Bipin Chandra Pal C. Rajagopalachari Chandra Shekhar Azad Chetram Jatav Chittaranjan Das Dadabhai Naoroji Dayananda Saraswati Dhan Singh Dukkipati Nageswara Rao Gopal Krishna Gokhale Govind Ballabh Pant Har Dayal Hemu Kalani Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi Jatindra Mohan Sengupta Jatindra Nath Das Jawaharlal Nehru K. Kamaraj Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan Khudiram Bose Shri Krishna Singh Lala Lajpat Rai M. Bhaktavatsalam M. N. Roy Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi Mahadaji Shinde Mahatma Gandhi Mangal Pandey Mir Qasim Mithuben Petit‎ Mohammad Ali Jauhar Muhammad Ali Jinnah Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari Nagnath Naikwadi Nana Fadnavis Nana Saheb P. Kakkan Prafulla Chaki Pritilata Waddedar Purushottam Das Tandon R. Venkataraman Rahul Sankrityayan Rajendra Prasad Ram Prasad Bismil Rani Lakshmibai Rash Behari Bose Sahajanand Saraswati Sangolli Rayanna Sarojini Naidu Satyapal Dang Shuja-ud-Daula Shyamji Krishna Varma Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi Siraj ud-Daulah Subhas Chandra Bose Subramania Bharati Subramaniya Siva Surya Sen Syama Prasad Mukherjee Tara Rani Srivastava Tarak Nath Das Tatya Tope Tiruppur Kumaran Ubaidullah Sindhi V. O. Chidamabaram V. K. Krishna Menon Vallabhbhai Patel Vanchinathan Veeran Sundaralingam Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Virendranath Chattopadhyaya Yashwantrao Holkar Yogendra Shukla more British leaders Wavell Canning Cornwallis Irwin Chelmsford Curzon Ripon Minto Dalhousie Bentinck Mountbatten Wellesley Lytton Clive Outram Cripps Linlithgow Hastings Independence Cabinet Mission Constitution Republic of India Indian annexation of Goa Indian Independence Act Partition of India Political integration Simla Conference vteIndian Revolutionary MovementOrganizations Abhinav Bharat Society Anushilan Samiti Bengal Volunteers Berlin Committee Communist Consolidation Dhaka Anushilan Samiti Ghadar Party Hindustan Socialist Republican Association India House Jugantar (Yugantar) Naujawan Bharat Sabha Paris Indian Society Workers and Peasants Party People Abinash Chandra Bhattacharya Ambika Chakrabarty Ajoy Ghosh Alluri Sitarama Raju Anant Laxman Kanhere Ananta Singh Anantahari Mitra Ashfaqulla Khan Atul Krishna Ghosh Badal Gupta Bagha Jatin Baikuntha Shukla Banwari Lal Basanta Kumar Biswas Basawon Singh Batukeshwar Dutt Benoy Basu Bhagat Singh Bhagwan Singh Gyanee Bhagwati Charan Vohra Bhai Balmukund Bhai Parmanand Bhupendra Kumar Datta Bhupendranath Datta Bhavabhushan Mitra Bina Das Binod Bihari Chowdhury Bipin Behari Ganguli Chempakaraman Pillai Chandra Shekhar Azad Chittapriya Ray Chaudhuri Deba Gupta Dinesh Gupta Durgawati Devi Ganesh Damodar Savarkar Ganesh Ghosh Gaya Prasad Katiyar Gulab Kaur Guran Ditt Kumar Har Dayal Hare Krishna Konar Haridas Dutta Harigopal Bal Hari Kishan Talwar Harnam Singh Saini Hemchandra Kanungo Hemu Kalani Jadugopal Mukherjee Jatindra Nath Das Jiban Ghoshal Jnanendra Das Gupta Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee Kanailal Dutta Kalpana Datta Kalyani Das Krishnaji Gopal Karve Kartar Singh Sarabha Kishori Lal Khudiram Bose Kunwar Pratap Singh Barhath Kushal Konwar Lokenath Bal Madan Lal Dhingra Mahavir Singh Manmath Nath Gupta Manoranjan Bhattacharya Matangini Hazra Mohit Moitra Mohan Kishore Namadas Motilal Roy M. P. T. Acharya Mukundi Lal Munsha Singh Dukhi Narendra Mohan Sen Niralamba Swami Niranjan Sengupta Nirmal Jibon Ghosh Pandit Kanshi Ram Panchanan Chakraborty Pandurang Mahadev Bapat Pandurang Sadashiv Khankhoje Prafulla Chaki Pramod Ranjan Choudhury Pratul Chandra Ganguli Pradyot Kumar Bhattacharya Prem Krishna Khanna Pritilata Waddedar Pulin Behari Das P. V. Kurian Rajat Sen Rajendra Lahiri Ram Chandra Bharadwaj Ramakrishna Biswas Ram Prasad Bismil Ram Rakha Rash Behari Bose Roshan Singh Sachindra Bakshi Sachindra Nath Sanyal Santosh Kumar Mitra Satyendranath Bosu Satish Sardar Shiv Verma Shivaram Rajguru Shrish Chandra Ghosh Shyamji Krishna Varma Sohan Singh Bhakna Sohanlal Pathak Sri Aurobindo Srish Pal Subodh Roy Sukhdev Thapar Suniti Choudhury Surya Sen Tarak Nath Das Tarakeswar Dastidar Tarakeswar Sengupta Thakur Kesari Singh Barhath Thakur Zorawar Singh Barhath Udham Singh Ullaskar Dutta V. V. S. Aiyar Vanchinathan Veer Bhai Kotwal Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Virendranath Chattopadhyaya Vishnu Ganesh Pingle Vishwanath Vaishampayan Yogendra Shukla Publications Bande Mataram Bande Mataram (Paris) Hindustan Ghadar Jugantar Patrika Events Alipore Bomb case Barisal Conspiracy Case Chittagong Armoury Raid Christmas Day Plot Delhi conspiracy case Delhi Conspiracy Commission Ghadar Mutiny Hindu–German Conspiracy Trial Howrah-Sibpur Conspiracy case Kakori conspiracy Lahore Conspiracy Case trial Rodda company arms heist Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"//","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/80/Prafulla_chaki.ogg/Prafulla_chaki.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prafulla_chaki.ogg"},{"link_name":"Bengali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language"},{"link_name":"Jugantar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugantar"},{"link_name":"British colonial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj"},{"link_name":"Indian independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_independence_movement"},{"link_name":"Khudiram Bose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khudiram_Bose"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guha1971p131-2"},{"link_name":"Mahatma Gandhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shankar1996-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jhunjhunwala2015-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-(Mahatma)1962-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DasMishra1978-6"},{"link_name":"Bal Gangadhar Tilak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak"},{"link_name":"Kesari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesari_(Marathi_newspaper)"},{"link_name":"swaraj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swaraj"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Prafulla Chandra Chaki // ⓘ (Bengali: প্রফুল্ল চাকী, Prafulla Chaki alias Dinesh Chandra Roy) (10 December 1888 – 2 May 1908) was an Indian revolutionary associated with the Jugantar group of revolutionaries who carried out assassinations against British colonial officials in an attempt to secure Indian independence.Prafulla and Khudiram Bose tried to assassinate the district judge, Mr. Douglas Kingsford, by throwing bombs at the carriage in which Kingsford was supposed to travel, but he was not in the carriage, and two British women were killed instead. Prafulla committed suicide when he was about to be arrested by the Police. Khudiram was arrested and tried for the murder of the two women and sentenced to death.[1][2] Mahatma Gandhi denounced the violence and regretted the deaths of two women. He stated \"that the Indian people will not win their freedom through these methods\".[3][4][5][6] However, Bal Gangadhar Tilak in his newspaper Kesari, defended the two young men and called for immediate swaraj. This was followed by the immediate arrest of Tilak by the British colonial government on charges of sedition.[7]","title":"Prafulla Chaki"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jotedar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jotedar"},{"link_name":"Bogra district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogra_District"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Bengal Presidency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_Presidency"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Rangpur Zilla School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangpur_Zilla_School"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Prafulla Chandra Chaki was born in a well-to-do Jotedar family on 10 December 1888 in Bihar, a village in Bogra district of current day Bangladesh, then a part of Bengal Presidency.[8] His father's name was Rajnarayan Chaki and mother's name was Swarnomoyee Devi. Rajnarayan's ancestor Prankrishna Chaki (his grandfather) was a resident of Chanchakia, Pabna, Their original surname was Bosu but people living in Chanchakia were also called Chaki. He was the fifth child in his family. Rajnarayan was an employee in the Nagar estate. He started his education at Namuja Janada Prasad English School, an English medium school in Bogra. After completing his primary education he came to Rangpur with his elder brother Pratap Chandra Chaki whose father-in-law was a reputed person in Rangpur. He was expelled from Rangpur Zilla School in Class 9 for taking part in a students' demonstration that violated East Bengal law. He then joined Rangpur National School where he came in contact with revolutionaries and became a believer and practitioner of revolutionary philosophies.[9] He loved horse riding and swimming. As an athlete, he was a renowned wrestler, lathikhalowar (stick-fighter).[citation needed]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barin Ghosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barin_Ghosh"},{"link_name":"Calcutta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcutta"},{"link_name":"Jugantar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugantar"},{"link_name":"Joseph Bampfylde Fuller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Bampfylde_Fuller"},{"link_name":"Khudiram Bose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khudiram_Bose"},{"link_name":"Muzaffarpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzaffarpur"},{"link_name":"Bihar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chaturvedi2007-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Barin Ghosh brought Prafulla to Calcutta and he was enlisted in the Jugantar party. His first assignment was to kill Sir Joseph Bampfylde Fuller (1854-1935), the first Lieutenant Governor of the new province of Eastern Bengal and Assam. However, the plan did not materialize.Next, Prafulla, along with Khudiram Bose was chosen for the assassination of Kingsford, the magistrate of Muzaffarpur, Bihar. Kingsford, during his previous tenure as the Chief Presidency Magistrate of Calcutta, was unpopular for passing harsh and cruel sentences on young political workers of Bengal. He was also noted for inflicting corporal punishments on such workers. This led to the planning of his murder, and Chaki and Bose were selected and sent to Muzaffarpur to execute this task.[10] Prafulla took the fake name Dinesh Chandra Ray in this operation.[11]","title":"Revolutionary activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chaturvedi2007-10"}],"text":"Khudiram and Prafulla watched the usual movements of Kingsford and prepared a plan to kill him. On the evening of 30 April 1908, the duo was waiting in front of the gate of European Club for Kingsford's carriage to arrive. When a vehicle came out of the gate, a bomb was thrown into the carriage. There was a mistake towards identification by them, as the vehicle was carrying the daughter and the wife of a local congressman. Both were killed by the bomb, and the revolutionaries fled.[10]","title":"The Muzaffarpur killing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chaturvedi2007-10"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chaturvedi2007-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Martyr_Prafulla_Chaki,_Samadhi_ceremony_(front).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Martyr_Prafulla_Chaki,_Samadhi_ceremony_(leftside).jpg"},{"link_name":"Srishh Pal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srishh_Pal"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Prafulla and Khudiram took separate routes to escape.[10] Nandalal Banerjee, a police officer travelling in the same compartment grew suspicious of Prafulla and attempted to arrest him on the Mokama railway station platform. But Prafulla committed suicide by shooting himself using his own revolver.[12] His head was severed from his body and sent to Kolkata to be identified by Khudiram who unfortunately got captured.[10]Martyr Prafulla Chaki, Samadhi ceremony (front)Martyr Prafulla Chaki, Samadhi ceremony (leftside)Khudiram was later arrested and hanged to death. Following this incident, inspector Nandalal was assassinated by two young revolutionaries, Srishh Pal and Ranen Ganguly.[13] Their relatives live in Uttar and Dakhin Dinajpur, West Bengal. Pratap Chanda Chaki's great grandson Subrata Chaki lives in Kolkata.","title":"The manhunt and suicide"}]	[{"image_text":"Martyr Prafulla Chaki, Samadhi ceremony (front)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Martyr_Prafulla_Chaki%2C_Samadhi_ceremony_%28front%29.jpg/220px-Martyr_Prafulla_Chaki%2C_Samadhi_ceremony_%28front%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Martyr Prafulla Chaki, Samadhi ceremony (leftside)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Martyr_Prafulla_Chaki%2C_Samadhi_ceremony_%28leftside%29.jpg/220px-Martyr_Prafulla_Chaki%2C_Samadhi_ceremony_%28leftside%29.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Calcutta High Court Khudiram Bose vs Emperor on 13 July, 1908\". Indian Kanoon. Retrieved 5 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1765978/","url_text":"\"Calcutta High Court Khudiram Bose vs Emperor on 13 July, 1908\""}]},{"reference":"Arun Chandra Guha (1971). First spark of revolution: the early phase of India's struggle for independence, 1900-1920. Orient Longman. p. 131. OCLC 254043308. Khudiram was suspected and arrested there [at Waini station] ... Khudiram was tried ... was sentenced to death and hanged in the Muzaffarpur jail ... on 19 August 1908.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/254043308","url_text":"254043308"}]},{"reference":"Rama Hari Shankar (1996). Gandhi's encounter with the Indian revolutionaries. Siddharth Publications. p. 48. ISBN 978-81-7220-079-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=F0duAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Gandhi's encounter with the Indian revolutionaries"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7220-079-4","url_text":"978-81-7220-079-4"}]},{"reference":"Lakshiminiwas Jhunjhunwala (2015). Panorama. Ocean Books Pvt. Limited. p. 149. ISBN 978-81-8430-312-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NmtsCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA149","url_text":"Panorama"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8430-312-4","url_text":"978-81-8430-312-4"}]},{"reference":"Mahatma Gandhi (1962). Collected works. Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India. p. 223.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi","url_text":"Mahatma Gandhi"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tz9uAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Collected works"}]},{"reference":"Bhaskar Chandra Das; G. P. Mishra (1978). Gandhi in to-day's India. Ashish. p. 51. ISBN 9788170240464. OCLC 461855455.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EnceAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Gandhi in to-day's India"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170240464","url_text":"9788170240464"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/461855455","url_text":"461855455"}]},{"reference":"\"The story of our independence: Six years of jail for Tilak\". Hindustan Times. 8 August 2015. Retrieved 11 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/the-story-of-our-independence-six-years-of-jail-for-tilak/story-vC1VtfmXEj4WfMPC2qiR5J.html","url_text":"\"The story of our independence: Six years of jail for Tilak\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chaki, Prafulla\". Banglapedia. Retrieved 11 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Chaki,_Prafulla","url_text":"\"Chaki, Prafulla\""}]},{"reference":"\"Prafulla Chandra Chaki\". istampgallery.com. 5 December 2014. Retrieved 11 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.istampgallery.com/prafulla-chandra-chaki/","url_text":"\"Prafulla Chandra Chaki\""}]},{"reference":"Ritu Chaturvedi (2007). Bihar Through the Ages. Sarup & Sons. p. 340. ISBN 978-81-7625-798-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Cn9AcbAL0m4C&pg=PA340","url_text":"Bihar Through the Ages"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7625-798-5","url_text":"978-81-7625-798-5"}]},{"reference":"Hitendra Patel (2008). Khudiram Bose: Revolutionary Extraordinaire. Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. p. 43. ISBN 978-81-230-1539-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/khudiramboserevo00hite/page/43/mode/1up","url_text":"Khudiram Bose: Revolutionary Extraordinaire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-230-1539-2","url_text":"978-81-230-1539-2"}]},{"reference":"Arun Chandra Guha (1971). First spark of revolution: the early phase of India's struggle for independence, 1900-1920. Orient Longman. p. 131. OCLC 254043308. A Bengali police officer, Nandalal Banerji was also travelling in the same compartment ... Nandalal suspected Prafulla and tried to arrest him. But Prafulla was quite alert; he put his revolver under his own chin and pulled the trigger ... This happened on the Mokama station platform on 2nd May, 1908.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/254043308","url_text":"254043308"}]},{"reference":"Subodh ch. Sengupta & Anjali Basu, Vol - I (2002). Sansad Bangali Charitavidhan (Bengali). Kolkata: Sahitya Sansad. p. 541. ISBN 978-81-85626-65-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85626-65-9","url_text":"978-81-85626-65-9"}]},{"reference":"Mozammel, Md. Muktadir Arif (2012). \"Chaki, Prafulla\". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Chaki,_Prafulla","url_text":"\"Chaki, Prafulla\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirajul_Islam","url_text":"Islam, Sirajul"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh","url_text":"Asiatic Society of Bangladesh"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1765978/","external_links_name":"\"Calcutta High Court Khudiram Bose vs Emperor on 13 July, 1908\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/254043308","external_links_name":"254043308"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=F0duAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Gandhi's encounter with the Indian revolutionaries"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NmtsCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA149","external_links_name":"Panorama"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tz9uAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Collected works"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EnceAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Gandhi in to-day's India"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/461855455","external_links_name":"461855455"},{"Link":"https://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/the-story-of-our-independence-six-years-of-jail-for-tilak/story-vC1VtfmXEj4WfMPC2qiR5J.html","external_links_name":"\"The story of our independence: Six years of jail for Tilak\""},{"Link":"http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Chaki,_Prafulla","external_links_name":"\"Chaki, Prafulla\""},{"Link":"https://www.istampgallery.com/prafulla-chandra-chaki/","external_links_name":"\"Prafulla Chandra Chaki\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Cn9AcbAL0m4C&pg=PA340","external_links_name":"Bihar Through the Ages"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/khudiramboserevo00hite/page/43/mode/1up","external_links_name":"Khudiram Bose: Revolutionary Extraordinaire"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/254043308","external_links_name":"254043308"},{"Link":"http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Chaki,_Prafulla","external_links_name":"\"Chaki, Prafulla\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130616013537/http://muktadhara.net/antibritish.html","external_links_name":"Muktadhara article"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/439677/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/16863615","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxhrYDtfbwVMCtBFHCxXd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no99076519","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undocumented_youth_in_the_United_States	Undocumented youth in the United States	["1 Undocumented students","2 Demographics","3 Education access","4 Higher education","4.1 Admission and enrollment","4.2 Tuition and financial aid","4.3 Additional barriers","5 Employment and transitions into adulthood","6 Stigma","7 Engagement of undocumented students","8 Youth activism","8.1 UndocuAlly Training through Undocumented Student Programs","9 Legislation affecting undocumented students","9.1 Plyler v. Doe","9.2 Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA)","9.3 Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (IIRIRA)","9.4 Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (PRWORA)","9.5 DREAM Act","10 Notes","11 References","12 Further reading"]	American minors without legal immigration status Undocumented youth in the United States are young people living in the United States without U.S. citizenship or other legal immigration status. An estimated 1.1 million undocumented minors resided in the U.S. as of 2010, making up 16% of the undocumented population of 11 million. Undocumented students face unique legal uncertainties and limitations within the United States educational system. They are sometimes called the 1.5 generation (as opposed to first- or second-generation), as they have spent a majority of their lives in the United States. Children have the legal right to a public K–12 education regardless of immigration status due to the 1982 US Supreme Court ruling in Plyler v. Doe. After navigating through primary education, undocumented youth transition into an adulthood that does not grant them those provisions. Although some undocumented students find their way to legal status, many remain undocumented. It has been noted that many undocumented youth experience a period of adapting to a new identity (being "illegal") that is stigmatized and unexpected. Coming of age, many undocumented youth become negatively distinguished from their former peers because of their inability to work legally, obtain a driver's license, or participate in post-secondary education. These limitations with regards to citizenship frequently prove to be obstacles to the youth's opportunity for social and civic engagement. DACA (Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals) is a program that gives undocumented individuals the ability to be legally present in the United states, giving them a SSN and a work permit. As of June 18, 2020, the Supreme Court has ruled that the Trump Administration cannot legally repeal the program, writing that the "DHS’s decision to rescind DACA was arbitrary and capricious." Undocumented students Undocumented students may not know how to navigate the higher education system in their state and often leads to students not attending college. Undocumented students might assume that it is out of their financial means or not available to them due to their residency status. This leaves undocumented students in a vulnerable place because they are not gaining the educational experience and are not eligible for legal work. According to the US: The Human Rights of Dreamers, Also that Undocumented students should be secured while they live in the United States. The only way the child entered the United States is by their parents. Some people believe they shouldn't be penalized for their parents actions. Others believe they shouldn't be allowed to benefit from the unlawful actions of their parents. Also there are not a lot of immigrants eligible for the Dream Act. According to Undocumented Undergraduates and the Criminal States of Immigration Reform, Undocumented students still have a lot of challenges while attending college in the United States. A lot of undocumented students have issues with certain people they can trust within their community. Based on their status of being considered an alien in the United States they feel secluded. Undocumented immigrants feel as though they don't belong in the United States that because of how people treat them. Undocumented immigrants, particularly students, are a difficult subgroup of the population to research; there is not much current statistical data available. As a result of their precarious legal and social situation, undocumented immigrants are hesitant to identify themselves as being unauthorized, and the process of estimating statistics and drawing conclusions can be lengthy and cumbersome. While exact numbers are not known, there has been an increased emphasis on the challenges facing undocumented students nationwide. Immigrants students got or loss persistence because of financial aid, some of them doesn't have any chance to get enough money to go to college, even people between 18-24 years old don't finish high school because their lack of persistence. Even students with immigrant families represents 31% of all college students in 2021, up from 20% in 2000. Demographics It is difficult to determine national statistics for the demographic makeup of undocumented students. However, it can be inferred that statistics for undocumented students would be very closely related to those for the unauthorized immigrant population as a whole. Since 2014, approximately 11.1 million such immigrants live in the United States, which has seen only a small increase since 2007. Approximately 17%, roughly two million, of these immigrants are under the age of 18, about 65 thousand graduate from high school each year, and only 5–10% of them continue to higher education. While the undocumented student population comes from all over the world, a majority come from Mexico and other Central American countries, with approximately 6.7 million came from Mexico. The second-largest sending region is Asia. In 2012, the Philippine undocumented population in the U.S. consisted of approximately 310,000 people and there were 260,000 such immigrants from India. Although often left out of the conversation, Asian and Pacific Islanders are a significant population in the undocumented community. The cultural expectations of immigrants in these communities often influence a more silenced and hidden existence than other cultures. There tends to be a heavier stigma against those who are undocumented, even within the culture. Education access Public schooling allows undocumented youth to assimilate into society. Youth from K-12 are protected by the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act. This specific act prevents schools from releasing any information from students' records to immigration authorities. Graduation for these youth serves as a traumatic change in status and identity from student to "illegal alien" and "illegal worker". This "state of shock" causes depressed motivation and financial anxiety causing youth to drop out of high school. 40 percent of undocumented adults ages 18–24 do not complete high school. Of those that complete high school, only 49 percent attend college. Many youths reported a feeling of falling through the cracks, instances where they were not able to get assistance from their educational institutions. The inability to receive federal and state student financial aid, as well as low family incomes, limits access for undocumented youth to attend post secondary schooling. In 2006, Hispanic youth had the lowest educational attainment out of any ethnic or racial group. Parents can often not provide financial assistance and immigrant youths carry financial burden within their households. Access to a college education can help improve the status of undocumented youth. Graduating college allows youth to improve labor market skills and makes them eligible for jobs where employers might potentially sponsor a temporary legal visa. A college education also increases youth marriageability increasing the chances for youth to marry a legal citizen and obtain legal status through familial relationship. The majority of undocumented children are growing up with legal access to public education but face legal barriers to higher education (Abrogate, 2006). Abrogate interviewed a girl named Alisa who came to the United States at the age of five from Guatemala; she encountered the difficulties of higher education. She was a student who excelled academically in high school and was admitted to the University of California. Alisa became disheartened due to her status and was unable to be given financial aid. Some researchers explain that undocumented children face an economic barrier when pursuing a higher education and find that because of this they are unable to attend a University (Abrogate; Shields and Bergman, 2004; Gonzales, 2011; Crossness and Turkey, 2011). Due to this, The Dream Act was proposed to the Senate and the House of Representatives and was only 13 states that include California, Connecticut, Illinois, Kansas, Maryland, Nebraska, New Mexico, New York, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Washington, and Wisconsin passed their state laws. These states allow undocumented children to pay in-state tuition based on their attendance and graduation from a state high school (Schmidt 2013). Higher education The Pew Hispanic Center estimates that 1.5 million undocumented students currently reside in the United States. Of these students, about 765,000 arrived in the United States before turning sixteen. It is also estimated that there were 360,000 undocumented high school graduates between the ages of eighteen and twenty-four in the United States in 2006. However, it is estimated that each year only 5 to 10 percent of undocumented high-school graduates—about 65,000 nationwide—are eligible to attend college. In 2005, only about 50,000 undocumented students enrolled in U.S. colleges and universities. Of these college students, 18,000 were enrolled in California community colleges in the 2005-2006 school year as a result of financial accessibility. According to Roberto Gonzalez, Professor of Sociology at the University of Washington, "Given the opportunity to receive additional education and move into better-paying jobs, undocumented students would pay more in taxes and have more money to spend and invest in the U.S. economy." Admission and enrollment There is no federal law that prohibits the admission of undocumented immigrants to U.S. colleges and universities, public or private, nor does federal law require students to prove citizenship in order to enter U.S. institutions of higher education. However, every institution has its own policies on admitting undocumented students. For example, following a 2003 recommendation by the state attorney general, many 4-year state colleges in Virginia require applicants to submit proof of citizenship or legal residency, and refuse admission to students without documentation. This policy is not, however, a state law. South Carolina and Alabama, do not allow undocumented students to apply to public universities Tuition and financial aid As of 2015, there were 11 million unauthorized immigrants in the United States, a small decline from the Pew Research Center's estimate of 11.3 million for 2009. In 2014, about 3.9 million students in kindergarten through 12th grade in U.S. public and private schools were children of unauthorized immigrants. While 3.2 million of this population were U.S. born, approximately 725,000 or 1.3% were unauthorized students themselves and potentially not receiving the financial resources they need to pursue higher education in the United States. Programs such as the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) create open space for undocumented students to qualify for post secondary education benefits discussed in policies such as IIRIRA. The language in PRWORA, still bars DACA recipients to receive public benefits since they are not "qualified aliens". The language in both PRWORA and IIRIRA are vague enough that they allow states to decide how to address tuition rates and state financial aid for their students. Although many states use these statutes as the reason to deny federal and state financial aid many others argue that the definition of public benefits does not include offering in-state tuition to undocumented students. There is no federal or state law that prohibits the admission of these immigrants to U.S. colleges and universities, but instead, non permanent residents and undocumented students are treated differently from one state to the next, resulting in no cohesive process and potential confusion for undocumented students. Research has found that immigrant students lack information about financing college and are thus less likely to apply for and take advantage of student loans. With access to the necessary information, support, and financial resources, however, higher education – and the opportunities that come with it – is certainly a viable option for undocumented students. According to the u Lead Network, as of 2017, there are 16 states that offer in-state tuition rates to undocumented students who meet specific criteria, with several of these offering state-funded financial aid as well: State Policy In-State Tuition Eligibility Requirements Additional Notes California AB540 AB130 & AB131 (see additional notes) Must have attended a California high school for at least three academic years Must have graduated from a California high school, attained a G.E.D., or received a passing mark on the California High School Proficiency Exam (CHSPE) Must enroll at an accredited institution of public higher education in California Must file“Non-Resident Tuition Exemption” Affidavit with the school and have filed or will file an application to legalize their immigration status as soon as possible Per AB130 & 131, students who qualify for in-state tuition under AB540 are also eligible for state-funded financial aid. Colorado SB33 Must have attended a public or private high school in Colorado for at least three years immediately preceding graduation Must have been admitted to or already attend a public college or university in Colorado within 12 months of graduating or completing a GED Must sign affidavit stating that they have applied for lawful presence or will apply as soon as they are able Connecticut H6390 Must be a permanent resident in Connecticut Must have attended at least two years of high school in the state of Connecticut Graduated from a high school or received the equivalent of a high school diploma in Connecticut Register as an entering student, or be enrolled at a public university in Connecticut Must file an affidavit with the institution of higher education stating that the student has filed an application for legal immigration status, or will file an application when eligible to do so Florida HB851 Attended a Florida secondary school for 3 consecutive years immediately before graduating from a Florida high school Applied for enrollment in an institution of higher education within 24 months after high school graduation Submitted an official Florida high school transcript as evidence of attendance and graduation Illinois HB60 Resided with his or her parent or guardian while attending a public or private high school in Illinois Graduated from a public or private high school or received the equivalent of a high school diploma in Illinois Attended school in Illinois for at least 3 years as of the date of graduating from high school or receiving the equivalent of a high school diploma Provides the University with an affidavit stating that the individual will file an application to become a permanent resident of the United States at the earliest opportunity the individual is eligible to do so Kansas HB2145 Attended an accredited Kansas high school for at least three years Graduated from either an accredited Kansas high school or earned a general educational development (GED) certificate issued within Kansas Has filed an affidavit stating he/she will apply for legal residency when eligible Maryland S167 / H470 Students must first attend a community college in order to be eligible for in-state tuition at a four-year institution. Eligibility requirements for receiving in-state tuition at a community college: Must have attended a secondary school in Maryland for at least three years Must have graduated from a high school in Maryland or received the equivalent of a high school diploma in Maryland Must provide documentation that the individual or the individual's parent or legal guardian has filed a Maryland income tax return annually for the three years while the individual attended a high school in the State, during any period between high school graduation and registration at a community college, and during the period of attendance at the community college Must register at a community college within four years of high school graduation To then be eligible to receive in-state tuition at a four-year college, the student: Must have met the requirements for an exemption from paying the out-of-state tuition rate at a community college Must have attained an associate degree or achieved 60 credits at a community college in Maryland Must provide the institution a copy of the affidavit stating that the individual will file an application to become a permanent resident within 30 days after becoming eligible to do so Must provide documentation that the individual or the individual's parent or legal guardian has filed a Maryland income tax return annually while the individual attended a community college, during any period between graduation from or achieving 60 credits at a community college and registration at a public four-year institution, and during the period of attendance at an institution Must register at a public four-year institution within four years of graduating from or achieving 60 credits at a community college Minnesota SF1236 Attended a Minnesota high school for at least 3 years Graduated from a Minnesota high school or earned a GED in Minnesota Registered with the U.S. Selective Service (applies only to males 18 to 25 years old) Provide documentation to show they have applied for lawful immigration status but only if a federal process exists for a student to do so (does not include applying for Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals). There is currently not a federal process in place, so this documentation is not currently required. Students who qualify for in-state tuition under SF1236 are also eligible for state-funded financial aid. Nebraska LB239 Reside in Nebraska for at least three years prior to high school graduation/obtaining a GED Graduate from a Nebraska public or private high school or obtain a GED Live with a parent or guardian while attending high school Provide an affidavit stating intention to become a permanent resident at their earliest opportunity. If the parent ceases to reside in Nebraska, the student can retain resident status if the student has a bona fide intention to reside in Nebraska New Jersey SB2479 Attend high school in New Jersey for three or more years Graduate from a high school in New Jersey or receive the equivalent of a high school diploma File an affidavit with the institution of higher education stating that the student has filed an application to legalize his or her immigration status or will file an application as soon as eligible to do so Meet the Department of Homeland Security's eligibility criteria and has applied for or received Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) status New Mexico SB582 SB82 (see additional notes) Attended New Mexico middle or high school for at least one year Graduated from a high school or received their GED in the state of New Mexico Per SB82, students who qualify for in-state tuition under SB582 are also eligible for state-funded financial aid. New York SB7784 Attend at least two years of high school in New York Graduate from a New York high school or receive GED Apply for attendance at an institution within 5 years of receiving a diploma Show proof of residence File affidavit declaring that you will file for legal status when able Oregon HB2787 Demonstrate three years of attendance at an Oregon primary and secondary school prior to receiving a high school diploma or equivalent Enroll in a public university in Oregon within three years of earning a high school diploma or equivalent in Oregon Shows intention to become a citizen or lawful permanent resident in the United States Students who qualify for in-state tuition under HB2787 are also eligible for state-funded financial aid. Texas SB1528 Graduate from a public or private high school, or receive a GED, in Texas Reside in Texas for at least the 3 years leading up to high school graduation or receiving a GED Reside in Texas for the 12 consecutive months right before the semester the student is enrolling in college Provide the institution an affidavit stating that they will file an application to become a U.S. permanent resident as soon as they are eligible to do so Students who qualify for in-state tuition under SB1528 are also eligible for state-funded financial aid. Utah HB144 Must have attended high school in Utah for three or more years Must have graduated from a high school in Utah or received the equivalent of a high school diploma in Utah Must file an affidavit with the institution of higher education stating that the student has filed an application to legalize his immigration status, or will file an application as soon as possible Washington HB1079 Earned a diploma or equivalent (GED) from a Washington high school Resided in Washington for at least three consecutive years as of the date the person received a diploma or GED Continually lived in Washington since receiving a diploma or GED Filed an affidavit verifying that he or she qualifies to pay resident tuition and will seek legal permanent residency when legally permitted to do so Per SB6523, students who qualify for in-state tuition under HB1079 are also eligible for state-funded financial aid. In addition to these 16 states, Hawaii, Michigan, Oklahoma, and Rhode Island allow this through the school system, their Board of Regents. Virginia only allows in-state tuition for DACA students. While some states opt to pass their own legislation allowing in-state tuition for undocumented students, it does not fully bridge the gap for financial aid. Some states, like Georgia, have worked against education for undocumented students by forbidding enrollment in some colleges. Outside of the aforementioned states offering state financial aid, undocumented students are not eligible for federal financial aid, which makes the cost of tuition and fees an even greater obstacle to higher education. Undocumented students must rely primarily on private scholarships as a source of funding for their postsecondary education. There are a few private scholarships that do not require the student to be a U.S. citizen or resident or have a social security number in order to apply. The Mexican American Legal Defense and Education Fund (MALDEF) maintains the most comprehensive listing of such scholarships. Private colleges and universities set their own financial aid policies. Some offer financial aid in the form of grants and scholarships to undocumented students. Additional barriers Understanding how to navigate the higher education labyrinth is a learned social practice, a skill acquired through social networks, parent understanding, and access to the information. The opportunities to learn about college access is inequitably taught to undocumented students. Undocumented students face many challenges in their pre-collegiate years that can inhibit their knowledge to access to higher education in the future. Most undocumented students come from working class or working poor families, which often forces them to live in communities where they become vulnerable to crimes, poor housing conditions, high unemployment, and underperforming schools Many of the schools they attend face high teacher turnover, overcrowding, and inadequate teacher preparation. Many of the students are placed into language development courses, which often do not provide the rigorous coursework needed for college preparation. These students also may struggle with their schoolwork due to the discontinuity in their education. Some students arrive in the United States after attending schools in their country of birth. Adjusting to the education system in the United States can be a challenge for students. Some may be behind because their previous schools were not teaching the same curriculum or if their schools were ahead of the curriculum, students might lose interest in their new schools. Undocumented students can also struggle with their need to contribute money to their household. Some students work as migrant farmers alongside their parents, this economic need can set them back in their education and in their path to understanding the steps to higher education. All of these things can inhibit undocumented students from successfully preparing for higher education. Another barrier undocumented students face in their access to higher education is the lack of resources and adequate support from school professionals. Many school professionals—teachers, counselors, other personnel—are not always aware of their state's policies regarding admission, tuition and financial aid for undocumented students. Some school professionals are even unaware which students on their campus are undocumented. School professionals, often, do not receive training about policies that affect students and some have acknowledged that they only learned because of interactions with students or what they have learned through the media. Some undocumented students, who have been surveyed regarding their educational experience, claimed to feel as if they "lucked out", having someone to mentor them in college access. Unfortunately, not all students feel this way. Although some students do acknowledge having an influential teacher or college counselor, many students feel unsupported or feel as they were given incorrect information. A way that places of higher education can overcome these barriers for undocumented students is through the establishment of an Undocumented Student Program or having some sort of UndocuAlly training. UndocuAlly trainings are aimed at reducing the stigmas and prejudices towards immigrants by offering workshops in which staff and faculty are informed on the struggles faced by undocumented students pursuing a higher educations and different ways in which they can support said students. Workshops consist of student panels where undocumented students are empowered by being able to share their stories and struggles as they navigate higher education. Aside from the student panels, these workshops also contain information on laws and legislation that directly and indirectly affect undocumented students across the United States. Through these trainings, staff and faculty can better serve their undocumented students by enabling them with career-building opportunities along with the establishment of support services/centers specifically for undocumented students. Having college access information available to support undocumented students is not only a tool that undocumented students can use for themselves, it is information that they can then pass down to others. Many parents of undocumented students do not have the knowledge to help their child pursue higher education, but these families have strong family networks, and with accurate information, students will then be able to share it with the younger children in their networks. If community groups and school professionals reach out to undocumented students in ways that work within their culture, these students can have in increased chance of attending higher education. Employment and transitions into adulthood Youth brought to the United States as adolescents are at greater risk for adjustment difficulties. Many undergo acculturated distress; poor mental health, depression, anxiety, a feeling of alienation, and identity confusion. Markers in the transition into adulthood, such as finding work, applying for college, and obtaining a driver's license, all require legal status to obtain. Youth undergo three transition periods as they enter into adulthood; discovery, learning to be undocumented, and coping. The first, discovery (ages 16–18) is the time where youth first discover that they are undocumented. Within this period, key transitional markers such as obtaining a driver's license and applying for college are experienced. These markers often become the first time many youth learn that they are undocumented. The second period, learning to be undocumented (ages 18–24) is a series of life alterations in which youth learn to live as an undocumented immigrant. This includes finding work as an undocumented immigrant and postponing secondary education. The third, coping (ages 25–29) is adjusting to lower expectations and realizing the true limits of their rights. This leads many youth to follow into the same job pool as their undocumented parents. This gap still exists between higher education and financial aid for undocumented students. Since undocumented students are not eligible for most forms of financial aid, merit scholarships are not feasible as they are most often restrict their eligibility to U.S. citizens or permanent residents. Undocumented students are not eligible for federal aid, thus, benefits that come from FAFSA or Pell Grants do not apply to these students. Most state-based aid is also out of reach for undocumented students so grants, work study and loans are not options. States opt to pass their own legislation allowing in-state tuition for undocumented students; while this is an important step for undocumented students, it does not fully bridge the gap for financial aid. Some states, like Georgia, have worked against education for undocumented students by forbidding enrollment in some colleges. Statistics show $11.8 billion in taxes each year comes from undocumented immigrants (Tax Contributions). Findings also show that there would be an $845 million in tax revenue with the Obama Administration's executive action that includes the implementation of DACA and its expansion. These findings also show that a full immigration reform would increase tax revenue by $2.2 billion (Tax Contributions). Giving these groups the availability for higher education aid would only increase these benefits through their consumption and investment in the economy. Stigma Stigma social Stigma affects undocumented youth in the United States significantly. The stigma that undocumented youth face, starting from a very young age, has shown to have serious effects on their well-being. An immigrant’s “transition from the world of youthful innocence—of school and friends, clubs, sports, and dances—to the tenuous circumstances of clandestine adult life was jarring.” Undocumented youth are excluded from driving, traveling, or getting a job which would usually be normal and relatively easy life experiences for someone who was born in the United States, but for undocumented youth it causes a significant amount of stress. By knowing the stressors that immigrant youth are confronted with, it can help us understand how these stressors affect their mental and overall well being in the short term and the long term. The mental wellbeing of undocumented immigrants is affected by the amount of “ontological security” they have or lack thereof. According to Vaquera, ontological security is the confidence that most people have in the consistency of their social and physical surroundings which unfortunately is not something that most undocumented immigrants have access to. Most undocumented youth have no choice but to go through life with minimal social support. They often face judgment for seeking any assistance as they are usually seen as outsiders. Even just “perceptions of discrimination" are closely tied to mental strain and pressure. The more they lack social resources, the more likely they are to endure the challenges that perceived discrimination can cause. Undocumented youth face challenges such as dealing with housing, community, and job market situations. As well as, being unable to access social support systems like healthcare. These obstacles can cause psychological, chronic stress at such a young age which is extremely dangerous. Many undocumented immigrants describe "the mental and emotional distress of verbal abuse, name-calling, and financial stress; and difficulties escaping these conditions.” Engagement of undocumented students Even though there are several barriers undocumented students encounter in higher education, they continue to have high academic aspirations. A quantitative study described that Latino students see higher education as a road to better themselves. Their stories of aspirations are geared towards helping others and giving back to their community. Giving back helps to affirm their social citizenship, existence, and validates their access to higher education. Educational institutions play a role in promoting civic engagement among students. When schools provide volunteer opportunities and require community service to graduate, there's a higher chance that students will civically engaged after graduation. In a qualitative study, Munoz found that undocumented female Mexican college students expressed frustration, helplessness, and fear because of their lack of legal status. However, they also disclosed being very involved in college extracurricular activities to feel a sense of belonging and validation. Munoz's qualitative study also indicates that 40% of undocumented students chose to be involved by participating in community service or mentoring activities to assist undocumented youth like themselves. Due to their unclear legal status, some youth do generate feelings of being an outsider and dissociate from civic engagement. Through an online survey of open-ended questions, Perez, Espinoza, Ramos, Coronado, and Cortes reported that in elementary school, 38% of undocumented students were civically engaged. In middle school, rates increased to 41%. In high school, 73% participated in civic engagement with 34% reporting spending more than 40 hours per year doing volunteer work. Also, 7% participated in social services, 3% were engaged in activism, 29% tutored other students, and 55% operated administrative work. In general, 86% of all respondents also participated in extracurricular activities during high school. In addition to college, 55% participated in some form of civic engagement. Even though undocumented Latino students had a high percentage in civic engagement, they also reported higher levels of feeling rejection because of their undocumented status. Ultimately, Perez, Espinoza, Ramos, Coronado, and Cortes identified feelings of rejection were not correlated with lack of involvement and that most undocumented Latino youth going to college are engaging in U.S. civic life. Undocumented youth change and acculturate to multiple circumstances that surround them by studying hard, following the codes of conduct, and acting as good citizens of the United States. Chang, Torrez, Ferguson, and Sagar conducted a qualitative study of 18 students, ages 18 and above, who identified as undocumented or were once undocumented, They found that students often had to be involved ad engaged in the community to feel accepted. Undocumented students navigate the best they could between social and cultural intrusions. Students often create a foundation to keep moving forward and not give up by taking advantage of their community cultural wealth as a mechanism to keep hope. Even though there are political restrictions for undocumented students to self-advocate, multiple students remained hopeful because they stood by the ideal cultural citizenship even if it seemed unattainable. Chang, Torrez, Ferguson, and Sagar's study showed that participants' process of interpreting, integrating, and interjecting themselves as valuable objects with hope that even from their socially and social positions they strongly engaged in different cultural worlds to achieve the American dream. Undocumented students keep high aspirations and participate in civil engagement, disregarding the barriers they may face due to their undocumented status in the United States. Youth activism Students protesting on behalf of the DREAM Act in Senator John McCain's office, May 2010 In recent years, undocumented youth have gathered to lobby for legislative action. Organizations such as the Education Not Deportation (END) Our Pain Organization have been established to demand moratorium for youth eligible for the Development, Relief, Education for Alien Minors (DREAM Act) Act which would grant conditional legal status to those brought here under the age of 16 if they attend college or join the military. Throughout 2009 and 2010, a number of sit-ins, hunger strikes, marches, and social media campaigns were conducted by many activist organizations. United We Dream organized 500 youth to participate in a National DREAM Act graduation in Washington combined with 15 more ceremonies nationwide. Between September and December 2010 pro-immigrant groups generated over 840,000 call, faces, and emails in favor of the DREAM Act, as well as 81,000 petitions delivered to targeted Senate offices. Youth activists often invoke a feeling of coming out, relating to the same action experienced by the LGBTQ community, to protest for protection of their rights despite threats of arrest, imprisonment, and deportation. UndocuAlly Training through Undocumented Student Programs Research shows that undocumented students are well served by programs that are based on UndocuAlly training, and oftentimes these programs are started through student-led initiatives.Undocumented student programs provide a foundation for community building and access to resources unique to undocumented students such as low-cost legal services, mental health workshops, and career building opportunities. Although such programs are a fairly new thing, they have had a significant impact in the retention and recruitment of undocumented students in higher education.UndocuAlly training is aimed at reducing the stigmas and prejudices towards immigrants by offering workshops in which staff and faculty are informed on the struggles faced by undocumented students pursuing a higher education and different ways in which they can support said students. Workshops consist of student panels where undocumented students share their stories and struggles as they navigate higher education. These workshops also contain information on laws and legislation that directly and indirectly affect undocumented students across the United States. Through these trainings, staff and faculty can better serve their undocumented students by enabling them with career-building opportunities along with the establishment of support services/centers specifically for undocumented students. Legislation affecting undocumented students Plyler v. Doe Main article: Plyler v. Doe In the United States, children are given the right to an elementary and secondary education (K-12) regardless of their immigration status. Plyler v. Doe, 457 U.S. 202 (1982), was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States struck down a state statute denying funding for education to undocumented immigrant children. The case simultaneously struck down a municipal school district's attempt to charge such immigrants an annual $1,000 tuition fee to compensate for state funding. The Court found that where states limit the rights afforded to people (specifically children) based on their status as immigrants, this limitation must be examined under an intermediate scrutiny standard to determine whether it furthers a substantial goal of the State. Prior to 1975, all students in Texas were able to attend public elementary and secondary school. The state government provided funding to schools based on the number of students enrolled. In May 1975, the state legislature amended the Texas Education Code to provide that only U.S. citizens or lawfully admitted non citizens would be counted for financial aid purposes. Schools were given the option to allow or reject undocumented students and to charge tuition if they chose to accept them. School officials in Tyler, Texas, under the direction of Superintendent James Plyler, began charging $1,000 annual tuition to all undocumented students—about 60 from a student body of 1,600. In September 1977, the Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund (MALDEF) filed a class action on behalf of sixteen Mexican undocumented students of the Tyler district. The trial court found that the Texas law violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution because it amounted to a total deprivation of education without a rational basis. The court rejected the state's arguments regarding the cost of educating undocumented children, finding that the federal government largely subsidized the additional costs that the education of these children entailed and that "it is not sufficient justification that a law saves money". In order to comply with Plyler, education policy analysts have suggested that schools may not: deny admission to a student on the basis of undocumented status; treat a student fundamentally differently from others when determining residency; engage in practices that frighten undocumented students and their families away from school access; require students or parents to disclose or document immigration status; make inquiries of students or parents that may expose their undocumented status; require Social Security numbers from any student. Plyler does not extend to post secondary education, but at least guarantees undocumented students the opportunity to receive a high school degree. Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) Main article: Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals On June 15, 2012, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) announced the executive (President Obama and his administration) decision to defer immigration enforcement for undocumented youth who meet specific requirements set under the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) plan. This order provided temporary relief from immigration enforcement and deportation proceedings, as well as the authorization to work. In Janet Napolitano's memorandum to the U.S. Customs and Border Patrol, U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, and U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, the Secretary of Homeland Security stated that immigration laws should be enforced sensibly and with consideration to the individual situation. In the case for these young people living in the U.S, she stated that they had no intent on breaking any law and should have the opportunity to be productive people in this country. Individuals may request DACA if they meet the following requirements: Under the age of 31 as of June 15, 2012 (at least 15 years or older at the time of application); Came to the United States before the age of 16; Have continuously lived in the United States since June 15, 2007, up to the present time; Were physically present in the United States on June 15, 2012, and at the time of making your request for consideration of deferred action with USCIS; Had no lawful status on June 15, 2012; Are currently in school, have graduated or obtained a certificate of completion from high school, have obtained a general education development (GED) certificate, or are an honorably discharged veteran of the Coast Guard or Armed Forces of the United States; and Have not been convicted of a felony, significant misdemeanor, or three or more other misdemeanors, and do not otherwise pose a threat to national security or public safety. Applicants who meet the guidelines are granted a two-year reprieve and are granted work authorization. An estimated 1.8 million undocumented youth are eligible for deferred action. As of August 2013, 557,000 immigrants applied for deferred action and 400,562 have been approved. In reaction to the executive order, some states such as Arizona and Nebraska announced that they would not prescribe state benefits such as granting driver's licenses to recipients. The majority of states announced that they would grant driver's licenses to recipients along with Michigan and Iowa who reversed their decisions to deny state benefits. Without permanent residence, youth granted deferred action still cannot receive federal financial aid. Access to secondary education is still limited, but youth who are granted the ability to work have the potential for increased wages and the ability to pay tuition costs. According to the Migration Policy Institute, approximately two million people are eligible for the DACA program, as the programs rules currently stand. In 2014 President Obama announced an expansion of DACA; removing the maximum age limit, changing the entry date to 2010, and extending the deferment period to three years. This extended program could potentially allow an additional 300 thousand people eligibility. As of 2016, the expansion was placed on hold due to a court injunction, in United States v. Texas. DACA is sometimes seen as legislation that provides a pathway to citizenship or as a way of receiving lawful immigration status. Neither is true, the deferment only provides the qualified recipients to have a lawful presence, meaning the authorities cannot force them to leave the country although they still lack legal immigration status. DACA statuses can be terminated or not renewed based on the discretion of DHS, as it is not a law. DACA is a presidential executive authority, which also means that it can change based on future presidents. DACA, therefore, creates open space for undocumented students to qualify for post secondary education benefits. Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (IIRIRA) In 1996, Congress approved the Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (IIRIRA) to improve immigration law in the United States. Section 505 of IIRIRA prohibits public higher education institutions from giving those who are unlawfully present in the United States post secondary education benefits, on the basis of residency in a State, that are not being given to U.S. citizens or nationals. Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (PRWORA) The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (PRWORA) was President Bill Clinton's major welfare reform. PRWORA is most known for the creation of the Temporary Assistance for Needy Family (TANF) program. Additionally, PRWORA set the standards for how courts and institutions determined the eligibility of federal, state, and local benefits and services. The reform states those who are not "qualified aliens" are ineligible for federal public benefits. The act also gives states the discretionary power to determine the tuition rates publicly funded schools and the authority to provide state financial aid. If states do not pass specific legislation regarding these matters then federal legislation superseded and inherently prohibits state financial aid for unauthorized immigrants. DREAM Act Main article: DREAM Act The Development, Relief and Education for Alien Minors (DREAM) Act is a federal bill that would permit states to determine state residency for higher education or military purposes. This bill was first introduced in the Senate on August 1, 2001, and was most recently re-introduced in Congress on March 26, 2009. A Senate filibuster blocked it on December 18, 2010. It would provide a mechanism for undocumented students of good moral character to become legal permanent residents. The DREAM Act initially allowed beneficiaries to qualify for federal student aid but was changed in the 2010 version of the bill. In order to be eligible, individuals must have come to the U.S. as children (under the age of 16), graduated from a U.S. high school and be a long-term resident (at least 5 years). An age cap of 35 was also set. The latest version of the DREAM Act does not grant legal immigrant status to anyone for at least two years. Previous versions of the Act would have immediately granted legal immigrant status to eligible individuals. Many other limitations were also included in this latest version, among them the removal of access to healthcare benefits and limits to chain migration. Notes ^ Undocumented immigrants are sometimes referred to as being "unauthorized", "out of status", or "unlawfully present"; the term "illegal" when applied to people is considered by many to be a slur. References ^ Charles Garcia (2012-07-06). "Why 'illegal Immigrant' Is a Slur". CNN. Retrieved 2019-01-15.Derek Hawkins (2017-02-09). "The long struggle over what to call 'undocumented immigrants' or, as Trump said in his order, 'illegal aliens'". Washington Post. Retrieved 2019-01-15. ^ Gleason, Shannon; Roberto G. Gonzales (2012). "When Do Papers Matter? An Institutional Analysis Of Undocumented Life In The United States". International Migration. 50 (4): 1–19. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2435.2011.00726.x. hdl:1813/75207. ISSN 0020-7985. Retrieved September 9, 2014. ^ Maria Pabon Lopez, Gerardo R. Lopez (2010). Persistent Inequality: Temporary Realities in the Education of Undocumented Latina/o Students. New York: Routledge. p. 2. ^ a b c d e f g h Gonzales, Roberto G. (2011). "Learning to Be Illegal: Undocumented Youth and Shifting Legal Contexts in the Transition to Adulthood" (PDF). American Sociological Review. 76 (4): 602–619. doi:10.1177/0003122411411901. S2CID 144786714. Retrieved 2021-05-02. ^ Abrego, Leisy Janet (2006-10-18). ""I Can't Go to College Because I Don't Have Papers": Incorporation Patterns Of Latino Undocumented Youth". Latino Studies. 4 (3): 212–231. doi:10.1057/palgrave.lst.8600200. ISSN 1476-3435. S2CID 143138219. ^ "Supreme Court Rules For DREAMers, Against Trump". NPR.org. Retrieved 2020-07-16. ^ Opinion of the Court: DACA - Supreme Court of the United States ^ a b Ibarra, Hugo; Sherman, Ross (2012). "Higher Education Opportunities for Undocumented Students in the United States: What are the Policy Implications for Educators and Legislators". JEP: eJournal of Education Policy. ^ "US: The Human Rights of 'Dreamers'". Human Rights Watch. 2011-07-01. Retrieved 2017-12-06. ^ Teranishi, Robert (2014). "In the Shadows of the Ivory Tower: Undocumented Undergraduates and the Liminal States of Immigration Reform" (PDF). ^ Covington, Brett (2009). "Is Postsecondary Access for Undocumented Immigrants an Important Right? How the United States and Europe Differ". Georgetown Immigration Law Journal. ^ Weissman, Sara. "Students From Immigrant Families on the Rise". Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved 2023-12-06. ^ a b Baker, Bryan; Rytina, Nancy (2013). Estimates of the Unauthorized Immigrant Population Residing in the United States: January 2012 (PDF). Office of Immigration Statistics, Policy Directorate, U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-08-18. Retrieved 2018-09-28. ^ Chen, Edith Wen-Chu (2010). Encyclopedia of Asian American Issues Today. ABC-CLIO. p. 254. ISBN 978-0-313-34751-1. Retrieved 2 May 2012. ^ Gonzales, Roberto (2009). Young Lives on Hold: The College Dreams of Undocumented Students (PDF). College Board Advocacy. ^ Greenman, Emily, and Matthew Hall. "Legal Status And Educational Transitions For Mexican And Central American Immigrant Youth". Social Forces 91.4 (2013): 1475–1498. ERIC. Web. 5 October 2013. ^ a b Kaushal, Neeraj. "In-State Tuition For The Undocumented: Education Effects On Mexican Young Adults". Journal of Policy Analysis & Management 27.4 (2008): 771–792. Business Source Complete. Web. 11 December 2013. ^ Passel, Cohn 2009, p. ii. ^ a b Jeanne Batalova, Michael Fix (Oct 2006). "New Estimates of Unauthorized Youth Eligible for Legal Status under the DREAM Act" (PDF). Migration Policy Institute Immigration Backgrounder (1). ^ Passel, Jeffrey S. (Oct 2003). "Further demographics information relating to DREAM Act" (PDF). Urban Institute. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires \|journal= (help) ^ a b Gonzales, Roberto (Oct 2007). "Wasted Talent and Broken Dreams: The Lost Potential of Undocumented Students". 5 in Focus (13). ^ a b "Advising Undocumented Students". The College Board. 2007-09-07. ^ Mianecki, Julie (2011-05-15). "States make their own tuition rules for undocumented students". Los Angeles Times. ^ Krogstad, J. M., Passel, J. S., & Cohn, D. (2017, April 27). 5 facts about illegal immigration in the U.S. Retrieved from http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/27/5-facts-about-illegal-immigration-in-the-u-s/ ^ Passel, J. S., & Cohn, D. (2016, November 17). Children of unauthorized immigrants represent rising share of K-12 students. Retrieved from http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/11/17/children-of-unauthorized-immigrants-represent-rising-share-of-k-12-students/ ^ a b c d Adams, Angela; Boyne, Kerry S. (2015-04-25). "Access to Higher Education for Undocumented and "Dacamented" Students: The Current State of Affairs". Indiana International & Comparative Law Review. 25 (1): 47–62. doi:10.18060/7909.0004. ISSN 2169-3226. ^ Suarez-Orozco, C., Yoshikawa, Teranishi, & Suarez-Orozco, M. (2011). "Growing up in the Shadows: The Developmental Implications of Unauthorized Status". Harvard Educational Review, 81(3), pp. 438–472. Retrieved from http://oppenheimer.mcgill.ca/IMG/pdf/Growing_up.pdf ^ National Center for Education Statistics . (2006). Profile of undergraduates in U.S. postsecondary education institutions 2003–04 with a special analysis of community college students. Washington DC: U.S. Department of Education. Retrieved from https://nces.ed.gov/pubs2006/2006184_rev.pdf ^ Abrego, L. J. (2006). I can't go to college because I don't have papers: Incorporation patterns of Latino undocumented youth. Latino Studies, 4, 212–231. Retrieved from http://www.williamperezphd.com/articles/abrego-2006.pdf ^ National Map. (n.d.) Retrieved August 8, 2017 from http://uleadnet.org/ ^ Minnesota Dream Act. (n.d.) Retrieved August 8, 2017 from http://www.ohe.state.mn.us/mPg.cfm?pageID=2056 ^ What Does It Mean To Be Undocumented?. Retrieved August 8, 2017 from https://world.utexas.edu/undocumented/resources/understanding ^ National Conference of State Legislatures. (2015). Undocumented student tuition: Overview. http://www.ncsl.org/research/education/undocumented-student-tuition-overview.aspx ^ Perez, Zenen. "Removing Barriers to Higher Education for Undocumented Students". Scribd. Center for American Progress. Retrieved 2015-04-21. ^ a b c Rincon, Alejandra (2008). Undocumented Immigrants and Higher Education: Si Se Puede!. New York: LFB Scholarly Publishing. pp. 109–143. ^ a b c d Gildersleeve, Ryan Evely; Ranero, Jessica J. (2010-09-01). "Precollege contexts of undocumented students: Implications for student affairs professionals". New Directions for Student Services. 2010 (131): 19–33. doi:10.1002/ss.365. ISSN 1536-0695. ^ Bjorklund, Peter (October 2018). "Undocumented Students in Higher Education: A Review of the Literature, 2001 to 2016". Review of Educational Research. 88 (5): 631–670. doi:10.3102/0034654318783018. ISSN 0034-6543. ^ Bjorklund, Peter (2018-10). "Undocumented Students in Higher Education: A Review of the Literature, 2001 to 2016". Review of Educational Research. 88 (5): 631–670. doi:10.3102/0034654318783018. ISSN 0034-6543. ^ a b Jach, Elizabeth A.; Carvajal, Cynthia N. (2023-09). "Evaluating the effectiveness of UndocuAlly trainings: A case example in the state of New York". New Directions for Higher Education. 2023 (203): 109–123. doi:10.1002/he.20477. ISSN 0271-0560. ^ a b c Lad, Kaetlyn; Braganza, Desiree (2012-12-31). "Increasing Knowledge Related to the Experiences of Undocumented Immigrants in Public Schools". Educational Leadership and Administration: Teaching and Program Development. 24: 1–15. ISSN 1064-4474. ^ Pérez, P. A., & Rodríguez, J. L. (2011). "Access and Opportunity for Latina/o Undocumented College Students: Familial and Institutional Support Factors". AMAE Journal, 5(1), 14–21. ^ Jiménez-Silva, Margarita; Bempechat, Janine (8 November 2021). Latinx Experiences in U.S. Schools: Voices of Students, Teachers, Teacher Educators, and Education Allies in Challenging Sociopolitical Times. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-7936-1188-8. ^ Ellis, Lauren M., and Eric C. Chen. "Negotiating Identity Development Among Undocumented Immigrant College Students: A Grounded Theory Study." Journal of Counseling Psychology 60.2 (2013): 251-264. PsycARTICLES. Web. 10 November 2013. ^ "Fact Sheet: An Overview of College-Bound Undocumented Students" (PDF). Educators for Fair Consideration. 1 January 2012. Retrieved 21 April 2015. ^ Perez, Zenen. "Removing Barriers to Higher Education for Undocumented Students." Scribd. Center for American Progress, 1 December 2014. Web. 21 April 2015. <https://www.scribd.com/doc/246479454/Removing-Barriers-to-Higher-Education-for-Undocumented-Students> ^ Athanasiou, Joy. "Basic Facts About Undocumented Students." Together Colorado. Higher Education Access Alliance, 1 January 2013. Web. 21 April 2015. <http://www.togethercolorado.org/documents/BasicFactsAboutUndocumentedStudents.pdf> ^ Garcia, Lorena (2020-06-02). Respect Yourself, Protect Yourself. New York University Press. doi:10.18574/nyu/9780814733189.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-8147-3318-9. S2CID 250650351. ^ a b c d Vaquera, Elizabeth; Aranda, Elizabeth; Sousa-Rodriguez, Isabel (2017-04-08). "Emotional Challenges of Undocumented Young Adults: Ontological Security, Emotional Capital, and Well-being". Social Problems. 64 (2): 298–314. doi:10.1093/socpro/spx010. ISSN 0037-7791. ^ Taylor, John; Turner, R. Jay (September 2002). "Perceived Discrimination, Social Stress, and Depression in the Transition to Adulthood: Racial Contrasts". Social Psychology Quarterly. 65 (3): 213. doi:10.2307/3090120. JSTOR 3090120. ^ Everett, Bethany G.; Onge, Jarron Saint; Mollborn, Stefanie (2016-04-08). "Effects of Minority Status and Perceived Discrimination on Mental Health". Population Research and Policy Review. 35 (4): 445–469. doi:10.1007/s11113-016-9391-3. ISSN 0167-5923. PMC 6411308. PMID 30867619. ^ a b Canizales, Stephanie L. (March 2023). "" Si Mis Papas Estuvieran Aquí ": Unaccompanied Youth Workers' Emergent Frame of Reference and Health in the United States". Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 64 (1): 120–135. doi:10.1177/00221465221122831. ISSN 0022-1465. PMC 10009315. PMID 36086856. ^ Torres, R. M., & Wicks-Asbun, M. (2014). Undocumented Students' Narratives of Liminal Citizenship: High Aspirations, Exclusion, and “In-Between” Identities*. Professional Geographer, 66(2), 195–204. doi:10.1080/00330124.2012.735936 ^ Abrego, L. J. 2008. "Legitimacy, social identity, and the mobilization of law: The effects of Assembly Bill 540 on undocumented students". California Law & Social Inquiry 33 (3): 709–734. ^ a b c d Perez, W., Espinoza, R., Ramos, K., Coronado, H., & Cortes, R. (2010). Civic engagement patterns of undocumented Mexican students. Journal of Hispanic Higher Education, 9(3), 245–265. ^ a b Munoz, S. M. (2008). Understanding issues of college persistence for undocumented Mexican Immigrant women from the new Latino Diaspora: A case study (Unpublished doctoral Dissertation). Iowa State University, Ames, IA. ^ a b c d Chang, A., Torrez, M., Ferguson, K., & Sagar, A. (2017). Figured worlds and american dreams: An exploration of agency and identity among latinx undocumented students. The Urban Review, . ^ Zimmerman, Arely M. 2011. "A Dream Detained: Undocumented Latino Youth and the DREAM Movement". NACLA Report On The Americas 44, no. 6: 14–17. Corporate ResourceNet, EBSCOhost. ^ Seif, Hinda. "'Unapologetic And Unafraid': Immigrant Youth Come Out From The Shadows". New Directions For Child & Adolescent Development 2011.134 (2011): 59–75. Academic Search Complete. Web. 10 November 2013. ^ Rivera-Silber, Natasha. "'Coming Out Undocumented7 in the Age of Perry". Review of Law & Social Change. 37.7 (2013): 71–78. Web. 10 November 2013. ^ a b Cisneros, Jesus; Valdivia, Diana (2020). ""We Are Legit Now": Establishing Undocumented Student Resource Centers on Campus". Journal of College Student Development. 61 (1): 51–66. doi:10.1353/csd.2020.0003. ISSN 1543-3382. ^ a b Cisneros, Jesus; Valdivia, Diana (2020). ""We Are Legit Now": Establishing Undocumented Student Resource Centers on Campus". Journal of College Student Development. 61 (1): 51–66. doi:10.1353/csd.2020.0003. ISSN 1543-3382. ^ Yasuike, Akiko (2019-01-02). "The academic success of undocumented Latino students: School programs, non-profit organizations, and social capital". Journal of Latinos and Education. 18 (1): 42–52. doi:10.1080/15348431.2017.1418354. ISSN 1534-8431. ^ Kreisberg, A. Nicole; Hsin, Amy (2021-12-13). "The higher educational trajectories of undocumented youth in New York City". Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 47 (17): 3822–3845. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2020.1750947. ISSN 1369-183X. PMC 10035561. ^ Lopez, Lopez 2010, p. 16. ^ Doe v. Plyler, 458 E. D. Tex. 575 (1978). ^ a b Doe v. Plyer, 458 E. D. Tex. 585 (1978). ^ Lopez, Lopez 2010, p. 40. ^ Obama, B. (2012). Remarks by the President on immigration. Rose Garden, White House, Washington, DC. Retrieved from www.whitehouse.gov ^ Napolitano, J. (2012). Exercising Prosecutorial Discretion with Respect to Individuals Who Came to the United States as Children. ^ a b Department of Homeland Security. (2016). Consideration of Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA). ^ Consideration of Deferred Action for Childhood Process ^ a b Fiflis, Christina A. "Deferred Action For Childhood Arrivals." Gpsolo 30.5 (2013): 28-32. Academic Search Complete. Web. 12 December 2013. ^ Foley, Elise (2013-08-14). "Deferred Action Immigration Program in First Year Aids More Than 400,000". Huffington Post. ^ D'OTTAVIO, KARI E. "Deferred Action For Childhood Arrivals: Why Granting Driver's Licenses To Daca Beneficiaries Makes Constitutional And Political Sense." Maryland Law Review 72.3 (2013): 931-966. Academic Search Complete. Web. 12 December 2013. ^ a b Hooker, Sarah, Margie McHugh, and Angelo Mathay (2015). Lessons from the Local Level: DACA’s Implementation and Impact on Education and Training Success. Washington, DC: Migration Policy Institute. ^ Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996, Pub. L. No. 104-206, 110 Stat. 3009. ^ "Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996", Pub. L. No. 104–193, 110 Stat. 2105. ^ a b "Bill Summary and Status 111th Congress (2009-2010) S. 3992". Archived from the original on 2016-01-17. Retrieved 2018-09-28. Further reading Nicholls, Walter (2013). The DREAMers: How the Undocumented Youth Movement Transformed the Immigrant Rights Debate. Stanford. Swanson, Kate; Torres, Rebecca Maria (2016-11-30). "Child Migration and Transnationalized Violence in Central and North America". Journal of Latin American Geography. 15 (3): 23–48. doi:10.1353/lag.2016.0029. ISSN 1548-5811. S2CID 151813596. Fiorito, Tara; Nicholls, Walter J. (2023). "Representational Hierarchies in Social Movements: A Case Study of the Undocumented Immigrant Youth Movement". American Journal of Sociology 129 (2): 485–529.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"U.S. citizenship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizenship_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shannon-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Persistent_Inequality-4"},{"link_name":"1.5 generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1.5_generation"},{"link_name":"K–12 education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%E2%80%9312_education"},{"link_name":"Plyler v. Doe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plyler_v._Doe"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gonzales-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gonzales-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Coming of age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coming_of_age"},{"link_name":"driver's license","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driver%27s_license"},{"link_name":"post-secondary education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-secondary_education"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gonzales-5"},{"link_name":"DACA (Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deferred_Action_for_Childhood_Arrivals"},{"link_name":"SSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Security_Number"},{"link_name":"work permit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work_Permit"},{"link_name":"Trump Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Undocumented youth in the United States[a] are young people living in the United States without U.S. citizenship or other legal immigration status. An estimated 1.1 million undocumented minors resided in the U.S. as of 2010, making up 16% of the undocumented population of 11 million.[2] Undocumented students face unique legal uncertainties and limitations within the United States educational system.[3] They are sometimes called the 1.5 generation (as opposed to first- or second-generation), as they have spent a majority of their lives in the United States.Children have the legal right to a public K–12 education regardless of immigration status due to the 1982 US Supreme Court ruling in Plyler v. Doe.[4] After navigating through primary education, undocumented youth transition into an adulthood that does not grant them those provisions.[4] Although some undocumented students find their way to legal status, many remain undocumented.[5]It has been noted that many undocumented youth experience a period of adapting to a new identity (being \"illegal\") that is stigmatized and unexpected. Coming of age, many undocumented youth become negatively distinguished from their former peers because of their inability to work legally, obtain a driver's license, or participate in post-secondary education. These limitations with regards to citizenship frequently prove to be obstacles to the youth's opportunity for social and civic engagement.[4]DACA (Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals) is a program that gives undocumented individuals the ability to be legally present in the United states, giving them a SSN and a work permit. As of June 18, 2020, the Supreme Court has ruled that the Trump Administration cannot legally repeal the program, writing that the \"DHS’s decision to rescind DACA was arbitrary and capricious.\"[6][7]","title":"Undocumented youth in the United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Undocumented students may not know how to navigate the higher education system in their state and often leads to students not attending college. Undocumented students might assume that it is out of their financial means or not available to them due to their residency status. This leaves undocumented students in a vulnerable place because they are not gaining the educational experience and are not eligible for legal work.[8] According to the US: The Human Rights of Dreamers, Also that Undocumented students should be secured while they live in the United States. The only way the child entered the United States is by their parents. Some people believe they shouldn't be penalized for their parents actions. Others believe they shouldn't be allowed to benefit from the unlawful actions of their parents. Also there are not a lot of immigrants eligible for the Dream Act.[9] According to Undocumented Undergraduates and the Criminal States of Immigration Reform, Undocumented students still have a lot of challenges while attending college in the United States. A lot of undocumented students have issues with certain people they can trust within their community. Based on their status of being considered an alien in the United States they feel secluded. Undocumented immigrants feel as though they don't belong in the United States that because of how people treat them.[10]Undocumented immigrants, particularly students, are a difficult subgroup of the population to research; there is not much current statistical data available. As a result of their precarious legal and social situation, undocumented immigrants are hesitant to identify themselves as being unauthorized, and the process of estimating statistics and drawing conclusions can be lengthy and cumbersome. While exact numbers are not known, there has been an increased emphasis on the challenges facing undocumented students nationwide.[11]Immigrants students got or loss persistence because of financial aid, some of them doesn't have any chance to get enough money to go to college, even people between 18-24 years old don't finish high school because their lack of persistence. Even students with immigrant families represents 31% of all college students in 2021, up from 20% in 2000. [12]","title":"Undocumented students"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"unauthorized immigrant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unauthorized_immigrant"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chen2010-15"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"It is difficult to determine national statistics for the demographic makeup of undocumented students. However, it can be inferred that statistics for undocumented students would be very closely related to those for the unauthorized immigrant population as a whole. Since 2014, approximately 11.1 million such immigrants live in the United States, which has seen only a small increase since 2007.[13] Approximately 17%, roughly two million, of these immigrants are under the age of 18,[14] about 65 thousand graduate from high school each year, and only 5–10% of them continue to higher education.[8]While the undocumented student population comes from all over the world, a majority come from Mexico and other Central American countries, with approximately 6.7 million came from Mexico.[13] The second-largest sending region is Asia. In 2012, the Philippine undocumented population in the U.S. consisted of approximately 310,000 people and there were 260,000 such immigrants from India. Although often left out of the conversation, Asian and Pacific Islanders are a significant population in the undocumented community. The cultural expectations of immigrants in these communities often influence a more silenced and hidden existence than other cultures. There tends to be a heavier stigma against those who are undocumented, even within the culture.[15]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gonzales-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gonzales-5"},{"link_name":"Graduation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduation"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gonzales-5"},{"link_name":"student financial aid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_financial_aid_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kaushal-18"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gonzales-5"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kaushal-18"}],"text":"Public schooling allows undocumented youth to assimilate into society.[4] Youth from K-12 are protected by the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act. This specific act prevents schools from releasing any information from students' records to immigration authorities.[4] Graduation for these youth serves as a traumatic change in status and identity from student to \"illegal alien\" and \"illegal worker\". This \"state of shock\" causes depressed motivation and financial anxiety causing youth to drop out of high school. 40 percent of undocumented adults ages 18–24 do not complete high school. Of those that complete high school, only 49 percent attend college. Many youths reported a feeling of falling through the cracks, instances where they were not able to get assistance from their educational institutions.[4] The inability to receive federal and state student financial aid, as well as low family incomes, limits access for undocumented youth to attend post secondary schooling.[16] In 2006, Hispanic youth had the lowest educational attainment out of any ethnic or racial group.[17] Parents can often not provide financial assistance and immigrant youths carry financial burden within their households.[4]Access to a college education can help improve the status of undocumented youth. Graduating college allows youth to improve labor market skills and makes them eligible for jobs where employers might potentially sponsor a temporary legal visa. A college education also increases youth marriageability increasing the chances for youth to marry a legal citizen and obtain legal status through familial relationship.[17] The majority of undocumented children are growing up with legal access to public education but face legal barriers to higher education (Abrogate, 2006). Abrogate interviewed a girl named Alisa who came to the United States at the age of five from Guatemala; she encountered the difficulties of higher education. She was a student who excelled academically in high school and was admitted to the University of California. Alisa became disheartened due to her status and was unable to be given financial aid. Some researchers explain that undocumented children face an economic barrier when pursuing a higher education and find that because of this they are unable to attend a University (Abrogate; Shields and Bergman, 2004; Gonzales, 2011; Crossness and Turkey, 2011). Due to this, The Dream Act was proposed to the Senate and the House of Representatives and was only 13 states that include California, Connecticut, Illinois, Kansas, Maryland, Nebraska, New Mexico, New York, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Washington, and Wisconsin passed their state laws. These states allow undocumented children to pay in-state tuition based on their attendance and graduation from a state high school (Schmidt 2013).","title":"Education access"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UnauthorizedYouth-20"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UnauthorizedYouth-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WastedTalent-22"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WastedTalent-22"}],"text":"The Pew Hispanic Center estimates that 1.5 million undocumented students currently reside in the United States.[18] Of these students, about 765,000 arrived in the United States before turning sixteen.[19] It is also estimated that there were 360,000 undocumented high school graduates between the ages of eighteen and twenty-four in the United States in 2006.[19] However, it is estimated that each year only 5 to 10 percent of undocumented high-school graduates—about 65,000 nationwide—are eligible to attend college.[20] In 2005, only about 50,000 undocumented students enrolled in U.S. colleges and universities.[21] Of these college students, 18,000 were enrolled in California community colleges in the 2005-2006 school year as a result of financial accessibility.[21] According to Roberto Gonzalez, Professor of Sociology at the University of Washington, \"Given the opportunity to receive additional education and move into better-paying jobs, undocumented students would pay more in taxes and have more money to spend and invest in the U.S. economy.\"","title":"Higher education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AdvisingUndocumentedStudents-23"},{"link_name":"state attorney general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_attorney_general"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AdvisingUndocumentedStudents-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StatesTuitionRules-24"}],"sub_title":"Admission and enrollment","text":"There is no federal law that prohibits the admission of undocumented immigrants to U.S. colleges and universities, public or private, nor does federal law require students to prove citizenship in order to enter U.S. institutions of higher education.[22] However, every institution has its own policies on admitting undocumented students. For example, following a 2003 recommendation by the state attorney general, many 4-year state colleges in Virginia require applicants to submit proof of citizenship or legal residency, and refuse admission to students without documentation.[22] This policy is not, however, a state law. South Carolina and Alabama, do not allow undocumented students to apply to public universities[23]","title":"Higher education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deferred_Action_for_Childhood_Arrivals"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SiSePuede-36"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SiSePuede-36"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SiSePuede-36"}],"sub_title":"Tuition and financial aid","text":"As of 2015, there were 11 million unauthorized immigrants in the United States, a small decline from the Pew Research Center's estimate of 11.3 million for 2009.[24] In 2014, about 3.9 million students in kindergarten through 12th grade in U.S. public and private schools were children of unauthorized immigrants. While 3.2 million of this population were U.S. born, approximately 725,000 or 1.3% were unauthorized students themselves and potentially not receiving the financial resources they need to pursue higher education in the United States.[25]Programs such as the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) create open space for undocumented students to qualify for post secondary education benefits discussed in policies such as IIRIRA. The language in PRWORA, still bars DACA recipients to receive public benefits since they are not \"qualified aliens\". The language in both PRWORA and IIRIRA are vague enough that they allow states to decide how to address tuition rates and state financial aid for their students. Although many states use these statutes as the reason to deny federal and state financial aid many others argue that the definition of public benefits does not include offering in-state tuition to undocumented students.[26]There is no federal or state law that prohibits the admission of these immigrants to U.S. colleges and universities, but instead, non permanent residents and undocumented students are treated differently from one state to the next, resulting in no cohesive process and potential confusion for undocumented students.[27] Research has found that immigrant students lack information about financing college and are thus less likely to apply for and take advantage of student loans.[28] With access to the necessary information, support, and financial resources, however, higher education – and the opportunities that come with it – is certainly a viable option for undocumented students.[29]According to the u Lead Network,[30] as of 2017, there are 16 states that offer in-state tuition rates to undocumented students who meet specific criteria, with several of these offering state-funded financial aid as well:In addition to these 16 states, Hawaii, Michigan, Oklahoma, and Rhode Island allow this through the school system, their Board of Regents. Virginia only allows in-state tuition for DACA students.[33]While some states opt to pass their own legislation allowing in-state tuition for undocumented students, it does not fully bridge the gap for financial aid. Some states, like Georgia, have worked against education for undocumented students by forbidding enrollment in some colleges.[34]Outside of the aforementioned states offering state financial aid, undocumented students are not eligible for federal financial aid,[35] which makes the cost of tuition and fees an even greater obstacle to higher education. Undocumented students must rely primarily on private scholarships as a source of funding for their postsecondary education. There are a few private scholarships that do not require the student to be a U.S. citizen or resident or have a social security number in order to apply. The Mexican American Legal Defense and Education Fund (MALDEF) maintains the most comprehensive listing of such scholarships.[35]Private colleges and universities set their own financial aid policies. Some offer financial aid in the form of grants and scholarships to undocumented students.[35]","title":"Higher education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-37"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-37"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-37"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-40"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-41"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-41"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-41"}],"sub_title":"Additional barriers","text":"Understanding how to navigate the higher education labyrinth is a learned social practice, a skill acquired through social networks, parent understanding, and access to the information. The opportunities to learn about college access is inequitably taught to undocumented students.[36] Undocumented students face many challenges in their pre-collegiate years that can inhibit their knowledge to access to higher education in the future. Most undocumented students come from working class or working poor families, which often forces them to live in communities where they become vulnerable to crimes, poor housing conditions, high unemployment, and underperforming schools[36] Many of the schools they attend face high teacher turnover, overcrowding, and inadequate teacher preparation. Many of the students are placed into language development courses, which often do not provide the rigorous coursework needed for college preparation.[36] These students also may struggle with their schoolwork due to the discontinuity in their education. Some students arrive in the United States after attending schools in their country of birth. Adjusting to the education system in the United States can be a challenge for students. Some may be behind because their previous schools were not teaching the same curriculum or if their schools were ahead of the curriculum, students might lose interest in their new schools. Undocumented students can also struggle with their need to contribute money to their household. Some students work as migrant farmers alongside their parents, this economic need can set them back in their education and in their path to understanding the steps to higher education.[36] All of these things can inhibit undocumented students from successfully preparing for higher education.Another barrier undocumented students face in their access to higher education is the lack of resources and adequate support from school professionals.[37] Many school professionals—teachers, counselors, other personnel—are not always aware of their state's policies regarding admission, tuition and financial aid for undocumented students.[38] Some school professionals are even unaware which students on their campus are undocumented.[39] School professionals, often, do not receive training about policies that affect students and some have acknowledged that they only learned because of interactions with students or what they have learned through the media.[40] Some undocumented students, who have been surveyed regarding their educational experience, claimed to feel as if they \"lucked out\", having someone to mentor them in college access.[40] Unfortunately, not all students feel this way. Although some students do acknowledge having an influential teacher or college counselor, many students feel unsupported or feel as they were given incorrect information.[41]A way that places of higher education can overcome these barriers for undocumented students is through the establishment of an Undocumented Student Program or having some sort of UndocuAlly training. UndocuAlly trainings are aimed at reducing the stigmas and prejudices towards immigrants by offering workshops in which staff and faculty are informed on the struggles faced by undocumented students pursuing a higher educations and different ways in which they can support said students. Workshops consist of student panels where undocumented students are empowered by being able to share their stories and struggles as they navigate higher education. Aside from the student panels, these workshops also contain information on laws and legislation that directly and indirectly affect undocumented students across the United States. Through these trainings, staff and faculty can better serve their undocumented students by enabling them with career-building opportunities along with the establishment of support services/centers specifically for undocumented students. [42]Having college access information available to support undocumented students is not only a tool that undocumented students can use for themselves, it is information that they can then pass down to others. Many parents of undocumented students do not have the knowledge to help their child pursue higher education, but these families have strong family networks, and with accurate information, students will then be able to share it with the younger children in their networks. If community groups and school professionals reach out to undocumented students in ways that work within their culture, these students can have in increased chance of attending higher education.[40]","title":"Higher education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gonzales-5"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"}],"text":"Youth brought to the United States as adolescents are at greater risk for adjustment difficulties. Many undergo acculturated distress; poor mental health, depression, anxiety, a feeling of alienation, and identity confusion.[43] Markers in the transition into adulthood, such as finding work, applying for college, and obtaining a driver's license, all require legal status to obtain. Youth undergo three transition periods as they enter into adulthood; discovery, learning to be undocumented, and coping. The first, discovery (ages 16–18) is the time where youth first discover that they are undocumented. Within this period, key transitional markers such as obtaining a driver's license and applying for college are experienced. These markers often become the first time many youth learn that they are undocumented. The second period, learning to be undocumented (ages 18–24) is a series of life alterations in which youth learn to live as an undocumented immigrant. This includes finding work as an undocumented immigrant and postponing secondary education. The third, coping (ages 25–29) is adjusting to lower expectations and realizing the true limits of their rights. This leads many youth to follow into the same job pool as their undocumented parents.[4]This gap still exists between higher education and financial aid for undocumented students. Since undocumented students are not eligible for most forms of financial aid, merit scholarships are not feasible as they are most often restrict their eligibility to U.S. citizens or permanent residents. Undocumented students are not eligible for federal aid, thus, benefits that come from FAFSA or Pell Grants do not apply to these students. Most state-based aid is also out of reach for undocumented students so grants, work study and loans are not options.[44] States opt to pass their own legislation allowing in-state tuition for undocumented students; while this is an important step for undocumented students, it does not fully bridge the gap for financial aid. Some states, like Georgia, have worked against education for undocumented students by forbidding enrollment in some colleges.[45] Statistics show $11.8 billion in taxes each year comes from undocumented immigrants (Tax Contributions). Findings also show that there would be an $845 million in tax revenue with the Obama Administration's executive action that includes the implementation of DACA and its expansion. These findings also show that a full immigration reform would increase tax revenue by $2.2 billion (Tax Contributions). Giving these groups the availability for higher education aid would only increase these benefits through their consumption and investment in the economy.[46]","title":"Employment and transitions into adulthood"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stigma_social.jpg"},{"link_name":"Stigma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_stigma"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:32-48"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-49"},{"link_name":"ontological security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontological_security"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-49"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-49"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-49"},{"link_name":"discrimination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrimination"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:42-50"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-51"},{"link_name":"chronic stress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_stress"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-52"},{"link_name":"verbal abuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbal_abuse"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-52"}],"text":"Stigma socialStigma affects undocumented youth in the United States significantly. The stigma that undocumented youth face, starting from a very young age, has shown to have serious effects on their well-being. An immigrant’s “transition from the world of youthful innocence—of school and friends, clubs, sports, and dances—to the tenuous circumstances of clandestine adult life was jarring.”[47] Undocumented youth are excluded from driving, traveling, or getting a job which would usually be normal and relatively easy life experiences for someone who was born in the United States, but for undocumented youth it causes a significant amount of stress.By knowing the stressors that immigrant youth are confronted with, it can help us understand how these stressors affect their mental and overall well being in the short term and the long term. The mental wellbeing of undocumented immigrants is affected by the amount of “ontological security” they have or lack thereof.[48] According to Vaquera, ontological security is the confidence that most people have in the consistency of their social and physical surroundings which unfortunately is not something that most undocumented immigrants have access to.[48] Most undocumented youth have no choice but to go through life with minimal social support.[48] They often face judgment for seeking any assistance as they are usually seen as outsiders.[48]Even just “perceptions of discrimination\" are closely tied to mental strain and pressure.[49] The more they lack social resources, the more likely they are to endure the challenges that perceived discrimination can cause.[50] Undocumented youth face challenges such as dealing with housing, community, and job market situations. As well as, being unable to access social support systems like healthcare. These obstacles can cause psychological, chronic stress at such a young age which is extremely dangerous.[51] Many undocumented immigrants describe \"the mental and emotional distress of verbal abuse, name-calling, and financial stress; and difficulties escaping these conditions.”[51]","title":"Stigma"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perez,_W._2010-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Munoz,_S._M._2008-56"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Munoz,_S._M._2008-56"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perez,_W._2010-55"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perez,_W._2010-55"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perez,_W._2010-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chang,_A._2017-57"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chang,_A._2017-57"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chang,_A._2017-57"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chang,_A._2017-57"}],"text":"Even though there are several barriers undocumented students encounter in higher education, they continue to have high academic aspirations. A quantitative study described that Latino students see higher education as a road to better themselves. Their stories of aspirations are geared towards helping others and giving back to their community.[52] Giving back helps to affirm their social citizenship, existence, and validates their access to higher education.[53]Educational institutions play a role in promoting civic engagement among students. When schools provide volunteer opportunities and require community service to graduate, there's a higher chance that students will civically engaged after graduation.[54] In a qualitative study, Munoz[55][better source needed] found that undocumented female Mexican college students expressed frustration, helplessness, and fear because of their lack of legal status. However, they also disclosed being very involved in college extracurricular activities to feel a sense of belonging and validation. Munoz's [55] qualitative study also indicates that 40% of undocumented students chose to be involved by participating in community service or mentoring activities to assist undocumented youth like themselves.Due to their unclear legal status, some youth do generate feelings of being an outsider and dissociate from civic engagement.[54] Through an online survey of open-ended questions, Perez, Espinoza, Ramos, Coronado, and Cortes [54] reported that in elementary school, 38% of undocumented students were civically engaged. In middle school, rates increased to 41%. In high school, 73% participated in civic engagement with 34% reporting spending more than 40 hours per year doing volunteer work. Also, 7% participated in social services, 3% were engaged in activism, 29% tutored other students, and 55% operated administrative work. In general, 86% of all respondents also participated in extracurricular activities during high school. In addition to college, 55% participated in some form of civic engagement. Even though undocumented Latino students had a high percentage in civic engagement, they also reported higher levels of feeling rejection because of their undocumented status. Ultimately, Perez, Espinoza, Ramos, Coronado, and Cortes [54] identified feelings of rejection were not correlated with lack of involvement and that most undocumented Latino youth going to college are engaging in U.S. civic life.Undocumented youth change and acculturate to multiple circumstances that surround them by studying hard, following the codes of conduct, and acting as good citizens of the United States. Chang, Torrez, Ferguson, and Sagar [56] conducted a qualitative study of 18 students, ages 18 and above, who identified as undocumented or were once undocumented, They found that students often had to be involved ad engaged in the community to feel accepted. Undocumented students navigate the best they could between social and cultural intrusions.[56] Students often create a foundation to keep moving forward and not give up by taking advantage of their community cultural wealth as a mechanism to keep hope.Even though there are political restrictions for undocumented students to self-advocate, multiple students remained hopeful because they stood by the ideal cultural citizenship even if it seemed unattainable.[56] Chang, Torrez, Ferguson, and Sagar's [56] study showed that participants' process of interpreting, integrating, and interjecting themselves as valuable objects with hope that even from their socially and social positions they strongly engaged in different cultural worlds to achieve the American dream. Undocumented students keep high aspirations and participate in civil engagement, disregarding the barriers they may face due to their undocumented status in the United States.","title":"Engagement of undocumented students"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dreamers_AZ_Sit-in_5-17-10.jpg"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"DREAM Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DREAM_Act"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"LGBTQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBTQ"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"}],"text":"Students protesting on behalf of the DREAM Act in Senator John McCain's office, May 2010In recent years,[when?] undocumented youth have gathered to lobby for legislative action. Organizations such as the Education Not Deportation (END) Our Pain Organization have been established to demand moratorium for youth eligible for the Development, Relief, Education for Alien Minors (DREAM Act) Act which would grant conditional legal status to those brought here under the age of 16 if they attend college or join the military. Throughout 2009 and 2010, a number of sit-ins, hunger strikes, marches, and social media campaigns were conducted by many activist organizations. United We Dream organized 500 youth to participate in a National DREAM Act graduation in Washington combined with 15 more ceremonies nationwide.[57] Between September and December 2010 pro-immigrant groups generated over 840,000 call, faces, and emails in favor of the DREAM Act, as well as 81,000 petitions delivered to targeted Senate offices.[58] Youth activists often invoke a feeling of coming out, relating to the same action experienced by the LGBTQ community, to protest for protection of their rights despite threats of arrest, imprisonment, and deportation.[59]","title":"Youth activism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-61"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-62"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-62"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-61"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-40"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"}],"sub_title":"UndocuAlly Training through Undocumented Student Programs","text":"Research shows that undocumented students are well served by programs that are based on UndocuAlly training, and oftentimes these programs are started through student-led initiatives[60].Undocumented student programs provide a foundation for community building and access to resources unique to undocumented students such as low-cost legal services, mental health workshops, and career building opportunities.[61] Although such programs are a fairly new thing, they have had a significant impact in the retention and recruitment of undocumented students in higher education[62].UndocuAlly training is aimed at reducing the stigmas and prejudices towards immigrants by offering workshops in which staff and faculty are informed on the struggles faced by undocumented students pursuing a higher education and different ways in which they can support said students.[61] Workshops consist of student panels where undocumented students share their stories and struggles as they navigate higher education.[60] These workshops also contain information on laws and legislation that directly and indirectly affect undocumented students across the United States.[39] Through these trainings, staff and faculty can better serve their undocumented students by enabling them with career-building opportunities along with the establishment of support services/centers specifically for undocumented students.[63]","title":"Youth activism"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Legislation affecting undocumented students"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_American_Legal_Defense_and_Educational_Fund"},{"link_name":"Equal Protection Clause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_Protection_Clause"},{"link_name":"Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DoePlyer585-67"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DoePlyer585-67"},{"link_name":"Social Security numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Security_numbers"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"}],"sub_title":"Plyler v. Doe","text":"In the United States, children are given the right to an elementary and secondary education (K-12) regardless of their immigration status.Plyler v. Doe, 457 U.S. 202 (1982), was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States struck down a state statute denying funding for education to undocumented immigrant children. The case simultaneously struck down a municipal school district's attempt to charge such immigrants an annual $1,000 tuition fee to compensate for state funding.[citation needed] The Court found that where states limit the rights afforded to people (specifically children) based on their status as immigrants, this limitation must be examined under an intermediate scrutiny standard to determine whether it furthers a substantial goal of the State.Prior to 1975, all students in Texas were able to attend public elementary and secondary school. The state government provided funding to schools based on the number of students enrolled. In May 1975, the state legislature amended the Texas Education Code to provide that only U.S. citizens or lawfully admitted non citizens would be counted for financial aid purposes.[64] Schools were given the option to allow or reject undocumented students and to charge tuition if they chose to accept them. School officials in Tyler, Texas, under the direction of Superintendent James Plyler, began charging $1,000 annual tuition to all undocumented students—about 60 from a student body of 1,600.[65] In September 1977, the Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund (MALDEF) filed a class action on behalf of sixteen Mexican undocumented students of the Tyler district.The trial court found that the Texas law violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution because it amounted to a total deprivation of education without a rational basis.[66] The court rejected the state's arguments regarding the cost of educating undocumented children, finding that the federal government largely subsidized the additional costs that the education of these children entailed and that \"it is not sufficient justification that a law saves money\".[66]In order to comply with Plyler, education policy analysts have suggested that schools may not:deny admission to a student on the basis of undocumented status;\ntreat a student fundamentally differently from others when determining residency;\nengage in practices that frighten undocumented students and their families away from school access;\nrequire students or parents to disclose or document immigration status;\nmake inquiries of students or parents that may expose their undocumented status;\nrequire Social Security numbers from any student.[67]Plyler does not extend to post secondary education, but at least guarantees undocumented students the opportunity to receive a high school degree.","title":"Legislation affecting undocumented students"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Department of Homeland Security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Homeland_Security"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-71"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fiflis-73"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fiflis-73"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-76"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-76"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-27"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-71"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-27"}],"sub_title":"Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA)","text":"On June 15, 2012, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) announced the executive (President Obama and his administration) decision to defer immigration enforcement for undocumented youth who meet specific requirements set under the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) plan. This order provided temporary relief from immigration enforcement and deportation proceedings, as well as the authorization to work.[68] In Janet Napolitano's memorandum to the U.S. Customs and Border Patrol, U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, and U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, the Secretary of Homeland Security stated that immigration laws should be enforced sensibly and with consideration to the individual situation. In the case for these young people living in the U.S, she stated that they had no intent on breaking any law and should have the opportunity to be productive people in this country.[69]Individuals may request DACA if they meet the following requirements:[70][71]Under the age of 31 as of June 15, 2012 (at least 15 years or older at the time of application);\nCame to the United States before the age of 16;\nHave continuously lived in the United States since June 15, 2007, up to the present time;\nWere physically present in the United States on June 15, 2012, and at the time of making your request for consideration of deferred action with USCIS;\nHad no lawful status on June 15, 2012;\nAre currently in school, have graduated or obtained a certificate of completion from high school, have obtained a general education development (GED) certificate, or are an honorably discharged veteran of the Coast Guard or Armed Forces of the United States; and\nHave not been convicted of a felony, significant misdemeanor, or three or more other misdemeanors, and do not otherwise pose a threat to national security or public safety.Applicants who meet the guidelines are granted a two-year reprieve and are granted work authorization.[72] An estimated 1.8 million undocumented youth are eligible for deferred action.[72] As of August 2013, 557,000 immigrants applied for deferred action and 400,562 have been approved.[73] In reaction to the executive order, some states such as Arizona and Nebraska announced that they would not prescribe state benefits such as granting driver's licenses to recipients. The majority of states announced that they would grant driver's licenses to recipients along with Michigan and Iowa who reversed their decisions to deny state benefits.[74] Without permanent residence, youth granted deferred action still cannot receive federal financial aid. Access to secondary education is still limited, but youth who are granted the ability to work have the potential for increased wages and the ability to pay tuition costs.According to the Migration Policy Institute, approximately two million people are eligible for the DACA program, as the programs rules currently stand.[75] In 2014 President Obama announced an expansion of DACA; removing the maximum age limit, changing the entry date to 2010, and extending the deferment period to three years.[75] This extended program could potentially allow an additional 300 thousand people eligibility.[26] As of 2016, the expansion was placed on hold due to a court injunction, in United States v. Texas.[70]DACA is sometimes seen as legislation that provides a pathway to citizenship or as a way of receiving lawful immigration status. Neither is true, the deferment only provides the qualified recipients to have a lawful presence, meaning the authorities cannot force them to leave the country although they still lack legal immigration status. DACA statuses can be terminated or not renewed based on the discretion of DHS, as it is not a law. DACA is a presidential executive authority, which also means that it can change based on future presidents. DACA, therefore, creates open space for undocumented students to qualify for post secondary education benefits.[26]","title":"Legislation affecting undocumented students"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"}],"sub_title":"Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (IIRIRA)","text":"In 1996, Congress approved the Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (IIRIRA) to improve immigration law in the United States. Section 505 of IIRIRA prohibits public higher education institutions from giving those who are unlawfully present in the United States post secondary education benefits, on the basis of residency in a State, that are not being given to U.S. citizens or nationals.[76]","title":"Legislation affecting undocumented students"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-27"}],"sub_title":"Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (PRWORA)","text":"The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (PRWORA) was President Bill Clinton's major welfare reform. PRWORA is most known for the creation of the Temporary Assistance for Needy Family (TANF) program. Additionally, PRWORA set the standards for how courts and institutions determined the eligibility of federal, state, and local benefits and services.[77] The reform states those who are not \"qualified aliens\" are ineligible for federal public benefits. The act also gives states the discretionary power to determine the tuition rates publicly funded schools and the authority to provide state financial aid. If states do not pass specific legislation regarding these matters then federal legislation superseded and inherently prohibits state financial aid for unauthorized immigrants.[26]","title":"Legislation affecting undocumented students"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BillSummary-79"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BillSummary-79"},{"link_name":"chain migration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_migration"}],"sub_title":"DREAM Act","text":"The Development, Relief and Education for Alien Minors (DREAM) Act is a federal bill that would permit states to determine state residency for higher education or military purposes.[78] This bill was first introduced in the Senate on August 1, 2001, and was most recently re-introduced in Congress on March 26, 2009. A Senate filibuster blocked it on December 18, 2010.[78] It would provide a mechanism for undocumented students of good moral character to become legal permanent residents. The DREAM Act initially allowed beneficiaries to qualify for federal student aid but was changed in the 2010 version of the bill. In order to be eligible, individuals must have come to the U.S. as children (under the age of 16), graduated from a U.S. high school and be a long-term resident (at least 5 years). An age cap of 35 was also set. The latest version of the DREAM Act does not grant legal immigrant status to anyone for at least two years. Previous versions of the Act would have immediately granted legal immigrant status to eligible individuals. Many other limitations were also included in this latest version, among them the removal of access to healthcare benefits and limits to chain migration.","title":"Legislation affecting undocumented students"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"^ Undocumented immigrants are sometimes referred to as being \"unauthorized\", \"out of status\", or \"unlawfully present\"; the term \"illegal\" when applied to people is considered by many to be a slur.[1]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Child Migration and Transnationalized Violence in Central and North America\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//muse.jhu.edu/article/639098"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1353/lag.2016.0029","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1353%2Flag.2016.0029"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1548-5811","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1548-5811"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"151813596","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151813596"},{"link_name":"Representational Hierarchies in Social Movements: A Case Study of the Undocumented Immigrant Youth Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//doi.org/10.1086/726582"}],"text":"Nicholls, Walter (2013). The DREAMers: How the Undocumented Youth Movement Transformed the Immigrant Rights Debate. Stanford.\nSwanson, Kate; Torres, Rebecca Maria (2016-11-30). \"Child Migration and Transnationalized Violence in Central and North America\". Journal of Latin American Geography. 15 (3): 23–48. doi:10.1353/lag.2016.0029. ISSN 1548-5811. S2CID 151813596.\nFiorito, Tara; Nicholls, Walter J. (2023). \"Representational Hierarchies in Social Movements: A Case Study of the Undocumented Immigrant Youth Movement\". American Journal of Sociology 129 (2): 485–529.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Stigma social","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Stigma_social.jpg/220px-Stigma_social.jpg"},{"image_text":"Students protesting on behalf of the DREAM Act in Senator John McCain's office, May 2010","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Dreamers_AZ_Sit-in_5-17-10.jpg/220px-Dreamers_AZ_Sit-in_5-17-10.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Charles Garcia (2012-07-06). \"Why 'illegal Immigrant' Is a Slur\". CNN. Retrieved 2019-01-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnn.com/2012/07/05/opinion/garcia-illegal-immigrants/index.html","url_text":"\"Why 'illegal Immigrant' Is a Slur\""}]},{"reference":"Derek Hawkins (2017-02-09). \"The long struggle over what to call 'undocumented immigrants' or, as Trump said in his order, 'illegal aliens'\". Washington Post. Retrieved 2019-01-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2017/02/09/when-trump-says-illegals-immigrant-advocates-recoil-he-would-have-been-all-right-in-1970/","url_text":"\"The long struggle over what to call 'undocumented immigrants' or, as Trump said in his order, 'illegal aliens'\""}]},{"reference":"Gleason, Shannon; Roberto G. Gonzales (2012). \"When Do Papers Matter? An Institutional Analysis Of Undocumented Life In The United States\". International Migration. 50 (4): 1–19. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2435.2011.00726.x. hdl:1813/75207. ISSN 0020-7985. Retrieved September 9, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/3429292","url_text":"\"When Do Papers Matter? An Institutional Analysis Of Undocumented Life In The United States\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Migration_(journal)","url_text":"International Migration"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-2435.2011.00726.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1468-2435.2011.00726.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1813%2F75207","url_text":"1813/75207"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0020-7985","url_text":"0020-7985"}]},{"reference":"Maria Pabon Lopez, Gerardo R. Lopez (2010). Persistent Inequality: Temporary Realities in the Education of Undocumented Latina/o Students. New York: Routledge. p. 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge","url_text":"Routledge"}]},{"reference":"Gonzales, Roberto G. (2011). \"Learning to Be Illegal: Undocumented Youth and Shifting Legal Contexts in the Transition to Adulthood\" (PDF). American Sociological Review. 76 (4): 602–619. doi:10.1177/0003122411411901. S2CID 144786714. Retrieved 2021-05-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.asanet.org/images/journals/docs/pdf/asr/Aug11ASRFeature.pdf","url_text":"\"Learning to Be Illegal: Undocumented Youth and Shifting Legal Contexts in the Transition to Adulthood\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Sociological_Review","url_text":"American Sociological Review"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0003122411411901","url_text":"10.1177/0003122411411901"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144786714","url_text":"144786714"}]},{"reference":"Abrego, Leisy Janet (2006-10-18). \"\"I Can't Go to College Because I Don't Have Papers\": Incorporation Patterns Of Latino Undocumented Youth\". Latino Studies. 4 (3): 212–231. doi:10.1057/palgrave.lst.8600200. ISSN 1476-3435. S2CID 143138219.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fpalgrave.lst.8600200","url_text":"10.1057/palgrave.lst.8600200"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1476-3435","url_text":"1476-3435"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143138219","url_text":"143138219"}]},{"reference":"\"Supreme Court Rules For DREAMers, Against Trump\". NPR.org. Retrieved 2020-07-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/2020/06/18/829858289/supreme-court-upholds-daca-in-blow-to-trump-administration","url_text":"\"Supreme Court Rules For DREAMers, Against Trump\""}]},{"reference":"Ibarra, Hugo; Sherman, Ross (2012). \"Higher Education Opportunities for Undocumented Students in the United States: What are the Policy Implications for Educators and Legislators\". JEP: eJournal of Education Policy.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"US: The Human Rights of 'Dreamers'\". Human Rights Watch. 2011-07-01. Retrieved 2017-12-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hrw.org/news/2011/07/01/us-human-rights-dreamers","url_text":"\"US: The Human Rights of 'Dreamers'\""}]},{"reference":"Teranishi, Robert (2014). \"In the Shadows of the Ivory Tower: Undocumented Undergraduates and the Liminal States of Immigration Reform\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.undocuscholars.org/assets/undocuscholarsreport2015.pdf","url_text":"\"In the Shadows of the Ivory Tower: Undocumented Undergraduates and the Liminal States of Immigration Reform\""}]},{"reference":"Covington, Brett (2009). \"Is Postsecondary Access for Undocumented Immigrants an Important Right? How the United States and Europe Differ\". Georgetown Immigration Law Journal.","urls":[{"url":"https://litigation-essentials.lexisnexis.com/webcd/app?action=DocumentDisplay&crawlid=1&doctype=cite&docid=23+Geo.+Immigr.+L.J.+403&srctype=smi&srcid=3B15&key=f8bd301fa241168c5b4b4b16b5f35dff","url_text":"\"Is Postsecondary Access for Undocumented Immigrants an Important Right? How the United States and Europe Differ\""}]},{"reference":"Weissman, Sara. \"Students From Immigrant Families on the Rise\". Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved 2023-12-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insidehighered.com/news/students/diversity/2023/08/03/rising-enrollment-students-immigrant-families","url_text":"\"Students From Immigrant Families on the Rise\""}]},{"reference":"Baker, Bryan; Rytina, Nancy (2013). Estimates of the Unauthorized Immigrant Population Residing in the United States: January 2012 (PDF). Office of Immigration Statistics, Policy Directorate, U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-08-18. Retrieved 2018-09-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180818013207/https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/ois_ill_pe_2012_2.pdf","url_text":"Estimates of the Unauthorized Immigrant Population Residing in the United States: January 2012"},{"url":"https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/ois_ill_pe_2012_2.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Chen, Edith Wen-Chu (2010). Encyclopedia of Asian American Issues Today. ABC-CLIO. p. 254. ISBN 978-0-313-34751-1. Retrieved 2 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=R_t3yQiWKQEC&pg=PA254","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Asian American Issues Today"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34751-1","url_text":"978-0-313-34751-1"}]},{"reference":"Gonzales, Roberto (2009). Young Lives on Hold: The College Dreams of Undocumented Students (PDF). College Board Advocacy.","urls":[{"url":"https://secure-media.collegeboard.org/digitalServices/pdf/professionals/young-lives-on-hold-undocumented-students.pdf","url_text":"Young Lives on Hold: The College Dreams of Undocumented Students"}]},{"reference":"Jeanne Batalova, Michael Fix (Oct 2006). \"New Estimates of Unauthorized Youth Eligible for Legal Status under the DREAM Act\" (PDF). Migration Policy Institute Immigration Backgrounder (1).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.migrationpolicy.org/pubs/Backgrounder1_Dream_Act.pdf","url_text":"\"New Estimates of Unauthorized Youth Eligible for Legal Status under the DREAM Act\""}]},{"reference":"Passel, Jeffrey S. (Oct 2003). \"Further demographics information relating to DREAM Act\" (PDF). Urban Institute.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nilc.org/immlaw-policy/DREAM/DREAM_Demographics.pdf","url_text":"\"Further demographics information relating to DREAM Act\""}]},{"reference":"Gonzales, Roberto (Oct 2007). \"Wasted Talent and Broken Dreams: The Lost Potential of Undocumented Students\". 5 in Focus (13).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.immigrationpolicy.org/index.php?content=f071001","url_text":"\"Wasted Talent and Broken Dreams: The Lost Potential of Undocumented Students\""}]},{"reference":"\"Advising Undocumented Students\". The College Board. 2007-09-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://professionals.collegeboard.com/guidance/financial-aid/undocumented-students","url_text":"\"Advising Undocumented Students\""}]},{"reference":"Mianecki, Julie (2011-05-15). \"States make their own tuition rules for undocumented students\". Los Angeles Times.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/2011/may/15/nation/la-na-immigration-tuition-20110516/2","url_text":"\"States make their own tuition rules for undocumented students\""}]},{"reference":"Adams, Angela; Boyne, Kerry S. (2015-04-25). \"Access to Higher Education for Undocumented and \"Dacamented\" Students: The Current State of Affairs\". Indiana International & Comparative Law Review. 25 (1): 47–62. doi:10.18060/7909.0004. ISSN 2169-3226.","urls":[{"url":"https://journals.iupui.edu/index.php/iiclr/article/view/18586","url_text":"\"Access to Higher Education for Undocumented and \"Dacamented\" Students: The Current State of Affairs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.18060%2F7909.0004","url_text":"10.18060/7909.0004"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2169-3226","url_text":"2169-3226"}]},{"reference":"Perez, Zenen. \"Removing Barriers to Higher Education for Undocumented Students\". Scribd. Center for American Progress. Retrieved 2015-04-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scribd.com/doc/246479454/Removing-Barriers-to-Higher-Education-for-Undocumented-Students","url_text":"\"Removing Barriers to Higher Education for Undocumented Students\""}]},{"reference":"Rincon, Alejandra (2008). Undocumented Immigrants and Higher Education: Si Se Puede!. New York: LFB Scholarly Publishing. pp. 109–143.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Gildersleeve, Ryan Evely; Ranero, Jessica J. (2010-09-01). \"Precollege contexts of undocumented students: Implications for student affairs professionals\". New Directions for Student Services. 2010 (131): 19–33. doi:10.1002/ss.365. ISSN 1536-0695.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fss.365","url_text":"10.1002/ss.365"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1536-0695","url_text":"1536-0695"}]},{"reference":"Bjorklund, Peter (October 2018). \"Undocumented Students in Higher Education: A Review of the Literature, 2001 to 2016\". Review of Educational Research. 88 (5): 631–670. doi:10.3102/0034654318783018. ISSN 0034-6543.","urls":[{"url":"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.3102/0034654318783018","url_text":"\"Undocumented Students in Higher Education: A Review of the Literature, 2001 to 2016\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3102%2F0034654318783018","url_text":"10.3102/0034654318783018"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0034-6543","url_text":"0034-6543"}]},{"reference":"Lad, Kaetlyn; Braganza, Desiree (2012-12-31). \"Increasing Knowledge Related to the Experiences of Undocumented Immigrants in Public Schools\". Educational Leadership and Administration: Teaching and Program Development. 24: 1–15. ISSN 1064-4474.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eric.ed.gov/contentdelivery/servlet/ERICServlet?accno=EJ1013134","url_text":"\"Increasing Knowledge Related to the Experiences of Undocumented Immigrants in Public Schools\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1064-4474","url_text":"1064-4474"}]},{"reference":"Jiménez-Silva, Margarita; Bempechat, Janine (8 November 2021). Latinx Experiences in U.S. Schools: Voices of Students, Teachers, Teacher Educators, and Education Allies in Challenging Sociopolitical Times. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-7936-1188-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HI9JEAAAQBAJ&dq=undocually+training&pg=PA195","url_text":"Latinx Experiences in U.S. Schools: Voices of Students, Teachers, Teacher Educators, and Education Allies in Challenging Sociopolitical Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7936-1188-8","url_text":"978-1-7936-1188-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Fact Sheet: An Overview of College-Bound Undocumented Students\" (PDF). Educators for Fair Consideration. 1 January 2012. Retrieved 21 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.e4fc.org/images/Fact_Sheet.pdf","url_text":"\"Fact Sheet: An Overview of College-Bound Undocumented Students\""}]},{"reference":"Garcia, Lorena (2020-06-02). Respect Yourself, Protect Yourself. New York University Press. doi:10.18574/nyu/9780814733189.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-8147-3318-9. S2CID 250650351.","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9780814733189.001.0001","url_text":"Respect Yourself, Protect Yourself"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.18574%2Fnyu%2F9780814733189.001.0001","url_text":"10.18574/nyu/9780814733189.001.0001"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-3318-9","url_text":"978-0-8147-3318-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:250650351","url_text":"250650351"}]},{"reference":"Vaquera, Elizabeth; Aranda, Elizabeth; Sousa-Rodriguez, Isabel (2017-04-08). \"Emotional Challenges of Undocumented Young Adults: Ontological Security, Emotional Capital, and Well-being\". Social Problems. 64 (2): 298–314. doi:10.1093/socpro/spx010. ISSN 0037-7791.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fsocpro%2Fspx010","url_text":"\"Emotional Challenges of Undocumented Young Adults: Ontological Security, Emotional Capital, and Well-being\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fsocpro%2Fspx010","url_text":"10.1093/socpro/spx010"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0037-7791","url_text":"0037-7791"}]},{"reference":"Taylor, John; Turner, R. Jay (September 2002). \"Perceived Discrimination, Social Stress, and Depression in the Transition to Adulthood: Racial Contrasts\". Social Psychology Quarterly. 65 (3): 213. doi:10.2307/3090120. JSTOR 3090120.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jstor.org/stable/3090120","url_text":"\"Perceived Discrimination, Social Stress, and Depression in the Transition to Adulthood: Racial Contrasts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3090120","url_text":"10.2307/3090120"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3090120","url_text":"3090120"}]},{"reference":"Everett, Bethany G.; Onge, Jarron Saint; Mollborn, Stefanie (2016-04-08). \"Effects of Minority Status and Perceived Discrimination on Mental Health\". Population Research and Policy Review. 35 (4): 445–469. doi:10.1007/s11113-016-9391-3. ISSN 0167-5923. PMC 6411308. PMID 30867619.","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11113-016-9391-3","url_text":"\"Effects of Minority Status and Perceived Discrimination on Mental Health\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11113-016-9391-3","url_text":"10.1007/s11113-016-9391-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0167-5923","url_text":"0167-5923"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6411308","url_text":"6411308"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30867619","url_text":"30867619"}]},{"reference":"Canizales, Stephanie L. (March 2023). \"\" Si Mis Papas Estuvieran Aquí \": Unaccompanied Youth Workers' Emergent Frame of Reference and Health in the United States\". Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 64 (1): 120–135. doi:10.1177/00221465221122831. ISSN 0022-1465. PMC 10009315. PMID 36086856.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10009315","url_text":"\"\" Si Mis Papas Estuvieran Aquí \": Unaccompanied Youth Workers' Emergent Frame of Reference and Health in the United States\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F00221465221122831","url_text":"10.1177/00221465221122831"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-1465","url_text":"0022-1465"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10009315","url_text":"10009315"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36086856","url_text":"36086856"}]},{"reference":"Kreisberg, A. Nicole; Hsin, Amy (2021-12-13). \"The higher educational trajectories of undocumented youth in New York City\". Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 47 (17): 3822–3845. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2020.1750947. ISSN 1369-183X. PMC 10035561.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1369183X.2020.1750947","url_text":"\"The higher educational trajectories of undocumented youth in New York City\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1369183X.2020.1750947","url_text":"10.1080/1369183X.2020.1750947"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1369-183X","url_text":"1369-183X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10035561","url_text":"10035561"}]},{"reference":"Doe v. Plyler","urls":[]},{"reference":"Doe v. Plyer","urls":[]},{"reference":"Foley, Elise (2013-08-14). \"Deferred Action Immigration Program in First Year Aids More Than 400,000\". Huffington Post.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/08/14/deferred-action-immigration-first-year_n_3751728.html","url_text":"\"Deferred Action Immigration Program in First Year Aids More Than 400,000\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bill Summary and Status 111th Congress (2009-2010) S. 3992\". Archived from the original on 2016-01-17. Retrieved 2018-09-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160117120003/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d111:S3992","url_text":"\"Bill Summary and Status 111th Congress (2009-2010) S. 3992\""},{"url":"http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d111:S3992","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Nicholls, Walter (2013). The DREAMers: How the Undocumented Youth Movement Transformed the Immigrant Rights Debate. Stanford.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Swanson, Kate; Torres, Rebecca Maria (2016-11-30). \"Child Migration and Transnationalized Violence in Central and North America\". Journal of Latin American Geography. 15 (3): 23–48. doi:10.1353/lag.2016.0029. ISSN 1548-5811. S2CID 151813596.","urls":[{"url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/639098","url_text":"\"Child Migration and Transnationalized Violence in Central and North America\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Flag.2016.0029","url_text":"10.1353/lag.2016.0029"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1548-5811","url_text":"1548-5811"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151813596","url_text":"151813596"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.cnn.com/2012/07/05/opinion/garcia-illegal-immigrants/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Why 'illegal Immigrant' Is a Slur\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2017/02/09/when-trump-says-illegals-immigrant-advocates-recoil-he-would-have-been-all-right-in-1970/","external_links_name":"\"The long struggle over what to call 'undocumented immigrants' or, as Trump said in his order, 'illegal aliens'\""},{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/3429292","external_links_name":"\"When Do Papers Matter? An Institutional Analysis Of Undocumented Life In The United States\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-2435.2011.00726.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1468-2435.2011.00726.x"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/1813%2F75207","external_links_name":"1813/75207"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0020-7985","external_links_name":"0020-7985"},{"Link":"http://www.asanet.org/images/journals/docs/pdf/asr/Aug11ASRFeature.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Learning to Be Illegal: Undocumented Youth and Shifting Legal Contexts in the Transition to Adulthood\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0003122411411901","external_links_name":"10.1177/0003122411411901"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144786714","external_links_name":"144786714"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fpalgrave.lst.8600200","external_links_name":"10.1057/palgrave.lst.8600200"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1476-3435","external_links_name":"1476-3435"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143138219","external_links_name":"143138219"},{"Link":"https://www.npr.org/2020/06/18/829858289/supreme-court-upholds-daca-in-blow-to-trump-administration","external_links_name":"\"Supreme Court Rules For DREAMers, Against Trump\""},{"Link":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/19pdf/18-587_5ifl.pdf","external_links_name":"Opinion of the Court: DACA - Supreme Court of the United States"},{"Link":"https://www.hrw.org/news/2011/07/01/us-human-rights-dreamers","external_links_name":"\"US: The Human Rights of 'Dreamers'\""},{"Link":"http://www.undocuscholars.org/assets/undocuscholarsreport2015.pdf","external_links_name":"\"In the Shadows of the Ivory Tower: Undocumented Undergraduates and the Liminal States of Immigration Reform\""},{"Link":"https://litigation-essentials.lexisnexis.com/webcd/app?action=DocumentDisplay&crawlid=1&doctype=cite&docid=23+Geo.+Immigr.+L.J.+403&srctype=smi&srcid=3B15&key=f8bd301fa241168c5b4b4b16b5f35dff","external_links_name":"\"Is Postsecondary Access for Undocumented Immigrants an Important Right? How the United States and Europe Differ\""},{"Link":"https://www.insidehighered.com/news/students/diversity/2023/08/03/rising-enrollment-students-immigrant-families","external_links_name":"\"Students From Immigrant Families on the Rise\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180818013207/https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/ois_ill_pe_2012_2.pdf","external_links_name":"Estimates of the Unauthorized Immigrant Population Residing in the United States: January 2012"},{"Link":"https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/ois_ill_pe_2012_2.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=R_t3yQiWKQEC&pg=PA254","external_links_name":"Encyclopedia of Asian American Issues Today"},{"Link":"https://secure-media.collegeboard.org/digitalServices/pdf/professionals/young-lives-on-hold-undocumented-students.pdf","external_links_name":"Young Lives on Hold: The College Dreams of Undocumented Students"},{"Link":"http://www.migrationpolicy.org/pubs/Backgrounder1_Dream_Act.pdf","external_links_name":"\"New Estimates of Unauthorized Youth Eligible for Legal Status under the DREAM Act\""},{"Link":"http://www.nilc.org/immlaw-policy/DREAM/DREAM_Demographics.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Further demographics information relating to DREAM Act\""},{"Link":"http://www.immigrationpolicy.org/index.php?content=f071001","external_links_name":"\"Wasted Talent and Broken Dreams: The Lost Potential of Undocumented Students\""},{"Link":"http://professionals.collegeboard.com/guidance/financial-aid/undocumented-students","external_links_name":"\"Advising Undocumented Students\""},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/2011/may/15/nation/la-na-immigration-tuition-20110516/2","external_links_name":"\"States make their own tuition rules for undocumented students\""},{"Link":"https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/27/5-facts-about-illegal-immigration-in-the-u-s/","external_links_name":"http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/27/5-facts-about-illegal-immigration-in-the-u-s/"},{"Link":"https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/11/17/children-of-unauthorized-immigrants-represent-rising-share-of-k-12-students/","external_links_name":"http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/11/17/children-of-unauthorized-immigrants-represent-rising-share-of-k-12-students/"},{"Link":"https://journals.iupui.edu/index.php/iiclr/article/view/18586","external_links_name":"\"Access to Higher Education for Undocumented and \"Dacamented\" Students: The Current State of Affairs\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.18060%2F7909.0004","external_links_name":"10.18060/7909.0004"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2169-3226","external_links_name":"2169-3226"},{"Link":"http://oppenheimer.mcgill.ca/IMG/pdf/Growing_up.pdf","external_links_name":"http://oppenheimer.mcgill.ca/IMG/pdf/Growing_up.pdf"},{"Link":"https://nces.ed.gov/pubs2006/2006184_rev.pdf","external_links_name":"https://nces.ed.gov/pubs2006/2006184_rev.pdf"},{"Link":"http://www.williamperezphd.com/articles/abrego-2006.pdf","external_links_name":"http://www.williamperezphd.com/articles/abrego-2006.pdf"},{"Link":"http://uleadnet.org/","external_links_name":"http://uleadnet.org/"},{"Link":"http://www.ohe.state.mn.us/mPg.cfm?pageID=2056","external_links_name":"http://www.ohe.state.mn.us/mPg.cfm?pageID=2056"},{"Link":"https://world.utexas.edu/undocumented/resources/understanding","external_links_name":"https://world.utexas.edu/undocumented/resources/understanding"},{"Link":"http://www.ncsl.org/research/education/undocumented-student-tuition-overview.aspx","external_links_name":"http://www.ncsl.org/research/education/undocumented-student-tuition-overview.aspx"},{"Link":"https://www.scribd.com/doc/246479454/Removing-Barriers-to-Higher-Education-for-Undocumented-Students","external_links_name":"\"Removing Barriers to Higher Education for Undocumented Students\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fss.365","external_links_name":"10.1002/ss.365"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1536-0695","external_links_name":"1536-0695"},{"Link":"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.3102/0034654318783018","external_links_name":"\"Undocumented Students in Higher Education: A Review of the Literature, 2001 to 2016\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3102%2F0034654318783018","external_links_name":"10.3102/0034654318783018"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0034-6543","external_links_name":"0034-6543"},{"Link":"http://www.eric.ed.gov/contentdelivery/servlet/ERICServlet?accno=EJ1013134","external_links_name":"\"Increasing Knowledge Related to the Experiences of Undocumented Immigrants in Public Schools\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1064-4474","external_links_name":"1064-4474"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HI9JEAAAQBAJ&dq=undocually+training&pg=PA195","external_links_name":"Latinx Experiences in U.S. Schools: Voices of Students, Teachers, Teacher Educators, and Education Allies in Challenging Sociopolitical Times"},{"Link":"http://www.e4fc.org/images/Fact_Sheet.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Fact Sheet: An Overview of College-Bound Undocumented Students\""},{"Link":"https://www.scribd.com/doc/246479454/Removing-Barriers-to-Higher-Education-for-Undocumented-Students","external_links_name":"https://www.scribd.com/doc/246479454/Removing-Barriers-to-Higher-Education-for-Undocumented-Students"},{"Link":"http://www.togethercolorado.org/documents/BasicFactsAboutUndocumentedStudents.pdf","external_links_name":"http://www.togethercolorado.org/documents/BasicFactsAboutUndocumentedStudents.pdf"},{"Link":"https://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9780814733189.001.0001","external_links_name":"Respect Yourself, Protect Yourself"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.18574%2Fnyu%2F9780814733189.001.0001","external_links_name":"10.18574/nyu/9780814733189.001.0001"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:250650351","external_links_name":"250650351"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fsocpro%2Fspx010","external_links_name":"\"Emotional Challenges of Undocumented Young Adults: Ontological Security, Emotional Capital, and Well-being\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fsocpro%2Fspx010","external_links_name":"10.1093/socpro/spx010"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0037-7791","external_links_name":"0037-7791"},{"Link":"http://www.jstor.org/stable/3090120","external_links_name":"\"Perceived Discrimination, Social Stress, and Depression in the Transition to Adulthood: Racial Contrasts\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3090120","external_links_name":"10.2307/3090120"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3090120","external_links_name":"3090120"},{"Link":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11113-016-9391-3","external_links_name":"\"Effects of Minority Status and Perceived Discrimination on Mental Health\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11113-016-9391-3","external_links_name":"10.1007/s11113-016-9391-3"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0167-5923","external_links_name":"0167-5923"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6411308","external_links_name":"6411308"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30867619","external_links_name":"30867619"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10009315","external_links_name":"\"\" Si Mis Papas Estuvieran Aquí \": Unaccompanied Youth Workers' Emergent Frame of Reference and Health in the United States\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F00221465221122831","external_links_name":"10.1177/00221465221122831"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-1465","external_links_name":"0022-1465"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10009315","external_links_name":"10009315"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36086856","external_links_name":"36086856"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00330124.2012.735936","external_links_name":"10.1080/00330124.2012.735936"},{"Link":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1369183X.2020.1750947","external_links_name":"\"The higher educational trajectories of undocumented youth in New York City\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1369183X.2020.1750947","external_links_name":"10.1080/1369183X.2020.1750947"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1369-183X","external_links_name":"1369-183X"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10035561","external_links_name":"10035561"},{"Link":"https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2012/06/15/remarks-president-immigration","external_links_name":"www.whitehouse.gov"},{"Link":"https://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/s1-exercising-prosecutorial-discretion-individuals-who-came-to-us-as-children.pdf","external_links_name":"Exercising Prosecutorial Discretion with Respect to Individuals Who Came to the United States as Children"},{"Link":"https://www.uscis.gov/daca","external_links_name":"Consideration of Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA)"},{"Link":"https://www.uscis.gov/humanitarian/consideration-deferred-action-childhood-arrivals-process","external_links_name":"Consideration of Deferred Action for Childhood Process"},{"Link":"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/08/14/deferred-action-immigration-first-year_n_3751728.html","external_links_name":"\"Deferred Action Immigration Program in First Year Aids More Than 400,000\""},{"Link":"http://www.migrationpolicy.org/research/lessons-local-level-dacas-implementation-and-impact-education-and-training-success","external_links_name":"Lessons from the Local Level: DACA’s Implementation and Impact on Education and Training Success"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160117120003/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d111:S3992","external_links_name":"\"Bill Summary and Status 111th Congress (2009-2010) S. 3992\""},{"Link":"http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d111:S3992","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/639098","external_links_name":"\"Child Migration and Transnationalized Violence in Central and North America\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Flag.2016.0029","external_links_name":"10.1353/lag.2016.0029"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1548-5811","external_links_name":"1548-5811"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151813596","external_links_name":"151813596"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_W._Shea	Donald W. Shea	["1 Awards and decorations","2 Gallery","3 References","4 External links"]	United States Army general The Reverend MonsignorDonald W. SheaOfficial portrait of CH (MG) Shea, 1994Birth nameDonald William SheaBorn(1936-04-15)April 15, 1936Butte, Montana, U.S.DiedMay 18, 2016(2016-05-18) (aged 80)Kalispell, Montana, U.S.AllegianceUnited StatesService/branchUnited States ArmyYears of service1966–1999RankMajor generalCommands heldU.S. Army Chaplain Corps (CCH)Battles/warsVietnam WarAwardsDistinguished Service MedalLegion of MeritBronze Star Medal (3)Alma materCarroll CollegeSaint Paul SeminaryU.S. Army War CollegeUniversity of OklahomaLong Island UniversityCentral Michigan UniversityChurchCatholic (Latin Church)OrdersOrdinationJune 2, 1962RankProtonotary apostolic (2002) Donald William Shea (April 15, 1936 – May 18, 2016) was an American Army officer who served as the 19th Chief of Chaplains of the United States Army from 1994 to 1999. Shea went to seminary at the Saint Paul Seminary School of Divinity in St. Paul, MN. Ordained a priest for the Roman Catholic Diocese of Helena in 1962, Brigadier General Shea was granted the honorary title of monsignor by Pope John Paul II in 1991. He was designated a protonotary apostolic supernumerary in 2002 after his military retirement and return to Montana in 1999. Awards and decorations Distinguished Service Medal Legion of Merit Bronze Star (with valor device and two bronze oak leaf clusters) Purple Heart Meritorious Service Medal (with two bronze oak leaf clusters) Air Medal Army Commendation Medal (with 2 bronze oak leaf clusters) National Defense Service Medal (with one bronze service star) Vietnam Service Medal (with one silver service star) Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal Army Service Ribbon Overseas Service Ribbon (with award numeral 3) Vietnam Gallantry Cross Vietnam Civil Actions Medal, First Class Vietnam Campaign Medal Gallery Brig. Gen. Shea in 1991 Maj. Gen. Shea in 1994 References ^ "Monsignor (Major General) Donald W. Shea Funeral Mass to be Held May 27". diocesehelena.org. May 2016. Archived from the original on December 13, 2017. Retrieved December 12, 2017. ^ Marquis Who's Who on the Web ^ "For God and Country" (PDF). The Oracle. Winter 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 12, 2015. Retrieved October 1, 2018. ^ "Prelati d'onore di Sua Santità" (PDF). Acta Apostolicae Sedis (in Italian). Vol. LXXXIV, no. 4. April 1992. p. 343. Retrieved July 31, 2018. ^ "Protonotari Apostolici soprannumerari" (PDF). Acta Apostolicae Sedis (in Italian). Vol. XCV, no. 4. April 2003. p. 287. Retrieved July 31, 2018. External links Media related to Donald W. Shea at Wikimedia Commons Military offices Preceded byMatthew A. Zimmerman, Jr. Deputy Chief of Chaplains of the United States Army 1990 – 1994 Succeeded byGaylord T. Gunhus Preceded byMatthew A. Zimmerman, Jr. Chief of Chaplains of the United States Army 1994 – 1999 Succeeded byGaylord T. Gunhus vteUnited States ArmyLeadership Secretary of the Army Under Secretary of the Army Chief of Staff Vice Chief of Staff 4-star generals 3-star generals 1798–1959 1990–1999 2000–2009 2010–2019 2020–present Army Staff Senior Warrant Officer Sergeant Major of the Army House Armed Services Committee (House Subcommittee on Air and Land Forces) Senate Committee on Armed Services (Senate Subcommittee on Air and Land Forces) Componentsandcommands Regular Army Army Reserve Army National Guard Active Units Reorganization plan of United States Army Commands Forces Futures Materiel Training and Doctrine Service components Central Europe–Africa Pacific North South Special Operations Surface Deployment and Distribution Space and Missile Defense Cyber Command Direct reportingunits Second Army Medical Intelligence and Security Criminal Investigation Division Corps of Engineers Military District of Washington Test and Evaluation Military Academy Reserve Acquisition Support Center Installation Management War College Field armies First Third Fifth Sixth Seventh Eighth Ninth Branches Acquisition Corps Adjutant General's Corps Air Defense Artillery Branch Armor Branch Aviation Branch Army Band Chaplain Corps Chemical Corps Civil Affairs Corps Corps of Engineers Cyber Branch Dental Corps Field Artillery Branch Finance Corps Infantry Branch Inspector General's Corps Judge Advocate General's Corps Logistics Branch Medical Corps Medical Service Corps Medical Specialist Corps Military Intelligence Corps Military Police Corps Nurse Corps Ordnance Corps Psychological operations Quartermaster Corps Signal Corps Special Forces Transportation Corps Veterinary Corps Installations United States and overseas Germany Japan Kuwait South Korea Training Basic Training BOLC ROTC (ECP) OCS WOBC WOCS Military Academy (West Point) MOS Uniforms andinsignia Awards and decorations Badges Branch Officer Warrant Enlisted World War I World War II Uniforms Equipment Individual weapons Crew-served weapons Vehicles Premierensembles Army Field Band Army Band Old Guard Fife and Drum Corps West Point Band History and traditions History Continental Army Union Army National Army Army of the United States Center of Military History Institute of Heraldry America's Army Army Art Program Flag National Museum West Point Museum Rangers U.S. Army Regimental System Soldier's Creed "The Army Goes Rolling Along" Division nicknames Draft Service numbers Seventh Army Symphony Orchestra Historical Buffalo Soldiers Army Air Forces Army Service Forces Women's Army Corps Rough Riders U.S. Cavalry United States Colored Troops United States Army Hospital Corps U.S. Sanitary Commission Category vteChiefs of Chaplains of the United StatesChiefs of Chaplains Chaplain (Major General) William Green Jr. (Army) Rear Admiral Gregory N. Todd (Navy) Chaplain (Major General) Randall E. Kitchens (Air Force) Senior USMC/USCG Chaplains (working under USN Chief of Chaplains) Rear Admiral Carey H. Cash (Chaplain of the United States Marine Corps, and Deputy Chief of Chaplains of the U.S. Navy) Captain Daniel L. Mode (Chaplain of the United States Coast Guard) Chaplain (Major General) Randall E. Kitchens (Chaplain of the United States Space Force)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chief of Chaplains of the United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_Chaplains_of_the_United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Saint Paul Seminary School of Divinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Paul_Seminary_School_of_Divinity"},{"link_name":"St. Paul, MN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Paul,_MN"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Diocese of Helena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Helena"},{"link_name":"Brigadier General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"monsignor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsignor"},{"link_name":"Pope John Paul II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"protonotary apostolic supernumerary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protonotary_apostolic"},{"link_name":"Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Donald William Shea (April 15, 1936 – May 18, 2016) was an American Army officer who served as the 19th Chief of Chaplains of the United States Army from 1994 to 1999.[1][2]Shea went to seminary at the Saint Paul Seminary School of Divinity in St. Paul, MN.[3] Ordained a priest for the Roman Catholic Diocese of Helena in 1962, Brigadier General Shea was granted the honorary title of monsignor by Pope John Paul II in 1991.[4] He was designated a protonotary apostolic supernumerary in 2002 after his military retirement and return to Montana in 1999.[5]","title":"Donald W. Shea"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and decorations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DonaldSheadeputy.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Donaldshea.jpg"}],"text":"Brig. Gen. Shea in 1991\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMaj. Gen. Shea in 1994","title":"Gallery"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Monsignor (Major General) Donald W. Shea Funeral Mass to be Held May 27\". diocesehelena.org. May 2016. Archived from the original on December 13, 2017. Retrieved December 12, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171213083857/http://diocesehelena.org/2016/05/20/monsignor-major-general-donald-w-shea-funeral-mass-to-be-held-may-27/","url_text":"\"Monsignor (Major General) Donald W. Shea Funeral Mass to be Held May 27\""},{"url":"http://diocesehelena.org/2016/05/20/monsignor-major-general-donald-w-shea-funeral-mass-to-be-held-may-27/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"For God and Country\" (PDF). The Oracle. Winter 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 12, 2015. Retrieved October 1, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150912110512/http://www.stthomas.edu/media/spssod/pdfs/oracle/2015WinterOracle.pdf","url_text":"\"For God and Country\""},{"url":"https://www.stthomas.edu/media/spssod/pdfs/oracle/2015WinterOracle.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Prelati d'onore di Sua Santità\" (PDF). Acta Apostolicae Sedis (in Italian). Vol. LXXXIV, no. 4. April 1992. p. 343. Retrieved July 31, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-84-1992-ocr.pdf","url_text":"\"Prelati d'onore di Sua Santità\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acta_Apostolicae_Sedis","url_text":"Acta Apostolicae Sedis"}]},{"reference":"\"Protonotari Apostolici soprannumerari\" (PDF). Acta Apostolicae Sedis (in Italian). Vol. XCV, no. 4. April 2003. p. 287. Retrieved July 31, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/2003/aprile%202003.pdf","url_text":"\"Protonotari Apostolici soprannumerari\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171213083857/http://diocesehelena.org/2016/05/20/monsignor-major-general-donald-w-shea-funeral-mass-to-be-held-may-27/","external_links_name":"\"Monsignor (Major General) Donald W. Shea Funeral Mass to be Held May 27\""},{"Link":"http://diocesehelena.org/2016/05/20/monsignor-major-general-donald-w-shea-funeral-mass-to-be-held-may-27/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150912110512/http://www.stthomas.edu/media/spssod/pdfs/oracle/2015WinterOracle.pdf","external_links_name":"\"For God and Country\""},{"Link":"https://www.stthomas.edu/media/spssod/pdfs/oracle/2015WinterOracle.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-84-1992-ocr.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Prelati d'onore di Sua Santità\""},{"Link":"https://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/2003/aprile%202003.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Protonotari Apostolici soprannumerari\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb_Rich	Herb Rich	["1 Early and personal life","2 College","3 Professional career","4 After football","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	American football player (1928–2008) Herb RichDate of birth(1928-10-07)October 7, 1928Place of birthNewark, New Jersey, U.S.Date of deathMarch 28, 2008(2008-03-28) (aged 79)Place of deathNashville, Tennessee, U.S.Career informationPosition(s)SafetyUS collegeVanderbiltNFL draft1950 / Round: 6 / Pick: 67 Redrafted 1951, 2nd round, 24th overall after termination of Colts franchise.Career historyAs player1950Baltimore Colts1951–1953Los Angeles Rams1954–1956New York Giants Career highlights and awards 2× NFL champion (1951, 1956) 2× Second-team All-SEC (1948, 1949) Career statsPlaying stats at NFL.comPlaying stats at DatabaseFootball.com Richard Herbert Rich (October 7, 1928 – March 28, 2008) was an All-Pro American football safety in the National Football League (NFL) for the Baltimore Colts, Los Angeles Rams and New York Giants. Early and personal life Rich was born in Newark, New Jersey, and was Jewish. He graduated from Miami Beach High School in Florida. He was married to the former Carla Blocker, and they had a son, Jonathan, and two daughters, Terry and Tracey. The family lived in Nashville, Tennessee. College He played college football at Vanderbilt University, as well as basketball and baseball, and was president of his class. In football, he earned All-SEC honors at tailback, rushing for 1,282 yards during the 1948–49 seasons. Professional career Rich was drafted in the sixth round of the 1950 NFL Draft, and played defensive back and returned punts during his career. In his rookie season he averaged 23 yards on 12 punt returns, an NFL record that stood for over 50 years. He was a two-time All-Pro defensive back. In 65 career games, he had 29 career interceptions, including three for touchdowns. In 1992, he was elected to the Tennessee Sports Hall of Fame. Rich also became Vanderbilt's seventh "SEC Football Legend". After football Rich was a 1954 graduate of Vanderbilt Law School. After his football career ended, Rich was an attorney in Nashville. He was president of the Nashville Jewish Community Center in 1971-72, and was a board member of Temple Ohabai Sholom in Nashville. Rich died at 79 years of age in 2008. See also List of select Jewish football players References ^ "Herb Rich, former NFL star, dies at 79". Nfl.com. November 18, 2008. Archived from the original on November 6, 2012. Retrieved January 12, 2011. ^ Wechsler, Bob (2008). Day by day in Jewish sports history. ISBN 9781602800137. Retrieved January 12, 2011. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Vanderbilt Official Athletic Site - Vanderbilt University". Archived from the original on 2018-04-23. Retrieved 2018-04-22. ^ Herb Rich, NFL star, lawyer – The Mercury News ^ a b c Dorman, Lee (2010). Nashville's Jewish Community. ISBN 9780738566801. Retrieved January 12, 2011. ^ Patterson, Ted (2000). Football in Baltimore: history and memorabilia. ISBN 9780801864247. Retrieved January 12, 2011. ^ Get Your Own Damn Beer, I'm Watching the Game!: A Woman's Guide to Loving Pro Football. Rodale. 2005. ISBN 9781594861635. Retrieved January 12, 2011. ^ NFL Football Top 10. DK Pub. 2002. ISBN 9780789488411. Retrieved January 12, 2011. External links "Former athlete Herb Rich passes away". Vanderbilt University. March 28, 2008. Retrieved September 11, 2009. vteLos Angeles Rams 1951 NFL draft selections Bud McFadin Herb Rich Charlie Toogood George Kinek Tony Momsen Norb Hecker Alan Eagler Hugo Primiani Nolan Lang Roland Kirkby John Natyshak Don Hardy Joe Reid Rob McCoy Obie Posey Bill Robertson Hal Riley Dick Daugherty Andy Robustelli Jim Nutter Earl Stelle Billy Baggett Dean Thomas Harry Abeltin Jackie Calvert Howie Ruetz Al Brosky Sterling Wingo Earl Jackson Alvin Hanley vteLos Angeles Rams 1951 NFL champions 7 Bob Waterfield 10 Tom Keane 11 Stan West 13 Tank Younger 24 Tommy Kalmanir 25 Norm Van Brocklin 27 Marvin Johnson 30 Woodley Lewis 31 Dick Hoerner 32 Dan Towler 33 Jerry Williams 40 Crazy Legs Hirsch 41 Glenn Davis 42 Herb Rich 44 Harry Thompson 50 Leon McLaughlin 55 Tom Fears 56 Jack Zilly 57 Don Paul 58 Jack Finlay 63 Larry Brink 67 Dick Daugherty 70 Charlie Toogood 71 Tom Dahms 72 Bobby Collier 73 Jack Halliday 76 Don Simensen 77 Vitamin Smith 78 Jim Winkler 80 Bob Boyd 84 Andy Robustelli 88 Norb Hecker Head coach Joe Stydahar Assistant coaches: Red Hickey Hamp Pool Ray Richards vteNew York Giants 1956 NFL champions 8 Ben Agajanian 11 Don Heinrich 12 Bob Clatterbuck 16 Frank Gifford 20 Jimmy Patton 22 Henry Moore 25 Dick Nolan 27 Herb Rich 29 Alex Webster 30 Bill Svoboda 33 Mel Triplett 34 Don Chandler 40 Gene Filipski 42 Charlie Conerly 44 Kyle Rote 45 Emlen Tunnell 48 Ed Hughes 55 Ray Wietecha 60 Bill Austin 61 Ray Beck 62 Jack Spinks 66 Jack Stroud 65 Gerry Huth 70 Sam Huff 72 Dick Yelvington 75 Jim Katcavage 76 Rosey Grier 77 Dick Modzelewski 78 Walt Yowarsky 79 Rosey Brown 80 Ken MacAfee 81 Andy Robustelli 82 Hank Burnine 84 Harland Svare 85 Bob Schnelker 89 Cliff Livingston Head coach: Jim Lee Howell Assistant coaches: Ken Kavanaugh Ed Kolman Tom Landry Vince Lombardi This biographical article relating to an American football defensive back born in the 1920s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"All-Pro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-Pro"},{"link_name":"American football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"safety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_(American_football_position)"},{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Baltimore Colts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Colts"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Rams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Rams"},{"link_name":"New York Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Giants"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-1"}],"text":"Richard Herbert Rich (October 7, 1928 – March 28, 2008) was an All-Pro American football safety in the National Football League (NFL) for the Baltimore Colts, Los Angeles Rams and New York Giants.[1]","title":"Herb Rich"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Newark, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newark,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-3"},{"link_name":"Miami Beach High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Beach_High_School"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-3"},{"link_name":"Nashville, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Rich was born in Newark, New Jersey, and was Jewish.[2][3] He graduated from Miami Beach High School in Florida.[3]He was married to the former Carla Blocker, and they had a son, Jonathan, and two daughters, Terry and Tracey.[3] The family lived in Nashville, Tennessee.[4]","title":"Early and personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"college football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football"},{"link_name":"Vanderbilt University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanderbilt_University"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google1-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-3"},{"link_name":"SEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern_Conference"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-3"}],"text":"He played college football at Vanderbilt University, as well as basketball and baseball, and was president of his class.[5][3] In football, he earned All-SEC honors at tailback, rushing for 1,282 yards during the 1948–49 seasons.[3]","title":"College"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"drafted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL_Draft"},{"link_name":"1950 NFL Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950_NFL_Draft"},{"link_name":"defensive back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensive_back"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-3"}],"text":"Rich was drafted in the sixth round of the 1950 NFL Draft, and played defensive back and returned punts during his career.[3] In his rookie season he averaged 23 yards on 12 punt returns, an NFL record that stood for over 50 years.[3][6][7][8] He was a two-time All-Pro defensive back.[3]In 65 career games, he had 29 career interceptions, including three for touchdowns.[3] In 1992, he was elected to the Tennessee Sports Hall of Fame. Rich also became Vanderbilt's seventh \"SEC Football Legend\".[3]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vanderbilt Law School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanderbilt_Law_School"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google1-5"},{"link_name":"Temple Ohabai Sholom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_Ohabai_Sholom_(Nashville,_Tennessee)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google1-5"}],"text":"Rich was a 1954 graduate of Vanderbilt Law School.[3] After his football career ended, Rich was an attorney in Nashville.[5] He was president of the Nashville Jewish Community Center in 1971-72, and was a board member of Temple Ohabai Sholom in Nashville.[3]Rich died at 79 years of age in 2008.[5]","title":"After football"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of select Jewish football players","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jews_in_sports#Football_(American)"}]	[{"reference":"\"Herb Rich, former NFL star, dies at 79\". Nfl.com. November 18, 2008. Archived from the original on November 6, 2012. Retrieved January 12, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121106120527/http://www.nfl.com/news/story/09000d5d80776208/article/herb-rich-former-nfl-star-dies-at-79","url_text":"\"Herb Rich, former NFL star, dies at 79\""},{"url":"http://www.nfl.com/news/story/09000d5d80776208/article/herb-rich-former-nfl-star-dies-at-79","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wechsler, Bob (2008). Day by day in Jewish sports history. ISBN 9781602800137. Retrieved January 12, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=aOTWUl-9LQoC&pg=PA281","url_text":"Day by day in Jewish sports history"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781602800137","url_text":"9781602800137"}]},{"reference":"\"Vanderbilt Official Athletic Site - Vanderbilt University\". Archived from the original on 2018-04-23. Retrieved 2018-04-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180423033238/http://www.vucommodores.com/sports/m-footbl/spec-rel/032808aaa.html","url_text":"\"Vanderbilt Official Athletic Site - Vanderbilt University\""},{"url":"http://www.vucommodores.com/sports/m-footbl/spec-rel/032808aaa.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Dorman, Lee (2010). Nashville's Jewish Community. ISBN 9780738566801. Retrieved January 12, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=s1u5vTCdxlAC&pg=PA124","url_text":"Nashville's Jewish Community"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780738566801","url_text":"9780738566801"}]},{"reference":"Patterson, Ted (2000). Football in Baltimore: history and memorabilia. ISBN 9780801864247. Retrieved January 12, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cZeye8iTWyMC&pg=PA89","url_text":"Football in Baltimore: history and memorabilia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801864247","url_text":"9780801864247"}]},{"reference":"Get Your Own Damn Beer, I'm Watching the Game!: A Woman's Guide to Loving Pro Football. Rodale. 2005. ISBN 9781594861635. Retrieved January 12, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gf5X7pDdGaIC&pg=PA167","url_text":"Get Your Own Damn Beer, I'm Watching the Game!: A Woman's Guide to Loving Pro Football"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781594861635","url_text":"9781594861635"}]},{"reference":"NFL Football Top 10. DK Pub. 2002. ISBN 9780789488411. Retrieved January 12, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=s7NozJystxsC&q=%22herb+rich%22+football","url_text":"NFL Football Top 10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780789488411","url_text":"9780789488411"}]},{"reference":"\"Former athlete Herb Rich passes away\". Vanderbilt University. March 28, 2008. Retrieved September 11, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://vucommodores.cstv.com/sports/m-footbl/spec-rel/032808aaa.html","url_text":"\"Former athlete Herb Rich passes away\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanderbilt_University","url_text":"Vanderbilt University"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.nfl.com/players/profile?id=RIC202882","external_links_name":"NFL.com"},{"Link":"http://www.databasefootball.com/players/playerpage.htm?ilkid=RICHHER01","external_links_name":"DatabaseFootball.com"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121106120527/http://www.nfl.com/news/story/09000d5d80776208/article/herb-rich-former-nfl-star-dies-at-79","external_links_name":"\"Herb Rich, former NFL star, dies at 79\""},{"Link":"http://www.nfl.com/news/story/09000d5d80776208/article/herb-rich-former-nfl-star-dies-at-79","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=aOTWUl-9LQoC&pg=PA281","external_links_name":"Day by day in Jewish sports history"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180423033238/http://www.vucommodores.com/sports/m-footbl/spec-rel/032808aaa.html","external_links_name":"\"Vanderbilt Official Athletic Site - Vanderbilt University\""},{"Link":"http://www.vucommodores.com/sports/m-footbl/spec-rel/032808aaa.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.mercurynews.com/2008/03/29/herb-rich-nfl-star-lawyer/","external_links_name":"Herb Rich, NFL star, lawyer – The Mercury News"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=s1u5vTCdxlAC&pg=PA124","external_links_name":"Nashville's Jewish Community"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cZeye8iTWyMC&pg=PA89","external_links_name":"Football in Baltimore: history and memorabilia"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gf5X7pDdGaIC&pg=PA167","external_links_name":"Get Your Own Damn Beer, I'm Watching the Game!: A Woman's Guide to Loving Pro Football"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=s7NozJystxsC&q=%22herb+rich%22+football","external_links_name":"NFL Football Top 10"},{"Link":"http://vucommodores.cstv.com/sports/m-footbl/spec-rel/032808aaa.html","external_links_name":"\"Former athlete Herb Rich passes away\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herb_Rich&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor-Wolff-Preis	Theodor Wolff Prize	["1 Jury","2 Notable recipients","3 References","4 External links"]	German journalism award The Theodor Wolff Prize is a German journalism prize. It has been awarded annually since 1962 in five categories, equal prizes of €6,000, by the Federal Association of German Newspaper Publishers . In addition, at irregular intervals, journalists are awarded the Theodor Wolff Prize for their life's work. The award is dedicated to the memory of Theodor Wolff, who was forced into exile by the Nazis from Germany in February 1933 because of his Jewish origin and on account of ferocious opposition to the Nazi Party seizure of power the previous month. Until 1933, he was the liberal democratic chief editor of the Berliner Tageblatt. Jury The jury in 2016 consisted of nine people: Nikolaus Blome (Bild) Wolfgang Büscher (Die Welt) Markus Günther (Frankfurter Allgemeine Sonntagszeitung) Peter Stefan Herbst (Saarbrücker Zeitung) Christian Lindner (Rhein-Zeitung) Lorenz Maroldt (Der Tagesspiegel) Bernd Mathieu (Aachener Zeitung) Annette Ramelsberger (Süddeutsche Zeitung) Cordula von Wysocki (Kölnische Rundschau) Notable recipients 1962: Thaddäus Troll (Bremer Nachrichten) 1964: Klaus Bresser (Kölner Stadt-Anzeiger) Karl-Hermann Flach (Frankfurter Rundschau) Kai Hermann (Die Zeit) 1966: Thomas von Randow (Die Zeit) Theo Sommer (Die Zeit) 1969: Günther von Lojewski (Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung) 1970: Gitta Bauer (Springer Auslandsdienst) 1971/72: Reinhard Appel (Süddeutsche Zeitung) 1972/73: Joachim Fest (Der Spiegel) 1973/74: Raimund Hoghe (Westfalen-Blatt ) Hellmuth Karasek (Kölner Stadt-Anzeiger) 1983: Josef Joffe (Die Zeit) 1985: Thomas Kielinger (Die Welt) 1986: Rudolph Chimelli (Süddeutsche Zeitung) Cordt Schnibben (Die Zeit) 1994: Giovanni di Lorenzo (Süddeutsche Zeitung) 1999: Maxim Biller (Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung) 2001: Heribert Prantl (Süddeutsche Zeitung) 2002: Irena Brežná 2007: Nikolaus Blome (Die Welt) 2008: Carolin Emcke (Zeitmagazin) 2009: Bastian Obermayer (Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung) 2012: Harald Martenstein (Die Zeit) 2013: Robin Alexander Alfred Grosser 2014: Rudolph Chimelli 2017: Deniz Yücel References ^ Mitglieder des Kuratoriums und der Jury ^ "Die Autorin Irena Brežná wird mit dem Basler Kulturpreis geehrt, der Kulturförderpreis geht an den Performancekünstler Steven Schoch". www.regierungsrat.bs.ch (in German). Retrieved 2022-05-03. ^ Weiß, Hermann (4 September 2013). ""Welt"-Autor Robin Alexander ausgezeichnet". Die Welt (in German). Berlin. Retrieved 8 March 2020. ^ Rose, Marco (10 September 2014). "Theodor-Wolff-Preis setzt Ausrufezeichen". Aachener Zeitung (in German). Aachen. Retrieved 8 March 2020. ^ "Deniz Yücel erhält Theodor-Wolff-Preis". Der Spiegel (in German). Hamburg. 21 June 2017. Retrieved 8 March 2020. External links Official website This journalism-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Federal Association of German Newspaper Publishers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Federal_Association_of_German_Newspaper_Publishers&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesverband_Deutscher_Zeitungsverleger"},{"link_name":"Theodor Wolff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Wolff"},{"link_name":"Nazis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi"},{"link_name":"Nazi Party seizure of power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machtergreifung"},{"link_name":"liberal democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_democratic"},{"link_name":"Berliner Tageblatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berliner_Tageblatt"}],"text":"The Theodor Wolff Prize is a German journalism prize. It has been awarded annually since 1962 in five categories, equal prizes of €6,000, by the Federal Association of German Newspaper Publishers [de]. In addition, at irregular intervals, journalists are awarded the Theodor Wolff Prize for their life's work.The award is dedicated to the memory of Theodor Wolff, who was forced into exile by the Nazis from Germany in February 1933 because of his Jewish origin and on account of ferocious opposition to the Nazi Party seizure of power the previous month. Until 1933, he was the liberal democratic chief editor of the Berliner Tageblatt.","title":"Theodor Wolff Prize"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jury/Kuratorium-1"},{"link_name":"Nikolaus Blome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaus_Blome"},{"link_name":"Bild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bild"},{"link_name":"Wolfgang Büscher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_B%C3%BCscher&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_B%C3%BCscher"},{"link_name":"Die Welt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Welt"},{"link_name":"Markus Günther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Markus_G%C3%BCnther&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markus_G%C3%BCnther"},{"link_name":"Frankfurter Allgemeine Sonntagszeitung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurter_Allgemeine_Sonntagszeitung"},{"link_name":"Peter Stefan Herbst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Stefan_Herbst&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Stefan_Herbst"},{"link_name":"Saarbrücker Zeitung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcker_Zeitung"},{"link_name":"Christian Lindner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Lindner_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"Rhein-Zeitung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhein-Zeitung"},{"link_name":"Lorenz Maroldt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lorenz_Maroldt&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenz_Maroldt"},{"link_name":"Der Tagesspiegel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Tagesspiegel"},{"link_name":"Bernd Mathieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernd_Mathieu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernd_Mathieu"},{"link_name":"Aachener Zeitung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aachener_Zeitung"},{"link_name":"Annette Ramelsberger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Annette_Ramelsberger&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annette_Ramelsberger"},{"link_name":"Süddeutsche Zeitung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCddeutsche_Zeitung"},{"link_name":"Cordula von Wysocki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cordula_von_Wysocki&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordula_von_Wysocki"},{"link_name":"Kölnische Rundschau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6lnische_Rundschau"}],"text":"The jury in 2016 consisted of nine people:[1]Nikolaus Blome (Bild)\nWolfgang Büscher [de] (Die Welt)\nMarkus Günther [de] (Frankfurter Allgemeine Sonntagszeitung)\nPeter Stefan Herbst [de] (Saarbrücker Zeitung)\nChristian Lindner (Rhein-Zeitung)\nLorenz Maroldt [de] (Der Tagesspiegel)\nBernd Mathieu [de] (Aachener Zeitung)\nAnnette Ramelsberger [de] (Süddeutsche Zeitung)\nCordula von Wysocki [de] (Kölnische Rundschau)","title":"Jury"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thaddäus Troll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thadd%C3%A4us_Troll"},{"link_name":"Bremer Nachrichten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremer_Nachrichten"},{"link_name":"Klaus Bresser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Bresser"},{"link_name":"Kölner Stadt-Anzeiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6lner_Stadt-Anzeiger"},{"link_name":"Karl-Hermann Flach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl-Hermann_Flach"},{"link_name":"Frankfurter Rundschau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurter_Rundschau"},{"link_name":"Kai Hermann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kai_Hermann"},{"link_name":"Die Zeit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Zeit"},{"link_name":"Thomas von Randow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_von_Randow"},{"link_name":"Die Zeit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Zeit"},{"link_name":"Theo Sommer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theo_Sommer"},{"link_name":"Günther von Lojewski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_von_Lojewski"},{"link_name":"Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurter_Allgemeine_Zeitung"},{"link_name":"Gitta Bauer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gitta_Bauer"},{"link_name":"Reinhard Appel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhard_Appel"},{"link_name":"Süddeutsche Zeitung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCddeutsche_Zeitung"},{"link_name":"Joachim Fest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_Fest"},{"link_name":"Der Spiegel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Spiegel"},{"link_name":"Raimund Hoghe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raimund_Hoghe"},{"link_name":"Westfalen-Blatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Westfalen-Blatt&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westfalen-Blatt"},{"link_name":"Hellmuth Karasek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellmuth_Karasek"},{"link_name":"Josef Joffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Joffe"},{"link_name":"Thomas Kielinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Kielinger"},{"link_name":"Die Welt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Welt"},{"link_name":"Rudolph Chimelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_Chimelli"},{"link_name":"Cordt Schnibben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordt_Schnibben"},{"link_name":"Giovanni di Lorenzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_di_Lorenzo"},{"link_name":"Maxim Biller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxim_Biller"},{"link_name":"Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurter_Allgemeine_Zeitung"},{"link_name":"Heribert Prantl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heribert_Prantl"},{"link_name":"Irena Brežná","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irena_Bre%C5%BEn%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Nikolaus Blome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaus_Blome"},{"link_name":"Carolin Emcke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolin_Emcke"},{"link_name":"Zeitmagazin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Zeit#Zeitmagazin"},{"link_name":"Bastian Obermayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastian_Obermayer"},{"link_name":"Harald Martenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_Martenstein"},{"link_name":"Robin Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Alexander_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Alfred Grosser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Grosser"},{"link_name":"Rudolph Chimelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_Chimelli"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Deniz Yücel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deniz_Y%C3%BCcel"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"1962:Thaddäus Troll (Bremer Nachrichten)1964:Klaus Bresser (Kölner Stadt-Anzeiger)\nKarl-Hermann Flach (Frankfurter Rundschau)\nKai Hermann (Die Zeit)1966:Thomas von Randow (Die Zeit)\nTheo Sommer (Die Zeit)1969:Günther von Lojewski (Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung)1970:Gitta Bauer (Springer Auslandsdienst)1971/72:Reinhard Appel (Süddeutsche Zeitung)1972/73:Joachim Fest (Der Spiegel)1973/74:Raimund Hoghe (Westfalen-Blatt [de])\nHellmuth Karasek (Kölner Stadt-Anzeiger)1983:Josef Joffe (Die Zeit)1985:Thomas Kielinger (Die Welt)1986:Rudolph Chimelli (Süddeutsche Zeitung)\nCordt Schnibben (Die Zeit)1994:Giovanni di Lorenzo (Süddeutsche Zeitung)1999:Maxim Biller (Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung)2001:Heribert Prantl (Süddeutsche Zeitung)2002:Irena Brežná[2]2007:Nikolaus Blome (Die Welt)2008:Carolin Emcke (Zeitmagazin)2009:Bastian Obermayer (Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung)2012:Harald Martenstein (Die Zeit)2013:Robin Alexander[3]\nAlfred Grosser2014:Rudolph Chimelli[4]2017:Deniz Yücel[5]","title":"Notable recipients"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Die Autorin Irena Brežná wird mit dem Basler Kulturpreis geehrt, der Kulturförderpreis geht an den Performancekünstler Steven Schoch\". www.regierungsrat.bs.ch (in German). Retrieved 2022-05-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.regierungsrat.bs.ch/nm/2021-die-autorin-irena-bren-wird-mit-dem-basler-kulturpreis-geehrt-der-kulturfoerderpreis-geht-an-den-performancekuenstler-steven-schoch-rr.html","url_text":"\"Die Autorin Irena Brežná wird mit dem Basler Kulturpreis geehrt, der Kulturförderpreis geht an den Performancekünstler Steven Schoch\""}]},{"reference":"Weiß, Hermann (4 September 2013). \"\"Welt\"-Autor Robin Alexander ausgezeichnet\". Die Welt (in German). Berlin. Retrieved 8 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.welt.de/kultur/medien/article119717487/Welt-Autor-Robin-Alexander-ausgezeichnet.html","url_text":"\"\"Welt\"-Autor Robin Alexander ausgezeichnet\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Welt","url_text":"Die Welt"}]},{"reference":"Rose, Marco (10 September 2014). \"Theodor-Wolff-Preis setzt Ausrufezeichen\". Aachener Zeitung (in German). Aachen. Retrieved 8 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aachener-zeitung.de/lokales/aachen/theodor-wolff-preis-setzt-ausrufezeichen_aid-26036733","url_text":"\"Theodor-Wolff-Preis setzt Ausrufezeichen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aachener_Zeitung","url_text":"Aachener Zeitung"}]},{"reference":"\"Deniz Yücel erhält Theodor-Wolff-Preis\". Der Spiegel (in German). Hamburg. 21 June 2017. Retrieved 8 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.spiegel.de/kultur/gesellschaft/deniz-yuecel-erhaelt-theodor-wolff-preis-a-1153449.html","url_text":"\"Deniz Yücel erhält Theodor-Wolff-Preis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Spiegel","url_text":"Der Spiegel"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.bdzv.de/twp/theodor-wolff-preis/twp-kuratorium-jury/","external_links_name":"Mitglieder des Kuratoriums und der Jury"},{"Link":"https://www.regierungsrat.bs.ch/nm/2021-die-autorin-irena-bren-wird-mit-dem-basler-kulturpreis-geehrt-der-kulturfoerderpreis-geht-an-den-performancekuenstler-steven-schoch-rr.html","external_links_name":"\"Die Autorin Irena Brežná wird mit dem Basler Kulturpreis geehrt, der Kulturförderpreis geht an den Performancekünstler Steven Schoch\""},{"Link":"https://www.welt.de/kultur/medien/article119717487/Welt-Autor-Robin-Alexander-ausgezeichnet.html","external_links_name":"\"\"Welt\"-Autor Robin Alexander ausgezeichnet\""},{"Link":"https://www.aachener-zeitung.de/lokales/aachen/theodor-wolff-preis-setzt-ausrufezeichen_aid-26036733","external_links_name":"\"Theodor-Wolff-Preis setzt Ausrufezeichen\""},{"Link":"https://www.spiegel.de/kultur/gesellschaft/deniz-yuecel-erhaelt-theodor-wolff-preis-a-1153449.html","external_links_name":"\"Deniz Yücel erhält Theodor-Wolff-Preis\""},{"Link":"http://www.bdzv.de/twp/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theodor_Wolff_Prize&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_7th_Philippine_Legislature	7th Philippine Legislature	["1 Sessions","2 Leadership","2.1 Senate","2.2 House of Representatives","3 Members","3.1 Senate","3.2 House of Representatives","4 See also","5 Notes","6 External links","7 Further reading"]	7th Philippine Legislature ←6th 8th→OverviewTermJuly 16, 1925 – November 9, 1927Governor-General Leonard Wood(until August 7, 1927) Eugene Allen Gilmore(acting, August 7 – December 27, 1927) Henry L. Stimson(from December 27, 1927) SenateMembers24PresidentManuel L. QuezonPresident pro temporeSergio OsmeñaMajority leaderJose P. LaurelHouse of RepresentativesMembers92SpeakerManuel RoxasMajority leaderBenigno Aquino Sr.Politics of the Philippines Government Constitution of the Philippines Charter Change Laws Legal codes Taxation Executive President of the Philippines Bongbong Marcos (PFP) Vice President of the Philippines Sara Duterte (HNP) Cabinet (lists) Executive departments Local government Legislature Congress of the Philippines 19th Congress Senate President Migz Zubiri (Independent) House of Representatives Speaker Martin Romualdez (Lakas) Districts Party-list representation Bangsamoro Parliament Provincial boards City councils Municipal councils Barangay councils Judiciary Supreme Court of the Philippines Chief Justice Alexander Gesmundo Court of Appeals Court of Tax Appeals Sandiganbayan Ombudsman Regional Trial Courts Barangay justice Constitutional commissions Civil Service Commission Chairperson Karlo Nograles Commission on Audit Chairperson Gamaliel Cordoba Commission on Elections Chairperson George Garcia Elections General 2016 2019 2022 Barangay 2013 2018 2023 Referendums Political parties Akbayan Aksyon Lakas LDP Liberal Nacionalista NPC NUP PFP Reporma PDP UNA Administrative divisions Capital Regions Autonomous regions Provinces Cities Municipalities Barangays Poblacions Sitios Puroks Related topics Foreign relations Human rights Philippines portal Other countries vte The 7th Philippine Legislature was the meeting of the legislature of the Philippines under the sovereign control of the United States from 1925 to 1928. Sessions First Regular Session: July 16 – November 9, 1925 Second Regular Session: July 16 – November 9, 1926 Third Regular Session: July 16 – November 9, 1927 Leadership Senate President: Manuel L. Quezon (5th District, Nacionalista) President pro tempore: Sergio Osmeña (10th District, Nacionalista) Majority Floor Leader: Jose P. Laurel (5th District, Nacionalista) House of Representatives Speaker: Manuel Roxas (Capiz–1st, Nacionalista) Majority Floor Leader: Benigno Aquino Sr. (Tarlac–2nd, Nacionalista) Members Senate The following are the terms of the elected senators of this Legislature, according to the date of election: For senators elected on June 6, 1922: June 6, 1922 – June 5, 1928 For senators elected on June 2, 1925: June 2, 1925 – June 2, 1931 Senators of the 12th District were appointed for indefinite terms. District Term ending Senator Party 1st District 1928 Isabelo de los Reyes Nacionalista 1931 Elpidio Quirino Nacionalista 2nd District 1928 Alejo Mabanag Democrata 1931 Camilo Osias Nacionalista 3rd District 1928 Santiago Lucero Democrata Luis Morales Democrata 1931 Teodoro Sandiko Democrata 4th District 1928 Emiliano Tria Tirona Democrata 1931 Juan Sumulong Democrata 5th District 1928 Manuel L. Quezon Nacionalista 1931 Jose P. Laurel Nacionalista 6th District 1928 Juan B. Alegre Nacionalista 1931 Jose O. Vera Nacionalista 7th District 1928 Jose Hontiveros Democrata 1931 Jose Ledesma Nacionalista 8th District 1928 Mariano Yulo Nacionalista 1931 Hermenegildo Villanueva Nacionalista 9th District 1928 Tomas Gomez Nacionalista Pastor Salazar Nacionalista 1931 Jose Maria Veloso Democrata 10th District 1928 Sergio Osmeña Nacionalista 1931 Pedro Rodriguez Nacionalista 11th District 1928 Jose Clarin Nacionalista 1931 Troadio Galicano Democrata 12th District – Jose Alejandrino Democrata – Hadji Butu Democrata House of Representatives Province/City District Representative Party Abra Lone Quintin Paredes Nacionalista Albay 1st Francisco Peňa Nacionalista 2nd Francisco Perfecto Nacionalista 3rd Pedro Sabido Nacionalista Antique Lone Segundo Moscoso Nacionalista Bataan Lone Manuel Banson Democrata Batanes Lone Vicente Agan Nacionalista Batangas 1st Antonio de las Alas Nacionalista 2nd Andres Buendia Nacionalista 3rd Claro M. Recto Democrata Bohol 1st Fermin Torralba Nacionalista 2nd Olegario Clarin Nacionalista 3rd Carlos P. Garcia Nacionalista Bulacan 1st Jose Padilla Sr. Democrata 2nd Jose Serapio Democrata Cagayan 1st Vicente Formoso Nacionalista 2nd Antonio Guzman Democrata Camarines Norte Lone Rafael Carranceja Nacionalista Camarines Sur 1st Ramon B. Felipe Democrata 2nd Manuel Fuentebella Nacionalista Capiz 1st Manuel Roxas Nacionalista 2nd Jose Altavas Nacionalista 3rd Manuel Laserna Nacionalista Cavite Lone Augusto A. Reyes Nacionalista Antero Soriano Nacionalista Cebu 1st Manuel Briones Nacionalista 2nd Paulino Gullas Nacionalista 3rd Vicente Rama Democrata 4th Juan Alcazaren Nacionalista 5th Mariano Jesus Cuenco Nacionalista 6th Pastor Noel Nacionalista 7th Paulino Ybañez Nacionalista Ilocos Norte 1st Severo Hernando Nacionalista 2nd Mariano Marcos Nacionalista Ilocos Sur 1st Simeon Ramos Democrata 2nd Lupo Biteng Nacionalista Iloilo 1st Eugenio Baldana Democrata 2nd Vicente Ybiernas Nacionalista 3rd Tomas Confesor Nacionalista 4th Asencion Arrancillo Nacionalista 5th Venancio Cudillo Nacionalista Isabela Lone Manuel Nieto Nacionalista La Union 1st Fausto Almeida Democrata 2nd Leoncio Dacanay Nacionalista Laguna 1st Tomas Dizon Nacionalista 2nd Ananias Laico Nacionalista Leyte 1st Juan Veloso Nacionalista 2nd Tomas Oppus Nacionalista 3rd Ruperto Kapunan Nacionalista 4th Filomeno Montejo Nacionalista Manila 1st Gregorio Perfecto Democrata 2nd Alfonso E. Mendoza Democrata Marinduque Lone Ricardo Nepomuceno Nacionalista Masbate Lone Eduardo Marcaida Nacionalista Mindanao and Sulu Lone Pedro de la Llana Jose Melencio Abdullah Piang Arsenio Suazo Mindoro Lone Mariano Leuterio Nacionalista Misamis 1st Segundo Gaston Democrata 2nd Teogenes Velez Democrata Mountain Province Lone Juan Cailles Joaquin Codamon Miguel Cornejo Henry A. Kamora Negros Occidental 1st Serafin P. Hilado Nacionalista 2nd Ramon Torres Nacionalista 3rd Isaac Lacson Nacionalista Negros Oriental 1st Guillermo Z. Villanueva Nacionalista 2nd Enrique Villanueva Nacionalista Nueva Ecija Lone Isauro Gabaldon Nacionalista Feliciano Ramoso Nacionalista Nueva Vizcaya Lone Eulogio Rodriguez Democrata Antonio Escamilla Independent Palawan Lone Patricio Fernandez Nacionalista Pampanga 1st Pedro Valdez Liongson Nacionalista 2nd Ceferino Hilario Nacionalista Pangasinan 1st Enrique Braganza Nacionalista 2nd Isidoro Siapno Nacionalista 3rd Servillano dela Cruz Nacionalista 4th Eusebio V. Sison Nacionalista 5th Evaristo Sanchez Nacionalista Rizal 1st Basilio Bautista Democrata 2nd Eulogio Rodriguez Democrata Romblon Lone Leonardo Festin Nacionalista Samar 1st Jose Avelino Democrata 2nd Pascual B. Azanza Democrata 3rd Gerardo Morrero Nacionalista Sorsogon 1st Juan Reyes Democrata 2nd Mario Guariña Nacionalista Surigao Lone Montano Ortiz Democrata Tarlac 1st Sisenardo Palarca Nacionalista 2nd Benigno Aquino Sr. Nacionalista Tayabas 1st Primitivo San Agustin Nacionalista 2nd Leon Guinto Nacionalista Zambales Lone Alejo Labrador Nacionalista See also Congress of the Philippines Senate of the Philippines House of Representatives of the Philippines Notes ^ Died on November 2, 1925. ^ Elected in a special election on March 23, 1926, succeeding Santiago Lucero. ^ Elected on August 31, 1925, replacing Espiridion Guanco, who died on May 2, 1925. ^ Died on July 28, 1926. ^ Elected on December 30, 1926, succeeding Tomas Gomez. ^ a b c d e f g h Appointed. ^ Died on July 3, 1925. ^ Elected in a special election August 15, 1925, succeeding Augusto A. Reyes. ^ Appointed in October 1925, succeeding Miguel Cornejo. ^ Appointed. Removed from office on October 6, 1925 after being convicted and sentenced to imprisonment for assaulting an American. ^ Representative-elect. Disqualified for lack of residency. ^ Elected in a special election on March 22, 1926, succeeding Isauro Gabaldon. ^ Appointed. Resigned on January 1, 1926. ^ Appointed on January 1, 1926, succeeding Eulogio Rodriguez. External links "List of Senators". Senate of the Philippines. Archived from the original on September 14, 2006. Retrieved September 16, 2006. "The LAWPHiL Project – Philippine Laws and Jurispudance Databank". Arellano Law Foundation. Archived from the original on September 1, 2006. Retrieved September 16, 2006. Further reading Philippine House of Representatives Congressional Library Paras, Corazon L. (2000). The Presidents of the Senate of the Republic of the Philippines. ISBN 971-8832-24-6. Pobre, Cesar P. (2000). Philippine Legislature 100 Years. ISBN 971-92245-0-9. vteLegislative periods of the Philippines List Congress Senate House of Representatives First Republic Malolos Congress U.S. insular territory 2nd Philippine Commission Philippine Legislature 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th Constitutional Convention Commonwealth National Assembly 1st 2nd Second Republic National Assembly Commonwealth Congress 1st 2nd Third Republic Congress 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th Constitutional Convention Fourth Republic Batasang Pambansa Interim Regular Constitutional Commission Fifth Republic Congress 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislature"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"}],"text":"The 7th Philippine Legislature was the meeting of the legislature of the Philippines under the sovereign control of the United States from 1925 to 1928.","title":"7th Philippine Legislature"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"First Regular Session: July 16 – November 9, 1925\nSecond Regular Session: July 16 – November 9, 1926\nThird Regular Session: July 16 – November 9, 1927","title":"Sessions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Leadership"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Senate_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Manuel L. Quezon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_L._Quezon"},{"link_name":"5th District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines%27s_5th_senatorial_district"},{"link_name":"Nacionalista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalista_Party"},{"link_name":"President pro tempore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_Senate_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Sergio Osmeña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Osme%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"10th District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines%27s_10th_senatorial_district"},{"link_name":"Nacionalista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalista_Party"},{"link_name":"Majority Floor Leader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majority_Floor_Leader_of_the_Senate_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Jose P. Laurel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jose_P._Laurel"},{"link_name":"5th District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines%27s_5th_senatorial_district"},{"link_name":"Nacionalista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalista_Party"}],"sub_title":"Senate","text":"President: Manuel L. Quezon (5th District, Nacionalista)\nPresident pro tempore: Sergio Osmeña (10th District, Nacionalista)\nMajority Floor Leader: Jose P. Laurel (5th District, Nacionalista)","title":"Leadership"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Speaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Manuel Roxas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Roxas"},{"link_name":"Capiz–1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capiz%27s_1st_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Nacionalista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalista_Party"},{"link_name":"Majority Floor Leader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majority_Floor_Leader_of_the_House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Benigno Aquino Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benigno_Aquino_Sr."},{"link_name":"Tarlac–2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarlac%27s_2nd_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Nacionalista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalista_Party"}],"sub_title":"House of Representatives","text":"Speaker: Manuel Roxas (Capiz–1st, Nacionalista)\nMajority Floor Leader: Benigno Aquino Sr. (Tarlac–2nd, Nacionalista)","title":"Leadership"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"elected on June 6, 1922","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1922_Philippine_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"elected on June 2, 1925","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1925_Philippine_Senate_elections"}],"sub_title":"Senate","text":"The following are the terms of the elected senators of this Legislature, according to the date of election:For senators elected on June 6, 1922: June 6, 1922 – June 5, 1928\nFor senators elected on June 2, 1925: June 2, 1925 – June 2, 1931Senators of the 12th District were appointed for indefinite terms.","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"House of Representatives","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Santiago Lucero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Lucero_(senator)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Espiridion Guanco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espiridion_Guanco"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Tomas Gomez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomas_Gomez_(politician)"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-appointed_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-appointed_6-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-appointed_6-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-appointed_6-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-appointed_6-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-appointed_6-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-appointed_6-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-appointed_6-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"Miguel Cornejo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Cornejo"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"Isauro Gabaldon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isauro_Gabald%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"Eulogio Rodriguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eulogio_Rodriguez"}],"text":"^ Died on November 2, 1925.\n\n^ Elected in a special election on March 23, 1926, succeeding Santiago Lucero.\n\n^ Elected on August 31, 1925, replacing Espiridion Guanco, who died on May 2, 1925.\n\n^ Died on July 28, 1926.\n\n^ Elected on December 30, 1926, succeeding Tomas Gomez.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h Appointed.\n\n^ Died on July 3, 1925.\n\n^ Elected in a special election August 15, 1925, succeeding Augusto A. Reyes.\n\n^ Appointed in October 1925, succeeding Miguel Cornejo.\n\n^ Appointed. Removed from office on October 6, 1925 after being convicted and sentenced to imprisonment for assaulting an American.\n\n^ Representative-elect. Disqualified for lack of residency.\n\n^ Elected in a special election on March 22, 1926, succeeding Isauro Gabaldon.\n\n^ Appointed. Resigned on January 1, 1926.\n\n^ Appointed on January 1, 1926, succeeding Eulogio Rodriguez.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"971-8832-24-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-8832-24-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"971-92245-0-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-92245-0-9"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Philippine_legislative_periods"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Philippine_legislative_periods"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philippine_legislative_periods"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_legislatures_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"First Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Philippine_Republic"},{"link_name":"Malolos Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malolos_Congress"},{"link_name":"U.S. insular territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1898%E2%80%931946)"},{"link_name":"2nd Philippine Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taft_Commission"},{"link_name":"Philippine Legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Legislature"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Philippine_Legislature"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Philippine_Legislature"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Philippine_Legislature"},{"link_name":"4th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Philippine_Legislature"},{"link_name":"5th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Philippine_Legislature"},{"link_name":"6th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_Philippine_Legislature"},{"link_name":"7th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"8th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_Philippine_Legislature"},{"link_name":"9th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_Philippine_Legislature"},{"link_name":"10th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_Philippine_Legislature"},{"link_name":"Constitutional Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Constitutional_Convention_of_1934&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"National Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_National_Assembly_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_National_Assembly_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Second Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic"},{"link_name":"National Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_(Second_Philippine_Republic)"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Congress_of_the_Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Congress_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Third Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1946%E2%80%931965)"},{"link_name":"Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Congress_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Congress_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Congress_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"4th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Congress_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"5th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Congress_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"6th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_Congress_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"7th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_Congress_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Constitutional Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Constitutional_Convention_of_1971"},{"link_name":"Fourth Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1965%E2%80%931986)"},{"link_name":"Batasang Pambansa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batasang_Pambansa_(legislature)"},{"link_name":"Interim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interim_Batasang_Pambansa"},{"link_name":"Regular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_Batasang_Pambansa"},{"link_name":"Constitutional Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Constitutional_Commission_of_1986"},{"link_name":"Fifth Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1986%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"8th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_Congress_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"9th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_Congress_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"10th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_Congress_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"11th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_Congress_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"12th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_Congress_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"13th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_Congress_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"14th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_Congress_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"15th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_Congress_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"16th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_Congress_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"17th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th_Congress_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"18th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_Congress_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"19th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_Congress_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"20th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Congress_of_the_Philippines"}],"text":"Philippine House of Representatives Congressional Library\nParas, Corazon L. (2000). The Presidents of the Senate of the Republic of the Philippines. ISBN 971-8832-24-6.\nPobre, Cesar P. (2000). Philippine Legislature 100 Years. ISBN 971-92245-0-9.vteLegislative periods of the Philippines\nList\nCongress\nSenate\nHouse of Representatives\nFirst Republic\nMalolos Congress\nU.S. insular territory\n2nd Philippine Commission\nPhilippine Legislature\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\n4th\n5th\n6th\n7th\n8th\n9th\n10th\nConstitutional Convention\nCommonwealth\nNational Assembly\n1st\n2nd\nSecond Republic\nNational Assembly\nCommonwealth\nCongress\n1st\n2nd\nThird Republic\nCongress\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\n4th\n5th\n6th\n7th\nConstitutional Convention\nFourth Republic\nBatasang Pambansa\nInterim\nRegular\nConstitutional Commission\nFifth Republic\nCongress\n8th\n9th\n10th\n11th\n12th\n13th\n14th\n15th\n16th\n17th\n18th\n19th\n20th","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	[{"title":"Congress of the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_the_Philippines"},{"title":"Senate of the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_the_Philippines"},{"title":"House of Representatives of the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines"}]	[{"reference":"\"List of Senators\". Senate of the Philippines. Archived from the original on September 14, 2006. Retrieved September 16, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060914045431/http://www.senate.gov.ph/senators/senlist.htm","url_text":"\"List of Senators\""},{"url":"http://www.senate.gov.ph/senators/senlist.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The LAWPHiL Project – Philippine Laws and Jurispudance Databank\". Arellano Law Foundation. Archived from the original on September 1, 2006. Retrieved September 16, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lawphil.net/","url_text":"\"The LAWPHiL Project – Philippine Laws and Jurispudance Databank\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060901234512/http://www.lawphil.net/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Paras, Corazon L. (2000). The Presidents of the Senate of the Republic of the Philippines. ISBN 971-8832-24-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-8832-24-6","url_text":"971-8832-24-6"}]},{"reference":"Pobre, Cesar P. (2000). Philippine Legislature 100 Years. ISBN 971-92245-0-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-92245-0-9","url_text":"971-92245-0-9"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060914045431/http://www.senate.gov.ph/senators/senlist.htm","external_links_name":"\"List of Senators\""},{"Link":"http://www.senate.gov.ph/senators/senlist.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.lawphil.net/","external_links_name":"\"The LAWPHiL Project – Philippine Laws and Jurispudance Databank\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060901234512/http://www.lawphil.net/","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pange_lingua	Pange lingua	["1 Musical settings","2 See also","3 References"]	Pange lingua may refer to either of two Mediaeval Latin hymns: Pange lingua gloriosi proelium certaminis by Venantius Fortunatus, a.D. 570, extolling the triumph of the Cross (the Passion of Jesus Christ) and thus used during Holy Week. Fortunatus wrote it for a procession that brought a part of the true Cross to Queen Radegunda that year. The last stanza was not written by Fortunatus but was added later. When the hymn is used in the Liturgy of the Hours during Holy Week, it may be broken into smaller units: Lustra sex qui iam peregit; En acetum, fel, arundo; Crux fidelis inter omnes. This hymn is also sometimes found as Pange lingua gloriosi lauream certaminis Pange lingua gloriosi corporis mysterium by Thomas Aquinas, inspired by the above and written c. 1260, celebrating the Eucharist and used during Corpus Christi. This hymn has often been set to music There is a charming legend that is hinted at in both hymns: the wood of the Cross upon which Jesus was crucified was taken from that tree which was the source of the fruit of the fall in the Garden of Eden, and when Adam died, according to the legend, Seth obtained from the Cherubim guarding the Garden a branch of the tree from which Eve ate the forbidden fruit, and then planted it at Golgotha, being so named because Adam was buried there. As time went on, the Ark of the Covenant, the pole upon which the bronze serpent was lifted, and other items were made from this tree. Musical settings There are dozens of musical settings of the Aquinas, including a Josquin Mass (1514), a Bruckner motet (1868) and a Kodály hymn (1929). Charpentier alone wrote five settings: Pange lingua, motet for 3 voices, 2 treble instruments and bc H.58 (? mid-1670s) Pange lingua, motet for 3 voices, 2 treble instruments and bc H.61 (1680–81) Pange lingua, motet for soloists, chorus, flutes, strings and bc H.64 (? late 1680s) Pange lingua, motet for 4 voices and bc H.68 (? late 1680s) Pange lingua, motet pour des religieuses / Pour le Port-Royal, for soloists, union chorus and bc H.62 (1681) See also Adoro te devote Veni Creator Spiritus Lauda Sion Sacris solemniis Verbum supernum prodiens References ^ "Pange Lingua (Fortunatus)". www.preces-latinae.org. vteThomas AquinasBooks Contra Errores Graecorum De regno, ad regem Cypri Quaestiones Disputatae de Veritate Summa Theologiae Quinque viae Treatise on Law Summa contra Gentiles Hymnsand prayers Adoro te devote Creator ineffabilis Lauda Sion Ecce panis angelorum O sacrum convivium Pange lingua gloriosi corporis mysterium Tantum ergo Sacris solemniis Panis angelicus Verbum supernum prodiens O salutaris hostia Thought Actus Essendi Homo unius libri Principle of double effect View on the Sacraments Related Canonization of Thomas Aquinas Thomism Editio Leonina Neo-scholasticism Analytical Thomism Thomas Aquinas Dictionary List of works by Thomas Aquinas Institutional namesakes Pontifical University International Council of Universities Triumph of Saint Thomas Aquinas (1323 painting) The Apotheosis of Saint Thomas Aquinas (1631 painting) Temptation of St. Thomas (1632 painting) Catholicism portal	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pange lingua gloriosi proelium certaminis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pange_lingua_gloriosi_proelium_certaminis"},{"link_name":"Venantius Fortunatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venantius_Fortunatus"},{"link_name":"Holy Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Week"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Radegunda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radegunda"},{"link_name":"Pange lingua gloriosi corporis mysterium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pange_lingua_gloriosi_corporis_mysterium"},{"link_name":"Thomas Aquinas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas"},{"link_name":"Corpus Christi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feast_of_Corpus_Christi"},{"link_name":"Garden of Eden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_of_Eden"},{"link_name":"Cherubim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherubim"},{"link_name":"Golgotha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golgotha"},{"link_name":"Ark of the Covenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant"}],"text":"Pange lingua gloriosi proelium certaminis by Venantius Fortunatus, a.D. 570, extolling the triumph of the Cross (the Passion of Jesus Christ) and thus used during Holy Week.[1] Fortunatus wrote it for a procession that brought a part of the true Cross to Queen Radegunda that year. The last stanza was not written by Fortunatus but was added later. When the hymn is used in the Liturgy of the Hours during Holy Week, it may be broken into smaller units: Lustra sex qui iam peregit; En acetum, fel, arundo; Crux fidelis inter omnes. This hymn is also sometimes found as Pange lingua gloriosi lauream certaminis\nPange lingua gloriosi corporis mysterium by Thomas Aquinas, inspired by the above and written c. 1260, celebrating the Eucharist and used during Corpus Christi. This hymn has often been set to musicThere is a charming legend that is hinted at in both hymns: the wood of the Cross upon which Jesus was crucified was taken from that tree which was the source of the fruit of the fall in the Garden of Eden, and when Adam died, according to the legend, Seth obtained from the Cherubim guarding the Garden a branch of the tree from which Eve ate the forbidden fruit, and then planted it at Golgotha, being so named because Adam was buried there. As time went on, the Ark of the Covenant, the pole upon which the bronze serpent was lifted, and other items were made from this tree.","title":"Pange lingua"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Josquin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josquin_des_Prez"},{"link_name":"Bruckner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Bruckner"},{"link_name":"Kodály","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zolt%C3%A1n_Kod%C3%A1ly"},{"link_name":"Charpentier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc-Antoine_Charpentier"}],"text":"There are dozens of musical settings of the Aquinas, including a Josquin Mass (1514), a Bruckner motet (1868) and a Kodály hymn (1929). Charpentier alone wrote five settings:Pange lingua, motet for 3 voices, 2 treble instruments and bc H.58 (? mid-1670s)\nPange lingua, motet for 3 voices, 2 treble instruments and bc H.61 (1680–81)\nPange lingua, motet for soloists, chorus, flutes, strings and bc H.64 (? late 1680s)\nPange lingua, motet for 4 voices and bc H.68 (? late 1680s)\nPange lingua, motet pour des religieuses / Pour le Port-Royal, for soloists, union chorus and bc H.62 (1681)","title":"Musical settings"}]	[]	[{"title":"Adoro te devote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adoro_te_devote"},{"title":"Veni Creator Spiritus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veni_Creator_Spiritus"},{"title":"Lauda Sion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauda_Sion"},{"title":"Sacris solemniis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacris_solemniis"},{"title":"Verbum supernum prodiens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbum_supernum_prodiens"}]	[{"reference":"\"Pange Lingua (Fortunatus)\". www.preces-latinae.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.preces-latinae.org/thesaurus/Hymni/PangeF.html","url_text":"\"Pange Lingua (Fortunatus)\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.preces-latinae.org/thesaurus/Hymni/PangeF.html","external_links_name":"\"Pange Lingua (Fortunatus)\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Establet	Roger Establet	["1 Works","2 References"]	French sociologist Portrait of Roger Establet Roger Establet Polity (born 1938) is a French scholar of the sociology of education. A student of Louis Althusser, Establet is an emeritus professor at University of Provence. A student at the lycée in Nice, and khâgne at the Lycée Louis-le-Grand in Paris, in 1959 he entered the école normale supérieure, where he earned degrees in philosophy and sociology. He often collaborates with Christian Baudelot, a sociologist at the École normale supérieure. He was involved in Althusser's Reading Capital project. Works L'École capitaliste en France, 1970 (with Christian Baudelot) Le niveau monte (with Christian Baudelot) (with Christian Baudelot) Suicide: The Hidden Side of Modernity (2008). ISBN 9780745640563 References ^ site Internet de l'Association des anciens élèves, élèves et amis de l'ENS ^ Review Times Higher Education. Retrieved 11 June 2013. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain France BnF data Catalonia Germany Israel Belgium United States Japan Czech Republic Netherlands Poland Portugal Academics CiNii People Trove Other IdRef This biographical article about a French academic is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This biography of a French sociologist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roger_Establet.jpg"},{"link_name":"sociology of education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_education"},{"link_name":"Louis Althusser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Althusser"},{"link_name":"emeritus professor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emeritus_professor"},{"link_name":"University of Provence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Provence"},{"link_name":"lycée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"Nice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nice"},{"link_name":"khâgne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%A2gne"},{"link_name":"Lycée Louis-le-Grand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Louis-le-Grand"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"école normale supérieure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Christian Baudelot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Baudelot"},{"link_name":"École normale supérieure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure"},{"link_name":"Reading Capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading_Capital"}],"text":"Portrait of Roger EstabletRoger Establet Polity (born 1938) is a French scholar of the sociology of education. A student of Louis Althusser, Establet is an emeritus professor at University of Provence.A student at the lycée in Nice, and khâgne at the Lycée Louis-le-Grand in Paris, in 1959 he entered the école normale supérieure,[1] where he earned degrees in philosophy and sociology. He often collaborates with Christian Baudelot, a sociologist at the École normale supérieure. He was involved in Althusser's Reading Capital project.","title":"Roger Establet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780745640563","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780745640563"}],"text":"L'École capitaliste en France, 1970 (with Christian Baudelot)\nLe niveau monte (with Christian Baudelot)\n(with Christian Baudelot) Suicide: The Hidden Side of Modernity (2008).[2] ISBN 9780745640563","title":"Works"}]	[{"image_text":"Portrait of Roger Establet","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Roger_Establet.jpg/220px-Roger_Establet.jpg"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.archicubes.ens.fr/","external_links_name":"site Internet de l'Association des anciens élèves, élèves et amis de l'ENS"},{"Link":"http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/404769.article","external_links_name":"Review"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000121171309","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/10515","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmxXB8V8rTFrVBbgH86Kd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90371368","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX950738","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11901934w","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11901934w","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981060556867506706","external_links_name":"Catalonia"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/136514502","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007260802005171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14104683","external_links_name":"Belgium"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85126769","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/001115234","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=osd20211132301&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068068905","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810626534505606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/164750","external_links_name":"Portugal"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00569214?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/817326","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/02685371X","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger_Establet&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger_Establet&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.